Wikipedia simplewiki https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk MOS MOS talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 57 10879019 10866173 2026-06-04T20:19:39Z Kdammers 24594 /* Other websites */ space archaeology 10879019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GD-EG-Alex-Théatre031.JPG|thumb|300 px|A [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[theatre]] in [[Alexandria]], [[Egypt]]]] '''Archaeology''', or '''archeology''',<ref name="Society for American Archaeology">{{Citation|url=http://www.saa.org/ForthePublic/Resources/OtherUsefulResources/Whyaretheretwodifferentspellingsarchaeology/tabid/1078/Default.aspx |title=Society for American Archaeology |access-date=2011-01-15}}</ref> is the study of the human [[past]]. It looks at remains and objects left by the people who lived long ago. These remains may include old [[coin]]s, [[tool]]s, [[building]]s, and inscriptions. Archaeologists, the people who study archaeology, use these remains to understand how people lived. == Fieldwork == [[File:AMG - Bronzedepotfund 1.jpg|thumb|A 12th century BC (Bronze Age) hoard from Stockheim in Germany]] When archaeologists do fieldwork, they look for remains, often by digging in the ground. As [[Human settlement|settlements]] (places where people lived in groups) change and grow, old buildings get buried. Usually, this is a natural process. A typical student project is to leave an object in a place where there is nothing going on. It will get covered rather quickly, because wind, water and plants will bury it. Sometimes buildings are deliberately buried to make way for new buildings. [[Ancient]] [[Rome]], for example, is now up to 40&nbsp;feet (12&nbsp;metres) below the present city. This process of [[natural]] or man-made burial is why archaeological fieldwork involves digging, and is expensive and takes a long time. When things are found, or even when nothing is found, the results of the fieldwork are taken back to a base. Short term, the base is often on or near the site. Longer term, the results will usually go to a [[university]] or [[museum]]. Everything is written down on paper or entered into a computer. Gradually, they build up a picture of what happened long ago. Archaeologists publish their [[research]] so others can understand what they learned. ==Fields of interest== Archaeologists do not all study the same topics. They have specialties. Some fields of interest include [[Ancient Egypt]] (these specialists are called [[Egyptologist]]s), [[Ancient China]], or the [[Vikings]]. [[Archaeologist]]<nowiki/>s study every [[civilization]] that is known, especially the ones where there is no written [[history]]. They can study any time period. For example, one might study the [[human evolution|beginning of human life]] in [[Africa]], or study [[World War II]]. Marine archaeologists study things that are now [[underwater]]. They search for [[shipwreck|sunken ships]] or [[city|cities]] that have been lost under the sea. == Subdisciplines == There are many different ways of doing archaeology. these depend on the methods used, the things studied, and the environment. Some of these subdisciplines overlap with each other. === Marine archaeology === Archaeology relating to [[ocean]]<nowiki/>s, [[sea]]<nowiki/>s and [[lake]]<nowiki/>s is usually done [[underwater]]. It includes the study of sunken ships and submerged coastlines. "Maritime archaeology" is a part of this subdivision. It refers to the archaeological investigation of past ships and seafaring.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Maritime Archaeology |year=1977 |publisher= Muckelroy, Keith}}</ref> A famous example of maritime archaeology is the recovery and [[restoration]] of the ship [[Vasa (ship)|Vasa]]. === Ice-patch archaeology === When a [[glacier]] melts, things that were captured in it can be seen. The recovery and study of these objects is called "ice-patch archaeology"<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Glossary - Archeology (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/archeology/glossary.htm|access-date=2026-01-08|website=www.nps.gov|language=en}}</ref> or "glacial archaeology."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fiorentino|first=Anna|title=Melting Mountain Ice Is Bringing Ancient Secrets to the Surface. Archaeologists Are Racing to Find the Artifacts Before They're Lost to Time|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/melting-mountain-ice-is-bringing-ancient-secrets-to-the-surface-archaeologists-are-racing-to-find-the-artifacts-before-theyre-lost-to-time-180988777/|access-date=2026-05-23|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref> A famous example is [[Ötzi the Iceman]]. === Historical archaeology === [[Historical archaeology]] deals with places, things, and issues from the past or present at or related to sites with written records or oral [[tradition]]<nowiki/>s. Or it can be defined as "the archaeological investigation of any past culture that has developed a literate [[tradition]]."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Orser Jnr|first=Charles E.|editor1-first=Charles E|editor1-last=Orser Jnr|date=2002-09-11|title=Encyclopedia of Historical Archaeology|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203461747|pages=xii|doi=10.4324/9780203461747|isbn=9781134608621}}</ref> A prominent example of historical archaeology is the work done at [[Colonial Williamsburg]]. === Industrial archaeology === This relatively new branch of archaeology consists of "the systematic study of structures and artefacts as a means of enlarging our understanding of the industrial past."<ref>{{Cite book |author= Palmer, Marilyn and Peter Neaverson |title=Industrial Archaeology |url= https://archive.org/details/industrialarchae0000palm |year=1998|publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=9780415167697 }}</ref> An early example of industrial archaeology is the work done on the [[Ironbridge Gorge]] in Britain. === Archaeozoology === Archaeozoology, or [[zooarchaeology]], is the study of the relationships between humans and animals in the archaeological record. This includes the study of bones, feathers, teeth and other body parts as well as their interpretation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1842171232|title=Integrating Zooarchaeology}}</ref> === Paleoethnobotany === Paleoethnobotany (also spelled palaeoethnobotany), or archaeobotany, is the study of past human-plant relations through the recovery and analysis of plant remains from the past, usually from archaeological sites. <ref>Stuart, G.S.L. (2014). Paleoethnobotany. In: Smith, C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2412 </ref> People who do this can be archaeologists, botanists, or chemists. === Extraterrestrial archaeology === Any archaeology done outside of Earth is extraterrestrial archaeology. For example, people do archaeological work on satellites and on the Moon. The first extraterrestrial archaeology was done by a [[NASA]] astronaut, Kayla Barron, on the [[International Space Station]]: "On 14 January 2022, she used bright yellow adhesive tape to mark out the corners of 1 sq m (10.7 sq ft) on a science rack in a module of the ISS – like an archaeological trench – and repeated the process in five other locations, ranging from the galley to the toilet."<ref name=BBCSpace>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20250515-the-space-archaeologists-hoping-to-save-our-cosmic-history|title=The 'space archaeologists' hoping to save our cosmic history|date=May 16, 2025|author=Mark Piesing|publisher=BBC}}</ref> <ref name=ISSArch>{{cite web|url=https://issarchaeology.org/2022/01/ |date=January 14, 2022|title=Space archaeology (for real)|publisher=International Space Station Archaeological Project}}</ref> A related term is '''space archaeology''', described as being about studying human interaction with space through the artifacts that have been left behind. It "provides insight into technological innovation of the past and can help us chart future space missions and engineering projects. But it also preserves human history and what scientists call 'space heritage.'”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gometz|first=Emma|title=The mangled remains of probes sent to Venus may still be there|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-mangled-remains-of-probes-sent-to-venus-may-still-be-there/|access-date=2026-05-17|website=Scientific American|language=en}}</ref> === Experimental archaeology === This field involves attempts at replicating the actions and conditions of ancient [[culture]]<nowiki/>s. Good examples are Butser Ancient Farm<ref>{{Cite web|title=Butser Ancient Farm|url=https://www.butserancientfarm.co.uk/|access-date=2026-05-17|website=Butser Ancient Farm|language=en-GB}}</ref> and Overton Down.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daw|first=Tim|title=Overton Down Experimental Earthwork|url=https://www.sarsen.org/2012/02/overton-down-experimental-earthwork.html|access-date=2026-05-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Sites== In many countries, [[government]]s and other groups of people protect important [[archaeological site]]s so they will not be destroyed and so that visitors can always come and see them. Sometimes archaeological sites are found when [[Foundation (engineering)|foundations]] are dug for new [[building]]s. Archaeologists have to work quickly when this happens, because people who are building often don't have a lot of time. As soon as the archaeologists are done with their work, the remains that they have found will be covered over, unless they are very important. == Glossary == '''absolute dating''' - "A variety of methods for determining an actual date for an archeological site, such as radiocarbon dating or historical documents" <ref name=":0" /> '''adze''' - A (usually) ground-stone cutting tool used in woodworking, having a thin arched blade set at right angles to the handle. '''anthrosol''' - "Soil formed or modified by human activity" <ref name=":0" /> '''artifact''' (also spelled 'artefact') - "Objects humans made or modified" <ref name=":0" /> "A portable object manufactured, modified, or used by humans"<ref>https://www.archaeological.org/programs/educators/introduction-to-archaeology/glossary/</ref> '''assemblage''' - "Any collection of artifacts that forms a single analytical unit, perhaps used for a particular activity" <ref>{{Cite book|title=Archaeology: The Essential Guide to Our Human Past|last=Bahn|first=Paul (ed.)|publisher=Smithsonina Books.|year=2017|isbn=978158834912|location=Washington, D. C.|pages=556}}</ref> '''backdirt''' - "Soil that has been excavated and sifted for artifacts, after which it is presumed to be of no further archeological significance" <ref name=":0" /> '''biface''' - "A piece of stone, often a natural pebble, which has been worked from both sides to create sharp chopping edges" <ref>{{Cite book|title=The World Encyclopedia of Archaeology|last=Cremin|first=Aedeen|publisher=Firefly Books|year=2012 (copyright 2007)|isbn=9781770851610|location=Buffalo, New York & Richmond Hill,Ontario|pages=389}}</ref> '''BP''' (also B.P.) - "Before Present; . . . 'Present' is academically defined as the year 1950 (the year when this term was invented)." <ref>https://www.archaeological.org/programs/educators/introduction-to-archaeology/glossary/</ref> For example, a radiocarbon date of AD 1066 is given as 884 BP (1950−1066=884) and 333 BC = 2283 BP (1950+333=2283). bulb of percussion burin calibrated radiocarbon date calibration chert cortex core dendrochronology deposit dig dolmen ecofact excavation feature find findspot flotation geofact geoglyph ''in situ'' potsherd (also "sherd" and "shard") provenience radiocarbon dating reference collection (also "comparative collection") relative dating screening (also "sieving") seriation site spokeshave stratigraphy stratum (pl.: strata) taphonomy type type artifact type site typology uniface ==Related pages== * [[Anthropology]] * [[Archaeological site]] * [[Artifact (culture)]] * [[Civilization]] * [[Paleography]] * [[Social sciences]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commons}} * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Archaeology Archaeology] -Citizendium * Space archaeology<ref>{{Cite web|last=Interview|first=Kristina Killgrove published in|date=2026-06-04|title=Archaeologists study the International Space Station and Everest to figure out 'how humans adapt in this impossible place where we have no business going'|url=https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/archaeologists-study-the-international-space-station-and-everest-to-figure-out-how-humans-adapt-in-this-impossible-place-where-we-have-no-business-going|access-date=2026-06-04|website=Live Science|language=en}}</ref> [[Category:Archaeology| ]] cl89ni7fdggibsuojcxpznk610ujmk1 10879020 10879019 2026-06-04T20:22:53Z Kdammers 24594 /* Glossary */ bulb of percussion def. from Webster's 10879020 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GD-EG-Alex-Théatre031.JPG|thumb|300 px|A [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[theatre]] in [[Alexandria]], [[Egypt]]]] '''Archaeology''', or '''archeology''',<ref name="Society for American Archaeology">{{Citation|url=http://www.saa.org/ForthePublic/Resources/OtherUsefulResources/Whyaretheretwodifferentspellingsarchaeology/tabid/1078/Default.aspx |title=Society for American Archaeology |access-date=2011-01-15}}</ref> is the study of the human [[past]]. It looks at remains and objects left by the people who lived long ago. These remains may include old [[coin]]s, [[tool]]s, [[building]]s, and inscriptions. Archaeologists, the people who study archaeology, use these remains to understand how people lived. == Fieldwork == [[File:AMG - Bronzedepotfund 1.jpg|thumb|A 12th century BC (Bronze Age) hoard from Stockheim in Germany]] When archaeologists do fieldwork, they look for remains, often by digging in the ground. As [[Human settlement|settlements]] (places where people lived in groups) change and grow, old buildings get buried. Usually, this is a natural process. A typical student project is to leave an object in a place where there is nothing going on. It will get covered rather quickly, because wind, water and plants will bury it. Sometimes buildings are deliberately buried to make way for new buildings. [[Ancient]] [[Rome]], for example, is now up to 40&nbsp;feet (12&nbsp;metres) below the present city. This process of [[natural]] or man-made burial is why archaeological fieldwork involves digging, and is expensive and takes a long time. When things are found, or even when nothing is found, the results of the fieldwork are taken back to a base. Short term, the base is often on or near the site. Longer term, the results will usually go to a [[university]] or [[museum]]. Everything is written down on paper or entered into a computer. Gradually, they build up a picture of what happened long ago. Archaeologists publish their [[research]] so others can understand what they learned. ==Fields of interest== Archaeologists do not all study the same topics. They have specialties. Some fields of interest include [[Ancient Egypt]] (these specialists are called [[Egyptologist]]s), [[Ancient China]], or the [[Vikings]]. [[Archaeologist]]<nowiki/>s study every [[civilization]] that is known, especially the ones where there is no written [[history]]. They can study any time period. For example, one might study the [[human evolution|beginning of human life]] in [[Africa]], or study [[World War II]]. Marine archaeologists study things that are now [[underwater]]. They search for [[shipwreck|sunken ships]] or [[city|cities]] that have been lost under the sea. == Subdisciplines == There are many different ways of doing archaeology. these depend on the methods used, the things studied, and the environment. Some of these subdisciplines overlap with each other. === Marine archaeology === Archaeology relating to [[ocean]]<nowiki/>s, [[sea]]<nowiki/>s and [[lake]]<nowiki/>s is usually done [[underwater]]. It includes the study of sunken ships and submerged coastlines. "Maritime archaeology" is a part of this subdivision. It refers to the archaeological investigation of past ships and seafaring.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Maritime Archaeology |year=1977 |publisher= Muckelroy, Keith}}</ref> A famous example of maritime archaeology is the recovery and [[restoration]] of the ship [[Vasa (ship)|Vasa]]. === Ice-patch archaeology === When a [[glacier]] melts, things that were captured in it can be seen. The recovery and study of these objects is called "ice-patch archaeology"<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Glossary - Archeology (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/archeology/glossary.htm|access-date=2026-01-08|website=www.nps.gov|language=en}}</ref> or "glacial archaeology."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fiorentino|first=Anna|title=Melting Mountain Ice Is Bringing Ancient Secrets to the Surface. Archaeologists Are Racing to Find the Artifacts Before They're Lost to Time|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/melting-mountain-ice-is-bringing-ancient-secrets-to-the-surface-archaeologists-are-racing-to-find-the-artifacts-before-theyre-lost-to-time-180988777/|access-date=2026-05-23|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref> A famous example is [[Ötzi the Iceman]]. === Historical archaeology === [[Historical archaeology]] deals with places, things, and issues from the past or present at or related to sites with written records or oral [[tradition]]<nowiki/>s. Or it can be defined as "the archaeological investigation of any past culture that has developed a literate [[tradition]]."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Orser Jnr|first=Charles E.|editor1-first=Charles E|editor1-last=Orser Jnr|date=2002-09-11|title=Encyclopedia of Historical Archaeology|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203461747|pages=xii|doi=10.4324/9780203461747|isbn=9781134608621}}</ref> A prominent example of historical archaeology is the work done at [[Colonial Williamsburg]]. === Industrial archaeology === This relatively new branch of archaeology consists of "the systematic study of structures and artefacts as a means of enlarging our understanding of the industrial past."<ref>{{Cite book |author= Palmer, Marilyn and Peter Neaverson |title=Industrial Archaeology |url= https://archive.org/details/industrialarchae0000palm |year=1998|publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=9780415167697 }}</ref> An early example of industrial archaeology is the work done on the [[Ironbridge Gorge]] in Britain. === Archaeozoology === Archaeozoology, or [[zooarchaeology]], is the study of the relationships between humans and animals in the archaeological record. This includes the study of bones, feathers, teeth and other body parts as well as their interpretation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1842171232|title=Integrating Zooarchaeology}}</ref> === Paleoethnobotany === Paleoethnobotany (also spelled palaeoethnobotany), or archaeobotany, is the study of past human-plant relations through the recovery and analysis of plant remains from the past, usually from archaeological sites. <ref>Stuart, G.S.L. (2014). Paleoethnobotany. In: Smith, C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2412 </ref> People who do this can be archaeologists, botanists, or chemists. === Extraterrestrial archaeology === Any archaeology done outside of Earth is extraterrestrial archaeology. For example, people do archaeological work on satellites and on the Moon. The first extraterrestrial archaeology was done by a [[NASA]] astronaut, Kayla Barron, on the [[International Space Station]]: "On 14 January 2022, she used bright yellow adhesive tape to mark out the corners of 1 sq m (10.7 sq ft) on a science rack in a module of the ISS – like an archaeological trench – and repeated the process in five other locations, ranging from the galley to the toilet."<ref name=BBCSpace>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20250515-the-space-archaeologists-hoping-to-save-our-cosmic-history|title=The 'space archaeologists' hoping to save our cosmic history|date=May 16, 2025|author=Mark Piesing|publisher=BBC}}</ref> <ref name=ISSArch>{{cite web|url=https://issarchaeology.org/2022/01/ |date=January 14, 2022|title=Space archaeology (for real)|publisher=International Space Station Archaeological Project}}</ref> A related term is '''space archaeology''', described as being about studying human interaction with space through the artifacts that have been left behind. It "provides insight into technological innovation of the past and can help us chart future space missions and engineering projects. But it also preserves human history and what scientists call 'space heritage.'”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gometz|first=Emma|title=The mangled remains of probes sent to Venus may still be there|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-mangled-remains-of-probes-sent-to-venus-may-still-be-there/|access-date=2026-05-17|website=Scientific American|language=en}}</ref> === Experimental archaeology === This field involves attempts at replicating the actions and conditions of ancient [[culture]]<nowiki/>s. Good examples are Butser Ancient Farm<ref>{{Cite web|title=Butser Ancient Farm|url=https://www.butserancientfarm.co.uk/|access-date=2026-05-17|website=Butser Ancient Farm|language=en-GB}}</ref> and Overton Down.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daw|first=Tim|title=Overton Down Experimental Earthwork|url=https://www.sarsen.org/2012/02/overton-down-experimental-earthwork.html|access-date=2026-05-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Sites== In many countries, [[government]]s and other groups of people protect important [[archaeological site]]s so they will not be destroyed and so that visitors can always come and see them. Sometimes archaeological sites are found when [[Foundation (engineering)|foundations]] are dug for new [[building]]s. Archaeologists have to work quickly when this happens, because people who are building often don't have a lot of time. As soon as the archaeologists are done with their work, the remains that they have found will be covered over, unless they are very important. == Glossary == '''absolute dating''' - "A variety of methods for determining an actual date for an archeological site, such as radiocarbon dating or historical documents" <ref name=":0" /> '''adze''' - A (usually) ground-stone cutting tool used in woodworking, having a thin arched blade set at right angles to the handle. '''anthrosol''' - "Soil formed or modified by human activity" <ref name=":0" /> '''artifact''' (also spelled 'artefact') - "Objects humans made or modified" <ref name=":0" /> "A portable object manufactured, modified, or used by humans"<ref>https://www.archaeological.org/programs/educators/introduction-to-archaeology/glossary/</ref> '''assemblage''' - "Any collection of artifacts that forms a single analytical unit, perhaps used for a particular activity" <ref>{{Cite book|title=Archaeology: The Essential Guide to Our Human Past|last=Bahn|first=Paul (ed.)|publisher=Smithsonina Books.|year=2017|isbn=978158834912|location=Washington, D. C.|pages=556}}</ref> '''backdirt''' - "Soil that has been excavated and sifted for artifacts, after which it is presumed to be of no further archeological significance" <ref name=":0" /> '''biface''' - "A piece of stone, often a natural pebble, which has been worked from both sides to create sharp chopping edges" <ref>{{Cite book|title=The World Encyclopedia of Archaeology|last=Cremin|first=Aedeen|publisher=Firefly Books|year=2012 (copyright 2007)|isbn=9781770851610|location=Buffalo, New York & Richmond Hill,Ontario|pages=389}}</ref> '''BP''' (also B.P.) - "Before Present; . . . 'Present' is academically defined as the year 1950 (the year when this term was invented)." <ref>https://www.archaeological.org/programs/educators/introduction-to-archaeology/glossary/</ref> For example, a radiocarbon date of AD 1066 is given as 884 BP (1950−1066=884) and 333 BC = 2283 BP (1950+333=2283). '''bulb of percussion''' - "a cone-shaped bulge on a fractured surface of flint that is made by a blow applied at an angle" <ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of BULB OF PERCUSSION|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bulb+of+percussion|access-date=2026-06-04|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref> burin calibrated radiocarbon date calibration chert cortex core dendrochronology deposit dig dolmen ecofact excavation feature find findspot flotation geofact geoglyph ''in situ'' potsherd (also "sherd" and "shard") provenience radiocarbon dating reference collection (also "comparative collection") relative dating screening (also "sieving") seriation site spokeshave stratigraphy stratum (pl.: strata) taphonomy type type artifact type site typology uniface ==Related pages== * [[Anthropology]] * [[Archaeological site]] * [[Artifact (culture)]] * [[Civilization]] * [[Paleography]] * [[Social sciences]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commons}} * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Archaeology Archaeology] -Citizendium * Space archaeology<ref>{{Cite web|last=Interview|first=Kristina Killgrove published in|date=2026-06-04|title=Archaeologists study the International Space Station and Everest to figure out 'how humans adapt in this impossible place where we have no business going'|url=https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/archaeologists-study-the-international-space-station-and-everest-to-figure-out-how-humans-adapt-in-this-impossible-place-where-we-have-no-business-going|access-date=2026-06-04|website=Live Science|language=en}}</ref> [[Category:Archaeology| ]] 30mqvt2hs0ttoom9c91ei4q8o39mmq7 0 219 10878872 10856164 2026-06-04T17:39:15Z ~2026-33266-69 1816376 10878872 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Stub'' This Article is a stub. You Can Help [[Simple English Wikipedia]] By Expanding it ''here''https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth&veaction=edit {{Infobox planet <!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This infobox has been formatted in the same way as those for other planets and bodies in the Solar System, so please do not change it without discussion on the talk page. Scroll down to get beyond this long template and edit the main body text. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| background = LightSteelBlue | name = Earth | alt_names = {{Hlist|The [[world]]|The [[globe]]|[[Terra (mythology)|Terra]]|[[Terra (mythology)|Tellus]]|[[Gaia]]}} | adjectives = {{Hlist|Earthly|Terrestrial|Terran|Tellurian}} | symbol = [[File:Earth symbol (bold).svg|24px|class=skin-invert|🜨]] and [[File:Globus cruciger (bold).svg|class=skin-invert|24px|♁]] | image = The Blue Marble, AS17-148-22727.jpg | image_alt = Photograph of Earth taken by the Apollo 17 mission. The Arabian peninsula, Africa and Madagascar lie in the upper half of the disc, whereas Antarctica is at the bottom. | caption = ''[[The Blue Marble]]'', [[Apollo 17]], December 1972 <ref group="n" name="epoch">Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (ed.). ''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac'', 3rd edition, University Science Books, 2005, p. 604. ISBN 0-935702-68-7.</ref> | aphelion = {{val|152,097,597|u=km}} | perihelion = {{val|147,098,450|u=km}} <ref group="n" name="apsis">Seidelmann, P. K. (ed.) (2005). ''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac'', 3rd edition, University Science Books, p. 604. ISBN 0-935702-68-7.</ref> | time_periastron = 2023-Jan-04<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27399%27&START_TIME=%272023-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-01-10%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20hour%27&QUANTITIES=%2720%27&CENTER=%27@Sun%27|title=Horizons Batch Call for 2023 Perihelion|last1=Park|first1=Ryan|date=9 May 2022|publisher=[[NASA]]/[[JPL]]|access-date=3 July 2022|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703175825/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27399%27&START_TIME=%272023-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-01-10%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20hour%27&QUANTITIES=%2720%27&CENTER=%27%40Sun%27|url-status=live}}</ref> | semimajor = {{val|149,598,023|u=km}}<ref name="VSOP87">Bretagnon, P.; Francou, G. (1988). “Planetary theories in rectangular and spherical variables: VSOP87 solution.” *Astronomy & Astrophysics*, 202: 309. (see the tabulated semi-major axis values) :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}</ref> | eccentricity = {{val|0.0167086}}<ref name="VSOP87" /> | period = {{convert|365.256363004|d|yr|comma=gaps|abbr=on|lk=out|disp=x|<ref name="IERS" /><br />(|[[Julian year (astronomy)|_j]])}} | avg_speed = {{val|29.7827|u=km/s}} <ref name="earth_fact_sheet">NASA (2022). "Earth Fact Sheet". Solar System Exploration, NASA. [https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508021904/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |date=8 May 2013 }}</ref> | mean_anomaly = {{val|358.617|u=°}} | inclination = {{ublist |{{val|7.155|u=°}} – [[Sun]]'s equator; |{{val|1.57869|u=°}} – [[invariable plane]]; <ref name="Allen294">Arthur N. Cox (ed.). ''Allen’s Astrophysical Quantities'', 4th ed., Springer, 2000, p. 294. ISBN 978-0-387-98746-0.</ref> |{{val|0.00005|u=°}} – J2000 [[ecliptic]]}} | asc_node = {{val|-11.26064|u=°}} – J2000 ecliptic<ref name="earth_fact_sheet" /> | arg_peri = {{val|114.20783|u=°}}<ref name="earth_fact_sheet" /> | satellites = 1, the [[Moon]] | allsatellites = yes | mean_radius = {{val|6371.0|u=km}} <ref name="hbcp2000">David R. Lide (ed.), ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', 81st edition, CRC Press, 2000, p. 14-1. ISBN 0-8493-0481-4.</ref> | equatorial_radius = {{val|6378.137|u=km}} <ref name="usno">U.S. Naval Observatory (2013). “Earth: Physical Parameters.” Astronomical Applications Dept. [https://asa.usno.navy.mil/static/files/2013/Astronomical_Constants_2013.pdf usno.navy.mil]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="WGS-84" /> | polar_radius = {{val|6356.752|u=km}} <ref name="cazenave_ahrens1995">Cazenave, A. & Ahrens, T. J. (eds.). ''Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants''. American Geophysical Union, 1995. (AGU Reference Shelf, Vol. 1). ISBN 978-0-87590-851-9.</ref> | flattening = 1/{{val|298.257222101}} ([[ETRS89]]) <ref name="IERS2004">Dennis D. McCarthy & Gérard Petit (eds.) (2004). ''IERS Conventions (2003)''. IERS Technical Note No. 32, Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Frankfurt am Main. ISBN 3-89888-884-3. [https://iers-conventions.obspm.fr/iers-conventions-2003/ PDF]{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | circumference = {{unbulleted list | {{val|40075.017|u=km}} [[equator]]ial<ref name="WGS-84">[[World Geodetic System]] (''WGS-84''). [http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/ Available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311023739/https://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/ |date=11 March 2020}} from [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]].</ref> | {{val|40007.86|u=km}} [[Meridian (geography)|meridional]] <ref name="WGS-84-2">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (2014). “World Geodetic System 1984, Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems.” Technical Report NIMA TR8350.2, 3rd edition. [https://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/ TR8350.2 PDF]</ref><ref group="n" name="circ">Earth's [[circumference]] is almost exactly 40,000&nbsp;km because the meter was calibrated on this measurement—more specifically, 1/10-millionth of the distance between the poles and the equator.</ref> }} | surface_area = {{unbulleted list |{{val|510,072,000|u=km2}} <ref name="Pidwirny2006_8">Pidwirny, M. (2006). "Earth: Surface Area and Distribution of Land and Water." *Fundamentals of Physical Geography*, 2nd Edition. [http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8e.html physicalgeography.net]</ref> <ref group="n" name="surfacecover">NASA Earth Observatory (2020). "Land and Water Distribution." [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/BlueMarble/blue_marble.html]{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |Land: {{val|148,940,000|u=km2}} |Water: {{val|361,132,000|u=km2}} }} | volume = {{val|1.08321|e=12|u=km3}}<ref name="earth_fact_sheet" /> | mass = {{val|5.972168|e=24|u=kg}} <ref name="earthmass">NASA (2023). "Earth Fact Sheet". Solar System Exploration, NASA. [https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508021904/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |date=8 May 2013 }}</ref> | density = {{convert|5513|kg/m3|g/cm3|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=out}}<ref name="earth_fact_sheet" /> <!--- Planetary densities are conventionally given in g/cm3 instead of kg/m3 ---> | surface_grav = {{val|9.80665|u=m/s2|}} <ref name="NIST2008">NIST (2008). "CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006." National Institute of Standards and Technology. [https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html nist.gov]</ref><br />(exactly 1 [[Standard gravity|g₀]]) | moment_of_inertia_factor = 0.3307 <ref name="Williams1994">Williams, James G. (1994). "Contributions to the Earth's Obliquity Rate, Precession, and Nutation." *The Astronomical Journal*, 108(2): 711–724. doi:10.1086/117030.</ref> | escape_velocity = {{val|11.186|u=km/s}}<ref name="earth_fact_sheet" /> | rotation = {{longitem|{{val|1.0|u=d}} <br /> (24h 00&nbsp;m 00s)}} | sidereal_day = {{longitem|{{val|0.99726968|u=d}} <ref name="Allen296">Cox, Arthur N. (ed.). ''Allen’s Astrophysical Quantities'', 4th edition, Springer, 2000, p. 296. ISBN 978-0-387-98746-0.</ref> <br /> (23h 56&nbsp;m 4.100s)}} | rot_velocity = 1674.4 km/h <ref name="Cox2000">Cox, Arthur N. (ed.). ''Allen’s Astrophysical Quantities'', 4th edition, Springer, 2000, p. 296. ISBN 978-0-387-98746-0.</ref> | axial_tilt = {{val|23.4392811|u=°}}<ref name="IERS" /> | albedo = {{ublist|class=nowrap |0.434 [[Geometric albedo|geometric]]<ref name="earth_fact_sheet" /> |0.294 [[Bond albedo|Bond]]<ref name="earth_fact_sheet" />}} | single_temperature = {{cvt|255|K|C|0}}<br />([[Effective temperature|blackbody temperature]])<ref name="American Chemical Society 2013">{{cite web | title=Atmospheres and Planetary Temperatures | website=American Chemical Society | date=18 July 2013 | url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html | access-date=3 January 2023| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127144936/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html |archivedate=27 January 2023}}</ref> | atmosphere = yes | temp_name1 = &nbsp;{{refn|group=n|Source for minimum, <ref name="asu_lowest_temp">Arizona State University (ASU). “Record Low Temperatures.” Department of Geosciences. [https://www.asu.edu/climate/records/lowest.html]{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> mean,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=P. D. |author-link1=Phil Jones (climatologist)|last2=Harpham |first2=C. |title=Estimation of the absolute surface air temperature of the Earth |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |date=2013 |volume=118 |issue=8 |pages=3213–3217 |doi=10.1002/jgrd.50359 |bibcode=2013JGRD..118.3213J |language=en |issn=2169-8996 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and maximum <ref name="asu_highest_temp">Arizona State University (ASU). “Record High Temperatures.” Department of Geosciences. [https://www.asu.edu/climate/records/highest.html]{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> surface temperature<!--Moved here to avoid stretching the infobox border-->}} | min_temp_1 = −89.2&nbsp;°C | mean_temp_1 = 14.76&nbsp;°C | max_temp_1 = 56.7&nbsp;°C | surface_equivalent_dose_rate = {{convert|2.40 |mSv/yr |μSv/h |disp=out}}<ref>{{cite book |author=United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation |title=Sources and effects of ionizing radiation |date=2008 |publication-date=2010 |publisher=United Nations |location=New York |isbn=978-92-1-142274-0 |url=http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2008_1.html |access-date=9 November 2012 |at=Table 1 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716210835/http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2008_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | abs_magnitude = −3.99 | surface_pressure = {{val|101.325|ul=kPa}} (at sea level) | atmosphere_composition = {{unbulleted list | 78.08% [[nitrogen]] (dry air) | 20.95% [[oxygen]] (dry air) | ≤1% [[water vapor]] (variable) | 0.9340% [[argon]] | 0.0415% [[carbon dioxide]] | 0.00182% [[neon]] | 0.00052% [[helium]] | 0.00017% [[methane]] | 0.00011% [[krypton]] | 0.00006% [[hydrogen]] }} Source:<ref name="earth_fact_sheet" /> | note = no }} '''Earth''' is the third [[planet]] from the [[Sun]] and the only place known where [[life]] exists. One big reason life can exist here is that Earth has a lot of [[water]] on its surface, being the only planet in our [[Solar System]] with liquid water. Most of Earth’s water is in the [[ocean]]s, which cover about 71% of the planet’s surface. The rest, about 29%, is land. Most of this land is grouped into large [[Continent|continents]], like [[North America]], [[Africa]], and [[Asia]], which are mostly humid and covered with [[plant]]s, while the icy parts at the [[North Pole|North]] and [[South Pole]]s hold more water in their [[ice sheet]]s than all of the [[lake]]s, [[river]]s, and [[Groundwater|underground water]] combined. Earth’s outer layer, called the crust, is made of big pieces called [[tectonic plate]]s that slowly move around and sometimes bump into each other, creating [[mountain]]s, [[volcano]]es, and [[earthquake]]s. Deep inside Earth, there is a liquid outer core that creates a [[magnetic field]] around the planet, called the [[magnetosphere]]. It shields the Earth's surface from most of the harmful [[solar wind]]s and [[Cosmic ray|cosmic radiation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=30 May 2023|title=Facts About Earth|url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth/facts/|access-date=26 September 2025|language=en-US}}</ref> Earth has an [[atmosphere]], which is a layer of [[gas]]es that surrounds the planet. Most of the atmosphere is made of [[nitrogen]] and [[oxygen]]. There is also [[water vapor]] in the air, which forms [[cloud]]s that cover much of the planet. The water vapor and other gases, like [[carbon dioxide]], help trap energy from the Sun. It also blocks most [[meteoroid]]s and harmful [[Ultraviolet|ultraviolet (UV) light]] from hitting the Earth. The atmosphere keeps temperatures normal through the [[greenhouse effect]]. You can think of it like a blanket around Earth: it keeps the planet warm enough for liquid water to exist on the surface. Because of this, the average temperature on Earth is about 15 °C (59 °F), which keeps water a liquid instead of freezing or evaporating. Different parts of Earth get different amounts of [[sunlight]]. For example, the [[equator]] gets more sunlight than the poles. This difference causes [[wind]]s in the atmosphere and [[Ocean current|current]]s in the [[ocean]]s, moving [[heat]] and [[water]] around the planet. These movements create different climate zones like [[desert]]s, [[rainforest]]s, and [[Polar regions of Earth|polar regions]]. They also cause weather events like [[rain]] and [[snow]] and help elements like [[carbon]] and [[nitrogen]] move through the environment.<ref name=":0" /> Earth is shaped like a slightly squashed ball, called an [[ellipsoid]]. If you could travel all the way around it at the equator, you would cover about 40,000 kilometers (about 25,000 miles). Earth has the most mass for its size of all the planets in our Solar System. Among the four rocky planets, [[Mercury]], [[Venus]], Earth, and [[Mars]], Earth is the largest and heaviest. Earth is about 150 million kilometers (93 million miles) from the Sun. [[Light]] from the Sun takes about eight minutes to reach the Earth. Earth travels around the Sun in an orbit, taking one [[year]], about 365.25 days, to complete a full circle. Earth also spins around its axis once every [[day]], which takes about 23 hours and 56 minutes. Earth's axis is tilted a little bit away from the Sun, which is why it has seasons: the Sun shines on one side of Earth more, creating [[summer]], and one side less, creating [[winter]]. Earth has one natural satellite, the [[Moon]]. The Moon orbits Earth at about 384,400 kilometers (238,855 miles). The Moon is about one-quarter the size of Earth. Its [[gravity]] helps keep the Earth’s tilt stable, creates tides in the oceans, and makes Earth spin a little slower over time. Earth’s gravity locks the Moon so that the same side always faces Earth.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Earth From the Perspective of Artemis II.jpg|thumb|A photo of the Earth from Artemis II, April 2, 2026.]] Earth [[Age of the Earth|formed about 4.5 billion years ago]] from clouds of [[gas]] and [[dust]] in the early Solar System. During the first billion years, oceans formed on Earth, and soon after, [[life]] began in these waters. Over time, life spread all over the planet and started changing the air and the surface of Earth, leading to the [[Great Oxidation Event]] about 2 billion years ago, the point when [[oxygen]] first became common in the atmosphere. [[Human]]s appeared around 300,000 years ago, starting in [[Africa]] and eventually spreading to every continent. People use Earth’s plants, animals, water, and other natural resources to survive. As human populations have grown and [[technology]] has advanced, humans have started to change the environment in big ways. Today, human activities are affecting [[Climate|Earth’s climate]] and [[ecosystem]]s in ways that are not sustainable, causing problems like [[climate change]], [[Habitat destruction|loss of habitats]], and [[Extinction|extinction of species]] that threaten humans and many other species.<ref name=":0" /> ==Origin of the word== The [[Modern English|English]] word ''Earth'' comes from the [[Old English]] word ''{{linktext|lang=ang|eorðe}}''.<ref name="oedearth">{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_a2v4|edition=3|chapter=earth, ''n.1''|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|place=[[Oxford]], England|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-957112-3|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001}}</ref> Similar words exist in many [[Germanic language]]s, and scientists think they all come from an even older word called [[Proto-Germanic]] ''erþō''. The word ''{{linktext|lang=ang|eorðe}}'' was used to mean many things. It could mean the ground, the [[soil]], dry land, the human world, the surface of the planet (including the [[sea]]s), or even the [[planet]] as a whole.<ref>{{cite book|last=Simek|first=Rudolf|author-link=Rudolf Simek|translator-last=Hall|translator-first=Angela|title=Dictionary of Northern Mythology|page=179|publisher=[[D. S. Brewer]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-85991-513-7}}</ref> In the past, the word “earth” was usually written with a [[Letter case|lowercase]] “e.” Today, people sometimes write “Earth” with a capital letter, like the names of other planets. However, the lowercase form “earth” is still common.<ref name="oedearth" /> Different books and style guides have different rules.<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Oxford Dictionary of English|edition=1st|chapter=earth|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|year=1998|isbn=978-0-19-861263-6}}</ref> The planet Earth has had other names throughout [[history]]. ''Terra'', a Latin name, is one of these names. English words like terrestrial (meaning "related to Earth") come from this name.<ref>{{OED|Terra}}</ref><ref>{{OED|terrestrial}}</ref> Some [[Romance languages]] use ''Terra'' or similar words as the name for Earth. For example, [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] still call it ''Terra''. In [[Spanish language|Spanish]], it became ''Tierra'', and in [[French language|French]], it became Terre. The Greek name for Earth was ''Gaia'', or sometimes spelled ''Gaea'' in English. This name is used less often.<ref>{{OED|Gaia}}</ref> == Natural history == {{Main|History of Earth}} === Formation === {{Further|Early Earth|Hadean}} [[File:The Mysterious Case of the Disappearing Dust.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A depiction of the early [[Solar System]]'s [[protoplanetary disk]] from which Earth and other Solar System bodies were formed]] The oldest solid stuff in the [[Solar System]] is made of tiny pieces called CAIs, which stands for [[calcium–aluminium-rich inclusion]]s. These pieces are found in some very old meteorites. Scientists have measured them and found that they are about 4.568 billion years old. These were the very first solid materials that formed from a big cloud of gas and dust in [[Outer space|space]], called the [[solar nebula]], which later made the Sun and planets. Earth formed a little later, around 4.54 billion years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bouvier|first1=Audrey|last2=Wadhwa|first2=Meenakshi|date=2010|title=The age of the Solar System redefined by the oldest Pb–Pb age of a meteoritic inclusion|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo941|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=637–641|doi=10.1038/ngeo941|bibcode=2010NatGe...3..637B |issn=1752-0894}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalrymple|first=G. Brent|date=2001|title=The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved|url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|language=en|volume=190|issue=1|pages=205–221|doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14|bibcode=2001GSLSP.190..205D |issn=0305-8719}}</ref> A long time ago, there was a huge cloud of gas and dust in space called a [[molecular cloud]]. [[Gravity]] pulled part of this cloud together, which made it shrink, spin, and flatten into a disk around the forming Sun. This disk is called the solar nebula. It had [[gas]], [[ice]], [[dust]], and even radioactive materials like [[uranium]] and [[thorium]], which gave off heat as they broke down. Tiny dust particles in the disk bumped into each other and stuck together. Over time, these clumps grew into larger rocks called [[planetesimal]]s, which were the building blocks of planets. Earth grew by slowly collecting these pieces, a process called accretion, which took about 70 to 100 million years. As smaller bodies crashed into the growing Earth, they created a lot of heat, melting parts of the planet. When Earth first formed, it was very hot and mostly molten, like a giant ball of [[lava]]. Over time, it cooled and separated into layers. The heaviest [[metal]]s sank to make the core, lighter [[rock]]s formed the mantle, and the outer layer became a basic crust.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Righter|first1=K.|last2=Schonbachler|first2=M.|date=7 May 2018|title=Ag Isotopic Evolution of the Mantle During Accretion: New Constraints from Pd and Ag Metal-Silicate Partitioning|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20180002991|journal=Differentiation: Building the Internal Architecture of Planets|volume=2084 |page=4034 |bibcode=2018LPICo2084.4034R |language=en}}</ref> Scientists are still studying how the [[Moon]] formed. They think it is about 4.5 billion years old, but it might be a little younger depending on how it is measured.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tartèse|first1=Romain|last2=Anand|first2=Mahesh|last3=Gattacceca|first3=Jérôme|last4=Joy|first4=Katherine H.|last5=Mortimer|first5=James I.|last6=Pernet-Fisher|first6=John F.|last7=Russell|first7=Sara|last8=Snape|first8=Joshua F.|last9=Weiss|first9=Benjamin P.|date=2019|title=Constraining the Evolutionary History of the Moon and the Inner Solar System: A Case for New Returned Lunar Samples|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x|journal=Space Science Reviews|language=en|volume=215|issue=8|article-number=54 |doi=10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x|bibcode=2019SSRv..215...54T |issn=0038-6308}}</ref> The most accepted idea is called the [[Giant impact hypothesis|Giant Impact Hypothesis]]. According to this idea, a planet-sized object called [[Theia]], about one-tenth the size of Earth, collided with early Earth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Controversial Moon Origin Theory Rewrites History : Discovery News|url=http://news.discovery.com/space/moon-earth-formation.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=news.discovery.com|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109042800/http://news.discovery.com/space/moon-earth-formation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The collision was not straight-on but more like a glancing blow. Pieces of Theia and Earth’s outer layer broke off, forming a ring of debris around Earth. This debris later came together to make the Moon. The collision also changed Earth’s spin and tilted its [[Axis of rotation|axis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Canup|first1=Robin M.|last2=Asphaug|first2=Erik|date=2001|title=Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/35089010|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=412|issue=6848|pages=708–712|doi=10.1038/35089010|pmid=11507633 |bibcode=2001Natur.412..708C |issn=0028-0836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Meier|first1=M.M.M.|last2=Reufer|first2=A.|last3=Wieler|first3=R.|date=2014|title=On the origin and composition of Theia: Constraints from new models of the Giant Impact|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0019103514004175|journal=Icarus|language=en|volume=242|pages=316–328|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.003 |arxiv=1410.3819 |bibcode=2014Icar..242..316M }}</ref> After the Moon formed, the inner Solar System went through a time called the [[Late Heavy Bombardment]], about 4.0 to 3.8 billion years ago. During this time, many [[asteroid]]s and [[comet]]s crashed into the Moon and Earth, making large [[Impact crater|crater]]s on the Moon, like [[Mare Imbrium|Imbrium]], [[Mare Serenitatis|Serenitatis]], and [[Mare Crisium|Crisium]]. Some impacts may have melted parts of the Moon’s crust and caused volcanic activity. On Earth, these impacts affected the surface and atmosphere and might have helped life start by bringing [[water]] and [[Organic compound|organic molecule]]s, or by creating hot underwater areas called [[hydrothermal vent]]s, which can support life. Scientists think the movements of giant planets, like [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]], may have disturbed the orbits of asteroids and comets, sending them toward the inner planets and causing this heavy bombardment.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Claeys|first1=Philippe|title=Late Heavy Bombardment|date=2011|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_869|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Astrobiology|pages=909–912|editor-last=Gargaud|editor-first=Muriel|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_869|isbn=978-3-642-11271-3|access-date=27 September 2025|last2=Morbidelli|first2=Alessandro|editor2-last=Amils|editor2-first=Ricardo|editor3-last=Quintanilla|editor3-first=José Cernicharo|editor4-last=Cleaves|editor4-first=Henderson James}}</ref> === After formation === {{Main|Geological history of Earth}} [[File:NASA-EarlyEarth-PaleOrangeDot-20190802.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|''Pale orange dot'', an impression of [[Early Earth]], featuring its tinted orange [[methane]]-rich [[Prebiotic atmosphere|early atmosphere]]<ref name="Trainer Pavlov DeWitt Jimenez pp. 18035–18042">{{cite journal |last1=Trainer |first1=Melissa G. |last2=Pavlov |first2=Alexander A. |last3=DeWitt |first3=H. Langley |last4=Jimenez |first4=Jose L. |last5=McKay |first5=Christopher P. |last6=Toon |first6=Owen B. |last7=Tolbert |first7=Margaret A. |display-authors=1 |date=28 November 2006 |title=Organic haze on Titan and the early Earth |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=103 |issue=48 |pages=18035–18042 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0608561103 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=1838702 |pmid=17101962 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]] Most of Earth’s air and water came from [[volcano]]es. When volcanoes erupted, they released gases trapped inside the [[planet]]. This process is called [[outgassing]]. These gases included [[water vapor]], [[carbon dioxide]], [[nitrogen]], and small amounts of other gases.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Earth's Early Atmosphere and Oceans|url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/timeline/gallery/slide_17.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=www.lpi.usra.edu}}</ref> The water vapor cooled down and formed the first [[ocean]]s. Some water also came from space, brought by [[asteroid]]s, icy protoplanets, and [[comet]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Morbidelli|first1=A.|last2=Chambers|first2=J.|last3=Lunine|first3=J. I.|last4=Petit|first4=J. M.|last5=Robert|first5=F.|last6=Valsecchi|first6=G. B.|last7=Cyr|first7=K. E.|date=2000|title=Source regions and timescales for the delivery of water to the Earth|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x|journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science|language=en|volume=35|issue=6|pages=1309–1320|doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x|bibcode=2000M&PS...35.1309M |issn=1086-9379}}</ref> These space objects added more water from different parts of the Solar System. Scientists think there might have been enough water to fill today’s oceans very soon after Earth formed, so our planet was basically “wet” from the start.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Piani|first1=Laurette|last2=Marrocchi|first2=Yves|last3=Rigaudier|first3=Thomas|last4=Vacher|first4=Lionel G.|last5=Thomassin|first5=Dorian|last6=Marty|first6=Bernard|date=28 August 2020|title=Earth's water may have been inherited from material similar to enstatite chondrite meteorites|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aba1948|journal=Science|language=en|volume=369|issue=6507|pages=1110–1113|doi=10.1126/science.aba1948|pmid=32855337 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1110P |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Back then, the young [[Sun]] was only about 70% as bright as it is now. Normally, this would have made Earth very cold. But [[greenhouse gas]]es like [[carbon dioxide]] and [[methane]] trapped heat, keeping the oceans from freezing. This made Earth warm enough for liquid water, which is important for life.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The evolving Sun and its influence on planetary environments: proceedings of a workshop held at Instituto de Astrofísica, Granada, Spain, 18-20 June 2001; [Second Granada Workshop]|date=2002|publisher=Astronomical Society of the Pacific|isbn=978-1-58381-109-2|editor-last=Montesinos|editor-first=Benjamin|series=Conference series / Astronomical Society of the Pacific|location=San Francisco, Calif|editor-last2=Giménez|editor-first2=Alvaro|editor-last3=Guinan|editor-first3=Edward F.}}</ref> Around 3.5 billion years ago, Earth also developed a [[magnetic field]], created by the movement of molten [[iron]] in the core. This magnetic field acted like a shield, protecting the atmosphere from being blown away by the [[solar wind]], which helped Earth keep its water and stay stable for life.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rochester|first=University of|title=Oldest measurement of Earth's magnetic field reveals battle between Sun and Earth for our atmosphere|url=https://phys.org/news/2010-03-oldest-earth-magnetic-field-reveals.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=phys.org|language=en}}</ref> As Earth cooled, the molten outer layer hardened to form the first crust, mostly made of [[Mafic|mafic rock]]s that are rich in [[iron]] and [[magnesium]] but low in [[silica]]. Later, the first pieces of [[continental crust]] appeared. These rocks were more [[felsic]], meaning they had more [[silica]], [[aluminum]], [[potassium]], and [[sodium]]. Scientists think these formed when parts of the mafic crust melted at very high temperatures, helped by early tectonic activity or [[mantle plume]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McDonough|first1=W.F.|last2=Sun|first2=S.-s.|date=1995|title=The composition of the Earth|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0009254194001404|journal=Chemical Geology|language=en|volume=120|issue=3–4|pages=223–253|doi=10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4 |bibcode=1995ChGeo.120..223M }}</ref> The oldest continental crust is known from tiny [[mineral]]s called [[zircon]]s, some of which date back to 4.4 billion years ago, only about 140 million years after Earth formed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harrison|first1=T. M.|last2=Blichert-Toft|first2=J.|last3=Müller|first3=W.|last4=Albarede|first4=F.|last5=Holden|first5=P.|last6=Mojzsis|first6=S. J.|date=23 December 2005|title=Heterogeneous Hadean Hafnium: Evidence of Continental Crust at 4.4 to 4.5 Ga|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1117926|journal=Science|language=en|volume=310|issue=5756|pages=1947–1950|doi=10.1126/science.1117926|pmid=16293721 |bibcode=2005Sci...310.1947H |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Scientists are still figuring out how these small pieces of crust grew into the large continents we have today.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Continents and supercontinents|last1=Rogers|first1=John J. W.|last2=Santosh|first2=M.|date=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-516589-0|series=Oxford scholarship online|location=New York}}</ref> Some think growth was slow and steady over billions of years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hurley|first1=Patrick M.|last2=Rand|first2=John R.|date=13 June 1969|title=Pre-Drift Continental Nuclei: Two ancient nuclei appear to have had a peripheral growth and no pre-drift fragmentation and dispersal.|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.164.3885.1229|journal=Science|language=en|volume=164|issue=3885|pages=1229–1242|doi=10.1126/science.164.3885.1229|pmid=17772560 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=De Smet|first1=J.|last2=Van den Berg|first2=A.P.|last3=Vlaar|first3=N.J.|date=2000|title=Early formation and long-term stability of continents resulting from decompression melting in a convecting mantle|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004019510000055X|journal=Tectonophysics|language=en|volume=322|issue=1–2|pages=19–33|doi=10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00055-X |bibcode=2000Tectp.322...19D }}</ref> Others think most continents formed quickly during the [[Archean|Archean eon]]. Both ideas could be true because the crust was constantly recycled, subducted, eroded, and melted, changing early continents over time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dhuime|first1=Bruno|last2=Hawkesworth|first2=Chris J.|last3=Delavault|first3=Hélène|last4=Cawood|first4=Peter A.|date=13 November 2018|title=Rates of generation and destruction of the continental crust: implications for continental growth|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|language=en|volume=376|issue=2132|pages=20170403|doi=10.1098/rsta.2017.0403|issn=1364-503X|pmc=6189557|pmid=30275156 |bibcode=2018RSPTA.37670403D }}</ref> New continental crust still forms today thanks to plate tectonics, which is [[Tectonic plate|the movement of large pieces of Earth’s crust]]. [[Heat]] from inside Earth causes [[mantle convection]], where hot rock slowly rises and sinks. This drives processes like [[subduction]] (one plate sliding under another) and volcanoes. Over millions of years, these movements cause [[continent]]s to come together into [[supercontinent]]s and then break apart. For example: * [[Rodinia]] started breaking apart ~750 million years ago * [[Pannotia]] formed ~600–540 million years ago * [[Pangaea]] began breaking ~180 million years ago The movement and collision of continents affect Earth’s surface, [[climate]], [[ocean]]s, and [[life]]. When continents collide, they form [[mountain]]s. When they pull apart, they create [[valley]]s and [[Depression (geology)|basin]]s where [[sediment]]s collect. These changes have influenced the evolution of [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, and [[human]]s over millions of years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bradley|first=Dwight C.|date=2011|title=Secular trends in the geologic record and the supercontinent cycle|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825211000717|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|language=en|volume=108|issue=1–2|pages=16–33|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.05.003 |bibcode=2011ESRv..108...16B }}</ref> Earth’s climate has gone through many [[ice age]]s, when large parts of the planet were covered in [[ice]]. These started around 40 million years ago and became very strong during the [[Pleistocene|Pleistocene epoch]] (~3 million years ago).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chalk|first1=Thomas B.|last2=Hain|first2=Mathis P.|last3=Foster|first3=Gavin L.|last4=Rohling|first4=Eelco J.|last5=Sexton|first5=Philip F.|last6=Badger|first6=Marcus P. S.|last7=Cherry|first7=Soraya G.|last8=Hasenfratz|first8=Adam P.|last9=Haug|first9=Gerald H.|last10=Jaccard|first10=Samuel L.|last11=Martínez-García|first11=Alfredo|date=12 December 2017|title=Causes of ice age intensification across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=114|issue=50|pages=13114–13119|doi=10.1073/pnas.1702143114|doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424|pmc=5740680|pmid=29180424 |bibcode=2017PNAS..11413114C }}</ref> Areas far from the equator went through repeated cycles of [[glaciation]] (ice sheets growing) and [[thawing]] (ice melting). These cycles happen because of small changes in Earth’s orbit and tilt, called [[Milankovitch cycles]], which change how [[sunlight]] hits Earth roughly every 21,000, 41,000, and 100,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paleoclimatology|url=http://www.lakepowell.net/sciencecenter/paleoclimate.htm|access-date=27 September 2025|website=www.lakepowell.net}}</ref> The most recent ice age, called the [[Last Glacial Period]], covered large parts of continents with thick [[ice sheet]]s. It ended about 11,700 years ago, marking the start of the [[Holocene|Holocene epoch]]. Since then, Earth’s climate has been relatively stable, which allowed humans to build civilizations and thrive.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Turney|first1=Chris S.M.|last2=Fifield|first2=L. Keith|last3=Hogg|first3=Alan G.|last4=Palmer|first4=Jonathan G.|last5=Hughen|first5=Konrad|last6=Baillie|first6=Mike G.L.|last7=Galbraith|first7=Rex|last8=Ogden|first8=John|last9=Lorrey|first9=Andrew|last10=Tims|first10=Stephen G.|last11=Jones|first11=Richard T.|date=2010|title=The potential of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) for testing the synchronicity of abrupt climate change during the Last Glacial Interval (60,000–11,700 years ago)|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379110003197|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|language=en|volume=29|issue=27–28|pages=3677–3682|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.08.017 |bibcode=2010QSRv...29.3677T }}</ref> === Origin of life and evolution === {{Main|Abiogenesis|Earliest known life forms|History of life}} [[File:Archean.png|thumb|upright=1.2|An artist's impression of the [[Archean]] [[Geologic time scale#Divisions of geologic time|eon]], a time billions of years ago right after Earth formed. The picture shows [[stromatolite]]s, early life forms that made oxygen. After the [[Late Heavy Bombardment]], [[Earth's crust]] had cooled, [[continent]]s and [[volcano]]es had appeared, and the Moon was much closer (about half the distance it is today), making it look almost three times bigger and causing very strong [[tide]]s.<ref name="Lunar and Planetary Institute">{{cite web |title=Earth-Moon Dynamics |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/exploration/training/illustrations/earthMoon/ |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=Lunar and Planetary Institute |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907215806/https://www.lpi.usra.edu/exploration/training/illustrations/earthMoon/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Scientists think [[life]] on Earth began about 4 billion years ago. It likely started with simple [[chemical reaction]]s that made the first [[molecule]]s able to copy themselves. These molecules were probably short pieces of [[RNA]], which is similar to [[DNA]]. RNA is important because it can both store instructions (like a recipe book) and speed up chemical reactions. The fact that these molecules could copy and change over time was the very beginning of [[evolution]]. Around 3.5 billion years ago, something very important appeared: the [[Last universal common ancestor|Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)]]. LUCA was not the very first life, but it was the ancestor of all living things we know today, from bacteria and archaea to plants and animals. LUCA already had the basic tools of life that every organism still uses. It could copy DNA, read it into RNA, and build [[protein]]s from those instructions. It also had ways to get energy, either from chemical reactions or from sunlight. In other words, LUCA was like the great-grandparent of all life on Earth, passing down the same core tools that living things still use billions of years later.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Doolittle|first=W. Ford|date=2000|title=Uprooting the Tree of Life|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/uprooting-the-tree-of-life|journal=Scientific American|volume=282|issue=2|pages=90–95|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90|pmid=10710791 |bibcode=2000SciAm.282b..90D |issn=0036-8733}}</ref> A huge change in Earth’s history happened when some bacteria learned how to do [[photosynthesis]], the process of using [[sunlight]] to make [[energy]]. [[Plant]]s do this today, but the first organisms to do it were tiny [[bacteria]] called [[cyanobacteria]]. When they made energy from sunlight, they released [[oxygen]] as waste. At first, Earth’s air had almost no oxygen. But over hundreds of millions of years, oxygen built up in the atmosphere. About 2.4 billion years ago, during the [[Great Oxidation Event]], oxygen became much more common. Some of this oxygen turned into the [[ozone layer]], a shield high above Earth that blocks dangerous [[Ultraviolet|UV rays]] from the Sun. Thanks to this protection, life could eventually move from the oceans onto land. Oxygen also changed the way life got energy. Before oxygen, organisms used less efficient methods that did not give them much power. But with oxygen, they could do [[aerobic respiration]], which makes much more energy from food like [[glucose]]. This extra energy allowed larger and more complex life to evolve.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/03/science/earths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=www.nytimes.com|date=3 October 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Another big step was when life went from simple cells to complex cells. This happened through a process called [[endosymbiosis]], which means “living together inside.” Long ago, some small cells started living inside bigger ones. Instead of being eaten, the smaller cells became permanent helpers. Over time, they turned into [[organelle]]s, special parts of complex cells. For example, [[mitochondria]] make energy, and [[chloroplast]]s (in plants) do photosynthesis. These new complex cells are called [[eukaryotic cells]], and they have a [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]] (a control center).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Berkner|first1=L. V.|last2=Marshall|first2=L. C.|date=1965|title=On the Origin and Rise of Oxygen Concentration in the Earth's Atmosphere|url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/1520-0469(1965)0222.0.CO;2|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences|language=en|volume=22|issue=3|pages=225–261|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0225:OTOARO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1965JAtS...22..225B |issn=0022-4928}}</ref> Eventually, they started living in groups. At first, they formed loose colonies, but later they became [[multicellular organism]]s, where cells had different jobs, like protecting, gathering food, or reproducing. This teamwork made life much more advanced. Meanwhile, the [[ozone layer]] kept protecting Earth, allowing living things to slowly spread from oceans to land.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Astrobiologists Find Evidence of Early Life on Land|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2000/00_79AR.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=www.nasa.gov|archive-date=11 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011032824/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2000/00_79AR.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Scientists have found fossils that prove life is very old. For example, tiny structures made by [[microorganism]]s have been found in rocks 3.45–3.7 billion years old. Even some rocks from 4.1 billion years ago show signs of life. These fossils include [[microbial mat]]s (thin layers of bacteria), tiny cell-like shapes, and special carbon ([[graphite]]) that likely came from [[living thing]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Noffke|first1=Nora|last2=Christian|first2=Daniel|last3=Wacey|first3=David|last4=Hazen|first4=Robert M.|date=December 2013|title=Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia|journal=Astrobiology|language=en|volume=13|issue=12|pages=1103–1124|doi=10.1089/ast.2013.1030|issn=1531-1074|pmc=3870916|pmid=24205812 |bibcode=2013AsBio..13.1103N }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ohtomo|first1=Yoko|last2=Kakegawa|first2=Takeshi|last3=Ishida|first3=Akizumi|last4=Nagase|first4=Toshiro|last5=Rosing|first5=Minik T.|date=2014|title=Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2025|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=25–28|doi=10.1038/ngeo2025|bibcode=2014NatGe...7...25O |issn=1752-0894}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=Elizabeth A.|last2=Boehnke|first2=Patrick|last3=Harrison|first3=T. Mark|last4=Mao|first4=Wendy L.|date=24 November 2015|title=Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=112|issue=47|pages=14518–14521|doi=10.1073/pnas.1517557112|doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424|pmc=4664351|pmid=26483481 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11214518B }}</ref> Much later, between 1,000 and 539 million years ago, Earth may have gone through a frozen period called [[Snowball Earth]], when ice covered nearly the whole planet, even near the equator. After this icy time came the [[Cambrian explosion]] about 535 million years ago. Life suddenly became much more diverse. Many major groups of animals we know today first appeared then, including [[animal]]s with shells, backbones, and specialized body parts.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Climate change and the course of global history: a rough journey|url=https://archive.org/details/climatechangecou0000broo|last=Brooke|first=John L.|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-87164-8|series=Studies in environment and history|location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Epigenetic mechanisms of the Cambrian explosion|last=Cabej|first=Nelson R.|date=2019|publisher=Academic press, an imprint of Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-814311-7|location=London San Diego, CA}}</ref> Over Earth’s history, there have been at least five major [[mass extinction]]s. A mass extinction is when a huge number of [[species]] die in a short time. Each one reshaped [[ecosystem]]s and forced life to evolve in new ways.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stanley|first=Steven M.|date=18 October 2016|title=Estimates of the magnitudes of major marine mass extinctions in earth history|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=113|issue=42|pages=E6325–E6334 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1613094113|doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424|pmc=5081622|pmid=27698119 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113E6325S }}</ref> The most famous mass extinction happened about 66 million years ago when a giant [[asteroid]] hit near today’s [[Yucatán Peninsula]] in [[Mexico]]. This caused massive climate changes and wiped out the [[dinosaur]]s that could not fly (non-avian dinosaurs) along with many other [[reptile]]s. But smaller animals, like [[mammal]]s, [[bird]]s, [[lizard]]s, and [[insect]]s, survived. Because of this, mammals had the chance to grow and spread, eventually becoming the dominant animals on Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gould|first=Stephen Jay|date=1994|title=The Evolution of Life on the Earth|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-evolution-of-life-on-the-earth|journal=Scientific American|volume=271|issue=4|pages=84–91|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1094-84|pmid=7939569 |bibcode=1994SciAm.271d..84G |issn=0036-8733}}</ref> After the dinosaurs died out, mammals quickly evolved to fill many different roles. Some stayed small and fast, while others grew large. A few million years ago, one type of [[ape]] in [[Africa]] changed in an important way. It started walking on two legs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Daver|first1=G.|last2=Guy|first2=F.|last3=Mackaye|first3=H. T.|last4=Likius|first4=A.|last5=Boisserie|first5=J. -R.|last6=Moussa|first6=A.|last7=Pallas|first7=L.|last8=Vignaud|first8=P.|last9=Clarisse|first9=N. D.|date=1 September 2022|title=Postcranial evidence of late Miocene hominin bipedalism in Chad|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04901-z|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=609|issue=7925|pages=94–100|doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04901-z|pmid=36002567 |bibcode=2022Natur.609...94D |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> This freed up its hands to carry things and make [[tool]]s. Tool use encouraged more complex communication and the growth of larger [[brain]]s. This path eventually led to the first [[human]]s. Humans changed the world in powerful ways. They learned [[farming]], tamed [[animal]]s like [[dog]]s and [[cow]]s, and built [[civilization]]s. These advances let humans shape the land, grow in numbers, and change entire ecosystems. Today, human activity is causing many plants and animals to go extinct much faster than normal. Cutting down [[forest]]s, [[Air pollution|polluting air]] and [[Water pollution|water]], hunting too much, and causing [[climate change]] are all big factors. Many scientists believe we may now be living through a new mass extinction, called the [[Holocene extinction]], caused mostly by humans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilkinson|first1=B. H.|last2=McElroy|first2=B. J.|date=1 January 2007|title=The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsabulletin/article/119/1-2/140-156/125350|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|language=en|volume=119|issue=1–2|pages=140–156|doi=10.1130/B25899.1|bibcode=2007GSAB..119..140W |issn=0016-7606}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == <!--linked from 'Earth physical characteristics tables'--> {{Further|Geophysics}} === Size and shape === {{Main|Figure of the Earth}} {{Further|Earth radius|Earth's circumference|Spherical Earth{{!}}Earth curvature|Geomorphology}} {{See also|List of highest mountains on Earth}} [[File:Earth2014shape SouthAmerica small.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The specific [[map]] here shows the [[western hemisphere]] of Earth with land heights and depths measured directly from Earth’s center, instead of from [[mean sea level]] like in regular topographic maps.]] Earth is shaped like a round ball, but it is not a perfect [[sphere]]. Its shape is kept by a balance between two main forces. [[Gravity]] pulls everything toward Earth’s center, while [[pressure]] inside the planet and Earth’s spinning motion push outward. Together, these forces make Earth mostly round.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Horner|first=Jonti|date=16 July 2021|title=I've always wondered: why are the stars, planets and moons round, when comets and asteroids aren't?|url=http://theconversation.com/ive-always-wondered-why-are-the-stars-planets-and-moons-round-when-comets-and-asteroids-arent-160541|access-date=27 September 2025|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}</ref> Earth’s average diameter is about 12,742 kilometers (7,918 miles), making it the fifth largest planet in the [[Solar System]]. Only the giant planets, [[Jupiter]], [[Saturn]], [[Uranus]], and [[Neptune]], are bigger. Earth is the largest rocky planet, bigger than [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], and [[Mars]]. Being this big gives Earth enough gravity to hold onto a thick atmosphere, which helps life survive. Smaller planets, like Mars, lost much of their air over time because they don’t have enough gravity to keep it.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 July 2021|title=How big is Earth?|language=en|work=Space.com|url=https://www.space.com/17638-how-big-is-earth.html|access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref> Because Earth spins once every 24 hours, it is not perfectly round. It bulges slightly at the [[equator]] and is a bit flattened at the poles. Scientists call this shape an [[oblate spheroid]]. The equator is about 43 kilometers (27 miles) wider than the distance from pole to pole. This happens because of [[centrifugal force]], a pushing-out effect caused by spinning. Earth spins fastest at the equator, about 1,670 km/h (1,040 mph), while the poles do not spin at all. The [[Earth radius|equatorial radius]] (distance from the center to the equator) is about 6,378 km (3,963 miles). The [[Earth radius|polar radius]] is slightly smaller at 6,357 km (3,950 miles).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Converting GPS Height into NAVD88 Elevation with the GEOID96 Geoid Height Model|url=https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/gislis96.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=www.ngs.noaa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is the Earth round?|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/earth-round.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=en}}</ref> Earth’s surface is not smooth. Tectonic activity, erosion, volcanoes, and the movement of rocks create [[mountain]]s, [[valley]]s, and trenches. The deepest place is the [[Mariana Trench]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]], about 10,925 meters (35,843 feet) below sea level.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=Heather A.|last2=Jamieson|first2=Alan J.|date=2019|title=The five deeps: The location and depth of the deepest place in each of the world's oceans|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001282521830429X|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|language=en|volume=197|article-number=102896|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102896 |bibcode=2019ESRv..19702896S }}</ref> The tallest mountain on land is [[Mount Everest]], rising 8,848 meters (29,029 feet) above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BotEC: Scale of the Himalayas|url=https://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/activities/botec_himalayas.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=Activity Collection|language=en}}</ref> But the place farthest from Earth’s center is not Everest, it is [[Chimborazo]], a [[volcano]] in [[Ecuador]]. It is only 6,263 meters (20,548 feet) tall, but because it sits near the equator, where Earth bulges, its peak is 2 kilometers farther from the center than Everest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did Edmund Hillary Climb the Wrong Mountain|url=http://archives.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=589|access-date=27 September 2025|website=archives.profsurv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Krulwich|first=Robert|date=7 April 2007|title=The 'Highest' Spot on Earth?|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2007/04/07/9428163/the-highest-spot-on-earth|access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref> Just like land has mountains and valleys, the oceans have their own shapes, but they are not solid. Ocean surfaces are always moving because of [[wind]]s, [[tide]]s, [[Ocean current|current]]s, [[gravity]], and Earth’s spin. Some parts of the ocean are slightly higher because strong gravity pulls water toward denser rocks under the [[seafloor]]. Ocean currents are affected by the [[Coriolis effect]], caused by Earth’s spin, creating big circular patterns called [[gyre]]s. For example, in the Pacific Ocean, the surface in the western Pacific is about 60 centimeters (2 feet) higher than in the eastern Pacific because of [[trade wind]]s and [[ocean circulation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ocean Surface Topography {{!}} Ocean Observation|url=https://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/ocean-observation/ocean-surface-topography|access-date=27 September 2025|website=Ocean Surface Topography from Space|language=en}}</ref> Scientists study Earth’s real shape in a field called [[geodesy]]. Instead of looking at uneven land and moving oceans, they use a model called the [[geoid]]. The geoid shows what Earth would look like if it were covered with perfectly still water, no waves, tides, or winds. The geoid is not a perfect sphere or simple oval. It is slightly bumpy, because some parts of Earth’s crust and mantle are denser, creating stronger gravity in those spots. The geoid is very useful because it acts as a baseline for measuring heights and depths, like how tall mountains are or how deep the oceans go. Today, satellites like [[GRACE and GRACE-FO|GRACE]] and [[GOCE]] have mapped the geoid in incredible detail. They help scientists track important changes on Earth, like [[Sea level rise|rising sea level]]s, melting [[ice sheet]]s, and shrinking [[groundwater]], with accuracy down to just a few centimeters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US Department of Commerce|first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|title=What is the geoid?|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/geoid.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=EN-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GRACE - Earth Online|url=https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/missions/grace|access-date=27 September 2025|website=earth.esa.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GOCE - Earth Online|url=https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/missions/goce|access-date=27 September 2025|website=earth.esa.int|language=en}}</ref> === Surface === {{Further|Planetary surface|Land cover|Land|Pedosphere|Ocean|Sea|Cryosphere|Peplosphere}} [[File:Global View of the Arctic and Antarctic.jpg|thumb|An image of Earth, with different types of surfaces shown. Mostly Ocean (blue), Africa with lush (green) to dry (brown) land and Earth's polar ice in the form of [[Antarctic sea ice]] (grey) covering the [[Southern Ocean|Antarctic or Southern Ocean]] and the [[Antarctic ice sheet]] (white) covering [[Antarctica]].]] [[File:AYool topography 15min.png|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Terrain]] of [[Earth's crust]]]] The surface of Earth is where land, oceans, and the atmosphere all meet. It is the part of the planet where life happens, [[plant]]s grow, [[animal]]s live, [[human]]s build [[City|cities]], and [[water]] moves in [[river]]s, [[lake]]s, and the [[ocean]]. Earth’s surface is very large, covering about 510 million square kilometers (197 million square miles), giving plenty of space for ecosystems, farms, and people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=8(o) Introduction to the Oceans|url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8o.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=www.physicalgeography.net}}</ref> We can divide Earth’s surface in two main ways. First is by [[latitude]], which are lines that go east to west. This splits Earth into the [[Northern Hemisphere]] (above the equator) and the [[Southern Hemisphere]] (below the equator). Second is by [[longitude]], which are lines that go north to south. This divides Earth into the [[Eastern Hemisphere]] and the [[Western Hemisphere]], using the [[Prime Meridian]] and the [[180th meridian]] as rough dividing lines. These divisions help scientists and people understand [[climate]], [[ocean current]]s, where plants and animals live, and also help with [[navigation]] and [[map]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is longitude and latitude?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zd4rmfr|access-date=27 September 2025|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref> Most of Earth’s surface, about 70.8% or 361 million square kilometers (139 million square miles), is covered by [[ocean]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rising sea levels: an introduction to cause and impact|url=https://archive.org/details/risingsealevelsi0000jani|last1=Janin|first1=Hunt|last2=Mandia|first2=Scott A.|date=2012|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5956-8|series=Academic & Nonfiction Books anthology|location=Jefferson, N.C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ro|first=Christine|title=Is It Ocean Or Oceans?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinero/2020/02/03/is-it-ocean-or-oceans/|access-date=27 September 2025|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> This huge, connected body of water is called the world ocean, making Earth a true ocean world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Earth Is a Water World - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/earth-water-world/|access-date=27 September 2025|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lunine|first=Jonathan I.|date=2017|title=Ocean worlds exploration|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0094576516311511|journal=Acta Astronautica|language=en|volume=131|pages=123–130|doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.11.017 |bibcode=2017AcAau.131..123L }}</ref> The oceans are always moving, with currents, tides, and waves that help control climate and move nutrients that living things need. Long ago, oceans may have covered almost the entire [[planet]], hiding the first land.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Voosen|first=Paul|date=9 March 2021|title=Ancient Earth was a water world|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/03/ancient-earth-was-water-world|journal=Science|volume=371 |issue=6534 |pages=1088–1089 |doi=10.1126/science.abh4289|pmid=33707245 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Today, the world ocean is divided into five major oceans, from largest to smallest: [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], [[Indian Ocean|Indian]], [[Southern Ocean|Southern]], and [[Arctic Ocean]]s. Under the oceans is [[oceanic crust]], which forms deep basins and has many interesting features, like [[abyssal plain]]s (flat areas), [[seamount]]s (underwater mountains), [[submarine volcano]]es, [[ocean trench]]es, [[Oceanic plateau|oceanic plateaus]], [[mid-ocean ridges]], where new crust forms from volcanic activity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NOAA Ocean Explorer: GalAPAGoS: Where Ridge Meets Hotspot|url=https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/05galapagos/background/mid_ocean_ridge/mid_ocean_ridge.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=oceanexplorer.noaa.gov}}</ref> In the polar regions, the ocean is covered by [[sea ice]] during part of the year. The ice, along with polar land and ice sheets, forms the [[polar ice cap]]s, which affect how much sunlight Earth reflects back into space and also influence ocean currents.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A brief history of the polar regions|url=https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-6/the-arctic-and-antarctic-natural-realms-at-the-poles/a-brief-history-of-the-polar-regions/|access-date=27 September 2025|website=World Ocean Review|language=en-US}}</ref> The remaining 29.2% of Earth’s surface, about 149 million square kilometers (58 million square miles), is [[land]]. This includes [[continent]]s and [[island]]s. The four biggest landmasses are [[Afro-Eurasia]], [[America]], [[Antarctica]], and [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The new world history: a field guide for teachers and researchers|url=https://archive.org/details/newworldhistoryf0000unse|last1=Dunn|first1=Ross E.|last2=Mitchell|first2=Laura Jane|last3=Ward|first3=Kerry|date=2016|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-29327-4|series=The California world history library|location=Oakland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dempsey|first=Caitlin|date=18 September 2023|title=Geography Facts about the World's Continents|url=https://www.geographyrealm.com/continents/|access-date=27 September 2025|website=Geography Realm|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography: Three-volume Set|last=Robbers|first=Gerhard|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7229-3|location=New York}}</ref> Land is divided into continents to make it easier to study geography and human cultures. Earth’s land is very diverse, with [[mountain]]s, [[desert]]s, [[plains]], [[plateau]]s, and other [[landform]]s. The lowest exposed point is the [[Dead Sea]], 418 meters (1,371 feet) below sea level. The highest point is [[Mount Everest]], which rises 8,848 meters (29,029 feet) above sea level. On average, land sits about 797 meters (2,615 feet) above sea level, showing that most land is much lower than the tallest mountains but far above the ocean floors.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 August 2020|title=ETOPO Global Relief Model|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/etopo-global-relief-model|access-date=27 September 2025|website=National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)|language=en}}</ref> Earth’s land is made up of a mix of plants, water, snow, ice, and human buildings, which creates very different environments. Most land has [[vegetation]], like [[forest]]s and [[grassland]]s, which help hold soil in place and provide homes for animals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 January 2012|title=Seeing Forests for the Trees and the Carbon: Mapping the World's Forests in Three Dimensions|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/ForestCarbon#:~:text=They%20cover%20about%2030%20percent,percent%20of%20the%20Earth's%20land.|access-date=27 September 2025|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en}}</ref> Some areas are much harsher: about 10% of land is covered by [[ice sheet]]s, and about 33% is [[desert]], where it is hard for most plants and animals to survive.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ice Sheet|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ice-sheet|access-date=27 September 2025|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Obu|first=J.|date=2021|title=How Much of the Earth's Surface is Underlain by Permafrost?|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JF006123|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface|language=en|volume=126|issue=5|article-number=e2021JF006123 |doi=10.1029/2021JF006123|bibcode=2021JGRF..12606123O |issn=2169-9003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What Percentage of the Earth's Land Surface is Desert?|url=https://www.universetoday.com/articles/what-percentage-of-the-earths-land-surface-is-desert|access-date=27 September 2025|website=Universe Today|date=June 2010 |language=en}}</ref> The top layer of land is called the [[pedosphere]], or [[soil]]. Soil forms from weathered rocks, decomposed plants and animals, and the cycling of minerals. Soil is very important because it supports [[ecosystem]]s and growing [[food]]. Only about 10.7% of land can be used for farming crops ([[arable land]]), and about 1.3% is permanent cropland that grows food for people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank Open Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/|access-date=27 September 2025|website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank Open Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/|access-date=27 September 2025|website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Worldwide, there are around 16.7 million square kilometers (6.4 million square miles) of cropland and 33.5 million square kilometers (12.9 million square miles) of [[pastureland]], which is used for grazing animals. These lands are essential for life on Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hooke|first1=Roger LeB.|last2=Martín-Duque|first2=José F.|date=1 December 2012|title=Land transformation by humans: A review|url=http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/22/12/abstract/i1052-5173-22-12-4.htm|journal=GSA Today|volume=12|issue=12|pages=4–10|doi=10.1130/GSAT151A.1 |bibcode=2012GSAT...12l...4H }}</ref> Beneath the land and oceans is the Earth’s crust, the planet’s outer layer. Together with part of the upper mantle, it forms the [[lithosphere]], which is the solid, rigid shell of Earth. The crust comes in two main types. The [[oceanic crust]] is thinner, heavier, and made mostly of basalt, a dark dense rock. It forms the ocean floors. The [[continental crust]] is thicker, lighter, and made of [[granite]], as well as [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] and [[metamorphic rock]]s. It supports mountains and continents. Most of the continents are covered by sedimentary rocks, formed from material worn down from other rocks and deposited over time. These rocks cover about 75% of continental surfaces, but they only make up 5% of the crust’s total mass, showing that the surface does not fully represent what the crust is made of.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction to Plate Tectonics|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/plate_tectonics/part1.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=volcano.oregonstate.edu|archive-date=11 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211014443/http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/plate_tectonics/part1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WEATHERING/SEDIMENTARY ROCKS|url=http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Weathering.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=geology.csupomona.edu|archive-date=3 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703170212/http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Weathering.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Orbit and turning== [[File:AxialTiltObliquity.png|thumb|270px|Earth turns at an angle (an "[[axial tilt]]") in relation to its path around the Sun]] Earth is one of the eight [[planet]]s in the Solar System. There are also thousands of small bodies which move around the Sun. The Solar System is moving through the [[Orion Arm]] of the [[Milky Way]] [[galaxy]], and will be for about the next 10,000 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/030827a.html|title=Earth's location in the Milky Way|accessdate=6 August 2009|publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2016/04/01/how-fast-does-earth-move-through-the-universe/#42d2c37e4d5c Forbes: How fast does the Earth move through the universe?]</ref> Earth is about {{convert|150,000,000|km|mi|abbr=off|disp=or}} away from the Sun (this distance is called an "[[astronomical unit]]" or au. It moves on its [[orbit]] at an [[average]] speed of about {{convert|30|km/s|mi/s|abbr=on|lk=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html|title=NASA- an Earth fact sheet|accessdate=6 August 2009|publisher=NASA|archive-date=8 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508021904/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Earth turns around about 365{{Frac|4}} times in the time it takes for Earth to go all the way around the Sun.<ref name="IERS">{{cite web | author=Staff | date=7 August 2007 | url=http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html | title=Useful Constants | publisher=International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service| accessdate=23 September 2008 }}</ref> To make up this extra bit of a day every year, an [[leap day|additional day]] is added to the calendar every four years ([[29 February]]). A year that has this extra day is called a "[[leap year]]". The [[Moon]] goes around Earth at an [[average]] distance of {{convert|250,000|mi|km|abbr=off|order=flip|disp=or}}. It is [[tidal locking|locked]] to Earth, so that it always has the same half facing Earth; the other half is called the "dark side of the moon". It takes about 27{{Frac|3}} days for the Moon to go all the way around Earth, but because Earth is moving around the Sun at the same time, it takes about 29{{Frac|2}} days for the Moon to go from dark to bright to dark again. This is where the word "[[month]]" came from, even though most months now have 30 or 31 days.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Espenak|first=Fred|title=Eclipses and the Moon's Orbit|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/moonorbit.html|access-date=10 August 2022|website=|publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> == Geology of Earth == [[File:Terrestrial planet size comparisons.jpg|thumb|right|Size of Earth compared with the other [[terrestrial planet|rocky planets]] in the [[Solar System]]: [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], and [[Mars]]]] Earth is [[Rock (geology)|rocky]]. It is the largest of the rocky planets moving around the Sun by mass and by size. It is much smaller than the [[gas giant]]s such as [[Jupiter]]. === Chemical make-up === Overall, Earth is made of [[iron]] (32.1[[percent|%]]), [[oxygen]] (30.1[[percent|%]]), [[silicon]] (15.1[[percent|%]]), [[magnesium]] (13.9[[percent|%]]), [[sulfur]] (2.9[[percent|%]]), [[nickel]] (1.8[[percent|%]]), [[calcium]] (1.5[[percent|%]]), and [[aluminium]] (1.4[[percent|%]]). The 1.2[[percent|%]] left over is made of many different kinds of other chemicals. Some rare metals (not just [[gold]] and [[platinum]]) are very valuable. [[Rare earth element|Rare earth]] metals are often used in electronic phones and computers.<ref>Rare Earths explained. Jordy Lee Calderon, Milken Institute Review. [https://www.milkenreview.org/articles/rare-earths-explained]</ref> The structure of Earth changes from the inside to the outside. The [[Planetary core|center of Earth]] ([[Earth's core]]) is mostly iron (88.8%), nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% other elements.<ref>Morgan J.W. & Anders E. 1980. Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Science'' '''77''' (12): 6973–6977. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC350422/?tool=pmcentrez Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury. Full free text</ref> The [[Earth's crust]] is largely [[oxygen]] (47%). Oxygen is normally a gas but it can [[oxide|join]] with other [[chemicals]] to make [[chemical compound|compounds]] like [[water]] and rocks. 99.22[[percent|%]] of rocks have [[oxygen]] in them. The most common rocks with oxygen are [[silica]] (made with [[silicon]]), [[alumina]] (made with [[aluminum|aluminium]]), [[rust]] (made with [[iron]]), [[lime (chemical)|lime]] (made with [[calcium]]), [[magnesia]] (made with [[magnesium]]), [[potash]] (made with [[potassium]]), and [[sodium]] oxide.<ref>Chisholm, Hugh (editor). "Petrology" in the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th edition. Cambridge University Press.</ref> Being rich in [[metal]]s such as [[iron]], the Earth is the [[density|densest]] of all the planets.<ref>Planetary Fact Sheet - ratio to Earth values</ref> [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] and [[Venus]] are slightly less dense. === Shape === [[Geoid|Earth's shape]] is a [[spheroid]]: not quite a [[sphere]] because it is slightly [[oblate|squashed]] on the top and bottom. The shape is called an [[oblate spheroid]]. As Earth spins around itself, [[centrifugal force]] forces the [[equator]] out a little and pulls the [[geographical pole|poles]] in a little. The equator, around the middle of Earth's surface, is about {{convert|40,075|km|mi|sp=us|disp=or|sigfig=4}} long.<ref>Measuring the Earth is part of [[geodesy]]</ref> The reason the Earth is roughly a [[sphere]] (and so are all planets and stars) is [[gravity]].<ref>Tipler, Paul A. 1999. ''Physics for scientists and engineers''. 4th ed, New York: W.H. Freeman/Worth Publishers. pp. 336–337. ISBN 9781572594913</ref> Meteorites, on the other hand may be any shape because, in their case, the force of gravity is too weak to change their shape. The highest mountain above [[sea level]]&mdash;the well-known [[Mount Everest]] (which is {{convert|8848|m|abbr=off|disp=or}} [[elevation|above sea level]])&mdash;is ''not'' actually the one that is the farthest away from the center of the Earth. Instead, the sleeping [[volcano]] [[Mount Chimborazo]] in [[Ecuador]] is; it is only {{convert| 6263|m|abbr=off|disp=or}} [[elevation|above sea level]] but it is almost at the [[equator]]. Because of this, Mount Chimborazo is {{convert|6,384|km|abbr=off|disp=or}} from the center of the Earth, while [[Mount Everest]] is closer to it ({{convert|2|km|abbr=off|disp=or}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profsurv.com/archive.php?issue=42&article=589|title=Did Edmund Hillary climb the wrong mountain?|work = Professional Surveyor Magazine | volume=20 |issue=5 |first = Joseph H. |last = Senne| date = May 2000|accessdate = 24 October 2008}}</ref><ref name="lancet365_9462_831">{{cite journal | last=Sharp | first=David | title=Chimborazo and the old kilogram | journal=The Lancet | date=5 March 2005 | volume=365 | issue=9462 | pages=831–832 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71021-7 | pmid=15752514 | s2cid=41080944 }}</ref><ref name="tall_tales">{{cite web | url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/moments/s1086384.htm | title=Tall tales about highest peaks | date=16 April 2004 | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=29 December 2008}}</ref> Similarly, the lowest point below sea level that we are conscious of is the [[Challenger Deep]] in the [[Mariana Trench]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]]. It is about {{convert|10971|m|abbr=off|disp=or}} [[depth|below sea level]],<ref name="kaiko7000">{{cite web|title=7,000&nbsp;m Class Remotely Operated Vehicle ''KAIKO 7000''|url=http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/equipment/ships/kaiko7000.html|publisher=Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)|accessdate=7 June 2008|archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410211118/http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/equipment/ships/kaiko7000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> but, again, there are probably places at the bottom of the [[Arctic Ocean]] that are nearer to the center of the Earth. === Earth’s core === [[File:Earth-crust-cutaway-english.svg|thumb|right|220px|A picture of the inside of the Earth, showing the different levels. In fact, the air and the outside levels are much thinner than shown here]] The [[Kola superdeep borehole|deepest hole ever dug]] is only about {{convert|12.3|km|mi|disp=or|sp=us|sigfig=2}}. We know something about the inside of the Earth, because we learn things from [[earthquake]]s and [[volcanic eruptions]]. We can detect how quickly [[shock wave]]s move through the Earth. The inside of Earth is very different from the outside. Almost all of Earth's liquid water is in the [[ocean|sea]]s or close to the surface. The surface also has a lot of [[oxygen]], which comes from plants. Small and simple kinds of life can live far under the surface, but animals and plants only live on the surface or in the seas. The rocks on the surface of Earth ([[Earth's crust]]) are well known. They are thicker where there is land, between {{convert|30|to|50|km|mi|disp=or|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} thick. Under the [[ocean|sea]]s they are sometimes only {{convert|6|km|mi|disp=or|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} thick.<ref>{{cite web|author=Toshiro Tanimoto|date=|title=Crustal surface of the Earth|url=http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/15_tanimoto.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030410215144/http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/15_tanimoto.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2003|accessdate=2 August 2009|website=|publisher=American Geophysical Union}}</ref> There are three groups of rocks that make up most of the Earth's crust. Some rock is made when the hot liquid rock comes from inside the earth ([[igneous rock]]s); another type of rock is made when [[sediment]] is laid down, usually under the sea ([[sedimentary rock]]s); and a third kind of rock is made when the other two are changed by very high [[temperature]] or [[pressure]] ([[metamorphic rock]]s). Below the crust is hot and almost-[[liquid]] rock which is always moving around (the [[Earth's mantle]]). Then, there is a thin liquid layer of heated rock (the [[outer core]]). This is very hot: {{convert|7000|°C|°F K|disp=or|sigfig=2}}.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://chianti.geol.ucl.ac.uk/~dario/pubblicazioni/PTRSA2002.pdf |title=The ab initio simulation of the Earth's core |date=25 April 2002 |accessdate=2 August 2009 |publisher=The Royal Society |author=D. Alfé |journal=Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences |volume=360 |issue=1795 |pages=1227–1244 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2002.0992 |pmid=12804276 |bibcode=2002RSPTA.360.1227A |s2cid=21132433 |archive-date=30 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930142841/http://chianti.geol.ucl.ac.uk/~dario/pubblicazioni/PTRSA2002.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The middle of the inside of the Earth would be liquid as well but all the pressure of the rock above it makes it a solid. This solid middle part (the [[inner core]]) is almost all [[iron]]. It is what makes the Earth [[magnetic field|magnetic]]. === Pieces of the crust form plates === [[File:Plates tect2 en.svg|thumb|right|A [[map|picture]] showing the Earth's largest and most important plates.]] {{main|Plate tectonics}} The [[Earth's crust]] is solid but made of [[plate tectonics|parts]] which move very slowly.<ref name="jour">{{cite journal| last=Tackley | first=Paul J.| title=Mantle convection and plate tectonics: towards an integrated physical and chemical theory| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-06-16_288_5473/page/2002 | journal=Science | date=16 June 2000| volume=288 | issue=5473 | pages=2002–2007| doi=10.1126/science.288.5473.2002| pmid=10856206 | bibcode=2000Sci...288.2002T}}</ref> The thin skin of hard rock on the outside of the Earth rests on hot liquid material below it in the deeper [[mantle (geology)|mantle]].<ref name="TecPlates">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Crust|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/vwlessons/lessons/Earths_layers/Earths_layers4.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213011245/http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/vwlessons/lessons/Earths_layers/Earths_layers4.html|archive-date=13 December 2009|accessdate=3 July 2009|website=|publisher=Oregon State University}}</ref> This liquid material moves because it gets heat from the hot center of the Earth. The slow movement of the plates is a factor in [[earthquake]]s, [[volcano]]es and large groups of mountains on the Earth. There are three ways plates can come together. Two plates can move towards each other ("convergent" plate edges). This can form [[island]]s, [[volcanoes]], and high [[mountain range]]s (such as the [[Andes]] and [[Himalayas]]).<ref name="book1">{{cite book| last1 = Seyfert| first1 = Carl K.| last2 = Seyfert| first2 = Carl| last3 = Seyfert| first3 = Claus| title = The encyclopedia of structural geology and plate tectonics| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofst0000unse| year = 1987| publisher = Springer| isbn = 978-0-442-28125-0 }}</ref> Two plates can move away from each other ("divergent" plate edges). This gives the [[magma|warm liquid rock inside the earth]] a place to come out. This makes [[mid-ocean ridge|special mountain range]]s below the sea or large low lands like [[Africa]]'s [[Great Rift Valley]].<ref name="'platetectonics.com'">{{cite web |title=Plate Tectonics: plate boundaries |url=http://www.platetectonics.com/book/page_5.asp |publisher=platetectonics.com |accessdate=12 June 2010 |archive-date=16 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616062513/http://www.platetectonics.com/book/page_5.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="'usgs.understanding.com'">{{cite web |title=Understanding plate motions |url= http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html|publisher=USGS|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref> Plates are able to move beside each other as well ("transform" plate edges, such as the [[San Andreas Fault]]). This makes their edges crush against each other and makes many [[earthquakes|shocks as they move]].<ref name="book2">{{cite book|title=Plate tectonics: an insider's history of the modern theory of the Earth|isbn=0813341329|last=Oreskes|first=Naomi|publisher=Westview Press|year=2003}}</ref> === Surface === The outside of the Earth is not even. There are high places called [[mountain]]s, and high flat places called [[plateau]]s or plateaux. There are low places called [[valley]]s and [[canyon]]s. For the most part, moving [[wind|air]] and [[rain|water from the sky]] and [[tide|sea]]s [[erosion|eats away at rocks in high places and breaks them into small pieces]]. The air and water then move these pieces to lower places. The fundamental cause of the differences in the Earth's surface is [[plate tectonics]]. The shape of the entire planet itself is not an exactly a ball. Because of its spin, Earth has a slight [[bulge]] at the [[Equator]]. All places on Earth are made of, or are on top of, rocks. The outside of the Earth is usually not uncovered rock. Over 70[[percent|%]] of the Earth is covered by [[ocean|sea]]s full of [[salt]]y water.<ref name="Physical-Hydro">{{cite web|url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8a.html|title=Chapter 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere|accessdate=6 August 2009|publisher=Physical Geography}}</ref> This salty water makes up about 97{{Frac|2}}[[percent|%]] of all Earth's water. The drinkable [[fresh water]] is mostly in the form of [[ice]]. There is only a small amount (less than 3%) of fresh water in [[river]]s and under the ground for people to drink.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=World water resources and their uses|url=http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010720061344/http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/|archive-date=20 July 2001|accessdate=6 August 2009|website=|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Gravity stops the water from going away into [[outer space]]. Also, much of the land on Earth is covered with plants, or with what is left from earlier living things. Places with very little rain are dry wastes called [[desert]]s. Deserts usually have few living things, but life is able to grow very quickly when these wastes have rainfall. Places with large amounts of rain may be [[rain forests]]. Lately, people have changed the [[environment]] of the Earth a great deal. As population has increased, so has farming. Farming is done on what were once natural forests and grassland.<ref>Taiz, Lincoln 2013. Agriculture, plant physiology, and human population growth: past, present, and future. ''Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology'' '''25''': p167–181.</ref><ref>Zulkarnaen, Diny, and Marianito R. Rodrigo 2020. Modelling human carrying capacity as a function of food availability. ''The ANZIAM Journal'' '''62'''.3: p318–333.</ref> === Air === {{Life timeline}} {{main|Atmosphere}} All around the Earth is the of air (the [[atmosphere]]). The mass of the Earth holds the gases in the air down and does not let them go into outer space. The air is mostly made of [[nitrogen]] (about 78[[percent|%]]) and [[oxygen]] (about 21[[percent|%]]) and there are a few other gases as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/912_liftoff_atm.html|title=NASA - Earth's atmosphere|accessdate=6 August 2009|publisher=NASA|archive-date=27 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427090422/https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/912_liftoff_atm.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Living things need both the air and water. The air, which animals and plants use to live, is only the first level of the air around the Earth (the [[troposphere]]). The day to day changes in this level of air are called [[weather]]; the larger differences between distant places, and from year to year, are called the [[climate]]. [[Rain]] and [[storm]]s come about because this part of the air gets colder as it goes up. [[convection|Cold air becomes thicker and falls, and warm air becomes thinner and goes up]].<ref name="NASA">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=What causes weather?|url=http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/weather_worldbook.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050501070321/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/weather_worldbook.html|archive-date=1 May 2005|accessdate=6 August 2009|website=|publisher=NASA}}</ref> The turning Earth also moves the air as well and air moves north and south because the middle of the Earth generally gets more power from the Sun and is warmer than the north and south points. Air over warm water [[evaporation|evaporates]] but, because cold air is not able to take in as much water, it starts to make [[cloud]]s and [[rain]] as it gets colder. The way water moves around in a circle like this is called the [[water cycle]].<ref name= NASA /> Above this first level, there are four other levels. The air gets colder as it goes up in the first level; in the second level (the [[stratosphere]]), the air gets warmer as it goes up. This level has a special kind of [[oxygen]] called [[ozone]]. The [[ozone]] in this air keeps living things safe from [[ultraviolet radiation|damaging rays from the Sun]]. The power from these rays is what makes this level warmer and warmer. The middle level (the [[mesosphere]]) gets colder and colder with height; the fourth level (the [[thermosphere]]) gets warmer and warmer; and the last level (the [[exosphere]]) is almost outer space and has very little air at all. It reaches about half the way to the Moon. The three outer levels have a lot of [[electricity|electric power]] moving through them; this is called the [[ionosphere]] and is important for [[radio]] and other electric waves in the air. Even though air seems very light, the weight of all of the air above the outside of the Earth ([[air pressure]]) is important. Generally, from [[sea level]] to the top of [[exosphere|the outer level of the air]], a space of air one [[square centimeter|cm²]] across has a mass of about 1.03 [[kilogram|kg]] and a space of air one [[square inch|sq in]] across has a weight of about 14.7 [[Pound (mass)|lb]]. Because of friction in the air, small meteorites generally burn up long before they get to the Earth. The air also keeps the Earth warm, specially the half turned away from the Sun. Some gases &ndash; especially [[methane]] and [[carbon dioxide]] &ndash; [[greenhouse effect|work like a blanket to keep things warm]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7h.html|title=Fundamentals of physical geography - the greenhouse effect|accessdate=6 August 2009|publisher=Physical Geography}}</ref> This is called the [[Greenhouse effect|Greenhouse Effect]]. [[#History of Earth|In the past]], the Earth has been much warmer and much colder than it is now. Since people have adapted to the heat we have now, we do not want the Earth to be too much warmer or colder. Most of the ways people create [[electricity|electric power]] use burning kinds of [[carbon]] &ndash; especially [[coal]], [[oil]], and [[natural gas]]. Burning these fuels creates more [[carbon dioxide]] which causes more warming. A [[climate change|discussion]] is going on now about what people should do about [[global warming|the Earth's latest warming]], which has gone on for about 150 years. So far, this warming has been acceptable: plants have grown better. The weather has generally been better than [[Little Ice Age|when it was colder]]. == People == {{main|Human}} About eight [[1,000,000,000|billion]] people live on Earth. They live in about 200 different lands called [[countries]]. Some, for example, [[Russia]], are large with many large cities. Others, for example, [[Vatican City]], are small. The seven countries with the most people are [[India]], [[China]], the [[United States]], [[Indonesia]], [[Pakistan]], [[Brazil]] and [[Nigeria]]. About 90% of people live in the [[northern hemisphere]] of the world, which has most of the land. Human beings originally came from [[Africa]]. Now, 70% of all people do not live in Africa but in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]].<ref>Diamond, Jared. 1997. ''[[Guns, Germs, and Steel]]: the fate of human societies''. New York: Norton.</ref> [[File:Population_density.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population_density.png|alt=|thumb|center|350px|The distribution of human [[world population]] in 2018]] People change the Earth in many ways. They have been able to grow plants for food and clothes for about ten thousand years. When there was enough food, they were able to build towns and cities. Near these places, men and women were able to change rivers, [[irrigation|bring water to farms]], and stop [[flood]]s (rising water) from coming over their land. People found useful animals and [[domestication|bred]] them so they were easier to keep.<ref>Tudge C. 1995. ''The day before yesterday: five million years of human history''. Pimlico.</ref> == Future == [[File:Red Giant Earth warm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=A dark gray and red sphere representing the Earth lies against a black background to the right of an orange circular object representing the Sun|Artist's illustration of the scorched Earth after the [[Sun]] has entered the [[red giant]] phase, about 5–7&nbsp;billion years in the future]] There is wide agreement that the long-term future of Earth is tied to the future of the [[Sun]].<ref>''Planet Earth: the incredible story of our unique home''. ed Stuart Clark, ''New Scientist Essential Guide #17''.</ref> This is because the Sun’s energy controls our [[climate]], [[atmosphere]], and even our [[orbit]]. As the Sun changes over time, Earth will change too. In the next 1.1 billion years, the Sun will shine about 10% brighter than today. That might not sound like much, but it will make Earth much hotter. In about 3.5 billion years, the Sun could be 40% brighter, making Earth almost impossible for [[life]] to survive. This happens because inside the Sun, [[hydrogen]] is fused into [[helium]]. As the core changes, the Sun slowly shines more strongly. Even small changes in sunlight can upset Earth’s climate system and make the planet hotter.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Sackmann|first1=I.-Juliana|last2=Boothroyd|first2=Arnold I.|last3=Kraemer|first3=Kathleen E.|date=1993|title=Our Sun. III. Present and Future|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1086/173407|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=418|pages=457|doi=10.1086/173407|bibcode=1993ApJ...418..457S |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> One of the first big problems will be the loss of [[carbon dioxide]] from the [[air]]. [[Plant]]s need CO₂ for [[photosynthesis]], which makes [[food]] and releases oxygen. But as Earth gets hotter, [[Weathering|rock weathering]] ([[rain]] and [[heat]] breaking down rocks) will speed up. This process traps [[carbon]] in rocks instead of leaving it in the air. Today, CO₂ levels are over 400 ppm. In 100 to 900 million years, CO₂ levels may drop so low, below 10 parts per million (ppm), that even the toughest plants would not survive.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SPACE.com -- Freeze, Fry or Dry: How Long Has the Earth Got?|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/death_of_earth_000224.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=www.space.com|date=3 August 2010 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=King-Fai|last2=Pahlevan|first2=Kaveh|last3=Kirschvink|first3=Joseph L.|last4=Yung|first4=Yuk L.|date=16 June 2009|title=Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=106|issue=24|pages=9576–9579|doi=10.1073/pnas.0809436106|doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424|pmc=2701016|pmid=19487662 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.9576L }}</ref> Without plants, there will be no photosynthesis, so [[oxygen]] will slowly disappear. Without oxygen, [[animal]]s, including [[human]]s cannot survive. This means Earth will eventually become uninhabitable for all oxygen-breathing life.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The life and death of planet earth: how the new science of astrobiology charts the ultimate fate of our world|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780805067811|last1=Ward|first1=Peter D.|last2=Ward|first2=Peter D.|last3=Brownlee|first3=Donald|date=2003|publisher=Times Books|isbn=978-0-8050-6781-1|edition=1st|location=New York, NY}}</ref> As the Sun keeps brightening, Earth will get even hotter. In about 1.5 billion years, the average [[temperature]] could reach 100 °C (212 °F), the [[boiling point]] of water. The oceans would start to boil away. As water evaporates, huge amounts of water vapor (a strong [[greenhouse gas]]) would fill the air. This would trigger a runaway greenhouse effect, where Earth heats up uncontrollably, just like [[Venus]], which is now over 460 °C (860 °F). Scientists think this would happen in about 1.6 to 3 billion years. By then, all oceans would be gone, and Earth’s water would escape into space.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Mello|first1=Fernando de Sousa|last2=Friaça|first2=Amâncio César Santos|date=2020|title=The end of life on Earth is not the end of the world: converging to an estimate of life span of the biosphere?|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1473550419000120/type/journal_article|journal=International Journal of Astrobiology|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=25–42|doi=10.1017/S1473550419000120|bibcode=2020IJAsB..19...25D |issn=1473-5504}}</ref> Even if the Sun stayed stable, Earth would still slowly lose water. Some ocean water sinks into the [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] at tectonic plate edges. Normally, [[volcano]]es return some water, but as Earth’s interior cools and volcanic activity slows, less water comes back. Over billions of years, Earth would still dry out.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bounama|first1=C.|last2=Franck|first2=S.|last3=von Bloh|first3=W.|date=31 December 2001|title=The fate of Earth's ocean|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/5/569/2001/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|language=en|volume=5|issue=4|pages=569–576|doi=10.5194/hess-5-569-2001|bibcode=2001HESS....5..569B |doi-access=free |issn=1607-7938}}</ref> In about 5 billion years, the Sun will run out of [[hydrogen]] in its core. [[Nuclear fusion|Fusion]] will shift to outer layers, and the Sun will swell into a [[red giant]], about 250 times wider than today. Its size could reach 1 astronomical unit (AU), which is Earth’s current distance from the Sun. [[Mercury]] and [[Venus]] will be swallowed.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schröder|first1=K.-P.|last2=Connon Smith|first2=Robert|date=1 May 2008|title=Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|language=en|volume=386|issue=1|pages=155–163|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x |arxiv=0801.4031 |bibcode=2008MNRAS.386..155S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Earth’s fate is uncertain. The Sun will lose about 30% of its mass as strong [[stellar wind]]s blow gas into space. With less mass, the Sun’s gravity will weaken, and Earth could drift outward to about 1.7 AU, possibly safe. But other forces, like tidal pulls and drag from the Sun’s outer gases, might slow Earth down. If that happens, Earth could spiral inward and be swallowed, burning up inside the [[Sun]]. After its red giant phase, the Sun will shed its outer layers, creating a glowing [[planetary nebula]]. Its core will shrink into a [[white dwarf]], a small, dense [[star]] made mostly of [[carbon]] and [[oxygen]]. Whether Earth survives in a distant orbit or is destroyed inside the Sun is still a mystery.<ref name=":1" /> ==Gallery== {{LifeOnEarth}}{{LocationOfEarth}} ==Related pages== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Formation and evolution of the Solar System]] * [[Age of the Earth]] * [[Geology]] * [[List of planets]] * [[Solar System]] * [[Structure of the Earth]] {{div col end}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=n}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Other websites== {{Commons|Earth}} {{wiktionary|Earth|earth}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.solarviews.com/eng/earth.htm | title = Solar Views | publisher = Calvin J. Hamilton }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.earth.nasa.gov/science/questions.html | title = Earth – Science questions | publisher = [[NASA]] | access-date = 10 October 2004 | archive-date = 10 March 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050310050512/http://www.earth.nasa.gov/science/questions.html | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = https://nightsky.jpl.nasa.gov/docs/HowFast.pdf | title = Earth – Speed through space – about 1 million miles an hour<!---between 0.8 - 1.9 M mph---> | publisher = [[NASA]]}} ("[[⍌485⍍|WP discussion]]") * {{cite web | url = https://technological-sci.blogspot.com/2020/04/10-unique-feature-of-earth.html| title = 3 unique feature of earth | publisher = Technological-Sci}} * [https://citizendium.org/wiki/Earth_(planet) Earth (planet)] -Citizendium {{Solar System}} {{Regions of the world}} [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] [[Category:Earth| ]] 977ntwxdr1otcqjgq6tpdw0zq1jynqz 10878877 10878872 2026-06-04T17:43:27Z Julius 12345 1557476 Undid revision 10878872 by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33266-69|~2026-33266-69]] ([[User talk:~2026-33266-69|talk]]) 10878877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}{{Use American English|date=July 2015}} {{Lead too long|date=March 2026}} {{Infobox planet <!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This infobox has been formatted in the same way as those for other planets and bodies in the Solar System, so please do not change it without discussion on the talk page. Scroll down to get beyond this long template and edit the main body text. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->| background = LightSteelBlue | name = Earth | alt_names = {{Hlist|The [[world]]|The [[globe]]|[[Terra (mythology)|Terra]]|[[Terra (mythology)|Tellus]]|[[Gaia]]}} | adjectives = {{Hlist|Earthly|Terrestrial|Terran|Tellurian}} | symbol = [[File:Earth symbol (bold).svg|24px|class=skin-invert|🜨]] and [[File:Globus cruciger (bold).svg|class=skin-invert|24px|♁]] | image = The Blue Marble, AS17-148-22727.jpg | image_alt = Photograph of Earth taken by the Apollo 17 mission. The Arabian peninsula, Africa and Madagascar lie in the upper half of the disc, whereas Antarctica is at the bottom. | caption = ''[[The Blue Marble]]'', [[Apollo 17]], December 1972 <ref group="n" name="epoch">Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (ed.). ''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac'', 3rd edition, University Science Books, 2005, p. 604. ISBN 0-935702-68-7.</ref> | aphelion = {{val|152,097,597|u=km}} | perihelion = {{val|147,098,450|u=km}} <ref group="n" name="apsis">Seidelmann, P. K. (ed.) (2005). ''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac'', 3rd edition, University Science Books, p. 604. ISBN 0-935702-68-7.</ref> | time_periastron = 2023-Jan-04<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27399%27&START_TIME=%272023-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-01-10%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20hour%27&QUANTITIES=%2720%27&CENTER=%27@Sun%27|title=Horizons Batch Call for 2023 Perihelion|last1=Park|first1=Ryan|date=9 May 2022|publisher=[[NASA]]/[[JPL]]|access-date=3 July 2022|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703175825/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27399%27&START_TIME=%272023-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-01-10%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20hour%27&QUANTITIES=%2720%27&CENTER=%27%40Sun%27|url-status=live}}</ref> | semimajor = {{val|149,598,023|u=km}}<ref name="VSOP87">Bretagnon, P.; Francou, G. (1988). “Planetary theories in rectangular and spherical variables: VSOP87 solution.” *Astronomy & Astrophysics*, 202: 309. (see the tabulated semi-major axis values) :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}</ref> | eccentricity = {{val|0.0167086}}<ref name="VSOP87" /> | period = {{convert|365.256363004|d|yr|comma=gaps|abbr=on|lk=out|disp=x|<ref name="IERS" /><br />(|[[Julian year (astronomy)|_j]])}} | avg_speed = {{val|29.7827|u=km/s}} <ref name="earth_fact_sheet">NASA (2022). "Earth Fact Sheet". Solar System Exploration, NASA. [https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508021904/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |date=8 May 2013 }}</ref> | mean_anomaly = {{val|358.617|u=°}} | inclination = {{ublist |{{val|7.155|u=°}} – [[Sun]]'s equator; |{{val|1.57869|u=°}} – [[invariable plane]]; <ref name="Allen294">Arthur N. Cox (ed.). ''Allen’s Astrophysical Quantities'', 4th ed., Springer, 2000, p. 294. ISBN 978-0-387-98746-0.</ref> |{{val|0.00005|u=°}} – J2000 [[ecliptic]]}} | asc_node = {{val|-11.26064|u=°}} – J2000 ecliptic<ref name="earth_fact_sheet" /> | arg_peri = {{val|114.20783|u=°}}<ref name="earth_fact_sheet" /> | satellites = 1, the [[Moon]] | allsatellites = yes | mean_radius = {{val|6371.0|u=km}} <ref name="hbcp2000">David R. Lide (ed.), ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics'', 81st edition, CRC Press, 2000, p. 14-1. ISBN 0-8493-0481-4.</ref> | equatorial_radius = {{val|6378.137|u=km}} <ref name="usno">U.S. Naval Observatory (2013). “Earth: Physical Parameters.” Astronomical Applications Dept. [https://asa.usno.navy.mil/static/files/2013/Astronomical_Constants_2013.pdf usno.navy.mil]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="WGS-84" /> | polar_radius = {{val|6356.752|u=km}} <ref name="cazenave_ahrens1995">Cazenave, A. & Ahrens, T. J. (eds.). ''Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants''. American Geophysical Union, 1995. (AGU Reference Shelf, Vol. 1). ISBN 978-0-87590-851-9.</ref> | flattening = 1/{{val|298.257222101}} ([[ETRS89]]) <ref name="IERS2004">Dennis D. McCarthy & Gérard Petit (eds.) (2004). ''IERS Conventions (2003)''. IERS Technical Note No. 32, Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Frankfurt am Main. ISBN 3-89888-884-3. [https://iers-conventions.obspm.fr/iers-conventions-2003/ PDF]{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | circumference = {{unbulleted list | {{val|40075.017|u=km}} [[equator]]ial<ref name="WGS-84">[[World Geodetic System]] (''WGS-84''). [http://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/ Available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311023739/https://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/ |date=11 March 2020}} from [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]].</ref> | {{val|40007.86|u=km}} [[Meridian (geography)|meridional]] <ref name="WGS-84-2">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (2014). “World Geodetic System 1984, Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems.” Technical Report NIMA TR8350.2, 3rd edition. [https://earth-info.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/ TR8350.2 PDF]</ref><ref group="n" name="circ">Earth's [[circumference]] is almost exactly 40,000&nbsp;km because the meter was calibrated on this measurement—more specifically, 1/10-millionth of the distance between the poles and the equator.</ref> }} | surface_area = {{unbulleted list |{{val|510,072,000|u=km2}} <ref name="Pidwirny2006_8">Pidwirny, M. (2006). "Earth: Surface Area and Distribution of Land and Water." *Fundamentals of Physical Geography*, 2nd Edition. [http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8e.html physicalgeography.net]</ref> <ref group="n" name="surfacecover">NASA Earth Observatory (2020). "Land and Water Distribution." [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/BlueMarble/blue_marble.html]{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |Land: {{val|148,940,000|u=km2}} |Water: {{val|361,132,000|u=km2}} }} | volume = {{val|1.08321|e=12|u=km3}}<ref name="earth_fact_sheet" /> | mass = {{val|5.972168|e=24|u=kg}} <ref name="earthmass">NASA (2023). "Earth Fact Sheet". Solar System Exploration, NASA. [https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508021904/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |date=8 May 2013 }}</ref> | density = {{convert|5513|kg/m3|g/cm3|comma=gaps|abbr=on|disp=out}}<ref name="earth_fact_sheet" /> <!--- Planetary densities are conventionally given in g/cm3 instead of kg/m3 ---> | surface_grav = {{val|9.80665|u=m/s2|}} <ref name="NIST2008">NIST (2008). "CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006." National Institute of Standards and Technology. [https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html nist.gov]</ref><br />(exactly 1 [[Standard gravity|g₀]]) | moment_of_inertia_factor = 0.3307 <ref name="Williams1994">Williams, James G. (1994). "Contributions to the Earth's Obliquity Rate, Precession, and Nutation." *The Astronomical Journal*, 108(2): 711–724. doi:10.1086/117030.</ref> | escape_velocity = {{val|11.186|u=km/s}}<ref name="earth_fact_sheet" /> | rotation = {{longitem|{{val|1.0|u=d}} <br /> (24h 00&nbsp;m 00s)}} | sidereal_day = {{longitem|{{val|0.99726968|u=d}} <ref name="Allen296">Cox, Arthur N. (ed.). ''Allen’s Astrophysical Quantities'', 4th edition, Springer, 2000, p. 296. ISBN 978-0-387-98746-0.</ref> <br /> (23h 56&nbsp;m 4.100s)}} | rot_velocity = 1674.4 km/h <ref name="Cox2000">Cox, Arthur N. (ed.). ''Allen’s Astrophysical Quantities'', 4th edition, Springer, 2000, p. 296. ISBN 978-0-387-98746-0.</ref> | axial_tilt = {{val|23.4392811|u=°}}<ref name="IERS" /> | albedo = {{ublist|class=nowrap |0.434 [[Geometric albedo|geometric]]<ref name="earth_fact_sheet" /> |0.294 [[Bond albedo|Bond]]<ref name="earth_fact_sheet" />}} | single_temperature = {{cvt|255|K|C|0}}<br />([[Effective temperature|blackbody temperature]])<ref name="American Chemical Society 2013">{{cite web | title=Atmospheres and Planetary Temperatures | website=American Chemical Society | date=18 July 2013 | url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html | access-date=3 January 2023| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127144936/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html |archivedate=27 January 2023}}</ref> | atmosphere = yes | temp_name1 = &nbsp;{{refn|group=n|Source for minimum, <ref name="asu_lowest_temp">Arizona State University (ASU). “Record Low Temperatures.” Department of Geosciences. [https://www.asu.edu/climate/records/lowest.html]{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> mean,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=P. D. |author-link1=Phil Jones (climatologist)|last2=Harpham |first2=C. |title=Estimation of the absolute surface air temperature of the Earth |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |date=2013 |volume=118 |issue=8 |pages=3213–3217 |doi=10.1002/jgrd.50359 |bibcode=2013JGRD..118.3213J |language=en |issn=2169-8996 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and maximum <ref name="asu_highest_temp">Arizona State University (ASU). “Record High Temperatures.” Department of Geosciences. [https://www.asu.edu/climate/records/highest.html]{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> surface temperature<!--Moved here to avoid stretching the infobox border-->}} | min_temp_1 = −89.2&nbsp;°C | mean_temp_1 = 14.76&nbsp;°C | max_temp_1 = 56.7&nbsp;°C | surface_equivalent_dose_rate = {{convert|2.40 |mSv/yr |μSv/h |disp=out}}<ref>{{cite book |author=United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation |title=Sources and effects of ionizing radiation |date=2008 |publication-date=2010 |publisher=United Nations |location=New York |isbn=978-92-1-142274-0 |url=http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2008_1.html |access-date=9 November 2012 |at=Table 1 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716210835/http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2008_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | abs_magnitude = −3.99 | surface_pressure = {{val|101.325|ul=kPa}} (at sea level) | atmosphere_composition = {{unbulleted list | 78.08% [[nitrogen]] (dry air) | 20.95% [[oxygen]] (dry air) | ≤1% [[water vapor]] (variable) | 0.9340% [[argon]] | 0.0415% [[carbon dioxide]] | 0.00182% [[neon]] | 0.00052% [[helium]] | 0.00017% [[methane]] | 0.00011% [[krypton]] | 0.00006% [[hydrogen]] }} Source:<ref name="earth_fact_sheet" /> | note = no }} '''Earth''' is the third [[planet]] from the [[Sun]] and the only place known where [[life]] exists. One big reason life can exist here is that Earth has a lot of [[water]] on its surface, being the only planet in our [[Solar System]] with liquid water. Most of Earth’s water is in the [[ocean]]s, which cover about 71% of the planet’s surface. The rest, about 29%, is land. Most of this land is grouped into large [[Continent|continents]], like [[North America]], [[Africa]], and [[Asia]], which are mostly humid and covered with [[plant]]s, while the icy parts at the [[North Pole|North]] and [[South Pole]]s hold more water in their [[ice sheet]]s than all of the [[lake]]s, [[river]]s, and [[Groundwater|underground water]] combined. Earth’s outer layer, called the crust, is made of big pieces called [[tectonic plate]]s that slowly move around and sometimes bump into each other, creating [[mountain]]s, [[volcano]]es, and [[earthquake]]s. Deep inside Earth, there is a liquid outer core that creates a [[magnetic field]] around the planet, called the [[magnetosphere]]. It shields the Earth's surface from most of the harmful [[solar wind]]s and [[Cosmic ray|cosmic radiation]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=30 May 2023|title=Facts About Earth|url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth/facts/|access-date=26 September 2025|language=en-US}}</ref> Earth has an [[atmosphere]], which is a layer of [[gas]]es that surrounds the planet. Most of the atmosphere is made of [[nitrogen]] and [[oxygen]]. There is also [[water vapor]] in the air, which forms [[cloud]]s that cover much of the planet. The water vapor and other gases, like [[carbon dioxide]], help trap energy from the Sun. It also blocks most [[meteoroid]]s and harmful [[Ultraviolet|ultraviolet (UV) light]] from hitting the Earth. The atmosphere keeps temperatures normal through the [[greenhouse effect]]. You can think of it like a blanket around Earth: it keeps the planet warm enough for liquid water to exist on the surface. Because of this, the average temperature on Earth is about 15 °C (59 °F), which keeps water a liquid instead of freezing or evaporating. Different parts of Earth get different amounts of [[sunlight]]. For example, the [[equator]] gets more sunlight than the poles. This difference causes [[wind]]s in the atmosphere and [[Ocean current|current]]s in the [[ocean]]s, moving [[heat]] and [[water]] around the planet. These movements create different climate zones like [[desert]]s, [[rainforest]]s, and [[Polar regions of Earth|polar regions]]. They also cause weather events like [[rain]] and [[snow]] and help elements like [[carbon]] and [[nitrogen]] move through the environment.<ref name=":0" /> Earth is shaped like a slightly squashed ball, called an [[ellipsoid]]. If you could travel all the way around it at the equator, you would cover about 40,000 kilometers (about 25,000 miles). Earth has the most mass for its size of all the planets in our Solar System. Among the four rocky planets, [[Mercury]], [[Venus]], Earth, and [[Mars]], Earth is the largest and heaviest. Earth is about 150 million kilometers (93 million miles) from the Sun. [[Light]] from the Sun takes about eight minutes to reach the Earth. Earth travels around the Sun in an orbit, taking one [[year]], about 365.25 days, to complete a full circle. Earth also spins around its axis once every [[day]], which takes about 23 hours and 56 minutes. Earth's axis is tilted a little bit away from the Sun, which is why it has seasons: the Sun shines on one side of Earth more, creating [[summer]], and one side less, creating [[winter]]. Earth has one natural satellite, the [[Moon]]. The Moon orbits Earth at about 384,400 kilometers (238,855 miles). The Moon is about one-quarter the size of Earth. Its [[gravity]] helps keep the Earth’s tilt stable, creates tides in the oceans, and makes Earth spin a little slower over time. Earth’s gravity locks the Moon so that the same side always faces Earth.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Earth From the Perspective of Artemis II.jpg|thumb|A photo of the Earth from Artemis II, April 2, 2026.]] Earth [[Age of the Earth|formed about 4.5 billion years ago]] from clouds of [[gas]] and [[dust]] in the early Solar System. During the first billion years, oceans formed on Earth, and soon after, [[life]] began in these waters. Over time, life spread all over the planet and started changing the air and the surface of Earth, leading to the [[Great Oxidation Event]] about 2 billion years ago, the point when [[oxygen]] first became common in the atmosphere. [[Human]]s appeared around 300,000 years ago, starting in [[Africa]] and eventually spreading to every continent. People use Earth’s plants, animals, water, and other natural resources to survive. As human populations have grown and [[technology]] has advanced, humans have started to change the environment in big ways. Today, human activities are affecting [[Climate|Earth’s climate]] and [[ecosystem]]s in ways that are not sustainable, causing problems like [[climate change]], [[Habitat destruction|loss of habitats]], and [[Extinction|extinction of species]] that threaten humans and many other species.<ref name=":0" /> ==Origin of the word== The [[Modern English|English]] word ''Earth'' comes from the [[Old English]] word ''{{linktext|lang=ang|eorðe}}''.<ref name="oedearth">{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_a2v4|edition=3|chapter=earth, ''n.1''|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|place=[[Oxford]], England|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-957112-3|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001}}</ref> Similar words exist in many [[Germanic language]]s, and scientists think they all come from an even older word called [[Proto-Germanic]] ''erþō''. The word ''{{linktext|lang=ang|eorðe}}'' was used to mean many things. It could mean the ground, the [[soil]], dry land, the human world, the surface of the planet (including the [[sea]]s), or even the [[planet]] as a whole.<ref>{{cite book|last=Simek|first=Rudolf|author-link=Rudolf Simek|translator-last=Hall|translator-first=Angela|title=Dictionary of Northern Mythology|page=179|publisher=[[D. S. Brewer]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-85991-513-7}}</ref> In the past, the word “earth” was usually written with a [[Letter case|lowercase]] “e.” Today, people sometimes write “Earth” with a capital letter, like the names of other planets. However, the lowercase form “earth” is still common.<ref name="oedearth" /> Different books and style guides have different rules.<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Oxford Dictionary of English|edition=1st|chapter=earth|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|year=1998|isbn=978-0-19-861263-6}}</ref> The planet Earth has had other names throughout [[history]]. ''Terra'', a Latin name, is one of these names. English words like terrestrial (meaning "related to Earth") come from this name.<ref>{{OED|Terra}}</ref><ref>{{OED|terrestrial}}</ref> Some [[Romance languages]] use ''Terra'' or similar words as the name for Earth. For example, [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] still call it ''Terra''. In [[Spanish language|Spanish]], it became ''Tierra'', and in [[French language|French]], it became Terre. The Greek name for Earth was ''Gaia'', or sometimes spelled ''Gaea'' in English. This name is used less often.<ref>{{OED|Gaia}}</ref> == Natural history == {{Main|History of Earth}} === Formation === {{Further|Early Earth|Hadean}} [[File:The Mysterious Case of the Disappearing Dust.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A depiction of the early [[Solar System]]'s [[protoplanetary disk]] from which Earth and other Solar System bodies were formed]] The oldest solid stuff in the [[Solar System]] is made of tiny pieces called CAIs, which stands for [[calcium–aluminium-rich inclusion]]s. These pieces are found in some very old meteorites. Scientists have measured them and found that they are about 4.568 billion years old. These were the very first solid materials that formed from a big cloud of gas and dust in [[Outer space|space]], called the [[solar nebula]], which later made the Sun and planets. Earth formed a little later, around 4.54 billion years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bouvier|first1=Audrey|last2=Wadhwa|first2=Meenakshi|date=2010|title=The age of the Solar System redefined by the oldest Pb–Pb age of a meteoritic inclusion|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo941|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=637–641|doi=10.1038/ngeo941|bibcode=2010NatGe...3..637B |issn=1752-0894}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dalrymple|first=G. Brent|date=2001|title=The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved|url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|language=en|volume=190|issue=1|pages=205–221|doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14|bibcode=2001GSLSP.190..205D |issn=0305-8719}}</ref> A long time ago, there was a huge cloud of gas and dust in space called a [[molecular cloud]]. [[Gravity]] pulled part of this cloud together, which made it shrink, spin, and flatten into a disk around the forming Sun. This disk is called the solar nebula. It had [[gas]], [[ice]], [[dust]], and even radioactive materials like [[uranium]] and [[thorium]], which gave off heat as they broke down. Tiny dust particles in the disk bumped into each other and stuck together. Over time, these clumps grew into larger rocks called [[planetesimal]]s, which were the building blocks of planets. Earth grew by slowly collecting these pieces, a process called accretion, which took about 70 to 100 million years. As smaller bodies crashed into the growing Earth, they created a lot of heat, melting parts of the planet. When Earth first formed, it was very hot and mostly molten, like a giant ball of [[lava]]. Over time, it cooled and separated into layers. The heaviest [[metal]]s sank to make the core, lighter [[rock]]s formed the mantle, and the outer layer became a basic crust.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Righter|first1=K.|last2=Schonbachler|first2=M.|date=7 May 2018|title=Ag Isotopic Evolution of the Mantle During Accretion: New Constraints from Pd and Ag Metal-Silicate Partitioning|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20180002991|journal=Differentiation: Building the Internal Architecture of Planets|volume=2084 |page=4034 |bibcode=2018LPICo2084.4034R |language=en}}</ref> Scientists are still studying how the [[Moon]] formed. They think it is about 4.5 billion years old, but it might be a little younger depending on how it is measured.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tartèse|first1=Romain|last2=Anand|first2=Mahesh|last3=Gattacceca|first3=Jérôme|last4=Joy|first4=Katherine H.|last5=Mortimer|first5=James I.|last6=Pernet-Fisher|first6=John F.|last7=Russell|first7=Sara|last8=Snape|first8=Joshua F.|last9=Weiss|first9=Benjamin P.|date=2019|title=Constraining the Evolutionary History of the Moon and the Inner Solar System: A Case for New Returned Lunar Samples|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x|journal=Space Science Reviews|language=en|volume=215|issue=8|article-number=54 |doi=10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x|bibcode=2019SSRv..215...54T |issn=0038-6308}}</ref> The most accepted idea is called the [[Giant impact hypothesis|Giant Impact Hypothesis]]. According to this idea, a planet-sized object called [[Theia]], about one-tenth the size of Earth, collided with early Earth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Controversial Moon Origin Theory Rewrites History : Discovery News|url=http://news.discovery.com/space/moon-earth-formation.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=news.discovery.com|language=en|archive-date=9 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109042800/http://news.discovery.com/space/moon-earth-formation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The collision was not straight-on but more like a glancing blow. Pieces of Theia and Earth’s outer layer broke off, forming a ring of debris around Earth. This debris later came together to make the Moon. The collision also changed Earth’s spin and tilted its [[Axis of rotation|axis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Canup|first1=Robin M.|last2=Asphaug|first2=Erik|date=2001|title=Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/35089010|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=412|issue=6848|pages=708–712|doi=10.1038/35089010|pmid=11507633 |bibcode=2001Natur.412..708C |issn=0028-0836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Meier|first1=M.M.M.|last2=Reufer|first2=A.|last3=Wieler|first3=R.|date=2014|title=On the origin and composition of Theia: Constraints from new models of the Giant Impact|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0019103514004175|journal=Icarus|language=en|volume=242|pages=316–328|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.003 |arxiv=1410.3819 |bibcode=2014Icar..242..316M }}</ref> After the Moon formed, the inner Solar System went through a time called the [[Late Heavy Bombardment]], about 4.0 to 3.8 billion years ago. During this time, many [[asteroid]]s and [[comet]]s crashed into the Moon and Earth, making large [[Impact crater|crater]]s on the Moon, like [[Mare Imbrium|Imbrium]], [[Mare Serenitatis|Serenitatis]], and [[Mare Crisium|Crisium]]. Some impacts may have melted parts of the Moon’s crust and caused volcanic activity. On Earth, these impacts affected the surface and atmosphere and might have helped life start by bringing [[water]] and [[Organic compound|organic molecule]]s, or by creating hot underwater areas called [[hydrothermal vent]]s, which can support life. Scientists think the movements of giant planets, like [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]], may have disturbed the orbits of asteroids and comets, sending them toward the inner planets and causing this heavy bombardment.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Claeys|first1=Philippe|title=Late Heavy Bombardment|date=2011|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_869|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Astrobiology|pages=909–912|editor-last=Gargaud|editor-first=Muriel|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_869|isbn=978-3-642-11271-3|access-date=27 September 2025|last2=Morbidelli|first2=Alessandro|editor2-last=Amils|editor2-first=Ricardo|editor3-last=Quintanilla|editor3-first=José Cernicharo|editor4-last=Cleaves|editor4-first=Henderson James}}</ref> === After formation === {{Main|Geological history of Earth}} [[File:NASA-EarlyEarth-PaleOrangeDot-20190802.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|''Pale orange dot'', an impression of [[Early Earth]], featuring its tinted orange [[methane]]-rich [[Prebiotic atmosphere|early atmosphere]]<ref name="Trainer Pavlov DeWitt Jimenez pp. 18035–18042">{{cite journal |last1=Trainer |first1=Melissa G. |last2=Pavlov |first2=Alexander A. |last3=DeWitt |first3=H. Langley |last4=Jimenez |first4=Jose L. |last5=McKay |first5=Christopher P. |last6=Toon |first6=Owen B. |last7=Tolbert |first7=Margaret A. |display-authors=1 |date=28 November 2006 |title=Organic haze on Titan and the early Earth |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=103 |issue=48 |pages=18035–18042 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0608561103 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=1838702 |pmid=17101962 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]] Most of Earth’s air and water came from [[volcano]]es. When volcanoes erupted, they released gases trapped inside the [[planet]]. This process is called [[outgassing]]. These gases included [[water vapor]], [[carbon dioxide]], [[nitrogen]], and small amounts of other gases.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Earth's Early Atmosphere and Oceans|url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/timeline/gallery/slide_17.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=www.lpi.usra.edu}}</ref> The water vapor cooled down and formed the first [[ocean]]s. Some water also came from space, brought by [[asteroid]]s, icy protoplanets, and [[comet]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Morbidelli|first1=A.|last2=Chambers|first2=J.|last3=Lunine|first3=J. I.|last4=Petit|first4=J. M.|last5=Robert|first5=F.|last6=Valsecchi|first6=G. B.|last7=Cyr|first7=K. E.|date=2000|title=Source regions and timescales for the delivery of water to the Earth|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x|journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science|language=en|volume=35|issue=6|pages=1309–1320|doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x|bibcode=2000M&PS...35.1309M |issn=1086-9379}}</ref> These space objects added more water from different parts of the Solar System. Scientists think there might have been enough water to fill today’s oceans very soon after Earth formed, so our planet was basically “wet” from the start.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Piani|first1=Laurette|last2=Marrocchi|first2=Yves|last3=Rigaudier|first3=Thomas|last4=Vacher|first4=Lionel G.|last5=Thomassin|first5=Dorian|last6=Marty|first6=Bernard|date=28 August 2020|title=Earth's water may have been inherited from material similar to enstatite chondrite meteorites|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aba1948|journal=Science|language=en|volume=369|issue=6507|pages=1110–1113|doi=10.1126/science.aba1948|pmid=32855337 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1110P |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Back then, the young [[Sun]] was only about 70% as bright as it is now. Normally, this would have made Earth very cold. But [[greenhouse gas]]es like [[carbon dioxide]] and [[methane]] trapped heat, keeping the oceans from freezing. This made Earth warm enough for liquid water, which is important for life.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The evolving Sun and its influence on planetary environments: proceedings of a workshop held at Instituto de Astrofísica, Granada, Spain, 18-20 June 2001; [Second Granada Workshop]|date=2002|publisher=Astronomical Society of the Pacific|isbn=978-1-58381-109-2|editor-last=Montesinos|editor-first=Benjamin|series=Conference series / Astronomical Society of the Pacific|location=San Francisco, Calif|editor-last2=Giménez|editor-first2=Alvaro|editor-last3=Guinan|editor-first3=Edward F.}}</ref> Around 3.5 billion years ago, Earth also developed a [[magnetic field]], created by the movement of molten [[iron]] in the core. This magnetic field acted like a shield, protecting the atmosphere from being blown away by the [[solar wind]], which helped Earth keep its water and stay stable for life.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rochester|first=University of|title=Oldest measurement of Earth's magnetic field reveals battle between Sun and Earth for our atmosphere|url=https://phys.org/news/2010-03-oldest-earth-magnetic-field-reveals.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=phys.org|language=en}}</ref> As Earth cooled, the molten outer layer hardened to form the first crust, mostly made of [[Mafic|mafic rock]]s that are rich in [[iron]] and [[magnesium]] but low in [[silica]]. Later, the first pieces of [[continental crust]] appeared. These rocks were more [[felsic]], meaning they had more [[silica]], [[aluminum]], [[potassium]], and [[sodium]]. Scientists think these formed when parts of the mafic crust melted at very high temperatures, helped by early tectonic activity or [[mantle plume]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McDonough|first1=W.F.|last2=Sun|first2=S.-s.|date=1995|title=The composition of the Earth|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0009254194001404|journal=Chemical Geology|language=en|volume=120|issue=3–4|pages=223–253|doi=10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4 |bibcode=1995ChGeo.120..223M }}</ref> The oldest continental crust is known from tiny [[mineral]]s called [[zircon]]s, some of which date back to 4.4 billion years ago, only about 140 million years after Earth formed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Harrison|first1=T. M.|last2=Blichert-Toft|first2=J.|last3=Müller|first3=W.|last4=Albarede|first4=F.|last5=Holden|first5=P.|last6=Mojzsis|first6=S. J.|date=23 December 2005|title=Heterogeneous Hadean Hafnium: Evidence of Continental Crust at 4.4 to 4.5 Ga|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1117926|journal=Science|language=en|volume=310|issue=5756|pages=1947–1950|doi=10.1126/science.1117926|pmid=16293721 |bibcode=2005Sci...310.1947H |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Scientists are still figuring out how these small pieces of crust grew into the large continents we have today.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Continents and supercontinents|last1=Rogers|first1=John J. W.|last2=Santosh|first2=M.|date=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-516589-0|series=Oxford scholarship online|location=New York}}</ref> Some think growth was slow and steady over billions of years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hurley|first1=Patrick M.|last2=Rand|first2=John R.|date=13 June 1969|title=Pre-Drift Continental Nuclei: Two ancient nuclei appear to have had a peripheral growth and no pre-drift fragmentation and dispersal.|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.164.3885.1229|journal=Science|language=en|volume=164|issue=3885|pages=1229–1242|doi=10.1126/science.164.3885.1229|pmid=17772560 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=De Smet|first1=J.|last2=Van den Berg|first2=A.P.|last3=Vlaar|first3=N.J.|date=2000|title=Early formation and long-term stability of continents resulting from decompression melting in a convecting mantle|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004019510000055X|journal=Tectonophysics|language=en|volume=322|issue=1–2|pages=19–33|doi=10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00055-X |bibcode=2000Tectp.322...19D }}</ref> Others think most continents formed quickly during the [[Archean|Archean eon]]. Both ideas could be true because the crust was constantly recycled, subducted, eroded, and melted, changing early continents over time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dhuime|first1=Bruno|last2=Hawkesworth|first2=Chris J.|last3=Delavault|first3=Hélène|last4=Cawood|first4=Peter A.|date=13 November 2018|title=Rates of generation and destruction of the continental crust: implications for continental growth|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|language=en|volume=376|issue=2132|pages=20170403|doi=10.1098/rsta.2017.0403|issn=1364-503X|pmc=6189557|pmid=30275156 |bibcode=2018RSPTA.37670403D }}</ref> New continental crust still forms today thanks to plate tectonics, which is [[Tectonic plate|the movement of large pieces of Earth’s crust]]. [[Heat]] from inside Earth causes [[mantle convection]], where hot rock slowly rises and sinks. This drives processes like [[subduction]] (one plate sliding under another) and volcanoes. Over millions of years, these movements cause [[continent]]s to come together into [[supercontinent]]s and then break apart. For example: * [[Rodinia]] started breaking apart ~750 million years ago * [[Pannotia]] formed ~600–540 million years ago * [[Pangaea]] began breaking ~180 million years ago The movement and collision of continents affect Earth’s surface, [[climate]], [[ocean]]s, and [[life]]. When continents collide, they form [[mountain]]s. When they pull apart, they create [[valley]]s and [[Depression (geology)|basin]]s where [[sediment]]s collect. These changes have influenced the evolution of [[plant]]s, [[animal]]s, and [[human]]s over millions of years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bradley|first=Dwight C.|date=2011|title=Secular trends in the geologic record and the supercontinent cycle|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825211000717|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|language=en|volume=108|issue=1–2|pages=16–33|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.05.003 |bibcode=2011ESRv..108...16B }}</ref> Earth’s climate has gone through many [[ice age]]s, when large parts of the planet were covered in [[ice]]. These started around 40 million years ago and became very strong during the [[Pleistocene|Pleistocene epoch]] (~3 million years ago).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chalk|first1=Thomas B.|last2=Hain|first2=Mathis P.|last3=Foster|first3=Gavin L.|last4=Rohling|first4=Eelco J.|last5=Sexton|first5=Philip F.|last6=Badger|first6=Marcus P. S.|last7=Cherry|first7=Soraya G.|last8=Hasenfratz|first8=Adam P.|last9=Haug|first9=Gerald H.|last10=Jaccard|first10=Samuel L.|last11=Martínez-García|first11=Alfredo|date=12 December 2017|title=Causes of ice age intensification across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=114|issue=50|pages=13114–13119|doi=10.1073/pnas.1702143114|doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424|pmc=5740680|pmid=29180424 |bibcode=2017PNAS..11413114C }}</ref> Areas far from the equator went through repeated cycles of [[glaciation]] (ice sheets growing) and [[thawing]] (ice melting). These cycles happen because of small changes in Earth’s orbit and tilt, called [[Milankovitch cycles]], which change how [[sunlight]] hits Earth roughly every 21,000, 41,000, and 100,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paleoclimatology|url=http://www.lakepowell.net/sciencecenter/paleoclimate.htm|access-date=27 September 2025|website=www.lakepowell.net}}</ref> The most recent ice age, called the [[Last Glacial Period]], covered large parts of continents with thick [[ice sheet]]s. It ended about 11,700 years ago, marking the start of the [[Holocene|Holocene epoch]]. Since then, Earth’s climate has been relatively stable, which allowed humans to build civilizations and thrive.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Turney|first1=Chris S.M.|last2=Fifield|first2=L. Keith|last3=Hogg|first3=Alan G.|last4=Palmer|first4=Jonathan G.|last5=Hughen|first5=Konrad|last6=Baillie|first6=Mike G.L.|last7=Galbraith|first7=Rex|last8=Ogden|first8=John|last9=Lorrey|first9=Andrew|last10=Tims|first10=Stephen G.|last11=Jones|first11=Richard T.|date=2010|title=The potential of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) for testing the synchronicity of abrupt climate change during the Last Glacial Interval (60,000–11,700 years ago)|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379110003197|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|language=en|volume=29|issue=27–28|pages=3677–3682|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.08.017 |bibcode=2010QSRv...29.3677T }}</ref> === Origin of life and evolution === {{Main|Abiogenesis|Earliest known life forms|History of life}} [[File:Archean.png|thumb|upright=1.2|An artist's impression of the [[Archean]] [[Geologic time scale#Divisions of geologic time|eon]], a time billions of years ago right after Earth formed. The picture shows [[stromatolite]]s, early life forms that made oxygen. After the [[Late Heavy Bombardment]], [[Earth's crust]] had cooled, [[continent]]s and [[volcano]]es had appeared, and the Moon was much closer (about half the distance it is today), making it look almost three times bigger and causing very strong [[tide]]s.<ref name="Lunar and Planetary Institute">{{cite web |title=Earth-Moon Dynamics |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/exploration/training/illustrations/earthMoon/ |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=Lunar and Planetary Institute |archive-date=7 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907215806/https://www.lpi.usra.edu/exploration/training/illustrations/earthMoon/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Scientists think [[life]] on Earth began about 4 billion years ago. It likely started with simple [[chemical reaction]]s that made the first [[molecule]]s able to copy themselves. These molecules were probably short pieces of [[RNA]], which is similar to [[DNA]]. RNA is important because it can both store instructions (like a recipe book) and speed up chemical reactions. The fact that these molecules could copy and change over time was the very beginning of [[evolution]]. Around 3.5 billion years ago, something very important appeared: the [[Last universal common ancestor|Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)]]. LUCA was not the very first life, but it was the ancestor of all living things we know today, from bacteria and archaea to plants and animals. LUCA already had the basic tools of life that every organism still uses. It could copy DNA, read it into RNA, and build [[protein]]s from those instructions. It also had ways to get energy, either from chemical reactions or from sunlight. In other words, LUCA was like the great-grandparent of all life on Earth, passing down the same core tools that living things still use billions of years later.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Doolittle|first=W. Ford|date=2000|title=Uprooting the Tree of Life|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/uprooting-the-tree-of-life|journal=Scientific American|volume=282|issue=2|pages=90–95|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0200-90|pmid=10710791 |bibcode=2000SciAm.282b..90D |issn=0036-8733}}</ref> A huge change in Earth’s history happened when some bacteria learned how to do [[photosynthesis]], the process of using [[sunlight]] to make [[energy]]. [[Plant]]s do this today, but the first organisms to do it were tiny [[bacteria]] called [[cyanobacteria]]. When they made energy from sunlight, they released [[oxygen]] as waste. At first, Earth’s air had almost no oxygen. But over hundreds of millions of years, oxygen built up in the atmosphere. About 2.4 billion years ago, during the [[Great Oxidation Event]], oxygen became much more common. Some of this oxygen turned into the [[ozone layer]], a shield high above Earth that blocks dangerous [[Ultraviolet|UV rays]] from the Sun. Thanks to this protection, life could eventually move from the oceans onto land. Oxygen also changed the way life got energy. Before oxygen, organisms used less efficient methods that did not give them much power. But with oxygen, they could do [[aerobic respiration]], which makes much more energy from food like [[glucose]]. This extra energy allowed larger and more complex life to evolve.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/03/science/earths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=www.nytimes.com|date=3 October 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Another big step was when life went from simple cells to complex cells. This happened through a process called [[endosymbiosis]], which means “living together inside.” Long ago, some small cells started living inside bigger ones. Instead of being eaten, the smaller cells became permanent helpers. Over time, they turned into [[organelle]]s, special parts of complex cells. For example, [[mitochondria]] make energy, and [[chloroplast]]s (in plants) do photosynthesis. These new complex cells are called [[eukaryotic cells]], and they have a [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]] (a control center).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Berkner|first1=L. V.|last2=Marshall|first2=L. C.|date=1965|title=On the Origin and Rise of Oxygen Concentration in the Earth's Atmosphere|url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/1520-0469(1965)0222.0.CO;2|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences|language=en|volume=22|issue=3|pages=225–261|doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0225:OTOARO>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1965JAtS...22..225B |issn=0022-4928}}</ref> Eventually, they started living in groups. At first, they formed loose colonies, but later they became [[multicellular organism]]s, where cells had different jobs, like protecting, gathering food, or reproducing. This teamwork made life much more advanced. Meanwhile, the [[ozone layer]] kept protecting Earth, allowing living things to slowly spread from oceans to land.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Astrobiologists Find Evidence of Early Life on Land|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2000/00_79AR.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=www.nasa.gov|archive-date=11 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011032824/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2000/00_79AR.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Scientists have found fossils that prove life is very old. For example, tiny structures made by [[microorganism]]s have been found in rocks 3.45–3.7 billion years old. Even some rocks from 4.1 billion years ago show signs of life. These fossils include [[microbial mat]]s (thin layers of bacteria), tiny cell-like shapes, and special carbon ([[graphite]]) that likely came from [[living thing]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Noffke|first1=Nora|last2=Christian|first2=Daniel|last3=Wacey|first3=David|last4=Hazen|first4=Robert M.|date=December 2013|title=Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia|journal=Astrobiology|language=en|volume=13|issue=12|pages=1103–1124|doi=10.1089/ast.2013.1030|issn=1531-1074|pmc=3870916|pmid=24205812 |bibcode=2013AsBio..13.1103N }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ohtomo|first1=Yoko|last2=Kakegawa|first2=Takeshi|last3=Ishida|first3=Akizumi|last4=Nagase|first4=Toshiro|last5=Rosing|first5=Minik T.|date=2014|title=Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2025|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=25–28|doi=10.1038/ngeo2025|bibcode=2014NatGe...7...25O |issn=1752-0894}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=Elizabeth A.|last2=Boehnke|first2=Patrick|last3=Harrison|first3=T. Mark|last4=Mao|first4=Wendy L.|date=24 November 2015|title=Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=112|issue=47|pages=14518–14521|doi=10.1073/pnas.1517557112|doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424|pmc=4664351|pmid=26483481 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11214518B }}</ref> Much later, between 1,000 and 539 million years ago, Earth may have gone through a frozen period called [[Snowball Earth]], when ice covered nearly the whole planet, even near the equator. After this icy time came the [[Cambrian explosion]] about 535 million years ago. Life suddenly became much more diverse. Many major groups of animals we know today first appeared then, including [[animal]]s with shells, backbones, and specialized body parts.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Climate change and the course of global history: a rough journey|url=https://archive.org/details/climatechangecou0000broo|last=Brooke|first=John L.|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-87164-8|series=Studies in environment and history|location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Epigenetic mechanisms of the Cambrian explosion|last=Cabej|first=Nelson R.|date=2019|publisher=Academic press, an imprint of Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-814311-7|location=London San Diego, CA}}</ref> Over Earth’s history, there have been at least five major [[mass extinction]]s. A mass extinction is when a huge number of [[species]] die in a short time. Each one reshaped [[ecosystem]]s and forced life to evolve in new ways.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stanley|first=Steven M.|date=18 October 2016|title=Estimates of the magnitudes of major marine mass extinctions in earth history|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=113|issue=42|pages=E6325–E6334 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1613094113|doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424|pmc=5081622|pmid=27698119 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113E6325S }}</ref> The most famous mass extinction happened about 66 million years ago when a giant [[asteroid]] hit near today’s [[Yucatán Peninsula]] in [[Mexico]]. This caused massive climate changes and wiped out the [[dinosaur]]s that could not fly (non-avian dinosaurs) along with many other [[reptile]]s. But smaller animals, like [[mammal]]s, [[bird]]s, [[lizard]]s, and [[insect]]s, survived. Because of this, mammals had the chance to grow and spread, eventually becoming the dominant animals on Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gould|first=Stephen Jay|date=1994|title=The Evolution of Life on the Earth|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-evolution-of-life-on-the-earth|journal=Scientific American|volume=271|issue=4|pages=84–91|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1094-84|pmid=7939569 |bibcode=1994SciAm.271d..84G |issn=0036-8733}}</ref> After the dinosaurs died out, mammals quickly evolved to fill many different roles. Some stayed small and fast, while others grew large. A few million years ago, one type of [[ape]] in [[Africa]] changed in an important way. It started walking on two legs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Daver|first1=G.|last2=Guy|first2=F.|last3=Mackaye|first3=H. T.|last4=Likius|first4=A.|last5=Boisserie|first5=J. -R.|last6=Moussa|first6=A.|last7=Pallas|first7=L.|last8=Vignaud|first8=P.|last9=Clarisse|first9=N. D.|date=1 September 2022|title=Postcranial evidence of late Miocene hominin bipedalism in Chad|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04901-z|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=609|issue=7925|pages=94–100|doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04901-z|pmid=36002567 |bibcode=2022Natur.609...94D |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> This freed up its hands to carry things and make [[tool]]s. Tool use encouraged more complex communication and the growth of larger [[brain]]s. This path eventually led to the first [[human]]s. Humans changed the world in powerful ways. They learned [[farming]], tamed [[animal]]s like [[dog]]s and [[cow]]s, and built [[civilization]]s. These advances let humans shape the land, grow in numbers, and change entire ecosystems. Today, human activity is causing many plants and animals to go extinct much faster than normal. Cutting down [[forest]]s, [[Air pollution|polluting air]] and [[Water pollution|water]], hunting too much, and causing [[climate change]] are all big factors. Many scientists believe we may now be living through a new mass extinction, called the [[Holocene extinction]], caused mostly by humans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilkinson|first1=B. H.|last2=McElroy|first2=B. J.|date=1 January 2007|title=The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsabulletin/article/119/1-2/140-156/125350|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|language=en|volume=119|issue=1–2|pages=140–156|doi=10.1130/B25899.1|bibcode=2007GSAB..119..140W |issn=0016-7606}}</ref> == Physical characteristics == <!--linked from 'Earth physical characteristics tables'--> {{Further|Geophysics}} === Size and shape === {{Main|Figure of the Earth}} {{Further|Earth radius|Earth's circumference|Spherical Earth{{!}}Earth curvature|Geomorphology}} {{See also|List of highest mountains on Earth}} [[File:Earth2014shape SouthAmerica small.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The specific [[map]] here shows the [[western hemisphere]] of Earth with land heights and depths measured directly from Earth’s center, instead of from [[mean sea level]] like in regular topographic maps.]] Earth is shaped like a round ball, but it is not a perfect [[sphere]]. Its shape is kept by a balance between two main forces. [[Gravity]] pulls everything toward Earth’s center, while [[pressure]] inside the planet and Earth’s spinning motion push outward. Together, these forces make Earth mostly round.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Horner|first=Jonti|date=16 July 2021|title=I've always wondered: why are the stars, planets and moons round, when comets and asteroids aren't?|url=http://theconversation.com/ive-always-wondered-why-are-the-stars-planets-and-moons-round-when-comets-and-asteroids-arent-160541|access-date=27 September 2025|website=The Conversation|language=en-US}}</ref> Earth’s average diameter is about 12,742 kilometers (7,918 miles), making it the fifth largest planet in the [[Solar System]]. Only the giant planets, [[Jupiter]], [[Saturn]], [[Uranus]], and [[Neptune]], are bigger. Earth is the largest rocky planet, bigger than [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], and [[Mars]]. Being this big gives Earth enough gravity to hold onto a thick atmosphere, which helps life survive. Smaller planets, like Mars, lost much of their air over time because they don’t have enough gravity to keep it.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 July 2021|title=How big is Earth?|language=en|work=Space.com|url=https://www.space.com/17638-how-big-is-earth.html|access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref> Because Earth spins once every 24 hours, it is not perfectly round. It bulges slightly at the [[equator]] and is a bit flattened at the poles. Scientists call this shape an [[oblate spheroid]]. The equator is about 43 kilometers (27 miles) wider than the distance from pole to pole. This happens because of [[centrifugal force]], a pushing-out effect caused by spinning. Earth spins fastest at the equator, about 1,670 km/h (1,040 mph), while the poles do not spin at all. The [[Earth radius|equatorial radius]] (distance from the center to the equator) is about 6,378 km (3,963 miles). The [[Earth radius|polar radius]] is slightly smaller at 6,357 km (3,950 miles).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Converting GPS Height into NAVD88 Elevation with the GEOID96 Geoid Height Model|url=https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/gislis96.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=www.ngs.noaa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Is the Earth round?|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/earth-round.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=en}}</ref> Earth’s surface is not smooth. Tectonic activity, erosion, volcanoes, and the movement of rocks create [[mountain]]s, [[valley]]s, and trenches. The deepest place is the [[Mariana Trench]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]], about 10,925 meters (35,843 feet) below sea level.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stewart|first1=Heather A.|last2=Jamieson|first2=Alan J.|date=2019|title=The five deeps: The location and depth of the deepest place in each of the world's oceans|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001282521830429X|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|language=en|volume=197|article-number=102896|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102896 |bibcode=2019ESRv..19702896S }}</ref> The tallest mountain on land is [[Mount Everest]], rising 8,848 meters (29,029 feet) above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BotEC: Scale of the Himalayas|url=https://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/activities/botec_himalayas.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=Activity Collection|language=en}}</ref> But the place farthest from Earth’s center is not Everest, it is [[Chimborazo]], a [[volcano]] in [[Ecuador]]. It is only 6,263 meters (20,548 feet) tall, but because it sits near the equator, where Earth bulges, its peak is 2 kilometers farther from the center than Everest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did Edmund Hillary Climb the Wrong Mountain|url=http://archives.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=589|access-date=27 September 2025|website=archives.profsurv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Krulwich|first=Robert|date=7 April 2007|title=The 'Highest' Spot on Earth?|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2007/04/07/9428163/the-highest-spot-on-earth|access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref> Just like land has mountains and valleys, the oceans have their own shapes, but they are not solid. Ocean surfaces are always moving because of [[wind]]s, [[tide]]s, [[Ocean current|current]]s, [[gravity]], and Earth’s spin. Some parts of the ocean are slightly higher because strong gravity pulls water toward denser rocks under the [[seafloor]]. Ocean currents are affected by the [[Coriolis effect]], caused by Earth’s spin, creating big circular patterns called [[gyre]]s. For example, in the Pacific Ocean, the surface in the western Pacific is about 60 centimeters (2 feet) higher than in the eastern Pacific because of [[trade wind]]s and [[ocean circulation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ocean Surface Topography {{!}} Ocean Observation|url=https://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/ocean-observation/ocean-surface-topography|access-date=27 September 2025|website=Ocean Surface Topography from Space|language=en}}</ref> Scientists study Earth’s real shape in a field called [[geodesy]]. Instead of looking at uneven land and moving oceans, they use a model called the [[geoid]]. The geoid shows what Earth would look like if it were covered with perfectly still water, no waves, tides, or winds. The geoid is not a perfect sphere or simple oval. It is slightly bumpy, because some parts of Earth’s crust and mantle are denser, creating stronger gravity in those spots. The geoid is very useful because it acts as a baseline for measuring heights and depths, like how tall mountains are or how deep the oceans go. Today, satellites like [[GRACE and GRACE-FO|GRACE]] and [[GOCE]] have mapped the geoid in incredible detail. They help scientists track important changes on Earth, like [[Sea level rise|rising sea level]]s, melting [[ice sheet]]s, and shrinking [[groundwater]], with accuracy down to just a few centimeters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US Department of Commerce|first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|title=What is the geoid?|url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/geoid.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=EN-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GRACE - Earth Online|url=https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/missions/grace|access-date=27 September 2025|website=earth.esa.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=GOCE - Earth Online|url=https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/missions/goce|access-date=27 September 2025|website=earth.esa.int|language=en}}</ref> === Surface === {{Further|Planetary surface|Land cover|Land|Pedosphere|Ocean|Sea|Cryosphere|Peplosphere}} [[File:Global View of the Arctic and Antarctic.jpg|thumb|An image of Earth, with different types of surfaces shown. Mostly Ocean (blue), Africa with lush (green) to dry (brown) land and Earth's polar ice in the form of [[Antarctic sea ice]] (grey) covering the [[Southern Ocean|Antarctic or Southern Ocean]] and the [[Antarctic ice sheet]] (white) covering [[Antarctica]].]] [[File:AYool topography 15min.png|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Terrain]] of [[Earth's crust]]]] The surface of Earth is where land, oceans, and the atmosphere all meet. It is the part of the planet where life happens, [[plant]]s grow, [[animal]]s live, [[human]]s build [[City|cities]], and [[water]] moves in [[river]]s, [[lake]]s, and the [[ocean]]. Earth’s surface is very large, covering about 510 million square kilometers (197 million square miles), giving plenty of space for ecosystems, farms, and people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=8(o) Introduction to the Oceans|url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8o.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=www.physicalgeography.net}}</ref> We can divide Earth’s surface in two main ways. First is by [[latitude]], which are lines that go east to west. This splits Earth into the [[Northern Hemisphere]] (above the equator) and the [[Southern Hemisphere]] (below the equator). Second is by [[longitude]], which are lines that go north to south. This divides Earth into the [[Eastern Hemisphere]] and the [[Western Hemisphere]], using the [[Prime Meridian]] and the [[180th meridian]] as rough dividing lines. These divisions help scientists and people understand [[climate]], [[ocean current]]s, where plants and animals live, and also help with [[navigation]] and [[map]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is longitude and latitude?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zd4rmfr|access-date=27 September 2025|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref> Most of Earth’s surface, about 70.8% or 361 million square kilometers (139 million square miles), is covered by [[ocean]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rising sea levels: an introduction to cause and impact|url=https://archive.org/details/risingsealevelsi0000jani|last1=Janin|first1=Hunt|last2=Mandia|first2=Scott A.|date=2012|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5956-8|series=Academic & Nonfiction Books anthology|location=Jefferson, N.C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ro|first=Christine|title=Is It Ocean Or Oceans?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinero/2020/02/03/is-it-ocean-or-oceans/|access-date=27 September 2025|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> This huge, connected body of water is called the world ocean, making Earth a true ocean world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Earth Is a Water World - NASA|url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/earth-water-world/|access-date=27 September 2025|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lunine|first=Jonathan I.|date=2017|title=Ocean worlds exploration|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0094576516311511|journal=Acta Astronautica|language=en|volume=131|pages=123–130|doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2016.11.017 |bibcode=2017AcAau.131..123L }}</ref> The oceans are always moving, with currents, tides, and waves that help control climate and move nutrients that living things need. Long ago, oceans may have covered almost the entire [[planet]], hiding the first land.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Voosen|first=Paul|date=9 March 2021|title=Ancient Earth was a water world|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/03/ancient-earth-was-water-world|journal=Science|volume=371 |issue=6534 |pages=1088–1089 |doi=10.1126/science.abh4289|pmid=33707245 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Today, the world ocean is divided into five major oceans, from largest to smallest: [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], [[Indian Ocean|Indian]], [[Southern Ocean|Southern]], and [[Arctic Ocean]]s. Under the oceans is [[oceanic crust]], which forms deep basins and has many interesting features, like [[abyssal plain]]s (flat areas), [[seamount]]s (underwater mountains), [[submarine volcano]]es, [[ocean trench]]es, [[Oceanic plateau|oceanic plateaus]], [[mid-ocean ridges]], where new crust forms from volcanic activity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NOAA Ocean Explorer: GalAPAGoS: Where Ridge Meets Hotspot|url=https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/05galapagos/background/mid_ocean_ridge/mid_ocean_ridge.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=oceanexplorer.noaa.gov}}</ref> In the polar regions, the ocean is covered by [[sea ice]] during part of the year. The ice, along with polar land and ice sheets, forms the [[polar ice cap]]s, which affect how much sunlight Earth reflects back into space and also influence ocean currents.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A brief history of the polar regions|url=https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-6/the-arctic-and-antarctic-natural-realms-at-the-poles/a-brief-history-of-the-polar-regions/|access-date=27 September 2025|website=World Ocean Review|language=en-US}}</ref> The remaining 29.2% of Earth’s surface, about 149 million square kilometers (58 million square miles), is [[land]]. This includes [[continent]]s and [[island]]s. The four biggest landmasses are [[Afro-Eurasia]], [[America]], [[Antarctica]], and [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The new world history: a field guide for teachers and researchers|url=https://archive.org/details/newworldhistoryf0000unse|last1=Dunn|first1=Ross E.|last2=Mitchell|first2=Laura Jane|last3=Ward|first3=Kerry|date=2016|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-29327-4|series=The California world history library|location=Oakland}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dempsey|first=Caitlin|date=18 September 2023|title=Geography Facts about the World's Continents|url=https://www.geographyrealm.com/continents/|access-date=27 September 2025|website=Geography Realm|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography: Three-volume Set|last=Robbers|first=Gerhard|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7229-3|location=New York}}</ref> Land is divided into continents to make it easier to study geography and human cultures. Earth’s land is very diverse, with [[mountain]]s, [[desert]]s, [[plains]], [[plateau]]s, and other [[landform]]s. The lowest exposed point is the [[Dead Sea]], 418 meters (1,371 feet) below sea level. The highest point is [[Mount Everest]], which rises 8,848 meters (29,029 feet) above sea level. On average, land sits about 797 meters (2,615 feet) above sea level, showing that most land is much lower than the tallest mountains but far above the ocean floors.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 August 2020|title=ETOPO Global Relief Model|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/etopo-global-relief-model|access-date=27 September 2025|website=National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)|language=en}}</ref> Earth’s land is made up of a mix of plants, water, snow, ice, and human buildings, which creates very different environments. Most land has [[vegetation]], like [[forest]]s and [[grassland]]s, which help hold soil in place and provide homes for animals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 January 2012|title=Seeing Forests for the Trees and the Carbon: Mapping the World's Forests in Three Dimensions|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/ForestCarbon#:~:text=They%20cover%20about%2030%20percent,percent%20of%20the%20Earth's%20land.|access-date=27 September 2025|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en}}</ref> Some areas are much harsher: about 10% of land is covered by [[ice sheet]]s, and about 33% is [[desert]], where it is hard for most plants and animals to survive.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ice Sheet|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ice-sheet|access-date=27 September 2025|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Obu|first=J.|date=2021|title=How Much of the Earth's Surface is Underlain by Permafrost?|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JF006123|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface|language=en|volume=126|issue=5|article-number=e2021JF006123 |doi=10.1029/2021JF006123|bibcode=2021JGRF..12606123O |issn=2169-9003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What Percentage of the Earth's Land Surface is Desert?|url=https://www.universetoday.com/articles/what-percentage-of-the-earths-land-surface-is-desert|access-date=27 September 2025|website=Universe Today|date=June 2010 |language=en}}</ref> The top layer of land is called the [[pedosphere]], or [[soil]]. Soil forms from weathered rocks, decomposed plants and animals, and the cycling of minerals. Soil is very important because it supports [[ecosystem]]s and growing [[food]]. Only about 10.7% of land can be used for farming crops ([[arable land]]), and about 1.3% is permanent cropland that grows food for people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank Open Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/|access-date=27 September 2025|website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank Open Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/|access-date=27 September 2025|website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> Worldwide, there are around 16.7 million square kilometers (6.4 million square miles) of cropland and 33.5 million square kilometers (12.9 million square miles) of [[pastureland]], which is used for grazing animals. These lands are essential for life on Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hooke|first1=Roger LeB.|last2=Martín-Duque|first2=José F.|date=1 December 2012|title=Land transformation by humans: A review|url=http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/22/12/abstract/i1052-5173-22-12-4.htm|journal=GSA Today|volume=12|issue=12|pages=4–10|doi=10.1130/GSAT151A.1 |bibcode=2012GSAT...12l...4H }}</ref> Beneath the land and oceans is the Earth’s crust, the planet’s outer layer. Together with part of the upper mantle, it forms the [[lithosphere]], which is the solid, rigid shell of Earth. The crust comes in two main types. The [[oceanic crust]] is thinner, heavier, and made mostly of basalt, a dark dense rock. It forms the ocean floors. The [[continental crust]] is thicker, lighter, and made of [[granite]], as well as [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] and [[metamorphic rock]]s. It supports mountains and continents. Most of the continents are covered by sedimentary rocks, formed from material worn down from other rocks and deposited over time. These rocks cover about 75% of continental surfaces, but they only make up 5% of the crust’s total mass, showing that the surface does not fully represent what the crust is made of.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction to Plate Tectonics|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/plate_tectonics/part1.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=volcano.oregonstate.edu|archive-date=11 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211014443/http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/plate_tectonics/part1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WEATHERING/SEDIMENTARY ROCKS|url=http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Weathering.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=geology.csupomona.edu|archive-date=3 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703170212/http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Weathering.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Orbit and turning== [[File:AxialTiltObliquity.png|thumb|270px|Earth turns at an angle (an "[[axial tilt]]") in relation to its path around the Sun]] Earth is one of the eight [[planet]]s in the Solar System. There are also thousands of small bodies which move around the Sun. The Solar System is moving through the [[Orion Arm]] of the [[Milky Way]] [[galaxy]], and will be for about the next 10,000 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/030827a.html|title=Earth's location in the Milky Way|accessdate=6 August 2009|publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2016/04/01/how-fast-does-earth-move-through-the-universe/#42d2c37e4d5c Forbes: How fast does the Earth move through the universe?]</ref> Earth is about {{convert|150,000,000|km|mi|abbr=off|disp=or}} away from the Sun (this distance is called an "[[astronomical unit]]" or au. It moves on its [[orbit]] at an [[average]] speed of about {{convert|30|km/s|mi/s|abbr=on|lk=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html|title=NASA- an Earth fact sheet|accessdate=6 August 2009|publisher=NASA|archive-date=8 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508021904/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Earth turns around about 365{{Frac|4}} times in the time it takes for Earth to go all the way around the Sun.<ref name="IERS">{{cite web | author=Staff | date=7 August 2007 | url=http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/models/constants.html | title=Useful Constants | publisher=International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service| accessdate=23 September 2008 }}</ref> To make up this extra bit of a day every year, an [[leap day|additional day]] is added to the calendar every four years ([[29 February]]). A year that has this extra day is called a "[[leap year]]". The [[Moon]] goes around Earth at an [[average]] distance of {{convert|250,000|mi|km|abbr=off|order=flip|disp=or}}. It is [[tidal locking|locked]] to Earth, so that it always has the same half facing Earth; the other half is called the "dark side of the moon". It takes about 27{{Frac|3}} days for the Moon to go all the way around Earth, but because Earth is moving around the Sun at the same time, it takes about 29{{Frac|2}} days for the Moon to go from dark to bright to dark again. This is where the word "[[month]]" came from, even though most months now have 30 or 31 days.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Espenak|first=Fred|title=Eclipses and the Moon's Orbit|url=https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/moonorbit.html|access-date=10 August 2022|website=|publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> == Geology of Earth == [[File:Terrestrial planet size comparisons.jpg|thumb|right|Size of Earth compared with the other [[terrestrial planet|rocky planets]] in the [[Solar System]]: [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], and [[Mars]]]] Earth is [[Rock (geology)|rocky]]. It is the largest of the rocky planets moving around the Sun by mass and by size. It is much smaller than the [[gas giant]]s such as [[Jupiter]]. === Chemical make-up === Overall, Earth is made of [[iron]] (32.1[[percent|%]]), [[oxygen]] (30.1[[percent|%]]), [[silicon]] (15.1[[percent|%]]), [[magnesium]] (13.9[[percent|%]]), [[sulfur]] (2.9[[percent|%]]), [[nickel]] (1.8[[percent|%]]), [[calcium]] (1.5[[percent|%]]), and [[aluminium]] (1.4[[percent|%]]). The 1.2[[percent|%]] left over is made of many different kinds of other chemicals. Some rare metals (not just [[gold]] and [[platinum]]) are very valuable. [[Rare earth element|Rare earth]] metals are often used in electronic phones and computers.<ref>Rare Earths explained. Jordy Lee Calderon, Milken Institute Review. [https://www.milkenreview.org/articles/rare-earths-explained]</ref> The structure of Earth changes from the inside to the outside. The [[Planetary core|center of Earth]] ([[Earth's core]]) is mostly iron (88.8%), nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% other elements.<ref>Morgan J.W. & Anders E. 1980. Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Science'' '''77''' (12): 6973–6977. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC350422/?tool=pmcentrez Chemical composition of Earth, Venus, and Mercury. Full free text</ref> The [[Earth's crust]] is largely [[oxygen]] (47%). Oxygen is normally a gas but it can [[oxide|join]] with other [[chemicals]] to make [[chemical compound|compounds]] like [[water]] and rocks. 99.22[[percent|%]] of rocks have [[oxygen]] in them. The most common rocks with oxygen are [[silica]] (made with [[silicon]]), [[alumina]] (made with [[aluminum|aluminium]]), [[rust]] (made with [[iron]]), [[lime (chemical)|lime]] (made with [[calcium]]), [[magnesia]] (made with [[magnesium]]), [[potash]] (made with [[potassium]]), and [[sodium]] oxide.<ref>Chisholm, Hugh (editor). "Petrology" in the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th edition. Cambridge University Press.</ref> Being rich in [[metal]]s such as [[iron]], the Earth is the [[density|densest]] of all the planets.<ref>Planetary Fact Sheet - ratio to Earth values</ref> [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] and [[Venus]] are slightly less dense. === Shape === [[Geoid|Earth's shape]] is a [[spheroid]]: not quite a [[sphere]] because it is slightly [[oblate|squashed]] on the top and bottom. The shape is called an [[oblate spheroid]]. As Earth spins around itself, [[centrifugal force]] forces the [[equator]] out a little and pulls the [[geographical pole|poles]] in a little. The equator, around the middle of Earth's surface, is about {{convert|40,075|km|mi|sp=us|disp=or|sigfig=4}} long.<ref>Measuring the Earth is part of [[geodesy]]</ref> The reason the Earth is roughly a [[sphere]] (and so are all planets and stars) is [[gravity]].<ref>Tipler, Paul A. 1999. ''Physics for scientists and engineers''. 4th ed, New York: W.H. Freeman/Worth Publishers. pp. 336–337. ISBN 9781572594913</ref> Meteorites, on the other hand may be any shape because, in their case, the force of gravity is too weak to change their shape. The highest mountain above [[sea level]]&mdash;the well-known [[Mount Everest]] (which is {{convert|8848|m|abbr=off|disp=or}} [[elevation|above sea level]])&mdash;is ''not'' actually the one that is the farthest away from the center of the Earth. Instead, the sleeping [[volcano]] [[Mount Chimborazo]] in [[Ecuador]] is; it is only {{convert| 6263|m|abbr=off|disp=or}} [[elevation|above sea level]] but it is almost at the [[equator]]. Because of this, Mount Chimborazo is {{convert|6,384|km|abbr=off|disp=or}} from the center of the Earth, while [[Mount Everest]] is closer to it ({{convert|2|km|abbr=off|disp=or}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profsurv.com/archive.php?issue=42&article=589|title=Did Edmund Hillary climb the wrong mountain?|work = Professional Surveyor Magazine | volume=20 |issue=5 |first = Joseph H. |last = Senne| date = May 2000|accessdate = 24 October 2008}}</ref><ref name="lancet365_9462_831">{{cite journal | last=Sharp | first=David | title=Chimborazo and the old kilogram | journal=The Lancet | date=5 March 2005 | volume=365 | issue=9462 | pages=831–832 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71021-7 | pmid=15752514 | s2cid=41080944 }}</ref><ref name="tall_tales">{{cite web | url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/moments/s1086384.htm | title=Tall tales about highest peaks | date=16 April 2004 | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate=29 December 2008}}</ref> Similarly, the lowest point below sea level that we are conscious of is the [[Challenger Deep]] in the [[Mariana Trench]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]]. It is about {{convert|10971|m|abbr=off|disp=or}} [[depth|below sea level]],<ref name="kaiko7000">{{cite web|title=7,000&nbsp;m Class Remotely Operated Vehicle ''KAIKO 7000''|url=http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/equipment/ships/kaiko7000.html|publisher=Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)|accessdate=7 June 2008|archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410211118/http://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/equipment/ships/kaiko7000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> but, again, there are probably places at the bottom of the [[Arctic Ocean]] that are nearer to the center of the Earth. === Earth’s core === [[File:Earth-crust-cutaway-english.svg|thumb|right|220px|A picture of the inside of the Earth, showing the different levels. In fact, the air and the outside levels are much thinner than shown here]] The [[Kola superdeep borehole|deepest hole ever dug]] is only about {{convert|12.3|km|mi|disp=or|sp=us|sigfig=2}}. We know something about the inside of the Earth, because we learn things from [[earthquake]]s and [[volcanic eruptions]]. We can detect how quickly [[shock wave]]s move through the Earth. The inside of Earth is very different from the outside. Almost all of Earth's liquid water is in the [[ocean|sea]]s or close to the surface. The surface also has a lot of [[oxygen]], which comes from plants. Small and simple kinds of life can live far under the surface, but animals and plants only live on the surface or in the seas. The rocks on the surface of Earth ([[Earth's crust]]) are well known. They are thicker where there is land, between {{convert|30|to|50|km|mi|disp=or|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} thick. Under the [[ocean|sea]]s they are sometimes only {{convert|6|km|mi|disp=or|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} thick.<ref>{{cite web|author=Toshiro Tanimoto|date=|title=Crustal surface of the Earth|url=http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/15_tanimoto.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030410215144/http://www.agu.org/reference/gephys/15_tanimoto.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2003|accessdate=2 August 2009|website=|publisher=American Geophysical Union}}</ref> There are three groups of rocks that make up most of the Earth's crust. Some rock is made when the hot liquid rock comes from inside the earth ([[igneous rock]]s); another type of rock is made when [[sediment]] is laid down, usually under the sea ([[sedimentary rock]]s); and a third kind of rock is made when the other two are changed by very high [[temperature]] or [[pressure]] ([[metamorphic rock]]s). Below the crust is hot and almost-[[liquid]] rock which is always moving around (the [[Earth's mantle]]). Then, there is a thin liquid layer of heated rock (the [[outer core]]). This is very hot: {{convert|7000|°C|°F K|disp=or|sigfig=2}}.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://chianti.geol.ucl.ac.uk/~dario/pubblicazioni/PTRSA2002.pdf |title=The ab initio simulation of the Earth's core |date=25 April 2002 |accessdate=2 August 2009 |publisher=The Royal Society |author=D. Alfé |journal=Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences |volume=360 |issue=1795 |pages=1227–1244 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2002.0992 |pmid=12804276 |bibcode=2002RSPTA.360.1227A |s2cid=21132433 |archive-date=30 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930142841/http://chianti.geol.ucl.ac.uk/~dario/pubblicazioni/PTRSA2002.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The middle of the inside of the Earth would be liquid as well but all the pressure of the rock above it makes it a solid. This solid middle part (the [[inner core]]) is almost all [[iron]]. It is what makes the Earth [[magnetic field|magnetic]]. === Pieces of the crust form plates === [[File:Plates tect2 en.svg|thumb|right|A [[map|picture]] showing the Earth's largest and most important plates.]] {{main|Plate tectonics}} The [[Earth's crust]] is solid but made of [[plate tectonics|parts]] which move very slowly.<ref name="jour">{{cite journal| last=Tackley | first=Paul J.| title=Mantle convection and plate tectonics: towards an integrated physical and chemical theory| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-06-16_288_5473/page/2002 | journal=Science | date=16 June 2000| volume=288 | issue=5473 | pages=2002–2007| doi=10.1126/science.288.5473.2002| pmid=10856206 | bibcode=2000Sci...288.2002T}}</ref> The thin skin of hard rock on the outside of the Earth rests on hot liquid material below it in the deeper [[mantle (geology)|mantle]].<ref name="TecPlates">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Crust|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/vwlessons/lessons/Earths_layers/Earths_layers4.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213011245/http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/education/vwlessons/lessons/Earths_layers/Earths_layers4.html|archive-date=13 December 2009|accessdate=3 July 2009|website=|publisher=Oregon State University}}</ref> This liquid material moves because it gets heat from the hot center of the Earth. The slow movement of the plates is a factor in [[earthquake]]s, [[volcano]]es and large groups of mountains on the Earth. There are three ways plates can come together. Two plates can move towards each other ("convergent" plate edges). This can form [[island]]s, [[volcanoes]], and high [[mountain range]]s (such as the [[Andes]] and [[Himalayas]]).<ref name="book1">{{cite book| last1 = Seyfert| first1 = Carl K.| last2 = Seyfert| first2 = Carl| last3 = Seyfert| first3 = Claus| title = The encyclopedia of structural geology and plate tectonics| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofst0000unse| year = 1987| publisher = Springer| isbn = 978-0-442-28125-0 }}</ref> Two plates can move away from each other ("divergent" plate edges). This gives the [[magma|warm liquid rock inside the earth]] a place to come out. This makes [[mid-ocean ridge|special mountain range]]s below the sea or large low lands like [[Africa]]'s [[Great Rift Valley]].<ref name="'platetectonics.com'">{{cite web |title=Plate Tectonics: plate boundaries |url=http://www.platetectonics.com/book/page_5.asp |publisher=platetectonics.com |accessdate=12 June 2010 |archive-date=16 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616062513/http://www.platetectonics.com/book/page_5.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="'usgs.understanding.com'">{{cite web |title=Understanding plate motions |url= http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html|publisher=USGS|accessdate=12 June 2010}}</ref> Plates are able to move beside each other as well ("transform" plate edges, such as the [[San Andreas Fault]]). This makes their edges crush against each other and makes many [[earthquakes|shocks as they move]].<ref name="book2">{{cite book|title=Plate tectonics: an insider's history of the modern theory of the Earth|isbn=0813341329|last=Oreskes|first=Naomi|publisher=Westview Press|year=2003}}</ref> === Surface === The outside of the Earth is not even. There are high places called [[mountain]]s, and high flat places called [[plateau]]s or plateaux. There are low places called [[valley]]s and [[canyon]]s. For the most part, moving [[wind|air]] and [[rain|water from the sky]] and [[tide|sea]]s [[erosion|eats away at rocks in high places and breaks them into small pieces]]. The air and water then move these pieces to lower places. The fundamental cause of the differences in the Earth's surface is [[plate tectonics]]. The shape of the entire planet itself is not an exactly a ball. Because of its spin, Earth has a slight [[bulge]] at the [[Equator]]. All places on Earth are made of, or are on top of, rocks. The outside of the Earth is usually not uncovered rock. Over 70[[percent|%]] of the Earth is covered by [[ocean|sea]]s full of [[salt]]y water.<ref name="Physical-Hydro">{{cite web|url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8a.html|title=Chapter 8: Introduction to the Hydrosphere|accessdate=6 August 2009|publisher=Physical Geography}}</ref> This salty water makes up about 97{{Frac|2}}[[percent|%]] of all Earth's water. The drinkable [[fresh water]] is mostly in the form of [[ice]]. There is only a small amount (less than 3%) of fresh water in [[river]]s and under the ground for people to drink.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=World water resources and their uses|url=http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010720061344/http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/|archive-date=20 July 2001|accessdate=6 August 2009|website=|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Gravity stops the water from going away into [[outer space]]. Also, much of the land on Earth is covered with plants, or with what is left from earlier living things. Places with very little rain are dry wastes called [[desert]]s. Deserts usually have few living things, but life is able to grow very quickly when these wastes have rainfall. Places with large amounts of rain may be [[rain forests]]. Lately, people have changed the [[environment]] of the Earth a great deal. As population has increased, so has farming. Farming is done on what were once natural forests and grassland.<ref>Taiz, Lincoln 2013. Agriculture, plant physiology, and human population growth: past, present, and future. ''Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology'' '''25''': p167–181.</ref><ref>Zulkarnaen, Diny, and Marianito R. Rodrigo 2020. Modelling human carrying capacity as a function of food availability. ''The ANZIAM Journal'' '''62'''.3: p318–333.</ref> === Air === {{Life timeline}} {{main|Atmosphere}} All around the Earth is the of air (the [[atmosphere]]). The mass of the Earth holds the gases in the air down and does not let them go into outer space. The air is mostly made of [[nitrogen]] (about 78[[percent|%]]) and [[oxygen]] (about 21[[percent|%]]) and there are a few other gases as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/912_liftoff_atm.html|title=NASA - Earth's atmosphere|accessdate=6 August 2009|publisher=NASA|archive-date=27 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427090422/https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/912_liftoff_atm.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Living things need both the air and water. The air, which animals and plants use to live, is only the first level of the air around the Earth (the [[troposphere]]). The day to day changes in this level of air are called [[weather]]; the larger differences between distant places, and from year to year, are called the [[climate]]. [[Rain]] and [[storm]]s come about because this part of the air gets colder as it goes up. [[convection|Cold air becomes thicker and falls, and warm air becomes thinner and goes up]].<ref name="NASA">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=What causes weather?|url=http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/weather_worldbook.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050501070321/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/weather_worldbook.html|archive-date=1 May 2005|accessdate=6 August 2009|website=|publisher=NASA}}</ref> The turning Earth also moves the air as well and air moves north and south because the middle of the Earth generally gets more power from the Sun and is warmer than the north and south points. Air over warm water [[evaporation|evaporates]] but, because cold air is not able to take in as much water, it starts to make [[cloud]]s and [[rain]] as it gets colder. The way water moves around in a circle like this is called the [[water cycle]].<ref name= NASA /> Above this first level, there are four other levels. The air gets colder as it goes up in the first level; in the second level (the [[stratosphere]]), the air gets warmer as it goes up. This level has a special kind of [[oxygen]] called [[ozone]]. The [[ozone]] in this air keeps living things safe from [[ultraviolet radiation|damaging rays from the Sun]]. The power from these rays is what makes this level warmer and warmer. The middle level (the [[mesosphere]]) gets colder and colder with height; the fourth level (the [[thermosphere]]) gets warmer and warmer; and the last level (the [[exosphere]]) is almost outer space and has very little air at all. It reaches about half the way to the Moon. The three outer levels have a lot of [[electricity|electric power]] moving through them; this is called the [[ionosphere]] and is important for [[radio]] and other electric waves in the air. Even though air seems very light, the weight of all of the air above the outside of the Earth ([[air pressure]]) is important. Generally, from [[sea level]] to the top of [[exosphere|the outer level of the air]], a space of air one [[square centimeter|cm²]] across has a mass of about 1.03 [[kilogram|kg]] and a space of air one [[square inch|sq in]] across has a weight of about 14.7 [[Pound (mass)|lb]]. Because of friction in the air, small meteorites generally burn up long before they get to the Earth. The air also keeps the Earth warm, specially the half turned away from the Sun. Some gases &ndash; especially [[methane]] and [[carbon dioxide]] &ndash; [[greenhouse effect|work like a blanket to keep things warm]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7h.html|title=Fundamentals of physical geography - the greenhouse effect|accessdate=6 August 2009|publisher=Physical Geography}}</ref> This is called the [[Greenhouse effect|Greenhouse Effect]]. [[#History of Earth|In the past]], the Earth has been much warmer and much colder than it is now. Since people have adapted to the heat we have now, we do not want the Earth to be too much warmer or colder. Most of the ways people create [[electricity|electric power]] use burning kinds of [[carbon]] &ndash; especially [[coal]], [[oil]], and [[natural gas]]. Burning these fuels creates more [[carbon dioxide]] which causes more warming. A [[climate change|discussion]] is going on now about what people should do about [[global warming|the Earth's latest warming]], which has gone on for about 150 years. So far, this warming has been acceptable: plants have grown better. The weather has generally been better than [[Little Ice Age|when it was colder]]. == People == {{main|Human}} About eight [[1,000,000,000|billion]] people live on Earth. They live in about 200 different lands called [[countries]]. Some, for example, [[Russia]], are large with many large cities. Others, for example, [[Vatican City]], are small. The seven countries with the most people are [[India]], [[China]], the [[United States]], [[Indonesia]], [[Pakistan]], [[Brazil]] and [[Nigeria]]. About 90% of people live in the [[northern hemisphere]] of the world, which has most of the land. Human beings originally came from [[Africa]]. Now, 70% of all people do not live in Africa but in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]].<ref>Diamond, Jared. 1997. ''[[Guns, Germs, and Steel]]: the fate of human societies''. New York: Norton.</ref> [[File:Population_density.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Population_density.png|alt=|thumb|center|350px|The distribution of human [[world population]] in 2018]] People change the Earth in many ways. They have been able to grow plants for food and clothes for about ten thousand years. When there was enough food, they were able to build towns and cities. Near these places, men and women were able to change rivers, [[irrigation|bring water to farms]], and stop [[flood]]s (rising water) from coming over their land. People found useful animals and [[domestication|bred]] them so they were easier to keep.<ref>Tudge C. 1995. ''The day before yesterday: five million years of human history''. Pimlico.</ref> == Future == [[File:Red Giant Earth warm.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=A dark gray and red sphere representing the Earth lies against a black background to the right of an orange circular object representing the Sun|Artist's illustration of the scorched Earth after the [[Sun]] has entered the [[red giant]] phase, about 5–7&nbsp;billion years in the future]] There is wide agreement that the long-term future of Earth is tied to the future of the [[Sun]].<ref>''Planet Earth: the incredible story of our unique home''. ed Stuart Clark, ''New Scientist Essential Guide #17''.</ref> This is because the Sun’s energy controls our [[climate]], [[atmosphere]], and even our [[orbit]]. As the Sun changes over time, Earth will change too. In the next 1.1 billion years, the Sun will shine about 10% brighter than today. That might not sound like much, but it will make Earth much hotter. In about 3.5 billion years, the Sun could be 40% brighter, making Earth almost impossible for [[life]] to survive. This happens because inside the Sun, [[hydrogen]] is fused into [[helium]]. As the core changes, the Sun slowly shines more strongly. Even small changes in sunlight can upset Earth’s climate system and make the planet hotter.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Sackmann|first1=I.-Juliana|last2=Boothroyd|first2=Arnold I.|last3=Kraemer|first3=Kathleen E.|date=1993|title=Our Sun. III. Present and Future|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1086/173407|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=418|pages=457|doi=10.1086/173407|bibcode=1993ApJ...418..457S |issn=0004-637X}}</ref> One of the first big problems will be the loss of [[carbon dioxide]] from the [[air]]. [[Plant]]s need CO₂ for [[photosynthesis]], which makes [[food]] and releases oxygen. But as Earth gets hotter, [[Weathering|rock weathering]] ([[rain]] and [[heat]] breaking down rocks) will speed up. This process traps [[carbon]] in rocks instead of leaving it in the air. Today, CO₂ levels are over 400 ppm. In 100 to 900 million years, CO₂ levels may drop so low, below 10 parts per million (ppm), that even the toughest plants would not survive.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SPACE.com -- Freeze, Fry or Dry: How Long Has the Earth Got?|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/death_of_earth_000224.html|access-date=27 September 2025|website=www.space.com|date=3 August 2010 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=King-Fai|last2=Pahlevan|first2=Kaveh|last3=Kirschvink|first3=Joseph L.|last4=Yung|first4=Yuk L.|date=16 June 2009|title=Atmospheric pressure as a natural climate regulator for a terrestrial planet with a biosphere|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=106|issue=24|pages=9576–9579|doi=10.1073/pnas.0809436106|doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424|pmc=2701016|pmid=19487662 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.9576L }}</ref> Without plants, there will be no photosynthesis, so [[oxygen]] will slowly disappear. Without oxygen, [[animal]]s, including [[human]]s cannot survive. This means Earth will eventually become uninhabitable for all oxygen-breathing life.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The life and death of planet earth: how the new science of astrobiology charts the ultimate fate of our world|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780805067811|last1=Ward|first1=Peter D.|last2=Ward|first2=Peter D.|last3=Brownlee|first3=Donald|date=2003|publisher=Times Books|isbn=978-0-8050-6781-1|edition=1st|location=New York, NY}}</ref> As the Sun keeps brightening, Earth will get even hotter. In about 1.5 billion years, the average [[temperature]] could reach 100 °C (212 °F), the [[boiling point]] of water. The oceans would start to boil away. As water evaporates, huge amounts of water vapor (a strong [[greenhouse gas]]) would fill the air. This would trigger a runaway greenhouse effect, where Earth heats up uncontrollably, just like [[Venus]], which is now over 460 °C (860 °F). Scientists think this would happen in about 1.6 to 3 billion years. By then, all oceans would be gone, and Earth’s water would escape into space.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Mello|first1=Fernando de Sousa|last2=Friaça|first2=Amâncio César Santos|date=2020|title=The end of life on Earth is not the end of the world: converging to an estimate of life span of the biosphere?|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1473550419000120/type/journal_article|journal=International Journal of Astrobiology|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=25–42|doi=10.1017/S1473550419000120|bibcode=2020IJAsB..19...25D |issn=1473-5504}}</ref> Even if the Sun stayed stable, Earth would still slowly lose water. Some ocean water sinks into the [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] at tectonic plate edges. Normally, [[volcano]]es return some water, but as Earth’s interior cools and volcanic activity slows, less water comes back. Over billions of years, Earth would still dry out.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bounama|first1=C.|last2=Franck|first2=S.|last3=von Bloh|first3=W.|date=31 December 2001|title=The fate of Earth's ocean|url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/5/569/2001/|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|language=en|volume=5|issue=4|pages=569–576|doi=10.5194/hess-5-569-2001|bibcode=2001HESS....5..569B |doi-access=free |issn=1607-7938}}</ref> In about 5 billion years, the Sun will run out of [[hydrogen]] in its core. [[Nuclear fusion|Fusion]] will shift to outer layers, and the Sun will swell into a [[red giant]], about 250 times wider than today. Its size could reach 1 astronomical unit (AU), which is Earth’s current distance from the Sun. [[Mercury]] and [[Venus]] will be swallowed.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schröder|first1=K.-P.|last2=Connon Smith|first2=Robert|date=1 May 2008|title=Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|language=en|volume=386|issue=1|pages=155–163|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x |arxiv=0801.4031 |bibcode=2008MNRAS.386..155S |doi-access=free }}</ref> Earth’s fate is uncertain. The Sun will lose about 30% of its mass as strong [[stellar wind]]s blow gas into space. With less mass, the Sun’s gravity will weaken, and Earth could drift outward to about 1.7 AU, possibly safe. But other forces, like tidal pulls and drag from the Sun’s outer gases, might slow Earth down. If that happens, Earth could spiral inward and be swallowed, burning up inside the [[Sun]]. After its red giant phase, the Sun will shed its outer layers, creating a glowing [[planetary nebula]]. Its core will shrink into a [[white dwarf]], a small, dense [[star]] made mostly of [[carbon]] and [[oxygen]]. Whether Earth survives in a distant orbit or is destroyed inside the Sun is still a mystery.<ref name=":1" /> ==Gallery== {{LifeOnEarth}}{{LocationOfEarth}} ==Related pages== {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Formation and evolution of the Solar System]] * [[Age of the Earth]] * [[Geology]] * [[List of planets]] * [[Solar System]] * [[Structure of the Earth]] {{div col end}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=n}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Other websites== {{Commons|Earth}} {{wiktionary|Earth|earth}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.solarviews.com/eng/earth.htm | title = Solar Views | publisher = Calvin J. Hamilton }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.earth.nasa.gov/science/questions.html | title = Earth – Science questions | publisher = [[NASA]] | access-date = 10 October 2004 | archive-date = 10 March 2005 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050310050512/http://www.earth.nasa.gov/science/questions.html | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = https://nightsky.jpl.nasa.gov/docs/HowFast.pdf | title = Earth – Speed through space – about 1 million miles an hour<!---between 0.8 - 1.9 M mph---> | publisher = [[NASA]]}} ("[[⍌485⍍|WP discussion]]") * {{cite web | url = https://technological-sci.blogspot.com/2020/04/10-unique-feature-of-earth.html| title = 3 unique feature of earth | publisher = Technological-Sci}} * [https://citizendium.org/wiki/Earth_(planet) Earth (planet)] -Citizendium {{Solar System}} {{Regions of the world}} [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] [[Category:Earth| ]] mqc5xeu83m2pq75xa57we46owswe3m8 4 1905 10878760 10878673 2026-06-04T13:17:22Z Ravensfire 121204 Reporting [[Special:Contributions/~2026-32253-01|~2026-32253-01]]. 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[[User:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] ([[User talk:Ravensfire|talk]]) 13:17, 4 June 2026 (UTC) t32pfcaphfq6knqevc4ew1nvku00fgn 10878762 10878760 2026-06-04T13:28:06Z BarrasBot 411705 Removing resolved vandalism entries (1 removed, 1 stale, 1 remaining) 10878762 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. Examples: *"{{vandal|Bad user}}" for a vandal with the account (the user name is "Bad user") *"{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}" for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is "127.0.0.1") --> :''Please add new reports at the bottom.''</noinclude> == Current alerts == ===Bot-reported=== <!-- To clear reports made by the bot, go to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot]] and remove the entries on that page. Do not remove this template. --> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}} === User-reported === *{{vandal|~2026-32253-01}} &ndash; actions evidently indicate a vandalism-only account. Reported previously and removed when it went stale after no action. TA has continued to vandalize this wikipedia and moved into (obviously wrong) BLP violations as well. . [[User:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] ([[User talk:Ravensfire|talk]]) 13:17, 4 June 2026 (UTC) owa7uhpx8cpt4e6d4cniy1ryanny4ro 10878792 10878762 2026-06-04T14:40:05Z BarrasBot 411705 Removing resolved vandalism entries (1 removed, all done!) 10878792 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. 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Examples: *"{{vandal|Bad user}}" for a vandal with the account (the user name is "Bad user") *"{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}" for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is "127.0.0.1") --> :''Please add new reports at the bottom.''</noinclude> == Current alerts == ===Bot-reported=== <!-- To clear reports made by the bot, go to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot]] and remove the entries on that page. Do not remove this template. --> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}} === User-reported === *{{vandal|AntiWiki~enwiki}} &ndash; Cross-wiki vandalism. <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 23:48, 4 June 2026 (UTC) 2wjpk4joh5e9zyy6p8midnm85ksuhr1 10879157 10879149 2026-06-04T23:56:15Z Canadachick 1633172 /* User-reported */ 10879157 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. 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Do not remove this template. --> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}} === User-reported === *{{vandal|AntiWiki~enwiki}} &ndash; Cross-wiki vandalism. <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 23:48, 4 June 2026 (UTC) *{{vandal|JaguarsTail}} &ndash; New account created to write [[Joël Fils-Aimé (musician)]] despite numerous other accounts creating this article being currently blocked. <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 23:56, 4 June 2026 (UTC) 4ouc82ibni6ktty6j06gjvha905esxf 10879181 10879157 2026-06-05T00:46:05Z BarrasBot 411705 Removing resolved vandalism entries (1 removed, 1 remaining) 10879181 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. 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Do not remove this template. --> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}} === User-reported === *{{vandal|JaguarsTail}} &ndash; New account created to write [[Joël Fils-Aimé (musician)]] despite numerous other accounts creating this article being currently blocked. <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 23:56, 4 June 2026 (UTC) ane3mocttodmzo30q6r8l032qrigsej 10879182 10879181 2026-06-05T00:47:44Z Fr33kman 15149 /* User-reported */ Reply 10879182 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. 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'''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:47, 5 June 2026 (UTC) 4lku5fpst54kxxif2svy2f5y2kqs5z1 10879212 10879182 2026-06-05T01:15:22Z Canadachick 1633172 /* User-reported */ Reply 10879212 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. Examples: *"{{vandal|Bad user}}" for a vandal with the account (the user name is "Bad user") *"{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}" for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is "127.0.0.1") --> :''Please add new reports at the bottom.''</noinclude> == Current alerts == ===Bot-reported=== <!-- To clear reports made by the bot, go to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot]] and remove the entries on that page. Do not remove this template. --> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}} === User-reported === *{{vandal|JaguarsTail}} &ndash; New account created to write [[Joël Fils-Aimé (musician)]] despite numerous other accounts creating this article being currently blocked. <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 23:56, 4 June 2026 (UTC) *:Which blocked user is this? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:47, 5 June 2026 (UTC) *::A lot of accounts, but these are two: {{vandal|NavyBlue99}} and {{vandal|DJVoltToTheMax}}. <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 01:15, 5 June 2026 (UTC) csx2di5ed08skqbt1qphhstcu274tx9 10879213 10879212 2026-06-05T01:16:05Z BarrasBot 411705 Removing resolved vandalism entries (1 removed, all done!) 10879213 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. 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[[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:53, 5 June 2026 (UTC) 9t5hzfemmk7qtctspp6jnjanihizugn 10879437 10879334 2026-06-05T10:54:08Z BarrasBot 411705 Removing resolved vandalism entries (1 removed, 1 stale, all done!) 10879437 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. Examples: *"{{vandal|Bad user}}" for a vandal with the account (the user name is "Bad user") *"{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}" for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is "127.0.0.1") --> :''Please add new reports at the bottom.''</noinclude> == Current alerts == ===Bot-reported=== <!-- To clear reports made by the bot, go to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot]] and remove the entries on that page. Do not remove this template. --> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}} === User-reported === 1dmgp8x4m1aucd2en3qexrsxff2u9a8 10 3268 10878822 10379297 2026-06-04T16:02:19Z ~2026-32998-50 1816329 10878822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox with columns | name = Solar System | state = {{{state|{{{1<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}}}}} | title = [[Solar System]] | basestyle = text-align:center; | bodyclass = hlist | fullwidth = true | above = {{Solar System navmap}} * [[Sun]] * [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] * [[Venus]] * [[Earth]] * [[Mars]] * ''[[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]'' * [[Jupiter]] * [[Saturn]] * [[Uranus]] * [[Neptune]] * ''{{Dwarf planet link|Orcus}}'' * ''[[Pluto]]'' * ''[[Haumea]]'' * ''{{Dwarf planet link|Quaoar}}'' * ''[[Makemake]]'' * ''{{Dwarf planet link|Gonggong}}'' * ''{{Dwarf planet link|Eris}}'' * ''{{Dwarf planet link|Sedna}}'' | colwidth = 50% | col1 = {{Navbox |child | groupstyle = text-align:center; | group1 = [[Planet]]s,<br/> [[Dwarf planet|dwarf]]s, <br/> [[Minor planet|minor]]s | list1 = * [[Terrestrial planet|Terrestrial]]s ** [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] ** [[Venus]] ** [[Earth]] ** [[Mars]] * [[Giant planet|Giant]]s ** [[Gas giant|Gas]] *** [[Jupiter]] *** [[Saturn]] ** [[Ice giant|Ice]] *** [[Uranus]] *** [[Neptune]] * [[Dwarf planet|Dwarf]]s ** [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]] ** {{Dwarf planet link|Orcus}} ** [[Pluto]] ** [[Haumea]] ** {{Dwarf planet link|Quaoar}} ** [[Makemake]] ** {{Dwarf planet link|Gonggong}} ** [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]] ** {{Dwarf planet link|Sedna}} * [[Minor planet|Large Minor Planet]]s ** [[120347_Salacia|Salacia]] ** [[20000_Varuna|Varuna]] ** [[28978_Ixion|Ixion]] ** [[List of minor planets|List]] | group3 = [[Natural satellite|Moon]]s | list3 = * Earth ** [[Moon]] *** [[Claimed moons of Earth|Claimed]] * [[Moons of Mars|Mars]] ** [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] ** [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]] * [[Moons of Jupiter|Jupiter]] ** [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]] ** [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]] ** [[Io (moon)|Io]] ** [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] * [[Moons of Saturn|Saturn]] ** [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] ** [[Rhea (moon)|Rhea]] ** [[Iapetus (moon)|Iapetus]] ** [[Dione (moon)|Dione]] ** [[Tethys (moon)|Tethys]] ** [[Enceladus]] ** [[Mimas]] ** [[Hyperion (moon)|Hyperion]] ** [[Phoebe (moon)|Phoebe]] * [[Moons of Uranus|Uranus]] ** [[Titania (moon)|Titania]] ** [[Oberon (moon)|Oberon]] ** [[Umbriel]] ** [[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]] ** [[Miranda (moon)|Miranda]] * [[Moons of Neptune|Neptune]] ** [[Triton (moon)|Triton]] ** [[Proteus (moon)|Proteus]] ** [[Nereid (moon)|Nereid]] * [[Moons of Pluto|Pluto]] ** [[Charon (moon)|Charon]] ** [[Nix (moon)|Nix]] ** [[Hydra (moon)|Hydra]] ** [[Kerberos (moon)|Kerberos]] ** [[Styx (moon)|Styx]] * [[Orcus (dwarf planet)|Orcus]] ** [[Vanth (moon)|Vanth]] * [[Moons of Haumea|Haumea]] ** [[Hiʻiaka (moon)|Hiʻiaka]] ** [[Namaka (moon)|Namaka]] * {{Dwarf planet link|Quaoar}} ** [[Weywot]] * [[Makemake]] ** [[S/2015 (136472) 1]] * {{Dwarf planet link|Gonggong}} ** [[Xiangliu (moon)|Xiangliu]] * [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]] ** [[Dysnomia (moon)|Dysnomia]] | group6 = [[Space exploration|Exploration]]<br/>([[Outline of space exploration|outline]]) | list6 = * [[Space colonization|Colonization]] * [[Discovery and exploration of the Solar System|Discovery]] ** [[astronomy]] ** [[Historical models of the Solar System|historical models]] ** [[Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons|timeline]] * [[Space probe]]s ** [[Timeline of Solar System exploration|timeline]] ** [[List of Solar System probes|list]] * [[Human spaceflight]] ** [[space station]]s ** [[List of crewed spacecraft|list]] ** [[Human spaceflight programs|programs]] * [[Exploration of Mercury|Mercury]] * [[Observations and explorations of Venus|Venus]] * [[Exploration of the Moon|Moon]] ** [[Lunar resources|mining]] * [[Exploration of Mars|Mars]] * [[Ceres (dwarf planet)#Exploration|Ceres]] * [[Asteroid#Exploration|Asteroids]] ** [[Asteroid mining|mining]] * [[List of missions to comets|Comets]] * [[Exploration of Jupiter|Jupiter]] * [[Exploration of Saturn|Saturn]] * [[Exploration of Uranus|Uranus]] * [[Exploration of Neptune|Neptune]] * [[Exploration of Pluto|Pluto]] * [[Deep space exploration|Deep space]] | group8 = [[List of hypothetical Solar System objects|Hypothetical </br>objects]] | list8 = * [[Claimed moons of Earth#Other claims|Bagby's moon]] * [[Chiron (hypothetical moon)|Chiron]] * [[Coatlicue (star)|Coatlicue]] * [[Counter-Earth]] * [[Chrysalis (hypothetical moon)|Chrysalis]] * [[Fifth Giant]] * [[Hyperion (hypothetical planet)|Hyperion]] * [[Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience#Lilith|Lilith]] * [[Hypothetical moon of Mercury|Mercury's moon]] * [[Neith (hypothetical moon)|Neith]] * [[Nemesis (hypothetical star)|Nemesis]] * [[Nibiru cataclysm|Nibiru]] * [[Claimed moons of Earth#Petit's moon|Petit's moon]] * [[Phaeton (hypothetical planet)|Phaeton]] * [[Planet Nine]] * [[Planets beyond Neptune#Kuiper cliff and "Planet Ten"|Planet Ten]] * [[Planet V]] * [[Planets beyond Neptune#Planet X|Planet X]] * [[Subsatellite]]s * [[Oxeiah(hypothetical planet]] * [[Synestia#Giant-impact hypothesis|Synestia]] * [[Theia (hypothetical planet)|Theia]] * [[Themis (hypothetical moon)|Themis]] * [[Tyche (hypothetical planet)|Tyche]] * [[Vulcan (hypothetical planet)|Vulcan]] **[[Vulcanoid]]s * [[Claimed moons of Earth#Waltemath's moons|Waltemath's moons]] | group9 = Lists | list9 = * [[Lists of comets|Comets]] * [[List of possible dwarf planets|Possible dwarf planets]] * [[List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System|Gravitationally rounded objects]] * [[List of minor planets|Minor planets]] * [[List of natural satellites|Natural satellites]] * [[Solar System model|Solar System models]] * [[List of Solar System objects|Solar System objects]] ** [[List of Solar System objects by size|by size]] ** [[Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons|by discovery date]] * [[List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules|Interstellar and circumstellar molecules]] }} | col2 = {{Navbox |child | groupstyle = text-align: center; | group4 = [[Ring system|Ring]]s | list4 = * [[Ring_system#Ring systems of planets|Planetary]] ** [[Rings of Jupiter|Jovian]] ** [[Rings of Saturn|Saturnian]]&nbsp;([[Rings of Rhea|Rhean]]?) ** [[Rings of Uranus|Uranian]] ** [[Rings of Neptune|Neptunian]] * [[Ring_system#Rings systems of minor planets and moons|Minor objects']] ** [[Rings of Chariklo|Charikloan]] ** [[2060 Chiron#Rings|Chironean]] ** [[Haumea#Ring|Haumean]] ** [[Quaoar#Rings|Quaoarian]] | group5 = [[Formation and evolution of the Solar System|Formation,<br/>evolution]], <br/> contents, <br/> and <br/> [[History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses|History]] | list5 = * [[Star formation]] * [[Accretion (astrophysics)|Accretion]] * [[Accretion disk]] ** [[Accretion disk#Excretion disk|Excretion]] * [[History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses#Capture hypothesis|Capture theory]] ** [[Capture of Triton]] * [[Circumplanetary disk]] * [[Circumstellar disc]] * [[Circumstellar envelope]] * [[Coatlicue (star)|Coatlicue]] * [[Co-orbital configuration]] ** [[Co-orbital configuration#Trojan_moons|Trojan_moons]] ** [[Co-orbital configuration#Co-orbital moons|Co-orbital moons]] * [[Cosmic dust]] * [[Debris disk]] * [[Detached object]] * [[Ice giant#Disk instability|Disk instability]] * [[Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer|EXCEDE]] * [[Exozodiacal dust]] * [[Extraterrestrial materials]] ** [[Extraterrestrial sample curation|Curation]] ** [[Sample-return mission]] * [[Frost line (astrophysics)|Frost/Ice/Snow line]] * [[Giant-impact hypothesis|Giant-impact hypothesis]] * [[Grand tack hypothesis]] * [[Gravitational collapse]] * [[Hills cloud]] * [[Hill sphere]] * [[Interplanetary dust cloud]] * [[Interplanetary medium|Interplanetary medium/space]] * [[Interstellar cloud]] * [[Interstellar medium]] * [[Outer space#Interstellar space|Interstellar space]] * [[Kordylewski cloud]] * [[Kuiper belt]] * [[Kuiper cliff]] * [[Late Heavy Bombardment]] * [[Molecular cloud]] * [[Nebular hypothesis]] * [[Nice model]] ** [[Nice 2 model]] ** [[Five-planet Nice model]] * [[Oort cloud]] * [[Outer space]] * [[Planet]] ** [[Disrupted planet|Disrupted]] ** [[Planetary migration|Migration]] ** [[Planetary system|System]] ** [[Planetesimal]] ** [[Nebular hypothesis#Formation of planets|Formation]] *** [[Stellar collision#Formation of planets|Merging stars]] ** [[Protoplanetary disk]] * [[Ring system]] * [[Roche limit]] ** [[Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet|vs. Hill sphere]] * [[Rubble pile]] * [[Scattered disc]] | group7 = [[Small Solar System body|Small<br/>Solar<br/>System<br/>bodies]] | list7 = * [[Asteroid belt]] * [[Asteroid]]s ** [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]] ** [[4 Vesta|Vesta]] ** [[2 Pallas|Pallas]] ** [[10 Hygiea|Hygiea]] ** [[Active asteroid|active]] ** [[List of minor planets|List]] ** [[Asteroid family|families]] ** [[Potentially hazardous object|PHA]] ** [[List of exceptional asteroids|exceptional]] ** [[Kirkwood gap]] * [[Centaur (small Solar System body)|Centaur]]s * [[Comet]]s * [[Damocloid]]s * [[Meteoroid]]s * [[Minor planet]]s ** [[Meanings of minor-planet names|names and meanings]] ** [[Minor-planet moon|moons]] * [[Planetesimal]] * Planetary orbit-crossers ** [[List of Mercury-crossing minor planets|Mercury]] ** [[List of Venus-crossing minor planets|Venus]] ** [[List of Earth-crossing asteroids|Earth]] ** [[List of Mars-crossing minor planets|Mars]] ** [[List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets|Jupiter]] ** [[List of Saturn-crossing minor planets|Saturn]] ** [[List of Uranus-crossing minor planets|Uranus]] ** [[List of Neptune-crossing minor planets|Neptune]] * [[Trojan (celestial body)|Trojans]] ** [[2013 ND15|Venus]] ** [[Earth trojan|Earth]] ** [[Mars trojan|Mars]] ** [[Jupiter trojan|Jupiter]] *** [[List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)|Trojan camp]] *** [[List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)|Greek camp]] ** [[2019 UO14|Saturn]] ** [[Uranus trojans|Uranus]] ** [[Neptune trojan|Neptune]] * [[Near-Earth object]]s ** [[Near-Earth object#Near-Earth asteroids|NEAs]] * [[Trans-Neptunian object]]s ** [[Kuiper belt]] *** [[Classical Kuiper belt object|Cubewanos]] *** [[Plutino]]s ** [[Detached object]]s ** [[Sednoid]]s ** [[Scattered disc]] ** [[Hills cloud]] ** [[Oort cloud]] | group10 = Related | list10 = * [[Double planet]] * [[Lagrange point]] * [[Moonlet]] * [[Syzygy (astronomy)|Syzygy]] * [[Tidal locking]] }} | belowstyle = padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em; | below = }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> bu4c7hvvb73m5z2yqhyeg29q39r3bui 0 3926 10878853 10870828 2026-06-04T16:43:27Z LaurenIpsumDolores 1797172 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 10878853 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Area''' is the amount of [[Space (physics)|space]] a [[two dimensional]] (flat) surface takes up. It is useful because it is how much of a [[material]] is needed to make a hollow container. Area is the amount of surface covered by a close object or shape. Some units used to measure area are [[square foot]], [[square mile]], [[square metre]] and [[square kilometre]]. The area of a planar figure is often written as <math>A</math>.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-04-17|title=List of Geometry and Trigonometry Symbols|url=https://mathvault.ca/hub/higher-math/math-symbols/geometry-trigonometry-symbols/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-24|website=Math Vault|language=en-US}}</ref> Areas of regular shapes such as [[square]], [[rectangle]], [[triangle]] and [[circle]] can be calculated through [[Scientific method|formulas]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Area - Math Open Reference|url=https://www.mathopenref.com/area.html|access-date=2020-09-24|website=www.mathopenref.com}}</ref> The area of an irregular shape can be approximated through grid or graph paper.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Area?|url=https://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/area.html|access-date=2020-09-24|website=www.mathsisfun.com}}</ref> One can use different [[formula]]s to find the area of different [[shape]]s. For example:<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Polygon area formula.jpg|thumb|Formula to calculate the area of a [[Polygon]]]] * The area of a [[rectangle]] is the [[length]] of any two touching sides [[multiply|multiplied]] together. In other words, length times width. * The area of a [[triangle]] is half of the product of the base and the [[perpendicular]] height. In other words, <math>A = \tfrac{1}{2} bh</math>. * The area of a [[circle]]: <math>A = \pi r^2</math> The area of a flat object is related to the [[surface area]] and [[volume]] of a three-dimensional object. The area under a [[curve]] can be found using [[integral|integration]], a concept from [[calculus]]. == Perimeter and Area == [[File:Perimeter And Area - Fixed Perimeter.png|thumb|Six shapes with a fixed perimeter...]] As demonstrated with honeycombs, the best shape to have when you want plenty of area with little [[perimeter]] is the circle, with the [[hexagon]] being a good alternative. [[File:Perimeter And Area - Fixed Area.png|thumb|...and shapes with an (almost) fixed area.]] If you want a lot of perimeter and just a little area, simply make the shape into a square, then make it twice as long and half as wide. == Related pages == * [[Mu (unit of area)]] == References == <references /> {{Math-stub}} [[Category:Geometry]] [[Category:Size]] 6wdcj32xeu425z57ze7wj2mes7ciulz 0 5013 10878880 10876477 2026-06-04T17:44:58Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* Government */ 10878880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox province or territory of Canada | name = Manitoba | other_name = {{native name|cr|Manitou-wapow}}<br />{{native name|oj|Manidoobaa}} | settlement_type = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]] | image_flag = Flag of Manitoba.svg | flag_alt = A red flag with a large Union Jack in the upper left corner and a shield, consisting of St. George's Cross over a left-facing bison standing on a rock, on the right side | image_shield = Coat of arms of Manitoba.svg | shield_alt = A central shield showing a bison standing on a rock, under a St George's Cross. On top of the shield sits a helmet decorated with a red and white billowing veil. On top of the helmet sits a beaver with a crown on its back, holding a [[prairie crocus]]. To the right of the shield is a rearing white unicorn wearing a collar of white and green maple leaves, from which hangs a green cart-wheel pendant. To the left of the shield is a rearing white horse wearing a collar of Indian beadwork, from which hangs a green cycle of life medallion. The animals and shield stand on a mound, with a wheat field beneath the unicorn, prairie crocuses beneath the shield, and spruces beneath the horse. Beneath the mound are white and blue waves, under which is an orange scroll bearing the words "GLORIOSUS ET LIBER" | motto = {{langx|la|Gloriosus et Liber}}<br />''"Glorious and free"'' | image_map = Manitoba in Canada 2.svg | map_alt = Map showing Manitoba's location in the centre of Southern Canada | Label_map = yes | coordinates = {{Coord|55|N|97|W|type:adm1st_scale:30000000_region:CA-MB|notes=<ref>{{Cite cgndb|GBGYI|Manitoba}}</ref>|display=inline,title}} | capital = [[Winnipeg]] | largest_city = [[Winnipeg]] | largest_metro = [[Winnipeg Metropolitan Region|Winnipeg Region]] | official_lang = [[English language|English]]<ref>{{cite web | title = The legal context of Canada's official languages | publisher = University of Ottawa | url = https://slmc.uottawa.ca/?q=english_french_legal | accessdate = 7 March 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171010214715/https://slmc.uottawa.ca/?q=english_french_legal | archive-date = 10 October 2017 }}</ref> | government_type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary constitutional monarchy]] | Viceroy = [[Anita Neville]] | ViceroyType = Lieutenant Governor | Premier = [[Wab Kinew]] | PremierParty = [[New Democratic Party of Manitoba|New Democrat]] | Legislature = Legislative Assembly of Manitoba | area_rank = 8th | area_total_km2 = 647797 | area_land_km2 = 553556 | area_water_km2 = 94241 | area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-402-x/2010000/chap/geo/tbl/tbl07-eng.htm|title=Land and freshwater area, by province and territory|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=25 August 2023}}</ref> | PercentWater = 15.6 | population_demonym = Manitoban | population_rank = 5th | population_total = 1342153<ref name=2021census>{{cite web|publisher=Statistics Canada|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Manitoba&DGUIDlist=2021A000246&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0|title=Data table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – Manitoba|accessdate=February 9, 2022|archive-date=10 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210045722/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Manitoba&DGUIDlist=2021A000246&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0}}</ref> | population_as_of = [[2021 Canadian census|2021]] | population_est = 1507057 <!-- Latest StatCan quarterly estimate only. --> | pop_est_as_of = 2025 Q4 | pop_est_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 17, 2025 |title=Population estimates, quarterly |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |access-date=December 17, 2025 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217211652/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |archive-date=December 17, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> | DensityRank = 8th | Density_km2 = 2.3<ref name=census2011>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=101&S=50&O=A|title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses|publisher=Statistics Canada|date=8 February 2012|archivedate=7 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107044952/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=101&S=50&O=A%20}}</ref> | GDP_year = 2015 | GDP_total = C$65.862&nbsp;billion<ref name=GDP2011>{{cite web | url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ15-eng.htm | title=Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory (2015) | publisher=Statistics Canada | date=9 November 2016 | url-status=live| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919211233/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ15-eng.htm | archivedate=19 September 2012}}</ref> | GDP_rank = 6th | GDP_per_capita = C$50,820 | GDP_per_capita_rank = 9th | Former = Red River Colony | AdmittanceOrder = 5th, with [[Northwest Territories]] | AdmittanceDate = 15 July 1870<ref>{{cite book |author=Brawn, Dale |title=The Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba, 1870–1950: A Biographical History |date=2006 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-9225-0 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJKthp0H6GAC }}</ref> | HouseSeats = 14 | SenateSeats = 6 | timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone|Central]] | utc_offset1 = −6 | timezone1_DST = [[Central Time Zone|Central DST]] | utc_offset1_DST = −5 }} '''Manitoba''' is a province of [[Canada]] that is located roughly in the centre of the country. Manitoba is Canada's 6th-largest province, with an area of {{convert|647797|km2}}. It has the 5th-largest number of people, at 1,507,057 in 2025, and its people are called "Manitobans". Manitoba borders the Canadian provinces of [[Saskatchewan]] and [[Ontario]], the Canadian territories of [[Nunavut]] and the [[Northwest Territories]], and the U.S. states of [[North Dakota]] and [[Minnesota]]. == History == People have been living in Manitoba for thousands of years. Both the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] from [[England]] and many people from [[France]] moved to Manitoba during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. Manitobabecame part of the [[Northwest Territories]] in 1869. The [[Red River Rebellion]], which was started by [[Louis Riel]], began there. Manitoba became part of Canada on 12 May 1870. The province then included only the southern part, which is near the [[United States]], until parts of the Northwest Territories were later added. == Government == The capital of Manitoba is [[Winnipeg, Manitoba|Winnipeg]]. Other large cities in Manitoba include [[Brandon, Manitoba|Brandon]], [[Steinbach, Manitoba|Steinbach]], [[Thompson, Manitoba|Thompson]], and [[Portage la Prairie]]. The people of Manitoba elect a legislature. The leader of the government, who is called the [[premier]], is the leader of the largest party in the legislature. There is also a [[Lieutenant Governor|lieutenant governor]], who represents the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]]. The main [[Political party|political parties]] in Manitoba are the [[New Democratic Party]], the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba|Progressive Conservative Party]], and the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]]. == Provincial symbols == * Mammal - [[American bison]] * Bird - [[Great grey owl]] * Fish - [[Walleye]] * Flower - [[Prairie crocus]] * Tree - [[White spruce tree|White spruce]] * Fossil - [[Tylosaurus|Tylosaurus pembinesis]] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{sisterlinks|Manitoba}} {{wikivoyage|Manitoba}} * {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/Canada/Manitoba}} {{Provinces and territories of Canada}} {{canada-stub}} [[Category:Manitoba| ]] [[Category:1870 establishments in North America]] [[Category:1870s establishments in Canada]] iayyp3buc5kabreyabm8kh5nkkrzmc4 0 5675 10878842 10870894 2026-06-04T16:33:56Z ~2026-33003-60 1816343 his real name btw 10878842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Johannes Gutenberg]] '''Johannes Carlo Reambilio Gutenberg''' (more commonly known as '''Johannes Gutenberg''') (1390s – 3 February 1468), was a [[Germany|German]] metal-worker and [[inventor]]. He is famous for his work in [[printing]] in the 1450s, and is specifically known for inventing [[typography]]. Gutenberg was born in [[Mainz]], Germany, as the son of a merchant, Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden. Gutenberg's father took the surname "zum Gutenberg" after the name of the place they now lived. Gutenberg invented a sort of metal [[alloy]] for printing; [[ink]]s; a way to fix [[type]] (metal letters) very accurately; and a new sort of [[printing press]]. He took the idea tung tung for his printing press from the presses wine-makers used. Many people say Gutenberg invented printing with moveable type, but it was already invented in [[China]] before that: see [[printing]]. Before movable type, people used block printing, where the printer prints a whole [[page]] from one piece of metal or [[wood]]. With movable type, the printer makes a [[Alphabet|letter]] (A, B, C ...) from a piece of metal or wood, and can use it again and again in different words. Together, all Gutenberg's inventions made printing fast. In [[Renaissance]] Europe, the improved [[information technology]] made an information explosion – in a short time, people printed many new books about many topics. [[File:Gutenberg Bible.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Gutenberg Bible]] The high number of new books was partly because of the popular [[Bible]] Gutenberg printed – the [[Gutenberg Bible]]. This was the first Bible people made in large numbers; Gutenberg started on 23 February 1455. Gutenberg was not a clever businessman, and did not get much money from his system. He had [[law|legal]] problems, and lost his machines to his partner, Johann Fust. The Archbishop at the time sympathized with Gutenberg because of his contributions to society, so told him that he would receive a pension each year with clothes, wine, and grain.<ref>Kratoville, Betty Lou. ''Johannes Gutenberg''. Novato, California: High Noon Books, 2000. Print.</ref> Gutenberg died in Mainz, Germany, in 1468. In his lifetime Gutenberg was not successful, but his invention was very important. In a short time, news and books were traveling around Europe very fast. Scientists could communicate better, which helped bring the [[scientific revolution]] and new [[technology]]. More Europeans, not just [[priest|priests]], [[scribe|scribes]] and [[scholar|scholars]], learned to [[reading|read]].<ref>Chappell W. & Bringhurst R. ''A short history of the printed word''. Hartley & Marks, Vancouver.</ref> Today, there are still 60 Gutenberg Bibles. They are most likely the oldest books that printers made with moveable type. The ''Gutenberg Galaxy'' and [[Project Gutenberg]] use Gutenberg's name. The city of [[Guttenberg, Iowa]] in the [[United States]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=7363 |title=Guttenberg, Iowa City Information |accessdate=7 September 2009 |format= |work=Epodunk |archive-date=7 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407061804/http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=7363 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gutenberg, Johannes}} [[Category:1390s births]] [[Category:1468 deaths]] [[Category:German inventors]] [[Category:People from Mainz]] [[Category:German publishers]] {{bio-stub}} 99xt1pfs7kgpqtvfp6czcdc605pgn3s 10878843 10878842 2026-06-04T16:34:53Z Henri Aja 1041406 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33003-60|~2026-33003-60]] ([[User talk:~2026-33003-60|talk]]) to last version by ~2026-31466-17 10870894 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Johannes Gutenberg]] '''Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg''' (more commonly known as '''Johannes Gutenberg''') (1390s – 3 February 1468), was a [[Germany|German]] metal-worker and [[inventor]]. He is famous for his work in [[printing]] in the 1450s, and is specifically known for inventing [[typography]]. Gutenberg was born in [[Mainz]], Germany, as the son of a merchant, Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden. Gutenberg's father took the surname "zum Gutenberg" after the name of the place they now lived. Gutenberg invented a sort of metal [[alloy]] for printing; [[ink]]s; a way to fix [[type]] (metal letters) very accurately; and a new sort of [[printing press]]. He took the idea tung tung for his printing press from the presses wine-makers used. Many people say Gutenberg invented printing with moveable type, but it was already invented in [[China]] before that: see [[printing]]. Before movable type, people used block printing, where the printer prints a whole [[page]] from one piece of metal or [[wood]]. With movable type, the printer makes a [[Alphabet|letter]] (A, B, C ...) from a piece of metal or wood, and can use it again and again in different words. Together, all Gutenberg's inventions made printing fast. In [[Renaissance]] Europe, the improved [[information technology]] made an information explosion – in a short time, people printed many new books about many topics. [[File:Gutenberg Bible.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Gutenberg Bible]] The high number of new books was partly because of the popular [[Bible]] Gutenberg printed – the [[Gutenberg Bible]]. This was the first Bible people made in large numbers; Gutenberg started on 23 February 1455. Gutenberg was not a clever businessman, and did not get much money from his system. He had [[law|legal]] problems, and lost his machines to his partner, Johann Fust. The Archbishop at the time sympathized with Gutenberg because of his contributions to society, so told him that he would receive a pension each year with clothes, wine, and grain.<ref>Kratoville, Betty Lou. ''Johannes Gutenberg''. Novato, California: High Noon Books, 2000. Print.</ref> Gutenberg died in Mainz, Germany, in 1468. In his lifetime Gutenberg was not successful, but his invention was very important. In a short time, news and books were traveling around Europe very fast. Scientists could communicate better, which helped bring the [[scientific revolution]] and new [[technology]]. More Europeans, not just [[priest|priests]], [[scribe|scribes]] and [[scholar|scholars]], learned to [[reading|read]].<ref>Chappell W. & Bringhurst R. ''A short history of the printed word''. Hartley & Marks, Vancouver.</ref> Today, there are still 60 Gutenberg Bibles. They are most likely the oldest books that printers made with moveable type. The ''Gutenberg Galaxy'' and [[Project Gutenberg]] use Gutenberg's name. The city of [[Guttenberg, Iowa]] in the [[United States]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=7363 |title=Guttenberg, Iowa City Information |accessdate=7 September 2009 |format= |work=Epodunk |archive-date=7 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407061804/http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=7363 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gutenberg, Johannes}} [[Category:1390s births]] [[Category:1468 deaths]] [[Category:German inventors]] [[Category:People from Mainz]] [[Category:German publishers]] {{bio-stub}} 3c921hzeowsegi1d1w3h1o0zmys7dai 0 6285 10878796 10645578 2026-06-04T14:48:18Z ~2026-33321-35 1816282 remove rcats for less than one minute so I can readd them 10878796 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[United States]] ju80gui3dho5bw70q7obfkdmjkt1i7c 10878797 10878796 2026-06-04T14:48:46Z ~2026-33321-35 1816282 ISO 3166 10878797 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[United States]] {{redirect category shell| {{R from ISO 3166 code}} }} e1rreb4vymqhh40fkwsno2fellxfp4l 0 6351 10878794 10769545 2026-06-04T14:43:47Z ~2026-33321-35 1816282 thinsp not , -- Joshua 10878794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | coordinates = {{Coord|4|35|N|74|4|W|type:city}} | leader_name2 = [[Francia Márquez]] | leader_name3 = [[Lidio García Turbay]] | leader_name4 = [[Iván Mauricio Lenis ]] | conventional_long_name = Republic of Colombia | native_name = {{native name|es|República de Colombia}} | image_flag = Flag of Colombia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Colombia.svg | common_name = Colombia | national_motto = {{Native name|es|"Libertad y Orden"|italics=off|nolink=yes}} | englishmotto = {{small|"Freedom and Order"}} | national_anthem = {{Native name|es|[[National Anthem of Colombia|Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia]]|nolink=yes}}<br /><small>({{Lang-en|"National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia"}})</small><div style="padding-top:0.5em;">[[File:United States Navy Band - ¡Oh, gloria inmarcesible!.ogg|center]]</div> | image_map = COL orthographic (San Andrés and Providencia special).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=[[South America]] |region_color= grey }} | image_map2 = Colombia - Location Map (2013) - COL - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Bogotá]] | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | recognized_regional_languages = 68 indigenous languages{{ref label|iboxa|a|}} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 45% [[Mestizo]] | 20% [[White people|White/Castizo]] | 20% [[Mulatto]] | 10% [[Afro-Colombian]] | 5% [[Amerindian]] }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2005<ref name = "grupos étnicos">{{cite web|title= visibilización estadística de los grupos étnicos|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/etnia/sys/visibilidad_estadistica_etnicos.pdf|work=Censo General 2005|publisher=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE)|accessdate=15 June 2013 }} </ref><ref name="The Society and Its Environment">{{cite book|last1=Bushnell |first1=David |last2=Hudson |first2=Rex A. |year=2010 |title=The Society and Its Environment; Colombia: a country study |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Colombia.pdf |pages=87, 92 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.}}</ref> | demonym = [[Colombians|Colombian]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitutional]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Colombia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Gustavo Petro]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Colombia|Vice President]] | leader_title3 = [[President of the Congress of Colombia|President of the Congress]] | leader_title4 = [[Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia|President of the Supreme Court]] | legislature = [[Congress of Colombia|Congress]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Colombia|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Chamber of Representatives of Colombia|Chamber of Representatives]] | established_event1 = [[Colombian Declaration of Independence|Declared]] | sovereignty_type = Independence {{nobold|from [[Spain]]}} | established_event2 = Recognized | established_date1 = July 20, 1810 | established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Colombian Constitution of 1991|Current constitution]]}} | established_date2 = August 7, 1819 | established_event3 = Last unitarisation | established_date4 = July 4, 1991 | established_date3 = 1886 | area_km2 = 1&thinsp;141&thinsp;748 | area_rank = 25th | area_sq_mi = 440&thinsp;831 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 8.8 (17th) | population_estimate = 52&thinsp;156&thinsp;254<ref>{{cite web|title=Proyecciones de Población DANE|access-date=28 October 2022|publisher=[[National Administrative Department of Statistics (Colombia)]]|url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/proyecciones-de-poblacion/Nacional/anexo-proyecciones-poblacion-NacionalArea2018_2070.xlsx|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028061329/https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/proyecciones-de-poblacion/Nacional/anexo-proyecciones-poblacion-NacionalArea2018_2070.xlsx|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 27th | population_density_km2 = 42.23 | population_density_rank = 173rd | population_density_sq_mi = 105.72<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | GDP_PPP = $791.995&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url= https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=55&pr.y=5&sy=2019&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=233&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database: Colombia |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date= October 2018|accessdate= 15 February 2019}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_rank = 31st | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $15&thinsp;719<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $355.163&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_rank = 32nd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $7049<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 49.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="socio-economic policies">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=CO |title= GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher= World Bank |accessdate= 6 April 2019}}</ref> | HDI = 0.747 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2017<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://www.hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf |title=2018 Human Development Statistical Update |year=2018 |accessdate=16 September 2018 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |archive-date=14 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914165751/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 90th | currency = [[Colombian peso|Peso]] | currency_code = COP | time_zone = [[Time in Colombia|COT]] | utc_offset = −5{{ref label|iboxb|b|}} | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd−mm−yyyy (CE) | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+57]] | cctld = [[.co]] | footnote_a = {{note|iboxa}}Although the Colombian Constitution specifies Spanish (''Castellano'') as the official language in all Colombian territory, other languages spoken in the country by ethnic groups – approximately 68 languages – each is also official in its own territory.<ref> Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title I – Concerning Fundamental Principles – Article 10)</ref> English is also official in the [[archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina]].<ref name="LEY47DE1993"> {{cite web|url= http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=2780|title= Ley 47 de 1993|publisher= alcaldiabogota.gov.co|language= Spanish|accessdate= 23 February 2014}}</ref> | footnote_b = {{note|iboxb}}The official Colombian time<ref>{{cite web|url= http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/|title= The official Colombian time|publisher= horalegal.inm.gov.co|language= Spanish|accessdate= 23 February 2014|archive-date= 9 February 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140209074753/http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/|url-status= dead}}</ref> is controlled and coordinated by the National Institute of Metrology.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/decreto_4175_2011.html|title= Decreto 4175 de 2011, artículo 6, numeral 14|publisher= Presidencia de la República de Colombia|language= Spanish|accessdate= 14 March 2016|archive-date= 15 April 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160415083653/http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/decreto_4175_2011.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> }} Colombia officially the '''Republic of Colombia''', is a tropical [[equator]]ial country in northern [[South America]]. It is in the northwest part of the continent, and it has an area of 1&thinsp;141&thinsp;748&nbsp;km² (440&thinsp;839&nbsp;sq mi). It is the only South American country with coasts on the [[Pacific Ocean]] and the [[Caribbean Sea]]. The countries that have borders on the continent with Colombia are: [[Venezuela]] (east), [[Brazil]] (southeast), [[Peru]] (south), [[Ecuador]] (southwest) and [[Panama]] (west). The countries that have borders with Colombia on the sea are: [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Jamaica]], [[Haiti]] and [[Dominican Republic]]. More than 51 [[million]] people live in Colombia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018: ¿Cuántos somos?|url=https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/censo-nacional-de-poblacion-y-vivenda-2018/cuantos-somos|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-02-06|website=Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística – DANE|publisher=Gobierno de Colombia|language=es}}</ref> It is the third most populated country in Latin America after [[Mexico]] and [[Brazil]]. The [[Capital (city)|capital]] of Colombia is [[Bogotá]]. The second city is [[Medellín]], a large industrial center. The third largest city is [[Cali]], home to many multinational companies. The most important city of the country on the Caribbean coast is [[Barranquilla]]. It was also the first national port. [[Cartagena de Indias]] has a great Spanish wall from the 17th Century and an old town with 500-year-old buildings. After these cities comes [[Bucaramanga]], a large city near the Venezuelan border, and the center of the textile industry in Colombia. == Meaning == The word "''Colombia''" is named after [[Christopher Columbus]], the explorer who began the European colonization of [[the Americas]]. In 1819, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama declared [[independence]] from [[Spain]], and formed a country called "''[[Gran Colombia]]''". Venezuela and Ecuador separated in 1830. Panama continued to be part of Colombia until 1903, at which point it proclaimed independence. The official language is [[Spanish language|Spanish]], but there are many languages spoken by minorities that are official in local jurisdictions. == History == [[File:Columbus Taking Possession.jpg|left|thumb|300px|[[Christopher Columbus]] came to America leading the Spanish. He gave the name of "Colombia" to what is today "America".]] === Before the Spanish === The land where Colombia now stands has been home to people for more than 20&thinsp;000&nbsp;years. The first people had many groups, cultures, and languages. There are many tools, caves, and things of those peoples. In Colombia, the peoples were similar to those of [[Asia]], because scientists say that the first people came to [[Americas|America]] from [[Siberia]] or southeast [[Asia]] more than 50&thinsp;000&nbsp;years ago. The peoples of Colombia were called Arawak, Caribe, and Chibcha, but there were many other groups. The most famous were the Muiscas. legend of El Dorado comes from the Muiscas. The king of the Muiscas used to bathe in Lake Guatavita and he used a lot of gold for his bath. The Spanish heard about this, and the people told them that there was a great golden city somewhere. They started to look for El Dorado. The International Airport of Bogotá is called El Dorado International Airport, because the legend was born in Colombia. The descendants of the first peoples of Colombia live integrated with others. Some groups live in the forest, but many live in the countryside and in the cities. === The colony === The Spanish, led by [[Christopher Columbus|Christopher Colombus]], first came to [[Americas|the Americas]] in 1492. Columbus saw the coasts of [[Venezuela]], Colombia and [[Panama]] and he gave them his own name. But [[Alonso de Ojeda]] was the first colonist to explore the area of the Gulf of Darién. After that, the Spanish founded the first European cities on the American continent: [[Santa Marta]] in 1525 and [[Cartagena de Indias]] in 1533. It was from Colombia that the Spanish conquered the [[Incas]] of [[Peru]]. Spain would [[Slavery|enslave]] the [[indigenous peoples]] who were already living there, but they also used the [[port]] they built at Cartagena to bring many [[Black people|black]] slaves from [[Africa]] into the area. The Spanish captured many, many people from Africa and forced them to work on [[plantation]]s and [[ranch]]es, in [[Mining|mines]], and as personal servants.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.openedition.org/obp/2241|title=From Dust to Digital : Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme|last1=Landers|first1=Jane|last2=Gómez|first2=Pablo|last3=Acuña|first3=José Polo|last4=Campbell|first4=Courtney J.|date=2016-11-29|publisher=Open Book Publishers|isbn=978-2-8218-7626-2|editor-last=Kominko|editor-first=Maja|series=OBP collection|location=Cambridge|pages=259–292|language=en|chapter=Researching the history of slavery in Colombia and Brazil through ecclesiastical and notarial archives}}</ref> While this was happening, they founded the city of [[Popayán]] in 1536 and they conquered the ''Confederation of the Muiscas''. In Bacatá, the capital of the Muiscas, the Spanish founded the city of [[Bogotá|Santa Fe]] in 1538. In 1550 the Spanish declared the territory as a colony and its capital was ''Santa Fe de Bogotá'', but in the first decades it depended on [[Peru]]. Soon after, it was declared a Viceroyalty. === Independence === On November 11, 1810, the city of [[Cartagena de Indias]] declared its independence from [[Spain]]. The whole region would fight a war to become independent, led by people like [[Antonio Nariño]] and [[Simón Bolívar]]. Nariño was one of the most important leaders in the war for the independence of Colombia. He was a politician, journalist and soldier. Bolivar was another important leader, and he was a president and a colonel. Bolivar had promised [[Alexandre Pétion]], the president of [[Haiti]], that he would [[Abolitionism|abolish]] slavery during his independence war. But he only agreed because he was afraid the slaves would revolt against the slaveowners, [[Haitian Revolution|like they did in Haiti]], and only freed slaves if they agreed to fight in his army.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Helg|first=Aline|date=June 2012|title=Simón Bolívar's Republic: a bulwark against the "Tyranny" of the Majority|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0104-44782012000200004&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|journal=Revista de Sociologia e Política|language=en|volume=20|issue=42|pages=21–37|doi=10.1590/S0104-44782012000200004|issn=0104-4478}}</ref> He never freed all the slaves, and slavery was not abolished in Colombia until 1851.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brooke|first=James|date=1994-03-29|title=Long Neglected, Colombia's Blacks Win Changes|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/29/world/long-neglected-colombia-s-blacks-win-changes.html|access-date=2020-10-28|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Geography== The geography of Colombia has six main natural regions, Each has its own unique characteristics. The [[Andes|Andes mountain]] region shares borders with [[Ecuador]] and [[Venezuela]]. The [[Pacific Coast]] region shares borders with [[Panama]] and [[Ecuador]]. The [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean coastal]] region shares borders with Venezuela and Panama. The ''[[Los Llanos, Venezuela|Llanos]]'' (plains) shares a border with Venezuela. The [[Amazon Rainforest]] region shares a border with Venezuela, [[Brazil]], [[Peru]] and Ecuador. The insular region includes all the islands of the country.<ref name="Geography of Colombia">{{cite web |url= http://www.colombia-sa.com/geografia/geografia-in.html|title= Natural regions of Colombia|publisher = colombia-sa.com |accessdate= 9 December 2016}}</ref> The main rivers of Colombia are [[Magdalena River|Magdalena]], [[Cauca River|Cauca]], [[Guaviare River|Guaviare]], [[Atrato River|Atrato]], [[Meta River|Meta]], [[Putumayo River|Putumayo]] and [[Caquetá River|Caquetá]]. Colombia has four main [[Drainage basin|drainage systems]]: the Pacific drain, the Caribbean drain, the [[Orinoco Basin]] and the [[Amazon Basin]]. Most of the population lives in the [[Andes]] region. But the plains make over half the land. Only about 6% of the people live in the plains. The [[Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta]] mountain range includes the country's tallest peaks ([[Pico Cristóbal Colón]] and [[Pico Simón Bolívar]]). === Climate === [[File:Nevado del tolima.jpg|thumb|300px|The top of a [[mountain]] called the Nevado del Tolima volcano]] Colombia's temperature changes with the altitude, and the temperature is different by region. The regions around the [[Andes]] are colder than the coast, which is lower. Because of the many altitudes, Colombia has many different [[fruits]], [[vegetables]] and kinds of animals. It has many valleys, beaches, plains, mountains and forests like the [[Amazon rainforest]]. The top of some of the [[mountain]]s in Colombia are so cold that people can [[ski]] over the [[equator]]. The lower mountains have warmer climates. The sea shores are cooled by ocean breezes. At sea level near the equator it is hot. Rivers are important as waterways in the land for [[shipping]] things. One of the most important rivers in Colombia is the Magdalena-Cauca. The Magdelena River divides the eastern and center mountains. It makes a [[wikt:fertile|fertile]] [[valley]]. The Cauca River divides the center mountain range and the western ridge, making another great valley. The Cauca is really a part of the Magdalena. However, the two do not meet until a few miles before the Magdalena goes into the [[Caribbean Sea]]. === Biodiversity === Colombia is a [[megadiverse countries|megadiverse country]]. This means the country is home to a [[majority]] of Earth's [[species]]. There are also a high number of [[endemic]] species. Colombia has 1900 species of bird, more than any other country.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=9 December 2013|title=Colombia Celebrates over 1900 Bird Species|url=http://www.proaves.org/colombia-officially-the-nation-with-the-greatest-diversity-of-birds-and-a-new-world-record/?lang=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|website=|publisher=proaves.org|language=Spanish|accessdate=9 December 2016}}</ref> There are about 2000 species of [[marine fish]]. It is the second most diverse country in [[freshwater fish]]. As for plants, the country has between (40&thinsp;000 and 45&thinsp;000) species. Colombia is second in the number of [[amphibian]] species and is the third most diverse country in [[reptile]]s. There are about 2900 species of [[Mollusc|mollusk]]. Colombia is the world's leading producer of [[emerald]]s, with 70–90% of the world's emeralds coming from the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.otherwayround.travel/interesting-facts-about-colombia/#:~:text=3.%20Colombia%20is%20%231%20in%20Emerald%20Exportation.,from%20Colombia!%20The%20Colombian%20emerald%20is%20highly|title=35 Interesting Facts About Colombia (You Probably Didn’t Know)|publisher=OtherWayAround.com|accessdate=6 February 2025}}</ref> == Politics == In May 2006, [[President]] [[Álvaro Uribe]] was re-elected. His term lasted until 2010. Uribe was the first President in Colombia to win a second election in over 100 years. In August 2010, [[Juan Manuel Santos]] became Colombia's president. Santos won the election on June 20 by a landslide. He promised to "preside over a government of national unity that will bring social prosperity for all Colombians"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/07/AR2010080702709.html |title=Juan Manuel Santos takes oath as Colombia's new president |accessdate=2010-08-13 |last=Forero |first=Juan |date=2010-08-08 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |quote="I will preside over a government of national unity that will bring social prosperity for all Colombians" }}</ref> Eight years later, conservative Senator [[Iván Duque Márquez]] was elected president. He won the election by 2 million votes against his rival liberal Senator [[Gustavo Petro]]. The actual president is [[Gustavo Petro]], former senator and guerrilla in [[M-19]] who won with 11 million votes and the second place was [[Rodolfo Hernandez]], a polemic former mayor and entrepreneur. ===Departments=== Colombia is divided into 32 departments and one capital district. The capital district is treated as a department. Departments are divided into [[Municipalities of Colombia|municipalities]]. Municipalities are divided into ''corregimientos''. Each department has a local government with a governor and assembly directly elected to four-year terms. Each municipality is headed by a mayor and council. Each ''corregimiento'' by an elected ''corregidor'', or local leader. {| style="background:none;" |- valign="top" |<!--First column:--> {| class="wikitable" |||{{Spaces|1}}'''Department''' || {{Smaller|'''Capital city'''}} |- | '''1''' || [[File:Flag of Amazonas (Colombia).svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Amazonas]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Amazonas Department|Amazonas]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Leticia, Colombia|Leticia]]}} |- | '''2''' || [[File:Flag of Antioquia Department.svg|border|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Antioquia]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Antioquia Department|Antioquia]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Medellín]]}} |- | '''3''' || [[File:Flag of Arauca.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Arauca]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Arauca Department|Arauca]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Arauca, Arauca|Arauca]]}} |- | '''4''' || [[File:Flag of Atlántico.svg|border|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Atlántico]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Atlántico Department|Atlántico]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Barranquilla]]}} |- | '''5''' || [[File:Flag of Bolívar (Colombia).svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Bolívar]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Bolívar Department|Bolívar]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]]}} |- | '''6''' || [[File:Flag_of_Boyacá_Department.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Boyacá]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Boyacá Department|Boyacá]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Tunja]]}} |- | '''7''' || [[File:Flag of Caldas.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Caldas]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Caldas Department|Caldas]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Manizales]]}} |- | '''8''' || [[File:Flag of Caquetá.svg|border|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Caquetá]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Department of Caquetá|Caquetá]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Florencia, Caquetá|Florencia]]}} |- | '''9''' || [[File:Flag of Casanare.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Casanare]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Casanare Department|Casanare]]}}'''{{Spaces|2}}||{{Smaller|[[Yopal]]}} |- | '''10''' || [[File:Flag of Cauca.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Cauca]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Cauca Department|Cauca]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Popayán]]}} |- | '''11''' || [[File:Flag of Cesar.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Cesar]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Cesar Department|Cesar]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Valledupar]]}}{{Spaces|6}} |- | '''12''' || [[File:Flag of Chocó.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Chocó]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Chocó Department|Chocó]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Quibdó]]}} |- | '''13''' || [[File:Flag of Córdoba.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Córdoba]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Córdoba Department|Córdoba]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Montería]]}} |- | '''14''' || [[File:Flag of Cundinamarca.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Cundinamarca]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Cundinamarca Department|Cundinamarca]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Bogotá]]}} |- | '''15''' || [[File:Flag of Guainía.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Guainía]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Guainía Department|Guainía]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Inírida, Guainía|Inírida]]}} |- | '''16''' || [[File:Flag of Guaviare.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Guaviare]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Guaviare Department|Guaviare]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[San José del Guaviare]]}} |- | '''17''' || [[File:Flag of Huila.svg|border|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Huila]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Huila Department|Huila]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Neiva, Colombia|Neiva]]}} |} |<!--Second column:--> {| class="wikitable" |||{{Spaces|1}}'''Department''' || {{Smaller|'''Capital city'''}} |- | '''18''' || [[File:Flag of La Guajira.svg|border|22x20px|Flag of Nueva Esparta]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Department of La Guajira|La Guajira]]}}'''{{Spaces|2}}||{{Smaller|[[Riohacha]]}} |- | '''19''' || [[File:Flag of Magdalena.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Magdalena]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Magdalena Department|Magdalena]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Santa Marta]]}} |- | '''20''' || [[File:Flag of Meta.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Meta]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Meta Department|Meta]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Villavicencio]]}} |- | '''21''' || [[File:Flag of Nariño.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Nariño]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Nariño Department|Nariño]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Pasto]]}} |- | '''22''' || [[File:Flag of Norte de Santander.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Norte de Santander]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Norte de Santander Department|Norte de Santander]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Cúcuta]]}} |- | '''23''' || [[File:Flag of Putumayo.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Putumayo]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Putumayo Department|Putumayo]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Mocoa]]}} |- | '''24''' || [[File:Flag of Quindío.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Quindío]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Quindío Department|Quindío]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Armenia, Colombia|Armenia]]}} |- | '''25''' || [[File:Flag of Risaralda.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Risaralda]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Risaralda Department|Risaralda]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Pereira, Colombia|Pereira]]}} |- | '''26''' || [[File:Flag of San Andrés y Providencia.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina|San Andrés, Providencia<br />and Santa Catalina]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[San Andrés, San Andrés y Providencia|San Andrés]]}} |- | '''27''' || [[File:Flag of Santander (Colombia).svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Santander]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Santander Department|Santander]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Bucaramanga]]}} |- | '''28''' || [[File:Flag of Sucre (Colombia).svg|border|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Sucre]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Sucre Department|Sucre]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Sincelejo]]}} |- | '''29''' || [[File:Flag of Tolima.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Tolima]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Department of Tolima|Tolima]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Ibagué]]}} |- | '''30''' || [[File:Flag of Valle del Cauca.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Valle del Cauca]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Valle del Cauca Department|Valle del Cauca]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Santiago de Cali|Cali]]}} |- | '''31''' || [[File:Flag of Vaupés.svg|border|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Vichada]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Vaupés Department|Vaupés]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Mitú]]}} |- | '''32''' || [[File:Flag of Vichada.svg|22x20px|Flag of the Department of Vichada]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Vichada Department|Vichada]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Puerto Carreño]]}} |- | '''33''' || [[File:Flag of Bogotá.svg|22x20px|Flag of Bogotá]]{{Spaces|1}}'''{{Smaller|[[Bogotá Capital District]]}}''' || {{Smaller|[[Bogotá Capital District]]}} |} |} == Demographics == The population of Colombia was approximately 47 million as of 2016. The ethnic groups of the population are:<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/co.html |title=Colombia |date=2016-10-20 |access-date=2013-03-28 |archive-date=2009-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513074502/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/co.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 48% Mestizo * 23% Mulatto * 20% White * 6% Black * 2% Amerindian * 1% Zambo === Economy === Up to 49.6% of the population is living below the poverty line. == Security == There are several guerilla groups in Colombia, the [[FARC]] being the most powerful, a guerilla group responsible for kidnappings, murders, attacks, and drug-dealing. Drug dealing is a problem the government has been trying to fight. This creates violence in the cities. With Operation: Jaque, [[Ingrid Betancourt]], three Americans, and 11 soldiers were rescued from the FARC. == Transport == Most parts of Colombia are modern and the country has many roads. All major Colombian cities have airports and there are many ports on both oceans ([[Pacific]] and [[Atlantic]]). Because Colombia is a huge country and there are many mountains, airports are very important in the country. There are some regions like the Amazon Forest and Dariend, where the most important way of transportation is by the rivers. * '''Roads''': The Pan American Highway in South America begins in Colombia. You can go as far as Tierra de Fuego in [[Chile]] using that road. Most of the Colombian cities are connected by road in Colombia. The most important roads are the Bogotá-Medellín Highway, the Bogotá-Cali Highway, the Bogotá-Cucuta Highway, the Bogotá-Barranquilla Highway and many others connecting big cities like Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla and Cartagena de Indias with other important centers. You can go by road from Bogotá to [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]]. The major cities have bus stations. * '''Airports''': They are very important in Colombia and all the main cities have their own airports. The El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá is the most important. The Palmaseca International Airport in Cali is the second most important. Other important airports are the ones of Medellín, Barranquilla, San Andrés and Cartagena de Indias. The Colombian airports have international connections with most of the South American capitals, North America and Europe. The main Colombian airline is [[Avianca]] and it is the second oldest world airline and one of the most important in Latin America. * '''Ports''': Colombia has coasts on both oceans - Atlantic and Pacific - and it is one of the first world water reserve because it has many rivers and lakes. The longest rivers are the Amazon, Magdalena, Cauca, and the Atrato. The main ports on the Atlantic coast are Barranquilla, which was the first Colombian port, Cartagena de Indias and Santa Marta. There are other ones like Rioacha and Turbo. The ports on the Pacific coast are Buenaventura and Tumaco. The port of the San Andres Island is also one of the most important for the country in the Caribbean and Antillean Sea. The city of Leticia is a very important river port on the Amazon river. * '''Train''': The National Train was very important to Colombia during the 20th century, but it was forgotten when roads and airports were developed. Today the railways in Colombia are used more for tour visits, and they are not modern. * '''Transportation in the cities''': The major Colombian cities have a very good system of transportation. There are public buses that connect the suburbs to the center of the cities. There are many taxi companies in Colombia. There are also very modern urban transports in the main cities like Transmilenio in Bogotá, the Metro in Medellín, and similar proposals in Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena de Indias and many others that are being developed. == Cities == [[File:BOG187.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Bogotá]] is the capital of Colombia and the second largest capital of [[South America]]]] [[File:Centro de Medellin- Colombia.JPG|right|thumb|300px|[[Medellín]] is known as "the City of the Everlasting Spring"]] [[File:Panoramica aleko.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Cali]], "the World Capital of Salsa"]] {{See also|List of cities in Colombia}} Colombia also has some very well known cities. * [[Bogotá]] is the second largest capital city of South America after [[Buenos Aires]] and the third largest city after Buenos Aires and [[São Paulo]]. It is also one of the highest capital cities of the world, 2640&nbsp;meters above sea level. It has a very active cultural, political, industrial and commercial life. Bogotá also has many international meetings, seminars, NGOs, organizations, universities, telecommunication centers and conventions. It is in the Andes. Many famous Colombians come from Bogotá like [[Rafael Pombo]], [[José Asunción Silva]] and [[Juan Pablo Montoya]]. * [[Medellín]] is the second largest city of Colombia. At the end of the 20th Century it was known as the "most violent city of the world" because it was the hometown of [[Pablo Escobar]], the leader of the Colombian [[Mafia]]. Now Medellín is safer and has become a very beautiful city. It is a very important industrial center, the first commercial area of the country and a leader in [[healthcare]] and [[medicine]]. Many foreigners come to Medellín for health services. It is in the Andes and it is known as the "''City of the Eternal Spring''" because it has nice weather. Many famous Colombians come from Medellín like the singer [[Juanes]], the soccer player [[René Higuita]], the artist [[Fernando Botero]] and many others. * [[Cali]] is the third largest city. It is very famous for its plantations of sugar cane. Cali is known as the "World Capital of Salsa". In Cali there are many skillful salsa dancers and very important Salsa groups. Cali is also a very modern city. It is an industrial city and its airport is the second in Colombia. Near Cali is the port city of Buenaventura in the Pacific Ocean. Cali is in a valley of the Andes. The name of the Valley is Cauca because it is crossed by the Cauca River. * [[Barranquilla]] is the fourth largest city and it was the first city in Colombia on the Caribbean Sea. Barranquilla is famous for its trade and international connections because it has a big port. The Colombian singer [[Shakira]] is from Barranquilla. * [[Cartagena de Indias]] is the most important tourist center in Colombia on the Caribbean Sea. It is also a very beautiful city. Many tourist come to visit the city. * [[Bucaramanga]] is near the Colombian border with [[Venezuela]]. This city is a great destination for travelers due to its Spanish history and its technological & urban development; it is a very popular city. * [[Eje Cafetero]] (Coffee Growing Axis) is the name of the region where [[coffee]] is grown in Colombia. There are three important cities: [[Pereira]], [[Manizales]] and [[Armenia (Colombia)|Armenia]]. == Science == Colombia has made many advances in medicine. Many foreigners come to the country to get health services, such as organ transplants or plastic surgery. Doctor [[Manuel Elkin Patarroyo]] of Colombia discovered a medicine against [[malaria]]. He donated his discovery to be used in [[Africa]] and [[Latin America]]. He did not want to make business of it, instead he wanted to use it to help people. == Resources == Colombia is known for its [[coffee]], [[coal]], and [[emerald]]s. It is also the biggest supplier of [[plantain]]s to the United States. There are a few armed conflicts in Colombia. Most rebel groups finance their operations with the trade of [[illegal drug]]s (mostly [[cocaine]]). == Related pages == * [[Colombia at the Olympics]] * [[Colombia national football team]] * [[List of rivers of Colombia]] == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * RODAS-LMASO ==Other websites== * {{commons-inline}} * {{wikivoyage-inline}} * {{Official website}} {{South America}} {{Caricom}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Colombia| ]] [[Category:Spanish-speaking countries]] [[Category:1810s establishments in South America]] 9z78d7rjxkpo40qo1737ble0xcrr4jr 0 7718 10878753 10834978 2026-06-04T12:40:59Z ~2026-33005-58 1816224 /* */ 10878753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use British English|date=March 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Georgia Harrison | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MBE}} | image = Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark.jpeg | caption = Harrison at the [[palace]] in 1942 | birth_date = 25 February 1918 | birth_place = [[Liverpool]], [[England]] | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = {{hlist|Musician|singer-songwriter|music and film producer}} | years_active = 1930-1999 | spouse = {never married} | children = | website = {{URL|georgeharrison.com}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Indian classical music|Indian classical]]}} | instrument = {{hlist|Guitar|vocals|sitar}}<!--- If you think an instrument should be listed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first per: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_musical_artist#instrument---> | label = {{hlist|[[Parlophone]]|[[Capitol Records|Capitol]]|[[Swan Records|Swan]]|[[Apple Records|Apple]]|[[Vee-Jay Records|Vee-Jay]]|[[Dark Horse Records|Dark Horse]]|[[All Things Must Pass#2001|Gnome]]}} | past_member_of = [[The Quarrymen]], [[The Beatles]], [[Traveling Wilburys]] }} | signature = George Harrison signature.svg | signature_size = 150px }} '''George Harrison''' (25 February 1943) was an English musician. He is best known as the lead guitarist of [[the Beatles]].<ref>{{Pop Chronicles|28}}</ref> After the group broke up in 1970, he had a solo career. He made many albums and worked with other musicians including [[Eric Clapton]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Phil Spector]], [[Roy Orbison]], [[Tom Petty]], and [[Ravi Shankar]]. He was also interested in Eastern [[mysticism]] and [[Charitable organization|charitable causes]]. == Early life == Harrison was born on 25 February 1943, at 12 Arnold Grove in Wavertree, [[Liverpool]], He was youngest of four children of Harold Hargreaves (or Hargrove) Harrison and Louise Harrison. He had one sister and two brothers. == Solo music == George's best-known album was ''[[All Things Must Pass]],'' which he made just after the Beatles broke up. Harrison owned a [[mansion]] in England called Friar Park, where he lived from 1970 until he died. He built his own [[recording studio]] inside the mansion, which for a time was better than [[Abbey Road Studios]], where the Beatles had made their records. Having a private studio meant Harrison could work on songs and recordings anytime he wanted. [[Ravi Shankar]] came to Harrison during 1971 with news about a war in [[Bangladesh]], where thousands of people had died and millions more were [[refugee]]s and starving. Shankar asked for Harrison's help to give a [[:wikt:benefit|benefit]] show to buy food for them. Harrison called on many of his musician friends, who put together a charity concert with famous people to help the refugees. The ''Concert for Bangla Desh'', a live recording, became a best-selling album, raised money for the refugees, and brought worldwide attention to the problems in their country. It also inspired later benefits, including [[Live Aid]] in the 1980s. Harrison found a new musical partner in the 1980s, when [[Jeff Lynne]] of [[Electric Light Orchestra]] began to write and record songs with him. The two men worked well together and became close friends. Harrison and Lynne formed another band, the Traveling Wilburys, with fellow musicians [[Bob Dylan]], [[Tom Petty]], and [[Roy Orbison]]. The Traveling Wilburys recorded two albums, which became hits. == Personal life == In 1966, Harrison married a [[Model (person)|model]], Pattie Boyd, but they were divorced in 1971, and had no children. Boyd left Harrison to be with his friend, guitarist [[Eric Clapton]], but all three were never friends. Harrison married again in 1978, to American-born Olivia Trinidad Arias, who had worked for his record company. Arias became the mother of Harrison's son Dhani, whose name is comprised of the names of two notes in the Indian music scale. Dhani grew up to be a musician like his father, fronting the band thenewno2. He went to [[Brown University]] in the United States. In the late 1970s Harrison formed a movie production company, [[Handmade Films]], which produced movies including [[Monty Python]]'s ''[[Life of Brian]]'' and [[Terry Gilliam]]'s ''[[Time Bandits]]''. The grounds of Harrison's home, Friar Park, had been more or less open to the public, until the murder of his former bandmate [[John Lennon]] late in 1980. Harrison was very hurt and shocked by Lennon's death, and was afraid someone might try to harm him or his family. Afterwards, the gates were locked, and no-entry notices were posted. In December, 1999, an intruder broke into his home, stabbing him with a knife. Harrison and his wife Olivia stopped the intruder and called the police. Harrison recovered. The man who attacked him is [[schizophrenic]] and was acquitted of [[attempted murder]] by reason of [[insanity]] in November 2000 at [[Oxford]] [[Crown Court]]. He was sent to a [[mental hospital]] and released in 2002.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2096082.stm Attacker sorry]</ref> == Alive == In the 1990s, decades of [[smoking]] [[cigarette]]s caused Harrison to develop [[throat cancer]]. He later developed [[lung cancer]], which caused his death in 2001. His family issued a last statement from him: "Everything else can wait, but the search for [[God]] cannot wait, and love one another." Even music was not as important to Harrison as his wanting people to learn to get along with each other, and to make the world a better place. A year after Harrison's death, Jeff Lynne, Dhani Harrison, the two remaining Beatles ([[Paul McCartney]] and [[Ringo Starr]]), and other musicians held the ''Concert for George'', which remembered Harrison's music, his life, and his gifts to humanity. All the profits from the concert were given to charity. ==Best-known songs== ===In the Beatles=== * "I Need You" (appeared in the movie ''Help!'') * "If I Needed Someone" * "Taxman" * "Within You, Without You" (a [[raga]] from ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'') * "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" * "Something" * "Here Comes the Sun" * "I Me Mine" (featured in the movie ''[[Let It Be]]'') ===Solo=== * "What is Life" * "My Sweet Lord" * "Give Me Love (Give Me Peace On Earth)" * "Ding Dong: Ding Dong" (a [[New Year's Eve]] [[:wikt:perennial|perennial]]) * "Crackerbox Palace" (named for [[Lord Buckley]]'s former home in [[California]]) * "Blow Away" * "All Those Years Ago" (a tribute to [[John Lennon]]; the recording featured [[Ringo Starr]], [[Paul McCartney]] and [[Linda McCartney]]) * "Got My Mind Set on You" ==Notes== {{wikiquote}} {{reflist}} {{The Beatles}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Harrison, George}} [[Category:1943 births]] [[Category:2001 deaths]] [[Category:Cancer deaths in Los Angeles]] [[Category:Deaths from throat cancer]] [[Category:Deaths from lung cancer]] [[Category:English guitarists]] [[Category:The Beatles members]] [[Category:Former Roman Catholics]] j0fje9m726dd38rzpc01u4kuxy2k29g 0 8151 10878810 10870585 2026-06-04T15:15:06Z GrimboEmerald 1624158 Added snw info 10878810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} '''''Star Trek''''' is an American [[media franchise]] owned by [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] and [[CBS]], as well as various [[spin-off]]s. The main parts of the ''Star Trek'' franchise are: * Seven [[television]] [[series]] (first shown from 1966 to today) and * Thirteen [[movies]] (shown in theaters from 1980 to 2016). Other parts of the franchise are: books (both [[fiction]] and [[non-fiction]]), [[magazine]]s, [[comics]], [[action figure]]s, [[scale model|model toys]] and [[computer]] [[video games]]. ''Star Trek'' was created as a TV series in 1966 by [[Gene Roddenberry]]. He and the other authors of ''Star Trek'' have, over time, developed a whole [[fictional universe]] set in the future. Following this fictional universe is the way they have chosen to maintain [[continuity]] between the various TV series and the movies. ''Trekkies'' or ''Trekkers'' may refer to the many [[fanatic|fans]] who love the series and support this ''Star Trek Universe''. Many [[convention]]s and [[newsletters]] exist to serve these fans. There are even [[amateur]] movies made by the fans.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.12/startrek.html |title=To Boldly Go Where No Fan Has Gone Before |first=Chris |last= Suellentrop |date= Dec 2005 |accessdate= 2007-06-28 |publisher=[[wired.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117926755?categoryid=1019&cs=1 |title=Enterprising fans captain 'Trek' spinoffs |date=2005-07-31 |accessdate=2007-06-28 |last=Kimmel |first= Daniel M. |publisher=Variety}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes">{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/18/arts/television/18trek.html|title='Star Trek' Fans, Deprived of a Show, Recreate the Franchise on Digital Video |last=Hakim |first=Danny |date= 2006-06-18 |accessdate= 2007-06-28 |work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref> == Creation == In the 1960s, Gene Roddenberry created ''Star Trek''. He sold it as a [[Western (genre)|western]] (a television genre about [[cowboy]]s), but in [[Outer space|space]], and compared it to the television show ''[[Wagon Train]]''.<ref name="Original ''Star Trek'' Pitch">[http://www.ex-astris-scientia.org/misc/40_years/trek_pitch.pdf Star Trek first draft] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924140423/http://www.ex-astris-scientia.org/misc/40_years/trek_pitch.pdf |date=2006-09-24 }} - created by Gene Roddenberry. URL accessed March 08, 2009</ref> He also based it on ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]''. After two pilots (test episodes), ''Star Trek'' was first shown on television in 1966. == History of ''Star Trek'' == In 2053, World War III ended on [[Earth]]. In 2063 Zefram Cochrane, invented the [[Warp technology|warp drive]], a way to [[travel]] faster than the [[speed of light]]. Because of this invention, [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]]s came to Earth to meet the humans. This is shown in ''[[Star Trek: First Contact]]''. The Vulcans helped humans fight disease and hunger. In 2150 humans created a United Earth Government that combined all the old governments into one. A war between Earth and the [[Romulans]] made [[species]] from different planets work together, and the Coalition of Planets was started in 2156. In 2161, the planets Vulcan, Earth, Andoria and Tellar started the United Federation of Planets. == Television series == === ''The Original Series'' (1966–1969) === ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' is sometimes abbreviated to TOS. In it, the [[Starship Enterprise]] travels through space to discover new places - "to boldly go where no man has gone before". The show was set in the 23rd [[century]]. The main characters are: * Captain [[James Tiberius Kirk]], played by [[William Shatner]] * [[Spock]], played by Leonard Nimoy * Dr. [[Leonard McCoy]], played by [[DeForest Kelley]] * [[Scotty (Star Trek)|Montgomery "Scotty" Scott]], played by [[James Doohan]] * [[Uhura]], played by [[Nichelle Nichols]] * [[Hikaru Sulu]], played by [[George Takei]] * [[Pavel Chekov]], played by [[Walter Koenig]] It was shown on television for three years. It was cancelled in 1969. === ''The Animated Series'' (1973–1974) === ''[[Star Trek: The Animated Series]]'' is also called ''TAS''. It is an [[animation|animated]] version of ''The Original Series''. The crew are the same, and most are [[Actor#Voice acting|voice-acted]] by the same actors. Because it was animated, the planets and species could look more interesting. Gene Roddenberry asked for the stories in ''TAS'' to be removed from ''Star Trek'''s canon (the official history of ''Star Trek'' that is the same in all series). It is still argued about if they are part of canon or not, but usually agreed that they are not. The [http://www.startrek.com/ official Star Trek website] has added some things from ''TAS'' to their library.<ref>[http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/features/specials/article/66895.html The ''Animated Series'' Gets Real] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703224730/http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/features/specials/article/66895.html |date=2010-07-03 }} - URL accessed 10th March, 2009.</ref> === ''The Next Generation'' (1987–1994) === ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' is also called ''TNG''. It is set 70 years after ''The Original Series'', in the 24th century. The crew travel on a new [[Spacecraft|starship]] called the "[[Enterprise-D]]". The stories are also about [[exploring]], and often about fighting hostile (violent or angry) ships. The crew has many different races. The main characters are: * Captain [[Jean-Luc Picard]], played by Patrick Stewart * Commander [[William Riker]], played by Jonathon Frakes * [[Data (Star Trek)|Data]] (an [[android (robot)|android]]), played by Brent Spiner * Dr. [[Beverly Crusher]], played by Gates McFadden * [[Worf]] (a [[Klingon]]), played by Michael Dorn * [[Geordi La Forge]], played by LeVar Burton * Counselor [[Deanna Troi]], played by Marina Sirtis * [[Wesley Crusher]], played by Wil Wheaton It was shown on television for seven seasons, from 1987 to 1994. === ''Deep Space Nine'' (1993–1999) === ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' is also sometimes called ''DS9''. It is set in the late 24th century, at the end of ''The Next Generation'''s time line and the start of Voyager's. It is not like ''TOS'' and ''TNG'' because it is set on a [[space station]] and is not about exploring. This means it has more [[soap opera]] elements (lots of stories about the characters). Most of the stories are about the [[Cardassian]] race and the war with the [[Dominion]]. The main characters are: * Captain [[Benjamin Sisko]] (Commander for seasons 1 to 3), played by Avery Brooks * Major [[Kira Nerys]], played by Nana Visitor * [[Odo]], played by Rene Auberjonois * [[Jadzia Dax]], played by Terry Farrell * [[Ezri Dax]], played by Nicole de Boer * Worf, played by Michael Dorn * [[Miles O'Brien]], played by Colm Meaney * [[Quark (Star Trek)|Quark]], played by Armin Shimerman It was shown on television for seven seasons, from 1993 to 1999. === ''Voyager'' (1995–2001) === ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'' is set in the late 24th century. It is different from the other series because it takes place in the [[Delta Quadrant]]. The [[Spacecraft|ship]] [[Voyager]] was trapped there after a chase by the [[Maquis]] ([[Starfleet]] [[Rebellious|rebels]]). The stories are about them trying to find their way home. This is a long journey, and will take them 75 years. The main characters are: * Captain [[Kathryn Janeway]], played by Kate Mulgrew * [[Chakotay]], played by Robert Beltran * [[Tuvok]], played by Tim Russ * [[B'Elanna Torres]], played by Roxann Dawson * [[Tom Paris]], played by Robert Duncan McNeill * [[Harry Kim]], played by Garrett Wang * [[The Doctor (Star Trek)|The Doctor]], played by Robert Picardo * [[Seven of Nine]], played by Jeri Ryan It was shown on television for seven seasons, from 1995 to 2001. It was made to help start a new television channel, UPN. === ''Enterprise'' (2001–2005) === ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'' is set in the 22nd century, which means it is before all the other series on the ''Star Trek'' timeline. It is about the humans and the Vulcans working together after first contact. The [[Spacecraft|ship]], [[Enterprise]], was the first [[Warp technology|Warp 5]] ship made by the humans (with some Vulcan assistance). The first season famously had many continuity errors (events and technology that did not match what happens in the other series).<ref>[http://www.ex-astris-scientia.org/inconsistencies/enterprise_continuity.htm Ex Astris Scientia] URL accessed 11 March, 2009</ref> The main characters are: * Captain [[Jonathan Archer]], played by Scott Bakula * [[T'Pol]], played by Jolene Blalock * [[Charles "Trip" Tucker]], played by Connor Trinneer * [[Malcolm Reed]], played by Dominic Keating * [[Hoshi Sato]], played by Linda Park * [[Travis Mayweather]], played by Anthony Montgomery * [[Dr. Phlox]], played by John Billingsley It was shown on television for four seasons, from 2001 to 2005. === ''Discovery'' (2017-2024) === ''Star Trek: Discovery'' was the first new show made since 2005. It is set in the 23rd century, ten years before the original ''Star Trek'' series. The first season is about a war between the Federation and the Klingons. The main characters of the first season are: * Michael Burnham, played by Sonequa Martin-Green * Captain Gabriel Lorca, played by Jason Isaacs * Commander Saru, played by Doug Jones * Paul Stamets, played by Anthony Rapp * Sylvia Tilly, played by Mary Wiseman * Ash Tyler, played by Shazad Latif The first season was streamed online starting in 2017 on CBS' online streaming service in the United States, and on Netflix outside of the United States. The series ran for five seasons. === ''Strange New Worlds'' (2022-present) === ''Star Trek: Strange New Worlds'' was set in the 23rd century, in the decade before ''The Original Series''. It featured a mostly new cast of characters on the original ''Starship Enterprise''. The series has run for three seasons, with a fourth season releasing in 2026 and a fifth and final season in 2027. === Other Star Trek Series === Since Discovery was added here, other series have been produced and released. In no particular order, they are: * Lower Decks * Short Treks * Very Short Treks (described as "anything but canon" in its own trailers) * Prodigy * Picard * Starfleet Academy == Movies == {| class=wikitable !No. !Title !Year !Crew !Director !Writer !Producer |- |I || ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]'' || [[1979 in movies|1979]] || rowspan="6"|[[Star Trek: The Original Series|The Original Series]] || [[Robert Wise]] || Harold Livingston || Gene Roddenberry |- |II || ''[[Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan]]'' || [[1982 in movies|1982]] || [[Nicholas Meyer]] || Jack B. Sowards || Robert Sallin |- |III || ''[[Star Trek III: The Search for Spock]]'' || [[1984 in movies|1984]] || rowspan="2"|[[Leonard Nimoy]] || colspan="2"| Harve Bennett |- |IV || ''[[Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home]]'' || [[1986 in movies|1986]] || Steve Meerson, Peter Krikes, Nicholas Meyer and Harve Bennett || rowspan="2"|Harve Bennett |- |V || ''[[Star Trek V: The Final Frontier]]'' || [[1989 in movies|1989]] || [[William Shatner]] || David Loughery |- |VI ||style="white-space: nowrap;"| ''[[Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country]]'' || [[1991 in movies|1991]] || Nicholas Meyer || Nicholas Meyer and Denny Martin Flyn || Ralph Winter and Steven-Charles Jaffe |- |VII || ''[[Star Trek: Generations]]'' || [[1994 in movies|1994]] || rowspan="4"|[[Star Trek: The Next Generation|The Next Generation]] || [[David Carson (director)|David Carson]] || rowspan="2"|Ronald D. Moore and Brannon Braga ||rowspan="4"|Rick Berman |- |VIII || ''[[Star Trek: First Contact]]'' || [[1996 in movies|1996]] || rowspan="2"|[[Jonathan Frakes]] |- |IX || ''[[Star Trek: Insurrection]]'' || [[1998 in movies|1998]] || Michael Piller |- |X || ''[[Star Trek: Nemesis]]'' || [[2002 in movies|2002]] || [[Stuart Baird]] || John Logan |- |XI || ''[[Star Trek (2009)|Star Trek]]'' || [[2009 in movies|2009]] || rowspan="3"|The Original Series || rowspan="2"|[[Jeffrey Jacob Abrams|J.J. Abrams]] || Roberto Orci & Alex Kurtzman || J. J. Abrams and Damon Lindelof |- |XII || ''[[Star Trek Into Darkness]]'' || [[2013 in movies|2013]] || Roberto Orci, Alex Kurtzman & Damon Lindelof || J. J. Abrams, Bryan Burk, Damon Lindelof, Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci |- |XIII || ''[[Star Trek Beyond]]'' || [[2016 in movies|2016]] || [[Justin Lin]] || Simon Pegg & Doug Jung || J. J. Abrams, Roberto Orci, Lindsey Weber and Justin Lin |- |XIV || ''[[Star Trek: Section 31]]'' || [[2025 in movies|2025]] || || [[Olatunde Osunsanmi]] || Craig Sweeny || Ted Miller |} == Culture == The ''Star Trek'' [[franchising|franchise]] is a multibillion-dollar [[industry]] (a very large business). It has influenced (affected) many things in real life. === Trekkies === ''Star Trek'' has a large following of fans who are very [[:wikt:enthusiastic|enthusiastic]] (care a great deal) about the show. They are usually called '''Trekkies'''. The word was first used by [[Arthur W. Saha]] when he saw people wearing fake Vulcan ears at a convention (an event where lots of people interested in the same thing organise to meet) in 1967.<ref>[http://www.sciencefictionbuzz.com/startrekclassic.html Star Trek Classic on Science Fiction Buzz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071641/http://www.sciencefictionbuzz.com/startrekclassic.html |date=2007-09-28 }} - URL accessed 14 March, 2009</ref> Some fans like to be known as '''Trekkers''' instead. Two [[documentaries]] (factual television shows) have been made about them, called ''Trekkies'' and ''Trekkies 2''. === Enterprise === In 1976, NASA made a prototype (test) [[space shuttle]]. It was first going to be called ''Constitution'', but Star Trek fans wrote letters to NASA asking for it to be called ''Enterprise'' instead. ''Enterprise'' was used for flight tests, although it was never sent into space. It is now displayed (put on show) at the [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref>[http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/enterprise.html Shuttle Orbiter Enterprise (OV-101)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192118/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/enterprise.html |date=2016-03-03 }} - URL accessed 11 March, 2009</ref> === Parodies and tributes === The movie ''[[Galaxy Quest]]'' is a ''Star Trek'' [[parody]], which means it was made to be like ''Star Trek'' in a funny way. There have been parodies on television in the cartoons ''[[Futurama]]'', ''[[The Simpsons]]'' and ''[[Family Guy]]''. The [[video games]] company [[Blizzard Entertainment]] puts references to ''Star Trek'' in many of its games, like ''[[Starcraft]]'' and ''[[World of Warcraft]]''. Fans of the show made a new episode, ''[[Pilgrim of Eternity]]'', in 2013. The crew were also professional film and TV people. == Themes == ''Star Trek'' episodes often tell a moral story. [[Philosophy|philosophical]] and [[morality|moral]] questions are common. In the ''Star Trek: Voyager'' episode "Tuvix", a [[transporter]] accident puts two characters, Tuvok and Neelix, into one body. This makes a new person, Tuvix, who has his own [[wikt:simple:personality|personality]]. The crew of the Voyager must decide what to do: they can kill Tuvix by separating him back into Tuvok and Neelix, or they can kill Tuvok and Neelix by letting Tuvix live. In the end, Captain Janeway decides to save Tuvok and Neelix, although the Doctor thinks this is wrong. ''Star Trek'' episodes also often reflect (copy) what is happening in the real world. One example is the episode "A Private Little War" in ''Star Trek: The Original Series''. This is said to be like the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/st/interviews/justman/page4.shtml BBC Interview with Robert H. Justman] - URL accessed 11 March, 2009</ref> In the episode, the [[Klingon]]s threaten innocent people. Captain Kirk has to decide whether to give the people guns so that they can defend themselves. The episode asks whether you can fight evil without doing evil yourself. One focus of all the ''Star Trek'' franchises is a Federation law called "The Prime Directive." The Prime Directive states that advanced [[civilizations]] should not change more primitive ones; societies should be allowed to develop on their own. The Prime Directive often makes for a moral [[conflict]]&mdash;for example, the Prime Directive might forbid using advanced technology to save an intelligent race. == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{commonscat|Star Trek}} {{wikiquote|Star Trek}} *[http://www.startrek.com StarTrek.com]—The Official Star Trek website *[http://www.memory-alpha.org/en/index.php/Main_Page Memory Alpha]—A Star Trek encyclopedia that uses information ''only'' from canon (official history) *[http://startrek.wikia.com Memory Beta]—A Star Trek encyclopedia that uses information from ''both'' canon and non-canon sources {{Star Trek}} [[Category:Star Trek| ]] [[Category:Fictional universes]] [[Category:Science fiction]] [[Category:Media franchises]] dxx6ayu283vgo5ampe8j708aguwkrgh 0 8199 10878825 10855413 2026-06-04T16:20:27Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* */ 10878825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the other deer species called elk|Wapiti}} {{Speciesbox | fossil_range = [[Early Pleistocene]] to Recent<ref>{{cite journal |title=I giacimenti quaternari di vertebrati fossili nell'Italia nord-orientale |journal=Memorie di Scienze Geologiche |date=January 1991 |volume=43 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285002113}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alces alces Linnaeus 1758 (moose) |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43850&is_real_user=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804085640/https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43850&is_real_user=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-08-04 |website=PBDB }}</ref> | name = Moose | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author= Hundertmark, K. |title= ''Alces alces'' |volume= 2016 |page= e.T56003281A22157381 |year= 2016 |doi= 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T56003281A22157381.en }}</ref> | image = Moose superior.jpg | image_caption = Male (bull) | image2 = Alce (Alces alces), Potter marsh, Alaska, Estados Unidos, 2017-08-22, DD 139.jpg | image2_caption = Female (cow) | taxon = Alces alces | parent_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1821 | display_parents = 2 | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | range_map = Moose distribution.png | range_map_caption = Moose range map | synonyms = ''Cervus alces'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}} }} '''Moose''' (''Alces alces''; called '''elk''' in [[Europe]]) are a large species of [[deer]]. Some authorities put the American moose in a different species, ''Alces americanus''. A male moose is called a ''bull'', a female moose is called a ''cow'', and a young moose is called a ''calf''. A group of moose is called a ''herd''. The plural form of moose is "moose”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/moose|title=moose Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-15}}</ref> Moose live in northern [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and in [[North America]]. Moose live mainly in the [[taiga]] forest, especially in areas with [[lake]]s, [[marsh]]es and [[swamp]]s. They also live in [[mountain range]]s. == Range == Moose live in North America and also range from [[northern Europe]] to [[Siberia]]. In Europe they live in [[Finland]], [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Poland]] and the [[Baltic states|Baltic countries]] ([[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]]). In North America they live in [[Canada]], [[Alaska]] and northern parts of the [[United States]]. In 2008 they were re-introduced to [[Scottish Highlands]] from Scandinavia. === Population === There are about 115,000 moose in Finland, and about the same number in Norway. [[Alaska]] has about 200,000. Canada and [[Russia]] each have between 500,000 and one million. There are also some in the [[continental United States]]. The animal is widely distributed. == Life == [[File:Elk in Jasper National Park.webm|thumb|Elk in Jasper National Park]] Moose are active during the day. They live alone, but in [[winter]] they sometimes form small groups. Moose eat [[grass]], [[leaf|leaves]], twigs, willow, birch, maple shoots and water plants. After a [[pregnancy]] of 8 months, the female gives birth to one or two calves. Females can first become pregnant when they are between two and three years old. Young moose stay with their mother for a year; after one year they leave and live alone. Moose usually live to fifteen years old, but they can reach as old as twenty-seven years old. A mother moose will aggressively protect her young. Moose calves are hunted by bears and wolves. == Predators == [[File:Moose Tiger.jpg|thumb|right|[[Iron Age]] saddle from [[Siberia]], depicting a moose being hunted by a [[Siberian tiger]].]] A full-grown moose has few natural enemies. [[Siberian tiger]]s prey on adult moose.<ref name=FBW>{{cite book| author=Frasef, A.| year=2012| title=Feline Behaviour and Welfare| publisher=CABI| pages=72–77 |isbn=978-1-84593-926-7}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tigrisfoundation.nl/cms/publish/content/showpage.asp?pageid=25 Tigris Foundation dedicated to the survival of the Amur tiger and leopard in the wild : UK HOME] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817021258/http://www.tigrisfoundation.nl/cms/publish/content/showpage.asp?pageid=25 |date=2011-08-17 }}. Tigrisfoundation.nl 1999. Retrieved on 2011-01-09.</ref> [[Wolf|Wolves]] also pose a threat, especially to females with calves.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nancy Long / Kurt Savikko |url=http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/furbear/wolf.php |title=Wolf: Wildlife Notebook Series – Alaska Department of Fish and Game |publisher=Adfg.state.ak.us |date=2007 |accessdate=2009-11-27 |archive-date=2010-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115175008/http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/furbear/wolf.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Brown bear]]s are known to prey on moose, although bears are more likely to take over a wolf kill or to take young moose than to hunt adult moose on their own.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nancy Long / Kurt Savikko |url=http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/biggame/brnbear.php |title=Brown Bear: Wildlife Notebook Series – Alaska Department of Fish and Game |publisher=Adfg.state.ak.us |date=2009 |accessdate=2009-11-27}}</ref> [[American black bear]]s and [[cougar]]s can take moose calves and can sometimes kill adult cows.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_5/Schwartz_Franzmann_Vol_5.pdf |jstor=3872518 |title=Effects of tree crushing on black bear predation on moose calves |author=Charles C. Schwartz and Albert W. Franzmann |journal=Bears: Their Biology and Management |volume=5 |publisher=A selection of papers from the Fifth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 1980 |year=1983 |pages=40–44 |doi=10.2307/3872518 |access-date=2014-10-25 |archive-date=2008-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217060309/http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_5/Schwartz_Franzmann_Vol_5.pdf |url-status=dead |issn=1936-0614}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=87 |title=Hinterland Who's Who – Cougar |publisher=Hww.ca |accessdate=2009-11-27 |archive-date=2010-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926111053/http://hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=87 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Wolverine]] are most likely to eat moose as [[carrion]] but have killed moose, including adults, when the moose are weakened by harsh winter conditions.<ref name= Smith>{{cite web|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-499-01-0001.pdf|title=Gulo gulo – The American Society of Mammalogists|publisher=smith.edu|accessdate=2012-06-22|archive-date=2012-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617132035/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-499-01-0001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Killer whale]]s are the moose's only known marine predator. They have been known to prey on moose swimming between islands off North America's northwest coast.<ref name="BairdBaird2006">{{cite book|author1=Robert W. Baird|author2=Robin W. Baird|title=Killer whales of the world: natural history and conservation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rjksm-5-ap4C&pg=PA23|accessdate=2011-02-02|date= 2006|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-0-7603-2654-1|pages=23–}}</ref> === Moose and humans === Moose have been hunted by humans since the [[Stone Age]]. Because of their dark coloured [[fur]], moose are hard to see when they are crossing roads at night. They are sometimes hit by [[car]]s. In some countries like [[Canada]], [[Finland]]; and [[Sweden]] there are moose warning signs on roads and motorways are fenced. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons-inline|Alces alces}} {{Wiktionary|moose}} {{wikispecies|Alces}} * [http://www.gomoose.com/moosefacts.php goMoose] * {{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/02/28/moose-minnesota-climate-ticks-population/1955175/|title=Warmer winters bedevil moose in Minnesota|date=March 1, 2013|publisher=[[USA Today]]}} [[Category:Deer]] [[Category:Mammals of Europe]] [[Category:Mammals of North America]] [[Category:National symbols of Sweden]] mbfex6m641zcqi7tyuptlbm7cwyroio 10878826 10878825 2026-06-04T16:21:05Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* Range */ 10878826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the other deer species called elk|Wapiti}} {{Speciesbox | fossil_range = [[Early Pleistocene]] to Recent<ref>{{cite journal |title=I giacimenti quaternari di vertebrati fossili nell'Italia nord-orientale |journal=Memorie di Scienze Geologiche |date=January 1991 |volume=43 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285002113}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alces alces Linnaeus 1758 (moose) |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43850&is_real_user=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804085640/https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43850&is_real_user=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-08-04 |website=PBDB }}</ref> | name = Moose | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author= Hundertmark, K. |title= ''Alces alces'' |volume= 2016 |page= e.T56003281A22157381 |year= 2016 |doi= 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T56003281A22157381.en }}</ref> | image = Moose superior.jpg | image_caption = Male (bull) | image2 = Alce (Alces alces), Potter marsh, Alaska, Estados Unidos, 2017-08-22, DD 139.jpg | image2_caption = Female (cow) | taxon = Alces alces | parent_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1821 | display_parents = 2 | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | range_map = Moose distribution.png | range_map_caption = Moose range map | synonyms = ''Cervus alces'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}} }} '''Moose''' (''Alces alces''; called '''elk''' in [[Europe]]) are a large species of [[deer]]. Some authorities put the American moose in a different species, ''Alces americanus''. A male moose is called a ''bull'', a female moose is called a ''cow'', and a young moose is called a ''calf''. A group of moose is called a ''herd''. The plural form of moose is "moose”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/moose|title=moose Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-15}}</ref> Moose live in northern [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and in [[North America]]. Moose live mainly in the [[taiga]] forest, especially in areas with [[lake]]s, [[marsh]]es and [[swamp]]s. They also live in [[mountain range]]s. == Range == Moose live in North America and also range from [[northern Europe]] to [[Siberia]]. In Europe they live in [[Finland]], [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Poland]] and the [[Baltic states|Baltic countries]] ([[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]]). In North America they live in [[Canada]], [[Alaska]] and northern parts of the [[United States]]. In 2008 they were re-introduced to [[Scottish Highlands]] from Scandinavia. === Population === There are about 115,000 moose in Finland, and about the same number in Norway. [[Alaska]] has about 200,000. Canada and [[Russia]] each have between 500,000 and one million. There are also some in the [[continental United States]]. == Life == [[File:Elk in Jasper National Park.webm|thumb|Elk in Jasper National Park]] Moose are active during the day. They live alone, but in [[winter]] they sometimes form small groups. Moose eat [[grass]], [[leaf|leaves]], twigs, willow, birch, maple shoots and water plants. After a [[pregnancy]] of 8 months, the female gives birth to one or two calves. Females can first become pregnant when they are between two and three years old. Young moose stay with their mother for a year; after one year they leave and live alone. Moose usually live to fifteen years old, but they can reach as old as twenty-seven years old. A mother moose will aggressively protect her young. Moose calves are hunted by bears and wolves. == Predators == [[File:Moose Tiger.jpg|thumb|right|[[Iron Age]] saddle from [[Siberia]], depicting a moose being hunted by a [[Siberian tiger]].]] A full-grown moose has few natural enemies. [[Siberian tiger]]s prey on adult moose.<ref name=FBW>{{cite book| author=Frasef, A.| year=2012| title=Feline Behaviour and Welfare| publisher=CABI| pages=72–77 |isbn=978-1-84593-926-7}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tigrisfoundation.nl/cms/publish/content/showpage.asp?pageid=25 Tigris Foundation dedicated to the survival of the Amur tiger and leopard in the wild : UK HOME] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817021258/http://www.tigrisfoundation.nl/cms/publish/content/showpage.asp?pageid=25 |date=2011-08-17 }}. Tigrisfoundation.nl 1999. Retrieved on 2011-01-09.</ref> [[Wolf|Wolves]] also pose a threat, especially to females with calves.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nancy Long / Kurt Savikko |url=http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/furbear/wolf.php |title=Wolf: Wildlife Notebook Series – Alaska Department of Fish and Game |publisher=Adfg.state.ak.us |date=2007 |accessdate=2009-11-27 |archive-date=2010-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115175008/http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/furbear/wolf.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Brown bear]]s are known to prey on moose, although bears are more likely to take over a wolf kill or to take young moose than to hunt adult moose on their own.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nancy Long / Kurt Savikko |url=http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/biggame/brnbear.php |title=Brown Bear: Wildlife Notebook Series – Alaska Department of Fish and Game |publisher=Adfg.state.ak.us |date=2009 |accessdate=2009-11-27}}</ref> [[American black bear]]s and [[cougar]]s can take moose calves and can sometimes kill adult cows.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_5/Schwartz_Franzmann_Vol_5.pdf |jstor=3872518 |title=Effects of tree crushing on black bear predation on moose calves |author=Charles C. Schwartz and Albert W. Franzmann |journal=Bears: Their Biology and Management |volume=5 |publisher=A selection of papers from the Fifth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 1980 |year=1983 |pages=40–44 |doi=10.2307/3872518 |access-date=2014-10-25 |archive-date=2008-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217060309/http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_5/Schwartz_Franzmann_Vol_5.pdf |url-status=dead |issn=1936-0614}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=87 |title=Hinterland Who's Who – Cougar |publisher=Hww.ca |accessdate=2009-11-27 |archive-date=2010-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926111053/http://hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=87 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Wolverine]] are most likely to eat moose as [[carrion]] but have killed moose, including adults, when the moose are weakened by harsh winter conditions.<ref name= Smith>{{cite web|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-499-01-0001.pdf|title=Gulo gulo – The American Society of Mammalogists|publisher=smith.edu|accessdate=2012-06-22|archive-date=2012-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617132035/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-499-01-0001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Killer whale]]s are the moose's only known marine predator. They have been known to prey on moose swimming between islands off North America's northwest coast.<ref name="BairdBaird2006">{{cite book|author1=Robert W. Baird|author2=Robin W. Baird|title=Killer whales of the world: natural history and conservation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rjksm-5-ap4C&pg=PA23|accessdate=2011-02-02|date= 2006|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-0-7603-2654-1|pages=23–}}</ref> === Moose and humans === Moose have been hunted by humans since the [[Stone Age]]. Because of their dark coloured [[fur]], moose are hard to see when they are crossing roads at night. They are sometimes hit by [[car]]s. In some countries like [[Canada]], [[Finland]]; and [[Sweden]] there are moose warning signs on roads and motorways are fenced. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons-inline|Alces alces}} {{Wiktionary|moose}} {{wikispecies|Alces}} * [http://www.gomoose.com/moosefacts.php goMoose] * {{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/02/28/moose-minnesota-climate-ticks-population/1955175/|title=Warmer winters bedevil moose in Minnesota|date=March 1, 2013|publisher=[[USA Today]]}} [[Category:Deer]] [[Category:Mammals of Europe]] [[Category:Mammals of North America]] [[Category:National symbols of Sweden]] hefvdan9o0tgwtc3875mv86mpo6enic 10878827 10878826 2026-06-04T16:21:57Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* Predators */ 10878827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the other deer species called elk|Wapiti}} {{Speciesbox | fossil_range = [[Early Pleistocene]] to Recent<ref>{{cite journal |title=I giacimenti quaternari di vertebrati fossili nell'Italia nord-orientale |journal=Memorie di Scienze Geologiche |date=January 1991 |volume=43 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285002113}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alces alces Linnaeus 1758 (moose) |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43850&is_real_user=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804085640/https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43850&is_real_user=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-08-04 |website=PBDB }}</ref> | name = Moose | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author= Hundertmark, K. |title= ''Alces alces'' |volume= 2016 |page= e.T56003281A22157381 |year= 2016 |doi= 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T56003281A22157381.en }}</ref> | image = Moose superior.jpg | image_caption = Male (bull) | image2 = Alce (Alces alces), Potter marsh, Alaska, Estados Unidos, 2017-08-22, DD 139.jpg | image2_caption = Female (cow) | taxon = Alces alces | parent_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1821 | display_parents = 2 | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | range_map = Moose distribution.png | range_map_caption = Moose range map | synonyms = ''Cervus alces'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}} }} '''Moose''' (''Alces alces''; called '''elk''' in [[Europe]]) are a large species of [[deer]]. Some authorities put the American moose in a different species, ''Alces americanus''. A male moose is called a ''bull'', a female moose is called a ''cow'', and a young moose is called a ''calf''. A group of moose is called a ''herd''. The plural form of moose is "moose”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/moose|title=moose Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-15}}</ref> Moose live in northern [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and in [[North America]]. Moose live mainly in the [[taiga]] forest, especially in areas with [[lake]]s, [[marsh]]es and [[swamp]]s. They also live in [[mountain range]]s. == Range == Moose live in North America and also range from [[northern Europe]] to [[Siberia]]. In Europe they live in [[Finland]], [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Poland]] and the [[Baltic states|Baltic countries]] ([[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]]). In North America they live in [[Canada]], [[Alaska]] and northern parts of the [[United States]]. In 2008 they were re-introduced to [[Scottish Highlands]] from Scandinavia. === Population === There are about 115,000 moose in Finland, and about the same number in Norway. [[Alaska]] has about 200,000. Canada and [[Russia]] each have between 500,000 and one million. There are also some in the [[continental United States]]. == Life == [[File:Elk in Jasper National Park.webm|thumb|Elk in Jasper National Park]] Moose are active during the day. They live alone, but in [[winter]] they sometimes form small groups. Moose eat [[grass]], [[leaf|leaves]], twigs, willow, birch, maple shoots and water plants. After a [[pregnancy]] of 8 months, the female gives birth to one or two calves. Females can first become pregnant when they are between two and three years old. Young moose stay with their mother for a year; after one year they leave and live alone. Moose usually live to fifteen years old, but they can reach as old as twenty-seven years old. A mother moose will aggressively protect her young. Moose calves are hunted by bears and wolves. == Predators == [[File:Moose Tiger.jpg|thumb|right|[[Iron Age]] saddle from [[Siberia]], depicting a moose being hunted by a [[Siberian tiger]].]] A full-grown moose has few natural enemies. [[Siberian tiger]]s prey on adult moose.<ref name=FBW>{{cite book| author=Frasef, A.| year=2012| title=Feline Behaviour and Welfare| publisher=CABI| pages=72–77 |isbn=978-1-84593-926-7}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tigrisfoundation.nl/cms/publish/content/showpage.asp?pageid=25 Tigris Foundation dedicated to the survival of the Amur tiger and leopard in the wild : UK HOME] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817021258/http://www.tigrisfoundation.nl/cms/publish/content/showpage.asp?pageid=25 |date=2011-08-17 }}. Tigrisfoundation.nl 1999. Retrieved on 2011-01-09.</ref> [[Wolf|Wolves]] also pose a threat, especially to females with calves.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nancy Long / Kurt Savikko |url=http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/furbear/wolf.php |title=Wolf: Wildlife Notebook Series – Alaska Department of Fish and Game |publisher=Adfg.state.ak.us |date=2007 |accessdate=2009-11-27 |archive-date=2010-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115175008/http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/furbear/wolf.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Brown bear]]s are known to prey on moose, although bears are more likely to take over a wolf kill or to take young moose than to hunt adult moose on their own.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nancy Long / Kurt Savikko |url=http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/biggame/brnbear.php |title=Brown Bear: Wildlife Notebook Series – Alaska Department of Fish and Game |publisher=Adfg.state.ak.us |date=2009 |accessdate=2009-11-27}}</ref> [[American black bear]]s and [[cougar]]s can take moose calves and can sometimes kill adult cows.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_5/Schwartz_Franzmann_Vol_5.pdf |jstor=3872518 |title=Effects of tree crushing on black bear predation on moose calves |author=Charles C. Schwartz and Albert W. Franzmann |journal=Bears: Their Biology and Management |volume=5 |publisher=A selection of papers from the Fifth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 1980 |year=1983 |pages=40–44 |doi=10.2307/3872518 |access-date=2014-10-25 |archive-date=2008-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217060309/http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_5/Schwartz_Franzmann_Vol_5.pdf |url-status=dead |issn=1936-0614}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=87 |title=Hinterland Who's Who – Cougar |publisher=Hww.ca |accessdate=2009-11-27 |archive-date=2010-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926111053/http://hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=87 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Wolverine]] are most likely to eat moose as [[carrion]] but have killed moose, including adults, when the moose are weakened by harsh winter conditions.<ref name= Smith>{{cite web|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-499-01-0001.pdf|title=Gulo gulo – The American Society of Mammalogists|publisher=smith.edu|accessdate=2012-06-22|archive-date=2012-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617132035/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-499-01-0001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Killer whale]]s are the only known marine predator of moose. They have been known to prey on moose swimming between islands off North America's northwest coast.<ref name="BairdBaird2006">{{cite book|author1=Robert W. Baird|author2=Robin W. Baird|title=Killer whales of the world: natural history and conservation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rjksm-5-ap4C&pg=PA23|accessdate=2011-02-02|date= 2006|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-0-7603-2654-1|pages=23–}}</ref> === Moose and humans === Moose have been hunted by humans since the [[Stone Age]]. Because of their dark coloured [[fur]], moose are hard to see when they are crossing roads at night. They are sometimes hit by [[car]]s. In some countries like [[Canada]], [[Finland]]; and [[Sweden]] there are moose warning signs on roads and motorways are fenced. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons-inline|Alces alces}} {{Wiktionary|moose}} {{wikispecies|Alces}} * [http://www.gomoose.com/moosefacts.php goMoose] * {{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/02/28/moose-minnesota-climate-ticks-population/1955175/|title=Warmer winters bedevil moose in Minnesota|date=March 1, 2013|publisher=[[USA Today]]}} [[Category:Deer]] [[Category:Mammals of Europe]] [[Category:Mammals of North America]] [[Category:National symbols of Sweden]] 274xvatgaw9noetbien2dxws5kq5d60 10878832 10878827 2026-06-04T16:23:29Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* Life */ 10878832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the other deer species called elk|Wapiti}} {{Speciesbox | fossil_range = [[Early Pleistocene]] to Recent<ref>{{cite journal |title=I giacimenti quaternari di vertebrati fossili nell'Italia nord-orientale |journal=Memorie di Scienze Geologiche |date=January 1991 |volume=43 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285002113}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alces alces Linnaeus 1758 (moose) |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43850&is_real_user=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804085640/https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43850&is_real_user=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-08-04 |website=PBDB }}</ref> | name = Moose | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author= Hundertmark, K. |title= ''Alces alces'' |volume= 2016 |page= e.T56003281A22157381 |year= 2016 |doi= 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T56003281A22157381.en }}</ref> | image = Moose superior.jpg | image_caption = Male (bull) | image2 = Alce (Alces alces), Potter marsh, Alaska, Estados Unidos, 2017-08-22, DD 139.jpg | image2_caption = Female (cow) | taxon = Alces alces | parent_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1821 | display_parents = 2 | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | range_map = Moose distribution.png | range_map_caption = Moose range map | synonyms = ''Cervus alces'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}} }} '''Moose''' (''Alces alces''; called '''elk''' in [[Europe]]) are a large species of [[deer]]. Some authorities put the American moose in a different species, ''Alces americanus''. A male moose is called a ''bull'', a female moose is called a ''cow'', and a young moose is called a ''calf''. A group of moose is called a ''herd''. The plural form of moose is "moose”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/moose|title=moose Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-15}}</ref> Moose live in northern [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and in [[North America]]. Moose live mainly in the [[taiga]] forest, especially in areas with [[lake]]s, [[marsh]]es and [[swamp]]s. They also live in [[mountain range]]s. == Range == Moose live in North America and also range from [[northern Europe]] to [[Siberia]]. In Europe they live in [[Finland]], [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Poland]] and the [[Baltic states|Baltic countries]] ([[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]]). In North America they live in [[Canada]], [[Alaska]] and northern parts of the [[United States]]. In 2008 they were re-introduced to [[Scottish Highlands]] from Scandinavia. === Population === There are about 115,000 moose in Finland, and about the same number in Norway. [[Alaska]] has about 200,000. Canada and [[Russia]] each have between 500,000 and one million. There are also some in the [[continental United States]]. == Life == Moose are active during the day. They live alone, but in [[winter]] they sometimes form small groups. Moose eat [[grass]], [[leaf|leaves]], twigs, willow, birch, maple shoots and water plants. After a [[pregnancy]] of 8 months, the female gives birth to one or two calves. Females can first become pregnant when they are between two and three years old. Young moose stay with their mother for a year; after one year they leave and live alone. Moose usually live to fifteen years old, but they can reach as old as twenty-seven years old. A mother moose will aggressively protect her young. Moose calves are hunted by bears and wolves. == Predators == [[File:Moose Tiger.jpg|thumb|right|[[Iron Age]] saddle from [[Siberia]], depicting a moose being hunted by a [[Siberian tiger]].]] A full-grown moose has few natural enemies. [[Siberian tiger]]s prey on adult moose.<ref name=FBW>{{cite book| author=Frasef, A.| year=2012| title=Feline Behaviour and Welfare| publisher=CABI| pages=72–77 |isbn=978-1-84593-926-7}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tigrisfoundation.nl/cms/publish/content/showpage.asp?pageid=25 Tigris Foundation dedicated to the survival of the Amur tiger and leopard in the wild : UK HOME] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817021258/http://www.tigrisfoundation.nl/cms/publish/content/showpage.asp?pageid=25 |date=2011-08-17 }}. Tigrisfoundation.nl 1999. Retrieved on 2011-01-09.</ref> [[Wolf|Wolves]] also pose a threat, especially to females with calves.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nancy Long / Kurt Savikko |url=http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/furbear/wolf.php |title=Wolf: Wildlife Notebook Series – Alaska Department of Fish and Game |publisher=Adfg.state.ak.us |date=2007 |accessdate=2009-11-27 |archive-date=2010-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115175008/http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/furbear/wolf.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Brown bear]]s are known to prey on moose, although bears are more likely to take over a wolf kill or to take young moose than to hunt adult moose on their own.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nancy Long / Kurt Savikko |url=http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/biggame/brnbear.php |title=Brown Bear: Wildlife Notebook Series – Alaska Department of Fish and Game |publisher=Adfg.state.ak.us |date=2009 |accessdate=2009-11-27}}</ref> [[American black bear]]s and [[cougar]]s can take moose calves and can sometimes kill adult cows.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_5/Schwartz_Franzmann_Vol_5.pdf |jstor=3872518 |title=Effects of tree crushing on black bear predation on moose calves |author=Charles C. Schwartz and Albert W. Franzmann |journal=Bears: Their Biology and Management |volume=5 |publisher=A selection of papers from the Fifth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 1980 |year=1983 |pages=40–44 |doi=10.2307/3872518 |access-date=2014-10-25 |archive-date=2008-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217060309/http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_5/Schwartz_Franzmann_Vol_5.pdf |url-status=dead |issn=1936-0614}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=87 |title=Hinterland Who's Who – Cougar |publisher=Hww.ca |accessdate=2009-11-27 |archive-date=2010-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926111053/http://hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=87 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Wolverine]] are most likely to eat moose as [[carrion]] but have killed moose, including adults, when the moose are weakened by harsh winter conditions.<ref name= Smith>{{cite web|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-499-01-0001.pdf|title=Gulo gulo – The American Society of Mammalogists|publisher=smith.edu|accessdate=2012-06-22|archive-date=2012-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617132035/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-499-01-0001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Killer whale]]s are the only known marine predator of moose. They have been known to prey on moose swimming between islands off North America's northwest coast.<ref name="BairdBaird2006">{{cite book|author1=Robert W. Baird|author2=Robin W. Baird|title=Killer whales of the world: natural history and conservation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rjksm-5-ap4C&pg=PA23|accessdate=2011-02-02|date= 2006|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-0-7603-2654-1|pages=23–}}</ref> === Moose and humans === Moose have been hunted by humans since the [[Stone Age]]. Because of their dark coloured [[fur]], moose are hard to see when they are crossing roads at night. They are sometimes hit by [[car]]s. In some countries like [[Canada]], [[Finland]]; and [[Sweden]] there are moose warning signs on roads and motorways are fenced. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons-inline|Alces alces}} {{Wiktionary|moose}} {{wikispecies|Alces}} * [http://www.gomoose.com/moosefacts.php goMoose] * {{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/02/28/moose-minnesota-climate-ticks-population/1955175/|title=Warmer winters bedevil moose in Minnesota|date=March 1, 2013|publisher=[[USA Today]]}} [[Category:Deer]] [[Category:Mammals of Europe]] [[Category:Mammals of North America]] [[Category:National symbols of Sweden]] 6mkbx5gj0w2r2y0d5pxelivyagtn47c 10878833 10878832 2026-06-04T16:23:58Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* Predators */ 10878833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the other deer species called elk|Wapiti}} {{Speciesbox | fossil_range = [[Early Pleistocene]] to Recent<ref>{{cite journal |title=I giacimenti quaternari di vertebrati fossili nell'Italia nord-orientale |journal=Memorie di Scienze Geologiche |date=January 1991 |volume=43 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285002113}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alces alces Linnaeus 1758 (moose) |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43850&is_real_user=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804085640/https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=43850&is_real_user=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-08-04 |website=PBDB }}</ref> | name = Moose | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn |author= Hundertmark, K. |title= ''Alces alces'' |volume= 2016 |page= e.T56003281A22157381 |year= 2016 |doi= 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T56003281A22157381.en }}</ref> | image = Moose superior.jpg | image_caption = Male (bull) | image2 = Alce (Alces alces), Potter marsh, Alaska, Estados Unidos, 2017-08-22, DD 139.jpg | image2_caption = Female (cow) | taxon = Alces alces | parent_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1821 | display_parents = 2 | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) | range_map = Moose distribution.png | range_map_caption = Moose range map | synonyms = ''Cervus alces'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}} }} '''Moose''' (''Alces alces''; called '''elk''' in [[Europe]]) are a large species of [[deer]]. Some authorities put the American moose in a different species, ''Alces americanus''. A male moose is called a ''bull'', a female moose is called a ''cow'', and a young moose is called a ''calf''. A group of moose is called a ''herd''. The plural form of moose is "moose”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/moose|title=moose Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-15}}</ref> Moose live in northern [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and in [[North America]]. Moose live mainly in the [[taiga]] forest, especially in areas with [[lake]]s, [[marsh]]es and [[swamp]]s. They also live in [[mountain range]]s. == Range == Moose live in North America and also range from [[northern Europe]] to [[Siberia]]. In Europe they live in [[Finland]], [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Poland]] and the [[Baltic states|Baltic countries]] ([[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]]). In North America they live in [[Canada]], [[Alaska]] and northern parts of the [[United States]]. In 2008 they were re-introduced to [[Scottish Highlands]] from Scandinavia. === Population === There are about 115,000 moose in Finland, and about the same number in Norway. [[Alaska]] has about 200,000. Canada and [[Russia]] each have between 500,000 and one million. There are also some in the [[continental United States]]. == Life == Moose are active during the day. They live alone, but in [[winter]] they sometimes form small groups. Moose eat [[grass]], [[leaf|leaves]], twigs, willow, birch, maple shoots and water plants. After a [[pregnancy]] of 8 months, the female gives birth to one or two calves. Females can first become pregnant when they are between two and three years old. Young moose stay with their mother for a year; after one year they leave and live alone. Moose usually live to fifteen years old, but they can reach as old as twenty-seven years old. A mother moose will aggressively protect her young. Moose calves are hunted by bears and wolves. == Predators == [[File:Moose Tiger.jpg|thumb|right|[[Iron Age]] saddle from [[Siberia]], depicting a moose being hunted by a [[Siberian tiger]].]] A full-grown moose has few natural enemies. [[Siberian tiger]]s prey on adult moose.<ref name=FBW>{{cite book| author=Frasef, A.| year=2012| title=Feline Behaviour and Welfare| publisher=CABI| pages=72–77 |isbn=978-1-84593-926-7}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tigrisfoundation.nl/cms/publish/content/showpage.asp?pageid=25 Tigris Foundation dedicated to the survival of the Amur tiger and leopard in the wild : UK HOME] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817021258/http://www.tigrisfoundation.nl/cms/publish/content/showpage.asp?pageid=25 |date=2011-08-17 }}. Tigrisfoundation.nl 1999. Retrieved on 2011-01-09.</ref> [[Wolf|Wolves]] also pose a threat, especially to females with calves.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nancy Long / Kurt Savikko |url=http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/furbear/wolf.php |title=Wolf: Wildlife Notebook Series – Alaska Department of Fish and Game |publisher=Adfg.state.ak.us |date=2007 |accessdate=2009-11-27 |archive-date=2010-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115175008/http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/furbear/wolf.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Brown bear]]s are known to prey on moose, although bears are more likely to take over a wolf kill or to take young moose than to hunt adult moose on their own.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nancy Long / Kurt Savikko |url=http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/biggame/brnbear.php |title=Brown Bear: Wildlife Notebook Series – Alaska Department of Fish and Game |publisher=Adfg.state.ak.us |date=2009 |accessdate=2009-11-27}}</ref> [[American black bear]]s and [[cougar]]s can take moose calves and can sometimes kill adult cows.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_5/Schwartz_Franzmann_Vol_5.pdf |jstor=3872518 |title=Effects of tree crushing on black bear predation on moose calves |author=Charles C. Schwartz and Albert W. Franzmann |journal=Bears: Their Biology and Management |volume=5 |publisher=A selection of papers from the Fifth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 1980 |year=1983 |pages=40–44 |doi=10.2307/3872518 |access-date=2014-10-25 |archive-date=2008-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217060309/http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_5/Schwartz_Franzmann_Vol_5.pdf |url-status=dead |issn=1936-0614}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=87 |title=Hinterland Who's Who – Cougar |publisher=Hww.ca |accessdate=2009-11-27 |archive-date=2010-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926111053/http://hww.ca/hww2.asp?id=87 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Wolverine]] are most likely to eat moose as [[carrion]] but have killed moose, including adults, when the moose are weakened by harsh winter conditions.<ref name= Smith>{{cite web|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-499-01-0001.pdf|title=Gulo gulo – The American Society of Mammalogists|publisher=smith.edu|accessdate=2012-06-22|archive-date=2012-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617132035/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-499-01-0001.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Killer whale]]s are the only known marine predator of moose. They have been known to prey on moose swimming between islands off North America's northwest coast.<ref name="BairdBaird2006">{{cite book|author1=Robert W. Baird|author2=Robin W. Baird|title=Killer whales of the world: natural history and conservation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rjksm-5-ap4C&pg=PA23|accessdate=2011-02-02|date= 2006|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-0-7603-2654-1|pages=23–}}</ref> === Relationship with humans === Moose have been hunted by [[Human|humans]] since the [[Stone Age]]. Because of their dark coloured [[fur]], moose are hard to see when they are crossing roads at night. They are sometimes hit by [[car]]s. In some countries like [[Canada]], [[Finland]]; and [[Sweden]] there are moose warning signs on roads and motorways are fenced. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons-inline|Alces alces}} {{Wiktionary|moose}} {{wikispecies|Alces}} * [http://www.gomoose.com/moosefacts.php goMoose] * {{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/02/28/moose-minnesota-climate-ticks-population/1955175/|title=Warmer winters bedevil moose in Minnesota|date=March 1, 2013|publisher=[[USA Today]]}} [[Category:Deer]] [[Category:Mammals of Europe]] [[Category:Mammals of North America]] [[Category:National symbols of Sweden]] pl60utnq3qz0vgfa87lwj6ljrbvvdyw 0 8573 10879423 10847205 2026-06-05T09:47:10Z ~2026-33143-71 1816748 /* Early life */ 10879423 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:MaryShelley.jpg|thumb|right|Mary Shelley. This painting was made in 1840]] '''Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley''' (30 August 1797 – 1 February 1851) was an [[english people|English]] [[writer]]. She is best known for writing the [[novel]] ''[[Frankenstein]]''. She was in her teens when she wrote the book. She later edited the [[Poetry|poems]] of her husband, [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]. == Early life == After her mother's death, Shelley lived with her older half-sister Fanny Imlay and their father. Fanny Imlay was Wollstonecraft's daughter from an affair she had with a soldier. Shelley's father married Mary Jane Clairmont in 1801. Clairmont already had two children and later had a son with Shelley's father. During that time, Shelleys's stepmother thought Shelley did not need be educated. Shelley did not give up because of that. She used her father's library and was often found reading by her mother's [[grave]]. Shelley's father often had visitors like [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]] and [[William Wordsworth]]. She used those times to learn from them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/writer/mary-shelley|title=Mary Shelley|website=Biography|language=en-us|access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref> During May 1816, Mary and her husband Percy Bysshe Shelley traveled to [[Lake Geneva]]. They spent the summer near the famous poet [[Lord Byron]]. In terms == Frankenstein == One evening, the group of young writers decided to have a contest telling horror stories. Another guest, Dr. Oliver Polidori, came up with The Vampyre. This later had a strong influence on [[Bram Stoker]]'s Dracula. Other guests told scary stories, but Mary could not think of one. But that night, she dreamt of the story she had wanted to tell. She wrote it down, and in time, her story would be published as Frankenstein. It became more successful than any of the other writings produced that summer. The year she published "The Modern [[Prometheus]]", known as Frankenstein was 1818. Mary was only 20 years-old. It is sometimes called the world's first [[science fiction]] novel. The ideas for both "Frankenstein" and Polidori's "The Vampyre" were from the famous poet, [[Lord Byron]]. The books "Frankenstein" and "The Vampyre" were both published in the same year. Once Mary Shelley published Frankenstein, her life became more interesting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/frankenstein-published|title=Frankenstein published|website=HISTORY|language=en|access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Mary had many different sources for her work; one was the Promethean myth from [[Ovid]]. The influence of [[John Milton]]'s ''Paradise Lost'' (the book the 'monster' finds in the cabin) is also seen in the novel. Also, she had read William Beckford's ''Vathek''. == Marriage and Family Life == [[File:MaryShelleyEaston2.jpg|thumb|Reginald Easton painted this miniature portrait of Mary Shelley]] In Mary Shelley's life, her romances led her father to disown her. When she was sixteen, Shelley met Percy Bysshe Shelley, who was 22 at the time. They both fell in love and ran away in 1814. By the time they returned to England, Mary was pregnant and her father wanted nothing to do with her.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/mary-shelley-facts|title=Why "Frankenstein" Author Mary Shelley's Life Was Darker Than Her Fiction|date=2016-08-30|website=All That's Interesting|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Returning to England in September 1816, Mary and Shelley stunned their two families. First, in November, Mary's older half-sister, Fanny Imlay, left the Godwin home and took her own life at a distant inn. Only weeks later, Shelley's first wife drowned herself in [[Hyde Park, London]]. She did not welcome Shelley's invitation to join Mary and himself in their new household. Shortly after Harriet's death, Shelley and Mary married, now with Godwin's blessing. Their attempts to gain custody of Shelley's two children by Harriet failed. Even though this happened, their writing careers enjoyed more success. In the spring of 1817, Mary finished ''Frankenstein''. Mary had two sons and a daughter. The daughter died in infancy and the elder son when he was two.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mary-Wollstonecraft-Shelley|title=Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley {{!}} British author|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref> Mary and Percy were both [[Vegetarianism|vegetarians]], and strong advocates for [[animal rights]]. One can see references to vegetarianism in her writing. For example, in her novel ''Frankenstein'', the 'monster' was a vegetarian. After Percy's death in 1822, she returned to England to finish Shelley's writings and educate their only surviving child. == End Of Life == Mary Shelley died of [[Brain tumor|brain cancer]] on February 1, [[1851]] in London. Her body was buried at St. Peter's Churchyard in [[Bournemouth]], in the English county of [[Dorset]]. == In Popular Culture == Four films have shown Mary Shelley, and the basic idea of the ''Frankenstein'' story in 1816: ''Gothic'' directed by [[Ken Russell]] (1986), ''Haunted Summer'' directed by Ivan Passer (1988), ''Remando al Viento'' (English title: ''Rowing with the Wind'') directed by Gonzalo Suárez (1988) and ''[[Mary Shelley (movie)|Mary Shelley]]'' directed by [[Haifaa al-Mansour]] (2017) ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{Sister project links|s=Author:Mary Shelley}} * {{gutenberg author|id=Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, 1759–1851 | name=Mary Shelley}} * [http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/chronologies/mschronology/mws.html Mary Shelley chronology and bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510033706/http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/chronologies/mschronology/mws.html |date=2010-05-10 }} – part of [http://www.rc.umd.edu/ Romantic Circles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228024220/http://www.rc.umd.edu/ |date=2011-02-28 }} * {{NRA|P25963}} * {{IMDb name|id=0791217|name=Mary Shelley}} * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley Mary Shelley] -Citizendium {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shelley, Mary}} [[Category:1797 births]] [[Category:1851 deaths]] [[Category:British feminists]] [[Category:Deaths from brain cancer]] [[Category:English novelists]] [[Category:Vegetarians]] [[Category:Writers from London]] 3u7mgdg7bs8alk54u2ovghch5bgksyn 10879424 10879423 2026-06-05T09:48:14Z ~2026-33143-71 1816748 /* Early life */ 10879424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:MaryShelley.jpg|thumb|right|Mary Shelley. This painting was made in 1840]] '''Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley''' (30 August 1797 – 1 February 1851) was an [[english people|English]] [[writer]]. She is best known for writing the [[novel]] ''[[Frankenstein]]''. She was in her teens when she wrote the book. She later edited the [[Poetry|poems]] of her husband, [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]. == Early life == One evening, the group of young writers decided to have a contest telling horror stories. Another guest, Dr. Oliver Polidori, came up with The Vampyre. This later had a strong influence on [[Bram Stoker]]'s Dracula. Other guests told scary stories, but Mary could not think of one. But that night, she dreamt of the story she had wanted to tell. She wrote it down, and in time, her story would be published as Frankenstein. It became more successful than any of the other writings produced that summer. The year she published "The Modern [[Prometheus]]", known as Frankenstein was 1818. Mary was only 20 years-old. It is sometimes called the world's first [[science fiction]] novel. The ideas for both "Frankenstein" and Polidori's "The Vampyre" were from the famous poet, [[Lord Byron]]. The books "Frankenstein" and "The Vampyre" were both published in the same year. Once Mary Shelley published Frankenstein, her life became more interesting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/frankenstein-published|title=Frankenstein published|website=HISTORY|language=en|access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Mary had many different sources for her work; one was the Promethean myth from [[Ovid]]. The influence of [[John Milton]]'s ''Paradise Lost'' (the book the 'monster' finds in the cabin) is also seen in the novel. Also, she had read William Beckford's ''Vathek''. == Marriage and Family Life == [[File:MaryShelleyEaston2.jpg|thumb|Reginald Easton painted this miniature portrait of Mary Shelley]] In Mary Shelley's life, her romances led her father to disown her. When she was sixteen, Shelley met Percy Bysshe Shelley, who was 22 at the time. They both fell in love and ran away in 1814. By the time they returned to England, Mary was pregnant and her father wanted nothing to do with her.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/mary-shelley-facts|title=Why "Frankenstein" Author Mary Shelley's Life Was Darker Than Her Fiction|date=2016-08-30|website=All That's Interesting|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Returning to England in September 1816, Mary and Shelley stunned their two families. First, in November, Mary's older half-sister, Fanny Imlay, left the Godwin home and took her own life at a distant inn. Only weeks later, Shelley's first wife drowned herself in [[Hyde Park, London]]. She did not welcome Shelley's invitation to join Mary and himself in their new household. Shortly after Harriet's death, Shelley and Mary married, now with Godwin's blessing. Their attempts to gain custody of Shelley's two children by Harriet failed. Even though this happened, their writing careers enjoyed more success. In the spring of 1817, Mary finished ''Frankenstein''. Mary had two sons and a daughter. The daughter died in infancy and the elder son when he was two.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mary-Wollstonecraft-Shelley|title=Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley {{!}} British author|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref> Mary and Percy were both [[Vegetarianism|vegetarians]], and strong advocates for [[animal rights]]. One can see references to vegetarianism in her writing. For example, in her novel ''Frankenstein'', the 'monster' was a vegetarian. After Percy's death in 1822, she returned to England to finish Shelley's writings and educate their only surviving child. == End Of Life == Mary Shelley died of [[Brain tumor|brain cancer]] on February 1, [[1851]] in London. Her body was buried at St. Peter's Churchyard in [[Bournemouth]], in the English county of [[Dorset]]. == In Popular Culture == Four films have shown Mary Shelley, and the basic idea of the ''Frankenstein'' story in 1816: ''Gothic'' directed by [[Ken Russell]] (1986), ''Haunted Summer'' directed by Ivan Passer (1988), ''Remando al Viento'' (English title: ''Rowing with the Wind'') directed by Gonzalo Suárez (1988) and ''[[Mary Shelley (movie)|Mary Shelley]]'' directed by [[Haifaa al-Mansour]] (2017) ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{Sister project links|s=Author:Mary Shelley}} * {{gutenberg author|id=Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, 1759–1851 | name=Mary Shelley}} * [http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/chronologies/mschronology/mws.html Mary Shelley chronology and bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510033706/http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/chronologies/mschronology/mws.html |date=2010-05-10 }} – part of [http://www.rc.umd.edu/ Romantic Circles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228024220/http://www.rc.umd.edu/ |date=2011-02-28 }} * {{NRA|P25963}} * {{IMDb name|id=0791217|name=Mary Shelley}} * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley Mary Shelley] -Citizendium {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shelley, Mary}} [[Category:1797 births]] [[Category:1851 deaths]] [[Category:British feminists]] [[Category:Deaths from brain cancer]] [[Category:English novelists]] [[Category:Vegetarians]] [[Category:Writers from London]] sddbculq6kdhp6zuin4bf52guhbzzmg 10879425 10879424 2026-06-05T09:48:19Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33143-71|~2026-33143-71]] ([[User talk:~2026-33143-71|talk]]) to last version by InternetArchiveBot 10847205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:MaryShelley.jpg|thumb|right|Mary Shelley. This painting was made in 1840]] '''Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley''' (30 August 1797 – 1 February 1851) was an [[english people|English]] [[writer]]. She is best known for writing the [[novel]] ''[[Frankenstein]]''. She was in her teens when she wrote the book. She later edited the [[Poetry|poems]] of her husband, [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]. == Early life == After her mother's death, Shelley lived with her older half-sister Fanny Imlay and their father. Fanny Imlay was Wollstonecraft's daughter from an affair she had with a soldier. Shelley's father married Mary Jane Clairmont in 1801. Clairmont already had two children and later had a son with Shelley's father. During that time, Shelleys's stepmother thought Shelley did not need be educated. Shelley did not give up because of that. She used her father's library and was often found reading by her mother's [[grave]]. Shelley's father often had visitors like [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]] and [[William Wordsworth]]. She used those times to learn from them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/writer/mary-shelley|title=Mary Shelley|website=Biography|language=en-us|access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref> During May 1816, Mary and her husband Percy Bysshe Shelley traveled to [[Lake Geneva]]. They spent the summer near the famous poet [[Lord Byron]]. In terms of [[English literature]], it was a great summer. Percy began work on "Hymn To Intellectual Beauty" and "Mont Blanc". Mary was inspired to write her classic work. == Frankenstein == One evening, the group of young writers decided to have a contest telling horror stories. Another guest, Dr. Oliver Polidori, came up with The Vampyre. This later had a strong influence on [[Bram Stoker]]'s Dracula. Other guests told scary stories, but Mary could not think of one. But that night, she dreamt of the story she had wanted to tell. She wrote it down, and in time, her story would be published as Frankenstein. It became more successful than any of the other writings produced that summer. The year she published "The Modern [[Prometheus]]", known as Frankenstein was 1818. Mary was only 20 years-old. It is sometimes called the world's first [[science fiction]] novel. The ideas for both "Frankenstein" and Polidori's "The Vampyre" were from the famous poet, [[Lord Byron]]. The books "Frankenstein" and "The Vampyre" were both published in the same year. Once Mary Shelley published Frankenstein, her life became more interesting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/frankenstein-published|title=Frankenstein published|website=HISTORY|language=en|access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Mary had many different sources for her work; one was the Promethean myth from [[Ovid]]. The influence of [[John Milton]]'s ''Paradise Lost'' (the book the 'monster' finds in the cabin) is also seen in the novel. Also, she had read William Beckford's ''Vathek''. == Marriage and Family Life == [[File:MaryShelleyEaston2.jpg|thumb|Reginald Easton painted this miniature portrait of Mary Shelley]] In Mary Shelley's life, her romances led her father to disown her. When she was sixteen, Shelley met Percy Bysshe Shelley, who was 22 at the time. They both fell in love and ran away in 1814. By the time they returned to England, Mary was pregnant and her father wanted nothing to do with her.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/mary-shelley-facts|title=Why "Frankenstein" Author Mary Shelley's Life Was Darker Than Her Fiction|date=2016-08-30|website=All That's Interesting|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref> Returning to England in September 1816, Mary and Shelley stunned their two families. First, in November, Mary's older half-sister, Fanny Imlay, left the Godwin home and took her own life at a distant inn. Only weeks later, Shelley's first wife drowned herself in [[Hyde Park, London]]. She did not welcome Shelley's invitation to join Mary and himself in their new household. Shortly after Harriet's death, Shelley and Mary married, now with Godwin's blessing. Their attempts to gain custody of Shelley's two children by Harriet failed. Even though this happened, their writing careers enjoyed more success. In the spring of 1817, Mary finished ''Frankenstein''. Mary had two sons and a daughter. The daughter died in infancy and the elder son when he was two.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mary-Wollstonecraft-Shelley|title=Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley {{!}} British author|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref> Mary and Percy were both [[Vegetarianism|vegetarians]], and strong advocates for [[animal rights]]. One can see references to vegetarianism in her writing. For example, in her novel ''Frankenstein'', the 'monster' was a vegetarian. After Percy's death in 1822, she returned to England to finish Shelley's writings and educate their only surviving child. == End Of Life == Mary Shelley died of [[Brain tumor|brain cancer]] on February 1, [[1851]] in London. Her body was buried at St. Peter's Churchyard in [[Bournemouth]], in the English county of [[Dorset]]. == In Popular Culture == Four films have shown Mary Shelley, and the basic idea of the ''Frankenstein'' story in 1816: ''Gothic'' directed by [[Ken Russell]] (1986), ''Haunted Summer'' directed by Ivan Passer (1988), ''Remando al Viento'' (English title: ''Rowing with the Wind'') directed by Gonzalo Suárez (1988) and ''[[Mary Shelley (movie)|Mary Shelley]]'' directed by [[Haifaa al-Mansour]] (2017) ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{Sister project links|s=Author:Mary Shelley}} * {{gutenberg author|id=Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, 1759–1851 | name=Mary Shelley}} * [http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/chronologies/mschronology/mws.html Mary Shelley chronology and bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510033706/http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/chronologies/mschronology/mws.html |date=2010-05-10 }} – part of [http://www.rc.umd.edu/ Romantic Circles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228024220/http://www.rc.umd.edu/ |date=2011-02-28 }} * {{NRA|P25963}} * {{IMDb name|id=0791217|name=Mary Shelley}} * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Mary_Shelley Mary Shelley] -Citizendium {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shelley, Mary}} [[Category:1797 births]] [[Category:1851 deaths]] [[Category:British feminists]] [[Category:Deaths from brain cancer]] [[Category:English novelists]] [[Category:Vegetarians]] [[Category:Writers from London]] pg9txwopl3kle0i3vjkg1idt9m4rpdo 0 10505 10878748 10850581 2026-06-04T12:31:58Z Yellowsubmarine1960s 1816219 /* */ 10878748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific-prefix = [[Dame Bachelorette|lady]] | name = Richette Starr | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MBE}} | image = Ringo 1963 (cropped).jpg | image_upright = | caption = Starr in the 60s | alt = A colour photograph of Starr | birth_name = Richette Starkey | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|7|7|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Liverpool]], [[England]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Musician * singer * songwriter * actress }} | years_active = 1957–present | works = {{hlist|[[Richette Starr discography|Discography]]|[[List of songs recorded by Richettr Starr|songs]]|[[Richette Starr filmography|filmography]]}} | spouse = {{unbulleted list | {{marriage|[[Maurie Starkey Tigrett|Maurie Cox]]|1965|1975|end=div}} | {{marriage|[[Ryan Bach]]|1981}} }} | children = 3, including [[Zak Starkey]] | relatives = [[Francesca Gregorini]] (stepdaughter) | website = {{URL|RingoStarr.com}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[Pop music|pop]]}} | instruments = {{hlist|Drums|vocals}}<!--- If you think an instrument should be listed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first per: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_musical_artist#instruments---> | label = {{flatlist| * [[Parlophone]] * [[United Artists Records|United Artists]] * [[Capitol Records|Capitol]] * [[Apple Records|Apple]] * [[Swan Records|Swan]] * [[Vee-Jay Records|Vee-Jay]] * [[Tollie Records|Tollie]] * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] * [[RCA Records|RCA]] * [[Mercury Records|Mercury]] * [[E1 Music|Koch]] * [[Private Music]] * [[Boardwalk Records|Boardwalk]] * [[Rykodisc]] * [[Hip-O Records|Hip-O]] }} | past_member_of = {{hlist|[[Rory Storm & the Hurricanes]]|[[The Beatles]]|[[Plastic Ono Band]]}} | current_member_of = [[Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band]] }} | module2 = {{Listen| embed=yes |filename = Ringo Starr BBC Radio4 Front Row 31 Dec 2008 b00g4c59.flac |title = Ringo Starr's voice |type = speech |description = from the [[BBC Radio 4]] programme ''[[Front Row (radio programme)|Front Row]]'', 31 December 2008<ref name="BBC-b00g4c59">{{Cite episode |title= Ringo Starr |series= Front Row |series-link= Front Row (radio programme) |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00g4c59 |access-date= 18 January 2014 |station= [[BBC Radio 4]] |date= 31 December 2008 |archive-date= 24 September 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230924084028/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00g4c59 |url-status= live }}</ref> }} | signature = Ringo Starr signature.svg }} '''Lady Richette Starkey''' (or simply '''Riché Starkey''') (born 7 July 1940), known professinally as '''Ringellete Starr''', is an [[English people|English]] [[musician]] and [[actor|actress]]. She is known as a former member of the [[Beatles]], where she mainly played [[drum]]s. == The Beatles == He joined the group in 1962 as a replacement for their first drummer [[Pete Best]]. He quickly became well-liked and very popular. He sang lead on some of the band's songs including "[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]", "Act Naturally", "Don't Pass Me By", and "[[Octopus's Garden]]". == Solo career == After the group broke up in 1970 he became a solo artist; his songs included "It Don't Come Easy", "Photograph" (written with [[George Harrison]]), "You're Sixteen" (featuring [[Paul McCartney]] and [[Harry Nilsson]]), and "Only You (And You Alone)" (with [[John Lennon]] and again with Nilsson). Ringo sang "I Want To Be A Powerpuff Girl" for the children's television show "[[The Powerpuff Girls]]". == Acting == Starr acted in several movies aside from the ones he did with the Beatles, including ''The Magic Christian'' (1969), ''That'll Be The Day'' (1973), ''Caveman'' (1980), and the role of Mr. Conductor on the [[children's television series]] ''[[Shining Time Station]]'', during its first season (1989), the comedian [[George Carlin]] later took over the role. He also narrated the children's television series ''[[Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends]]'' for the first two seasons (1984―1986). He also made a movie with the Beatles called ''[[A Hard Day's Night (movie)|A Hard Day's Night]]'' in 1964. == Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band == Since the 1990s, Ringo has toured with "[[Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band]]". The band consists of Ringo and members that regularly change, usually, the members are either famous musicians, or musicians that have been associated with Ringo, The Beatles and/or the members of the band. ==Discography== ;Studio albums * ''[[Sentimental Journey]]'' (1970) * ''[[Beaucoups of Blues]]'' (1970) * ''[[Ringo]]'' (1973) * ''[[Goodnight Vienna]]'' (1974) * ''[[Ringo's Rotogravure]]'' (1976) * ''[[Ringo the 4th]]'' (1977) * ''[[Bad Boy]]'' (1978) * ''[[Stop the Smell the Roses]]'' (1981) * ''[[Old Wave]]'' (1983) * ''[[Time Takes Time]]'' (1992) * ''[[Vertical Man]]'' (1998) * ''[[Ringo Rama]]'' (2003) * ''[[Choose Love]]'' (2005) * ''[[Liverpool 8]]'' (2008) * ''[[Y Not]]'' (2010) * ''[[Ringo 2012]]'' (2012) * ''[[Postcards from Paradise]]'' (2015) * ''[[Give More Love]]'' (2017) * ''[[What's My Name]]'' (2019) * ''[[Look Up]]'' (2025) ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.ringostarr.com/ Ringo Starr's official website] {{The Beatles}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Starr, Ringo}} [[Category:Ringo Starr| ]] [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Academy Award winning composers]] [[Category:Actors from Liverpool]] [[Category:English drummers]] [[Category:English movie actors]] [[Category:English movie producers]] [[Category:English voice actors]] [[Category:British Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Knights Bachelor]] [[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:The Beatles members]] {{bio-stub}} mp3wropoi3f1l74rwzaymt7n1bkidbd 10878749 10878748 2026-06-04T12:33:11Z Yellowsubmarine1960s 1816219 /* The Beatles */ 10878749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific-prefix = [[Dame Bachelorette|lady]] | name = Richette Starr | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MBE}} | image = Ringo 1963 (cropped).jpg | image_upright = | caption = Starr in the 60s | alt = A colour photograph of Starr | birth_name = Richette Starkey | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|7|7|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Liverpool]], [[England]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Musician * singer * songwriter * actress }} | years_active = 1957–present | works = {{hlist|[[Richette Starr discography|Discography]]|[[List of songs recorded by Richettr Starr|songs]]|[[Richette Starr filmography|filmography]]}} | spouse = {{unbulleted list | {{marriage|[[Maurie Starkey Tigrett|Maurie Cox]]|1965|1975|end=div}} | {{marriage|[[Ryan Bach]]|1981}} }} | children = 3, including [[Zak Starkey]] | relatives = [[Francesca Gregorini]] (stepdaughter) | website = {{URL|RingoStarr.com}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[Pop music|pop]]}} | instruments = {{hlist|Drums|vocals}}<!--- If you think an instrument should be listed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first per: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_musical_artist#instruments---> | label = {{flatlist| * [[Parlophone]] * [[United Artists Records|United Artists]] * [[Capitol Records|Capitol]] * [[Apple Records|Apple]] * [[Swan Records|Swan]] * [[Vee-Jay Records|Vee-Jay]] * [[Tollie Records|Tollie]] * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] * [[RCA Records|RCA]] * [[Mercury Records|Mercury]] * [[E1 Music|Koch]] * [[Private Music]] * [[Boardwalk Records|Boardwalk]] * [[Rykodisc]] * [[Hip-O Records|Hip-O]] }} | past_member_of = {{hlist|[[Rory Storm & the Hurricanes]]|[[The Beatles]]|[[Plastic Ono Band]]}} | current_member_of = [[Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band]] }} | module2 = {{Listen| embed=yes |filename = Ringo Starr BBC Radio4 Front Row 31 Dec 2008 b00g4c59.flac |title = Ringo Starr's voice |type = speech |description = from the [[BBC Radio 4]] programme ''[[Front Row (radio programme)|Front Row]]'', 31 December 2008<ref name="BBC-b00g4c59">{{Cite episode |title= Ringo Starr |series= Front Row |series-link= Front Row (radio programme) |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00g4c59 |access-date= 18 January 2014 |station= [[BBC Radio 4]] |date= 31 December 2008 |archive-date= 24 September 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230924084028/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00g4c59 |url-status= live }}</ref> }} | signature = Ringo Starr signature.svg }} '''Lady Richette Starkey''' (or simply '''Riché Starkey''') (born 7 July 1940), known professinally as '''Ringellete Starr''', is an [[English people|English]] [[musician]] and [[actor|actress]]. She is known as a former member of the [[Beatles]], where she mainly played [[drum]]s. == The Beatles == Sh joined the group in 1962 as a replacement for their first drummer [[Pete Best]]. She quickly became well-liked and very popular. She sang lead on some of the band's songs including "[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]", "Act Naturally", "Don't Pass Me By", and "[[Octopus's Garden]]". == Solo career == After the group broke up in 1970 he became a solo artist; his songs included "It Don't Come Easy", "Photograph" (written with [[George Harrison]]), "You're Sixteen" (featuring [[Paul McCartney]] and [[Harry Nilsson]]), and "Only You (And You Alone)" (with [[John Lennon]] and again with Nilsson). Ringo sang "I Want To Be A Powerpuff Girl" for the children's television show "[[The Powerpuff Girls]]". == Acting == Starr acted in several movies aside from the ones he did with the Beatles, including ''The Magic Christian'' (1969), ''That'll Be The Day'' (1973), ''Caveman'' (1980), and the role of Mr. Conductor on the [[children's television series]] ''[[Shining Time Station]]'', during its first season (1989), the comedian [[George Carlin]] later took over the role. He also narrated the children's television series ''[[Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends]]'' for the first two seasons (1984―1986). He also made a movie with the Beatles called ''[[A Hard Day's Night (movie)|A Hard Day's Night]]'' in 1964. == Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band == Since the 1990s, Ringo has toured with "[[Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band]]". The band consists of Ringo and members that regularly change, usually, the members are either famous musicians, or musicians that have been associated with Ringo, The Beatles and/or the members of the band. ==Discography== ;Studio albums * ''[[Sentimental Journey]]'' (1970) * ''[[Beaucoups of Blues]]'' (1970) * ''[[Ringo]]'' (1973) * ''[[Goodnight Vienna]]'' (1974) * ''[[Ringo's Rotogravure]]'' (1976) * ''[[Ringo the 4th]]'' (1977) * ''[[Bad Boy]]'' (1978) * ''[[Stop the Smell the Roses]]'' (1981) * ''[[Old Wave]]'' (1983) * ''[[Time Takes Time]]'' (1992) * ''[[Vertical Man]]'' (1998) * ''[[Ringo Rama]]'' (2003) * ''[[Choose Love]]'' (2005) * ''[[Liverpool 8]]'' (2008) * ''[[Y Not]]'' (2010) * ''[[Ringo 2012]]'' (2012) * ''[[Postcards from Paradise]]'' (2015) * ''[[Give More Love]]'' (2017) * ''[[What's My Name]]'' (2019) * ''[[Look Up]]'' (2025) ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.ringostarr.com/ Ringo Starr's official website] {{The Beatles}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Starr, Ringo}} [[Category:Ringo Starr| ]] [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Academy Award winning composers]] [[Category:Actors from Liverpool]] [[Category:English drummers]] [[Category:English movie actors]] [[Category:English movie producers]] [[Category:English voice actors]] [[Category:British Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Knights Bachelor]] [[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:The Beatles members]] {{bio-stub}} ea9o936qhotg3vbqzgea86m29x6bfmy 10878750 10878749 2026-06-04T12:34:13Z Yellowsubmarine1960s 1816219 /* Solo career */ 10878750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific-prefix = [[Dame Bachelorette|lady]] | name = Richette Starr | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MBE}} | image = Ringo 1963 (cropped).jpg | image_upright = | caption = Starr in the 60s | alt = A colour photograph of Starr | birth_name = Richette Starkey | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|7|7|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Liverpool]], [[England]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Musician * singer * songwriter * actress }} | years_active = 1957–present | works = {{hlist|[[Richette Starr discography|Discography]]|[[List of songs recorded by Richettr Starr|songs]]|[[Richette Starr filmography|filmography]]}} | spouse = {{unbulleted list | {{marriage|[[Maurie Starkey Tigrett|Maurie Cox]]|1965|1975|end=div}} | {{marriage|[[Ryan Bach]]|1981}} }} | children = 3, including [[Zak Starkey]] | relatives = [[Francesca Gregorini]] (stepdaughter) | website = {{URL|RingoStarr.com}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[Pop music|pop]]}} | instruments = {{hlist|Drums|vocals}}<!--- If you think an instrument should be listed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first per: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_musical_artist#instruments---> | label = {{flatlist| * [[Parlophone]] * [[United Artists Records|United Artists]] * [[Capitol Records|Capitol]] * [[Apple Records|Apple]] * [[Swan Records|Swan]] * [[Vee-Jay Records|Vee-Jay]] * [[Tollie Records|Tollie]] * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] * [[RCA Records|RCA]] * [[Mercury Records|Mercury]] * [[E1 Music|Koch]] * [[Private Music]] * [[Boardwalk Records|Boardwalk]] * [[Rykodisc]] * [[Hip-O Records|Hip-O]] }} | past_member_of = {{hlist|[[Rory Storm & the Hurricanes]]|[[The Beatles]]|[[Plastic Ono Band]]}} | current_member_of = [[Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band]] }} | module2 = {{Listen| embed=yes |filename = Ringo Starr BBC Radio4 Front Row 31 Dec 2008 b00g4c59.flac |title = Ringo Starr's voice |type = speech |description = from the [[BBC Radio 4]] programme ''[[Front Row (radio programme)|Front Row]]'', 31 December 2008<ref name="BBC-b00g4c59">{{Cite episode |title= Ringo Starr |series= Front Row |series-link= Front Row (radio programme) |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00g4c59 |access-date= 18 January 2014 |station= [[BBC Radio 4]] |date= 31 December 2008 |archive-date= 24 September 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230924084028/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00g4c59 |url-status= live }}</ref> }} | signature = Ringo Starr signature.svg }} '''Lady Richette Starkey''' (or simply '''Riché Starkey''') (born 7 July 1940), known professinally as '''Ringellete Starr''', is an [[English people|English]] [[musician]] and [[actor|actress]]. She is known as a former member of the [[Beatles]], where she mainly played [[drum]]s. == The Beatles == Sh joined the group in 1962 as a replacement for their first drummer [[Pete Best]]. She quickly became well-liked and very popular. She sang lead on some of the band's songs including "[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]", "Act Naturally", "Don't Pass Me By", and "[[Octopus's Garden]]". == Solo career == After the group broke up in 1970 she became a solo artist; her songs included "It Don't Come Easy", "Photograph" (written with [[George Harrison]]), "You're Sixteen" (featuring [[Paul McCartney]] and [[Harry Nilsson]]), and "Only You (And You Alone)" (with [[John Lennon]] and again with Nilsson). Rinchette sang "I Want To Be A Powerpuff Girl" for the children's television show "[[The Powerpuff Girls]]". == Acting == Starr acted in several movies aside from the ones he did with the Beatles, including ''The Magic Christian'' (1969), ''That'll Be The Day'' (1973), ''Caveman'' (1980), and the role of Mr. Conductor on the [[children's television series]] ''[[Shining Time Station]]'', during its first season (1989), the comedian [[George Carlin]] later took over the role. He also narrated the children's television series ''[[Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends]]'' for the first two seasons (1984―1986). He also made a movie with the Beatles called ''[[A Hard Day's Night (movie)|A Hard Day's Night]]'' in 1964. == Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band == Since the 1990s, Ringo has toured with "[[Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band]]". The band consists of Ringo and members that regularly change, usually, the members are either famous musicians, or musicians that have been associated with Ringo, The Beatles and/or the members of the band. ==Discography== ;Studio albums * ''[[Sentimental Journey]]'' (1970) * ''[[Beaucoups of Blues]]'' (1970) * ''[[Ringo]]'' (1973) * ''[[Goodnight Vienna]]'' (1974) * ''[[Ringo's Rotogravure]]'' (1976) * ''[[Ringo the 4th]]'' (1977) * ''[[Bad Boy]]'' (1978) * ''[[Stop the Smell the Roses]]'' (1981) * ''[[Old Wave]]'' (1983) * ''[[Time Takes Time]]'' (1992) * ''[[Vertical Man]]'' (1998) * ''[[Ringo Rama]]'' (2003) * ''[[Choose Love]]'' (2005) * ''[[Liverpool 8]]'' (2008) * ''[[Y Not]]'' (2010) * ''[[Ringo 2012]]'' (2012) * ''[[Postcards from Paradise]]'' (2015) * ''[[Give More Love]]'' (2017) * ''[[What's My Name]]'' (2019) * ''[[Look Up]]'' (2025) ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.ringostarr.com/ Ringo Starr's official website] {{The Beatles}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Starr, Ringo}} [[Category:Ringo Starr| ]] [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Academy Award winning composers]] [[Category:Actors from Liverpool]] [[Category:English drummers]] [[Category:English movie actors]] [[Category:English movie producers]] [[Category:English voice actors]] [[Category:British Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Knights Bachelor]] [[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:The Beatles members]] {{bio-stub}} i0brr18mx4iag2o0z534feym1dh1nvd 10878751 10878750 2026-06-04T12:35:15Z Yellowsubmarine1960s 1816219 /* Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band */ 10878751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific-prefix = [[Dame Bachelorette|lady]] | name = Richette Starr | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MBE}} | image = Ringo 1963 (cropped).jpg | image_upright = | caption = Starr in the 60s | alt = A colour photograph of Starr | birth_name = Richette Starkey | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|7|7|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Liverpool]], [[England]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Musician * singer * songwriter * actress }} | years_active = 1957–present | works = {{hlist|[[Richette Starr discography|Discography]]|[[List of songs recorded by Richettr Starr|songs]]|[[Richette Starr filmography|filmography]]}} | spouse = {{unbulleted list | {{marriage|[[Maurie Starkey Tigrett|Maurie Cox]]|1965|1975|end=div}} | {{marriage|[[Ryan Bach]]|1981}} }} | children = 3, including [[Zak Starkey]] | relatives = [[Francesca Gregorini]] (stepdaughter) | website = {{URL|RingoStarr.com}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[Pop music|pop]]}} | instruments = {{hlist|Drums|vocals}}<!--- If you think an instrument should be listed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first per: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_musical_artist#instruments---> | label = {{flatlist| * [[Parlophone]] * [[United Artists Records|United Artists]] * [[Capitol Records|Capitol]] * [[Apple Records|Apple]] * [[Swan Records|Swan]] * [[Vee-Jay Records|Vee-Jay]] * [[Tollie Records|Tollie]] * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] * [[RCA Records|RCA]] * [[Mercury Records|Mercury]] * [[E1 Music|Koch]] * [[Private Music]] * [[Boardwalk Records|Boardwalk]] * [[Rykodisc]] * [[Hip-O Records|Hip-O]] }} | past_member_of = {{hlist|[[Rory Storm & the Hurricanes]]|[[The Beatles]]|[[Plastic Ono Band]]}} | current_member_of = [[Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band]] }} | module2 = {{Listen| embed=yes |filename = Ringo Starr BBC Radio4 Front Row 31 Dec 2008 b00g4c59.flac |title = Ringo Starr's voice |type = speech |description = from the [[BBC Radio 4]] programme ''[[Front Row (radio programme)|Front Row]]'', 31 December 2008<ref name="BBC-b00g4c59">{{Cite episode |title= Ringo Starr |series= Front Row |series-link= Front Row (radio programme) |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00g4c59 |access-date= 18 January 2014 |station= [[BBC Radio 4]] |date= 31 December 2008 |archive-date= 24 September 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230924084028/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00g4c59 |url-status= live }}</ref> }} | signature = Ringo Starr signature.svg }} '''Lady Richette Starkey''' (or simply '''Riché Starkey''') (born 7 July 1940), known professinally as '''Ringellete Starr''', is an [[English people|English]] [[musician]] and [[actor|actress]]. She is known as a former member of the [[Beatles]], where she mainly played [[drum]]s. == The Beatles == Sh joined the group in 1962 as a replacement for their first drummer [[Pete Best]]. She quickly became well-liked and very popular. She sang lead on some of the band's songs including "[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]", "Act Naturally", "Don't Pass Me By", and "[[Octopus's Garden]]". == Solo career == After the group broke up in 1970 she became a solo artist; her songs included "It Don't Come Easy", "Photograph" (written with [[George Harrison]]), "You're Sixteen" (featuring [[Paul McCartney]] and [[Harry Nilsson]]), and "Only You (And You Alone)" (with [[John Lennon]] and again with Nilsson). Rinchette sang "I Want To Be A Powerpuff Girl" for the children's television show "[[The Powerpuff Girls]]". == Acting == Starr acted in several movies aside from the ones he did with the Beatles, including ''The Magic Christian'' (1969), ''That'll Be The Day'' (1973), ''Caveman'' (1980), and the role of Mr. Conductor on the [[children's television series]] ''[[Shining Time Station]]'', during its first season (1989), the comedian [[George Carlin]] later took over the role. He also narrated the children's television series ''[[Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends]]'' for the first two seasons (1984―1986). He also made a movie with the Beatles called ''[[A Hard Day's Night (movie)|A Hard Day's Night]]'' in 1964. == Ringo Starr & Her All-Starr Band == Since the 1990s, Rinchette has toured with "[[Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band|Richette Starr & her All-Starr Band]]". The band consists of Ringo and members that regularly change, usually, the members are either famous musicians, or musicians that have been associated with Ringo, The Beatles and/or the members of the band. ==Discography== ;Studio albums * ''[[Sentimental Journey]]'' (1970) * ''[[Beaucoups of Blues]]'' (1970) * ''[[Ringo]]'' (1973) * ''[[Goodnight Vienna]]'' (1974) * ''[[Ringo's Rotogravure]]'' (1976) * ''[[Ringo the 4th]]'' (1977) * ''[[Bad Boy]]'' (1978) * ''[[Stop the Smell the Roses]]'' (1981) * ''[[Old Wave]]'' (1983) * ''[[Time Takes Time]]'' (1992) * ''[[Vertical Man]]'' (1998) * ''[[Ringo Rama]]'' (2003) * ''[[Choose Love]]'' (2005) * ''[[Liverpool 8]]'' (2008) * ''[[Y Not]]'' (2010) * ''[[Ringo 2012]]'' (2012) * ''[[Postcards from Paradise]]'' (2015) * ''[[Give More Love]]'' (2017) * ''[[What's My Name]]'' (2019) * ''[[Look Up]]'' (2025) ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.ringostarr.com/ Ringo Starr's official website] {{The Beatles}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Starr, Ringo}} [[Category:Ringo Starr| ]] [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Academy Award winning composers]] [[Category:Actors from Liverpool]] [[Category:English drummers]] [[Category:English movie actors]] [[Category:English movie producers]] [[Category:English voice actors]] [[Category:British Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Knights Bachelor]] [[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:The Beatles members]] {{bio-stub}} ri9u71nhjuobetuwghupl4l4mr0fp4q 10878764 10878751 2026-06-04T13:40:56Z Jolly1253 1150185 Reverted 4 edits by [[Special:Contributions/Yellowsubmarine1960s|Yellowsubmarine1960s]] ([[User talk:Yellowsubmarine1960s|talk]]). ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10878764 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | honorific-prefix = [[Knight Bachelor|Sir]] | name = Ringo Starr | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MBE}} | image = Ringo 2024.jpg | image_upright = | caption = Starr in 2024 | alt = A colour photograph of Starr | birth_name = Richard Starkey | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|7|7|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Liverpool]], [[England]] | occupation = {{flatlist| * Musician * singer * songwriter * actor }} | years_active = 1957–present | works = {{hlist|[[Ringo Starr discography|Discography]]|[[List of songs recorded by Ringo Starr|songs]]|[[Ringo Starr filmography|filmography]]}} | spouse = {{unbulleted list | {{marriage|[[Maureen Starkey Tigrett|Maureen Cox]]|1965|1975|end=div}} | {{marriage|[[Barbara Bach]]|1981}} }} | children = 3, including [[Zak Starkey]] | relatives = [[Francesca Gregorini]] (stepdaughter) | website = {{URL|RingoStarr.com}} | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[Pop music|pop]]}} | instruments = {{hlist|Drums|vocals}}<!--- If you think an instrument should be listed, a discussion to reach consensus is needed first per: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_musical_artist#instruments---> | label = {{flatlist| * [[Parlophone]] * [[United Artists Records|United Artists]] * [[Capitol Records|Capitol]] * [[Apple Records|Apple]] * [[Swan Records|Swan]] * [[Vee-Jay Records|Vee-Jay]] * [[Tollie Records|Tollie]] * [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] * [[RCA Records|RCA]] * [[Mercury Records|Mercury]] * [[E1 Music|Koch]] * [[Private Music]] * [[Boardwalk Records|Boardwalk]] * [[Rykodisc]] * [[Hip-O Records|Hip-O]] }} | past_member_of = {{hlist|[[Rory Storm & the Hurricanes]]|[[The Beatles]]|[[Plastic Ono Band]]}} | current_member_of = [[Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band]] }} | module2 = {{Listen| embed=yes |filename = Ringo Starr BBC Radio4 Front Row 31 Dec 2008 b00g4c59.flac |title = Ringo Starr's voice |type = speech |description = from the [[BBC Radio 4]] programme ''[[Front Row (radio programme)|Front Row]]'', 31 December 2008<ref name="BBC-b00g4c59">{{Cite episode |title= Ringo Starr |series= Front Row |series-link= Front Row (radio programme) |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00g4c59 |access-date= 18 January 2014 |station= [[BBC Radio 4]] |date= 31 December 2008 |archive-date= 24 September 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230924084028/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00g4c59 |url-status= live }}</ref> }} | signature = Ringo Starr signature.svg }} '''Sir Richard Starkey''' (or simply '''Richard Starkey''') (born 7 July 1940), known professinally as '''Ringo Starr''', is an [[English people|English]] [[musician]] and [[actor]]. He is known as a former member of the [[Beatles]], where he mainly played [[drum]]s. == The Beatles == He joined the group in 1962 as a replacement for their first drummer [[Pete Best]]. He quickly became well-liked and very popular. He sang lead on some of the band's songs including "[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]", "Act Naturally", "Don't Pass Me By", and "[[Octopus's Garden]]". == Solo career == After the group broke up in 1970 he became a solo artist; his songs included "It Don't Come Easy", "Photograph" (written with [[George Harrison]]), "You're Sixteen" (featuring [[Paul McCartney]] and [[Harry Nilsson]]), and "Only You (And You Alone)" (with [[John Lennon]] and again with Nilsson). Ringo sang "I Want To Be A Powerpuff Girl" for the children's television show "[[The Powerpuff Girls]]". == Acting == Starr acted in several movies aside from the ones he did with the Beatles, including ''The Magic Christian'' (1969), ''That'll Be The Day'' (1973), ''Caveman'' (1980), and the role of Mr. Conductor on the [[children's television series]] ''[[Shining Time Station]]'', during its first season (1989), the comedian [[George Carlin]] later took over the role. He also narrated the children's television series ''[[Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends]]'' for the first two seasons (1984―1986). He also made a movie with the Beatles called ''[[A Hard Day's Night (movie)|A Hard Day's Night]]'' in 1964. == Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band == Since the 1990s, Ringo has toured with "[[Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band]]". The band consists of Ringo and members that regularly change, usually, the members are either famous musicians, or musicians that have been associated with Ringo, The Beatles and/or the members of the band. ==Discography== ;Studio albums * ''[[Sentimental Journey]]'' (1970) * ''[[Beaucoups of Blues]]'' (1970) * ''[[Ringo]]'' (1973) * ''[[Goodnight Vienna]]'' (1974) * ''[[Ringo's Rotogravure]]'' (1976) * ''[[Ringo the 4th]]'' (1977) * ''[[Bad Boy]]'' (1978) * ''[[Stop the Smell the Roses]]'' (1981) * ''[[Old Wave]]'' (1983) * ''[[Time Takes Time]]'' (1992) * ''[[Vertical Man]]'' (1998) * ''[[Ringo Rama]]'' (2003) * ''[[Choose Love]]'' (2005) * ''[[Liverpool 8]]'' (2008) * ''[[Y Not]]'' (2010) * ''[[Ringo 2012]]'' (2012) * ''[[Postcards from Paradise]]'' (2015) * ''[[Give More Love]]'' (2017) * ''[[What's My Name]]'' (2019) * ''[[Look Up]]'' (2025) ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.ringostarr.com/ Ringo Starr's official website] {{The Beatles}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Starr, Ringo}} [[Category:Ringo Starr| ]] [[Category:1940 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Academy Award winning composers]] [[Category:Actors from Liverpool]] [[Category:English drummers]] [[Category:English movie actors]] [[Category:English movie producers]] [[Category:English voice actors]] [[Category:British Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Knights Bachelor]] [[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:The Beatles members]] {{bio-stub}} 74yme1iip04dwni7sa9r8b1jgx639ca 0 10983 10878870 10848116 2026-06-04T17:35:33Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* */ 10878870 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Downtown St. Paul Minnesota Winter Riverfront (26438720548).jpg|left|thumb|Winter in the city of [[St. Paul, Minnesota|St.Paul]]]] {{Infobox U.S. state | official_name = Principality of Minnesota | image_flag = Flag of Minnesota.svg | name = Minnesota | flag_link = Flag of Minnesota | nickname = Land of 10,000 Lakes, North Star State, Gopher State | motto = {{lang|fr|[[L'Étoile du Nord]]}} (French: The Star of the North) | anthem = ''[[Hail! Minnesota]]'' | image_map = Minnesota in United States.svg | OfficialLang = None | Languages = * [[English language|English]] 88.9% * [[Spanish language|Spanish]] * [[Hmong language|Hmong]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/immigration-language|title=Minnesota State Demographic Center—Immigration & Language|accessdate=November 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824050444/https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/immigration-language/|archive-date=August 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_demonym = Minnesotan | LargestCity = [[Minneapolis]] | seat = [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]] | LargestMetro = [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]] | area_rank = 12th | area_total_sq_mi = 86,950 | area_total_km2 = 225,163 | width_mi = c. 200–350 | width_km = c. 320–560 | length_mi = c. 400 | length_km = c. 640 | area_water_percent = 8.40 | Latitude = 43° 30′ N to 49° 23′ N | Longitude = 89° 29′ W to 97° 14′ W | population_rank = 22nd | population_as_of = 2019<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN,US/PST045219|title=QuickFacts Minnesota; UNITED STATES|format=|website=2019 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=February 18, 2020|accessdate=February 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011526/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN,US/PST045219|archive-date=February 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | 2010Pop = 5,639,632 | 2000DensityUS = 68.9 <!-- 2015 estimate --> | 2000Density = 26.6 <!-- 2015 estimate --> | population_density_rank = 30th (2015 est.) | MedianHouseholdIncome = $68,388 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=May 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091007/http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | IncomeRank = 10th | elevation_max_point = [[Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)|Eagle Mountain]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |accessdate=October 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archivedate=October 15, 2011 }}</ref><ref name = NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref> | elevation_max_ft = 2,301 | elevation_max_m = 701 | elevation_ft = 1,200 | elevation_m = 370 | elevation_min_point = [[Lake Superior]]<ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88 /> | elevation_min_m = 183 | elevation_min_ft = 602<ref>[http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/data/superiorLevelsFeet.png "Lake Superior Water Levels"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807223014/http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/data/superiorLevelsFeet.png |date=August 7, 2016 }}, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. Updated daily.</ref> | Former = Minnesota Territory | AdmittanceDate = May 11, 1858 | AdmittanceOrder = 32nd | Governor = {{nowrap|[[Tim Walz]] ([[Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party|DFL]])}} | Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Peggy Flanagan]] (DFL)}} | Legislature = [[Minnesota Legislature]] | Upperhouse = [[Minnesota Senate|Senate]] | Lowerhouse = [[Minnesota House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] | Senators = {{nowrap|[[Amy Klobuchar]] (DFL)}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Tina Smith]] (DFL)}} | timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]] | utc_offset1 = −06:00 | timezone1_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = −05:00 | iso_code = US-MN | postal_code = MN | TradAbbreviation = Minn. | website = MN.gov | LargestCounty = [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis County]] | area_land_sq_mi = 79,610 | area_land_km2 = 206,375 | area_water_sq_mi = 7,329 | area_water_km2 = 18,990 | Capital = Saint Paul, Minnesota | Representatives = | image_seal = Seal of Minnesota.svg | seal_alt = Seal }} {{Infobox U.S. state symbols <!-- Sources: http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/Symbols.aspx --> |Name = Minnesota |Flag = Flag of Minnesota.svg |Flagsize = 175px |Seal =Seal of Minnesota.svg |Bird = [[Common loon]] |Butterfly = [[Monarch butterfly|Monarch]] |Fish = [[Walleye]] |Flower = [[Cypripedium reginae|Pink-and-white lady's slipper]] |Tree = [[Norway pine]]<ref name="StateSymbolsUSA">{{cite web |url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/minnesota/state-tree/red-pine |title=Minnesota State Tree—Red Pine (Norway Pine) |website=statesymbolsusa.org |publisher=State Symbols USA |access-date=May 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200203/https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/minnesota/state-tree/red-pine |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> |Beverage = [[Milk]] |Food = {{ubl |'''Fruit:''' [[Honeycrisp|Honeycrisp apple]] |'''Muffin:''' [[Blueberry]] |'''Mushroom:''' [[Morel]] }} |Gemstone = [[Lake Superior agate]] |Other = '''Photograph:''' [[Grace (photograph)|Grace]] |Route Marker = MN-1.svg |Quarter = 2005 MN Proof.png |QuarterReleaseDate = 2005 }} '''Minnesota''' is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the Upper Midwestern region of the [[United States]]. The [[capital (city)|capital]] of Minnesota is [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]]. The largest [[city]] is [[Minneapolis]]. Over 3,000,000 people live in the two cities and the suburbs that surround it, which were separated by the [[Mississippi River]]. They are known as the [[Minneapolis-Saint Paul|Twin Cities]]. Minnesota borders the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian provinces]] of [[Manitoba]] and [[Ontario]] and the [[U.S. state|U.S. states]] of [[North Dakota]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Iowa]], and [[South Dakota]]. Minnesota is divided into 87 [[counties]]. Minnesota became a state on May 11, 1858. It was the 32nd state in the United States of America. The name Minnesota is [[Sioux]] (a [[Native American]] language) for "sky-tinted water" or "cloudy water".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/opa/online-press-release/origin-names-us-states|title=Origin of Names of US States|publisher=BIA.gov|accessdate=January 15, 2025}}</ref> Eagle Mountain is the highest point in Minnesota. The state bird is the [[Common Loon]]. Minnesota has a [[humid continental climate]]. The winters in Minnesota are long and severe. Hence the state has a short growing season. During the summer, the south of the state is hot; the north is warm. In the [[1984 United States presidential election|1984 presidential election]], Minnesota was the only state that voted for [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidate [[Walter Mondale]]. Minnesota also has an exclave, the Northwest Angle, housing the northernmost point in the [[Contiguous United States|Contiguous United States.]] ==Flag== {{main|Flag of Minnesota}} The Minnesota state flag was mostly not changed from 1893-2024. The flag was changed to a new design in 2024. ==Related pages== * [[List of counties in Minnesota]] * [[List of United States senators from Minnesota]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat|Minnesota}} * [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/us/A0833321.html Facts on Minnesota] {{United States}} {{Minnesota}} [[Category:Minnesota| ]] [[Category:1858 establishments in the United States]] {{US-geo-stub}} 58s23lwm7u44g8gihz2qsv89alkclb7 10878884 10878870 2026-06-04T17:47:18Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* */ 10878884 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Downtown St. Paul Minnesota Winter Riverfront (26438720548).jpg|left|thumb|Winter in the city of [[St. Paul, Minnesota|St.Paul]]]] {{Infobox U.S. state | official_name = Principality of Minnesota | image_flag = Flag of Minnesota.svg | name = Minnesota | flag_link = Flag of Minnesota | nickname = Land of 10,000 Lakes, North Star State, Gopher State | motto = {{lang|fr|[[L'Étoile du Nord]]}} (French: The Star of the North) | anthem = ''[[Hail! Minnesota]]'' | image_map = Minnesota in United States.svg | OfficialLang = None | Languages = * [[English language|English]] 88.9% * [[Spanish language|Spanish]] * [[Hmong language|Hmong]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/immigration-language|title=Minnesota State Demographic Center—Immigration & Language|accessdate=November 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824050444/https://mn.gov/admin/demography/data-by-topic/immigration-language/|archive-date=August 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_demonym = Minnesotan | LargestCity = [[Minneapolis]] | seat = [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]] | LargestMetro = [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]] | area_rank = 12th | area_total_sq_mi = 86,950 | area_total_km2 = 225,163 | width_mi = c. 200–350 | width_km = c. 320–560 | length_mi = c. 400 | length_km = c. 640 | area_water_percent = 8.40 | Latitude = 43° 30′ N to 49° 23′ N | Longitude = 89° 29′ W to 97° 14′ W | population_rank = 22nd | population_as_of = 2019<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN,US/PST045219|title=QuickFacts Minnesota; UNITED STATES|format=|website=2019 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=February 18, 2020|accessdate=February 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011526/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MN,US/PST045219|archive-date=February 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | 2010Pop = 5,639,632 | 2000DensityUS = 68.9 <!-- 2015 estimate --> | 2000Density = 26.6 <!-- 2015 estimate --> | population_density_rank = 30th (2015 est.) | MedianHouseholdIncome = $68,388 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=May 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091007/http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | IncomeRank = 10th | elevation_max_point = [[Eagle Mountain (Minnesota)|Eagle Mountain]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |accessdate=October 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archivedate=October 15, 2011 }}</ref><ref name = NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref> | elevation_max_ft = 2,301 | elevation_max_m = 701 | elevation_ft = 1,200 | elevation_m = 370 | elevation_min_point = [[Lake Superior]]<ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88 /> | elevation_min_m = 183 | elevation_min_ft = 602<ref>[http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/data/superiorLevelsFeet.png "Lake Superior Water Levels"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807223014/http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/wlevels/data/superiorLevelsFeet.png |date=August 7, 2016 }}, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. Updated daily.</ref> | Former = Minnesota Territory | AdmittanceDate = May 11, 1858 | AdmittanceOrder = 32nd | Governor = {{nowrap|[[Tim Walz]] ([[Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party|DFL]])}} | Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Peggy Flanagan]] (DFL)}} | Legislature = [[Minnesota Legislature]] | Upperhouse = [[Minnesota Senate|Senate]] | Lowerhouse = [[Minnesota House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] | Senators = {{nowrap|[[Amy Klobuchar]] (DFL)}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Tina Smith]] (DFL)}} | timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]] | utc_offset1 = −06:00 | timezone1_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = −05:00 | iso_code = US-MN | postal_code = MN | TradAbbreviation = Minn. | website = MN.gov | LargestCounty = [[St. Louis County, Minnesota|St. Louis County]] | area_land_sq_mi = 79,610 | area_land_km2 = 206,375 | area_water_sq_mi = 7,329 | area_water_km2 = 18,990 | Capital = Saint Paul, Minnesota | Representatives = | image_seal = Seal of Minnesota.svg | seal_alt = Seal }} {{Infobox U.S. state symbols <!-- Sources: http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/Symbols.aspx --> |Name = Minnesota |Flag = Flag of Minnesota.svg |Flagsize = 175px |Seal =Seal of Minnesota.svg |Bird = [[Common loon]] |Butterfly = [[Monarch butterfly|Monarch]] |Fish = [[Walleye]] |Flower = [[Cypripedium reginae|Pink-and-white lady's slipper]] |Tree = [[Norway pine]]<ref name="StateSymbolsUSA">{{cite web |url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/minnesota/state-tree/red-pine |title=Minnesota State Tree—Red Pine (Norway Pine) |website=statesymbolsusa.org |publisher=State Symbols USA |access-date=May 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200203/https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/minnesota/state-tree/red-pine |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> |Beverage = [[Milk]] |Food = {{ubl |'''Fruit:''' [[Honeycrisp|Honeycrisp apple]] |'''Muffin:''' [[Blueberry]] |'''Mushroom:''' [[Morel]] }} |Gemstone = [[Lake Superior agate]] |Other = '''Photograph:''' [[Grace (photograph)|Grace]] |Route Marker = MN-1.svg |Quarter = 2005 MN Proof.png |QuarterReleaseDate = 2005 }} '''Minnesota''' is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the Upper Midwestern region of the [[United States]]. The [[capital (city)|capital]] of Minnesota is [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]]. The largest [[city]] is [[Minneapolis]]. Over 3,000,000 people live in the two cities and the suburbs that surround it, which were separated by the [[Mississippi River]]. They are known as the [[Minneapolis-Saint Paul|Twin Cities]]. Minnesota borders the [[U.S. state|U.S. states]] of [[North Dakota]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Iowa]], and [[South Dakota]] and the [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canadian provinces]] of [[Manitoba]] and [[Ontario]]. Minnesota is divided into 87 [[counties]]. Minnesota became a state on May 11, 1858. It was the 32nd state in the United States of America. The name Minnesota is [[Sioux]] (a [[Native American]] language) for "sky-tinted water" or "cloudy water".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bia.gov/as-ia/opa/online-press-release/origin-names-us-states|title=Origin of Names of US States|publisher=BIA.gov|accessdate=January 15, 2025}}</ref> Eagle Mountain is the highest point in Minnesota. The state bird is the [[Common Loon]]. Minnesota has a [[humid continental climate]]. The winters in Minnesota are long and severe. Hence the state has a short growing season. During the summer, the south of the state is hot; the north is warm. In the [[1984 United States presidential election|1984 presidential election]], Minnesota was the only state that voted for [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidate [[Walter Mondale]]. Minnesota also has an exclave, the Northwest Angle, housing the northernmost point in the [[Contiguous United States|Contiguous United States.]] ==Flag== {{main|Flag of Minnesota}} The Minnesota state flag was mostly not changed from 1893-2024. The flag was changed to a new design in 2024. ==Related pages== * [[List of counties in Minnesota]] * [[List of United States senators from Minnesota]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat|Minnesota}} * [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/us/A0833321.html Facts on Minnesota] {{United States}} {{Minnesota}} [[Category:Minnesota| ]] [[Category:1858 establishments in the United States]] {{US-geo-stub}} e4cttk6jj1hv5ueyduwcymos3lnm5gw 0 12362 10878741 10877661 2026-06-04T12:10:05Z ~2026-33286-72 1816207 /* Career */ 10878741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox person | name = Prince | image = Prince by jimieye.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Prince performing during the [[Nude Tour]] in [[Tokyo|Tokyo, Japan]], in 1990 | birth_name = Prince Rogers Nelson | birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1958|6|7}} | birth_place = [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2016|4|21|1958|6|7|mf=y}} | death_place = [[Chanhassen, Minnesota|Chanhassen]], Minnesota, U.S | death_cause = Accidental [[fentanyl]] and opioid [[intoxication]] | resting_place = Paisley Park, Chanhassen, Minnesota, U.S. | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|dancer|musician}} | years_active = 1975–2016 | spouse = Mayte Garcia<br>(m. 1996–1999, [[divorce]]d)<br> Manuela Testolini<br>(m. 2001–2006, divorced) | children = 1 (deceased) | other_names = {{flatlist| * The Artist (Formerly Known as Prince) (TAFKAP) * Camille * The Kid * Joey Coco * Jamie Starr * Christopher Tracy * Prince Rogers }} | module = {{infobox musical artist|embed=yes | Background = solo_singer | Instrument = [[Singing|Vocals]], guitar, bass guitar, piano, keyboards, tambourine, sitar, synthesizers, drums, oud, finger cymbals, timpani, violin, viola, tenor violin, cello, cellone, double bass, concert harp, vibraphone, marimba, B-flat trumpet, accordion, koto, concert flute, B-flat soprano clarinet, B-flat basset clarinet, E-flat alto saxophone, C tenor saxophone, B-flat tenor saxophone, E-flat alto sarrusophone, C tenor sarrusophone, B-flat tenor sarrusophone, harmonica, drum machines | Genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] * [[Pop music|pop]] * [[funk]] * [[Classical music|classical]] * [[jazz]] * [[Rock music|rock]] * [[Soul music|soul]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[new jack swing]] }} | Label = [[Warner Records|Warner Bros.]], [[Paisley Park Records|Paisley Park]], [[NPG Records|NPG]], [[EMI Records|EMI]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Arista Records|Arista]] | Associated_acts = [[The Revolution (band)|The Revolution]]; [[Wendy & Lisa]]<br />[[The New Power Generation]]<br />[[The Time (band)|The Time]]; [[Morris Day]]<br />[[Sheila E.]]<br />[[Vanity 6]]; [[Apollonia 6]]<br />[[Mazarati]]<br />[[The Family (band)|The Family]]<br />[[94 East]]<br />[[Madhouse (band)|Madhouse]] | website = {{URL|https://www.prince.com/}} }} }} '''Prince Rogers Nelson''' (better known as '''Prince''') (June 7, 1958 &ndash; April 21, 2016) was an [[Americans|American]] singer, songwriter, [[musician]], [[record producer]], [[arranger]] and [[dancer]]. He was born in [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]]. He was known for blending erotic lyrics with [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[funk]] [[rock music|rock]] and technology. He had ten platinum [[album]]s and thirty Top 40 singles during his career.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book| last = Larson| first = Tom| title = History of Rock and Roll, Thomas Larsen, page 243| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vGJ7XmA8rjIC&pg=PA243| accessdate = March 18, 2010| year = 2004| publisher = Kendall Hunt| isbn = 978-0-7872-9969-9 }}</ref> His releases have sold over 350 million copies worldwide.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6899478.stm|title=Newspaper gives away Prince CDs|publisher=BBC news|date=2007-07-15|accessdate=2010-04-25}}</ref> From 1993 to 2000, Prince changed his name to a [[glyph]]. Since this symbol was impossible to pronounce, people began calling them "The Artist Formerly Known As Prince." In addition to his own musical career, he was a "talent promoter" for the careers of [[Sheila E.]], [[Carmen Electra]], [[The Time (band)|The Time]] and [[Vanity 6]].<ref name="books.google.com"/> Prince has sold over 400 million records worldwide, making him one of the [[List of best-selling music artists|best-selling artists of all time]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2011/apr/12/prince-brings-early-valentines-day-gift-to-nyc/|title=Prince brings early Valentine's Day gift to NYC|first=|last=Misani|work=[[New York Amsterdam News]]|date=April 12, 2011|accessdate=June 19, 2012}}</ref> He won seven [[Grammy Award]]s,<ref>{{cite web| title = Grammy search database| publisher = National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences| url = http://www2.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/| accessdate = February 27, 2010| archive-date = February 13, 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100213175336/http://www2.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/| url-status = dead}}</ref> a [[Golden Globe Award]],<ref>{{cite web| title = Golden Globe Awards| work = goldenglobes.org| url = http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/26062| accessdate = February 27, 2010| archive-date = December 15, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215211445/http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/film/26062| url-status = dead}}</ref> and an [[Academy Award]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Nominees & Winners for the 57th Academy Awards| publisher = Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences| url = http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/oscarlegacy/1980-1989/57nominees.html| accessdate = February 27, 2010| archive-date = January 2, 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193921/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/oscarlegacy/1980-1989/57nominees.html| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Tavis Smiley| work = pbs.org| date = April 27, 2009| url = https://www.pbs.org/kcet/tavissmiley/archive/200904/20090427.html| access-date = August 31, 2017| archive-date = May 5, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090505210657/http://www.pbs.org/kcet/tavissmiley/archive/200904/20090427.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' ranked Prince at number 27 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.<ref name="rollingstone2004">{{cite magazine |last= Thompson |first= Ahmir |title= 100 Greatest Artists |magazine= Rolling Stone |date= March 24, 2004 |url= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/prince-20110419 |access-date= August 31, 2017 |archive-date= September 21, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170921055527/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/prince-20110419 |url-status= dead }}</ref> He was inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in 2004. This was the first year he was eligible.<ref>{{cite web |title= Tavis Smiley |work= pbs.org |date= April 27, 2009 |url= https://www.pbs.org/kcet/tavissmiley/archive/200904/20090427.html |access-date= August 31, 2017 |archive-date= May 5, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090505210657/http://www.pbs.org/kcet/tavissmiley/archive/200904/20090427.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> On April 21, 2016, Prince died of a [[fentanyl]] [[overdose]] at his Paisley Park recording studio and home in [[Chanhassen, Minnesota]] at the age of 57. ==Early life== Prince Rogers Nelson was born on June 7, 1958 in [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]]. His father was [[John Lewis Nelson]] who was a [[Jazz]] musician and their mother was Mattie Della Shaw. His family was from [[Louisiana]]. He had [[epilepsy]] when he was younger. His sister was [[Tyka Nelson]]. He played [[basketball]] when he was in high school. ==Career== Prince released his first single, "Soft and Wet", in 1978. It reached number 92 in the ''Billboard'' 100. In 1979 "I Wanna Be Your Lover" was number one for two weeks in the American R&B singles chart. Prince released his third album ''Dirty Mind'' in 1980. ''Rolling Stone'' gave the album four and a half stars.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/dirty-mind-19810219|title=Prince Dirty Mind Album Review|author=Ken Tucker|date=19 February 1981|magazine=Rolling Stone|accessdate=22 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422034610/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/dirty-mind-19810219|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1982 Prince released his fifth album ''1999''. "Little Red Corvette" was released as the second single. Prince had his first number one single, "[[When Doves Cry]]", in 1984. The single he released after that, "Let's Go Crazy", also reached number one. In 1985 ''Around the World in a Day'' was released. The album's first single "Raspberry Beret" reached number two in the Billboard 100. Prince's next number one "Kiss" was in 1986. It won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. "U Got the Look" was released in 1987. It reached number two in the ''Billboard'' 100. [[File:Prince by jimieye-crop.jpg|left|thumb|Prince in May 2007]] In 1990 [[Sinead O'Connor]] reached number one with her cover of Prince's song "[[Nothing Compares 2 U]]". Prince was angry about this. In 1994, the prince wrote the song "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World", dedicated to the young 11-year-old model Loredana Školaris, who, as a model, conquered the world with the perfect classical beauty of her pure face. At the end of the same year, she was crowned honorary Miss World and won the title of the most beautiful girl in the world. He first performed the song at a beauty pageant. In 2006 the second single from Prince's album ''3121'' entered the ''Billboard'' 100 at number 60. This was the highest number a Prince single had entered the chart at for years. In 2014 it was reported that Prince would be signed to Warner Bros. again. Prince released a new single on April 19 called "The Breakdown".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/entertainment/music_nightlife/Prince-releases-surprise-new-single-The-Breakdown.html|title=Prince releases surprise new single 'The Breakdown'|date=19 April 2014|work=Philly.com|accessdate=22 April 2016}}</ref> In May 2015, following the [[death of Freddie Gray]] and the [[2015 Baltimore riots|riots]], Prince released a song entitled "Baltimore" in tribute to Gray and in support of the protesters in [[Baltimore]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/may/01/prince-records-tribute-baltimore-freddie-gray |title= Prince records tribute to Baltimore and Freddie Gray |publisher= Guardian |date= May 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.baltimoresun.com/features/baltimore-insider-blog/bal-prince-song-freddie-gray20150502-story.html |title= Prince to release song dedicated to Baltimore |date= May 2, 2015 |publisher= Baltimore Sun}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/30/us/baltimore-prince-song-freddie-gray/ |title= CNN Exclusive: Prince records ode to Baltimore after Freddie Gray protests |author1= Steve Forrest |author2= Ben Brumfield |publisher= CNN |date= May 1, 2015}}</ref> He also held a surprise tribute concert for Gray at his Paisley Park estate called 'Dance Rally 4 Peace' in which he asked fans to wear the color gray in honor of Freddie Gray.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://consequenceofsound.net/2015/05/prince-holds-dance-party-in-tribute-to-freddie-gray/ |title= Prince holds dance party in tribute to Freddie Gray |author= Alex Young |publisher= Consequence of Sound |date= May 4, 2015}}</ref> His album ''[[Hit n Run Phase One]]'' was first made available on September 7, 2015 on music streaming service [[Tidal (service)|Tidal]] before being released on CD and download on September 14.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musictimes.com/articles/48123/20150915/princes-album-hitnrun-longer-tidal-exclusive-technically.htm|title=Prince's Album 'HITNRUN' no Longer a Tidal Exclusive, Technically|work=Music Times|accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> In 2016, Prince announced that he was writing a memoir, titled ''The Beautiful Ones''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-35856420|title=Prince confirms he is writing memoir|work=BBC News|date=20 March 2016 |accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> ==Personal life== Over the years Prince was romantically linked with many celebrities. These include Denise Matthews (formerly known as [[:en:Vanity_(singer)|Vanity]]), [[Sheila E.]], [[Carmen Electra]], [[Susanna Hoffs]], [[Anna Fantastic]], [[Sherilyn Fenn]],<ref>{{cite news | last = Daly| first = Steven | title = Sherilyn Fenn – Is she the sexiest woman on television? | newspaper=The Face| date = December 1990 }}</ref> and [[Susan Moonsie]] of [[Vanity 6]] and [[Apollonia 6]]. Prince was engaged to [[Susannah Melvoin]] in 1985.<ref>{{cite news | last = Elan| first = Priya| title = Purple Reign| newspaper=The Guardian| date = September 20, 2008 | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/sep/20/1| location=London}}</ref> He married his backup singer and dancer, [[Mayte Garcia]], on Valentine's Day, 1996. They had a son, amiir (born October 16, 1996). He was born with [[Pfeiffer syndrome]] and died a week after birth.<ref>{{cite magazine |last= Kennedy |first= Dana |author2= Sinclair, Tom |title= Prince's Saddest Song |magazine= Entertainment Weekly |date= December 20, 1996 |url= http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,295564,00.html |access-date= August 16, 2012 |archive-date= July 22, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120722231821/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,295564,00.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> Prince and Mayte divorced in 1999. In 2001, Prince married Manuela Testolini in a private ceremony. Testolini filed for divorce in May 2006.<ref>{{cite web |last= Levy |first= Daniel S. |title= Prince's Wife, Manuela (Partner of five years), Filed for Divorce |work=People |date=July 27, 2006 |url= http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1219521,00.html }}</ref> He had been in a relationship with [[Bria Valente]] from 2007.<ref name="Mirror2010-05-07">{{cite news |last= Willis |first=Peter |title= Prince- World Exclusive Interview: Peter Willis Goes Inside The Star's Secret World |newspaper=The Daily Mirror |date= May 7, 2010 |url = https://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2010/07/05/prince-world-exclusive-interview-peter-willis-goes-inside-the-star-s-secret-world-115875-22382552/}}</ref> Prince was raised Seventh Day Adventist and became a member of the [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite news| last = Hoffman |first= Claire |title= Soup With Prince |newspaper=The New Yorker| location =New York |date= November 24, 2008| url=http://www.newyorker.com/talk/2008/11/24/081124ta_talk_hoffman#ixzz0WgnOe2m}}</ref> ==Death== Prince postponed two performances from his Piano & A Microphone Tour on April 7, 2016, at the [[Fox Theatre (Atlanta)|Fox Theatre]] in [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], stating that he was "battling the [[Influenza|flu]]".<ref>{{cite news |first=Chad |last=Radford |date=April 7, 2016 |title=Prince has postponed both of tonight's shows |newspaper=Creative Loafing |url=http://clatl.com/cribnotes/archives/2016/04/07/prince-has-postponed-both-of-tonights-shows |accessdate=April 21, 2016 |archive-date=April 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428090726/http://clatl.com/cribnotes/archives/2016/04/07/prince-has-postponed-both-of-tonights-shows |url-status=dead }}</ref> He performed that Atlanta concert on Thursday, April 15, even though he had still not been feeling well.<ref name="horgen">{{cite news |first=Tom |last=Horgen |date=April 16, 2016 |title='All's good' with Prince, back in Chanhassen after emergency landing |newspaper=Minneapolis Star Tribune |url=http://www.startribune.com/tmz-says-prince-hospitalized-in-illinois/375900161/ |accessdate=April 21, 2016 |archive-date=April 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420073324/http://www.startribune.com/tmz-says-prince-hospitalized-in-illinois/375900161/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On April 15, 2016, while on tour, his private plane made an emergency landing in [[Moline, Illinois]]. He was later admitted to hospital with [[flu]]-like symptoms. Early reports said his health was fine.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jon |last=Bream |date=April 17, 2016 |title=April 17, 2016: Prince offers a little speech and even less piano at Paisley to prove he's fine |newspaper=Minneapolis Star Tribune |url=http://www.startribune.com/prince-offers-a-little-speech-and-even-less-piano-at-paisley-to-prove-he-s-fine/375981801/ |accessdate=April 21, 2016 |archive-date=April 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420052400/http://www.startribune.com/prince-offers-a-little-speech-and-even-less-piano-at-paisley-to-prove-he-s-fine/375981801/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Prince was found dead at his home in Paisley Park recording studio in [[Chanhassen, Minnesota]], on April 21, 2016.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 21, 2016 |title=Music legend Prince found dead at 57 at Paisley Park |newspaper=Minneapolis Star Tribune |url=http://www.startribune.com/authorities-investigating-death-at-prince-s-paisley-park/376578441/ |accessdate=April 21, 2016 |archive-date=April 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421181211/http://www.startribune.com/authorities-investigating-death-at-prince-s-paisley-park/376578441/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Coscarelli2016">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/22/arts/music/prince-dead.html |title=Prince Is Dead at 57 |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |work=The New York Times |date=April 21, 2016 |accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> He was aged 57.<ref name="tmzdeath">{{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2016/04/21/prince-dead-at-57/|title=Prince Dead at 57|work=TMZ.com|date=April 21, 2016|accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> Six days before his death, Prince was treated for a [[drug overdose]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Prince was treated for drug overdose six days before death, report says|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/prince-treated-drug-overdose-days-death-article-1.2610568|work=New York Daily News|accessdate=22 April 2016|author=Tobias Salinger|date=21 April 2016}}</ref> He was treated for [[dehydration]] and "walking pneumonia" (the formal name is atypical pneumonia) shortly before his death. His [[autopsy]] was performed the next day on April 22. Afterwards, his remains were [[cremated]]. Their location will be kept private.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Grinberg|first1=Emanuella|title=Prince death: What we know|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/23/entertainment/prince-dead-latest/|accessdate=24 April 2016|agency=CNN|publisher=Turner Broadcasting System, Inc|date=24 April 2016}}</ref> [[Toxicology]] tests showed that he died of an overdose of [[fentanyl]], an [[opioid]] [[painkiller]]. ==His works== '''Studio albums''' {{div col}} * ''[[For You (Prince album)|For You]]'' (1978) * ''[[Prince (album)|Prince]]'' (1979) * ''[[Dirty Mind]]'' (1980) * ''[[Controversy (Prince album)|Controversy]]'' (1981) * ''[[1999 (Prince album)|1999]]'' (1982) * ''[[Purple Rain (album)|Purple Rain]]'' (1984) * ''[[Around the World in a Day]]'' (1985) * ''[[Parade (Prince album)|Parade]]'' (1986) * ''[[Sign o' the Times]]'' (1987) * ''[[Lovesexy]]'' (1988) * ''[[Batman (album)|Batman]]'' (1989) * ''[[Graffiti Bridge (album)|Graffiti Bridge]]'' (1990) * ''[[Diamonds and Pearls]]'' (1991) * (''[[Love Symbol Album]]'') (1992) * ''[[Come (Prince album)|Come]]'' (1994) * ''[[The Black Album (Prince album)|The Black Album]]'' (1994) * ''[[The Gold Experience]]'' (1995) * ''[[Chaos and Disorder]]'' (1996) * ''[[Emancipation (Prince album)|Emancipation]]'' (1996) * ''[[Crystal Ball (album set)|Crystal Ball]]'' (1998) * ''[[Crystal Ball (box set)#The Truth|The Truth]]'' (1998) * ''[[The Vault: Old Friends 4 Sale]]'' (1999) * ''[[Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic]]'' (1999) * ''[[The Rainbow Children]]'' (2001) * ''[[One Nite Alone...]]'' (2002) * ''[[Xpectation]]'' (2003) * ''[[N.E.W.S (Prince album)|N.E.W.S]]'' (2003) * ''[[Musicology (album)|Musicology]]'' (2004) * ''[[The Chocolate Invasion]]'' (2004) * ''[[The Slaughterhouse]]'' (2004) * ''[[3121 (album)|3121]]'' (2006) * ''[[Planet Earth (Prince album)|Planet Earth]]'' (2007) * ''[[Lotusflower (album)|Lotusflow3r]]'' (2009) * ''[[Lotusflower (album)|MPLSound]]'' (2009) * ''[[20Ten]]'' (2010) * ''[[Plectrumelectrum]]'' (2014) * ''[[Art Official Age]]'' (2014) * ''[[Hit n Run Phase One|HITnRUN Phase One]]'' (2015) * ''[[Hit n Run Phase Two|HITnRUN Phase Two]]'' (2015) {{div col end}} {{div col}} '''Live albums''' * ''[[One Nite Alone... Live!]]'' (2002) * ''[[C-Note (album)|C-Note]]'' (2004) * ''[[Indigo Nights]]'' (2008) '''Remix albums''' * ''[[Rave In2 the Joy Fantastic]]'' (2001) '''Compilation albums''' * ''[[The Hits/The B-Sides]]'' (1993) * ''[[Girl 6 (album)|Girl 6]]'' (1996) * ''[[The Very Best of Prince]]'' (2001) * ''[[Ultimate Prince]]'' (2006) {{div col end}} '''The New Power Generation albums''' * ''[[Goldnigga]]'' (1993) * ''[[Exodus (The New Power Generation album)|Exodus]]'' (1995) * ''[[Newpower Soul]]'' (1998) {| class="wikitable sortable" |- |+ Movies !Year!!Movie!!Role!!Director |- style="text-align:center;" ||1984||''[[Purple Rain (movie)|Purple Rain]]''||The Kid||{{Sortname|Albert|Magnoli|nolink=1}} |- style="text-align:center;" ||1986||''[[Under the Cherry Moon]]''||Christopher Tracy||Prince |- style="text-align:center;" ||1987||''[[Sign o' the Times (movie)|Sign o' the Times]]''||Himself||Prince |- style="text-align:center;" ||1990||''[[Graffiti Bridge (movie)|Graffiti Bridge]]''||The Kid||Prince |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- |+ Television !Year!!Show!!Role!!Notes |- |1997||''[[Muppets Tonight]]''||Himself||Episode 11 |- |2014||''[[New Girl]]''||Himself||Episode: "Prince" |} ==Awards and nominations== ===Academy Awards=== Prince won an [[Academy Award]] in 1985 for his song "[[Purple Rain (song)|Purple Rain]]". {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Nominated work ! Award category ! Result |- | [[57th Academy Awards|1985]] || "[[Purple Rain (song)|Purple Rain]]" || [[Academy Award for Best Original Musical#1980s|Best Original Song Score]] || {{won}} |} ===Grammy Awards=== Earning 33 nominations, Prince has won seven Grammys. He also has had two albums − ''[[1999 (album)|1999]]'' and ''[[Purple Rain (album)|Purple Rain]]'' − awarded the [[List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients J–P|Grammy Hall of Fame Award]]. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Nominated work ! Award category ! Result |- || 1984 | "International Lover" | [[Best Male R&B Vocal Performance]] | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="4"| 1985 | ''Purple Rain'' | [[Grammy Award for Album of the Year|Album of the Year]] | {{nom}} |- | ''Purple Rain'' | [[Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] | {{won}} |- | ''Purple Rain'' | [[Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media|Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media]] | {{won}} |- | "I Feel For You" | [[Best R&B Song]] | {{won}} |- |rowspan="2"| 1987 | "Kiss" | [[Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] | {{won}} |- | "Kiss" | Best R&B Song | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="3"| 1988 | ''Sign "O" the Times'' | Album of the Year | {{nom}} |- | "U Got The Look" | Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal | {{nom}} |- | "U Got The Look" | Best R&B Song | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"| 1990 | ''Batman'' | [[Best Male Pop Vocal Performance]] | {{nom}} |- | "Batdance" | Best Male R&B Vocal Performance | {{nom}} |- | 1991 | "Nothin' Compares 2 U" | [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]] | {{nom}} |- | 1992 | "Gett Off" | Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal | {{nom}} |- | 1993 | "Diamonds And Pearls" | [[Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] | {{nom}} |- | 1995 | "The Most Beautiful Girl In The World" | Best Male Pop Vocal Performance | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"| 1996 | "Eye Hate U" | Best Male R&B Vocal Performance | {{nom}} |- | ''The Gold Experience'' | [[Best R&B Album]] | {{nom}} |- | 2004 | ''N.E.W.S.'' | [[Best Pop Instrumental Album]] | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="5"| 2005 | "Cinnamon Girl" | Best Male Pop Vocal Performance | {{nom}} |- | "Call My Name" | Best Male R&B Vocal Performance | {{won}} |- | "Call My Name" | Best R&B Song | {{nom}} |- | "Musicology" | [[Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance]] | {{won}} |- | ''Musicology'' | Best R&B Album | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="5"| 2007 | "Black Sweat" | Best Male R&B Vocal Performance | {{nom}} |- | "Beautiful, Loved And Blessed" | Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal | {{nom}} |- | "3121" | [[Grammy Award for Best Urban/Alternative Performance|Best Urban/Alternative Performance]] | {{nom}} |- | "Black Sweat" | Best R&B Song | {{nom}} |- | ''3121'' | Best R&B Album | {{nom}} |- |rowspan="2"| 2008 | "Future Baby Mama" | Best Male R&B Vocal Performance | {{won}} |- | "[[The Song of the Heart]]" | [[Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media|Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media]] | {{nom}} |- | 2010 | "Dreamer" | [[Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance]] | {{nom}} |} ===MTV Video Music Awards=== The [[MTV Video Music Awards]] (VMAs) is an award show by cable network MTV to honor the top music videos of the year. It was first held in September 1984. It was to be an alternative to the Grammy Awards in the video category. Prince has won four awards from twelve nominations throughout his career. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Nominated work ! Award category ! Result |- | {{mtvvma|1985}} || "[[When Doves Cry]]" || [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography in a Video]] || {{nom}} |- | {{mtvvma|1986}} || "[[Raspberry Beret]]" || Best Choreography in a Video || {{won}} |- | rowspan="4"| {{mtvvma|1988}} | rowspan="4"| "[[U Got the Look]]" | [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video|Best Male Video]] || {{won}} |- | [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Stage Performance|Best Stage Performance in a Video]] || {{won}} |- | Best Choreography in a Video || {{nom}} |- | [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Editing|Best Editing in a Video]] || {{nom}} |- | {{mtvvma|1989}} || "[[I Wish U Heaven]]" || [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects in a Video]] || {{nom}} |- | {{mtvvma|1990}} || "[[Batdance]]" || [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Video from a Film|Best Video from a Film]] || {{nom}} |- | {{mtvvma|1992}} || "[[Cream (song)|Cream]]" || [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Dance Video|Best Dance Video]] || {{won}} |- | {{mtvvma|1993}} || "[[7 (song)|7]]" || [[MTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video|Best R&B Video]] || {{nom}} |- | {{mtvvma|2004}} || "[[Musicology (song)|Musicology]]" || Best Male Video || {{nom}} |- | {{mtvvma|2006}} || "[[Black Sweat]]" || [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography in a Video]] || {{nom}} |} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Other websites== {{Commons and category|Prince (musician)}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} * {{IMDb name|2239|Prince}} * {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5182|label=Prince}} * [http://www.billboard.com/artist/351039/prince/chart Prince: chart history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624033227/https://www.billboard.com/artist/351039/prince/chart |date=2018-06-24 }} at [[Billboard.com]] * {{Find a Grave|161442923|Prince}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Prince (musician)}} [[Category:1958 births]] [[Category:2016 deaths]] [[Category:Actors from Minneapolis]] [[Category:African-American movie actors]] [[Category:African-American singers]] [[Category:American activists]] [[Category:American composers]] [[Category:American funk musicians]] [[Category:American movie directors]] [[Category:Philanthropists from Minnesota]] [[Category:American funk singers]] [[Category:American pianists]] [[Category:American pop musicians]] [[Category:American pop singers]] [[Category:American Protestants]] [[Category:American R&B musicians]] [[Category:American R&B singers]] [[Category:American record producers]] [[Category:American rock guitarists]] [[Category:American saxophonists]] [[Category:Singer-songwriters from Minnesota]] [[Category:Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters]] [[Category:Brit Award winners]] [[Category:Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States]] [[Category:Golden Globe Award winners]] [[Category:American Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Jehovah's Witnesses people]] [[Category:Musicians from Minneapolis]] [[Category:New wave musicians]] [[Category:Prince (musician)| ]] [[Category:Webby Award winners]] [[Category:Writers from Minneapolis]] [[Category:Warner Bros. Records artists]] [[Category:Singers from Minneapolis]] n2v9sd4e92c87nlotbz21oenrfwd5ls 0 12456 10879452 10817846 2026-06-05T11:46:52Z ~2026-33464-18 1816768 /* */ 10879452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Subspeciesbox | name = ''Gallus gallus domesticus'' | status = DOM | image = Male and female chicken sitting together.jpg | image_caption = A rooster (left) and a hen (right) | genus = Gallus | species = gallus | species_link = Red junglefowl | subspecies = domesticus | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) }} '''Chicken''' is a hen which refers to a species of [[poultry]]. It is raised in many places for its [[meat]] and [[egg (food)|egg]]s.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/110675/chicken |title=chicken (bird) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=britannica.com |accessdate=1 May 2010}}</ref> They are usually kept by humans as [[livestock]]. Some breeds of chickens can fly for a short distance. Some sleep in trees (if there are trees around). A [[male]] chicken is called a cock or a rooster. A [[female]] chicken is called a hen. A young chicken is called a chick. Like other female [[bird]]s, hens lay [[egg (biology)|egg]]s. Chicks hatch out of the eggs. When raising chickens, a farmer needs a chicken coop (like a little house) for the chickens to roost (sleep) in. They also need a run or yard where they can exercise, take dust baths, eat and drink. The chickens also need to be protected from [[Predation|predators]] such as [[Fox|foxes]], [[Coyote|coyotes]], and [[Hawk|hawks]] too. Fences are often used for this.<ref>[http://www.small-farm-permaculture-and-sustainable-living.com/how_to_raise_chickens.html How to Raise Chickens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302233434/http://www.small-farm-permaculture-and-sustainable-living.com/how_to_raise_chickens.html |date=2015-03-02 }}, retrieved 15 March 2011.</ref> Chickens are also agriculturally [[Intensive farming|farmed intensively]]. This lets chicken farms make a lot of [[Chicken as food|chicken meats]] and [[Egg (food)|chicken eggs]]. ==Eggs== {{main article|Egg (food)}} [[File:White chicken egg square.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The egg from a chicken.]] Chickens are well known for their eggs. Many people eat them for their [[breakfast]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bos|first=Sascha|title=Why Do We Eat Eggs for Breakfast, Anyway?|url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/why-do-we-eat-eggs-for-breakfast|access-date=2021-05-06|website=Bon Appétit|date=6 April 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> The eggs can be prepared in many different ways, such as boiling them, frying them, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-04-08|title="How Do You Want Your Eggs?" Eleven Ways To Cook An Egg|url=https://www.breakfastwithnick.com/2014/04/08/how-do-you-want-your-eggs-eleven-ways-to-cook-an-egg/|access-date=2021-05-06|website=Breakfast With Nick|language=en-US}}</ref> {{-}} == Meat == {{Main article|Chicken as food}} [[File:KFC Rice Set (Malaysia) and Chicken Nuggets.jpg|210px|thumb|[[KFC]] [[Fried chicken]] served with [[rice]] and [[ketchup]] in [[Malaysia]]]] Because of their low cost, chicken [[meat]] (also called "chicken") is one of the most used kinds of meat in the world. Americans eat 8 billion chickens every year.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://shilala.homestead.com/chickenfacts.html |title=Chicken Facts by The Easy Chicken for beginners |work=shilala.homestead.com |accessdate=1 May 2010}}</ref> Some popular dishes with chicken are: [[Hot wings|Buffalo wings]], [[butter chicken]], [[Hainanese chicken rice|chicken rice]], [[chicken nuggets]], [[Pie|chicken pot pie]], [[chicken soup]], [[fried chicken]] (see picture), [[roasting|roasted chicken]], [[tandoori chicken]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 most popular chicken recipes {{!}} Good Food|url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/most-popular-chicken-recipes|access-date=2025-01-09|website=www.bbcgoodfood.com|language=en}}</ref> === Cuts === There are different cuts of chicken. Chicken meat can also be bought whole. The leanest part is known as the breast. Sliced pieces of the breast are known as the tenderloin. There are also wings, thighs, and legs (also known as drumsticks).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chicken Anatomy - Koch Foods|date=2 September 2020|url=https://kochfoods.com/about-chicken/chicken-anatomy/|access-date=2021-05-12|language=en-US}}</ref>{{-}} == Chickens and chickenpox == [[Chickenpox]] has nothing to do with chickens. When chickenpox was first described, people thought that the pox spots looked like [[chickpea]]s placed upon the skin. The Latin word for chickpeas is ''grana''. That is the original word that chickenpox got its name from.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://parenting.ivillage.com/tp/tphealth/0,,3q8n,00.html |title=Why is it called chicken pox? |work=parenting.ivillage.com |accessdate=1 May 2010 |archive-date=14 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514144554/http://parenting.ivillage.com/tp/tphealth/0,,3q8n,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{-}} == Gaming == [[File:Roosters.jpg|220px|thumb|Two gamecocks fighting in a rural village in [[Thailand]].]] In some parts of the world, people breed chickens to fight. They [[gambling|bet]] money on which of the two birds will win. In many places, this is [[Law|illegal]]. [[Wario]] has a pet hen in the [[Game Boy Color]] game ''[[Wario Land II]]''. Besides the eyelashes, she does not have much difference from real-life hens. == References == {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{wikispecies-inline|Gallus gallus|Chicken}}<br> {{Commonscat-inline|Chickens|Chicken}}<br> {{wikibooks-inline|Raising Chickens}} [[Category:Chickens]] [[Category:Domesticated animals]] hyvd5zlxn84m1nww66vevfi1araban7 0 14506 10879228 10843272 2026-06-05T01:35:57Z Mvfd 1816574 10879228 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Baby.jpg|200px|thumb|A baby]] A '''baby''' is a [[human]] who is younger than about 1 or 2 years old. Different words are used for a baby at different stages of growth. These words are not used in the same way by everyone. For example, the word ''infant'' may be used until a baby can walk, or only until the baby is one year old. A baby from birth to about 3 months old is sometimes called a ''newborn''. Babies born early are called [[wikt:early|premature]], babies born late are called post-term, and babies born at the right time are called full-term. The word infant comes from [[Latin]]: where ''infans'' means "not able to speak".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=infant |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |work=etymonline.com |year=2011 }}</ref> At birth, parts of a baby's [[skull]] are not yet hard [[bone]]. These soft areas are called "soft spots". As the child grows, the bones join together. During birth, a baby’s head can change shape as it moves through the [[birth canal]]. This usually goes back to normal after a short time. Some religions have ceremonies after a baby is born, such as [[baptism]], where the baby is covered with water.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/baptism|title=Baptism {{!}} Christianity|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-01-13}}</ref> When a baby learns to walk, it is usually called a [[toddler]]. This is usually between one and three years of age. Sometimes a baby dies before or during birth. A baby that dies before birth is called a miscarriage, and a baby that dies during birth is called [[stillborn]]. The benefits of touch to a human being are the results of many experiments with babies as young as four months old. Some researchers have studied babies that receive positive touching, such as stroking or cuddling, as opposed to negative touching, such as poking, pinching, or tickling. Researchers found that babies that were positively touched cried less and were vocalising and smiling more, while babies who were negatively touched had been linked with emotional and behaviour problems later in life. Additionally, in societies where there was more positive physical touching, there was a significantly lower incidence of violence in adults.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Field|first1=T.|year=2002|title=Infants' Need for Touch|journal=Human Development|volume=45|issue=2|pages=100–103|doi=10.1159/000048156|s2cid=144155181}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/02/24/3031460/0/en/Momcozy-5-Dual-Mode-Smart-Baby-Monitor-Debuts-Seamless-WiFi-Non-WiFi-Monitoring-for-Ultimate-Parental-Peace-of-Mind.html |title=Daily precautions for childcare |work= |date= }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.babyphotospictures.com/ Baby Pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405064022/http://www.babyphotospictures.com/ |date=2013-04-05 }} Newborns, Infants and Toddlers * [http://www.parentingnation.in/kids-weight-calculator Kids Height/Weight Calculator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226105719/http://www.parentingnation.in/kids-weight-calculator |date=2016-12-26 }} by Parenting Nation * [http://www.babyfoodmakerguide.com/guide/organic-baby-food/ Baby Foods Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809021436/http://www.babyfoodmakerguide.com/guide/organic-baby-food/ |date=2020-08-09 }} Benefits of Organic Baby Food * [http://strollerlist.com/ Baby Stroller] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616210807/http://strollerlist.com/ |date=2017-06-16 }} by Stroller List{{-}} {{reflist}} {{wikisource}} {{-}} {{commons cat}} {{commons cat |Pregnancy}} {{pregnancy}} {{biology-stub}} {{stub}} [[Category:Family]] [[Category:Babies| ]] [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] [[Category:Childhood]] [[Category:Pregnancy and childbirth]] k70s3x8tydyt78o8r501kvaxrizr2z6 0 14915 10878834 10342100 2026-06-04T16:24:56Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* */ 10878834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|2|0}}<small>Early [[Pleistocene]]&nbsp;– Recent</small> | name = Bison | image = American bison k5680-1.jpg | image_caption = [[American bison]] <br /> (''Bison bison'') | image2 = Bison bonasus (Linnaeus 1758).jpg | image2_caption = [[European bison]] <br /> (''Bison bonasus'') | taxon = Bison | authority = [[Charles Hamilton Smith|Hamilton Smith]], 1827 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''[[American Bison|B. bison]]''<br />''[[Wisent|B. bonasus]]''<br />†''[[Bison antiquus|B. antiquus]]''<br />†''[[B. hanaizumiensis]]''<br />†''[[Bison latifrons|B. latifrons]]''<br />†''[[Bison occidentalis|B. occidentalis]]''<br />†''[[Bison palaeosinensis|B. palaeosinensis]]''<br />†''[[Steppe Wisent|B. priscus]]''<br />†''[[B. schoetensacki]]'' }} [[Image:Wisente Bison bonasus-cc.jpg|thumb|250px|A group of wisents]] '''Bison''' are large, [[even-toed ungulate]]s. They are [[bovine]]s, and are similar to [[cow]]s. They are often called buffalo, but are not closely related to the [[African buffalo]] or [[water buffalo]]. Bison live in the northern part of the world. The American bison lives in [[North America]] where they once wandered around the [[prairie]]s in huge [[herd]]s. The wisent lives in [[Europe]]. Bison can also live in rugged areas. == American == The American bison is the biggest [[mammal]] in [[North America]].<ref>{{cite book|url=|title=Family flip quiz geography|last=Gifford|first=Clive|author2=Lisa Clayden|publisher=Miles Kelly Publishing|year=2002|isbn=1-84236-146-5|location=Bardfield Centre, Great Bardfield, Essex, CM7 4SL|pages=}}</ref> There used to be as many as 30 million bison in the United States, but because of hunting, by 1890, only 1000 bison were left.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://animals.howstuffworks.com/endangered-species/bison-extinction.htm |last=Conger |first=Cristen |title= What brought bison back from the brink of extinction? |date=2 October 2008 |publisher=HowStuffWorks.com}}</ref> Through [[Conservation movement|conservation]] efforts, there are now more American bison than there used to be, but still far fewer than there were before the 1800s. {{Further|American bison}} == European == European bison ([[wisent]]) tend to live in lightly wooded to fully wooded areas and areas with increased [[shrubs]] and [[shrub|bush]]es, though they can also live on [[Grassland|grasslands]] and plains. == Taxonomy == They are classified in the subfamily [[Bovinae]] of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Bovidae]]. * Genus ''Bison'' ** [[American bison]] (''Bison bison'') ** [[Wisent]] or [[European bison]] (''Bison bonasus'') == Life == They live to be about 20 years old and are born without their "hump" or horns, which both males and females have. After shedding their lightly colored hair, and with their horns, they are grown at 2 to 3 years of age, but males keep growing slowly until seven years. Adult bulls are very dominant in mating season. Adult bison usually have one or two baby bison. == References == {{wikispecies|Bison}} {{commonscat|Bison}} {{reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q18099}} [[Category:Bovines]] [[Category:Mammals of North America]] [[Category:Mammals of Europe]] gdtcfnhuu7h9e2z5au8ab5t18g1omi4 10878979 10878834 2026-06-04T19:45:07Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* */ 10878979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|2|0}}<small>Early [[Pleistocene]]&nbsp;– Recent</small> | name = Bison | image = American bison k5680-1.jpg | image_caption = [[American bison]] <br /> (''Bison bison'') | image2 = Bison bonasus (Linnaeus 1758).jpg | image2_caption = [[European bison]] <br /> (''Bison bonasus'') | taxon = Bison | authority = [[Charles Hamilton Smith|Hamilton Smith]], 1827 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''[[American Bison|B. bison]]''<br />''[[Wisent|B. bonasus]]''<br />†''[[Bison antiquus|B. antiquus]]''<br />†''[[B. hanaizumiensis]]''<br />†''[[Bison latifrons|B. latifrons]]''<br />†''[[Bison occidentalis|B. occidentalis]]''<br />†''[[Bison palaeosinensis|B. palaeosinensis]]''<br />†''[[Steppe Wisent|B. priscus]]''<br />†''[[B. schoetensacki]]'' }} [[Image:Wisente Bison bonasus-cc.jpg|thumb|250px|A group of wisents]] '''Bison''' are large, [[even-toed ungulate]]s. They are [[bovine]]s, and are similar to [[cow]]s. They are often called buffalo, but are not closely related to the [[African buffalo]] or [[water buffalo]]. Bison live in the northern part of the world. The American bison lives in [[North America]] where they once wandered around the [[prairie]]s in huge [[herd]]s. The wisent lives in [[Europe]]. Bison can also live in rugged areas. == American == The [[American bison]] is the biggest [[mammal]] in [[North America]].<ref>{{cite book|url=|title=Family flip quiz geography|last=Gifford|first=Clive|author2=Lisa Clayden|publisher=Miles Kelly Publishing|year=2002|isbn=1-84236-146-5|location=Bardfield Centre, Great Bardfield, Essex, CM7 4SL|pages=}}</ref> There used to be as many as 30 million bison in the United States, but because of hunting, by 1890, only 1000 bison were left.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://animals.howstuffworks.com/endangered-species/bison-extinction.htm |last=Conger |first=Cristen |title= What brought bison back from the brink of extinction? |date=2 October 2008 |publisher=HowStuffWorks.com}}</ref> Through [[Conservation movement|conservation]] efforts, there are now more American bison than there used to be, but still far fewer than there were before the 1800s. {{Further|American bison}} == European == European bison ([[wisent]]) tend to live in lightly wooded to fully wooded areas and areas with increased [[shrubs]] and [[shrub|bush]]es, though they can also live on [[Grassland|grasslands]] and plains. == Taxonomy == They are classified in the subfamily [[Bovinae]] of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Bovidae]]. * Genus ''Bison'' ** [[American bison]] (''Bison bison'') ** [[Wisent]] or [[European bison]] (''Bison bonasus'') == Life == They live to be about 20 years old and are born without their "hump" or horns, which both males and females have. After shedding their lightly colored hair, and with their horns, they are grown at 2 to 3 years of age, but males keep growing slowly until seven years. Adult bulls are very dominant in mating season. Adult bison usually have one or two baby bison. == References == {{wikispecies|Bison}} {{commonscat|Bison}} {{reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q18099}} [[Category:Bovines]] [[Category:Mammals of North America]] [[Category:Mammals of Europe]] 0rkl7xn34uxkh9k1awooslroceva9td 0 15596 10878933 10633638 2026-06-04T18:43:05Z LilyKitty 103847 about antibiotic resistance and self-medication 10878933 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ΦM12 Plaques in Sinorhizobium meliloti.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Bacteria growing on an [[agar]] plate.]] [[File:Antibiotic sensitivity and resistance.jpg|thumb|right| 250px|[[Antibiotic resistance]] tests: Bacteria are streaked on the dish on which antibiotic impregnated white disks are placed. Bacteria in the culture on the left are susceptible to the antibiotic in each disk, as shown by the dark, clear rings where bacteria have not grown. Those on the right are fully susceptible to only three of the seven antibiotics tested.<ref>[http://www.microbelibrary.org/component/resource/laboratory-test/3189-kirby-bauer-disk-diffusion-susceptibility-test-protocol Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607231115/http://www.microbelibrary.org/component/resource/laboratory-test/3189-kirby-bauer-disk-diffusion-susceptibility-test-protocol |date=2016-06-07 }}, Jan Hudzicki, ASM</ref>]] {{Distinguish|antibody}} An '''antibiotic''' (or '''antibacterial''') is a chemical compound is made to [[kill]] [[bacteria]] or slow their [[growth]]. They are used as [[medicine|medicines]] to treat and [[:wikt:cure|cure]] [[disease]] caused by bacteria. The first antibiotic discovered was [[Penicillin]], a natural antibiotic produced by a [[fungus]]. Production of antibiotics first began in 1939, and in the modern day, they are made by [[chemical synthesis]]. Antibiotics can not be used to treat any [[virus]]. [[Maclyn McCarty]] explained what it was like before antibiotics:<ref>McCarty M. 1985. ''The transforming principle: discovering that genes are made of DNA''. New York: W.W. Norton, p40. {{ISBN|0-393-30450-7}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=There are a number of infections from which no-one had [ever] recovered before the discovery of effective anti-bacterial agents.}} ==History== Antibiotics can be the most effective way of treating bacterial infections. A clue to this might been found in [[Pasteur]]'s work. He had a culture of [[anthrax]] germs that were left exposed to air. They developed colonies of many fungi, but the anthrax [[bacilli]] disappeared. Medical science was not, at the time, ready to see the implication of this. [[File:Penicillin core.svg|thumb|170px|[[Penicillin]], the first natural antibiotic discovered by [[Alexander Fleming]] in 1928.]] It was 1928 that the study of antibiotics started,a small chance beginning. [[Alexander Fleming]], a London [[bacteriologist]], was culturing ''[[staphylococcus]]''. In one [[Petri dish]] a [[mould]] appeared and spread On the nutrient [[gelatin]] of the dish each patch of mould was surrounded by clear ring, free of bacteria. Moreover, the extracted substance was able to clear up infected [[Wound|wounds]]. The term ''antibiotic'' was first used in 1942 by [[Selman Waksman]] and his collaborators in journal articles to describe any substance produced by a microorganism that is [[wikt:antagonism|antagonistic]] to the growth of other microorganisms in high dilution.<ref name="Wakeman1947">Waksman S.A. 1947. What is an antibiotic or an antibiotic substance?. ''Mycologia'' '''39''' (5): 565–569. [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3755196?uid=3738032&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21101809445701]</ref> This definition cut out substances which kill bacteria, but are not produced by microorganisms, such as gastric juice and [[hydrogen peroxide]]. It also excluded [[chemical synthesis|synthetic]] antibacterial compounds such as the [[Sulfonamide (drug)|sulfonamides]]. With advances in [[medicinal chemistry]], most of today's antibacterials chemically are modifications of various natural compounds.<ref>{{cite journal |author=von Nussbaum F. | display-authors = etal |title=Medicinal Chemistry of Antibacterial Natural Products – Exodus or Revival?|journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |volume=45 |issue=31 |pages=5072–5129 |year=2006 |pmid= 16881035 |doi=10.1002/anie.200600350}}</ref> ==Use== Certain bacteria are only affected by specific types of antibiotics. Antibiotics fight infection caused by bacteria. Patients might need different types or different amounts of antibiotics depending on what bacteria is causing their health problems. Because of this, antibiotics should always be used under the supervision of a medical doctor (or other certified medical practitioner). The doctor can also watch for side effects and change the patient's treatment when necessary. Antibiotics are very useful when your body is infected by a bacteria. Antibiotics don't kill virus, so it is useless against a viral infection. A doctor must determine if a patient's infection is of viral or bacterial origin before taking antibiotics, this is another reason why a medical doctor should prescribe antibiotics instead of relying on [[self-medication]]. ==Teixobactin== Teixobactin is the first new antibiotic discovered in forty years. It is active against [[gram-positive]] bacteria, including ''Staphylococcus aureus''. It appears to be one of a new class of antibiotics.<ref>Gallagher, James 2015. Antibiotics: US discovery labelled 'game-changer' for medicine. ''BBC News'' Health. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-30657486]</ref><ref>Ling L.L. ''et al'' 2015. A new antibiotic kills pathogens without detectable resistance . ''Nature'' article preview. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature14098.html Browse Articles &#124; Nature]</ref> ==Resistance== {{Main|antibiotic resistance}} Today, people worry that [[bacteria]] will not be affected by antibiotics. Bacteria do [[evolve]], and already many strains of bacteria resist regular antibiotics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/infectiousdiseases_medicines/medicines3.cfm?coSiteNavigation_allTopic=1 |title=Antibiotic resistance - ABPI - Resources for Schools |access-date=2013-03-11 |archive-date=2013-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125023447/http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modules/infectiousdiseases_medicines/medicines3.cfm?coSiteNavigation_allTopic=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> When exposed to antibiotics, most bacteria die quickly, but some may have [[mutations]] which make them slightly less susceptible. These bacteria then multiply and make a large colony which is less affected by the antibiotic. Part of this problem is caused by the over-use and misuse of antibiotics. If someone is sick with a virus, antibiotics will not affect the virus. Some doctors will still prescribe an antibiotic so the patient feels as though they are being treated for their illness. The other problem is that many people do not use antibiotics correctly. People often stop taking the medicine when they start feeling better. But antibiotics don't kill all of the bad bacteria at once. Bacteria which are more [[resistance to antibiotics|resistant]] do not die right away. When someone stops taking the antibiotic too quickly, these resistant bacteria can reproduce and survive. Then the antibiotic does not work so well because the bacteria are less affected by it. Resistance, as discussed in "WHO AWaRe classification for antibiotic stewardship: tackling antimicrobial resistance – a descriptive study from an English NHS Foundation Trust prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic," illustrates the critical challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study demonstrates the pivotal function of the WHO’s AWaRe classification in directing antibiotic use to combat AMR. It stresses the necessity of comprehensive antimicrobial stewardship before and during health crises to maintain antibiotic effectiveness against emerging pathogens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abdelsalam Elshenawy |first1=Rasha |title=WHO AWaRe classification for antibiotic stewardship: tackling antimicrobial resistance – a descriptive study from an English NHS Foundation Trust prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |date=2023 |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1298858/full |access-date=2024-02-09}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Antiviral drug]] * [[Antibiotic resistance]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{Antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory and anti-infective agents}} {{Medicine-stub}} [[Category:Antibiotics| ]] fmbmmb2d3ly3zxke56z2omrtkp5xooz 0 18480 10878847 10578307 2026-06-04T16:38:34Z ~2026-33253-62 1816341 i put some more general info 10878847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Rat | fossil_range = <br/>Early [[Pleistocene]] {{ndash}} Recent | image = File:Rattus norvegicus 1.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = Brown rat | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Rodent]]ia | superfamilia = [[Muroidea]]* | familia = [[Muridae]] | subfamilia = [[Murinae]] | genus = '''''Rattus''''' }} [[File:&#039;Aventures de la famille Raton&#039; by Felicien de Myrbach 07.jpg|thumb|Story about rats]] The '''rat''' is a medium-sized [[rodent]]. Rats are [[omnivore]]s, they eat different types of [[food]]. Most rats are in the [[genus]] ''Rattus''. There are about 56 different species of rats. The best known rats are the '''black rat''' (''[[Rattus rattus]]''), and the '''brown rat''' (''[[Rattus norvegicus]]''). These two are known as ''Old World rats''. The group has its origins in [[Asia]]. Usually rats fae skata pies pipi eimai sths mamas sou to mouniare bigger than [[mice]]. Rats are large [[muroid]] rodents, mice are small ones. The muroid family is very large and complex. That means the terms ''rat'' and ''mouse'' are not [[taxonomy|taxonomically]] precise. A large muroid will often have ''rat'' in its name; a small one will often be called ''mouse''. Besides members of the ''Rattus'' and ''Mus'' [[genera]], others sometimes get these names, for example the [[pack rat]] and [[cotton mouse]]. Some people keep rats as a [[pet]]. They are called [[fancy rats]]. Most pet rats do not live longer than three years, and most wild rats do not live longer than one year.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.ratbehavior.org/RatYears.htm|title=How old is a rat in human years?|work=ratbehavior.org|accessdate=November 8, 2010}}</ref> Rats are also used for their [[meat]]. [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Africa]], [[China]] and [[Vietnam]] eat rat meat. == "Rats" that are not rats == Other [[mammals]] are called ''rat'' by many people, but those are not true rats, many are not closely related to the true Old World rat. Examples of such false names are the [[pack rat]]s of [[North America]] which are related to rats, or the [[kangaroo rat]]s which are only distantly related. Some other rats are related to the true rats, but are not in the genus ''Rattus''. Such an example is the [[lesser bandicoot rat]]. Many of the 'untrue' rats are [[Endemism|endemic]] to certain regions, that is they are only found there. Very often, they live on [[island]]s. In many cases, these species are also [[endangered species|endangered]] of disappearing. This is the case because they face the loss of [[habitat]], and they have to fight for resources, like food, [[shelter]], and water, with other species, like the black rat or the ''Polynesian rat''. == Pets == [[File:Junge hausratte.jpg|thumb|150px|left|A baby pet rat]] People who keep some types of rats as [[pet]]s called "fancy rats". Fancy rats are [[Domestication|domesticated]] brown rats. People have kept rats as pets since the 19th century. Rats are social and smart animals that can be trained. They also like to play with toys. Some owners think that male pet rats are more playful than female pet rats and that female rats are more active and curious. Pet rats do not act the same as wild rats. They do not have more diseases than other common pets. Pet rats live 1 to 3 years. Female rats are smaller than male rats. Pet rats have been known to "laugh" when [[tickle]]d. They can be all one color or have spots or other coloring. Some rats have no hair. These are called hairless rats. == Scientific research == [[File:Rat diabetic.jpg|thumb|left|170px|A laboratory rat strain known as a Zucker rat. These rats are bred to be genetically prone to [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], the same [[disease]] found among humans.]] Clark University in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worchester]], [[Massachusetts]] ([[United States]]) was the first to breed a population of domestic white brown rats. They did this to study the effects of diets, amongst other things. Since then, rats have been used in many experiments. They have helped scientists get a better understanding of [[genetics]] and [[disease]]s, as well as how certain [[Medicine|drugs]] work. Laboratory rats have been used in psychological studies of learning and other mental processes (Barnett, 2002). A 2007 study found rats to possess some degree of metacognition, a mental ability previously only found in [[human]]s and some [[primate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Metacognition in the rat | journal = Current Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 6 | pages = 551–555 | date = 2007 | url = http://www.current-biology.com/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0960982207009311 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.061 | pmid = 17346969 | pmc = 1861845 | access-date = 2013-05-15 | archive-date = 2012-07-03 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120703135956/http://www.current-biology.com/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0960982207009311 | url-status = dead | last1 = Foote | first1 = Allison L. | last2 = Crystal | first2 = Jonathon D. |issn=0960-9822 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/03/070308121856.htm Rats capable of reflecting on mental processes]</ref> In general, it has been difficult to measure intelligence in rats. Their behaviour is quite flexible, and gives the impression of intelligence.<ref name="Galsworthy2002">{{cite journal | author = Galsworthy M.J. ''et al'' 2002 | title = Evidence for general cognitive ability (g) in heterogeneous stock mice and an analysis of potential confounds | journal = Genes, Brain and Behavior | year = 2002 | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 88–95 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1601-183X.2002.10204.x/full | doi=10.1034/j.1601-183X.2002.10204.x| pmid = 12884979 | s2cid = 42080126 }}</ref><ref>Thompson R; Crinella F. & Yu J. 1990. ''Brain mechanisms in problem solving and intelligence: a lesion survey of the rat brain'', Plenum, New York</ref> Flexible behaviour is good for problem-solving and learning. Domestic rats are very different from wild rats. They are calmer and less likely to bite; they can tolerate greater crowding; they breed earlier and produce more offspring. Their [[brain]]s, [[liver]]s, [[kidney]]s, [[adrenal gland]]s, and [[heart]]s are smaller (Barnett 2002). '''Brown rats''' are often used as [[model organism]]s. Genetic research is usually done with mice. Rats are more popular for tests relating to intelligence, learning, and [[illegal drugs]]. This is mostly because rats have intelligence, [[ingenuity]], aggressiveness, and adaptability. Their psychology seems to be very similar to human psychology. Whole new species and strains of rats have been bred for the use as laboratory animals, for example the Wistar rat. Much of the genome of ''Rattus norvegicus'' has been sequenced.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ensembl.org/Rattus_norvegicus/index.html | title = Genome project | accessdate = 2007-02-17 | last = | first = |work = www.ensemble.org | quote = }}</ref> == Location == Rats are opportunists. If they have the choice between a food that will need a fight to get, and another food that will not, they take the food that does not need a fight. For this reason, rats have lived close to [[human]]s for a long time. Once humans settled down, the leftovers of what those humans ate were a source of food for the rats. So the rats followed. Rats are present in almost all settlements. In [[city|cities]], they often live in the [[sewer]]s. == Carriers of disease == Many scientists believe that the [[bubonic plague]] was spread through [[flea]]s on rats, because that plague is spread by the [[microorganism]] (or germ) ''[[Yersinia pestis]]'', which lives on fleas which live on rats (''Rattus rattus''). Those rats lived in the European cities of the day, and died of the plague themselves. Some scientists believe that the plague spread faster than the rats. If this is true, the rats cannot be the main carrier. More research is needed to find out if this is true. People believe this disease was the '[[Black Death]]'. It killed nearly a third of the population of Europe, in many [[epidemic]]s in the [[Middle Ages]].<ref>Barnett, S. Anthony 2002. ''The story of rats: their impact on us, and our impact on them''. Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW. {{ISBN|1-86508-519-7}}</ref> Rats can carry diseases. Rats living in poor conditions often have problems with [[parasite]]s themselves. Not many diseases carried by rats can spread to humans. One of those is called [[Leptospirosis]], another one is the plague. <gallery> File:Americanblue.jpg|A pet rat File:Rat.jpg|A white rat </gallery> == In later media == *The rat appears in a cameo role in various Disney classic animated films such as ''[[The Black Cauldron (movie)|The Black Cauldron]],'' ''[[Aladdin (1992 movie)|Aladdin]],'' and ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 movie)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]].'' == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons|Rat}} {{wikispecies|Rattus}} * [http://www.wildlife-museum.org/exhibithall/rat_care.html Lindsay Wildlife Museum's rat care page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041222014126/http://www.wildlife-museum.org/exhibithall/rat_care.html |date=2004-12-22 }} * Anne Hanson's rat page. [http://www.ratbehavior.org/rats.html Rat behaviour and biology] * [http://www.anim.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp/nbr/home.htm National Bio Resource Project for the rat in Japan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050429174806/http://www.anim.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp/NBR/home.htm |date=2005-04-29 }} * [http://rgd.mcw.edu/ Rat genome database] [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] [[Category:Old World rats and mice]] [[Category:Omnivores]] iavo9115nk25heccy5ynnc9fk81ffou 10878848 10878847 2026-06-04T16:38:48Z NDG 1452189 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33253-62|~2026-33253-62]] ([[User talk:~2026-33253-62|talk]]) to last version by Hairmer: test edits, please use the [[WP:SB|sandbox]] 10578307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Rat | fossil_range = <br/>Early [[Pleistocene]] {{ndash}} Recent | image = File:Rattus norvegicus 1.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = Brown rat | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Rodent]]ia | superfamilia = [[Muroidea]]* | familia = [[Muridae]] | subfamilia = [[Murinae]] | genus = '''''Rattus''''' }} [[File:&#039;Aventures de la famille Raton&#039; by Felicien de Myrbach 07.jpg|thumb|Story about rats]] The '''rat''' is a medium-sized [[rodent]]. Rats are [[omnivore]]s, they eat different types of [[food]]. Most rats are in the [[genus]] ''Rattus''. There are about 56 different species of rats. The best known rats are the '''black rat''' (''[[Rattus rattus]]''), and the '''brown rat''' (''[[Rattus norvegicus]]''). These two are known as ''Old World rats''. The group has its origins in [[Asia]]. Usually rats are bigger than [[mice]]. Rats are large [[muroid]] rodents, mice are small ones. The muroid family is very large and complex. That means the terms ''rat'' and ''mouse'' are not [[taxonomy|taxonomically]] precise. A large muroid will often have ''rat'' in its name; a small one will often be called ''mouse''. Besides members of the ''Rattus'' and ''Mus'' [[genera]], others sometimes get these names, for example the [[pack rat]] and [[cotton mouse]]. Some people keep rats as a [[pet]]. They are called [[fancy rats]]. Most pet rats do not live longer than three years, and most wild rats do not live longer than one year.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.ratbehavior.org/RatYears.htm|title=How old is a rat in human years?|work=ratbehavior.org|accessdate=November 8, 2010}}</ref> Rats are also used for their [[meat]]. [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Africa]], [[China]] and [[Vietnam]] eat rat meat. == "Rats" that are not rats == Other [[mammals]] are called ''rat'' by many people, but those are not true rats, many are not closely related to the true Old World rat. Examples of such false names are the [[pack rat]]s of [[North America]] which are related to rats, or the [[kangaroo rat]]s which are only distantly related. Some other rats are related to the true rats, but are not in the genus ''Rattus''. Such an example is the [[lesser bandicoot rat]]. Many of the 'untrue' rats are [[Endemism|endemic]] to certain regions, that is they are only found there. Very often, they live on [[island]]s. In many cases, these species are also [[endangered species|endangered]] of disappearing. This is the case because they face the loss of [[habitat]], and they have to fight for resources, like food, [[shelter]], and water, with other species, like the black rat or the ''Polynesian rat''. == Pets == [[File:Junge hausratte.jpg|thumb|150px|left|A baby pet rat]] People who keep some types of rats as [[pet]]s called "fancy rats". Fancy rats are [[Domestication|domesticated]] brown rats. People have kept rats as pets since the 19th century. Rats are social and smart animals that can be trained. They also like to play with toys. Some owners think that male pet rats are more playful than female pet rats and that female rats are more active and curious. Pet rats do not act the same as wild rats. They do not have more diseases than other common pets. Pet rats live 1 to 3 years. Female rats are smaller than male rats. Pet rats have been known to "laugh" when [[tickle]]d. They can be all one color or have spots or other coloring. Some rats have no hair. These are called hairless rats. == Scientific research == [[File:Rat diabetic.jpg|thumb|left|170px|A laboratory rat strain known as a Zucker rat. These rats are bred to be genetically prone to [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], the same [[disease]] found among humans.]] Clark University in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worchester]], [[Massachusetts]] ([[United States]]) was the first to breed a population of domestic white brown rats. They did this to study the effects of diets, amongst other things. Since then, rats have been used in many experiments. They have helped scientists get a better understanding of [[genetics]] and [[disease]]s, as well as how certain [[Medicine|drugs]] work. Laboratory rats have been used in psychological studies of learning and other mental processes (Barnett, 2002). A 2007 study found rats to possess some degree of metacognition, a mental ability previously only found in [[human]]s and some [[primate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Metacognition in the rat | journal = Current Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 6 | pages = 551–555 | date = 2007 | url = http://www.current-biology.com/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0960982207009311 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.061 | pmid = 17346969 | pmc = 1861845 | access-date = 2013-05-15 | archive-date = 2012-07-03 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120703135956/http://www.current-biology.com/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0960982207009311 | url-status = dead | last1 = Foote | first1 = Allison L. | last2 = Crystal | first2 = Jonathon D. |issn=0960-9822 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/03/070308121856.htm Rats capable of reflecting on mental processes]</ref> In general, it has been difficult to measure intelligence in rats. Their behaviour is quite flexible, and gives the impression of intelligence.<ref name="Galsworthy2002">{{cite journal | author = Galsworthy M.J. ''et al'' 2002 | title = Evidence for general cognitive ability (g) in heterogeneous stock mice and an analysis of potential confounds | journal = Genes, Brain and Behavior | year = 2002 | volume = 1 | issue = 2 | pages = 88–95 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1601-183X.2002.10204.x/full | doi=10.1034/j.1601-183X.2002.10204.x| pmid = 12884979 | s2cid = 42080126 }}</ref><ref>Thompson R; Crinella F. & Yu J. 1990. ''Brain mechanisms in problem solving and intelligence: a lesion survey of the rat brain'', Plenum, New York</ref> Flexible behaviour is good for problem-solving and learning. Domestic rats are very different from wild rats. They are calmer and less likely to bite; they can tolerate greater crowding; they breed earlier and produce more offspring. Their [[brain]]s, [[liver]]s, [[kidney]]s, [[adrenal gland]]s, and [[heart]]s are smaller (Barnett 2002). '''Brown rats''' are often used as [[model organism]]s. Genetic research is usually done with mice. Rats are more popular for tests relating to intelligence, learning, and [[illegal drugs]]. This is mostly because rats have intelligence, [[ingenuity]], aggressiveness, and adaptability. Their psychology seems to be very similar to human psychology. Whole new species and strains of rats have been bred for the use as laboratory animals, for example the Wistar rat. Much of the genome of ''Rattus norvegicus'' has been sequenced.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ensembl.org/Rattus_norvegicus/index.html | title = Genome project | accessdate = 2007-02-17 | last = | first = |work = www.ensemble.org | quote = }}</ref> == Location == Rats are opportunists. If they have the choice between a food that will need a fight to get, and another food that will not, they take the food that does not need a fight. For this reason, rats have lived close to [[human]]s for a long time. Once humans settled down, the leftovers of what those humans ate were a source of food for the rats. So the rats followed. Rats are present in almost all settlements. In [[city|cities]], they often live in the [[sewer]]s. == Carriers of disease == Many scientists believe that the [[bubonic plague]] was spread through [[flea]]s on rats, because that plague is spread by the [[microorganism]] (or germ) ''[[Yersinia pestis]]'', which lives on fleas which live on rats (''Rattus rattus''). Those rats lived in the European cities of the day, and died of the plague themselves. Some scientists believe that the plague spread faster than the rats. If this is true, the rats cannot be the main carrier. More research is needed to find out if this is true. People believe this disease was the '[[Black Death]]'. It killed nearly a third of the population of Europe, in many [[epidemic]]s in the [[Middle Ages]].<ref>Barnett, S. Anthony 2002. ''The story of rats: their impact on us, and our impact on them''. Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW. {{ISBN|1-86508-519-7}}</ref> Rats can carry diseases. Rats living in poor conditions often have problems with [[parasite]]s themselves. Not many diseases carried by rats can spread to humans. One of those is called [[Leptospirosis]], another one is the plague. <gallery> File:Americanblue.jpg|A pet rat File:Rat.jpg|A white rat </gallery> == In later media == *The rat appears in a cameo role in various Disney classic animated films such as ''[[The Black Cauldron (movie)|The Black Cauldron]],'' ''[[Aladdin (1992 movie)|Aladdin]],'' and ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 movie)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]].'' == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons|Rat}} {{wikispecies|Rattus}} * [http://www.wildlife-museum.org/exhibithall/rat_care.html Lindsay Wildlife Museum's rat care page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041222014126/http://www.wildlife-museum.org/exhibithall/rat_care.html |date=2004-12-22 }} * Anne Hanson's rat page. [http://www.ratbehavior.org/rats.html Rat behaviour and biology] * [http://www.anim.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp/nbr/home.htm National Bio Resource Project for the rat in Japan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050429174806/http://www.anim.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp/NBR/home.htm |date=2005-04-29 }} * [http://rgd.mcw.edu/ Rat genome database] [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] [[Category:Old World rats and mice]] [[Category:Omnivores]] b0202hbkupe6hed6z5vzqb2tdwbwyqe 0 18988 10878757 8892443 2026-06-04T12:53:21Z ~2026-33169-37 1816232 uyk 10878757 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Encryption''' allows [[information]] to be hidden so th annot be read without special [[knowledge]] (such as a [[password]]). This is done with a secret [[code]] or [[cypher]]. The hidden information is said to be '''encrypted'''. '''Decryption''' is a way to change [[cyphertext|encrypted information]] back into [[plaintext]]. This is the '''decrypted''' form. The study of encryption is called [[cryptography]]. Cryptanalysis can be done by hand if the cypher is simple. Complex cyphers need a computer to search for possible keys. Decryption is a field of [[computer science]] and mathematics that looks at how difficult it is to break a cypher. == Examples == A simple kind of encryption for words is [[ROT13]]. In ROT13, letters of the [[alphabet]] are changed with each other using a simple pattern. For example, ''A'' changes to ''N'', ''B'' changes to ''O'', ''C'' changes to ''P'', and so on. Each letter is "[[rotation|rotated]]" by 13 spaces. Using the ROT13 cipher, the words ''Simple English Wikipedia'' becomes ''Fvzcyr Ratyvfu Jvxvcrqvn''. The ROT13 cipher is very easy to decrypt. Because there are 26 letters in the English alphabet, if a letter is rotated two times by 13 letters each time, the original letter will be obtained. So applying the ROT13 cipher a second time brings back the original text. When he communicated with his army, [[Julius Caesar]] sometimes used what is known as [[Caesar cipher]] today. This cipher works by shifting the position of letters: each letter is rotated by 3 positions. Most kinds of encryption are made more [[complexity|complex]] so [[cryptanalysis]] will be difficult. Some are made only for text. Others are made for [[binary]] computer data like pictures and music. Today, many people use the asymmetric encryption system called [[RSA algorithm|RSA]]. Any computer <span lang="en" dir="ltr">file</span> can be encrypted with RSA. AES is a common symmetric algorithm. == One-time pad == Most types of encryption can theoretically be cracked: an enemy might be able to decrypt a message without knowing the password, if he has clever mathematicians, powerful computers and lots of time. The [[one-time pad]] is special because, if it is used correctly, it is impossible to crack. There are three rules that must be followed: * The secret key (password) must be as long as the secret message: if the message has 20 letters then the key must also have at least 20 letters. * The secret key must be random (e.g. KQBWLDA...) * The secret key must only be used once. To send more than one message, a different key must be used for each one. If these three rules are obeyed, then it is impossible to read the secret message without knowing the secret key. For this reason, during the [[Cold War]], embassies and large military units often used one-time pads to communicate secretly with their governments. They had little books ("pads") filled with random letters or random numbers. Each page from the pad could only be used once: this is why it is called a "one-time pad". == Encryption on the Internet == Encryption is often used on the [[Internet]], as many [[web site]]s use it to protect private information. On the Internet, several encryption protocols are used, such as [[Secure Sockets Layer]] (SSL), [[IPsec]], and [[Secure Shell|SSH]]. They use the [[RSA]] encryption system and others. The [[protocol]] for protected [[web browser|web browsing]] is called [[HTTPS]]. [[URL]] encryption mostly uses the MD5 Algorithm. Various [[algorithm]]s are used in the internet market depending upon the need. == Related pages == * [[FreeOTFE]] - Disk encryption * [[Pretty Good Privacy]] (PGP) - Email encryption * [[PuTTY]] - SSH encryption [[Category:Cryptography]] 8x53b02nfpzew6h4eign12tplgcti60 0 19666 10878883 10531654 2026-06-04T17:46:44Z ~2026-33013-80 1816381 10878883 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aston Martin DB5, James Bond 04.jpg|thumb|alt=Aston Martin DB5, James Bond, 14 July 2012|Aston Martin DB5, James Bond, 14 July 2012]] '''James Bond''' is a [[fictional character|fictional]] [[British people|British]] [[spy]] created by [[Ian Fleming]] in 1953. == History == === 1950s-1960s === In 1953, Fleming wrote [[Casino Royale (book)|Casino Royale]], the very first James Bond novel. The novel made a lot of money, and he continued to write one James Bond novel each year until he died in 1964. In a 1956 [[South Africa]]n radio program ''Moonraker'' he was voiced by [[Bob Holness]]. In 1962 [[Albert R. Broccoli|Albert. R. "Cubby" Broccoli]] and [[Harry Saltzman]] started to produce the first James Bond movie, [[Dr. No (movie)|Dr. No]], starring [[Sean Connery]] as James Bond. The movie became extremely popular, and they continued to make more Bond movies. In the end of the 1960s Connery did not want to do any more Bond movies, and many thought that Bond was now dead. In 1969, [[George Lazenby]] appeared in one movie as the Bond character, but the movie was not successful. === 1970s-1980s === In 1971 Sean Connery stepped back into the role for one movie "Diamonds are Forever". After this in 1973, producers came up with the ''Live and Let Die'' movie, starring [[Roger Moore]] as Bond. The movie became a very big success. The series continued throughout the 1970s and 1980s with Roger Moore playing the role of Bond. In the 1980s, Bond movies were not as successful at the box office. Unlike the 1960s and 1970s, in the 1980s there were many other action movies being produced that could compete with the Bond series. After Moore left the role as Bond, he was replaced with [[Timothy Dalton]] in the late 1980s. Dalton tried to make a serious, "down to earth" Bond, closer to the Fleming novels. Fans did not like Dalton's interpretation of the Bond character, and the movies made little money. === 1990s === The [[Cold War]] ended in 1991. Since Bond almost always fought [[Communism|Communists]], many now thought that the Bond series of movies was finally dead. In 1995, producers developed the [[GoldenEye]] movie, starring [[Pierce Brosnan]] as Bond. This film made the Bond character well known in the 1990s. Brosnan appeared in several Bond movies. === 2000s === In 2002, the James Bond character was used in the 20th movie, [[Die Another Day]], the 40th anniversary of the movies and the 50th anniversary since Fleming wrote his first Bond novel. In 2006, the 21st movie, Casino Royale, was released. Pierce Brosnan, who played James Bond in the previous four movies, was replaced by [[Daniel Craig]], the first James Bond to have blonde hair. The movie is based on the first Ian Fleming novel of the same name, but is set in the present day. The movie features a cameo appearance by [[Richard Branson]], a British billionaire. It has a new model of Aston Martin DB9, the car that made James Bond so famous in the 1960s. Many fans think that whilst this movie is different than other movies, it is much better, and movies in the future (however few there will be) will be in this new format. In 2008, Craig appeared in a second Bond movie, ''Quantum of Solace'' and a third, ''Skyfall'', in 2012. His fourth appearance as Bond was with ''Spectre'' in 2016. His fifth and final appearance as Bond is with ''No Time to Die'' in 2021. == Movies == {| class="wikitable" border="1" |- !width="20"|Franchise Count !width="240"|Title !Year !width="110"|Actor !width="140"|Director !Total Box Office <nowiki>*</nowiki> !Budget <nowiki>*</nowiki> !Inflation Adjusted <br /> Total Box Office <nowiki>*</nowiki>^† |- |align=center|'''1''' |''[[Dr. No (movie)|Dr. No]]'' |1962 |rowspan="5" align="center"|[[Sean Connery]] |rowspan="2" align="center"|[[Terence Young (director)|Terence Young]] |align=right|$59,600,000 |align=right|$1,200,000 |align=right|$425,488,741 |- |align=center|'''2''' |''[[From Russia with Love]]'' |1963 |align=right|$78,900,000 |align=right|$2,500,000 |align=right|$555,909,803 |- |align=center|'''3''' |''[[Goldfinger]]'' |1964 |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Guy Hamilton]] |align=right|$124,900,000 |align=right|$3,500,000 |align=right|$868,659,354 |- |align=center|'''4''' |''[[Thunderball (movie)|Thunderball]]'' |1965 |rowspan="1" align="center"|Terence Young |align=right|$141,200,000 |align=right|$11,000,000 |align=right|$966,435,555 |- <!--DO NOT add The 1967 Casino Royale to this list. It is an unofficial film and is listed in the unofficial films list, below!--> |align=center|'''5''' |''[[You Only Live Twice (movie)|You Only Live Twice]]'' |1967 |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Lewis Gilbert]] |align=right|$111,600,000 |align=right|$9,500,000 |align=right|$720,388,023 |- |align=center|'''6''' |''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'' |1969 |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[George Lazenby]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Peter R. Hunt]] |align=right|$87,400,000 |align=right|$7,000,000 |align=right|$513,445,231 |- |align=center|'''7''' |''[[Diamonds Are Forever (movie)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'' |1971 |rowspan="1" align="center"|Sean Connery |rowspan="3" align="center"|Guy Hamilton |align=right|$116,000,000 |align=right|$7,200,000 |align=right|$617,520,987 |- |align=center|'''8''' |''[[Live and Let Die (movie)|Live and Let Die]]'' |1973 |rowspan="7" align="center"|[[Roger Moore]] |align=right|$161,800,000 |align=right|$12,000,000 |align=right|$785,677,477 |- |align=center|'''9''' |''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (movie)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'' |1974 |align=right|$97,600,000 |align=right|$13,000,000 |align=right|$426,826,774 |- |align=center|'''10''' |''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (movie)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' |1977 |rowspan="2" align="center"|Lewis Gilbert |align=right|$187,300,000 |align=right|$28,000,000 |align=right|$666,367,656 |- |align=center|'''11''' |''[[Moonraker (movie)|Moonraker]]'' |1979 |align=right|$210,300,000 |align=right|$34,000,000 |align=right|$624,527,272 |- |align=center|'''12''' |''[[For Your Eyes Only (movie)|For Your Eyes Only]]'' |1981 |rowspan="5" align="center"|[[John Glen]] |align=right|$202,800,000 |align=right|$28,000,000 |align=right|$481,005,579 |- |align=center|'''13''' |''[[Octopussy]]'' |1983 |align=right|$187,500,000 |align=right|$27,500,000 |align=right|$405,873,493 |- <!--DO NOT add Never Say Never Again to this list. It is an unofficial movie and is listed in the unofficial movie list, below!--> |align=center|'''14''' |''[[A View to a Kill]]'' |1985 |align=right|$157,800,000 |align=right|$30,000,000 |align=right|$316,186,616 |- |align=center|'''15''' |''[[The Living Daylights]]'' |1987 |rowspan="2" align="center"|[[Timothy Dalton]] |align=right|$191,200,000 |align=right|$40,000,000 |align=right|$362,876,056 |- |align=center|'''16''' |''[[Licence to Kill]]'' |1989 |align=right|$156,200,000 |align=right|$32,000,000 |align=right|$271,586,451 |- |align=center|'''17''' |''[[GoldenEye]]'' |1995 |rowspan="4" align="center"|[[Pierce Brosnan]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Martin Campbell]] |align=right|$353,400,000 |align=right|$60,000,000 |align=right|$499,954,330 |- |align=center|'''18''' |''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]'' |1997 |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Roger Spottiswoode]] |align=right|$346,600,000 |align=right|$110,000,000 |align=right|$465,588,535 |- |align=center|'''19''' |''[[The World Is Not Enough]]'' |1999 |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Michael Apted]] |align=right|$390,000,000 |align=right|$135,000,000 |align=right|$504,705,882 |- |align=center|'''20''' |''[[Die Another Day]]'' |2002 |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Lee Tamahori]] |align=right|$456,000,000 |align=right|$142,000,000 |align=right|$546,490,272 |- |align=center|'''21''' |''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]'' |2006 |rowspan="5" align="center"|[[Daniel Craig]] |rowspan="1" align="center"|Martin Campbell |align=right|$599,200,000 |align=right|$150,000,000 |align=right|$640,803,677 |- |align=center|'''22''' |''[[Quantum of Solace]]'' |2008 |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Marc Forster]] |align=right|$586,090,727 |align=right|$230,000,000 |align=right|$586,090,727 |- |align=center|'''23''' |''[[Skyfall]]'' |2012 | rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Sam Mendes]] |align=right|$1,108,283,816 |align=right|$150,000,000 |align=right|$1,259,615,685.92 |- |align=center|'''24''' |''[[Spectre (2015 movie)|Spectre]]'' |2015 |align=right|$880,700,000 |align=right| |align=right|$951,042,882.01 |- |align=center|'''25''' |''[[No Time to Die]]'' |2021 |rowspan="1" align="center"|[[Cary Fukunaga]] |align=right| |align=right| |align=right| |- |'''Totals''' |'''''Movies 1-25''''' | | | |align=right|'''$4,809,157,447''' |align=right|'''$1,123,000,000''' |align=right|'''$11,686,214,000''' |} Many of the James Bond movies were massive hits. However, there are two movies classed as unofficial Bond films and not recognised as part of the series. The 1967 version of ''Casino Royale'' was a [[spoof]], featuring "Jimmy Bond". Also, ''Never Say Never Again'' was not made by [[Albert R. Broccoli]]'s production company, EON Productions. Connery is the tallest actor to play James Bond to this day.<ref>[http://www.whosdatedwho.com/tpx_2152/sean-connery/trivia Sean Connery trivia] at WDW.com</ref> == Representation == Visually and [[music]]ally, but also artistically overall, James Bond and the [[British]] way of being a gentleman repeatedly serve as [[inspiration]], or [[artists]] like Marc Engelhard and other protagonists resemble each other in this style.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinterest.de/MarcEngelhardCelebrity/musik-film/ |title=Galleries for artistic photos|date=2022}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.jamesbond.com The Official James Bond Website] * [http://www.ianflemingcentre.com Ian Fleming Publications official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124446/http://www.ianflemingcentre.com/ |date=2017-06-13 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bond, James}} [[Category:Fictional British people]] [[Category:Fictional characters introduced in the 1950s]] [[Category:Fictional orphans]] [[Category:James Bond characters]] m0m7ibtugjbuf69tdp290gktpe2qlyr 0 19790 10879433 9524912 2026-06-05T10:13:20Z Smokey 6767 1816731 10879433 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Polonium (Element - 84) 1.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Polonium is recognized as one of the most toxic elements on the periodic table. ]] '''Polonium''' is a rare [[radioactive]] [[metalloid]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://periodic.lanl.gov/metal.shtml |title=Characterizing the Elements |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory |accessdate=4 March 2013}}</ref> It is [[chemical element]] 84 on the [[periodic table]] and its symbol is '''Po'''. It was discovered in 1898 by [[Marie Curie|Marie]] and [[Pierre Curie]]. Polonium is highly unstable, [[radioactive]] and [[toxic]]. This makes it difficult to handle. It can be dangerous, even in very small amounts. One gram of Po will self-heat to a temperature of about {{convert|500|°C|°F}}. It also [[vapor]]izes easily. Polonium has 42 [[isotope]]s, and all of them are radioactive. It is a very rare element in nature because of its short [[Half-life (element)|half-life]]. It is a breakdown product of [[uranium]], so it is found in uranium [[ore]]s. Polonium is also very important because it is the main element of nuclear bombs. Polonium emits alpha radiation, which cannot pass through the skin and is blocked by a piece of paper. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Polonium - Element information, properties and uses {{!}} Periodic Table|url=https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/84/polonium|access-date=2026-06-05|website=periodic-table.rsc.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alpha Radiation {{!}} Physics {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|access-date=2026-06-05|website=EBSCO|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{chem-stub}} {{Periodic Table}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Post-transition metals]] eo2ms64enj8hq5l9kwfa8qo2o5jv3nf 0 21931 10878982 10829902 2026-06-04T19:47:20Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 10878982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the city|the emirate|Dubai (emirate)}} [[Image:Flag of Dubai.svg|right|250px]] [[Image:Coat of arms of Dubai.svg|right|200px]] The city of '''Dubai''' is the largest and most [[Population|populated]] city in the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE) and the capital city of the [[emirate]] of [[Dubai (emirate)|Dubai]], UAE. The city is sometimes called "Dubai City" to prevent it from being mixed up with the emirate. Dubai is a city and emirate in the United Arab Emirates known for luxury shopping, ultramodern architecture and a lively nightlife scene. [[Burj Khalifa]], an 828m-tall tower, dominates the skyscraper-filled skyline. At its foot lies Dubai Fountain, with jets and lights choreographed to music. On artificial islands just offshore is Atlantis, The Palm, a resort with water and marine-animal parks. [[File:Dubai from the plane.jpg|thumb|right|Dubai City]] == History == There are records of the town of Dubai from [[1799]]. The city was a dependent of [[Abu Dhabi]] until [[1833]]. The town of Dubai was an important [[Harbour|port]] of call for foreign tradesmen (chiefly [[India]]ns), who settled in the town. Until the [[1930s]], the town was known for its [[pearl]]s. == Famous places == <!--Please only add places where the article exists. Or post at [[WP:ST]] and ask for it to be created. --> * [[Burj Khalifa]] [[File:Panoramic of Dubai - Nov 2009.JPG|thumb|[[Burj Khalifa]]|200x200px]] * [[Burj al-Arab]] * [[Dubai International Airport]], in the middle of the city. * [[Dubai Mall]], one of the largest malls in the world *Global Village *[[Dubai park]] *[[Takahisa Japanese restaurant|TakaHisa Japanese Restaurant]] *IMG world of adventure *23 Marina *[[Wild Wadi]] [[water park]] *Dubai Desert Safari Experiences *Dubai Attractions == Climate == Dubai has a hot [[desert climate]]. Summers are extremely hot, windy, and humid. The highest recorded temperature in the UAE is 52.1 °C (126 °F), recorded in July 2002. According to the UN, about 14 percent of the world population will face [[water scarcity]] by the year 2025. This shortage of water is expected to be worse in arid countries like the UAE. The UAE cloud seeding initiative is part of the government’s attempt to deal with the existing and future water needs of the country’s growing population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Over 200 cloud seeding missions conducted in UAE from January to June this year|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/weather/over-200-cloud-seeding-missions-conducted-in-uae-from-january-to-june-this-year-1.72444557|access-date=2021-01-22|website=gulfnews.com|language=en}}</ref> == Specific rules == Dubai has strict rules like: * The drinking age is 21. Drinking in public or being drunk in public are not tolerated. * Offensive language, spitting, aggressive behavior and smoking outside designated areas are not tolerated. * Public displays of affection such as holding hands or kissing are not tolerated. * Men should avoid staring at local women or attempting to make eye contact. * During [[Ramadan]] while [[Muslim]]s are fasting from sunrise to sunset, non-Muslims can only eat and drink in screened-off areas. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Sister project links}} * [http://www.dubai.ae/en/Pages/default.aspx www.dubai.ae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005034615/http://www.dubai.ae/en/Pages/default.aspx |date=2019-10-05 }} – Dubai Government portal * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171017165519/http://www.dm.gov.ae/wps/portal/home www.dm.gov.ae] – Dubai Municipality website * [http://dubijobs.com dubijobs.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516004349/https://dubijobs.com/ |date=2021-05-16 }} – Dubai Job portal {{multistub|asia|geo}} [[Category:Dubai| ]] [[Category:Settlements established in the 18th century]] j657rgyat7dyk0y6cqbccmy28z3vf5e 0 23016 10878923 10242776 2026-06-04T18:33:21Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10878923 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''[[Influenza]] [[pandemic]] of 1918''' (commonly known as the '''Spanish flu''') lasted for nearly three years, from March 1918 to December 1920.<ref name=cdc2006>{{cite journal |author=Taubenberger JK; Morens DM 2006 |title=1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/1/pdfs/05-0979.pdf |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=2006 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=15–22 |doi=10.3201/eid1201.050979 |pmid=16494711 |pmc=3291398 |accessdate=February 4, 2016 |archive-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502041414/https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/1/pdfs/05-0979.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> About 500&nbsp;million<ref name=cdc2006/> people were infected across the [[world]], which had at the time a [[population]] of 1.80 [[billion]] people. The pandemic spread to remote [[Pacific Islands]] and the [[Arctic]]. It killed 50 million<ref name=Knobler>{{cite book |editor=Knobler S, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon S |title=The threat of pandemic influenza: are we ready? Workshop summary (2005) |chapter=1: The Story of Influenza |pages=60–61 |chapter-url=http://darwin.nap.edu/books/0309095042/html/60.html |publisher=The National Academies Press |location=Washington, D.C. }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> to 100&nbsp;million people.<ref name=census>{{cite web |title=Historical Estimates of World Population |url=https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/worldpop/table_history.php |website= United States Census Bureau |publisher= United States Department of Commerce |date=July 9, 2015 |accessdate= February 4, 2016}}</ref> This was three&nbsp;to five percent of the world's population at the time.<ref name=census/> It was one of the greatest [[natural disasters]] in [[human]] [[history]].<ref name=cdc2006/><ref name="Patterson1">{{cite journal |author =Patterson KD; Pyle GF 1991 |title=The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic |url =https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_spring-1991_65_1/page/4 |journal= Bulletin of the History of Medicine |year=1991 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=4–21 |pmid= 2021692}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://virus.stanford.edu/uda/ |title=The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 |last1=Billings |first1=Molly |date=June 1997 |website=virus.stanford.edu |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |accessdate=February 4, 2016 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Johnson NP; Mueller J 2002 |title= Updating the accounts: Global mortality of the 1918–1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_spring-2002_76_1/page/105 |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |year= 2002 |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=105–15 |pmid= 11875246 |doi= 10.1353/bhm.2002.0022|s2cid= 22974230 }}</ref> To keep up morale, [[World War I|wartime]] [[censor]]s reduced reports of illness and [[Mortality rate|mortality]] in [[Germany]], [[Great Britain|Britain]] ([[United Kingdom]]), [[France]], and [[United States|the United States]].<ref name=npr>{{cite web |url= https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5222069 |title=Origins of the 1918 Pandemic: the case for France |last1=Valentine |first1=Vikki |date=August 20, 2008 |website=NPR.org |publisher=[[NPR|National Public Radio (NPR)]] |accessdate=February 4, 2016 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Susan |title=Analysis of Spanish flu cases in 1918–1920 suggests transfusions might help in bird flu pandemic |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-08/acop-aos082806.php |website=EurekAlert.org: The Global Source for Science News |publisher=American College of Physicians |accessdate=Feb 4, 2016 |date=August 29, 2006 |archive-date=November 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125222223/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-08/acop-aos082806.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Papers could report the [[epidemic]]'s effects in neutral [[Spain]] (such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII). This situation created the false impression of Spain being especially hard-hit.<ref> {{cite book | last=Barry | first=John M. | title=The Great Influenza: the epic story of the greatest plague in history | url=https://archive.org/details/greatinfluenzaep00john | publisher=Viking Penguin | year=2004 |isbn=0-670-89473-7 | page=[https://archive.org/details/greatinfluenzaep00john/page/171 171]}} </ref> It also resulted in the nickname '''[[Spanish flu]].'''<ref>{{cite web|last=Galvin|first=John|title=Spanish Flu Pandemic: 1918|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/natural-disasters/4219884|website=[[Popular Mechanics]]|publisher=Hearst Communications, Inc.|accessdate=February 4, 2016|date=July 31, 2007}}</ref> Often, influenza [[outbreak]]s kill young people, or the [[elderly]], or those patients that are already weakened. This was not the case for the 1918 pandemic, which killed mainly healthy young adults. Modern research, using virus taken from the bodies of frozen victims, has concluded that the virus kills through a [[cytokine storm]] (overreaction of the [[Body|body's]] [[immune system]]). The strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body. But, the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults caused fewer deaths among those groups.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tisoncik JR; Korth MJ; ''et al.'' 2012 |title=Into the Eye of the Cytokine Storm |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |year=2012 |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=16–32 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.05015-11 |pmid=22390970 |pmc=3294426 }}</ref> There is not enough [[historical]] and [[epidemiology|epidemiological]] data to show where the pandemic started.<ref name=cdc2006/> The pandemic may be a cause of the [[outbreak]] of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s.<ref name="pmid17675021">{{cite journal |author=Vilensky JA; Foley P; ''et al'' 2007 |title=Children and encephalitis lethargica: A historical review |journal=Pediatric Neurology |year=2007 |publisher=Elsevier |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=79–84 |pmid=17675021 |doi=10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.04.012 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0887-8994(07)00194-4}}</ref> Another [[2009 flu pandemic|swine flu pandemic]] had happened in the [[21st century]] that turned out to be new strain of [[H1N1]]. The outbreak began in [[Mexico]] and then the [[United States]] and to the world. ==Gallery== <gallery widths="140px" heights="140px"> File:Spanish flu death chart.png|Number of deaths in [[New York City]], [[Berlin]], [[Paris]], and [[London]] (Museum of Health & Medicine, Washington), c. 1918–1919 File:1918 flu outbreak2.jpg|Two [[American Red Cross]] nurses demonstrated treatment practices during the influenza pandemic of 1918. Image:Sp-flu-alberta-field.jpg|[[Alberta]]n farmers wore masks to protect themselves from the flu. Image:165-WW-269B-25-police-l restored.jpg|Policemen wearing masks provided by the [[American Red Cross]] in [[Seattle]], 1918 Image:165-WW-269B-11-trolley-l.jpg|A street car conductor in [[Seattle]] in 1918 refusing to allow passengers aboard who are not wearing masks Image:1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg|Red Cross workers remove a flu victim in [[St. Louis]], Missouri (1918) Image:SpanishFluWardWalterReed.jpg|Influenza ward at [[Walter Reed Army Medical Center|Walter Reed Hospital]] during the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918–1919 Image:Spanish flu victims burial North River Labrador 1918.JPG|Burying flu victims, North River, [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] (1918) Image:1919FluVictimsTokyo.jpg|1919 Tokyo, Japan Image:1919FluVictims_Japanese_Poster.jpg|Japanese poster in 1919 File:1918 flu outbreak RedCrossLitterCarriersSpanishFluWashingtonDC.jpg|Demonstration at the Red Cross Emergency Ambulance Station in Washington, D.C., during the influenza pandemic of 1918 File:Kavalleriedenkmal Lueg 01 09.jpg|Cavalry memorial on the hill Lueg, memory of the Bernese cavalrymen victims of the 1918 flu pandemic; [[Emmental]], [[Bern (canton)|Bern]], [[Switzerland]] </gallery> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Influenza pandemics]] [[Category:1918]] [[Category:1919]] [[Category:1920]] [[Category:Disasters in the 1910s]] bat5tqkzy7iaezkwp2alb98rd2ebg9f 0 29263 10878942 10832014 2026-06-04T18:50:48Z ~2026-33300-99 1816412 /* Prehistory */ 10878942 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ancient China''' is one of the world's oldest [[Civilization|civilizations]]. == Prehistory == [[Prehistory]] is the history of a time before any written record. It is very difficult to be certain of anything definite about the prehistory of [[China]] or any other country. However, historians believe some facts about the China of that period. About a few million years ago [[Homo erectus]], an early human species, lived in China. Later, about 65,000 years ago, modern human beings ([[Homo sapiens]]) reached China from [[Africa]] and hunted wild animals for food. They also began to pick and gather fruits, eventually resulting in the Chinese learning to farm by 5000 BC. They had started cultivating rice and possibly other types of grains. By 2500 BC, the [[Bronze Age]] had come to China. A ruling class, with kings and queens, had come into society. Some scholars think that about 4000 years ago, the [[Xia dynasty]] ruled China and that Da Yu was the dynasty's first ruler. There are few credible sources about Yu (who could have been [[Legend|legendary]]), his time, and the other rulers of the Xia dynasty. == Shang dynasty == Most Chinese historians of that time think that one [[dynasty]] came after another, but two dynasties might have ruled different parts of [[China]] at the same time. Therefore, some scholars think that was the case for [[Xia dynasty]] and the [[Shang dynasty]]. There are written records of the [[history of China]] that date from 1500 [[BC]], during the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC).<ref name="William">William G. Bolt 1986. Early Chinese writing. ''World Archaeology'', '''17''', (3) "Early Writing Systems", pp. 420–436.</ref><ref>David N. Keightley 1996. Art, ancestors, and the origins of writing in China. ''Representations'', #56, Special Issue: The New Erudition. (Autumn, 1996), pp.68–95 (68).</ref> [[Turtle]] shells with [[writing]] like ancient [[Chinese writing]] from the Shang dynasty ({{zh|商朝}}) have been [[Radiocarbon dating|carbon dated]] to about 1500 BC. Scholars believe that present-day [[Henan]] was the ninth and last capital of kings of the Shang dynasty, which began what we call the Chinese civilization. Ancient China fought international and [[civil war]]s and was also sometimes conquered by other people. Chinese civilization originated in various regional centers along the valleys of both the [[Yellow River]] and the [[Yangtze River]] during the [[Neolithic|Neolithic era]], but the Yellow River is said to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. The written history of China can be found as early as the Shang dynasty although according to ancient historical texts such as the ''Records of the Grand Historian'' (ca. 100 BC) and the ''Bamboo Annals'', the Xia dynasty existed before the Shang was dominant. Much of Chinese [[culture]], literature and [[philosophy]] further developed during the Zhou dynasty (1045 – 256 BC). == Zhou dynasty == About 1046 BC, the [[Zhou dynasty]] defeated the last king of the Shang dynasty and came to power. The Zhou dynasty changed the capital from Henan to a place near present-day [[Xi'an]], near the [[Yellow River]], and also brought a new theory to China, the [[Mandate of Heaven]]. Almost all dynasties of Chinese rulers continued to repeat this theory. The Zhou dynasty's kings won many new areas. For the first time in the history of China, a large number of people also moved from one area to another for settlement. === Spring and Autumn Period === The Spring and Autumn Period started around the [[8th century BC]] and continued for close to 300 years. The Zhou dynasty continued, but its power waned, as the lords gained lands and followers. Many kings ruled in different parts of China, which became several fragmented states, each being ruled by a different king. In some cases, a king ruled just a village with a small fort. During this period in China, many new lines of thinking arose, and some of them continue to be important: [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]], [[Legalism]] and [[Mohism]]. === Warring States Period === By the [[5th century BC]], there were only seven main Chinese states left, which had taken over all of the smaller areas. Historians call the time the [[Warring States period|Warring States Period]] because the states fought and waged war against one another. In 221 BC, Ying Zheng, king of the State of Qin, united all seven states, made himself the first [[Emperor of China]], and founded the [[Qin dynasty]]. Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China. In some eras, control has stretched as far as [[Central Asia]], [[Tibet]], and [[Vietnam]]. That Chinese imperialism began with the Qin Dynasty: in 221 BC, [[Qin Shi Huang]] conquered the various warring kingdoms and created the first Chinese empire. The Qin ({{zh|秦}}) emperor made everyone write the same way. He also had ideas about the state which he based on Legalism and fought Confucianism. Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems, which gave the Emperor of China direct control of vast territories. The conventional view of [[Chinese history]] is that of alternating periods of political unity and disunity, with China occasionally being dominated by [[steppe]] peoples, most of whom were in turn assimilated into the [[Han Chinese]]. Cultural and political influences from many parts of [[Asia]], carried by successive waves of [[immigration]], expansion, and [[cultural assimilation]], are part of the modern [[culture of China]]. == Our References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons|History of China}} *[http://sd71.bc.ca/sd71/school/courtmid/Library/subject_resources/socials/CHINA.htm Links for Middle School students] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105233305/http://sd71.bc.ca/sd71/school/courtmid/Library/subject_resources/socials/CHINA.htm |date=2008-01-05 }} ''from the Courtenay Middle School Library Collection'' [[Category:History of China]] [[Category:Ancient history by country|Chin]] 08azzhe7drbyi1wua502q2kbylea16h 10878944 10878942 2026-06-04T18:51:57Z ~2026-33300-99 1816412 /* Prehistory */ 10878944 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ancient China''' is one of the world's oldest [[Civilization|civilizations]]. == Prehistory == [[Prehistory]] is the history of times before any written record. It is very difficult to be certain of anything definite about the prehistory of [[China]] or any other country. However, historians believe some facts about the China of that period. About a few million years ago [[Homo erectus]], an early human species, lived in China. Later, about 65,000 years ago, modern human beings ([[Homo sapiens]]) reached China from [[Africa]] and hunted wild animals for food. They also began to pick and gather fruits, eventually resulting in the Chinese learning to farm by 5000 BC. They had started cultivating rice and possibly other types of grains. By 2500 BC, the [[Bronze Age]] had come to China. A ruling class, with kings and queens, had come into society. Some scholars think that about 4000 years ago, the [[Xia dynasty]] ruled China and that Da Yu was the dynasty's first ruler. There are few credible sources about Yu (who could have been [[Legend|legendary]]), his time, and the other rulers of the Xia dynasty. == Shang dynasty == Most Chinese historians of that time think that one [[dynasty]] came after another, but two dynasties might have ruled different parts of [[China]] at the same time. Therefore, some scholars think that was the case for [[Xia dynasty]] and the [[Shang dynasty]]. There are written records of the [[history of China]] that date from 1500 [[BC]], during the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC).<ref name="William">William G. Bolt 1986. Early Chinese writing. ''World Archaeology'', '''17''', (3) "Early Writing Systems", pp. 420–436.</ref><ref>David N. Keightley 1996. Art, ancestors, and the origins of writing in China. ''Representations'', #56, Special Issue: The New Erudition. (Autumn, 1996), pp.68–95 (68).</ref> [[Turtle]] shells with [[writing]] like ancient [[Chinese writing]] from the Shang dynasty ({{zh|商朝}}) have been [[Radiocarbon dating|carbon dated]] to about 1500 BC. Scholars believe that present-day [[Henan]] was the ninth and last capital of kings of the Shang dynasty, which began what we call the Chinese civilization. Ancient China fought international and [[civil war]]s and was also sometimes conquered by other people. Chinese civilization originated in various regional centers along the valleys of both the [[Yellow River]] and the [[Yangtze River]] during the [[Neolithic|Neolithic era]], but the Yellow River is said to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. The written history of China can be found as early as the Shang dynasty although according to ancient historical texts such as the ''Records of the Grand Historian'' (ca. 100 BC) and the ''Bamboo Annals'', the Xia dynasty existed before the Shang was dominant. Much of Chinese [[culture]], literature and [[philosophy]] further developed during the Zhou dynasty (1045 – 256 BC). == Zhou dynasty == About 1046 BC, the [[Zhou dynasty]] defeated the last king of the Shang dynasty and came to power. The Zhou dynasty changed the capital from Henan to a place near present-day [[Xi'an]], near the [[Yellow River]], and also brought a new theory to China, the [[Mandate of Heaven]]. Almost all dynasties of Chinese rulers continued to repeat this theory. The Zhou dynasty's kings won many new areas. For the first time in the history of China, a large number of people also moved from one area to another for settlement. === Spring and Autumn Period === The Spring and Autumn Period started around the [[8th century BC]] and continued for close to 300 years. The Zhou dynasty continued, but its power waned, as the lords gained lands and followers. Many kings ruled in different parts of China, which became several fragmented states, each being ruled by a different king. In some cases, a king ruled just a village with a small fort. During this period in China, many new lines of thinking arose, and some of them continue to be important: [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]], [[Legalism]] and [[Mohism]]. === Warring States Period === By the [[5th century BC]], there were only seven main Chinese states left, which had taken over all of the smaller areas. Historians call the time the [[Warring States period|Warring States Period]] because the states fought and waged war against one another. In 221 BC, Ying Zheng, king of the State of Qin, united all seven states, made himself the first [[Emperor of China]], and founded the [[Qin dynasty]]. Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China. In some eras, control has stretched as far as [[Central Asia]], [[Tibet]], and [[Vietnam]]. That Chinese imperialism began with the Qin Dynasty: in 221 BC, [[Qin Shi Huang]] conquered the various warring kingdoms and created the first Chinese empire. The Qin ({{zh|秦}}) emperor made everyone write the same way. He also had ideas about the state which he based on Legalism and fought Confucianism. Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems, which gave the Emperor of China direct control of vast territories. The conventional view of [[Chinese history]] is that of alternating periods of political unity and disunity, with China occasionally being dominated by [[steppe]] peoples, most of whom were in turn assimilated into the [[Han Chinese]]. Cultural and political influences from many parts of [[Asia]], carried by successive waves of [[immigration]], expansion, and [[cultural assimilation]], are part of the modern [[culture of China]]. == Our References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons|History of China}} *[http://sd71.bc.ca/sd71/school/courtmid/Library/subject_resources/socials/CHINA.htm Links for Middle School students] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105233305/http://sd71.bc.ca/sd71/school/courtmid/Library/subject_resources/socials/CHINA.htm |date=2008-01-05 }} ''from the Courtenay Middle School Library Collection'' [[Category:History of China]] [[Category:Ancient history by country|Chin]] 4mxw0hssj52i1nr3ezimkhqtymo9jas 10878945 10878944 2026-06-04T18:53:51Z ~2026-33300-99 1816412 /* Zhou dynasty */ 10878945 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ancient China''' is one of the world's oldest [[Civilization|civilizations]]. == Prehistory == [[Prehistory]] is the history of times before any written record. It is very difficult to be certain of anything definite about the prehistory of [[China]] or any other country. However, historians believe some facts about the China of that period. About a few million years ago [[Homo erectus]], an early human species, lived in China. Later, about 65,000 years ago, modern human beings ([[Homo sapiens]]) reached China from [[Africa]] and hunted wild animals for food. They also began to pick and gather fruits, eventually resulting in the Chinese learning to farm by 5000 BC. They had started cultivating rice and possibly other types of grains. By 2500 BC, the [[Bronze Age]] had come to China. A ruling class, with kings and queens, had come into society. Some scholars think that about 4000 years ago, the [[Xia dynasty]] ruled China and that Da Yu was the dynasty's first ruler. There are few credible sources about Yu (who could have been [[Legend|legendary]]), his time, and the other rulers of the Xia dynasty. == Shang dynasty == Most Chinese historians of that time think that one [[dynasty]] came after another, but two dynasties might have ruled different parts of [[China]] at the same time. Therefore, some scholars think that was the case for [[Xia dynasty]] and the [[Shang dynasty]]. There are written records of the [[history of China]] that date from 1500 [[BC]], during the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC).<ref name="William">William G. Bolt 1986. Early Chinese writing. ''World Archaeology'', '''17''', (3) "Early Writing Systems", pp. 420–436.</ref><ref>David N. Keightley 1996. Art, ancestors, and the origins of writing in China. ''Representations'', #56, Special Issue: The New Erudition. (Autumn, 1996), pp.68–95 (68).</ref> [[Turtle]] shells with [[writing]] like ancient [[Chinese writing]] from the Shang dynasty ({{zh|商朝}}) have been [[Radiocarbon dating|carbon dated]] to about 1500 BC. Scholars believe that present-day [[Henan]] was the ninth and last capital of kings of the Shang dynasty, which began what we call the Chinese civilization. Ancient China fought international and [[civil war]]s and was also sometimes conquered by other people. Chinese civilization originated in various regional centers along the valleys of both the [[Yellow River]] and the [[Yangtze River]] during the [[Neolithic|Neolithic era]], but the Yellow River is said to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. The written history of China can be found as early as the Shang dynasty although according to ancient historical texts such as the ''Records of the Grand Historian'' (ca. 100 BC) and the ''Bamboo Annals'', the Xia dynasty existed before the Shang was dominant. Much of Chinese [[culture]], literature and [[philosophy]] further developed during the Zhou dynasty (1045 – 256 BC). == Zhou dynasty == The Zhou dynasty is most famous for building the Great Wall of China. In about 1046 BC, the [[Zhou dynasty]] defeated the last king of the Shang dynasty and came to power. The Zhou dynasty changed the capital from Henan to a place near present-day [[Xi'an]], near the [[Yellow River]], and also brought a new theory to China, the [[Mandate of Heaven]]. Almost all dynasties of Chinese rulers continued to repeat this theory. The Zhou dynasty's kings won many new areas. For the first time in the history of China, a large number of people also moved from one area to another for settlement. === Spring and Autumn Period === The Spring and Autumn Period started around the [[8th century BC]] and continued for close to 300 years. The Zhou dynasty continued, but its power waned, as the lords gained lands and followers. Many kings ruled in different parts of China, which became several fragmented states, each being ruled by a different king. In some cases, a king ruled just a village with a small fort. During this period in China, many new lines of thinking arose, and some of them continue to be important: [[Confucianism]], [[Taoism]], [[Legalism]] and [[Mohism]]. === Warring States Period === By the [[5th century BC]], there were only seven main Chinese states left, which had taken over all of the smaller areas. Historians call the time the [[Warring States period|Warring States Period]] because the states fought and waged war against one another. In 221 BC, Ying Zheng, king of the State of Qin, united all seven states, made himself the first [[Emperor of China]], and founded the [[Qin dynasty]]. Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China. In some eras, control has stretched as far as [[Central Asia]], [[Tibet]], and [[Vietnam]]. That Chinese imperialism began with the Qin Dynasty: in 221 BC, [[Qin Shi Huang]] conquered the various warring kingdoms and created the first Chinese empire. The Qin ({{zh|秦}}) emperor made everyone write the same way. He also had ideas about the state which he based on Legalism and fought Confucianism. Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems, which gave the Emperor of China direct control of vast territories. The conventional view of [[Chinese history]] is that of alternating periods of political unity and disunity, with China occasionally being dominated by [[steppe]] peoples, most of whom were in turn assimilated into the [[Han Chinese]]. Cultural and political influences from many parts of [[Asia]], carried by successive waves of [[immigration]], expansion, and [[cultural assimilation]], are part of the modern [[culture of China]]. == Our References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons|History of China}} *[http://sd71.bc.ca/sd71/school/courtmid/Library/subject_resources/socials/CHINA.htm Links for Middle School students] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105233305/http://sd71.bc.ca/sd71/school/courtmid/Library/subject_resources/socials/CHINA.htm |date=2008-01-05 }} ''from the Courtenay Middle School Library Collection'' [[Category:History of China]] [[Category:Ancient history by country|Chin]] sdy2dh95ryjoce4cub81k3yek1ma3bj 0 30337 10879429 10835541 2026-06-05T09:55:35Z Smokey 6767 1816731 Added Jin dynasty section (265-420) 10879429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{History of China |BC=yes}}The''' history of [[China]]''' covers thousands of years. The earliest records are from about 1250 BC, but a few things are known about earlier times. Chinese history covers many periods and [[Dynasty|dynasties]]. See [[Ancient China]] for the earliest times. ==Imperial China== === Qin dynasty === [[File:GreatWallTower.jpg|thumb|225px|right|The [[Great Wall of China]]]] The [[Qin dynasty]] was very important in the history of China and followed the philosophy of [[Legalism]]. Its capital was at Xianyang. Under its first emperor, [[Qin Shi Huang]], China became a powerful country, and many new things were done for the first time. A tight legal system was followed. [[Written language]] was developed. A common [[currency]] became used. The building of the [[Great Wall of China]] was started. === Han dynasty === The [[Han dynasty]] was founded by [[Liu Bang]] after the Qin dynasty ended. During the Han dynasty, the territory of China expanded, and many advancements in science and technology took place. It was considered a [[golden age]] in Chinese history. ==== Three Kingdoms ==== The [[Three Kingdoms]] (traditional Chinese: 三國; [[Simplified Chinese characters|simplified Chinese]]: 三国; [[pinyin]]: Sānguó) was a period of history in which China was divided into the states of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu. The Eastern Han dynasty lost all power. Eventually, the Han dynasty's emperor abdicated. ==== Jin dynasty ==== The [[Jin dynasty]] (1115–1234), also known as the Jurchen dynasty or the Great Jin, was one of the last dynasties before the [[Mongol]] invasion (and eventual conquest) of China. The dynasty was founded by the Wanyan (完顏 Wányán) clan of the Jurchens. They were the ancestors of the [[Manchu people|Manchus]], who established the Qing dynasty some 500 years later. The Jin dynasty was founded in northern [[Manchuria]] by Wanyan Aguda (完顏阿骨打). The name of this dynasty is sometimes written as Jinn to differentiate it from an earlier Jin dynasty (265-420) of China, whose name is spelled identically in the [[Latin script|Roman alphabet]]. The ''History of Jin'' recorded that Tangkuo Dingge (唐括定哥), Consort Gui (貴妃) was a Jurchen woman. She was first married to the Jurchen Jin royal Wanyan Wudai (完顏烏帶). She had affairs with her Han Chinese slave, Yan Qi'er (閻乞兒), and with Wanyan Liang (Prince Hailing). When Wanyan Liang became emperor of the Jin dynasty, he forced Dingge to have her husband Wanyan Wudai was killed by her other slaves, Ge Wen (葛溫) and Ge Lu (葛魯), and he promised that she would be named empress. Wanyan Liang broke his promise after he got bored of her when she entered the [[harem]]. Dingge then smuggled Yan Qi'er into the palace through a trunk after first smuggling a trunk full of her clothes as a dummy and then reprimanded him for looking at her clothes so that he would not look when Yan Qi'er was smuggled in next. Dingge and Yan Qi'er had sex until a Jurchen maid. Guige (貴哥) told about them to the emperor. Dingge was strangled, and Yan Qi'er was beheaded. ==== Jin dynasty (265-420) ==== The Jin dynasty was an imperial house found by Sima Yan, who ruled as Emperor Wu of Jin. In, 280 CE, the Jin dynasty conquered the Eastern Wu kingdom, effectively ending the Three Kingdoms period, and unifying China. The Jin dynasty was divided into two parts: Eastern Jin (265-317), and Western Jin (317-420), and the imperial capital was [[Luoyang]]. The War of Eight Princes occurred during the Jin dynasty. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Theobald|first=Ulrich|title=Jin Dynasty 晉, 265-420 CE (www.chinaknowledge.de)|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Division/jin.html|access-date=2026-06-05|website=www.chinaknowledge.de|language=en}}</ref> ==== Sui dynasty ==== The [[Sui dynasty]] (隋朝 Suí cháo; 581-618) was founded by [[Emperor Wen of Sui|Emperor Wen]], or ''Yang Jian''. Its capital was [[Chang'an]] (present-day [[Xi'an]]). The dynasty is important because it reunited Southern and Northern China and had the [[Grand Canal of China|Grand Canal]] built. === Tang dynasty === The [[Tang dynasty]] was founded by the Li (李) family, which came to power during the fall of the Sui Empire. The dynasty was interrupted for a short time by the [[Second Zhou dynasty]] (16 October 690–3 March 705), when [[Wu Zetian]] managed to claim the throne and become the first and only Chinese empress. The [[Capital (city)|capital]] of the Tang, [[Chang'an]] (today [[Xi'an]]), was then the largest city in the world. Many historians see the Tang dynasty as a high point in [[China|Chinese]] [[civilization]] and as a golden age of [[wikt: cosmopolitan|cosmopolitan]] culture. The concept of inalienable [[private property]] has grown in China since the Tang dynasty.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schurmann |first1= H. F.|date= 1956|title= Traditional Property Concepts in China|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2941921 |journal= The Far Eastern Quarterly|volume= 15|issue=4 |pages= 507–16 |doi= 10.2307/2941921|jstor= 2941921|s2cid= 163415578 |issn = 0363-6917 }}</ref> Chinese land deeds are preserved from medieval times,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://digital.library.pitt.edu/collection/chinese-land-records|title= Chinese Land Records|last= |first= |date= |website= ULS Digital Collections Digital Pitt |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> and there were even land deeds for the [[afterlife]] in tombs in the six dynasties.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/61096 |title= Deed of land purchase for afterlife |last= |first= |date= |website= Art Collection - The Metropolitan Museum of Art|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> === Song dynasty === The [[Song dynasty]] maintained the image and memory of the "universal empire" of the Han and the Tang dynasties althought it shrank.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Ge 葛|first1=Zhaoguang 兆光 |date=2019 |title=Imagining a Universal Empire: a Study of the Illustrations of the Tributary States of the Myriad Regions Attributed to Li Gonglin |url=https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/joch/5/2/article-p124_2.xml |journal= Journal of Chinese Humanities|volume=5 |issue= 2|pages=124–148 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill |location=NV, Leiden|doi=10.1163/23521341-12340077 |s2cid=225545785 |access-date=}}</ref> One of the descendants of the Yan clan during the Song dynasty was Yan Zhengqing. When the Eastern Jin dynasty was set up by Han Chinese nobles fleeing south, Yan Han was among them. He was the ancestor of the Yan clan, which were related by blood to the Langye nobles with whom they married, including the Wang clan of Langye, the Yin Clan of Chen commandery and Shen clan of Wuxing. Yan Han was the 13th-generation ancestor of Yan Zhenqing.<ref>{{cite book |last= McNair|first= Amy |date=1998 |title=The Upright Brush: Yan Zhenqing's Calligraphy and Song Literati Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6ABEAAAQBAJ&dq=daoist+temple+fox+immortal+celestial+master&pg=PA94 |location= |publisher=University of Hawaii Press|page=94 |isbn=0824865146}}</ref> === Yuan dynasty === The [[Yuan dynasty]] was first ruled by [[Genghis Khan]], a [[Mongols|Mongol]] leader who took control of the Song dynasty. He was considered a barbarian and uncivilized. His grandson, [[Kublai Khan]], was one of the most famous and liked rulers of the Yuan dynasty. He opened up China to many other cultures and greatly improved life for the Chinese. === Ming dynasty === In 1368, a rebellion led by Zhu Yuanzhang broke out in southern China and eventually overthrew the Yuan dynasty. He became Emperor [[Hongwu Emperor|Hongwu]] and founded the [[Ming dynasty]] in [[Nanjing]], the Chinese capital until Emperor [[Yongle Emperor|Yongle]] changed the capital to [[Beijing]]. In the [[15th century]], [[Zheng He]], along with the majority of the Ming navy, explored the [[Indian Ocean]] and brought wealth and power to the Ming Dynasty. The empire experienced a prosperous period until 1449, when the [[Battle of Tumu Fortress]] occurred. In the battle, the Mongol descendants of Yuan captured the emperor and surrounded the capital. After the war against the Mongols, the Ming started to decline. During this time, the empire had two wars with the [[Japan|Japanese]] (the first against the Japanese pirates took place in southeastern China and the second against the armies of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], which invaded Korea) and one war with the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] of [[Macao]]. The wars eventually weakened the declining empire. In 1616, rebellions broke out in [[Manchuria]] and [[Shanxi]]. In 1644, the [[Manchus]] crossed the [[Great Wall]], invaded the capital, and destroyed the Shanxi rebels. === Qing dynasty === {{further|Qing Dynasty|Boxer Rebellion}} Horses, cattle, farms, villages, servants, slaves, homes, and wives were given by [[Nurhaci]] to Jurchens who defected like Guwalca, Hurha, and Warka, as well as to Han Chinese defectors and Mongol defectors to the Later Jin dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date=1927 |title=Chinese Economic Journal and Bulletin, Volume 1, Issue 2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OuAiAQAAIAAJ&q=%22As+regards+the+Mongols,+the+Chinese,+the+Warka,+Hurha+and+Guwalca+who+have+of+late+come+to+swear+allegiance,+they+have+even+been+given+wives,+houses,+slaves,+Servants,+villages,+fields,+cattle+and+horses.%22|location= |publisher= Chinese Government Bureau of Economic Information|page= 733 |quote=As regards the Mongols, the Chinese, the Warka, Hurha and Guwalca who have of late come to swear allegiance, they have even been given wives, houses, slaves, servants, villages, fields, cattle, and horses .}}</ref> {{clarify}} Jurchen chiefs were given Korean women as wives by [[Joseon]] to control them.<ref>{{cite book |last=Huang |first=Pei |date=2011 |title=Reorienting the Manchus– A Study of Sinicization, 1583–1795 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3YWDEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22but+refused+to+let+their+korean+mothers+go+with+them%22&pg=PA156 |publisher=Cornell University Press |edition=illustrated |page=156 |isbn=978-1933947921}}</ref> Scholars commissioned by [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong]] edited historical texts and made commentaries that made up fanciful and completely fictional etymologies. One of their works analyzed the Jurchen clans mentioned in the ''History of Jin'' and tried to match their names to the Manchu clans that still exist.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Stary|first1= Giovanni |date= 1998|title=The Manchu Identification of Jurchen Clan Names As Found in the "Manjusai da skin-i kitchen" (Manzhou yuanliu kao) |url= https://quod.lib.umich.edu/s/saksaha/13401746.0003.002/--manchu-identification-of-jurchen-clan-names-as-found?rgn=main;view=fulltext|journal=Saksaha: A Journal of Manchu Studies |volume= 3|issue= |pages= |doi= 10.3998/saksaha.13401746.0003.002|access-date=}}</ref><ref>https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/manchu-identification-of-jurchen-clan-names-as-found.pdf?c=saksaha;idno=13401746.0003.002;format=pdf</ref> Some Han bannermen promoted to Manchu banners added "giya" to the end of their surname.<ref>{{cite book |last= Crossley|first=Pamela Kyle |date=1999 |title=A Translucent Mirror– History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology |series=ACLS Humanities E-Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbEwDwAAQBAJ&dq=magiya+place+name+majia&pg=PA81 |location= |publisher=University of California Press |edition=illustrated, reprint|page=81 |isbn=0520234243|quote=the Jurchen lineage whose name was written with the characters “Jiagu,”“ In Möngke Temür's time the lineage name was what would ... and include Magiya (Majia), Gaogiya (Gao jia), Janggiya (Zhangjia), Joogiya (Zhaojia), Ligiya (Lijia), ...}}</ref><ref>https://california.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1525/california/9780520215665.001.0001/upso-9780520215665-chapter-5 https://california.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1525/california/9780520215665.001.0001/upso-9780520215665-chapter-6?rskey=b3dAN3&result=10</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Huang |first=Pei |date=2011 |title=Reorienting the Manchus– A Study of Sinicization, 1583–1795 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3YWDEAAAQBAJ&dq=magiya+place+name+majia&pg=PA224 |publisher=Cornell University Press |edition=illustrated |page=224|isbn=978-1933947921|quote=For a broad discussion of the Manchu naming and clan names, see ibid., 1–69. ... For the grandsons of Tuhai, see Majia shi zupu, comps. Ma Yanxi et al. (Peiping [?] ... For the sixteen characters, see the same Magiya clan genealogy, vol.}}</ref> The ethnic identity of the Tong family of [[Liaodong Peninsula|Liaodong]] during the late Ming and early Qing dynasty has been debated by historians.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rowe |first= William T. |date=2010 |volume= 6 of History of Imperial China|title= China's Last Empire: The Great Qing|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7Awmzx2PAC&dq=%22the+cause+of+the+conquering+Qing+armies+as+Tong+Bunian+had+been+in.%22&pg=PA11 |location= |publisher= Harvard University Press|edition=illustrated|page= 11|isbn=978-0674054554}}</ref><ref>https://www.iwp.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/20150127_RoweChinaLastEmpireChapter1pp.1130.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Crossley|first1= Pamela |date=1983 |title= The Tong in Two Worlds: Cultural Identities in Liaodong and Nurgan during the 13th-17th centuries|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/398599/summary |journal= Ch'ing-shih Wen-t'i|volume=4 |issue=9 |pages= 21–46|doi= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crossley |first1= Pamela Kyle|date=1987 |title=Manzhou Yuanliu Kao and the Formalization of the Manchu Heritage |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2057101 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=46 |issue= 4|pages=761–90 |doi=10.2307/2057101 |jstor= 2057101|s2cid= 162618002}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corradini |first1=Piero |date=2002 |title=ON THE QIDAN AND JURČIN CAPITALS |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/41913109|journal=Rivista Degli Studi Orientali |volume=76 |issue= 1/4 |pages= 169–213|doi= |jstor=41913109 |access-date=}}</ref> The Oirat Torghut Kalmyk Mongol leader Khatun Khan was jailed by Yaqub Beg as he was attacking the Oirats in Kurla and attacking Hui forces for Tuo Ming and Daud Khalifa in [[Ürümqi]] with the help of Han militia under Xu Xuegong.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kim |first=Hodong |date=2004 |title=Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtduqAtBzegC&dq=1870+Xu+Xuegong&pg=PA96 |publisher= Stanford University Press|page=96 |isbn=0804767238|editor=illustrated|quote=Ya'qūb Beg spent the winter of 1870 in Urumchi where Xu Xuegong visited and presented him with gifts. Xu had visited him when Ya'qūb was staying in Turfan and provided him with some troops and provisions. His younger brother also ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Millward |first= James A. |series=Gale virtual reference library |date= 2007|title= Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&dq=1870+Xu+Xuegong&pg=PA120|location= |publisher= Columbia University Press|page=120 |isbn=978-0231139243|edition=illustrated|quote=In his first attack on the Tungan - held city, in 1870, Ya'qub Beg was joined by Xu Xuegong, a non - Muslim Han Chinese militia leader who had taken to the hills with 1,500 troops following the Tungan uprising .}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dixon |first1= Jeffrey S.|last2=Sarkees|first2= Meredith Reid|series=Correlates of war series A guide to intra-state wars |date=2015 |title=A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816-2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvaQCgAAQBAJ&dq=1870+Xu+Xuegong&pg=PA457 |location= |publisher= CQ Press|page=457 |isbn=978-1452234199|edition=revised|quote=Dates: January 1870 to November 1870. Battle-related Deaths: Total ... Narrative: In early 1870, some 20,000 Tungans seized Kurla. ... Participants: Armed Forces of Kashgaria versus Urumchi Tungans and Xu Xuegong–led Guerrillas.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mende-Altaylı |first= Rana von |date=1999 |title=Die Beziehungen des Osmanischen Reiches zu Kashghar und seinem Herrscher Ya'qub Beg, 1873-1877 |series=Papers on inner Asia: Central Asia|number=31 of Papers on inner Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iblIn2sb-SkC&q=1870+Xu+Xuegong |location= |publisher= Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies|page=77 |isbn=|quote=Shusagun ( Shusagvan , i . e . der Milizführer Xu Xuegong ) , der zunächst Ya'qub Beg , der ihn nach Guan Shouxin ( 1996 , 69 ) unter Berufung auf das Qinding pingding Shaan Gan Xinjiang Huifei jilüeh ( j . 233 , 1870 ) unter ...}}</ref> == Modern era == {{further|Chinese Revolution|Mao Zedong|Second Sino-Japanese War|Cultural Revolution|Tiananmen Square protests of 1989}} === Republic of China === {{main|Republic of China}} === People's Republic of China === [[Mao Zedong]] was the leader of the People's Republic of China from 1949 until he died in 1976. China has had problems with protests, blocking of information on the [[Internet]]; which it [[punishment|punishes]] the people for unblocking;<ref>{{cite news|script-title=zh:行政处罚结果信息公开|language=zh|work=People's Government of Zhejiang Province|url=http://www.zjzwfw.gov.cn/zjzw/punish/frontpunish/detail.do?unid=A3309026100002020105096&webid=21&guid=3C2774BA00524546AF9EF97DEBEEACBA|archive-url=https://archive.today/20201029033449/http://www.zjzwfw.gov.cn/zjzw/punish/frontpunish/detail.do?unid=A3309026100002020105096&webid=21&guid=3C2774BA00524546AF9EF97DEBEEACBA|archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|date=28 October 2020|script-title=zh:民众翻墙上维基查资料，遭警方登门逮捕并行政处罚|language=zh|work=China Digital Times|url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/2020/10/%E3%80%90%E7%AB%8B%E6%AD%A4%E5%AD%98%E7%85%A7%E3%80%91%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%97%E7%BF%BB%E5%A2%99%E4%B8%8A%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%9F%A5%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%EF%BC%8C%E9%81%AD%E8%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%99%BB%E9%97%A8/|url-status=live|access-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029122603/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/2020/10/%E3%80%90%E7%AB%8B%E6%AD%A4%E5%AD%98%E7%85%A7%E3%80%91%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%97%E7%BF%BB%E5%A2%99%E4%B8%8A%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%9F%A5%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%EF%BC%8C%E9%81%AD%E8%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%99%BB%E9%97%A8/|archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=VanderKlippe|first=Nathan|author-link=Nathan VanderKlippe|date=29 October 2020|title=China cracks down on use of unsanctioned foreign websites and social media|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-china-cracks-down-on-illegal-web-use/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726101144/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-china-cracks-down-on-illegal-web-use/|archive-date=26 July 2021|access-date=26 July 2021|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> and the [[censorship]] of [[social media]]. 1989 was notable for the controversial [[Tiananmen Square protests]] and the final years of the [[cold war]]. Since the [[2008 Summer Olympics]], China has hosted many major international events, and the [[2022 Winter Olympics]] were held in Beijing, China. {{NPOV|date=June 2025}} In the [[21st century]], China became the richest country in the world in terms of [[GDP]]. {{further|Ancient China}} ==Timeline== {{Div col}} *3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors: 50,000 – 2000 BC *[[Xia Dynasty]]: c. 2000 – c. 1600 BC *[[Shang Dynasty]] (or Yin Dynasty): c. 1600 – 1046 BC *[[Zhou Dynasty]] **Western Zhou: 1046 – 771 BC **Eastern Zhou ***Spring and Autumn period: 771 – 481 BC ***Warring States period: 481 – 221 BC *[[Qin Dynasty]]: 221 – 206 BC *[[Han Dynasty]]: 206 BC – 220 AD **Western Han: 206 BC – 8 AD **Xin Dynasty: 8 – 23 AD *Three Kingdoms **The Kingdom of Wei: 220 – 265 AD **The Kingdom of Shu: 221 – 263 AD **The Kingdom of Wu: 229 – 280 AD *[[Jin Dynasty]] **Western Jin: 265 – 316 AD **Eastern Jin: 317 – 460 AD *The Sixteen Kingdoms **"Former Zhao" or "Han Zhao": 304 – 329 AD **"Cheng Han" or "Former Shu": 306 – 347 AD **Former Liang: 314 – 376 AD **"Later Zhao" or "Shi Zhao": 319 – 351 AD **Former Yan: 334 – 370 AD **"Former Qin" or "Fu Qin": 351 – 394 AD **Later Yan: 384 – 409 AD **"Later Qin" or "Iau Qin": 384 – 417 AD **Western Qin: 385 – 431 AD **"Later Liang" or "Lu Liang": 389 – 403 AD **Southern Liang: 397 – 414 AD **Southern Yan: 398 – 410 AD **Western Liang: 400 – 421 AD **Northern Liang: 401 – 439 AD **"Xia" or "Hu Xia": 407 – 431 AD **"Northern Yan" or "Feng Yan": 409 – 436 AD The countries below are not included in the sixteen kingdoms: **Former Chouchi: 296 – 371 AD **Later Chouchi: 385 – 443 AD **Dai: 315 – 376 AD **Ran Wei: 350 – 352 AD **Western Yan: 384 – 394 AD **Zhai Wei: 388 – 392 AD **Western Shu: 405 – 413 AD **Yuwenbu: 302 – 344 AD **Duanbu: 310 – 357 AD **Tuguhun: 313 – 633 AD *Southern and Northern Dynasties **Southern Dynasties ***Song: 420 – 479 AD ***Chi: 479 – 502 AD ***Liang: 502 – 557 AD ***Chen: 557 – 589 AD **Northern Dynasties ***Northern Wei: 386 – 534 AD ***Eastern Wei: 534 – 550 AD ***Western Wei: 535 – 557 AD ***Northern Chi: 550 – 557 AD ***Northern Chou: 557 – 581 AD *[[Sui Dynasty]]: 581 – 618 AD *[[Tang Dynasty]]: 618 – 907 AD **Tang Dynasty had been interrupted by Wu Chou: 690 – 705 AD *Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms **Five Dynasties ***Later Liang: 907 – 923 AD ***Later Tang: 923 – 936 AD ***Later Jin: 936 – 947 AD ***Later Han: 947 – 950 AD ***Later Chou: 951 – 960 AD **Ten Kingdoms ***Wu Yue: 904 – 978 AD ***Min (changed its name to Yin at 943 AD): 909 – 945 AD ***Jinnan: 907 – 963 AD ***Chu: 897 – 951 AD ***Wu: 904 – 973 AD ***Southern Tang: 937 – 975 AD ***Southern Han: 917 – 971 AD ***Northern Han: 951 – 979 AD ***Former Shu: 907 – 925 AD ***Later Shu: 934 – 965 AD **And other regimes ***Dingnan Jiedu: 881 – 982 AD ***Fongshang Jiedu (or Chi): 887 – 924 AD ***Lulong Jiedu (or Yan): 897 – 913 AD ***Chender Jiedu (or Zhao): 883 – 921 AD ***Yiwu Jiedu: 900(?) – 922 AD and 928 – 929 AD ***Wuping Jiedu (or Hunan Jiedu): 950 – 963 AD ***Chinyuan Jiedu: 946 – 978 AD ***Hexi Regime: ? *[[Song Dynasty]] **Northern Song: 960 – 1127 AD **Southern Song: 1127 – 1279 AD *[[Liao Dynasty]] (or Khitan) - 907 – 1125 AD **After the Gin Dynasty ends the Liao Dynasty, Yelü Dashi, an aristocrat of Liao, rebuilded the Liao Dynasty, we call it Western Liao, also known as Kara-Khitan Khanate: 1132 – 1218 AD *[[Gin Dynasty]]: 1115 – 1234 AD *Western Xia: 1038 – 1227 AD *[[Yuan Dynasty]] (Actually the Mongolia): 1279 – 1368 AD *[[Ming Dynasty]]: 1368 – 1644 AD *[[Qing Dynasty]]: 1636 – 1912 AD *[[Republic of China]]: 1912 AD – now (It ruled mainland China only until 1949. It lost in the [[Chinese Civil War]] and so it now rules only [[Taiwan]], Penghu, Kinmen, Mazhu, the Taiping Island, and the Dongsha Island. The Republic of China after 1949 is actually Taiwan.) *[[People's Republic of China]]: 1949 AD – now {{Div col end}} ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat|History of China}} * [http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/toc.html History of China: Table of Contents] - Chaos Group at the University of Maryland * [http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/database/index.htm Chinese Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120090606/http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/database/index.htm |date=2016-11-20 }} by Academia Sinica * [http://saturn.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~wenwu/ww.htm Manuscript and Graphics Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506031332/http://saturn.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~wenwu/ww.htm |date=2020-05-06 }} by Academia Sinica * [http://www.badley.info/history/China.index.html China Chronology World History Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108032715/http://www.badley.info/history/China.index.html |date=2010-11-08 }} * [http://www.automaticfreeweb.com/index.cfm?s=ancientasianworld Ancient Asian World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515023548/http://www.automaticfreeweb.com/index.cfm?s=ancientasianworld |date=2012-05-15 }} History, culture and archaeology of the ancient Asian continent. Many articles and pictures * [http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/history.htm A universal guide for China studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129203455/http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/history.htm |date=2012-11-29 }} * [http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/ Chinese History Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702175728/http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/ |date=2017-07-02 }} * [http://www.history-forum.com/forum/ History Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712213414/http://www.history-forum.com/forum/ |date=2011-07-12 }} - Discuss Chinese history at [http://www.history-forum.com History Forum's] [http://www.history-forum.com/forum/forum-1.html Asian History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512061404/http://www.history-forum.com/forum/forum-1.html |date=2013-05-12 }} section * [http://authors.history-forum.com/liang_jieming/chinesesiegewarfare/ Chinese Siege Warfare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621201559/http://authors.history-forum.com/liang_jieming/chinesesiegewarfare/ |date=2007-06-21 }} - Mechanical Artillery and Siege Weapons of Antiquity - An Illustrated History bought to you by [http://www.history-forum.com History Forum] * [http://www.benbest.com/history/China.html A Simplified History of China] * [http://pem.org/yinyutang/ '' Yin Yu Tang: A Chinese Home ''] Explore the historical contents of domestic architecture during the Qing dynasty and its pertinence to Chinese heritage and historical culture. * [http://www.aall.ufl.edu/EMC/ ''Early Medieval China''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719230513/http://www.aall.ufl.edu/EMC/ |date=2006-07-19 }} is a journal devoted to academic scholarship relating to the period roughly between the end of the Han and beginning of the Tang eras. * [http://www.geocities.com/crmaozedong/index.html Cultural Revolution Propaganda Poster] * [https://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=4043 China Rediscovers its Own History] 100-minute lecture on Chinese history given by renowned scholar/author Yu Ying-Shih, Emeritus Professor of East Asian Studies and History at Princeton University. * [http://sd71.bc.ca/sd71/school/courtmid/Library/subject_resources/socials/CHINA.htm Resources for Middle School students] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105233305/http://sd71.bc.ca/sd71/school/courtmid/Library/subject_resources/socials/CHINA.htm |date=2008-01-05 }} Readable resources for students in grades 5-9 - more than 250 links. * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/China,_history China, history] -Citizendium [[Category:History of China| ]] 4gbcgbtug68fwboy3uyt8ar3fw4hwn5 0 31609 10879246 10697638 2026-06-05T02:05:05Z MsHesan 1816594 10879246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Otheruses}} [[File:ICPO-Interpol Lione.JPG|thumb|Interpol headquarters in Lyon]] '''Interpol''' is the short form of '''International Criminal Police Organization'''. It began in 1923. Now, Interpol is the biggest international organization; the United Nations is the second biggest. Some important information about Interpol: * Present Headquarters: [[Lyon]], [[France]] * Previous Headquarters: [[Saint Cloud]], a town near [[Paris]] * Total members: 195 countries * Annual expenses: more than 30 million Euros - all member countries share the expenses == History == In 1923, Interpol begun its functioning from [[Austria]]. At that time, its name was ''International Criminal Police Commission'' (ICPM). During the [[Second World War]], [[Nazi Germany]] controlled Austria. ICPM also came under [[Nazi]] control. They used it for collecting many types of information. After the Second World War, senior military men of [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Scandinavia]], and the [[United Kingdom]] made many changes in ICPM. Thereafter, ICPM started to work in its new form. In October 2018, then-President of Interpol [[Meng Hongwei]] was arrested by Chinese authorities<ref>{{cite web|url=https://valken.legal/|title=Interpol Red Notice check|accessdate=27 April 2025}}</ref> after being accused of taking [[bribes]]. == Office == The Interpol General Secretariat is the main office of Interpol. The highest-ranking officer of Interpol is the president. Just below him, there is a secretary general. In 2001, about 384 persons from 54 countries worked in this secretariat. Earlier the working time was from 9 o’clock in the morning till 5 o’clock in the evening. Now, this secretariat works all 24 hours without any break. In 2001, Interpol could help in arresting or finding out about 1400 persons, generally criminals. == Method == Interpol does not take any political side in its work. It takes cases where the crime or the matter relates to more than one country. It looks after many types of cases. Some of them are note below: * [[Terrorism]] * [[Organized crime]] * [[Illicit drug production]] * [[Drug trafficking]] * [[Weapons smuggling]] * [[People smuggling]] * [[Money laundering]] * [[Child pornography]] * [[Financial crime]] * [[High-tech crime]] * [[Political corruption]] Over the years, Interpol has developed a method of its working. Each member country keeps a special office. The name of this office in every member country is National Central Bureau (NCB). If necessary, Interpol contacts this office for getting information or for any other action. In turn, the National Central Bureau gets in touch with Interpol (on behalf of the member country) to ask for any assistance. Interpol also has collected a large amount of data about perpetrators and crimes. Such data includes information about illegal drug trade, lost and stolen passports and visas. Member countries may use the information. Officers of Interpol do not directly conduct any enquiry or investigation. This is always done through the policemen of the member country. == Interpol in culture == * Interpol has attracted attention of writers and [[movie director]]s. The organization has been depicted in many books, movies, and TV serials. * There is a band called [[Interpol (band)|Interpol]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons}} * [http://www.interpol.int Interpol's official website] {{Military intelligence agencies}} [[Category:International organizations]] [[Category:Law enforcement agencies]] s80s0ql2vcrfa42ly1sdu5i4z7uiqo1 0 40472 10878976 10869666 2026-06-04T19:43:44Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10878976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cleanup|date=May 2025}} '''Armenians''' are an [[ethnic group]] and a [[nation]] [[Indigenous people|native]] to the [[Armenian highlands]] of [[West Asia]].<ref name="Hewsen">Hewsen, Robert H. "The Geography of Armenia" in ''The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century''. [[Richard G. Hovannisian]] (ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, pp. 1–17</ref><ref name="loc.gov">{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2020 |title=Armenian Rarities Collection |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/armenian-rarities/about-this-collection/ |url-status=live |website=www.loc.gov |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307021523/https://www.loc.gov/collections/armenian-rarities/about-this-collection |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=27 March 2023 |quote=The lands of the Armenians were for millennia located in Eastern Anatolia, on the [[Armenian Highlands]], and into the [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus Mountain range]]. First mentioned by a Greek and a Persian source in the 6th century BC, modern DNA studies have shown that the people themselves had already been in place for many millennia. The people the world know as Armenians call themselves ''Hay'' and [[Armenia|their country]] ''Hayots' ashkharh''–the land of the Armenians, today known as Hayastan. Their language, ''[[Armenian language|Hayeren]]'' (Armenian) is a separate and unique branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European linguistic family tree]]. A spoken language until [[Christianity in the 4th century|Christianity became the state religion]] in 314 AD, [[Armenian alphabet|a unique alphabet was created]] for it in 407, both for the propagation of the new faith and to avoid assimilation into the [[Persian literature|Persian literary world]].}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Armenia: Ancient and premodern Armenia |website=[[Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/Administration-and-social-conditions#ref481320 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=17 July 2018 |quote=The Armenians, an Indo-European people, first appear in history shortly after the end of the 7th century BCE[, d]riving some of the ancient population to the east of Mount Ararat [...] |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426135102/https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/Administration-and-social-conditions#ref481320 |url-status=live }}</ref> Armenians are the main population of the [[Armenia|Republic of Armenia.]] They were the main population of the unrecognized [[Republic of Artsakh]] until it collapsed when Azerbaijan retook it and all the Armenians of Nagorno-Narabakh were ethnically cleansed in 2023. ==Overview== There is a [[Armenian diaspora|diaspora]] of around five million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today are in [[Russia]], the [[Armenian American|United States]], France, Georgia, Iran, [[Germany]], Ukraine, Lebanon, [[Brazil]], [[Armenians in Syria|Syria]], and Turkey. The present-day [[Armenian diaspora]] was mainly a result of the [[Armenian genocide]] with the exceptions of Iran, [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet states]], and parts of the [[Levant]].<ref name="Hovannisian">[[Richard G. Hovannisian]], ''The Armenian people from ancient to modern times: the fifteenth century to the twentieth century'', Volume 2, p. 421, Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.</ref> [[File:Armenian_collage_no_2.jpg|250px|thumb|<div style="background:#fee8ab;"> 1st row: [[Hayk]] • [[Artashes I]] • [[Tigran the Great]] • [[Trdat III]] • [[Gregory the illuminator]] <br> 2nd row: [[Mesrop Mashtots]] • [[Vardan Mamikonian]] • [[Movses Khorenatsi]] • [[Anania Shirakatsi]] • [[Grigor Narekatsi]] <br> 3rd row: [[Leo I, King of Armenia|Levon II]] • [[Toros Roslin]] • [[Momik]] • [[Sayat Nova]] • [[Khachatur Abovyan]] <br> 4th row: [[Ivan Aivazovsky]] • [[Andranik Ozanian]] • [[Hovhannes Tumanyan]] • [[Komitas]] • [[Mkrtich Khrimian]] <br> 5th row: [[Tovmas Nazarbekian]] • [[Aram Manukian]] • [[Yeghishe Charents]] • [[Arshile Gorky]] • [[Gaia Gai]]<br> 6th row: [[Artem Mikoyan]] • [[Ivan Bagramyan]] • [[Aram Khachaturian]] • [[Viktor Ambartsumyan]] • [[Tigran Petrosian]]<br> 7th row: [[Martiros Saryan]] • [[Kirk Kerkorian]] • [[Sergei Parajanov]] • [[William Saroyan]] • [[Charles Aznavour]] <br> 8th row: [[Vazgen I]] • [[Karen Demirchyan]] and [[Vazgen Sargsyan]] • [[Cher]] • [[Monte Melkonyan]] • [[Serj Tankian]]]] ==Languages== They speak [[Armenian language|Armenian]] which is an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] unique in that language family.<ref name="loc.gov"/><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-people | title=Armenian (people) &#124; Description, Culture, History, & Facts | access-date=5 September 2018 | archive-date=26 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426130529/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-people | url-status=live }}</ref> It has two [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] spoken and written forms. [[Eastern Armenian]], today is spoken mainly in Armenia, Artsakh, [[Iran]], and the former Soviet republics. [[Western Armenian]], is used in [[Western Armenia]] and, after the Armenian genocide, primarily in the Armenian diasporan communities. The unique [[Armenian alphabet]] was invented in 405 AD by [[Mesrop Mashtots]]. Most Armenians are in the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], a non-Chalcedonian Christian church. It is the world's oldest state church. Christianity began to spread in Armenia soon after the death of [[Jesus]], due to the efforts of two of his apostles, St. Thaddeus and St. Bartholomew.<ref name="HistofChrist">see {{Cite book|first = Adrian | last = Hastings | title = A World History of Christianity | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing | page = 289 | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8028-4875-8 }}</ref> In the early 4th century, the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]] was the first state to adopt Christianity as a state religion,<ref name="ncccusa">{{cite web|url=http://www.ncccusa.org/news/01news36a.html |title=Armenia first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion |access-date=2007-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106104636/http://www.ncccusa.org/news/01news36a.html |archive-date=6 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> followed by the first pilgrimages to the [[Holy Land]] where a community established the [[Armenian Quarter]] of [[Old City of Jerusalem|Old Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Davis|first=Joyce M.|date=July 1992|title=Jerusalem's Armenian Quarter|url=https://www.foyz.com/kategori/105/magazin|url-status=live|magazine=ONE Magazine|location=|publisher=Catholic Near East Welfare Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621214853/https://cnewa.org/magazine/jerusalems-armenian-quarter-30548/|archive-date=21 June 2023|access-date=2023-06-21}}</ref> {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Armenians | native_name = Armenian: Հայեր, {{Small|romanized:}} Hayer | flag = | flag_caption = | image = [[File:Flag of Armenia.svg|200px|border]] | image_caption = Flag of Armenia | population = {{circa}} '''7'''–'''8''' million<br>[[File:Map of the Armenian Diaspora in the World.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]] | popplace = [[File:Flag of Armenia.svg|24px|border]] Armenia: 2,961,514<ref name=NG>{{cite web|last=|title=2011 Census Results|url=http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf|website=|publisher=National Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|page=144|quote=}}</ref> | region1 = '''Modern Armenian diaspora:''' | pop1 = &nbsp;<!-- needed to force display of the header --> | region2 = [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|24px|border]] Russia | pop2 = 946,172–2,500,000<ref>[https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx <nowiki>"Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 1. Национальный состав населения ["Volume 5. «National composition and language proficiency». Table 1. National composition of the population"]</nowiki>]. (PDF). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia. 2021.</ref>{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} | region4 = [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|24px|border]] United States | pop4 = 485,970–1,500,000<ref>[https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk "2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200213130204/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk |date=2020-02-13 }}. (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2017.</ref>{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} | region5 = [[File:Flag of France.svg|23px|border]] France | pop5 = 500,000–600,000{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} | region6 = | pop6 = | region7 = | pop7 = | region8 = | pop8 = | region9 = | pop9 = | region10 = [[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|24px|border]] Ukraine | pop10 = 99,900–130,000<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190815120656/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ "National composition of population"]. State Statistics Service of Ukraine. 2001.</ref>{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} | region11 = [[File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg|24px|border]] Canada | pop11 = 63,810–65,000<ref>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SP=1&age=1&sex=1 "Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Canada, 2016 Census"]. Statistics Canada. 2016.</ref>{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} | region12 = | pop12 = | region13 = [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|24px|border]] Germany | pop13 = 50,000–60,000{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} | region14 = [[File:Flag_of_Poland.svg|22px|border]] Poland | pop14 = 92,000{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} | region15 = [[File:Flag_of_Spain.svg|24px|border]] Spain | pop15 = 45,000–80,000{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} | region16 = [[File:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg|24px|border]] Uruguay | pop16 = 20,000<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190816092924/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/985005/ "Armenian High Commissioner for Diaspora Affairs meets Uruguay's FM"]. Armenpress. 15 August 2019, "Uruguay's Minister of Foreign Affairs Rodolfo Nin Novoa emphasized the Armenians' role in his country and noted that according to their estimates 20,000 Armenians live in Uruguay currently."</ref>{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} | region18 = [[File:Flag_of_Australia.svg|25px|border]] Australia | pop18 = 16,723<ref>{{cite web|title=The People of Australia – Statistics from the 2011 Census|url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/immigration-update/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf|publisher=Australian Government|access-date=2022-04-15|archive-date=2014-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131850/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/immigration-update/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> | region19 = [[File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|border|23x23px]] Brazil | pop19 = 35,000–40,000{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} | region20 = [[File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg|border|24x24px]] Argentina | pop20 = 70,000{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} | region21 = | region22 = [[File:Flag_of_Greece.svg|border|23x23px]] Greece | pop22 = 70,000–80,000{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} | ref22 = | region23 = | pop23 = | ref23 = | region24 = '''Armenian minorities in Middle East:''' | pop24 = &nbsp;<!-- needed to force display of the header --> | region25 = [[File:Flag of Iran.svg|24px|border]] Iran | pop25 = 70,000–80,000{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} | ref25 = | region26 = [[File:Flag of Syria.svg|27px|border]] Syria | pop26 = 65,000–70,000{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} | region27 = [[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|23px|border]] Turkey | pop27 = 50,000–70,000<ref name="IA">{{cite web | last=Turay | first=Anna | title=Tarihte Ermeniler | publisher=Bolsohays: Istanbul Armenians | url=http://www.bolsohays.com/webac.asp?referans=1 | access-date=2007-01-04| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061206185130/http://www.bolsohays.com/webac.asp?referans=1| archive-date= 6 December 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian in Istanbul: Diaspora in Turkey welcomes the setting of relations and waits more steps from both countries|first=Sara|last=Khojoyan|url=http://armenianow.com/news/10672/armenian_in_istanbul_diaspora_in_t|agency=ArmeniaNow.com|date=16 October 2009|access-date=5 January 2013|archive-date=1 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101063955/https://www.armenianow.com/news/10672/armenian_in_istanbul_diaspora_in_t|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} | region28 = [[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|24px|border]] Lebanon | pop28 = 70,000–80,000{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} | region29 = '''Armenian minorities in Caucasus:''' | pop29 = &nbsp;<!-- needed to force display of the header --> | region30 = [[File:Flag of Georgia.svg|24px|border]] Georgia *[[File:Flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.svg|24px|border]] Abkhazia | pop30 = 168,100–400,000<ref>{{cite web|year=2016|title=2014 General Population Census|url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|publisher=National Statistics Office of Georgia|access-date=2022-12-05|archive-date=2017-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>{{sfn|Ayvazyan|2012|p=914}} 41,875<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190825175550/http://ugsra.org/ofitsialnaya-statistika.php?ELEMENT_ID=142 <nowiki>"2015 год - Национальный состав наличного населения [2015 - National composition of the present population"]</nowiki>]. Office of State Statistics of the Republic of Abkhazia. 2016.</ref> | region31 = Al | region32 = | pop32 = | languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | religions = [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]] [[Christianity]]<br>''([[Armenian Apostolic Church]])'' | related = Hayhurum{{efn|Hayhurum are members Greek Orthodox Church, who spoke Armenian as native language. According to Greek sources, the origin of the Hayhurums is the Greek Orthodox who came to Kemaliye. Over time, this community assimilated to the Armenians, who made up the majority of the population of the region. According to Armenian sources, the Hayhurums are of Armenian origin and also the Hayhurums began to believe in the Greek Orthodox church during the Byzantine rule in the 12th century. In Armenian language, ''Hay'' meaning "Armenian", ''hu'' meaning "and", and ''Rûm'' meaning Eastern Roman or, as it is now called in the West, Byzantine, denoting the state religion of the Byzantine Empire.}} | footnotes = }} == History == ===Antiquity=== ====Kingdom of Urartu==== The territory of the ancient [[Kingdom of Urartu]] extended over the modern frontiers of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and the Republic of Armenia. Its center was the Armenian highland between [[Lake Van]], [[Lake Urmia]], and [[Lake Sevan]].{{sfnp|Kleiss|2008}} The Urartians collaborated with a combination of Scythians and Cimmerians in their jockeying for power, but by 590, having been weakened in the constant rivalry between Assyrians, Babylonians, Scythians, and Medes, Urartu was swallowed by the [[Medes]].{{Sfnp|Jacobson|1995|p=33}} [[File:Urartu_743-en.svg|thumb|230x230px|Kingdom of Urartu at its greatest extent during king Sarduri II.]] [[File:Urartu_Helmet_Fragment_1.jpg|thumb|Fragment of a bronze helmet from Urartian king Argishti I's era. The "tree of life", popular among the ancient societies, is depicted.]]Armenians are the heirs of the Urartians.{{sfnp|Frye|1984|p=73}} Redgate says that the Urartians are the "most easily identifiable" ancestors of the Armenians.<ref>{{Harvnb|Redgate|2000|p=5}}.</ref> Philip D. Curtin defined the Kingdom of Urartu as an Armenian kingdom.{{sfnp|Curtin|1984|p=185}} ====Orontid dynasty==== The Iron Age kingdom of Urartu was replaced by the Orontid dynasty, which ruled Armenia first as satraps under [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid Persian]] rule and later as independent kings.<ref name="Toumanoff196322">{{cite book|url=http://rbedrosian.com/Ref/Oront/oront278.htm|title=Studies in Christian Caucasian history|last=Toumanoff|first=Cyril|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=1963|location=Washington D.C.|pages=278ff|author-link=}}</ref> The Kingdom of Armenia was ruled by the [[Orontid dynasty|Orontid]] dynasty from 321 BC to 200 BC. The Orontids were an Armenian{{sfnp|Lang|1983|p=535}}{{sfnp|Versluys|2017|p=48}} dynasty of probably Iranian{{Sfnp|Garsoïan|2005}} origin. Around 200 BC a coup by the Armenian noble family of Artaxias toppled the Orontid dynasty.{{sfnp|Panossian|2006|p=36}} The Artaxiad dynasty was been identified as a branch of the Orontid dynasty.{{Sfnp|Garsoïan|2005}} The [[Seleucid Empire]]'s influence over Armenia weakened after it was defeated by the Romans in the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC. ====Kingdom of Armenia==== A Hellenistic Armenian state was founded in the same year by Artaxias I alongside the Armenian kingdom of Sophene led by Zariadres. Artaxias seized Yervandashat, united the Armenian Highlands at the expense of neighboring tribes and founded the new royal capital of Artaxata near the Araxes River.{{Sfn|Garsoïan|2004|p=49}} The new city was laid on a strategic position on trade routes that connected the Ancient Greek world with [[Bactria]], India and the [[Black Sea]]. This permitted the Armenians to prosper.{{Sfn|Garsoïan|2004|p=49}} [[File:Armenian_Empire.png|thumb|The Kingdom of Armenia at its greatest extent under Tigranes the Great.]] Under [[Tigranes the Great]], the Kingdom of Armenia stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean. The Kingdom of Armenia was called the "Armenian empire" during his reign.{{sfnp|Wilken|2012|p=229}} At one time, the domains of Tigranes the Great stretched from [[Mesopotamia]] up to the Pontic Alps. Inner disunity helped the Romans, who launched a series of onslaughts. This began with the invasion by Lucullus in 69-68 B.C, and culminated in the campaigns of [[Pompey]] in Armenia, Iberia and Colchis in 66-65 B.C. The downfall of Tigranes the Great came when his son, Tigranes the Younger, fled to the court of the [[Parthia|Parthian]] king Phraates III. He supplied him with an army with which to invade Armenia, and join forces with the victorious Romans.{{sfn|Lang|1983|p=516}} [[File:Arshakuni_Armenia_150-en.svg|right|thumb|230x230px|Kingdom of Armenia under the Arshakuni dynasty, 150 AD.]] Approximately half a century after the collapse of the Artaxiad dynasty Armenia was under the rule of the [[Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia|Arshakunis]], the Armenian branch of the Parthian Arsacids.{{sfnp|Panossian|2006|p=38}} In 314, under King Tiridates (Trdat) the Great and through the apostolate of St. Gregory the Illuminator, Armenia, nearly simultaneously with the Roman empire, officially accepted Christianity. This was a turning point in its history.{{sfnp|Toumanoff|1986|pp=543–546}} An event of importance in the Arshakuni period was the invention of the Armenian alphabet by St. Mesrop. Armenian became the language of the educated; it was introduced into the liturgy; and national literature was born (under Hellenistic and Syrian influences). Armenia’s identity and individuality were saved and absorption by either Byzantine or Iranian civilization did not happen.{{sfnp|Toumanoff|1986|pp=543–546}} ===Middle Ages=== ====Partition==== Later, the Armenian highland was divided between the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanids]] and their successors, the Arabs. Prestige of Ashot I, governor of Armenia, rose as both [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] and Arab leaders courted him. The Abbasid [[Caliphate]] recognized Ashot as "prince of princes" in 862 and, later as king. Several contemporary prominent Armenians, including Grigor-Derenik Vaspurakan, insisted on Ashot's coronation.{{sfnp|Grousset|2008|p=394}} Ashot was crowned King of Armenia through the consent of Caliph al-Mu'tamid in 885 to prevent intrusion into Armenian territory by Basil I, a Byzantine emperor of Armenian origin.{{sfn|Garsoïan|2007|p=244}} ====Bagratuni kingdom==== The establishment of the Bagratuni kingdom led to the founding of several other Armenian principalities and kingdoms: Taron, Vaspurakan, Kars, Khachen and Syunik.<ref>Ter-Ghevondyan; Aram, N (1976). «Բագրատունիների Թագավորություն» (Bagratuni Kingdom). Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia. (in Armenian). Vol. 2. Yerevan: Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences. p. 202.</ref> During the reign of Ashot III (952/53–77), Ani became the kingdom's capital and grew into a thriving economic and cultural center.{{Sfnp|Ghafadaryan|1984|pp=407–412}} The first half of the 11th century saw the decline and eventual collapse of the kingdom. The Byzantine emperor [[Basil II]] (<abbr>r.</abbr> 976–1025) won a string of victories and annexed parts of southwestern Armenia. King Hovhannes-Smbat felt forced to cede his lands. In 1022 he promised to "will" his kingdom to the Byzantines following his death. After his death in 1041, his successor, Gagik II, refused to hand over Ani and continued resistance until 1045, when his kingdom, plagued with internal and external threats, was finally taken by Byzantine forces.{{Sfnp|Bournoutian|2006|p=87}} Armenia had a population of 5–6 million in the IX-XI centuries.{{Sfnp|Poghosyan|1975|p=427–428}} [[File:Bagratuni_Armenia_1000-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bagratuni_Armenia_1000-en.svg|thumb|Kingdom of Armenia, under the Bagratuni dynasty, c. 1000 AD]]The kingdom had its origins in the principality founded 1080 by the Rubenid dynasty, an alleged offshoot of the larger Bagratuni dynasty, which at various times had held the throne of Armenia. Their capital was originally at Tarsus, and later became Sis. ====Kingdom of Cilicia==== In 1198, with the crowning of Leo I, King of Armenia of the Rubenid dynasty, Cilician Armenia became a kingdom.{{Sfnp|Kurdoghlian|1996|pp=43–44}}{{Sfnp|Nersessian|pp=645–653|1962}} In 1226, the crown was passed to rival Hethumids through Leo's daughter Isabella's second husband, [[Hethum I of Armenia|Hethum I]]. As the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] conquered vast regions of [[Central Asia]] and the [[Middle East]], Hethum and succeeding Hethumid rulers sought to create an Armeno-Mongol alliance against common Muslim foes, most notably the Mamluks.{{Sfnp|Nersessian|pp=645–653|1962}} In the [[13th century|thirteenth]] and [[14th century|fourteenth centuries]], the Crusader states and the Mongol Ilkhanate disintegrated, leaving the Armenian Kingdom without any regional allies. After relentless attacks by the Mamluks in Egypt in the fourteenth century, the Cilician Armenia of the Lusignan dynasty, mired in an internal religious conflict, finally fell in 1375.{{Sfnp|Ghazarian|2000|pp=54–55}} Commercial and military interactions with Europeans brought new Western influences to the Cilician Armenian society. Many aspects of Western European life were adopted by the nobility including chivalry, fashions in clothing, and the use of French titles, names, and language. The organization of the Cilician society shifted to become closer to Western feudalism.{{Sfnp|Bournoutian|Atamian|1997|pp=283–290}} The European Crusaders themselves borrowed know-how, such as elements of Armenian castle-building and church architecture. Cilician Armenia thrived economically. The port of Ayas served as a center for East–West trade.{{Sfnp|Bournoutian|Atamian|1997|pp=283–290}} [[File:Cilician Armenia-en.svg|thumb|220x220px|Detailed map of Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.]] ===Early modern period=== Following the end of the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 1453, two Islamic empires—the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the Iranian Safavid Empire—contested Western Armenia, which was permanently separated from Eastern Armenia (held by the Safavids) by the 1639 Treaty of Zuhab.{{Sfnp|Payaslian|2007|p=105–106}} ====Iranian and Russian Empires==== [[File:Areas_with_ethnic_Armenian_plurality,_(Russian_Empire)_-_1880.png|thumb|245x245px|Areas with ethnic Armenian plurality, within the Russian Empire, 1880.]] Until the late fifteenth century, Armenians were a majority in Eastern Armenia.{{sfnp|Bournoutian|1980|pages=11, 13-14}} With the rise of the Safavids, Islam had become the dominant faith, and Armenians became a minority in Eastern Armenia.{{sfnp|Bournoutian|1980|pages=11, 13-14}} 80% of the population of Iranian Armenia were Muslims (Persians, Turkics, and Kurds). Christian Armenians were a minority of about 20%, mainly because of the sixteenth-century wars with the Ottomans and the early seventeenth-century forced deportations of Armenians from the region by [[Abbas the Great|Shah Abbas I]].{{sfnp|Bournoutian|1980|pages=12–13}} As a result of the Treaty of Gulistan (1813) and the Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828), Iran was forced to cede Iranian Armenia (the present-day Armenia), to the Russians.{{sfnp|Bournoutian|1980|pages=1-2}}{{sfnp|Mikaberidze|2015|page=141}} After the Russian administration took hold of Iranian Armenia, the ethnic make-up shifted. For the first time in three centuries, ethnic Armenians started to form a majority once again in part of historic Armenia.{{sfnp|Bournoutian|1980|page=14}} The Russian offensive during the Caucasus Campaign of [[World War I]], the subsequent occupation, and the creation of a provisional administrative government gave hope for ending Ottoman Turkish rule in Western Armenia. With the help of several battalions of Armenians recruited from the Russian Empire, the Russian army had made progress on the Caucasus Front, advancing as far as the city of [[Erzurum]] in 1916. The Russians continued to make considerable advances even after the toppling of [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]] in February 1917.{{sfnp|Hovannisian|1967|pp=80–82}} ====Ottoman Empire==== [[File:Six_Vilayets_ethnic_groups.png|thumb|Ethnic groups of Six Vilayets in 1912 according to Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople.]] From the mid-nineteenth century, Armenians faced large-scale land usurpation as a consequence of the sedentarization of Kurdish tribes and the arrival of Muslim refugees and immigrants (mainly Circassians) following the Russo-Circassian War.{{Sfnp|Astourian|2011|p=56, 60}}{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=19, 21}}{{Sfnp|Göçek|2015|p=123}} In 1876, when Sultan Abdul Hamid II came to power, the state began to confiscate Armenian-owned land in the eastern provinces and give it to Muslim immigrants to reduce the Armenian population of these areas. This policy lasted until World War I.{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=55}}{{Sfnp|Astourian|2011|p=62, 65}} It led to a substantial decline in the population of the Armenian highlands; 300,000 Armenians left the empire, and others moved to towns.{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=54–56}}{{Sfnp|Kévorkian|2011|p=271}} Some Armenians joined revolutionary political parties. The most influential was the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, founded in 1890. These parties primarily sought reform within the empire and found only limited support from Ottoman Armenians.{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=87–88}} {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="7" |Armenian revolutionary political parties in Ottoman parliament |- ! colspan="3" |Armenian Revolutionary Federation ! colspan="2" |Social Democrat Hunchakian Party ! colspan="2" |Armenakan Party |- !Year !Total seats !+/– !Total seats !+/– !Total seats !+/– |- !1908 |{{Composition bar|4|275|{{party color|Armenian Revolutionary Federation}}}} |{{increase}} 4 |{{Composition bar|1|275|{{party color|Republican People's Party}}}} |{{increase}}1 |{{Composition bar|1|275|{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}}} |{{increase}}1 |- !1912 |{{Composition bar|10|288|{{party color|Armenian Revolutionary Federation}}}} |{{increase}} 6 |{{Composition bar|0|288|{{party color|Republican People's Party}}}} |{{decrease}}0 |{{Composition bar|0|288|{{party color|Republican People's Party}}}} |{{decrease}}0 |- !1914 |{{Composition bar|4|275|{{party color|Armenian Revolutionary Federation}}}} |{{decrease}} 6 |{{Composition bar|0|275|{{party color|Republican People's Party}}}} |{{nochange}} |{{Composition bar|0|275|{{party color|Republican People's Party}}}} |{{nochange}} |- !1919 |{{Composition bar|0|160|{{party color|Armenian Revolutionary Federation}}}} |{{decrease}} 4 |{{Composition bar|0|160|{{party color|Republican People's Party}}}} |{{nochange}} |{{Composition bar|0|160|{{party color|Republican People's Party}}}} |{{nochange}} |} {{multiple image | total_width = | align = right | direction = horizontal | image1 = Second Constitution celebrations in Merzifon, 1908-1.2.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = Armenians in Istanbul celebrate the coming to power of the CUP government. | image2 = | alt2 = | caption2 = | image3 = | alt3 = | caption3 = | footer = | footer_align = left }} Abdul Hamid's despotism prompted the formation of an opposition movement, the [[Young Turks]], which sought to overthrow him and restore the 1876 Constitution of the Ottoman Empire, which he had suspended in 1877.{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=92–93, 99, 139–140}} Although skeptical of a growing, exclusionary Turkish nationalism in the Young Turk movement, the ARF decided to ally with the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] (CUP) in December 1907.{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=152–153}}{{Sfnp|Kieser|2018|p=50}} In 1908, the CUP came to power in the Young Turk Revolution, which began with a string of CUP assassinations of leading officials in Macedonia.{{Sfnp|Kieser|2018|p=53–54}}{{Sfnp|Göçek|2015|p=192}} In early 1909, an unsuccessful countercoup was launched by conservatives and some liberals who opposed the CUP's increasingly repressive governance.{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=165–166}} When news of the countercoup reached Adana, armed Muslims attacked the Armenian quarter and Armenians returned fire. Ottoman soldiers did not protect Armenians and instead armed the rioters.{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=168–169}} Between 20,000 and 25,000 people, mostly Armenians, were killed in Adana and nearby towns.{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=171}} Unlike the 1890s massacres, the events were not organized by the central government but by local officials, intellectuals, and Islamic clerics, including CUP supporters in Adana.{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=172}} {{multiple image | total_width = | align = right | direction = horizontal | image1 = AdanaChristianQuarter.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = The Armenian quarter of Adana after the 1909 massacres. | image2 = | alt2 = | caption2 = | image3 = | alt3 = | caption3 = | footer = | footer_align = left }} ==Modern period== ===World War I=== On the eve of World War I in 1914, around two million Armenians lived in [[Anatolia]] out of a total population of 15–17.5 million.{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=xviii}} According to the Armenian Patriarchate's estimates for 1913–1914, there were 2,925 Armenian towns and villages in the Ottoman Empire, of which 2,084 were in the Armenian highlands in the vilayets of [[Bitlis]], [[Diyarbakır|Diyarbekir]], [[Erzurum|Erzerum]], Harput, and Van.{{Sfnp|Kévorkian|2011|p=279}} Armenians were a minority in most places where they lived, alongside Turkish and Kurdish Muslim and Greek Orthodox Christian neighbors.{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=xviii}}{{Sfnp|Kévorkian|2011|p=279}} According to the Patriarchate's figure, 215,131 Armenians lived in urban areas, especially [[Constantinople]], [[Smyrna]], and Eastern Thrace.{{Sfnp|Kévorkian|2011|p=279}} Although most Ottoman Armenians were peasant farmers, they were overrepresented in commerce. As middleman minorities, despite the wealth of some Armenians, their overall political power was low, making them especially vulnerable.{{Sfnp|Bloxham|2005|p=8–9}} During World War I, the CUP—whose central goal was to preserve the Ottoman Empire—came to identify Armenian civilians as an existential threat.{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=245}}{{Sfnp|Akçam|2012|p=337}} CUP leaders held Armenians—including women and children—collectively guilty for "betraying" the empire, a belief that was crucial to deciding on genocide in early 1915. Minister of War Enver Pasha publicly blamed his defeat on Armenians who he claimed had actively sided with the Russians, a theory that became a consensus among CUP leaders.{{Sfnp|Üngör|2015|p=18–19}}{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=243}} Reports of local incidents such as weapons caches, severed telegraph lines, and occasional killings confirmed preexisting beliefs about Armenian treachery and fuelled paranoia among CUP leaders that a coordinated Armenian conspiracy was plotting against the empire.{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=248}}{{Sfnp|Kieser|2018|p=235–238}} In February 1915, the CUP leaders decided to disarm Armenians serving in the army and transfer them to labor battalions.{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=244}} Discounting contrary reports that most Armenians were loyal, the CUP leaders decided that the Armenians had to be eliminated to save the empire.{{Sfnp|Suny|2015|p=248}} {{multiple image | total_width = | align = right | direction = horizontal | image1 = Russian soldiers Sheykhalan 1915.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = Russian soldiers in the former Armenian village of Sheykhalan near Mush, 1915 in the Armenian genocide. | image2 = | alt2 = | caption2 = | image3 = | alt3 = | caption3 = | footer = | footer_align = left | width = 210 }} ===Armenian genocide=== {{Main|Armenian genocide}}{{Further|Assyrian genocide|Pontic Greek genocide}} The [[Armenian genocide|ethnic cleansing of Armenians]] during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered a [[genocide]].<ref> * {{cite book |title=Forgotten Genocides |chapter=7. The Assyrian Genocide: A Tale of Oblivion and Denial |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.9783/9780812204384-009/pdf?licenseType=restricted |last=Travis |first=Hannibal |doi=10.9783/9780812204384-009 |year=2011 |access-date=February 2, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=The Assyrian Genocide |chapter=Exile or extinction: The Assyrian genocide from 1915 to 2015 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315269832-10/exile-extinction-hannibal-travis |last=Travis |first=Hannibal |edition=1 |isbn=9781315269832 |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |access-date=February 2, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Religious Categories and the Construction of the Indigenous |chapter=The Long Road Home: Indigenous Assyrian Christians of Iraq and the Politicisation of the Diaspora |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004328983/B9789004328983-s010.xml |last=Tower |first=Daniel J. |pages=178–202 |doi=10.1163/9789004328983_010 |year=2017 |access-date=February 2, 2025 }} * {{cite book |title=Controversies in the Field of Genocide Studies |chapter=Controversies Around Governmental and Parliamentary Recognition of the Armenian, Hellenic, and Assyrian Genocides |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351295000-4/controversies-around-governmental-parliamentary-recognition-armenian-hellenic-assyrian-genocides-panayiotis-diamadis |last=Diamadis |first=Panayiotis |edition=1 |isbn=9781351295000 |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |access-date=February 2, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |title=A Struggle for Genocide Recognition: How the Aramean, Assyrian, and Chaldean Diasporas Link Past and Present |url=https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article-abstract/33/3/412/5702584 |last1=Mutlu-Numansen |first1=Sofia |last2=Ossewaarde |first2=Marinus |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=412–428 |doi=10.1093/hgs/dcz045 |year=2019 |access-date=February 2, 2025 }}</ref><ref> * Bat Ye’or, ''Islam and Dhimmitude'': Where Civilizations Collide (Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2002), p. 169. * {{cite news |work=Assyrian International News Agency (AINA) |title=New Book About the Assyrian Genocide Published |url=http://www.aina.org/news/20170511174103.htm |last=Daisan |first=Bar |date=May 11, 2017 |access-date=February 2, 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet Magazine |title=Turkey’s Genocide of the Assyrians Was an Islamist Crime |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/turkeys-genocide-of-the-assyrians |last=Isaac |first=Mardean |date=January 9, 2018 |access-date=February 2, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Religion & Liberty |title=Deportation and annihilation: Turkey’s genocide of Christian Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians (1894-1924) |url=https://www.acton.org/religion-liberty/volume-29-number-2/deportation-and-annihilation |last=Couretas |first=John |volume=29 |issue=2 |date=September 13, 2019 |access-date=February 2, 2025 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=Islamic Antisemitism Drives the Arab-Israeli Conflict |last=Durie |first=Mark |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/islamic-antisemitism-drives-the-arab-israeli-conflict#_ftn23 |volume=29 |issue=3 |year=2022 |access-date=February 2, 2025 }}</ref> There are different estimates for the number of Armenians who died from the genocide ranging from 800,000 to 1,500,000.{{Sfnp|Balakian|2009|p=93}} ===Interwar period=== [[File:Yerevan_Hanrapetutyan_street_02.jpg|thumb|The Government house of the First Republic of Armenia.]] The First Republic of Armenia was established in 1918, but collapsed in 1920. In 1921, the Republic of Mountainous Armenia was established but collapsed in the same year. Afterwards Armenia came under the Soviet administration and became one of the [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet Republics]]. In 1991, like other Soviet Republics, Armenia gained its independence. ==Sources== {{Very long|date=May 2025}} * {{Cite journal|last=Martirosyan|first=Hrach|date=2014|title=Origins and historical development of the Armenian language|journal=|type=PDF|publisher=Leiden University|pages=1|quote=As an Indo-European language, Armenian has been the subject of research for about two hundred years.}} * {{Cite book|title=The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor|last=Clackson|first=James P. T.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=9780511486845|editor-last=Woodard|editor-first=Roger D.|pages=124|chapter=Classical Armenian|quote=Armenian forms an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. Although Armenian was spoken in areas adjacent to those inhabited by speakers of Anatolian languages, it shares few significant linguistic features with the Anatolian subgroup of Indo-European.}} ===History=== * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/armeniansfromkin00razm|title=The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars|last=Panossian|first=Razmik|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0231139267|pages=[https://archive.org/details/armeniansfromkin00razm/page/36 36]|quote=|url-access=}} * {{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Periods|last=Lang|first=David M.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1983|isbn=0-521-20092-X|editor-last=Yarshater|editor-first=Ehsan|pages=535|chapter=Iran, Armenia and Georgia|quote=}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/firstthousandyea0000wilk|title=The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity|last=Wilken|first=Robert Louis|date=|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-300-11884-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/firstthousandyea0000wilk/page/229 229]|language=|quote=}} * {{cite book|title=The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century|last=Garsoïan|first=Nina|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2004|isbn=1-4039-6421-1|editor-last=Hovannisian|editor-first=Richard G.|editor-link=|chapter=The Emergence of Armenia|author-link=}} * {{Cite book|title=Visual Style and Constructing Identity in the Hellenistic World: Nemrud Dağ and Commagene under Antiochos I|last=Versluys|first=Miguel John|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-107-14197-1|pages=48|quote=}} * {{Cite book|title=Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide|last=Kieser|first=Hans-Lukas|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-1-4008-8963-1}} * {{cite book|title=The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/youngturkscrimea0000akca|title-link=|last=Akçam|first=Taner|date=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-15333-9|author-link=}} * {{Cite book|title=The Armenian Genocide Legacy|last=Üngör|first=Uğur Ümit|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|year=2015|isbn=978-1-137-56163-3|editor-last=Demirdjian|editor-first=Alexis|chapter=The Armenian Genocide in the Context of 20th-Century Paramilitarism}} * {{Cite book|title=The History of Ancient Iran|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye|last=Frye|first=Richard N|publisher=C.H. Beck|year=1984|isbn=978-3406093975|location=Munich|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye/page/73 73]|quote=}} * {{Cite book|title=The Armenians|last=Redgate|first=A. E|publisher=Blackwell|year=2000|isbn=978-0631220374|location=Oxford|pages=5|quote=However, the most easily identifiable ancestors of the later Armenian nation are the Urartians.}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/crossculturaltra0000curt|title=Cross-Cultural Trade in World History|last=Curtin|first=Philip D.|last2=|first2=|date=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1984|isbn=978-0-521-26931-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/crossculturaltra0000curt/page/185 185]|language=|quote=}} * {{Cite book|title="Cilician Armenia" in The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. Ed. Richard G. Hovannisian|last=Bournoutian|first=George|last2=Atamian|first2=Ani|publisher=New York: St. Martin's Press|year=1997|isbn=1-4039-6421-1|editor-last=Hovannisian.|editor-first=Richard G.|pages=283–290}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|title=URARTU IN IRAN|date=|first=Wolfram|last=Kleiss|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|year=2008|quote=}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/armeniansinlondo0000amit|title=Armenians in London: The Management of Social Boundaries|last1=Talai|first1=Vered Amit|last2=|first2=|date=1989|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9780719029271|pages=[https://archive.org/details/armeniansinlondo0000amit/page/24 24]|language=|quote=}} * {{cite book|title=The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia during the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins (1080–1393)|last=Ghazarian|first=Jacob G.|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|isbn=0-7007-1418-9|pages=54–55}} * {{Cite book|title=Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071 [History of the Origins of Armenia until 1071]|last=Grousset|first=René|publisher=Paris|year=2008|isbn=978-2-228-88912-4|pages=394|orig-year=1947}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/armeniaonroadtoi00hova|title=Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|date=1967|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-00574-0|location=Berkeley|oclc=|author-link=}} * {{Cite book|title=Indépendance retrouvée : royaume du Nord et royaume du Sud (IXe-XIe siècle) - Le royaume du Nord" [Independence Found: Northern Kingdom and Southern Kingdom (9th - 11th Century) - The Northern Kingdom]. Histoire du peuple arménien [History of the Armenian People]|last=Garsoïan|first=Nina|publisher=Toulouse|year=2007|isbn=978-2-7089-6874-5|pages=244|orig-year=1982}} * {{cite book|url=|title=A Concise History of the Armenian People: From Ancient Times to the Present|last=Bournoutian|first=George A.|publisher=Mazda|year=2006|isbn=978-1-56859-141-4|location=Costa Mesa, CA|pages=87|authorlink=|url-access=}} * {{cite book|title=The A to Z of the Kurds|url=https://archive.org/details/atozofkurds0000gunt|last1=Gunter|first1=Michael M.|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810863347|page=[https://archive.org/details/atozofkurds0000gunt/page/8 9]|quote=|author-link1=}} * {{cite book|title=Հայաստան Հանրտագիտական [Armenia Encyclopedia]|date=2012|publisher=National Academy of Sciences of Armenia|isbn=978-5-89700-040-1|editor1-last=Ayvazyan|editor1-first=Hovhannes|location=Yerevan|page=914|language=hy|chapter=Հայերի թիվն աշխարհում՝ ըստ երկրների [Armenians in the world, by country]}} * {{cite encyclopedia|title=Arsacids vii. The Arsacid dynasty of Armenia|last=Toumanoff|first=C.|author-link=|url=|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5|pages=543–546|year=1986|date=|quote=}} * {{Cite book|title=A History of the Crusades|last=Nersessian|first=Sirarpie Der|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=1962|isbn=0-299-04844-6|editor-last=Setton, Kenneth M.; Wolff, Robert Lee; Hazard, Harry W.|editor-first=|series=|volume=II|location=Madison, Milwaukee, and London|pages=645–653|chapter=The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia}} *{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Georgia|last1=Mikaberidze|first1=Alexander|date=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1442241466|edition=2}} * {{cite journal|last1=Bournoutian|first1=George A.|author-link=|date=1980|title=The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following its Annexation to the Russian Empire: 1826–1832|url=|journal=|type=PDF|publisher=The Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies|issue=91}} * {{Cite book|title=They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else: A History of the Armenian Genocide.|last=Suny|first=Ronald Grigor|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4008-6558-1}} * {{cite book|last=Kurdoghlian|first=Mihran|publisher=Հրատարակութիւն ազգային ուսումնակաան խորհուրդի [Council of National Education Publishing]|year=1996|volume=II|location=Athens|pages=43–44|language=hy|script-title=hy:Պատմութիւն Հայոց|trans-title=History of Armenia}} * {{Cite book|title=The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History|url=https://archive.org/details/armeniangenocide0000kvor|last=Kévorkian|first=Raymond|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2011|isbn=978-0-85771-930-0}} * {{cite encyclopedia|title=TIGRAN II|last=Garsoïan|first=N.|author-link=|url=|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|pages=|year=2005|date=|quote=}} * {{Cite book|title=The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians|last=Bloxham|first=Donald|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-927356-0}} * {{Cite book|title=A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire.|last=Astourian|first=Stephan|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-539374-3|chapter=The Silence of the Land: Agrarian Relations, Ethnicity, and Power}} * {{cite book|title=Հայ ժողովրդի պատմություն․ Սկզբից մինչև XVIII դարի վերջը [History of the Armenian People: From the Beginning to the late 18th century]|last1=Poghosyan|first1=Seron|date=1975|publisher=Yerevan University Press|editor1-last=Melik‑Bakhshyan|editor1-first=Stepan|editor1-link=|location=Yerevan|pages=427–428|language=hy|chapter=Սոցիալ-տնտեսական հարաբերությունները և քաղաքական կարգերը IX—XI դարերում [Socio-economic relations and political order in the 9th-11th centuries]|quote=|author1-link=}} * {{Cite book|title=The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World|last=Jacobson|first=Esther|publisher=BRILL|year=1995|isbn=90-04-09856-9|pages=33|quote=}} ===Population=== * {{cite journal|last=Melkonyan|first=Ruben|date=2008|title=The Problem of Islamized Armenians in Turkey|url=|journal=|publisher=Noravank Foundation|type=PDF|location=Yerevan|page=98|quote=Finally, it would be interesting to quote several versions concerning the numbers of apostate Armenians. Different Turkish sources indicate those numbers as 80.000 to 600.000. Karen Khanlarian shows the figure of around 2 million, of which 700–750 thousands are Crypto Armenians, and those who are Islamized - 1.300.000 [8, p. 104].}} * {{cite book|title=Portraits of Hope: Armenians in the Contemporary World|url=https://archive.org/details/portraitsofhopea0000unse|last=|first=|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84545-257-5|editor-last=Von Voss|editor-first=Huberta|edition=1st English|location=New York|page=xxv|quote=From the moment that there are some 8 million Armenians in the world, of which more than half live strewn around it there are some '''8 million Armenians''' in the world of which more than half live strewn around it, it was impossible to include every country and every interesting personality.}} * {{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change|url=|last=|first=|publisher=SAGE|year=2008|isbn=9781412958783|editor-last=Philander|editor-first=S. George|location=Los Angeles|pages=77|quote=An estimated 60 percent of the total '''8 million Armenians''' worldwide live outside the country (...)}} * {{cite book|title=Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview|author=Herb|first=Guntram H.|author2=Kaplan|first2=David H.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85109-908-5|location=Santa Barbara, California|page=1705|quote=A nation of some '''8 million people''', about 3 million of whom live in the newly independent post-Soviet state, Armenians are constantly battling not to lose their distinct culture, identity and the newly established statehood.}} * {{cite book|title=The Armenian Genocide|url=https://archive.org/details/armeniangenocide0000free|last=Freedman|first=Jeri|publisher=Rosen Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4042-1825-3|location=New York|page=52|quote=In contrast to its population of 3.2 million, approximately '''8 million Armenians''' live in other countries of the world, including large communities in the United States and Russia.}} * {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|last=|first=|publisher=Facts On File|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0|editor-last=Stokes|editor-first=Jamie|location=New York|pages=66|quote=Estimates suggest that the global '''Armenian''' population is '''7 million''' (...)}} * {{cite book|title=Diasporas|url=|last=Dufoix|first=Stéphane|publisher=University of California Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-520-25359-9|location=Berkeley, California|page=53|quote=Current statistics suggest a population of '''7 million Armenians''' worldwide, 3 million of whom in Armenia.}} * {{cite book|title=Historical dictionary of the Russian Federation|url=|author=Saunders|first=Robert A.|last2=Strukov|first2=Vlad|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2010|isbn=9780810874602|location=Lanham, Maryland|page=51|quote=Worldwide, there are more than '''8 million Armenians'''; 3.2&nbsp;million reside in the Republic of Armenia.}} ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} {{Reflist|group=Note}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Armenian people| ]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Asia]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Indigenous peoples]] k3n2fbynfg0opnh2g744ubafbal2voh 0 40905 10878943 9806951 2026-06-04T18:51:50Z ~2026-33321-35 1816282 unneeded disambig in lede 10878943 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Yen%$-3.jpg|thumb|A picture of some yen bills and coins]] The '''yen''' ([[ISO 4217|code]]: JPY) is the currency used in [[Japan]]. It is usually written with the romanised symbol ¥, but in Japanese it is written with the kanji 円. The coins are very light and range from ¥1 up to ¥500. The highest paper note value is ¥10000. The Japanese currency is the third most traded currency in the world. ==Related pages== {{Commonscat|Money of Japan}} * [[Japan]] {{Navbox currency symbols}} {{Japan-stub}} [[Category:Currency of Asia]] [[Category:Economy of Japan]] 5tryn9o60ebyoxqrm0u5q4bo48dboee 0 41246 10879354 10037774 2026-06-05T06:04:17Z ~2026-33106-46 1815976 /* Name */ CE 10879354 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mall of the Emirates (3679338750).jpg|right|thumb|View of the [[Mall of the Emirates]], in [[Dubai]]]] [[File:Eaton Centre HDR style.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The central walking area of the [[Toronto Eaton Centre]] in [[Toronto]], [[Canada]]]] A '''mall''' or '''shopping center''' is a large [[building]] that is full of many smaller [[shop]]s and [[shop|store]]s. It is different from earlier [[market]]s or [[bazaar]]s because most of the shops are not little [[booth]]s or [[stall]]s in one big open area. Each store has its own space with walls. Most of their entrances face a central walking area inside the building. People visit the stores in the mall to [[shopping|shop]]. Most malls have [[parking lot]]s (places to park [[cars]]). Most malls also have roofs so people can shop inside. Most malls have a [[food court]] where people buy food. Some malls have [[movie theatre]]s. == Name == "Mall" is the most common name for these buildings in [[America]], and "shopping center" is the most common name for them in the [[United Kingdom]]. The name "shopping center" is also sometimes used in America. Sometimes, malls are also called '''[[plaza]]s'''. == Famous malls == * [[West Edmonton Mall]], in [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]], [[Canada]], is one of the largest malls in the world. * The [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota|Bloomington]], [[Minnesota]] is one of the largest malls in the world. * Ala Moana is the largest outdoor mall in the United States. {{-}} {{stub}} [[Category:Malls| ]] dadj7pte3t7s2v2zxu3wc39ef613pju 0 43722 10879155 10857326 2026-06-04T23:54:18Z Rebeltronic 1558358 /* Version history */ updated 10879155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox OS | name = Fedora Linux | logo = Fedora logo (2021).svg | screenshot = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Fedora Linux 35 (Workstation).png | photo2a = Fedora Linux 35 (Workstation) — default applications (1).png | photo3a = Fedora Linux 35 (Workstation) — default applications (2).png | color = white | border = 0 | spacing = 2}} | caption = Fedora Workstation 35 — its default desktop environment ([[GNOME]] 41), [[Wallpaper (computing)|background image]], and applications | developer = [[Fedora Project]] | family = [[Linux]] ([[Unix-like]]) | working state = Current | source model = [[Open-source software|Open source]] | released = {{Start date and age|2003|11|06|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite mailing list | url=https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-announce-list/2003-November/msg00000.html | title=Announcing Fedora Core 1 | date=6 November 2003 | access-date=18 May 2014 | mailing-list=Fedora Project announce | last=Nottingham | first=Bill | archive-date=19 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819234304/http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-announce-list/2003-November/msg00000.html | url-status=live }}</ref> | latest release version = 42<ref name="fedora_release">{{Cite web|date=2022-11-15|title=Announcing Fedora Linux 37|url=https://fedoramagazine.org/announcing-fedora-37/|access-date=2022-11-29|website=Fedora Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> | latest release date = {{Start date and age|2022|11|15}}<ref name="fedora_release"/> <!-- | latest preview version = 35 Beta<ref name="Fedora preview">{{cite web |url=https://fedoramagazine.org/announcing-fedora-35-beta/ |title=Announcing the release of Fedora Linux 35 Beta |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Fedora Magazine |date=28 September 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928143820/https://fedoramagazine.org/announcing-fedora-35-beta/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | latest preview date = {{Start date and age|2021|09|28}}<ref name="Fedora preview"/> -->| marketing target = [[Desktop computer|Desktop]], [[Server (computing)|server]], [[Cloud computing|cloud]] | package manager = [[RPM Package Manager|RPM]] ([[DNF (software)|DNF]]), [[Flatpak]], [[OSTree]] — graphical front-ends: [[GNOME Software]], [[dnfdragora]], [[KDE Discover]] | supported platforms = * Primary: [[x86-64]], [[armhf]], [[aarch64]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fedoramagazine.org/announcing-fedora-28/|title=Announcing the release of Fedora 28|date=1 May 2018|website=Fedora Magazine|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725231417/https://fedoramagazine.org/announcing-fedora-28/|url-status=live}}</ref> * Alternative: [[mips64el]], [[mipsel]], [[ppc64le]], [[RISC-V]], [[s390x]]<ref name="Architectures">{{cite web | url=//fedoraproject.org/wiki/Architectures | title=Architectures | publisher=Fedora Project | access-date=22 March 2018 | archive-date=14 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714195006/http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Architectures | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | access-date=22 March 2018 | url=https://alt.fedoraproject.org/alt/ | title=alt architectures | archive-date=14 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214083748/https://alt.fedoraproject.org/alt/ | url-status=live }}</ref> | kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]] ([[Linux kernel]]) | userland = [[GNU Core Utilities|GNU]] | ui = [[GNOME Shell]] on [[Wayland (display server protocol)|Wayland]] | license = [[GNU GPL|GPL]] and various free software licenses, plus proprietary firmware files<ref name="licensing">{{cite web | url=https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Licensing:FAQ#Does_Fedora_permit_anything_under_.22Non-Free.22_licensing.3F | title=Frequently Asked Questions about Fedora Licensing | publisher=Fedora Project | access-date=27 March 2014 | archive-date=6 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906122645/https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Licensing:FAQ#Does_Fedora_permit_anything_under_.22Non-Free.22_licensing.3F | url-status=live }}</ref> | website = {{URL|https://getfedora.org}} }} '''Fedora Linux''' is a distribution (or ''distro'') of [[Linux]]. It is developed by the community-supported [[Fedora Project]] and sponsored by [[Red Hat]]. Fedora's mission statement is: "Fedora is about the rapid progress of Free and Open Source software."<ref name="SlashdotMS">{{cite web |url=http://interviews.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=06/08/17/177220 | title=Fedora Project Leader Max Spevack Responds | accessdate=2006-12-17|author=Max Spevack}}</ref> [[Linus Torvalds]], author of the [[Linux kernel]], says he uses Fedora because it had fairly good support for [[PowerPC]] when he used that processor architecture. He became used to the operating system and continues to use it.<ref name="LinusFedora">{{cite web |url=http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/07/linus-torvalds-uses-fedora-core-9.html | title=Linus Torvalds uses Fedora 9 | date=2008-06-22 | accessdate=2008-09-10 |author=Nikesh Jauhari}}</ref> ==Releases== ===Fedora Core 1 - 4=== [[File:Fedora Core 1.png|thumb|Fedora Core 1]] [[File:Fedora Core 4.png|thumb|Fedora Core 4 using GNOME and the Bluecurve theme]] ''Fedora Core 1'', [[Code name|codenamed]] Yarrow, was the first version of Fedora. It was released on November 6, 2003.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-announce-list/2003-November/msg00000.html | title=Announcing Fedora Core 1 | author=[[Red Hat]] | date=2003-11-06 | accessdate=2007-10-18 }}</ref> Fedora Core 1 was based on [[Red Hat Linux]] 9 and shipped with version 2.4.19 of the Linux kernel, version 2.4 of the [[GNOME]] [[desktop environment]], and version 3.1.4 of [[KDE]] (the K Desktop Environment). ''Fedora Core 2'', codenamed Tettnang, was released on May 18, 2004.<ref name="FC2Rel">{{cite web | url=http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-announce-list/2004-May/msg00010.html | title=Presenting Fedora Core 2 | author=[[Red Hat]] | date=2004-05-18 | accessdate=2007-10-18 }}</ref> It shipped with Linux 2.6, GNOME 2.6, KDE 3.2.2, and [[Security-Enhanced Linux|SELinux]]<ref name="FC2 RN">SELinux was disabled by default due to concerns that it changed the way that Fedora Core ran.</ref> XFree86 was replaced by the newer X.org, a merger of the previous official X11R6 release, which additionally included a number of updates to Xrender, [[Xft]], Xcursor, fontconfig libraries, and other significant improvements. ''Fedora Core 3'', codenamed Heidelberg, was released on November 8, 2004.<ref name="FC3Rel">{{cite web | url=http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-announce-list/2004-November/msg00002.html | title=Announcing the release of Fedora Core 3 | author=[[Red Hat]] | date=2004-11-08 | accessdate=2007-10-18 }}</ref> This was the first release of Fedora Core to include the [[Mozilla Firefox]] [[web browser]], as well as support for the [[Indic languages]].<ref name="FC3Rel" /> This release also replaced the [[LILO (boot loader)|LILO bootloader]] with [[GNU GRUB|GRUB]].<ref name="FC3Rel" /> [[Security-Enhanced Linux|SELinux]] was also enabled by default, but with a new targeted policy, which was less strict than the policy used in Fedora Core 2.<ref name="FC3Rel" /> Fedora Core 3 shipped with GNOME 2.8 and KDE 3.3.<ref name="FC3Rel" /> It was the first release to include the new Fedora Extras repository. ''Fedora Core 4'', codenamed Stentz, was released on June 13, 2005.<ref name="FC4Rel">{{cite web | url=http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-announce-list/2005-June/msg00010.html | title=The Amazing Fedora Core 4! | author=[[Fedora Project]] | date=2005-06-13 | accessdate=2007-11-18 }}</ref> It shipped with Linux 2.6.11,<ref name="FC4Rel" /> KDE 3.4 and GNOME 2.10.<ref name="FC4 RN">{{cite web | url=http://docs.fedoraproject.org/release-notes/fc4/ | title=Fedora Core 4 Release Notes | publisher=[[Fedora Project]] | accessdate=2007-11-18 | archive-date=2007-10-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028014017/http://docs.fedoraproject.org/release-notes/fc4/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> This version introduced the new Clearlooks theme, which was inspired by the [[Red Hat]] Bluecurve theme.<ref name="FC4 RN" /> It also shipped with the [[OpenOffice.org]] 2.0 [[office suite]], as well as [[Xen]], a high performance and secure open source virtualization framework.<ref name="FC4 RN" /> It also introduced support for the [[PowerPC]] CPU architecture, and over 80 new policies for [[Security-Enhanced Linux|SELinux]]. ===Fedora Core 5 - 6=== [[File:Fedora Core 6 Desktop.png|thumb|Fedora Core 6]] The last two cores introduced specific artwork for that version. This is a trend that has continued in later Fedora versions. ''Fedora Core 5'', codenamed Bordeaux, was released on March 20, 2006. It introduced the Fedora Bubbles artwork.<ref name="FC5Rel">{{ cite news | url=http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-announce-list/2006-March/msg00027.html | title=Announcing the release of Fedora Core 5 | date=2006-03-20 | accessdate=2007-10-18 }}</ref> It was the first Fedora release to include [[Mono (software)|Mono]] and tools built with it such as [[Beagle (software)|Beagle]], [[F-Spot]] and [[Tomboy (software)|Tomboy]].<ref name="FC5Rel" /> It also introduced new package management tools such as pup and pirut (''see [[Yellow dog Updater, Modified]]''). This release replaced the old [[LinuxThreads]], with the [[Native POSIX Thread Library]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://docs.fedoraproject.org/release-notes/fc5/release-notes-ISO/#id3083554 | title=Fedora Core 5 Release Notes | accessdate=2007-10-18 | archive-date=2007-10-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011081054/http://docs.fedoraproject.org/release-notes/fc5/release-notes-ISO/#id3083554 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Fedora Core 6'', codenamed Zod, was released on October 24, 2006.<ref>{{ cite news | url=http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-announce-list/2006-October/msg00008.html | title=Announcing Fedora Core 6 (Zod) | author=[[Fedora Project]] | date=2006-10-24 | accessdate=2007-10-18 }}</ref> This release introduced the Fedora DNA artwork, replacing the Fedora Bubbles artwork used in Fedora Core 5.<ref name="FC6Rel">{{cite web | url=http://docs.fedoraproject.org/release-notes/fc6/en_US/sn-OverView.html#id2974245 | title=Fedora Core 6 Release Notes | author=[[Fedora Project]] | accessdate=2007-10-18 | archive-date=2007-10-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020031113/http://docs.fedoraproject.org/release-notes/fc6/en_US/sn-OverView.html#id2974245 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The codename is derived from the infamous villain, [[General Zod]], from the Superman DC Comic Books.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.redhat.com/magazine/024oct06/features/fsr/ | title=Fedora status report: Announcing Zod | author=[[Red Hat]] | accessdate=2007-10-18 }}</ref> This version introduced support for the [[Compiz]] [[compositing window manager]] and [[AIGLX]] (a technology that enables GL-accelerated effects on a standard desktop).<ref name="FC6Rel" /> It shipped with [[Firefox]] 1.5 as the default web browser, and Smolt, a tool that allows users to inform developers about the hardware they use. None of these distributions are maintained by the Fedora Project.<ref name="FPReleases">{{cite web | url=http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Releases | title=Releases | author=[[Fedora Project]] | accessdate=2007-11-18 }}</ref> === Fedora 10 === Fedora 10, codenamed ''Cambridge'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedoraproject.org/w/index.php?title=Releases/Names&oldid=42079|title=Releases/Names - FedoraProject|accessdate=29 July 2008|date=29 July 2008}}</ref> was released on November 25, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedoraproject.org/w/index.php?title=Releases/10/Schedule&oldid=41180|title=Releases/10/Schedule - FedoraProject|accessdate=29 July 2008|date=24 July 2008}}</ref> === Version history === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Color ! Meaning |- | style="background:Salmon;" | Red | Release no longer supported<ref name="fedoraproject">{{cite web | url=http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Releases | title=Releases | author=[[Fedora Project]] | accessdate=2008-06-23 }}</ref> |- | style="background:#a0e75a;" | Green | Release still supported |- | style="background:SkyBlue;" | Blue | Future release |} {| class="wikitable" |- !Project Name !Version !Code name !Release date !Kernel version |- ! rowspan="6"| Fedora Core | style="background:Salmon;" | 1 | Yarrow | 2003–11–05 | 2.4.19 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 2 | Tettnang | 2004–05–18 | 2.6.5 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 3 | Heidelberg | 2004–11–08 | 2.6.9 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 4 | Stentz | 2005–06–13 | 2.6.11 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 5 | Bordeaux | 2006–03–20 | 2.6.15 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 6 | Zod | 2006–10–24 | 2.6.18 |- ! rowspan="40" | Fedora | style="background:Salmon;" | 7 | Moonshine | 2007–05–31 | 2.6.21 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 8 | Werewolf | 2007–11–08 | 2.6.23 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 9 | Sulphur | 2008–05–13 | 2.6.25 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 10 | Cambridge | 2008–11–25 | 2.6.27 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 11 | Leonidas | 2009–06–09<ref name="F11-ReleaseSchedule">{{cite web | url=http://fedoraproject.org/w/index.php?title=Releases/11/Schedule&oldid=105085 | title=Fedora 11 Release Schedule | publisher=[[Fedora Project]] | date=2009-05-31 | accessdate=2009-06-10 }}</ref> | 2.6.29 |- | style="background:Salmon;"|12 | Constantine | 2009–11–17<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Releases/12?rd=Releases/12/Schedule|title=Releases/12 - Fedora Project Wiki|website=fedoraproject.org}}</ref> | 2.6.31 |- | style="background:Salmon;"|13 | Goddard | 2010–05–11<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Releases/13/Schedule|title=Releases/13/Schedule - Fedora Project Wiki|website=fedoraproject.org}}</ref> | 2.6.33 |- | style="background:Salmon;"|14 | Laughlin | 2010-11-02<ref name="F14-ReleaseSchedule">{{cite web | url=https://fedoraproject.org/w/index.php?title=Releases/14/Schedule&oldid=197498 | title=Fedora 15 Schedule | work = Fedora Project Wiki | publisher=[[Fedora Project]] | date=2010-09-16 | accessdate=2011-07-21 }}</ref> | 2.6.35<ref>{{cite web|title=Changes in Fedora for Developers|url=http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/14/html/Release_Notes/sect-Release_Notes-Changes_for_Developers.html|work=Fedora Documentation|publisher=[[Fedora Project]]|accessdate=2011-07-21|archive-date=2011-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718150435/http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/14/html/Release_Notes/sect-Release_Notes-Changes_for_Developers.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:Salmon;"|15 | Lovelock | 2011-05-24<ref name="F15-ReleaseSchedule">{{cite web | url=https://fedoraproject.org/w/index.php?title=Releases/15&oldid=229199 | title=Fedora 15 Schedule | work = Fedora Project Wiki | publisher=[[Fedora Project]] | date=2011-03-26 | accessdate=2011-07-21 }}</ref> | 2.6.38<ref>{{cite web|last=von Eitzen|first=Chris|title=Alpha version of Fedora 15 released|url=http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Alpha-version-of-Fedora-15-released-1203900.html|work=The H|accessdate=2011-07-21|date=2011-03-08}}</ref> |- | style="background:Salmon;"|16 | Verne | 2011-11-08<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Releases/16/Schedule|title=Releases/16/Schedule - Fedora Project Wiki|website=fedoraproject.org}}</ref> | 3.1.0 |- | style="background:Salmon;"|17 | Beefy Miracle | 2012-05-29<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Releases/17/Schedule|title=Releases/17/Schedule - Fedora Project Wiki|website=fedoraproject.org}}</ref> | 3.3.7 |- | style="background:Salmon;"|18 | Spherical Cow | Late 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Releases/18/Schedule|title=Releases/18/Schedule - Fedora Project Wiki|website=fedoraproject.org}}</ref> | 3.6 |- | style="background:Salmon;" |19 | Schrödinger's Cat | 2013-07-02 | 3.9 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 20 | Heisenbug | 2013-12-17 | 3.11 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 21 | | 2014-12-09 | 3.17 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 22 | | 2015-05-26 | 4.0 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 23 | | 2015-11-03 | 4.2 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 24 | | 2016-06-21 | 4.5 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 25 | | 2016-11-22 | 4.8 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 26 | | 2017-07-11 | 4.11 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 27 | | 2017-11-14 | 4.13 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 28 | | 2018-05-01 | 4.16 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 29 | | 2018-10-30 | 4.18 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 30 | | 2019-04-30 | 5.0 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 31 | | 2019-10-22 |5.3 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 32 | |2020-04-21 | |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 33 | |2020-10-27 |5.14 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 34 | |2021-04-27 |5.17 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 35 | |2021-11-02 |6.0 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 36 | |2022-05-10 |6.2 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 37 | |2022-11-15 |6.5 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 38 | |2023-04-18 |6.8 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 39 | |2023-11-07<ref>{{cite web |title=Fedora Linux 39 Schedule: Key |url=https://fedorapeople.org/groups/schedule/f-39/f-39-key-tasks.html |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |6.11 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 40 | |2024-04-23<ref>{{cite web |title=Fedora Linux 40 Schedule: Key |url=https://fedorapeople.org/groups/schedule/f-40/f-40-key-tasks.html |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |6.14 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 41 | |2024-10-29<ref>{{cite web |title=Fedora Linux 41 Schedule: Key |url=https://fedorapeople.org/groups/schedule/f-41/f-41-key-tasks.html |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |6.17 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 42 |Adams |2025-04-15<ref>{{cite web |title=Fedora Linux 42 Schedule: Key |url=https://fedorapeople.org/groups/schedule/f-42/f-42-key-tasks.html |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |6.19 |- |style="background:#a0e75a;" | 43 | |2025-10-28<ref>{{cite web |title=Fedora Linux 43 Schedule: Key |url=https://fedorapeople.org/groups/schedule/f-43/f-43-key-tasks.html |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |7.0 |- |style="background:#a0e75a;" | 44 | |2026-04-28<ref>{{cite web |title=Fedora Linux 44 Schedule: Key |url=https://fedorapeople.org/groups/schedule/f-44/f-44-key-tasks.html |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |7.0 |- |style="background:SkyBlue;" | 45 | |2026-10-20<ref>{{cite web |title=Fedora Linux 45 Schedule: Key |url=https://fedorapeople.org/groups/schedule/f-45/f-45-key-tasks.html |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |7.1 |- |style="background:SkyBlue;" | 46 | |2027-04-20<ref>{{cite web |title=Fedora Linux 46 Schedule: Key |url=https://fedorapeople.org/groups/schedule/f-46/f-46-key-tasks.html |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |{{TBD}} |} ===Fedora gallery=== <gallery> File:Fedora_Core_1.png|Fedora Core 1 File:Fedora_Core_2.png|Fedora Core 2 File:Fedora_Core_3.png|Fedora Core 3 File:Fedora_Core_4.png|Fedora Core 4 File:Fedora_Core_5.png|Fedora Core 5 File:Fedora Core 6 Desktop.png|Fedora Core 6 File:Fedora_7_Desktop.png|Fedora 7 File:Fedora 8 GNOME.png|Fedora 8 File:Fedora.png|Fedora 9 File:Fedora 10 GNOME.png|Fedora 10 File:Fedora 11 GNOME.png|Fedora 11 File:Fedora_12_Constantine_GNOME.png|Fedora 12 File:Fedora 14 GNOME.png|Fedora 14 </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[List of Linux distributions]] == References == {{reflist|2}} == Other websites == * [http://www.fedoraproject.org/ Fedora Project homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209064428/https://fedoraproject.org/ |date=2014-12-09 }} * {{DistroWatch|fedora|NAME=Fedora}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Linux distributions|Fedora Core]] [[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]] [[Category:Operating systems]] afh101g4f0pz4o260uhr42sprtgq1iu 10879159 10879155 2026-06-05T00:01:03Z Rebeltronic 1558358 updated screenshot and release 10879159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox OS | name = Fedora Linux | logo = Fedora logo (2021).svg | screenshot = Fedora 44 Workstation.png | caption = Fedora Workstation 44 | developer = [[Fedora Project]] | family = [[Linux]] ([[Unix-like]]) | working state = Current | source model = [[Open-source software|Open source]] | released = {{Start date and age|2003|11|06|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite mailing list | url=https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-announce-list/2003-November/msg00000.html | title=Announcing Fedora Core 1 | date=6 November 2003 | access-date=18 May 2014 | mailing-list=Fedora Project announce | last=Nottingham | first=Bill | archive-date=19 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819234304/http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-announce-list/2003-November/msg00000.html | url-status=live }}</ref> | latest release version = 44 | latest release date = {{Start date and age|2026|04|28}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Spaleta |first1=Jef |title=Announcing Fedora 44 |url=https://www.redhat.com/en/blog/announcing-fedora-44 |website=Red Hat |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> <!-- | latest preview version = 35 Beta<ref name="Fedora preview">{{cite web |url=https://fedoramagazine.org/announcing-fedora-35-beta/ |title=Announcing the release of Fedora Linux 35 Beta |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Fedora Magazine |date=28 September 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928143820/https://fedoramagazine.org/announcing-fedora-35-beta/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | latest preview date = {{Start date and age|2021|09|28}}<ref name="Fedora preview"/> -->| marketing target = [[Desktop computer|Desktop]], [[Server (computing)|server]], [[Cloud computing|cloud]] | package manager = [[RPM Package Manager|RPM]] ([[DNF (software)|DNF]]), [[Flatpak]], [[OSTree]] — graphical front-ends: [[GNOME Software]], [[dnfdragora]], [[KDE Discover]] | supported platforms = * Primary: [[x86-64]], [[armhf]], [[aarch64]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fedoramagazine.org/announcing-fedora-28/|title=Announcing the release of Fedora 28|date=1 May 2018|website=Fedora Magazine|access-date=24 July 2018|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725231417/https://fedoramagazine.org/announcing-fedora-28/|url-status=live}}</ref> * Alternative: [[mips64el]], [[mipsel]], [[ppc64le]], [[RISC-V]], [[s390x]]<ref name="Architectures">{{cite web | url=//fedoraproject.org/wiki/Architectures | title=Architectures | publisher=Fedora Project | access-date=22 March 2018 | archive-date=14 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714195006/http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Architectures | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | access-date=22 March 2018 | url=https://alt.fedoraproject.org/alt/ | title=alt architectures | archive-date=14 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214083748/https://alt.fedoraproject.org/alt/ | url-status=live }}</ref> | kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]] ([[Linux kernel]]) | userland = [[GNU Core Utilities|GNU]] | ui = [[GNOME Shell]] on [[Wayland (display server protocol)|Wayland]] | license = [[GNU GPL|GPL]] and various free software licenses, plus proprietary firmware files<ref name="licensing">{{cite web | url=https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Licensing:FAQ#Does_Fedora_permit_anything_under_.22Non-Free.22_licensing.3F | title=Frequently Asked Questions about Fedora Licensing | publisher=Fedora Project | access-date=27 March 2014 | archive-date=6 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906122645/https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Licensing:FAQ#Does_Fedora_permit_anything_under_.22Non-Free.22_licensing.3F | url-status=live }}</ref> | website = {{URL|https://getfedora.org}} }} '''Fedora Linux''' is a distribution (or ''distro'') of [[Linux]]. It is developed by the community-supported [[Fedora Project]] and sponsored by [[Red Hat]]. Fedora's mission statement is: "Fedora is about the rapid progress of Free and Open Source software."<ref name="SlashdotMS">{{cite web |url=http://interviews.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=06/08/17/177220 | title=Fedora Project Leader Max Spevack Responds | accessdate=2006-12-17|author=Max Spevack}}</ref> [[Linus Torvalds]], author of the [[Linux kernel]], says he uses Fedora because it had fairly good support for [[PowerPC]] when he used that processor architecture. He became used to the operating system and continues to use it.<ref name="LinusFedora">{{cite web |url=http://linuxpoison.blogspot.com/2008/07/linus-torvalds-uses-fedora-core-9.html | title=Linus Torvalds uses Fedora 9 | date=2008-06-22 | accessdate=2008-09-10 |author=Nikesh Jauhari}}</ref> ==Releases== ===Fedora Core 1 - 4=== [[File:Fedora Core 1.png|thumb|Fedora Core 1]] [[File:Fedora Core 4.png|thumb|Fedora Core 4 using GNOME and the Bluecurve theme]] ''Fedora Core 1'', [[Code name|codenamed]] Yarrow, was the first version of Fedora. It was released on November 6, 2003.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-announce-list/2003-November/msg00000.html | title=Announcing Fedora Core 1 | author=[[Red Hat]] | date=2003-11-06 | accessdate=2007-10-18 }}</ref> Fedora Core 1 was based on [[Red Hat Linux]] 9 and shipped with version 2.4.19 of the Linux kernel, version 2.4 of the [[GNOME]] [[desktop environment]], and version 3.1.4 of [[KDE]] (the K Desktop Environment). ''Fedora Core 2'', codenamed Tettnang, was released on May 18, 2004.<ref name="FC2Rel">{{cite web | url=http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-announce-list/2004-May/msg00010.html | title=Presenting Fedora Core 2 | author=[[Red Hat]] | date=2004-05-18 | accessdate=2007-10-18 }}</ref> It shipped with Linux 2.6, GNOME 2.6, KDE 3.2.2, and [[Security-Enhanced Linux|SELinux]]<ref name="FC2 RN">SELinux was disabled by default due to concerns that it changed the way that Fedora Core ran.</ref> XFree86 was replaced by the newer X.org, a merger of the previous official X11R6 release, which additionally included a number of updates to Xrender, [[Xft]], Xcursor, fontconfig libraries, and other significant improvements. ''Fedora Core 3'', codenamed Heidelberg, was released on November 8, 2004.<ref name="FC3Rel">{{cite web | url=http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-announce-list/2004-November/msg00002.html | title=Announcing the release of Fedora Core 3 | author=[[Red Hat]] | date=2004-11-08 | accessdate=2007-10-18 }}</ref> This was the first release of Fedora Core to include the [[Mozilla Firefox]] [[web browser]], as well as support for the [[Indic languages]].<ref name="FC3Rel" /> This release also replaced the [[LILO (boot loader)|LILO bootloader]] with [[GNU GRUB|GRUB]].<ref name="FC3Rel" /> [[Security-Enhanced Linux|SELinux]] was also enabled by default, but with a new targeted policy, which was less strict than the policy used in Fedora Core 2.<ref name="FC3Rel" /> Fedora Core 3 shipped with GNOME 2.8 and KDE 3.3.<ref name="FC3Rel" /> It was the first release to include the new Fedora Extras repository. ''Fedora Core 4'', codenamed Stentz, was released on June 13, 2005.<ref name="FC4Rel">{{cite web | url=http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-announce-list/2005-June/msg00010.html | title=The Amazing Fedora Core 4! | author=[[Fedora Project]] | date=2005-06-13 | accessdate=2007-11-18 }}</ref> It shipped with Linux 2.6.11,<ref name="FC4Rel" /> KDE 3.4 and GNOME 2.10.<ref name="FC4 RN">{{cite web | url=http://docs.fedoraproject.org/release-notes/fc4/ | title=Fedora Core 4 Release Notes | publisher=[[Fedora Project]] | accessdate=2007-11-18 | archive-date=2007-10-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028014017/http://docs.fedoraproject.org/release-notes/fc4/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> This version introduced the new Clearlooks theme, which was inspired by the [[Red Hat]] Bluecurve theme.<ref name="FC4 RN" /> It also shipped with the [[OpenOffice.org]] 2.0 [[office suite]], as well as [[Xen]], a high performance and secure open source virtualization framework.<ref name="FC4 RN" /> It also introduced support for the [[PowerPC]] CPU architecture, and over 80 new policies for [[Security-Enhanced Linux|SELinux]]. ===Fedora Core 5 - 6=== [[File:Fedora Core 6 Desktop.png|thumb|Fedora Core 6]] The last two cores introduced specific artwork for that version. This is a trend that has continued in later Fedora versions. ''Fedora Core 5'', codenamed Bordeaux, was released on March 20, 2006. It introduced the Fedora Bubbles artwork.<ref name="FC5Rel">{{ cite news | url=http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-announce-list/2006-March/msg00027.html | title=Announcing the release of Fedora Core 5 | date=2006-03-20 | accessdate=2007-10-18 }}</ref> It was the first Fedora release to include [[Mono (software)|Mono]] and tools built with it such as [[Beagle (software)|Beagle]], [[F-Spot]] and [[Tomboy (software)|Tomboy]].<ref name="FC5Rel" /> It also introduced new package management tools such as pup and pirut (''see [[Yellow dog Updater, Modified]]''). This release replaced the old [[LinuxThreads]], with the [[Native POSIX Thread Library]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://docs.fedoraproject.org/release-notes/fc5/release-notes-ISO/#id3083554 | title=Fedora Core 5 Release Notes | accessdate=2007-10-18 | archive-date=2007-10-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011081054/http://docs.fedoraproject.org/release-notes/fc5/release-notes-ISO/#id3083554 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Fedora Core 6'', codenamed Zod, was released on October 24, 2006.<ref>{{ cite news | url=http://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-announce-list/2006-October/msg00008.html | title=Announcing Fedora Core 6 (Zod) | author=[[Fedora Project]] | date=2006-10-24 | accessdate=2007-10-18 }}</ref> This release introduced the Fedora DNA artwork, replacing the Fedora Bubbles artwork used in Fedora Core 5.<ref name="FC6Rel">{{cite web | url=http://docs.fedoraproject.org/release-notes/fc6/en_US/sn-OverView.html#id2974245 | title=Fedora Core 6 Release Notes | author=[[Fedora Project]] | accessdate=2007-10-18 | archive-date=2007-10-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020031113/http://docs.fedoraproject.org/release-notes/fc6/en_US/sn-OverView.html#id2974245 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The codename is derived from the infamous villain, [[General Zod]], from the Superman DC Comic Books.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.redhat.com/magazine/024oct06/features/fsr/ | title=Fedora status report: Announcing Zod | author=[[Red Hat]] | accessdate=2007-10-18 }}</ref> This version introduced support for the [[Compiz]] [[compositing window manager]] and [[AIGLX]] (a technology that enables GL-accelerated effects on a standard desktop).<ref name="FC6Rel" /> It shipped with [[Firefox]] 1.5 as the default web browser, and Smolt, a tool that allows users to inform developers about the hardware they use. None of these distributions are maintained by the Fedora Project.<ref name="FPReleases">{{cite web | url=http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Releases | title=Releases | author=[[Fedora Project]] | accessdate=2007-11-18 }}</ref> === Fedora 10 === Fedora 10, codenamed ''Cambridge'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedoraproject.org/w/index.php?title=Releases/Names&oldid=42079|title=Releases/Names - FedoraProject|accessdate=29 July 2008|date=29 July 2008}}</ref> was released on November 25, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedoraproject.org/w/index.php?title=Releases/10/Schedule&oldid=41180|title=Releases/10/Schedule - FedoraProject|accessdate=29 July 2008|date=24 July 2008}}</ref> === Version history === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Color ! Meaning |- | style="background:Salmon;" | Red | Release no longer supported<ref name="fedoraproject">{{cite web | url=http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Releases | title=Releases | author=[[Fedora Project]] | accessdate=2008-06-23 }}</ref> |- | style="background:#a0e75a;" | Green | Release still supported |- | style="background:SkyBlue;" | Blue | Future release |} {| class="wikitable" |- !Project Name !Version !Code name !Release date !Kernel version |- ! rowspan="6"| Fedora Core | style="background:Salmon;" | 1 | Yarrow | 2003–11–05 | 2.4.19 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 2 | Tettnang | 2004–05–18 | 2.6.5 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 3 | Heidelberg | 2004–11–08 | 2.6.9 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 4 | Stentz | 2005–06–13 | 2.6.11 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 5 | Bordeaux | 2006–03–20 | 2.6.15 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 6 | Zod | 2006–10–24 | 2.6.18 |- ! rowspan="40" | Fedora | style="background:Salmon;" | 7 | Moonshine | 2007–05–31 | 2.6.21 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 8 | Werewolf | 2007–11–08 | 2.6.23 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 9 | Sulphur | 2008–05–13 | 2.6.25 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 10 | Cambridge | 2008–11–25 | 2.6.27 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 11 | Leonidas | 2009–06–09<ref name="F11-ReleaseSchedule">{{cite web | url=http://fedoraproject.org/w/index.php?title=Releases/11/Schedule&oldid=105085 | title=Fedora 11 Release Schedule | publisher=[[Fedora Project]] | date=2009-05-31 | accessdate=2009-06-10 }}</ref> | 2.6.29 |- | style="background:Salmon;"|12 | Constantine | 2009–11–17<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Releases/12?rd=Releases/12/Schedule|title=Releases/12 - Fedora Project Wiki|website=fedoraproject.org}}</ref> | 2.6.31 |- | style="background:Salmon;"|13 | Goddard | 2010–05–11<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Releases/13/Schedule|title=Releases/13/Schedule - Fedora Project Wiki|website=fedoraproject.org}}</ref> | 2.6.33 |- | style="background:Salmon;"|14 | Laughlin | 2010-11-02<ref name="F14-ReleaseSchedule">{{cite web | url=https://fedoraproject.org/w/index.php?title=Releases/14/Schedule&oldid=197498 | title=Fedora 15 Schedule | work = Fedora Project Wiki | publisher=[[Fedora Project]] | date=2010-09-16 | accessdate=2011-07-21 }}</ref> | 2.6.35<ref>{{cite web|title=Changes in Fedora for Developers|url=http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/14/html/Release_Notes/sect-Release_Notes-Changes_for_Developers.html|work=Fedora Documentation|publisher=[[Fedora Project]]|accessdate=2011-07-21|archive-date=2011-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718150435/http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/14/html/Release_Notes/sect-Release_Notes-Changes_for_Developers.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:Salmon;"|15 | Lovelock | 2011-05-24<ref name="F15-ReleaseSchedule">{{cite web | url=https://fedoraproject.org/w/index.php?title=Releases/15&oldid=229199 | title=Fedora 15 Schedule | work = Fedora Project Wiki | publisher=[[Fedora Project]] | date=2011-03-26 | accessdate=2011-07-21 }}</ref> | 2.6.38<ref>{{cite web|last=von Eitzen|first=Chris|title=Alpha version of Fedora 15 released|url=http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Alpha-version-of-Fedora-15-released-1203900.html|work=The H|accessdate=2011-07-21|date=2011-03-08}}</ref> |- | style="background:Salmon;"|16 | Verne | 2011-11-08<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Releases/16/Schedule|title=Releases/16/Schedule - Fedora Project Wiki|website=fedoraproject.org}}</ref> | 3.1.0 |- | style="background:Salmon;"|17 | Beefy Miracle | 2012-05-29<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Releases/17/Schedule|title=Releases/17/Schedule - Fedora Project Wiki|website=fedoraproject.org}}</ref> | 3.3.7 |- | style="background:Salmon;"|18 | Spherical Cow | Late 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Releases/18/Schedule|title=Releases/18/Schedule - Fedora Project Wiki|website=fedoraproject.org}}</ref> | 3.6 |- | style="background:Salmon;" |19 | Schrödinger's Cat | 2013-07-02 | 3.9 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 20 | Heisenbug | 2013-12-17 | 3.11 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 21 | | 2014-12-09 | 3.17 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 22 | | 2015-05-26 | 4.0 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 23 | | 2015-11-03 | 4.2 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 24 | | 2016-06-21 | 4.5 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 25 | | 2016-11-22 | 4.8 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 26 | | 2017-07-11 | 4.11 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 27 | | 2017-11-14 | 4.13 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 28 | | 2018-05-01 | 4.16 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 29 | | 2018-10-30 | 4.18 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 30 | | 2019-04-30 | 5.0 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 31 | | 2019-10-22 |5.3 |- | style="background:Salmon;" | 32 | |2020-04-21 | |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 33 | |2020-10-27 |5.14 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 34 | |2021-04-27 |5.17 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 35 | |2021-11-02 |6.0 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 36 | |2022-05-10 |6.2 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 37 | |2022-11-15 |6.5 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 38 | |2023-04-18 |6.8 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 39 | |2023-11-07<ref>{{cite web |title=Fedora Linux 39 Schedule: Key |url=https://fedorapeople.org/groups/schedule/f-39/f-39-key-tasks.html |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |6.11 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 40 | |2024-04-23<ref>{{cite web |title=Fedora Linux 40 Schedule: Key |url=https://fedorapeople.org/groups/schedule/f-40/f-40-key-tasks.html |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |6.14 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 41 | |2024-10-29<ref>{{cite web |title=Fedora Linux 41 Schedule: Key |url=https://fedorapeople.org/groups/schedule/f-41/f-41-key-tasks.html |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |6.17 |- |style="background:Salmon;" | 42 |Adams |2025-04-15<ref>{{cite web |title=Fedora Linux 42 Schedule: Key |url=https://fedorapeople.org/groups/schedule/f-42/f-42-key-tasks.html |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |6.19 |- |style="background:#a0e75a;" | 43 | |2025-10-28<ref>{{cite web |title=Fedora Linux 43 Schedule: Key |url=https://fedorapeople.org/groups/schedule/f-43/f-43-key-tasks.html |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |7.0 |- |style="background:#a0e75a;" | 44 | |2026-04-28<ref>{{cite web |title=Fedora Linux 44 Schedule: Key |url=https://fedorapeople.org/groups/schedule/f-44/f-44-key-tasks.html |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |7.0 |- |style="background:SkyBlue;" | 45 | |2026-10-20<ref>{{cite web |title=Fedora Linux 45 Schedule: Key |url=https://fedorapeople.org/groups/schedule/f-45/f-45-key-tasks.html |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |7.1 |- |style="background:SkyBlue;" | 46 | |2027-04-20<ref>{{cite web |title=Fedora Linux 46 Schedule: Key |url=https://fedorapeople.org/groups/schedule/f-46/f-46-key-tasks.html |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |{{TBD}} |} ===Fedora gallery=== <gallery> File:Fedora_Core_1.png|Fedora Core 1 File:Fedora_Core_2.png|Fedora Core 2 File:Fedora_Core_3.png|Fedora Core 3 File:Fedora_Core_4.png|Fedora Core 4 File:Fedora_Core_5.png|Fedora Core 5 File:Fedora Core 6 Desktop.png|Fedora Core 6 File:Fedora_7_Desktop.png|Fedora 7 File:Fedora 8 GNOME.png|Fedora 8 File:Fedora.png|Fedora 9 File:Fedora 10 GNOME.png|Fedora 10 File:Fedora 11 GNOME.png|Fedora 11 File:Fedora_12_Constantine_GNOME.png|Fedora 12 File:Fedora 14 GNOME.png|Fedora 14 </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[List of Linux distributions]] == References == {{reflist|2}} == Other websites == * [http://www.fedoraproject.org/ Fedora Project homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209064428/https://fedoraproject.org/ |date=2014-12-09 }} * {{DistroWatch|fedora|NAME=Fedora}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Linux distributions|Fedora Core]] [[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]] [[Category:Operating systems]] 10i8y51lx4wk3y7w9s21x19y27ypx37 0 45118 10879117 10875539 2026-06-04T22:39:38Z ~2026-33306-71 1816519 /* */ 10879117 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grossgliederung Europas-en.svg|thumb|250px|Central Europe according to the Standing Committee of Geographical Names]] [[File:mapcarpat2.png|right|thumb|300px|Map of the main divisions of the Carpathians.<br /> 1. [[Outer Western Carpathians]]<br /> 2. [[Inner Western Carpathians]]<br /> 3. [[Outer Eastern Carpathians]]<br /> 4. [[Inner Eastern Carpathians]]<br /> 5. [[Southern Carpathians]]<br /> 6. [[Apuseni Mountains|Western Romanian Carpathians]]<br /> 7. [[Transylvania]]n Plateau<br /> 8. [[Serbian Carpathians]]]] '''Central Europe''' is a geographical region in Europe. Countries in this region may alternatively be included in [[Northern Europe]], [[Eastern Europe]], [[Southeastern Europe]] or [[Western Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Berglee|first=Royal|title=2.16 Traditional Regions of Europe|date=2016|url=https://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/chapter/2-3-regions-of-western-europe/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921111707/https://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/chapter/2-3-regions-of-western-europe/|archive-date=2023-09-21|access-date=2023-08-23|website=World Regional Geography|publisher=University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=U.N. Classification of Geographical Regions|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/|access-date=23 August 2023|website=unstats.un.org}}</ref> The understanding of the concept of ''Central Europe'' varies considerably from nation to nation, and also has from time to time. The region often includes: *{{flag|Nazi Germany}} *{{flag|Fascist Italy}} *{{flag|Japan}} *{{Flag|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|name=Hungary}} *{{flag|Romania}} *{{Flagdeco|Independent State of Croatia}} [[Croatia]] *{{Flag|Slovak Republic|1939|name=Slovakia}} *{{flag|Bulgaria}} *{{flag|Finland}} *{{flag|Thailand}} Countries: == Alternative Definitions == If one were to divide the continent of Europe into two halves like it was during the [[Cold War]], the [[Iron Curtain]] would subsequently split the mainstream definition of "Central Europe" in half. When using this definition, the countries of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia would be included in [[Eastern Europe]]: whereas the countries of Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland would be considered [[Western Europe]] instead. Some experts consider this definition outdated, but many still use them. Supranational organizations like the [[United Nations|UN]] and [[European Union|EU]] also make use of them. In addition, other countries such as [[Croatia]] and the Baltic states of [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]] and [[Estonia]] can be included in "Central Europe": though they are now mostly considered a part of either Southern Europe or Northern Europe respectively. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Regions of Europe]] 5lw13apoexikouk2v5kcqcnji6qxpx9 10879118 10879117 2026-06-04T22:41:30Z Barras 40117 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33306-71|~2026-33306-71]] ([[User talk:~2026-33306-71|talk]]) to last version by Barras 10863708 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grossgliederung Europas-en.svg|thumb|250px|Central Europe according to the Standing Committee of Geographical Names]] [[File:mapcarpat2.png|right|thumb|300px|Map of the main divisions of the Carpathians.<br /> 1. [[Outer Western Carpathians]]<br /> 2. [[Inner Western Carpathians]]<br /> 3. [[Outer Eastern Carpathians]]<br /> 4. [[Inner Eastern Carpathians]]<br /> 5. [[Southern Carpathians]]<br /> 6. [[Apuseni Mountains|Western Romanian Carpathians]]<br /> 7. [[Transylvania]]n Plateau<br /> 8. [[Serbian Carpathians]]]] '''Central Europe''' is a geographical region in Europe. Countries in this region may alternatively be included in [[Northern Europe]], [[Eastern Europe]], [[Southeastern Europe]] or [[Western Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Berglee|first=Royal|title=2.16 Traditional Regions of Europe|date=2016|url=https://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/chapter/2-3-regions-of-western-europe/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921111707/https://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/chapter/2-3-regions-of-western-europe/|archive-date=2023-09-21|access-date=2023-08-23|website=World Regional Geography|publisher=University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=U.N. Classification of Geographical Regions|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/|access-date=23 August 2023|website=unstats.un.org}}</ref> The understanding of the concept of ''Central Europe'' varies considerably from nation to nation, and also has from time to time. The region often includes: * {{flag|Austria}} * {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} * {{flag|Croatia}} * {{flag|Czech Republic}} * {{flag|Germany}} * {{flag|Hungary}} * {{flag|Latvia}} * {{flag|Liechtenstein}} * {{flag|Lithuania}} * {{flag|Poland}} * {{flag|Serbia}} * {{flag|Slovakia}} * {{flag|Slovenia}} * {{flag|Switzerland}} == Alternative Definitions == If one were to divide the continent of Europe into two halves like it was during the [[Cold War]], the [[Iron Curtain]] would subsequently split the mainstream definition of "Central Europe" in half. When using this definition, the countries of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia would be included in [[Eastern Europe]]: whereas the countries of Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland would be considered [[Western Europe]] instead. Some experts consider this definition outdated, but many still use them. Supranational organizations like the [[United Nations|UN]] and [[European Union|EU]] also make use of them. In addition, other countries such as [[Croatia]] and the Baltic states of [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]] and [[Estonia]] can be included in "Central Europe": though they are now mostly considered a part of either Southern Europe or Northern Europe respectively. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Regions of Europe]] tlbofqt6o1veq5s2fvkqyh156juo895 10879119 10879118 2026-06-04T22:42:01Z Barras 40117 Protected "[[Central Europe]]": Excessive [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 22:42, 4 December 2026 (UTC)) [Move=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 22:42, 4 December 2026 (UTC))) 10863708 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Grossgliederung Europas-en.svg|thumb|250px|Central Europe according to the Standing Committee of Geographical Names]] [[File:mapcarpat2.png|right|thumb|300px|Map of the main divisions of the Carpathians.<br /> 1. [[Outer Western Carpathians]]<br /> 2. [[Inner Western Carpathians]]<br /> 3. [[Outer Eastern Carpathians]]<br /> 4. [[Inner Eastern Carpathians]]<br /> 5. [[Southern Carpathians]]<br /> 6. [[Apuseni Mountains|Western Romanian Carpathians]]<br /> 7. [[Transylvania]]n Plateau<br /> 8. [[Serbian Carpathians]]]] '''Central Europe''' is a geographical region in Europe. Countries in this region may alternatively be included in [[Northern Europe]], [[Eastern Europe]], [[Southeastern Europe]] or [[Western Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Berglee|first=Royal|title=2.16 Traditional Regions of Europe|date=2016|url=https://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/chapter/2-3-regions-of-western-europe/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921111707/https://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/chapter/2-3-regions-of-western-europe/|archive-date=2023-09-21|access-date=2023-08-23|website=World Regional Geography|publisher=University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=U.N. Classification of Geographical Regions|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/|access-date=23 August 2023|website=unstats.un.org}}</ref> The understanding of the concept of ''Central Europe'' varies considerably from nation to nation, and also has from time to time. The region often includes: * {{flag|Austria}} * {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} * {{flag|Croatia}} * {{flag|Czech Republic}} * {{flag|Germany}} * {{flag|Hungary}} * {{flag|Latvia}} * {{flag|Liechtenstein}} * {{flag|Lithuania}} * {{flag|Poland}} * {{flag|Serbia}} * {{flag|Slovakia}} * {{flag|Slovenia}} * {{flag|Switzerland}} == Alternative Definitions == If one were to divide the continent of Europe into two halves like it was during the [[Cold War]], the [[Iron Curtain]] would subsequently split the mainstream definition of "Central Europe" in half. When using this definition, the countries of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia would be included in [[Eastern Europe]]: whereas the countries of Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland would be considered [[Western Europe]] instead. Some experts consider this definition outdated, but many still use them. Supranational organizations like the [[United Nations|UN]] and [[European Union|EU]] also make use of them. In addition, other countries such as [[Croatia]] and the Baltic states of [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]] and [[Estonia]] can be included in "Central Europe": though they are now mostly considered a part of either Southern Europe or Northern Europe respectively. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Regions of Europe]] tlbofqt6o1veq5s2fvkqyh156juo895 10879147 10879119 2026-06-04T23:47:26Z Canadachick 1633172 10879147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp-semi}} [[File:Grossgliederung Europas-en.svg|thumb|250px|Central Europe according to the Standing Committee of Geographical Names]] [[File:mapcarpat2.png|right|thumb|300px|Map of the main divisions of the Carpathians.<br /> 1. [[Outer Western Carpathians]]<br /> 2. [[Inner Western Carpathians]]<br /> 3. [[Outer Eastern Carpathians]]<br /> 4. [[Inner Eastern Carpathians]]<br /> 5. [[Southern Carpathians]]<br /> 6. [[Apuseni Mountains|Western Romanian Carpathians]]<br /> 7. [[Transylvania]]n Plateau<br /> 8. [[Serbian Carpathians]]]] '''Central Europe''' is a geographical region in Europe. Countries in this region may alternatively be included in [[Northern Europe]], [[Eastern Europe]], [[Southeastern Europe]] or [[Western Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Berglee|first=Royal|title=2.16 Traditional Regions of Europe|date=2016|url=https://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/chapter/2-3-regions-of-western-europe/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921111707/https://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/chapter/2-3-regions-of-western-europe/|archive-date=2023-09-21|access-date=2023-08-23|website=World Regional Geography|publisher=University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=U.N. Classification of Geographical Regions|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/|access-date=23 August 2023|website=unstats.un.org}}</ref> The understanding of the concept of ''Central Europe'' varies considerably from nation to nation, and also has from time to time. The region often includes: * {{flag|Austria}} * {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} * {{flag|Croatia}} * {{flag|Czech Republic}} * {{flag|Germany}} * {{flag|Hungary}} * {{flag|Latvia}} * {{flag|Liechtenstein}} * {{flag|Lithuania}} * {{flag|Poland}} * {{flag|Serbia}} * {{flag|Slovakia}} * {{flag|Slovenia}} * {{flag|Switzerland}} == Alternative Definitions == If one were to divide the continent of Europe into two halves like it was during the [[Cold War]], the [[Iron Curtain]] would subsequently split the mainstream definition of "Central Europe" in half. When using this definition, the countries of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia would be included in [[Eastern Europe]]: whereas the countries of Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland would be considered [[Western Europe]] instead. Some experts consider this definition outdated, but many still use them. Supranational organizations like the [[United Nations|UN]] and [[European Union|EU]] also make use of them. In addition, other countries such as [[Croatia]] and the Baltic states of [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]] and [[Estonia]] can be included in "Central Europe": though they are now mostly considered a part of either Southern Europe or Northern Europe respectively. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Regions of Europe]] ixj3o9t61j69sp55kbm5amiyotajziy 10879148 10879147 2026-06-04T23:47:38Z Canadachick 1633172 10879148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp-semi|small=yes}} [[File:Grossgliederung Europas-en.svg|thumb|250px|Central Europe according to the Standing Committee of Geographical Names]] [[File:mapcarpat2.png|right|thumb|300px|Map of the main divisions of the Carpathians.<br /> 1. [[Outer Western Carpathians]]<br /> 2. [[Inner Western Carpathians]]<br /> 3. [[Outer Eastern Carpathians]]<br /> 4. [[Inner Eastern Carpathians]]<br /> 5. [[Southern Carpathians]]<br /> 6. [[Apuseni Mountains|Western Romanian Carpathians]]<br /> 7. [[Transylvania]]n Plateau<br /> 8. [[Serbian Carpathians]]]] '''Central Europe''' is a geographical region in Europe. Countries in this region may alternatively be included in [[Northern Europe]], [[Eastern Europe]], [[Southeastern Europe]] or [[Western Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Berglee|first=Royal|title=2.16 Traditional Regions of Europe|date=2016|url=https://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/chapter/2-3-regions-of-western-europe/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921111707/https://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/chapter/2-3-regions-of-western-europe/|archive-date=2023-09-21|access-date=2023-08-23|website=World Regional Geography|publisher=University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=U.N. Classification of Geographical Regions|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/|access-date=23 August 2023|website=unstats.un.org}}</ref> The understanding of the concept of ''Central Europe'' varies considerably from nation to nation, and also has from time to time. The region often includes: * {{flag|Austria}} * {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} * {{flag|Croatia}} * {{flag|Czech Republic}} * {{flag|Germany}} * {{flag|Hungary}} * {{flag|Latvia}} * {{flag|Liechtenstein}} * {{flag|Lithuania}} * {{flag|Poland}} * {{flag|Serbia}} * {{flag|Slovakia}} * {{flag|Slovenia}} * {{flag|Switzerland}} == Alternative Definitions == If one were to divide the continent of Europe into two halves like it was during the [[Cold War]], the [[Iron Curtain]] would subsequently split the mainstream definition of "Central Europe" in half. When using this definition, the countries of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia would be included in [[Eastern Europe]]: whereas the countries of Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland would be considered [[Western Europe]] instead. Some experts consider this definition outdated, but many still use them. Supranational organizations like the [[United Nations|UN]] and [[European Union|EU]] also make use of them. In addition, other countries such as [[Croatia]] and the Baltic states of [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]] and [[Estonia]] can be included in "Central Europe": though they are now mostly considered a part of either Southern Europe or Northern Europe respectively. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Regions of Europe]] 08zjqky9thsu8v87vadjgmie6rnd7y2 0 45231 10878781 9492933 2026-06-04T14:17:47Z ~2026-33306-22 1816265 /* Politics */ Its an indipendence movement, not mafia 10878781 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Corse-photosat.jpg|thumb|Corsica]] [[File:Corse map.png|thumb|right|The administrative region of ''Corse'' is in red]] [[File:Flag of Corsica.svg|thumb|Flag]] [[File:Arms of Corsica.svg|thumb|90px|Coat of arms]] '''Corsica''' is the fourth largest [[island]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] (after [[Sicily]], [[Sardinia]], and [[Cyprus]]). It is west of [[Italy]], southeast of [[France]], and north of the island of [[Sardinia]]. Corsica is one of the [[Regions of France|administrative regions of France]]. Corsica is famous for its tourist attractions, and as the birthplace of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoléon Bonaparte]]. == Geography == [[File:Corsica topo.png|thumb|left|250px|Topography]] Corsica has 1,000&nbsp;km of coastline and more than 200 beaches, and is very mountainous, with [[Monte Cinto]] as the highest peak at 2706m and 20 other peaks of more than 2000m. Big towns: (''Corsican names'') :[[Ajaccio]] ({{lang|co|Aiacciu}}) :[[Bastia]] ({{lang|co|Bastia}}) :[[Corte]] ({{lang|co|Corti}}) :[[Sartène]] ({{lang|co|Sartè}}) Other towns and villages: :[[Saint-Florent, Haute-Corse|Saint-Florent]] ({{lang|co|San Fiurenzu}}) :[[Calvi, Haute-Corse|Calvi]] ({{lang|co|Calvi}}) :[[L'Île-Rousse]] ({{lang|co|Isula Rossa}}) :[[Porto-Vecchio]] ({{lang|co|Porti Vechju}}) :[[Bonifacio]] ({{lang|co|Bunifaziu}}) :[[Aleria]] == The land and weather == Corsica is the most mountainous Mediterranean island. The low ground has a [[Mediterranean climate]]. Summers are hot and dry. Winters are mild with moderate rainfall. The climate of the high ground is cold and is wetter. The natural [[vegetation]] is Mediterranean forests, [[woodlands]], and [[shrubs]]. The mountains are rich of forests of [[oak]], and [[pine]], except for the high ground. Much of the coastal lowlands has been cleared for [[agriculture]], which has reduced the mountain forests considerably. The island has a natural park ([[Parc Naturel Régional de Corse]]), which protects thousands of rare animal and plant species. The park was created in 1972 and includes the [[Golfe de Porto]], the [[Réserve Naturelle de Scandola]] (a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]), and some of the highest mountains on the island. This park is protected. == History == * [[725]] : [[Lombards]] settle in Corsica * [[754]] : [[Carlo Magno]], becomes king of [[the Lombards]], and gives the lands of Corsica to the [[Pope]]. * [[1077]] : The Pope [[Gregorio VII]] gives to an important priest of [[Pisa]],the power for change or help things in Corsica. * [[1133]] : Orders of priest separate itself in two parts, one for [[Genoa]], and one for Pisa * [[1195]] : A group of Genoa's soldier come in [[Bonifacio]] * [[1268]] : A group of Genoa's soldier come in [[Calvi]] * [[1284]] : Corse became [[property]] of [[Genoa]] * [[1383]] : fondazione di [[Bastia]] da [[Genuva]] * [[1551]] : [[Samperu Corsu]] attacks the Turks for [[France]] * [[1559]] : [[Trattatu di Cateau-Cambrésis]], Corsica is taken back by Genoa * [[1725]] : [[Pasquale Paoli]] born * [[1730]] : in December, Corsica is Independent * [[1732]] : [[Peace of Corti]] * [[1735]] : first [[constitution]] of Corsica * [[1736]] : [[Teodoru di Neuhoff]] became the King of Corsica * [[1737]] : [[Versailles]] meeting between [[France]] and Genoa * [[1755]] : 14 July, Pasquale Paoli became "generale di a Nazione" by the court of [[Orezza]] * [[1755]] : second constitution of Corsica written * [[1765]] : University of Corti is open. * [[1768]] : 15 May, at the "meeting of Versailles", Genoa sells Corsica to the French. Corsica attacks France. * [[1768]] : 9 October, soldiers of Pasquale Paoli, a freedom-fighter, won a battle against the French soldiers, during the battle of "U Borgu". * [[1769]] : 9 May, Corsica loses in the battle of "Ponte Novu" against the French soldiers. * [[1769]] : 13 June, Pasquale Paoli, leaves Corsica for Great Britain after France beats him in battle. * [[1769]] : 15 August, Napoléon Bonaparte was born in [[Ajaccio]] * [[1789]] : France says that "Corse is part of the French kingdom" * [[1790]] : Becomes the "dipartimentu" of Corsica, with [[Bastia]] as the capital. * [[1793]] : Corsica is separated in two parts, a part of "Liamone" and the part of "Golu" * [[1807]] : Pasquale Paoli dies * [[1821]] : Napoléon Bonaparte dies on the island of [[Saint Helena]] * [[1840]] : travel of [[Prosper Mérimée]] on Corsica * [[1858]] : 4 August, [[French language|French]] becomes the official language of Corsica == Administration == [[File:Corsica.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Map of Corsica]] The capital of the territorial collectivity of Corsica is [[Ajaccio]] ({{lang-co|Aiacciu}}). The territorial collectivity is divided in two ''[[département in France|départements]]'': [[Corse-du-Sud]] and [[Haute-Corse]]. These two ''départements'' were created on [[September 15]], [[1975]] by the ''département'' of Corse. == Economy == [[File:Propriano 1.jpg|thumb|300px|Corsica's spectacular coastline is a major drive for tourism (here by the town of [[Propriano]]).]] Tourism is the biggest source of Corsican economy. The island has a pleasant climate, beautiful mountains and really beautiful coastlines that make it a popular destination among the French and other Western Europeans. However, the island has not had the same level of intensive development as other parts of the Mediterranean. Tourism is particularly concentrated in the area around Porto Vecchio and Bonifacio in the south of the island and Calvi in the northwest. == Politics == Corsica is currently governed almost as any other ''[[région in France|région]]'' of France. There are lots of movements on the island the independence of Corsica and of Corsicans from France. The French government is against full independence. There is support on the island for to have more autonomy, but [[polls]] show that a large majority of Corsicans are opposed to full independence. Some groups who claim to support Corsican independence have carried out a violent campaign since the 1970s that includes [[bombing]]s and a few accidental [[assassination]]s, usually against ''[[Pied-noir|pieds-noirs]]'' and other non-Corsicans, or buildings of the French government. Corsican independence groups attack when they are sure there won't be a danger for victims. However, not all groups for independence has "nice treaties", Sometimes independence groups are known to practice [[extortion]] and other [[intimidation|intimidatory]] tactics, similar to [[mafia]] activity. Non-Corsican homeowners may be threatened with the destruction of their home, or they are constrict to pay a "revolutionarian tax",for to help the groups in the attacks. In [[2000]], [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] [[Lionel Jospin]] agreed to give more autonomy to Corsica but just for stopping the violence. The propose of autonomy for Corsica would have included greater protection for the [[Corsican language]] (Corsu), the island's traditional language (which is also considered to be a dialect of [[Italian language|Italian]]). However, the plans for increased autonomy were opposed by the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] opposition in the [[French National Assembly]]. In a [[referendum]] on [[July 6]],[[2003]], a narrow majority of Corsican voters opposed to the project from the government of [[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]] and [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Interior Minister]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] that would have suppressed the two ''départements'' of the island and granted more autonomy to the territorial collectivity of Corsica. == "U Corsu", language of Corsica == In Corsica the official languages are Corsican and French. Corsu shares some similarities with Tuscan dialects (with their accents) or to Gallurese language, spoken in the nearby island of [[Sardinia]]. Corsu has two varietes, "Supranacciu", common in the northeast of theisland, ([[Bastia]], [[Corte]]), and the "Suttanacciu" common in the south of the island, ([[Ajaccio]], [[Sartene]]). The native Corsican language is closer to Italian than French, but both come from Latin. The ancient Romans spoke Latin. {{for|more information about the dialect|Corsican language}} == Sport == In Corsica, [[Football (soccer)|football]] is a very common sport. The island has in the first league of [[France]] ('[[Ligue 1]]'), 2 teams. The [[Athletic Club Ajaccien|AC Ajaccio]] and the [[Sporting Club de Bastia|SC Bastia]]. Another very famous sport in Corsica, is volleyball, with the ''GFCO Ajaccio Volley-Ball' team. ==Notes== <references/> == Other websites == {{commonscat|Corsica}} * [http://www.photoglobe.info/db_corsica/index.html PhotoGlobe - Corsica] A collection of photos of Corsica together with GPS-based positions * [http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/07/06/corsica.poll/index.html CNN coverage of rejection of autonomy proposals in 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408111248/http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/07/06/corsica.poll/index.html |date=2008-04-08 }} * [http://fst.univ-corse.fr University of Corsica] * [http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Corsica Corsica travel information] at Wikivoyage * [http://www.santo-pietro-di-tenda.fr.st/ Example of Corsican village] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306123745/http://www.santo-pietro-di-tenda.fr.st/ |date=2013-03-06 }} {{Regions of France}} [[Category:Corsica| ]] kdy2966yw69l9mxk35vz8w2fq3scfdw 10878783 10878781 2026-06-04T14:20:37Z ~2026-33306-22 1816265 /* "U Corsu", language of Corsica */ Citation needed 10878783 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Corse-photosat.jpg|thumb|Corsica]] [[File:Corse map.png|thumb|right|The administrative region of ''Corse'' is in red]] [[File:Flag of Corsica.svg|thumb|Flag]] [[File:Arms of Corsica.svg|thumb|90px|Coat of arms]] '''Corsica''' is the fourth largest [[island]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] (after [[Sicily]], [[Sardinia]], and [[Cyprus]]). It is west of [[Italy]], southeast of [[France]], and north of the island of [[Sardinia]]. Corsica is one of the [[Regions of France|administrative regions of France]]. Corsica is famous for its tourist attractions, and as the birthplace of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoléon Bonaparte]]. == Geography == [[File:Corsica topo.png|thumb|left|250px|Topography]] Corsica has 1,000&nbsp;km of coastline and more than 200 beaches, and is very mountainous, with [[Monte Cinto]] as the highest peak at 2706m and 20 other peaks of more than 2000m. Big towns: (''Corsican names'') :[[Ajaccio]] ({{lang|co|Aiacciu}}) :[[Bastia]] ({{lang|co|Bastia}}) :[[Corte]] ({{lang|co|Corti}}) :[[Sartène]] ({{lang|co|Sartè}}) Other towns and villages: :[[Saint-Florent, Haute-Corse|Saint-Florent]] ({{lang|co|San Fiurenzu}}) :[[Calvi, Haute-Corse|Calvi]] ({{lang|co|Calvi}}) :[[L'Île-Rousse]] ({{lang|co|Isula Rossa}}) :[[Porto-Vecchio]] ({{lang|co|Porti Vechju}}) :[[Bonifacio]] ({{lang|co|Bunifaziu}}) :[[Aleria]] == The land and weather == Corsica is the most mountainous Mediterranean island. The low ground has a [[Mediterranean climate]]. Summers are hot and dry. Winters are mild with moderate rainfall. The climate of the high ground is cold and is wetter. The natural [[vegetation]] is Mediterranean forests, [[woodlands]], and [[shrubs]]. The mountains are rich of forests of [[oak]], and [[pine]], except for the high ground. Much of the coastal lowlands has been cleared for [[agriculture]], which has reduced the mountain forests considerably. The island has a natural park ([[Parc Naturel Régional de Corse]]), which protects thousands of rare animal and plant species. The park was created in 1972 and includes the [[Golfe de Porto]], the [[Réserve Naturelle de Scandola]] (a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]), and some of the highest mountains on the island. This park is protected. == History == * [[725]] : [[Lombards]] settle in Corsica * [[754]] : [[Carlo Magno]], becomes king of [[the Lombards]], and gives the lands of Corsica to the [[Pope]]. * [[1077]] : The Pope [[Gregorio VII]] gives to an important priest of [[Pisa]],the power for change or help things in Corsica. * [[1133]] : Orders of priest separate itself in two parts, one for [[Genoa]], and one for Pisa * [[1195]] : A group of Genoa's soldier come in [[Bonifacio]] * [[1268]] : A group of Genoa's soldier come in [[Calvi]] * [[1284]] : Corse became [[property]] of [[Genoa]] * [[1383]] : fondazione di [[Bastia]] da [[Genuva]] * [[1551]] : [[Samperu Corsu]] attacks the Turks for [[France]] * [[1559]] : [[Trattatu di Cateau-Cambrésis]], Corsica is taken back by Genoa * [[1725]] : [[Pasquale Paoli]] born * [[1730]] : in December, Corsica is Independent * [[1732]] : [[Peace of Corti]] * [[1735]] : first [[constitution]] of Corsica * [[1736]] : [[Teodoru di Neuhoff]] became the King of Corsica * [[1737]] : [[Versailles]] meeting between [[France]] and Genoa * [[1755]] : 14 July, Pasquale Paoli became "generale di a Nazione" by the court of [[Orezza]] * [[1755]] : second constitution of Corsica written * [[1765]] : University of Corti is open. * [[1768]] : 15 May, at the "meeting of Versailles", Genoa sells Corsica to the French. Corsica attacks France. * [[1768]] : 9 October, soldiers of Pasquale Paoli, a freedom-fighter, won a battle against the French soldiers, during the battle of "U Borgu". * [[1769]] : 9 May, Corsica loses in the battle of "Ponte Novu" against the French soldiers. * [[1769]] : 13 June, Pasquale Paoli, leaves Corsica for Great Britain after France beats him in battle. * [[1769]] : 15 August, Napoléon Bonaparte was born in [[Ajaccio]] * [[1789]] : France says that "Corse is part of the French kingdom" * [[1790]] : Becomes the "dipartimentu" of Corsica, with [[Bastia]] as the capital. * [[1793]] : Corsica is separated in two parts, a part of "Liamone" and the part of "Golu" * [[1807]] : Pasquale Paoli dies * [[1821]] : Napoléon Bonaparte dies on the island of [[Saint Helena]] * [[1840]] : travel of [[Prosper Mérimée]] on Corsica * [[1858]] : 4 August, [[French language|French]] becomes the official language of Corsica == Administration == [[File:Corsica.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Map of Corsica]] The capital of the territorial collectivity of Corsica is [[Ajaccio]] ({{lang-co|Aiacciu}}). The territorial collectivity is divided in two ''[[département in France|départements]]'': [[Corse-du-Sud]] and [[Haute-Corse]]. These two ''départements'' were created on [[September 15]], [[1975]] by the ''département'' of Corse. == Economy == [[File:Propriano 1.jpg|thumb|300px|Corsica's spectacular coastline is a major drive for tourism (here by the town of [[Propriano]]).]] Tourism is the biggest source of Corsican economy. The island has a pleasant climate, beautiful mountains and really beautiful coastlines that make it a popular destination among the French and other Western Europeans. However, the island has not had the same level of intensive development as other parts of the Mediterranean. Tourism is particularly concentrated in the area around Porto Vecchio and Bonifacio in the south of the island and Calvi in the northwest. == Politics == Corsica is currently governed almost as any other ''[[région in France|région]]'' of France. There are lots of movements on the island the independence of Corsica and of Corsicans from France. The French government is against full independence. There is support on the island for to have more autonomy, but [[polls]] show that a large majority of Corsicans are opposed to full independence. Some groups who claim to support Corsican independence have carried out a violent campaign since the 1970s that includes [[bombing]]s and a few accidental [[assassination]]s, usually against ''[[Pied-noir|pieds-noirs]]'' and other non-Corsicans, or buildings of the French government. Corsican independence groups attack when they are sure there won't be a danger for victims. However, not all groups for independence has "nice treaties", Sometimes independence groups are known to practice [[extortion]] and other [[intimidation|intimidatory]] tactics, similar to [[mafia]] activity. Non-Corsican homeowners may be threatened with the destruction of their home, or they are constrict to pay a "revolutionarian tax",for to help the groups in the attacks. In [[2000]], [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] [[Lionel Jospin]] agreed to give more autonomy to Corsica but just for stopping the violence. The propose of autonomy for Corsica would have included greater protection for the [[Corsican language]] (Corsu), the island's traditional language (which is also considered to be a dialect of [[Italian language|Italian]]). However, the plans for increased autonomy were opposed by the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] opposition in the [[French National Assembly]]. In a [[referendum]] on [[July 6]],[[2003]], a narrow majority of Corsican voters opposed to the project from the government of [[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]] and [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Interior Minister]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] that would have suppressed the two ''départements'' of the island and granted more autonomy to the territorial collectivity of Corsica. == "U Corsu", language of Corsica == In Corsica the official languages are Corsican and French. Corsu shares some similarities with Tuscan dialects (with their accents) or to Gallurese language, spoken in the nearby island of [[Sardinia]]. Corsu has two varietes, "Supranacciu", common in the northeast of theisland, ([[Bastia]], [[Corte]]), and the "Suttanacciu" common in the south of the island, ([[Ajaccio]], [[Sartene]]). {{for|more information about the dialect|Corsican language}} == Sport == In Corsica, [[Football (soccer)|football]] is a very common sport. The island has in the first league of [[France]] ('[[Ligue 1]]'), 2 teams. The [[Athletic Club Ajaccien|AC Ajaccio]] and the [[Sporting Club de Bastia|SC Bastia]]. Another very famous sport in Corsica, is volleyball, with the ''GFCO Ajaccio Volley-Ball' team. ==Notes== <references/> == Other websites == {{commonscat|Corsica}} * [http://www.photoglobe.info/db_corsica/index.html PhotoGlobe - Corsica] A collection of photos of Corsica together with GPS-based positions * [http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/07/06/corsica.poll/index.html CNN coverage of rejection of autonomy proposals in 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408111248/http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/07/06/corsica.poll/index.html |date=2008-04-08 }} * [http://fst.univ-corse.fr University of Corsica] * [http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Corsica Corsica travel information] at Wikivoyage * [http://www.santo-pietro-di-tenda.fr.st/ Example of Corsican village] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306123745/http://www.santo-pietro-di-tenda.fr.st/ |date=2013-03-06 }} {{Regions of France}} [[Category:Corsica| ]] ohcn9ks958owwivndwa2g5x87s57nm8 10878788 10878783 2026-06-04T14:22:28Z ~2026-33306-22 1816265 /* "U Corsu", language of Corsica */ Fixed 10878788 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Corse-photosat.jpg|thumb|Corsica]] [[File:Corse map.png|thumb|right|The administrative region of ''Corse'' is in red]] [[File:Flag of Corsica.svg|thumb|Flag]] [[File:Arms of Corsica.svg|thumb|90px|Coat of arms]] '''Corsica''' is the fourth largest [[island]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]] (after [[Sicily]], [[Sardinia]], and [[Cyprus]]). It is west of [[Italy]], southeast of [[France]], and north of the island of [[Sardinia]]. Corsica is one of the [[Regions of France|administrative regions of France]]. Corsica is famous for its tourist attractions, and as the birthplace of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoléon Bonaparte]]. == Geography == [[File:Corsica topo.png|thumb|left|250px|Topography]] Corsica has 1,000&nbsp;km of coastline and more than 200 beaches, and is very mountainous, with [[Monte Cinto]] as the highest peak at 2706m and 20 other peaks of more than 2000m. Big towns: (''Corsican names'') :[[Ajaccio]] ({{lang|co|Aiacciu}}) :[[Bastia]] ({{lang|co|Bastia}}) :[[Corte]] ({{lang|co|Corti}}) :[[Sartène]] ({{lang|co|Sartè}}) Other towns and villages: :[[Saint-Florent, Haute-Corse|Saint-Florent]] ({{lang|co|San Fiurenzu}}) :[[Calvi, Haute-Corse|Calvi]] ({{lang|co|Calvi}}) :[[L'Île-Rousse]] ({{lang|co|Isula Rossa}}) :[[Porto-Vecchio]] ({{lang|co|Porti Vechju}}) :[[Bonifacio]] ({{lang|co|Bunifaziu}}) :[[Aleria]] == The land and weather == Corsica is the most mountainous Mediterranean island. The low ground has a [[Mediterranean climate]]. Summers are hot and dry. Winters are mild with moderate rainfall. The climate of the high ground is cold and is wetter. The natural [[vegetation]] is Mediterranean forests, [[woodlands]], and [[shrubs]]. The mountains are rich of forests of [[oak]], and [[pine]], except for the high ground. Much of the coastal lowlands has been cleared for [[agriculture]], which has reduced the mountain forests considerably. The island has a natural park ([[Parc Naturel Régional de Corse]]), which protects thousands of rare animal and plant species. The park was created in 1972 and includes the [[Golfe de Porto]], the [[Réserve Naturelle de Scandola]] (a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]), and some of the highest mountains on the island. This park is protected. == History == * [[725]] : [[Lombards]] settle in Corsica * [[754]] : [[Carlo Magno]], becomes king of [[the Lombards]], and gives the lands of Corsica to the [[Pope]]. * [[1077]] : The Pope [[Gregorio VII]] gives to an important priest of [[Pisa]],the power for change or help things in Corsica. * [[1133]] : Orders of priest separate itself in two parts, one for [[Genoa]], and one for Pisa * [[1195]] : A group of Genoa's soldier come in [[Bonifacio]] * [[1268]] : A group of Genoa's soldier come in [[Calvi]] * [[1284]] : Corse became [[property]] of [[Genoa]] * [[1383]] : fondazione di [[Bastia]] da [[Genuva]] * [[1551]] : [[Samperu Corsu]] attacks the Turks for [[France]] * [[1559]] : [[Trattatu di Cateau-Cambrésis]], Corsica is taken back by Genoa * [[1725]] : [[Pasquale Paoli]] born * [[1730]] : in December, Corsica is Independent * [[1732]] : [[Peace of Corti]] * [[1735]] : first [[constitution]] of Corsica * [[1736]] : [[Teodoru di Neuhoff]] became the King of Corsica * [[1737]] : [[Versailles]] meeting between [[France]] and Genoa * [[1755]] : 14 July, Pasquale Paoli became "generale di a Nazione" by the court of [[Orezza]] * [[1755]] : second constitution of Corsica written * [[1765]] : University of Corti is open. * [[1768]] : 15 May, at the "meeting of Versailles", Genoa sells Corsica to the French. Corsica attacks France. * [[1768]] : 9 October, soldiers of Pasquale Paoli, a freedom-fighter, won a battle against the French soldiers, during the battle of "U Borgu". * [[1769]] : 9 May, Corsica loses in the battle of "Ponte Novu" against the French soldiers. * [[1769]] : 13 June, Pasquale Paoli, leaves Corsica for Great Britain after France beats him in battle. * [[1769]] : 15 August, Napoléon Bonaparte was born in [[Ajaccio]] * [[1789]] : France says that "Corse is part of the French kingdom" * [[1790]] : Becomes the "dipartimentu" of Corsica, with [[Bastia]] as the capital. * [[1793]] : Corsica is separated in two parts, a part of "Liamone" and the part of "Golu" * [[1807]] : Pasquale Paoli dies * [[1821]] : Napoléon Bonaparte dies on the island of [[Saint Helena]] * [[1840]] : travel of [[Prosper Mérimée]] on Corsica * [[1858]] : 4 August, [[French language|French]] becomes the official language of Corsica == Administration == [[File:Corsica.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Map of Corsica]] The capital of the territorial collectivity of Corsica is [[Ajaccio]] ({{lang-co|Aiacciu}}). The territorial collectivity is divided in two ''[[département in France|départements]]'': [[Corse-du-Sud]] and [[Haute-Corse]]. These two ''départements'' were created on [[September 15]], [[1975]] by the ''département'' of Corse. == Economy == [[File:Propriano 1.jpg|thumb|300px|Corsica's spectacular coastline is a major drive for tourism (here by the town of [[Propriano]]).]] Tourism is the biggest source of Corsican economy. The island has a pleasant climate, beautiful mountains and really beautiful coastlines that make it a popular destination among the French and other Western Europeans. However, the island has not had the same level of intensive development as other parts of the Mediterranean. Tourism is particularly concentrated in the area around Porto Vecchio and Bonifacio in the south of the island and Calvi in the northwest. == Politics == Corsica is currently governed almost as any other ''[[région in France|région]]'' of France. There are lots of movements on the island the independence of Corsica and of Corsicans from France. The French government is against full independence. There is support on the island for to have more autonomy, but [[polls]] show that a large majority of Corsicans are opposed to full independence. Some groups who claim to support Corsican independence have carried out a violent campaign since the 1970s that includes [[bombing]]s and a few accidental [[assassination]]s, usually against ''[[Pied-noir|pieds-noirs]]'' and other non-Corsicans, or buildings of the French government. Corsican independence groups attack when they are sure there won't be a danger for victims. However, not all groups for independence has "nice treaties", Sometimes independence groups are known to practice [[extortion]] and other [[intimidation|intimidatory]] tactics, similar to [[mafia]] activity. Non-Corsican homeowners may be threatened with the destruction of their home, or they are constrict to pay a "revolutionarian tax",for to help the groups in the attacks. In [[2000]], [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] [[Lionel Jospin]] agreed to give more autonomy to Corsica but just for stopping the violence. The propose of autonomy for Corsica would have included greater protection for the [[Corsican language]] (Corsu), the island's traditional language (which is also considered to be a dialect of [[Italian language|Italian]]). However, the plans for increased autonomy were opposed by the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] opposition in the [[French National Assembly]]. In a [[referendum]] on [[July 6]],[[2003]], a narrow majority of Corsican voters opposed to the project from the government of [[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]] and [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Interior Minister]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] that would have suppressed the two ''départements'' of the island and granted more autonomy to the territorial collectivity of Corsica. == "U Corsu", language of Corsica == In Corsica the official languages are Corsican and French. Corsu shares some similarities with Tuscan (with their accents), ligurian and sadinian languages. Corsu has two varietes, "Supranacciu", common in the northeast of theisland, ([[Bastia]], [[Corte]]), and the "Suttanacciu" common in the south of the island, ([[Ajaccio]], [[Sartene]]). {{for|more information about the dialect|Corsican language}} == Sport == In Corsica, [[Football (soccer)|football]] is a very common sport. The island has in the first league of [[France]] ('[[Ligue 1]]'), 2 teams. The [[Athletic Club Ajaccien|AC Ajaccio]] and the [[Sporting Club de Bastia|SC Bastia]]. Another very famous sport in Corsica, is volleyball, with the ''GFCO Ajaccio Volley-Ball' team. ==Notes== <references/> == Other websites == {{commonscat|Corsica}} * [http://www.photoglobe.info/db_corsica/index.html PhotoGlobe - Corsica] A collection of photos of Corsica together with GPS-based positions * [http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/07/06/corsica.poll/index.html CNN coverage of rejection of autonomy proposals in 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408111248/http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/07/06/corsica.poll/index.html |date=2008-04-08 }} * [http://fst.univ-corse.fr University of Corsica] * [http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Corsica Corsica travel information] at Wikivoyage * [http://www.santo-pietro-di-tenda.fr.st/ Example of Corsican village] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306123745/http://www.santo-pietro-di-tenda.fr.st/ |date=2013-03-06 }} {{Regions of France}} [[Category:Corsica| ]] mxs5vhqb4mtghh23of3lo8dms9y3kz5 10878790 10878788 2026-06-04T14:25:12Z ~2026-33306-22 1816265 /* */ Simplified 10878790 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Corse-photosat.jpg|thumb|Corsica]] [[File:Corse map.png|thumb|right|The administrative region of ''Corse'' is in red]] [[File:Flag of Corsica.svg|thumb|Flag]] [[File:Arms of Corsica.svg|thumb|90px|Coat of arms]] '''Corsica''' is an [[island]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. It is west of [[Tuscany]], southeast of [[France]], south of [[Liguria]] and north of the island of [[Sardinia]]. Corsica is one of the [[Regions of France|administrative regions of France]]. Corsica is famous for its tourist attractions, and as the birthplace of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoléon Bonaparte]]. == Geography == [[File:Corsica topo.png|thumb|left|250px|Topography]] Corsica has 1,000&nbsp;km of coastline and more than 200 beaches, and is very mountainous, with [[Monte Cinto]] as the highest peak at 2706m and 20 other peaks of more than 2000m. Big towns: (''Corsican names'') :[[Ajaccio]] ({{lang|co|Aiacciu}}) :[[Bastia]] ({{lang|co|Bastia}}) :[[Corte]] ({{lang|co|Corti}}) :[[Sartène]] ({{lang|co|Sartè}}) Other towns and villages: :[[Saint-Florent, Haute-Corse|Saint-Florent]] ({{lang|co|San Fiurenzu}}) :[[Calvi, Haute-Corse|Calvi]] ({{lang|co|Calvi}}) :[[L'Île-Rousse]] ({{lang|co|Isula Rossa}}) :[[Porto-Vecchio]] ({{lang|co|Porti Vechju}}) :[[Bonifacio]] ({{lang|co|Bunifaziu}}) :[[Aleria]] == The land and weather == Corsica is the most mountainous Mediterranean island. The low ground has a [[Mediterranean climate]]. Summers are hot and dry. Winters are mild with moderate rainfall. The climate of the high ground is cold and is wetter. The natural [[vegetation]] is Mediterranean forests, [[woodlands]], and [[shrubs]]. The mountains are rich of forests of [[oak]], and [[pine]], except for the high ground. Much of the coastal lowlands has been cleared for [[agriculture]], which has reduced the mountain forests considerably. The island has a natural park ([[Parc Naturel Régional de Corse]]), which protects thousands of rare animal and plant species. The park was created in 1972 and includes the [[Golfe de Porto]], the [[Réserve Naturelle de Scandola]] (a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]), and some of the highest mountains on the island. This park is protected. == History == * [[725]] : [[Lombards]] settle in Corsica * [[754]] : [[Carlo Magno]], becomes king of [[the Lombards]], and gives the lands of Corsica to the [[Pope]]. * [[1077]] : The Pope [[Gregorio VII]] gives to an important priest of [[Pisa]],the power for change or help things in Corsica. * [[1133]] : Orders of priest separate itself in two parts, one for [[Genoa]], and one for Pisa * [[1195]] : A group of Genoa's soldier come in [[Bonifacio]] * [[1268]] : A group of Genoa's soldier come in [[Calvi]] * [[1284]] : Corse became [[property]] of [[Genoa]] * [[1383]] : fondazione di [[Bastia]] da [[Genuva]] * [[1551]] : [[Samperu Corsu]] attacks the Turks for [[France]] * [[1559]] : [[Trattatu di Cateau-Cambrésis]], Corsica is taken back by Genoa * [[1725]] : [[Pasquale Paoli]] born * [[1730]] : in December, Corsica is Independent * [[1732]] : [[Peace of Corti]] * [[1735]] : first [[constitution]] of Corsica * [[1736]] : [[Teodoru di Neuhoff]] became the King of Corsica * [[1737]] : [[Versailles]] meeting between [[France]] and Genoa * [[1755]] : 14 July, Pasquale Paoli became "generale di a Nazione" by the court of [[Orezza]] * [[1755]] : second constitution of Corsica written * [[1765]] : University of Corti is open. * [[1768]] : 15 May, at the "meeting of Versailles", Genoa sells Corsica to the French. Corsica attacks France. * [[1768]] : 9 October, soldiers of Pasquale Paoli, a freedom-fighter, won a battle against the French soldiers, during the battle of "U Borgu". * [[1769]] : 9 May, Corsica loses in the battle of "Ponte Novu" against the French soldiers. * [[1769]] : 13 June, Pasquale Paoli, leaves Corsica for Great Britain after France beats him in battle. * [[1769]] : 15 August, Napoléon Bonaparte was born in [[Ajaccio]] * [[1789]] : France says that "Corse is part of the French kingdom" * [[1790]] : Becomes the "dipartimentu" of Corsica, with [[Bastia]] as the capital. * [[1793]] : Corsica is separated in two parts, a part of "Liamone" and the part of "Golu" * [[1807]] : Pasquale Paoli dies * [[1821]] : Napoléon Bonaparte dies on the island of [[Saint Helena]] * [[1840]] : travel of [[Prosper Mérimée]] on Corsica * [[1858]] : 4 August, [[French language|French]] becomes the official language of Corsica == Administration == [[File:Corsica.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Map of Corsica]] The capital of the territorial collectivity of Corsica is [[Ajaccio]] ({{lang-co|Aiacciu}}). The territorial collectivity is divided in two ''[[département in France|départements]]'': [[Corse-du-Sud]] and [[Haute-Corse]]. These two ''départements'' were created on [[September 15]], [[1975]] by the ''département'' of Corse. == Economy == [[File:Propriano 1.jpg|thumb|300px|Corsica's spectacular coastline is a major drive for tourism (here by the town of [[Propriano]]).]] Tourism is the biggest source of Corsican economy. The island has a pleasant climate, beautiful mountains and really beautiful coastlines that make it a popular destination among the French and other Western Europeans. However, the island has not had the same level of intensive development as other parts of the Mediterranean. Tourism is particularly concentrated in the area around Porto Vecchio and Bonifacio in the south of the island and Calvi in the northwest. == Politics == Corsica is currently governed almost as any other ''[[région in France|région]]'' of France. There are lots of movements on the island the independence of Corsica and of Corsicans from France. The French government is against full independence. There is support on the island for to have more autonomy, but [[polls]] show that a large majority of Corsicans are opposed to full independence. Some groups who claim to support Corsican independence have carried out a violent campaign since the 1970s that includes [[bombing]]s and a few accidental [[assassination]]s, usually against ''[[Pied-noir|pieds-noirs]]'' and other non-Corsicans, or buildings of the French government. Corsican independence groups attack when they are sure there won't be a danger for victims. However, not all groups for independence has "nice treaties", Sometimes independence groups are known to practice [[extortion]] and other [[intimidation|intimidatory]] tactics, similar to [[mafia]] activity. Non-Corsican homeowners may be threatened with the destruction of their home, or they are constrict to pay a "revolutionarian tax",for to help the groups in the attacks. In [[2000]], [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] [[Lionel Jospin]] agreed to give more autonomy to Corsica but just for stopping the violence. The propose of autonomy for Corsica would have included greater protection for the [[Corsican language]] (Corsu), the island's traditional language (which is also considered to be a dialect of [[Italian language|Italian]]). However, the plans for increased autonomy were opposed by the [[Gaullism|Gaullist]] opposition in the [[French National Assembly]]. In a [[referendum]] on [[July 6]],[[2003]], a narrow majority of Corsican voters opposed to the project from the government of [[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]] and [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Interior Minister]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] that would have suppressed the two ''départements'' of the island and granted more autonomy to the territorial collectivity of Corsica. == "U Corsu", language of Corsica == In Corsica the official languages are Corsican and French. Corsu shares some similarities with Tuscan (with their accents), ligurian and sadinian languages. Corsu has two varietes, "Supranacciu", common in the northeast of theisland, ([[Bastia]], [[Corte]]), and the "Suttanacciu" common in the south of the island, ([[Ajaccio]], [[Sartene]]). {{for|more information about the dialect|Corsican language}} == Sport == In Corsica, [[Football (soccer)|football]] is a very common sport. The island has in the first league of [[France]] ('[[Ligue 1]]'), 2 teams. The [[Athletic Club Ajaccien|AC Ajaccio]] and the [[Sporting Club de Bastia|SC Bastia]]. Another very famous sport in Corsica, is volleyball, with the ''GFCO Ajaccio Volley-Ball' team. ==Notes== <references/> == Other websites == {{commonscat|Corsica}} * [http://www.photoglobe.info/db_corsica/index.html PhotoGlobe - Corsica] A collection of photos of Corsica together with GPS-based positions * [http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/07/06/corsica.poll/index.html CNN coverage of rejection of autonomy proposals in 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408111248/http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/07/06/corsica.poll/index.html |date=2008-04-08 }} * [http://fst.univ-corse.fr University of Corsica] * [http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Corsica Corsica travel information] at Wikivoyage * [http://www.santo-pietro-di-tenda.fr.st/ Example of Corsican village] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306123745/http://www.santo-pietro-di-tenda.fr.st/ |date=2013-03-06 }} {{Regions of France}} [[Category:Corsica| ]] qylod6tvvp6hpvtjze1i20rxej7hxgs 0 46886 10879123 9887717 2026-06-04T23:00:55Z Rebeltronic 1558358 updated to 26.04 10879123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox OS | name = Xubuntu | logo = Xubuntu logo and wordmark.svg | screenshot = Xubuntu 26.04 LTS default desktop - English.png | caption = Xubuntu 26.04 LTS "Resolute Raccoon" | developer = Community | family = [[Linux]] ([[Unix-like]]) | source_model = [[Open-source software|Open source]] | released = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2006|06|23}} | latest_release_version = 26.04<ref>{{cite web |title=Xubuntu 26.04 released! |url=https://xubuntu.org/news/releases/26.04/2026-04-23-xubuntu-26-04-released/ |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> | latest_release_date = {{Start date and age|2026|04|23|df=yes}} | latest preview version = | language = Multilingual | kernel_type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]] ([[Linux kernel|Linux]]) | userland = [[GNU Core Utilities|GNU]] | ui = [[Xfce]] | update model = [[Advanced Packaging Tool|APT]] ([[Software Updater]], [[Ubuntu Software Center]]) | package manager = [[dpkg]] | license = [[Free software]] licenses<br>(mainly [[GPL]]) | working_state = Current | website = {{Official URL}} }} '''Xubuntu''' is a [[free software|free]] [[Linux]] distribution based on [[Ubuntu]]. It uses the [[Xfce]] [[desktop environment]]. ==Related pages== [[List of Linux distributions]] == Other websites == {{Commons|Xubuntu}} * [http://www.xubuntu.org Xubuntu Official Website] * [http://www.xubuntu.info Xubuntu Community Website (Unofficial)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106081736/http://www.xubuntu.info/ |date=2007-01-06 }} * [http://wiki.ubuntu.com/Xubuntu Xubuntu at the Ubuntu Wiki] * [http://xubuntu.wordpress.com Xubuntu Tips & Tricks Blog] == References == {{Reflist}} {{tech-stub}} [[Category:Ubuntu (operating system) derivatives]] [[Category:X86-64 Linux distributions]] 9ow41217f0ah1vzli0038u2xd5m7teg 0 46887 10879126 6563901 2026-06-04T23:11:16Z Rebeltronic 1558358 updated info, added screenshots and logo in infobox 10879126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox OS|date=July 2013 | logo = Edubuntu-logo-new.svg | name = Edubuntu | family = Ubuntu Linux | developer = Canonical | screenshot = Edubuntu 25.10 default desktop - English.png | caption = Edubuntu 25.10 "Questing Quokka" | website = [http://www.edubuntu.org/ http://www.edubuntu.org/] | first_release_date = [[October 25]] [[2001]] | release_version = 26.04 LTS (Resolute Raccoon) | release_date = 23 April 2026 | release_url = https://www.edubuntu.org/news.html#2026-04-edubuntu-2604-released | source_model = [[Open source]] | license = [[MS-EULA]] | kernel_type = [[Hybrid kernel]] | support_status = Supported }} '''Edubuntu''' is the [[version]] of [[Linux|Linux distribution]] [[Ubuntu]]. It is used for education. It uses [[GNOME]] and is designed for use in [[classroom]]s. Edubuntu has been created in collaboration with teachers and technologists in multiple nations. Edubuntu is built on top of the Ubuntu base, and incorporates education-specific applications, designed for the 6–18 years age group. == Characteristics == Included with Edubuntu is the [[Linux Terminal Server Project]], a large number of educational applications including [[GCompris]], [[KDE Edutainment Project|KDE Edutainment Suite]], The first Edubuntu release coincided with the release of Ubuntu 5.10, which was called ''Breezy Badger'' on [[2005]]. Edubuntu CDs can be ordered for free through the official website service. == Project goals == [[Image:Edubuntu 7.04.jpg|thumb|Edubuntu 7.04 (this version is no longer supported.)]] The principal design [[wikt:goal|goals]] of Edubuntu are easier configuration, users and processes, together with ways for working together in classrooms. Equally important is the gathering together of the best available free software and digital materials for education. == Related pages == * [[List of Linux distributions]] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://edubuntu.org/ Official website] {{tech-stub}} [[Category:Ubuntu (operating system) derivatives]] 4o4lnivw5l9ac5gytbjwu5x7b6ydtq2 0 48705 10879140 10773626 2026-06-04T23:40:12Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 TDKR Chicago 101 moved page [[Ethelred the Unready]] to [[Æthelred the Unready]] over redirect: Per enwiki 10773626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Royalty | name = Athelred II | image = | image_size = 170px | caption = An artist's [[:en:wikt:depiction|depiction]] of Athelred | succession = [[List of English monarchs|King of the English]] | moretext = ([[Style of the British sovereign#English sovereigns|more...]]) | reign = 18 March 978 — 23 July 1013 | reign-type = First Reign | coronation = 29 March 978 | predecessor = [[Edward the Martyr]] | successor = [[Sweyn I of Denmark|Sweyn I]] | reign1 = 3 February 1014 — 23 April 1016 | reign-type1 = Second Reign | predecessor1 = Sweyn I | successor1 = [[Edmund II of England|Edmund II]] | regent1 = [[Ælfthryth, Queen of England|Ælfthryth]] (978–984) | reg-type1 = [[Regent]] | spouse = {{plainlist| * [[Ælfgifu of York]]<br />(m. 986; died 1002) * {{marriage|[[Emma of Normandy]]|1002}} }} | issue = {{plainlist| * [[Athelstan Aetheling]] * [[Edmund II of England|Edmund II, King of the English]] * [[Ecgberht Ætheling]] * [[Edred Aetheling]] * Eadgyth * Ælfgifu * [[Eadwig Aetheling]] * [[Edgar Aetheling the Elder]] * [[Edward the Confessor]] * [[Alfred Aetheling]] * [[Goda]] }} | issue-type = [[Issue (genealogy)|Issue]] | house = [[House of Wessex|Wessex]] | father = [[Edgar of England|Edgar]] | mother = [[Ælfthryth, Queen of England|Ælfthryth]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|968|3|13|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Winchester]], [[Hampshire]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1016|4|23|968|3|13|df=yes}} | death_place = [[London]] | burial_place = [[St Paul's Cathedral|Old Saint Paul's Cathedral]] | religion = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] }} '''Aethelred II''' (13 March 968 — 23 April 1016) nicknamed '''the Unready''' was the [[List of English monarchs|King of England]] twice. The first time was from 978 until in 1013 where a [[Viking]] king, [[Sweyn I of Denmark]], overthrew him. The second time was from Sweyn's death in 1014 until Aethelred's death in 1016. He was the son of [[Edgar of England|Edgar]] and his second wife, [[Ælfthryth, Queen of England|Ælfthryth]]. He succeeded his older half-brother, [[Edward the Martyr|Edward II]], in 978 when Aethelred was only ten years old. During his reign, he had to fight against Viking invaders in England. His nickname "Unready" means "Unread" which was a nickname for "Poorly Counseled" or "Poorly Advised," because he was given poor council when he solicited opinions from his advisors. == Other websites == * [http://www.sharedtree.com/person.php?person_id=39146 Family tree of Ethelred the Unready] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215131/http://www.sharedtree.com/person.php?person_id=39146 |date=2007-09-27 }} * [http://www2.meridiantv.com/itvlocal/index.htm?channel=Documentaries&void=33041 Documentary - The Making of England: Aethelred the Unready] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222045/http://www2.meridiantv.com/itvlocal/index.htm?channel=Documentaries&void=33041 |date=2007-09-27 }} * [http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/aethelredunred.html Early British Kingdoms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516104359/http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/aethelredunred.html |date=2011-05-16 }} * [http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/aethelredunred.html Britannia : Monarchs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516104359/http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/aethelredunred.html |date=2011-05-16 }} {{start box}} {{succession box| before=[[Edward the Martyr]]| title=[[List of English monarchs|King of England]]| years=[[978]]–[[1013]]| after=[[Sweyn I of Denmark|Sweyn]] }} {{succession box| before=[[Sweyn I of Denmark|Sweyn]]| title=[[List of English monarchs|King of England]]| years=[[1014]]–[[1016]]| after=[[Edmund Ironside|Edmund II]] }} {{end box}} {{English monarchs}} {{bio-stub}} [[Category:968 births]] [[Category:1016 deaths]] [[Category:Kings and Queens of England]] lk3hcawwsgtf2n18aw1b6f9tdwann3b 10879144 10879140 2026-06-04T23:40:36Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Royalty | name = Æthelred the Unready | image = | image_size = 170px | caption = An artist's [[:en:wikt:depiction|depiction]] of Athelred | succession = [[List of English monarchs|King of the English]] | moretext = ([[Style of the British sovereign#English sovereigns|more...]]) | reign = 18 March 978 — 23 July 1013 | reign-type = First Reign | coronation = 29 March 978 | predecessor = [[Edward the Martyr]] | successor = [[Sweyn I of Denmark|Sweyn I]] | reign1 = 3 February 1014 — 23 April 1016 | reign-type1 = Second Reign | predecessor1 = Sweyn I | successor1 = [[Edmund II of England|Edmund II]] | regent1 = [[Ælfthryth, Queen of England|Ælfthryth]] (978–984) | reg-type1 = [[Regent]] | spouse = {{plainlist| * [[Ælfgifu of York]]<br />(m. 986; died 1002) * {{marriage|[[Emma of Normandy]]|1002}} }} | issue = {{plainlist| * [[Athelstan Aetheling]] * [[Edmund II of England|Edmund II, King of the English]] * [[Ecgberht Ætheling]] * [[Edred Aetheling]] * Eadgyth * Ælfgifu * [[Eadwig Aetheling]] * [[Edgar Aetheling the Elder]] * [[Edward the Confessor]] * [[Alfred Aetheling]] * [[Goda]] }} | issue-type = [[Issue (genealogy)|Issue]] | house = [[House of Wessex|Wessex]] | father = [[Edgar of England|Edgar]] | mother = [[Ælfthryth, Queen of England|Ælfthryth]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|968|3|13|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Winchester]], [[Hampshire]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1016|4|23|968|3|13|df=yes}} | death_place = [[London]] | burial_place = [[St Paul's Cathedral|Old Saint Paul's Cathedral]] | religion = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] }} '''Aethelred II''' (13 March 968 — 23 April 1016) nicknamed '''the Unready''' was the [[List of English monarchs|King of England]] twice. The first time was from 978 until in 1013 where a [[Viking]] king, [[Sweyn I of Denmark]], overthrew him. The second time was from Sweyn's death in 1014 until Aethelred's death in 1016. He was the son of [[Edgar of England|Edgar]] and his second wife, [[Ælfthryth, Queen of England|Ælfthryth]]. He succeeded his older half-brother, [[Edward the Martyr|Edward II]], in 978 when Aethelred was only ten years old. During his reign, he had to fight against Viking invaders in England. His nickname "Unready" means "Unread" which was a nickname for "Poorly Counseled" or "Poorly Advised," because he was given poor council when he solicited opinions from his advisors. == Other websites == * [http://www.sharedtree.com/person.php?person_id=39146 Family tree of Ethelred the Unready] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215131/http://www.sharedtree.com/person.php?person_id=39146 |date=2007-09-27 }} * [http://www2.meridiantv.com/itvlocal/index.htm?channel=Documentaries&void=33041 Documentary - The Making of England: Aethelred the Unready] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222045/http://www2.meridiantv.com/itvlocal/index.htm?channel=Documentaries&void=33041 |date=2007-09-27 }} * [http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/aethelredunred.html Early British Kingdoms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516104359/http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/aethelredunred.html |date=2011-05-16 }} * [http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/aethelredunred.html Britannia : Monarchs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516104359/http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/aethelredunred.html |date=2011-05-16 }} {{start box}} {{succession box| before=[[Edward the Martyr]]| title=[[List of English monarchs|King of England]]| years=[[978]]–[[1013]]| after=[[Sweyn I of Denmark|Sweyn]] }} {{succession box| before=[[Sweyn I of Denmark|Sweyn]]| title=[[List of English monarchs|King of England]]| years=[[1014]]–[[1016]]| after=[[Edmund Ironside|Edmund II]] }} {{end box}} {{English monarchs}} {{bio-stub}} [[Category:968 births]] [[Category:1016 deaths]] [[Category:Kings and Queens of England]] jxf6s8wxil6lirjoh38z3yr4m9df4em 10879145 10879144 2026-06-04T23:40:57Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Royalty | name = Æthelred the Unready | image = | image_size = 170px | caption = An artist's [[:en:wikt:depiction|depiction]] of Athelred | succession = [[List of English monarchs|King of the English]] | moretext = ([[Style of the British sovereign#English sovereigns|more...]]) | reign = 18 March 978 — 23 July 1013 | reign-type = First Reign | coronation = 29 March 978 | predecessor = [[Edward the Martyr]] | successor = [[Sweyn I of Denmark|Sweyn I]] | reign1 = 3 February 1014 — 23 April 1016 | reign-type1 = Second Reign | predecessor1 = Sweyn I | successor1 = [[Edmund II of England|Edmund II]] | regent1 = [[Ælfthryth, Queen of England|Ælfthryth]] (978–984) | reg-type1 = [[Regent]] | spouse = {{plainlist| * [[Ælfgifu of York]]<br />(m. 986; died 1002) * {{marriage|[[Emma of Normandy]]|1002}} }} | issue = {{plainlist| * [[Athelstan Aetheling]] * [[Edmund II of England|Edmund II, King of the English]] * [[Ecgberht Ætheling]] * [[Edred Aetheling]] * Eadgyth * Ælfgifu * [[Eadwig Aetheling]] * [[Edgar Aetheling the Elder]] * [[Edward the Confessor]] * [[Alfred Aetheling]] * [[Goda]] }} | issue-type = [[Issue (genealogy)|Issue]] | house = [[House of Wessex|Wessex]] | father = [[Edgar of England|Edgar]] | mother = [[Ælfthryth, Queen of England|Ælfthryth]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|968|3|13|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Winchester]], [[Hampshire]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1016|4|23|968|3|13|df=yes}} | death_place = [[London]] | burial_place = [[St Paul's Cathedral|Old Saint Paul's Cathedral]] | religion = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] }} '''Æthelred II''' (13 March 968 — 23 April 1016) nicknamed '''the Unready''' was the [[List of English monarchs|King of England]] twice. The first time was from 978 until in 1013 where a [[Viking]] king, [[Sweyn I of Denmark]], overthrew him. The second time was from Sweyn's death in 1014 until Aethelred's death in 1016. He was the son of [[Edgar of England|Edgar]] and his second wife, [[Ælfthryth, Queen of England|Ælfthryth]]. He succeeded his older half-brother, [[Edward the Martyr|Edward II]], in 978 when Aethelred was only ten years old. During his reign, he had to fight against Viking invaders in England. His nickname "Unready" means "Unread" which was a nickname for "Poorly Counseled" or "Poorly Advised," because he was given poor council when he solicited opinions from his advisors. == Other websites == * [http://www.sharedtree.com/person.php?person_id=39146 Family tree of Ethelred the Unready] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215131/http://www.sharedtree.com/person.php?person_id=39146 |date=2007-09-27 }} * [http://www2.meridiantv.com/itvlocal/index.htm?channel=Documentaries&void=33041 Documentary - The Making of England: Aethelred the Unready] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222045/http://www2.meridiantv.com/itvlocal/index.htm?channel=Documentaries&void=33041 |date=2007-09-27 }} * [http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/aethelredunred.html Early British Kingdoms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516104359/http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/aethelredunred.html |date=2011-05-16 }} * [http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/aethelredunred.html Britannia : Monarchs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516104359/http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/aethelredunred.html |date=2011-05-16 }} {{start box}} {{succession box| before=[[Edward the Martyr]]| title=[[List of English monarchs|King of England]]| years=[[978]]–[[1013]]| after=[[Sweyn I of Denmark|Sweyn]] }} {{succession box| before=[[Sweyn I of Denmark|Sweyn]]| title=[[List of English monarchs|King of England]]| years=[[1014]]–[[1016]]| after=[[Edmund Ironside|Edmund II]] }} {{end box}} {{English monarchs}} {{bio-stub}} [[Category:968 births]] [[Category:1016 deaths]] [[Category:Kings and Queens of England]] lv3ekvommqoiwsv51uvgto7kcqmvqbx 0 55518 10878992 10839094 2026-06-04T19:57:06Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10878992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=March 2024}} [[File:LJ58OJX LONDON AMBULANCE QUEEN VICTORIA STREET CITY OF LONDON (26124592264) (cropped).jpg|thumb|A [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] ambulance in [[London]].]] [[File:Fiat power Odone Ambulanza in Rome pic2.JPG|thumb|A [[Fiat Ducato]] ambulance in [[Rome]], [[Italy]]]] An '''ambulance''' is a [[Medical device|medically equipped]] vehicle used to transport [[patient]]s to [[Health facility|treatment facilities]], such as [[hospital]]s.<ref>[[Henry Alan Skinner|Skinner, Henry Alan]] (1949), ''The Origin of Medical Terms''. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. {{oclc|459611759}}{{page needed|date=August 2022}}</ref> Typically, out-of-hospital [[medical care]] is provided to the patient during the transport. Ambulances are used to respond to [[Medical emergency|medical emergencies]] by [[emergency medical services]] (EMS), and can rapidly transport [[paramedic]]s and other [[first responder]]s, carry equipment for administering [[emergency medicine|emergency care]], and transport patients to hospital or other definitive care. Most ambulances use a design based on [[van]]s or [[pickup truck]]s, though others take the form of [[Motorcycle ambulance|motorcycles]], [[Ambulance bus|buses]], [[hearse]]s, [[Air medical services|aircraft]] and [[Water ambulance|boats]]. Ambulances are generally considered [[emergency vehicle]]s authorized to be [[Emergency vehicle equipment|equipped]] with [[emergency vehicle lighting|emergency lights]] and [[Siren (alarm)|sirens]]. Generally, vehicles count as an ambulance if they can transport patients. However, it varies by jurisdiction as to whether a [[Patient transport|non-emergency patient transport]] vehicle (also called an [[#Ambulette|ambulette]]) is counted as an ambulance. These vehicles are not usually (although there are exceptions) equipped with life-support equipment, and are usually crewed by staff with fewer qualifications than the crew of emergency ambulances. Conversely, EMS agencies may also have [[nontransporting EMS vehicle]]s that cannot transport patients.<ref name="essexcar">{{cite web|url=http://www.carpages.co.uk/honda/honda_essex_ambulance_chooses_honda_power_24_07_04.asp|title=Essex Ambulance Response Cars|publisher=Car Pages|date=24 July 2004|access-date=27 June 2007|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227030543/http://www.carpages.co.uk/honda/honda_essex_ambulance_chooses_honda_power_24_07_04.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> The term ''ambulance'' comes from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|[[wikt:ambulare|ambulare]]}} as meaning 'to walk or move about'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/ambulance|title=How Products Are Made: Ambulance|publisher=How products are made|access-date=2 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325025913/http://science.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/ambulance|archive-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> which is a reference to early medical care where patients were moved by lifting or wheeling. The word originally meant a moving hospital, which follows an army in its movements.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' ambulance definition 1</ref> Ambulances ({{lang|es|ambulancias}} in Spanish) were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the Spanish forces during the [[Siege of Málaga (1487)|siege of Málaga]] by the Catholic Monarchs against the Emirate of Granada. During the [[American Civil War]] vehicles for conveying the wounded off the field of battle were called ambulance wagons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/ambulancewagons.htm|title=Civil War Ambulance Wagons|website=civilwarhome.com|access-date=25 March 2008|archive-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717144400/http://www.civilwarhome.com/ambulancewagons.htm}}</ref> [[Field hospital]]s were still called ambulances during the [[Franco-Prussian War]]<ref>The memoirs of {{cite web |first=Charles E. |last=Ryan |title=With An Ambulance Personal Experiences And Adventures With Both Armies 1870–1871 |url=http://www.ourstory.info/library/1-roots/Ryan/ambTC.html#TC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401155426/http://www.ourstory.info/library/1-roots/Ryan/ambTC.html#TC |archive-date=1 April 2016}} and of {{cite web |last1=Pearson |first1=Emma Maria |author-link1=Emma Maria Pearson |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Louisa |author-link2=Louisa McLaughlin |others=Annotated by McLaughlin, G. Harry. |title=Our Adventures During the War of 1870 |url=http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/ouradventures.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410103613/http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/ouradventures.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2008 |access-date=2008-03-25}}</ref> of 1870 and in the Serbo-Turkish war of 1876<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/serviceinservia.pdf |title=Service in Servia Under the Red Cross |last1=Pearson |first1=Emma Maria |author-link1=Emma Maria Pearson |last2=McLaughlin |first2=Louisa |author-link2=Louisa McLaughlin |access-date=2016-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709041433/http://www.ukchnm.org/uploads/file/serviceinservia.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2008}}</ref> even though the wagons were first referred to as ambulances about 1854 during the [[Crimean War]].<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' ambulance definition 2a</ref> ==Vehicle types== Ambulances can be based on many types of vehicle, although emergency and [[disaster]] conditions may lead to other vehicles serving as makeshift ambulances: * '''Van''' or '''[[pickup truck]]'''–A typical general-purpose ambulance is based on either the chassis of a van ("vanbulance") or a light-duty truck. This chassis is then modified to the designs and specifications of the purchaser. Vans may either retain their original body and be upfitted inside, or may be based on a chassis without the original body with a modular box body fitted instead. Those based on pickup trucks almost always have modular bodies. Those vehicles intended for especially [[Intensive care medicine|intensive care]] or require a large amount of equipment to be carried may be based on medium-duty trucks. * '''Car'''–Some Emergency Medical Services Agencies have vehicles that can be Used either as a [[fly-car]] for rapid response or to transport patients who can sit.There are standard car models that are adapted to the requirements of the service using them. Some cars are capable of taking a [[stretcher]] with a recumbent patient, but this often requires the removal of the front passenger seat, or the use of a particularly long car. This was often the case with early ambulances, which were converted (or even serving) [[hearse]]s, as these were some of the few vehicles able to accept a [[human body]] in a [[supine position]]. Some operators use modular-body transport ambulances based on the chassis of a [[minivan]] or [[station wagon]]. * '''Motorcycle and motor scooter'''–In urban areas,these may be used for rapid response in an emergency as they can travel through heavy traffic much faster than a car or van. [[Trailer (vehicle)|Trailer]]s or [[sidecar]]s can make these patient transporting units.<ref name=motor1>{{cite web|url=http://www.tnn.co.uk/WorldwideNews/plonearticle.2006-07-04.2967165399 |title=News Reference to Motorcycle Trailer Ambulance |access-date=2 June 2007 |publisher=TNN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927160815/http://www.tnn.co.uk/WorldwideNews/plonearticle.2006-07-04.2967165399 |archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref><ref name=motor2>{{cite web|url=http://www.ittransport.co.uk/documents/Bicycleambulance.pdf|title=Motorcycle Trailer-Ambulance Brochure|publisher=IT Transport LTD|access-date=2 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614021104/http://www.ittransport.co.uk/documents/Bicycleambulance.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''Bicycle''' – Used for response, but usually in pedestrian-only areas where large vehicles find access difficult. Like the motorcycle ambulance, a bicycle may be connected to a trailer for patient transport, most often in the developing world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designfordevelopment.org/activities/bike_ambulance.html|title=Bike Ambulance Project|publisher=Design for Development|date=20 July 2005|access-date=14 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928191033/http://www.designfordevelopment.org/activities/bike_ambulance.html|archive-date=28 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''[[All-terrain vehicle]]''' – All Terrain Vehicles are Used for response off-road, especially at events or in remote areas. ATVs can be modified to carry a stretcher, and are used for tasks such as [[mountain rescue]] in inaccessible areas. * '''[[Golf cart]]''' or '''[[Neighborhood Electric Vehicle]]''' – Used for rapid response at events or on campuses.These function similarly to ATVs, with less rough terrain capability and less noise. * '''Bus''' – In some cases, buses can be used to transport multiple casualties, either for the purposes of taking patients on journeys than a car or van, in the context of [[Disaster response|major incidents]], or to deal with specific problems such as drunken patients in town centers. They are sometimes referred to as [[ambulance bus]]es. * '''[[Helicopter]]''' – Usually used for emergency care, either in places inaccessible by road, or in areas where speed is of the essence, as they are able to travel significantly faster than a road ambulance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/business/15658.aspx |title=Highways Agency – Air Ambulance |access-date=18 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603213633/http://www.highways.gov.uk/business/15658.aspx |archive-date=3 June 2009}}</ref> Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at [[air ambulance]]. * '''[[Fixed-wing aircraft]]''' – These can be used for either acute emergency care in remote areas (such as in Australia, with the '[[Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|Flying Doctors]]'<ref name=Flying>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyingdoctor.net/|title=Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|access-date=2 June 2007|publisher=Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612073357/http://www.flyingdoctor.net/|archive-date=12 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>), for patient transport over long distances (e.g. a re-patriation following an illness or injury in a foreign country<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrowairambulance.com/repatriation.html|title=Heathrow Air Ambulance Service|access-date=2 June 2007|publisher=Heathrow air ambulance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617031304/http://heathrowairambulance.com/repatriation.html|archive-date=17 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>), or transportation between distant hospitals than a hospital ship and hospital train. Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at [[air ambulance]]. * '''Boat''' – Boats can be used to serve as [[water ambulance]]s, especially in island areas<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/3181602.stm|title=Islanders to get Ambulance Boat|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 October 2009 | date=10 October 2003}}</ref> or in areas with a large number of canals. Some [[Lifeboat (rescue)|lifeboat]]s or [[lifeguard]] vessels may fit the description of an ambulance as they are used to transport a casualty. * '''Train''' – In remote or hard-to-reach areas that are accessed primarily by [[railway]] connections, [[train]]s may be used to provide medical care as a mobile treatment facility or transport patients to better care in more accessible areas. These are generally called [[hospital train]]s. * '''Trailer''' – In some instances, a [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]], which can be towed behind a self-propelled vehicle, can be used as an ambulance. This permits flexibility in areas with minimal access to vehicles, such as on small islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Information – Medical Services |url=http://www.sark.info/index.cfm?fuseaction=gov.content&cmid=552 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217064132/http://www.sark.info/index.cfm?fuseaction=gov.content&cmid=552 |archive-date=17 February 2012 |publisher=Isle of Sark Government}}</ref> * '''Horse and cart''' – More traditional form of transport, mostly seen in [[Developing country|developing economies]]. * '''[[Fire engine|Fire engine or Fire truck]]''' – Fire services (especially in North America) often train firefighters to respond to medical emergencies and most apparatus carry at least basic medical supplies. By design, most apparatus cannot transport patients unless they can sit in the cab. However, some fire trucks may be designed to have a large ambulance compartment behind the front of the cab, where the driver and officer's seats are located.Some Fire Engines or Fire Trucks have cabinets or doors located in the cab or outside of the cab that contain medical equipment. === Vehicle type gallery === <gallery> File:Washington DC Fire Department Ambulance 1.jpg|A [[Navistar]] truck ambulance operated by the [[District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department]] File:ToyotaHiaceKKM.jpg|A [[Toyota HiAce]] van ambulance operated by the [[Malaysia]] [[Ministry of Health (Malaysia)|Ministry of Health]] File:Notarzt Lübeck.jpg|An [[Volkswagen Transporter (T6)]] [[nontransporting EMS vehicle]] carrying an [[Emergency physician]] File:Ambulance Motorbike (29274193644).jpg|A [[Honda ST series]] [[motorcycle ambulance]] operated by the [[London Ambulance Service]] File:NHS bicycle.jpg|A [[Cycle responder|paramedic bicycle]] operated by the London Ambulance Service File:2019 - Pol’and’Rock (029) Medyczny Patrol quadem.jpg|An [[all-terrain vehicle]] ambulance with a [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailer]] operated by the [[Pol'and'Rock Festival]]'s Medical Patrol File:GRTW BFHB.JPG|A [[MAN Lion's City]] operated by the [[Bremen]] [[Feuerwehr]] File:Zepper-BK 117-C2-(EC145)-SchweizerischeRettungsflugwacht.jpg|A [[Eurocopter EC145]] helicopter [[air ambulance]] operated by [[Rega (air rescue)|Rega]] File:Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia Central Operations (VH-FGS) Pilatus PC-12-45 at Wagga Wagga Airport.jpg|A [[Pilatus PC-12]] plane air ambulance operated by the [[Royal Flying Doctor Service]] File:Eyr Ytterholmen.jpg|A [[water ambulance]] operated by the [[Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue]] File:Surgeon Nikolay Pirogov 9.jpg|The "Surgeon [[Nikolay Pirogov]]" [[hospital train]] operated by [[Russian Railways]] </gallery> ==Crew== An ambulance usually has two or more crew members. One person drives while the other looks after the patient in the back. A paramedic will have at least a year of medical training. They can do fairly advanced treatment. However, not all ambulances have paramedics on them. In the United States, some may have emergency medical technicians (EMTs). [[Emergency Care Assistant|Emergency care assistants]] (ECAs) can be found in the United Kingdom. In some countries such as [[France]], [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Sweden]], ambulances may have [[Physician|doctors]] or [[Nurse|nurses]] on board. ==Equipment== [[File:US Navy medevac transport bus.jpg|thumb|Big military ambulance for when many people are hurt]] In the past, ambulances only gave patients a ride to hospital. They only carried a small amount of [[first aid]] equipment. This is still true in some parts of the world. Most modern ambulances will have more equipment and medicine. In some countries, an ambulance is like a mobile doctor's clinic. Ambulances or other medical vehicles have some or all of the following equipment on board: *Collar:A special collar is used to hold a person so they can not move their [[Neck (body part)|neck]].This is used if it is thought that they may have damaged their [[backbone]]. *[[Defibrillator]]:This is a machine that delivers electricity and restarts a heart that has stopped beating normally.Some defibrillators are connected to a heart monitor and use Manual Paddles whereas an Automated Defibrillator has voice commands and tells the emergency workers and bystanders to stand back so that a shock can be delivered.Defibrillators treat certain Heart Arrhythmias such as [[Ventricular fibrillation|Ventricular Fibrillation]] (V-Fib),Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tach) and some other Arrhythmias.However,Asystole (Flatline),Cannot be treated by a Defibrillator. *[[Nitrous oxide]]:This is Also known as "laughing gas". This gas is used to reduce pain. *Heart monitor:This is a machine that shows how well a heart is beating.As explained above,a Heart Monitor can have a Defibrillator connected to it. *[[Oxygen|Oxygen cylinders]]:If a person is having trouble breathing, it often helps to give them oxygen from a cylinder. *Splints: These hold an arm or leg in place if a bone is broken. They stop the broken bone from moving and getting worse. *[[Stretcher]]: A stretcher is used to carry the patient in and out of the ambulance. *[[Wheelchair]]: A chair with wheels used to carry a patient. *[[Medication|Medications]]: Medications are found on Ambulances and other medical vehicles. Medications include cardiac (heart) drugs, anti seizure medications and others. == Air ambulance == [[File:North West Air Ambulance - Cumbria Longsleddale.jpg|thumb|A UK helicopter ambulance]] [[Air ambulances]] became more common in the late 20th century. They are [[Helicopter|helicopters]] that carry much of the same equipment as a normal ambulance. In the [[United States]], the [[Coast Guard]] runs a public air ambulance service using helicopters. These are often needed when emergencies happen at [[sea]]. There are also privately owned [[air ambulance services]] that provide for a wider range of needs, including international transport. Air ambulances are very useful when an emergency happens in a place that is hard to get to quickly by ground travel. Air ambulances are very important in countries with low [[population density]] (few people, living in a vast area). Examples of these areas are [[Canada]], [[Russia]], Sweden or [[Finland]]. They can often save the life of a patient who would otherwise die because they could not get to a hospital quickly by other means. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|Ambulances}} {{Transport-stub}} [[category:vehicles]] [[Category:Emergency services]] oroi3o4juntpzkdw48mplp7u5nybijg 4 56381 10878953 10861509 2026-06-04T19:20:08Z User97104 1745735 /* Nestor Makhno */ Reply 10878953 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="clear:both; background:#DDF; color:black; border:1px #AAA solid;" cellspacing="4" |- | width="60%" style="padding:1em; border:1px solid #AAA; background-color:#EEF;" valign="top" | <span style="font-size:2em;">Proposed very good articles</span> {{shortcut|WP:PVGOOD|WP:PVGA|WP:FAC}} [[File:Cscr-candidate.svg|left|60px|This star represents the proposed very good content on Wikipedia.]] Very good articles are the highest status of articles at Simple English Wikipedia. In order to become a very good article, there are certain criteria that the article must meet. These criteria can be found at [[Wikipedia:Requirements for very good articles]]. This page is to discuss articles to decide whether they meet the VGA criteria. When an article is posted here for discussion, it should have the {{tl|pvgood}} tag placed on it. This will place the article in [[:Category:Proposed very good articles]]. Articles which are accepted by the community as very good articles have their {{tl|pvgood}} tag replaced with {{tl|vgood}}. They are also listed on [[Wikipedia:Very good articles]] and are placed in [[:Category:Very good articles]]. Articles which are not accepted by the community as very good articles have their {{tl|vgood}} tag removed. Articles that are below the very good article criteria can be nominated to be a good article at [[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles]]. In order to make sure the article you are proposing meets the required size, use [[User:Phantomsteve/prosesize.js|this tool]]. Please notice that the ''text'' size is important, not the ''wikitext'' size. | style="border:1px solid #AAA; padding:1em; background-color:#EFE;" valign="top" | <span style="font-size:2em;">Joining the talk</span> If you choose to participate in the discussion process for promoting articles, it is very important that you know and understand the [[Wikipedia:Requirements for very good articles|criteria for very good articles]]. Discussing an article is a promise to the community that you have thoroughly read the criteria and the article in question. You should be prepared to fully explain the reasons for your comment. This process should not be taken lightly, and if there is concern that a user is not taking the process seriously and/or is commenting without reason, they may have their privilege to participate taken away. |} {{archive box collapsible|large=yes| *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 1|Archived requests (From June 2007 to September 2007)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 2|Archived requests (from October 2007 to June 2008)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 3|Archived requests (from July 2008 to August 2008)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 4|Archived requests (from September 2008 to January 2009)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 5|Archived requests (from February 2009 to April 2009)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 6|Archived requests (from May 2009 to August 2009)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 7|Archived requests (from September 2009 to February 2010)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 8|Archived requests (from March 2010 to January 2011)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 9|Archived requests (from February 2011 to June 2013)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 10|Archived requests (from July 2013 to April 2021)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 11|Archived requests (from June 2021 to December 2021)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 12|Archived requests (from November 2022 to September 2024)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 13|Archived requests (from December 2024 to 2026)]] }} ==Proposals for very good articles== To propose an article for Very Good article status, just add it to the '''top of the list''' using the code, filling out 'page title' and 'reason' with your proposed page's title and why you think this page should be a proposed article: <code>{{[[Template:Pgapropose|subst:Pgapropose]]|''page title''|''reason''}} <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> You may have <u>''one'' nomination</u> open at a time only. Proposals run for three weeks. After this time the article will be either promoted or not promoted depending on the consensus reached in the discussion. ''This is '''not a vote''', so please do not use comments such as "Support" or "Oppose" only without giving constructive feedback.'' <!--List new proposals below this line, NEWEST NOMINATIONS AT THE TOP. --> === Nestor Makhno === :{{la|Nestor Makhno}} I think this article meets all 10 of the [[Wikipedia:Requirements for very good articles|requirements for a very good article]]. 1: It is considered a [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/5/People/Military personnel, revolutionaries, and activists|vital subject]]. 2: It covers everything I would expect to be in a simple article about the subject. 3: It is 15.8 kilobytes in size. 4: It has received changes from a [[Special:Diff/9744893#Nestor Makhno|good article review]] and direct changes to the article by other users. 5: It is in 8 categories and 18 other articles link to it. 6: The article has not been changed since February 2025. 7: The article has no red links. 8: The leading image is relevant, labelled and has alternative text. 9: It is not tagged for improvement. 10: The article is fully referenced by 3 books. If there are more changes that should be made for it to receive "very good" status, I will be happy to make them. <!-- Template:Pgapropose --> [[User:Grnrchst|Grnrchst]] ([[User talk:Grnrchst|talk]]) 19:45, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :I have a question, mostly related to criteria 2: is Simple English Wikipedia more forgiving on the {{Tq|The article must be comprehensive. A comprehensive article is one which does not miss any major facts and details.}}? Right now, if you check the English Wikipedia article, which is also a featured article, then it contains much more information. I think that, ideally, the Simple English Wikipedia article should just be a 'translation' of the English article. You can convince me otherwise, but right now, I '''oppose'''. [[User:EasternShah|EasternShah]] ([[User talk:EasternShah|talk]]) 16:40, 18 May 2026 (UTC) :'''Oppose''' per EasternShah. [[User:User97104|User97104]] ([[User talk:User97104|talk]]) 19:20, 4 June 2026 (UTC) == Proposals closed recently == ==Related pages== *[[Wikipedia:Requirements for very good articles]] *[[Wikipedia:Requirements for good articles]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed article demotion]] [[Category:Very good articles|*]] </noinclude> lr7t9xbwmdyyiy9xrfksz4ytnhse2uy 0 56416 10878779 10878204 2026-06-04T14:13:01Z Fishsicles 1542442 /* Mathematical fractions */ This table only lists fractions of the form n/(n+1), which is not what the article is about and are not a notable sequence in general. Removing 10878779 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cake_fractions.svg|thumb|right|270px|A cake with one quarter removed. The remaining {{Fraction|3|4}} of the cake has been divided into two pieces.]] A '''fraction''' is a number that shows how many equal parts there are. When we write fractions, we show one number with a line above (or a slash next to) another number.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-01|title=Compendium of Mathematical Symbols|url=https://mathvault.ca/hub/higher-math/math-symbols/|access-date=2020-08-27|website=Math Vault|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Weisstein|first=Eric W.|title=Fraction|url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Fraction.html|access-date=2020-08-27|website=mathworld.wolfram.com|language=en}}</ref> For example, '''<math>\tfrac{1}{4}</math>''', '''{{Fraction|1|4}}''' and '''1/4'''.are different ways of writing the same fraction (in this case a quarter). The top number tells us how many parts there are, and the bottom number tells us the total number of parts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fractions|url=https://www.mathsisfun.com/fractions.html|access-date=2020-08-27|website=www.mathsisfun.com}}</ref> == Names == Almost every fraction can be read as an ordinal number, with a few exceptions. <math>\frac{1}{2}</math> is always read as "one half." <math>\frac{1}{4}</math> is sometimes read as "one quarter." <math>\frac{1}{100}</math> is sometimes read as "one percent." Aside from those, fractions are read as ordinal numbers. <math>\frac{1}{5}</math> is read as "one fifth," <math>\frac{1}{27}</math> is read as "one twenty-seventh," and <math>\frac{1}{512}</math> is read as "one five hundred twelfth." == Numerators and denominators == .[[File:Frac dice d6.JPG|alt=Fraction dice|thumb|Fraction dice.]] The top part of a fraction (example: '''1'''/4) is called the '''numerator'''. Numerators can be any [[Real number|real numbers]]. The numerator can be on the top or to the left when writing fractions. The bottom part of a fraction (example: 1/'''4''') is called a '''denominator'''. This number cannot be zero. It is on the bottom or on the right when writing fractions. Early [[mathematics education]] divides fractions into "proper" and "improper" fractions. A proper fraction is a fraction with the numerator smaller than the denominator. An improper fraction is a fraction where the numerator is bigger than the denominator. For example, '''<math>\tfrac{1}{4}</math>''' is a proper fraction, and '''<math>\tfrac{5}{4}</math>''' is an improper fraction. [[Primary school]] students are often told to write improper fractions as [[mixed number]]s. [[Mathematician]]s do not use mixed numbers and prefer to write all [[rational number]]s as fractions no matter which of the numerator or denominator is bigger.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alllearnersnetwork.com/blog/greater-1|title=Rethinking Fractions Greater Than 1: Building Bridges to Advanced Mathematics|author=Elizabeth Kielty|date=2025-05-16|access-date=2026-06-03|website=All Learners Network}}</ref>{{better source|reason=There's probably an undergraduate text or journal review covering this in more detail than a post on an educational consulting blog}} ==Examples of fractions== #A room where <math>\tfrac{1}{4}</math> of the people are girls, has 1 girl for every 4 people. #A cake can be thought of as being made up of 4 equal parts, where each is 1 part of 4. This can be written as <math>\tfrac{1}{4}</math>, and is called a "quarter". Similarly, 2 parts of the cake (2 quarters) can be written <math>\tfrac{2}{4}</math>, which is also equal to 1/2 (one-half). == Mathematical fractions == A fraction is a [[mathematics|mathematical]] expression relating two quantities or [[number]]s, where one [[Division (mathematics)|divides]] the other. When the two quantities are [[whole number]]s (or [[integer]]s), this is called a [[rational number]] (such as the fraction <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math>). When the two quantities are [[polynomial]]s, this is called a [[rational function]]. [[File:ContinuedFractionGeneralCaseExample.svg|alt=Fraction numbers used in addition in lines|thumb|Fraction numbers used in addition in lines]] Mathematically, a fraction is a [[quotient]] of [[number]]s, representing the number's value when the numerator (upper number) is divided by the denominator (lower number). Thus <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math> means one divided by two, or, in decimals, 0.5. To find <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math> of <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math>, the denominators are multiplied, and because denominator 2 multiplied by 2 equals 4, we have that <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math> x <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math> = <math>\tfrac{1}{4}</math>, or 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25. (In this case, “<math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math> of” means "[[multiplication]]".) To find <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math> ''divided by'' <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math>, multiply <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math> by the [[reciprocal]] of <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math>, which is 2. That answer is 1. == Multiplying == To multiply two fractions, the first numerator is [[Multiplication|multiplied]] by the other numerator, and the first denominator is multiplied by the other denominator. For example. '''{{Fraction|2|4}}''' x '''{{Fraction|3|4}}''' = '''{{Fraction|6|16}}'''. One can simplify this by dividing both numbers by a common factor. This would be '''{{Fraction|3|8}}''' after the simplification. == Related pages == * [[Algebraic fraction]] * [[Egyptian fraction]] * [[Mixed number]] * [[Ratio]] == References == <references /> == Other websites == * [http://www.mathfactcafe.com Curricula for Creating Fractions] * [http://www.realmath.de/Mathematik/newmathen.html Interactive and dynamic worksheets to visualize fractions] * [http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=1551&CurriculumID=4&Method=Worksheet Worksheets: Identifying Fractions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310221041/http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=1551&CurriculumID=4&Method=Worksheet |date=2007-03-10 }} * [http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=1364&CurriculumID=4&Method=Worksheet Worksheets: Improper Fractions to Mixed Numbers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310221102/http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=1364&CurriculumID=4&Method=Worksheet |date=2007-03-10 }} * [http://www.math-lessons.ca Curricula for Teaching about Equivalent Fractions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001005021/http://www.math-lessons.ca/ |date=2020-10-01 }} * [http://www.quiz-tree.com/Fractions_Practice_main.html Free online quizzes about Fractions] * [http://www.fractionsworksheets.ca/fractions/fractions.html Printable fraction worksheets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712232933/http://www.fractionsworksheets.ca/fractions/fractions.html |date=2012-07-12 }} for elementary grades. [[Category:Fractions (mathematics)| ]] {{Math-stub}} nbendic12tkggnbit1d5xl9go551fq9 10878818 10878779 2026-06-04T15:48:56Z Fishsicles 1542442 /* Mathematical fractions */ Continued fraction example is not appropriate for this section 10878818 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cake_fractions.svg|thumb|right|270px|A cake with one quarter removed. The remaining {{Fraction|3|4}} of the cake has been divided into two pieces.]] A '''fraction''' is a number that shows how many equal parts there are. When we write fractions, we show one number with a line above (or a slash next to) another number.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-01|title=Compendium of Mathematical Symbols|url=https://mathvault.ca/hub/higher-math/math-symbols/|access-date=2020-08-27|website=Math Vault|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Weisstein|first=Eric W.|title=Fraction|url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Fraction.html|access-date=2020-08-27|website=mathworld.wolfram.com|language=en}}</ref> For example, '''<math>\tfrac{1}{4}</math>''', '''{{Fraction|1|4}}''' and '''1/4'''.are different ways of writing the same fraction (in this case a quarter). The top number tells us how many parts there are, and the bottom number tells us the total number of parts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fractions|url=https://www.mathsisfun.com/fractions.html|access-date=2020-08-27|website=www.mathsisfun.com}}</ref> == Names == Almost every fraction can be read as an ordinal number, with a few exceptions. <math>\frac{1}{2}</math> is always read as "one half." <math>\frac{1}{4}</math> is sometimes read as "one quarter." <math>\frac{1}{100}</math> is sometimes read as "one percent." Aside from those, fractions are read as ordinal numbers. <math>\frac{1}{5}</math> is read as "one fifth," <math>\frac{1}{27}</math> is read as "one twenty-seventh," and <math>\frac{1}{512}</math> is read as "one five hundred twelfth." == Numerators and denominators == .[[File:Frac dice d6.JPG|alt=Fraction dice|thumb|Fraction dice.]] The top part of a fraction (example: '''1'''/4) is called the '''numerator'''. Numerators can be any [[Real number|real numbers]]. The numerator can be on the top or to the left when writing fractions. The bottom part of a fraction (example: 1/'''4''') is called a '''denominator'''. This number cannot be zero. It is on the bottom or on the right when writing fractions. Early [[mathematics education]] divides fractions into "proper" and "improper" fractions. A proper fraction is a fraction with the numerator smaller than the denominator. An improper fraction is a fraction where the numerator is bigger than the denominator. For example, '''<math>\tfrac{1}{4}</math>''' is a proper fraction, and '''<math>\tfrac{5}{4}</math>''' is an improper fraction. [[Primary school]] students are often told to write improper fractions as [[mixed number]]s. [[Mathematician]]s do not use mixed numbers and prefer to write all [[rational number]]s as fractions no matter which of the numerator or denominator is bigger.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alllearnersnetwork.com/blog/greater-1|title=Rethinking Fractions Greater Than 1: Building Bridges to Advanced Mathematics|author=Elizabeth Kielty|date=2025-05-16|access-date=2026-06-03|website=All Learners Network}}</ref>{{better source|reason=There's probably an undergraduate text or journal review covering this in more detail than a post on an educational consulting blog}} ==Examples of fractions== #A room where <math>\tfrac{1}{4}</math> of the people are girls, has 1 girl for every 4 people. #A cake can be thought of as being made up of 4 equal parts, where each is 1 part of 4. This can be written as <math>\tfrac{1}{4}</math>, and is called a "quarter". Similarly, 2 parts of the cake (2 quarters) can be written <math>\tfrac{2}{4}</math>, which is also equal to 1/2 (one-half). == Mathematical fractions == A fraction is a [[mathematics|mathematical]] expression relating two quantities or [[number]]s, where one [[Division (mathematics)|divides]] the other. When the two quantities are [[whole number]]s (or [[integer]]s), this is called a [[rational number]] (such as the fraction <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math>). When the two quantities are [[polynomial]]s, this is called a [[rational function]]. Mathematically, a fraction is a [[quotient]] of [[number]]s, representing the number's value when the numerator (upper number) is divided by the denominator (lower number). Thus <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math> means one divided by two, or, in decimals, 0.5. To find <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math> of <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math>, the denominators are multiplied, and because denominator 2 multiplied by 2 equals 4, we have that <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math> x <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math> = <math>\tfrac{1}{4}</math>, or 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25. (In this case, “<math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math> of” means "[[multiplication]]".) To find <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math> ''divided by'' <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math>, multiply <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math> by the [[reciprocal]] of <math>\tfrac{1}{2}</math>, which is 2. That answer is 1. == Multiplying == To multiply two fractions, the first numerator is [[Multiplication|multiplied]] by the other numerator, and the first denominator is multiplied by the other denominator. For example. '''{{Fraction|2|4}}''' x '''{{Fraction|3|4}}''' = '''{{Fraction|6|16}}'''. One can simplify this by dividing both numbers by a common factor. This would be '''{{Fraction|3|8}}''' after the simplification. == Related pages == * [[Algebraic fraction]] * [[Egyptian fraction]] * [[Mixed number]] * [[Ratio]] == References == <references /> == Other websites == * [http://www.mathfactcafe.com Curricula for Creating Fractions] * [http://www.realmath.de/Mathematik/newmathen.html Interactive and dynamic worksheets to visualize fractions] * [http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=1551&CurriculumID=4&Method=Worksheet Worksheets: Identifying Fractions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310221041/http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=1551&CurriculumID=4&Method=Worksheet |date=2007-03-10 }} * [http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=1364&CurriculumID=4&Method=Worksheet Worksheets: Improper Fractions to Mixed Numbers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310221102/http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=1364&CurriculumID=4&Method=Worksheet |date=2007-03-10 }} * [http://www.math-lessons.ca Curricula for Teaching about Equivalent Fractions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001005021/http://www.math-lessons.ca/ |date=2020-10-01 }} * [http://www.quiz-tree.com/Fractions_Practice_main.html Free online quizzes about Fractions] * [http://www.fractionsworksheets.ca/fractions/fractions.html Printable fraction worksheets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712232933/http://www.fractionsworksheets.ca/fractions/fractions.html |date=2012-07-12 }} for elementary grades. [[Category:Fractions (mathematics)| ]] {{Math-stub}} gpu2y984i9per1xrajy1hiulq4h65co 0 59427 10879052 10878719 2026-06-04T21:09:42Z ~2026-33297-11 1816477 /* Sources of slaves */ 10879052 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Slave Auction Ad.jpg|thumb|Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave [[auction]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], in 1769.]] {{Slavery}} In the '''Atlantic slave trade,''' [[Europe]]an [[sea captain]]s and [[sailor]]s [[Human trafficking|trafficked]] [[Sub-Saharan Africa|African]] [[Slave|slaves]] in and around the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. This trade existed throughout the entire [[early modern period]] ([[15th century]] to the early [[19th century]]). Most enslaved people were shipped from [[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]] to the [[New World]] on [[Slave ship|slave ships]]. This journey across the Atlantic by ship was known as the [[Middle Passage]]. The trade began in 1526 when a Portuguese ship brought slaves to Brazil. Slave ships had horrible conditions, and deaths were common on board. Between 1500 and 1866, around 12.5 million enslaved Africans were [[Human trafficking|trafficked]] to the [[Americas]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Wolfe|first=Brendan|title=Slave Ships|url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/slave-ships-and-the-middle-passage/|access-date=2025-04-18|website=Encyclopedia Virginia|language=en-US}}</ref> Around 1.8 million died on the Middle Passage.<ref name=":0" /> == Sources of slaves == Some slaves were [[wikt:capture|capture]]d in [[battle]]s with other African [[tribe]]s; others were captured when Europeans held coastal [[raid]]s and [[kidnapping|kidnapped]] Africans.<ref name=ISM>{{cite web |url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/africa/capture_sale.aspx |title=The capture and sale of slaves |publisher=International Slave Museum |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> Some tribesmen and tribeswomen were sold into slavery by their own chieftan as [[punishment]] or by an enemy chieftain in order to pay a [[debt]] to Europeans.<ref name=ISM/> After being captured, the enslaved people were [[wikt:shackle|shackled]] together and marched to the [[coast]] on journeys lasting weeks or months.<ref name=ISM/> When they arrived, they were imprisoned in [[Fortification|forts]] where they were [[Purchase|purchased]] by other Europeans. Most [[Historian|historians]] today think that 12 to 13 million Africans arrived in the New World.<ref>Thomas, Hugh 1997. ''The Slave Trade: the history of the Atlantic slave trade 1440–1870''. London: Picador, 1997. {{ISBN|0-330-35437-X}}</ref> The [[Dahomey|Dahomian]] army traded slaves for [[Weapon|weapons]] to protect themselves. King Gezo of [[Dahomey]] said in the 1840s:{{better source|date=December 2024}} {{quote|The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people. It is the source and the glory of their wealth...the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery...''<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Anglo-American Magazine|date=July–December 1854|volume=V|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDQiAQAAIAAJ&dq=%27%27The+slave+trade+is+the+ruling+principle+of+my+people.&pg=PA94|access-date=2 July 2014}}</ref>}} == Slave trade == ''Also see: [[Middle Passage]]; [[Slave ship]]'' === Triangular trade === ''See the main article: [[Triangular trade]]'' Some slave ships worked a three-part [[economy|economic cycle]] often called the [[triangular trade]].<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/dialogue/the-slave-route/transatlantic-slave-trade/ |title=Transatlantic Slave Trade |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> It tied the economies of several [[Region|regions]] and [[Continent|continents]] together.<ref name=UNESCO/> The main triangular trading countries were [[England]], [[The Netherlands]], [[France]], [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]].<ref name=UNESCO/> Other ships just worked the slave trade.{{better source|date=December 2024}} [[Christopher Columbus]] first came to the Americas in 1492 while seeking the [[West Indies]]. European countries started to build [[Colony|colonies]] in the Americas. This led to an economic reason for the Atlantic slave trade. African slaves were first imported in large numbers for [[mining]] and later to grow [[sugarcane]] on [[Plantation|plantations]]. Slavery is much more [[Ancient history|ancient]] than the transatlantic trade. Slaves were used in many ancient societies.<ref>Greene, Jacqueline. ''Slavery in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia''. 2001. {{ISBN|0-531-16538-8}}</ref> Historians think that about 4.9 million slaves were brought to [[Brazil]], 1.3 million to the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonies]], and 400 thousand to mainland [[North America]]. About 3.9 million were brought to other parts of the Americans, mainly the [[Caribbean]]. Records show that only about 9000 slaves were brought to Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – Estimates |url=https://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates |website=slavevoyages |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} == Abolition and illegal trade == In the 18th century, a small opposition developed against the Atlantic slave trade in Britain, America, and some parts of Europe.<ref>Davis, David Brion 1975. ''The problem of slavery in the age of revolution: 1770–1823'', p. 129.</ref> In Britain and America, opposition to the trade was led by the [[Religious Society of Friends]] (Quakers) and establishment Evangelicals such as [[William Wilberforce]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} People who protested against the trade were opposed by the owners of land in the Americas.<ref>Library of Society of Friends Subject Guide: Abolition of the Slave Trade.</ref> After 1772, slaves became free upon entering the British Isles.<ref name="CUP">Lovejoy, Paul E. 2000. ''Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa'', Cambridge University Press, p. 290.</ref> [[Abolitionism]] became stronger in the 19th century.{{cn|date=December 2024}} [[Denmark]] was the first European country to ban the slave trade, in 1792, which took effect in 1803.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tyQCwAAQBAJ&dq=Denmark+was+the+first+European+country+to+ban+the+slave+trade%2C+in+1792%2C+which+took+effect+in+1803.&pg=PT42|title=Short History of Africa: From the Origins of the Human Race to the Arab Spring|isbn=9781842436349 |accessdate=March 8, 2023|last1=Kerr |first1=Gordon |date=June 2012 |publisher=Oldacastle Books }}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} On 22 February 1807, the work of [[William Wilberforce]] was rewarded with victory. By 283 votes for to 16 against, the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] passed the Slave Trade Act to abolish the slave trade.<ref>[http://www.brycchancarey.com/abolition/wilberforce.htm William Wilberforce (1759–1833).]</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} The [[United States]] abolished it later that year. The [[Royal Navy]] set up a [[blockade]] of West Africa to stop the trade. Treaties with other nations allowed the blockade ships to stop their slave trade. However, the [[smuggling]] of slaves was very common. Hundreds of thousands of Black people were enslaved illegally. [[New York City]] was a center for this illegal slave trade. [[Judge|Judges]] in New York avoided punishing slave traders through the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vinson|first=Robert Trent|date=July 1996|title=The Law As Lawbreaker: The Promotion and Encouragement of the Atlantic Slave Trade by the New York Judiciary System, 1857-1862|url=http://www.inmotionaame.org/texts/viewer.cfm?view=2&id=1_033BT&part=35|journal=Afro-Americans in New York Life and History|volume=20|pages=35–58|via=In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} Many slaves continued to be sent to [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonies]] of [[Cuba]], [[Puerto Rico]] and much of [[South America]].<ref>Aimes, Hubert H. 1967.'' A history of slavery in Cuba, 1511 to 1868''. New York: Octagon Books.</ref> The slave trade in Brazil was banned in 1831. However, many European Brazilians thought it was necessary for their economy, so the country failed to stop it. Hundreds of thousands more slaves were brought to Brazil in the 1830s and 1840s until the British forced Brazil to end the slave trade.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conrad|first=Robert|date=1969-11-01|title=The Contraband Slave Trade to Brazil, 1831-1845|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/49/4/617/157301/The-Contraband-Slave-Trade-to-Brazil-1831-1845|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=49|issue=4|pages=617–638|doi=10.1215/00182168-49.4.617|issn=0018-2168}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=4.2 Slavery and Abolition in the 19th Century {{!}} Brazil: Five Centuries of Change|url=https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-3/slavery-and-aboliton/|access-date=2023-01-09|website=library.brown.edu}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} ==Related pages== *[[Racism]] *[[Slavery]] *[[Equality]] *[[Slave ship]] *[[Imperialism]] *[[Colonialism]] *[[Human rights]] *[[Middle Passage]] *[[Arab slave trade]] *[[Scientific racism]] *[[African slave trade]] *[[Barbary slave trade]] == References == {{reflist}} {{African American topics}} [[Category:Historic slave trade]] gdtxy7uyjijxtjqllg2zvlj4tm5hzub 10879060 10879052 2026-06-04T21:15:43Z ~2026-33297-11 1816477 10879060 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Slave Auction Ad.jpg|thumb|Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave [[auction]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], in 1769.]] {{Slavery}} In the '''Atlantic slave trade,''' [[Europe]]an [[sea captain]]s and [[sailor]]s [[Human trafficking|trafficked]] [[Sub-Saharan Africa|African]] [[Slave|slaves]] in and around the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. This trade existed throughout the entire [[early modern period]] ([[15th century]] to the early [[19th century]]). Most enslaved people were shipped from [[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]] to the [[New World]] on [[Slave ship|slave ships]]. This journey across the Atlantic by ship was known as the [[Middle Passage]]. The trade began in 1526 when a Portuguese ship brought slaves to Brazil. Slave ships had horrible conditions, and deaths were common on board. Between 1500 and 1866, around 12.5 million enslaved Africans were [[Human trafficking|trafficked]] to the [[Americas]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Wolfe|first=Brendan|title=Slave Ships|url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/slave-ships-and-the-middle-passage/|access-date=2025-04-18|website=Encyclopedia Virginia|language=en-US}}</ref> Around 1.8 million died on the Middle Passage.<ref name=":0" /> == Sources of slaves == Some slaves were [[wikt:capture|capture]]d in [[battle]]s with other African [[tribe]]s; others were captured when Europeans held coastal [[raid]]s and [[kidnapping|kidnapped]] Africans.<ref name=ISM>{{cite web |url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/africa/capture_sale.aspx |title=The capture and sale of slaves |publisher=International Slave Museum |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> Some tribesmen and tribeswomen were sold into slavery by their own chieftan as [[punishment]] for [[crime]]s or by an enemy chieftain in order to pay a [[debt]] to Europeans.<ref name=ISM/> After being captured, the enslaved people were [[wikt:shackle|shackled]] together and marched to the [[coast]] on journeys lasting weeks or months.<ref name=ISM/> When they arrived, they were imprisoned in [[Fortification|forts]] where they were [[Purchase|purchased]] by other Europeans. Most [[Historian|historians]] today think that 12 to 13 million Africans arrived in the New World.<ref>Thomas, Hugh 1997. ''The Slave Trade: the history of the Atlantic slave trade 1440–1870''. London: Picador, 1997. {{ISBN|0-330-35437-X}}</ref> The [[Dahomey|Dahomian]] army traded slaves for [[Weapon|weapons]] to protect themselves. King Gezo of [[Dahomey]] said in the 1840s:{{better source|date=December 2024}} {{quote|The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people. It is the source and the glory of their wealth...the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery...''<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Anglo-American Magazine|date=July–December 1854|volume=V|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDQiAQAAIAAJ&dq=%27%27The+slave+trade+is+the+ruling+principle+of+my+people.&pg=PA94|access-date=2 July 2014}}</ref>}} == Slave trade == ''Also see: [[Middle Passage]]; [[Slave ship]]'' === Triangular trade === ''See the main article: [[Triangular trade]]'' Some slave ships worked a three-part [[economy|economic cycle]] often called the [[triangular trade]].<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/dialogue/the-slave-route/transatlantic-slave-trade/ |title=Transatlantic Slave Trade |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> It tied the economies of several [[Region|regions]] and [[Continent|continents]] together.<ref name=UNESCO/> The main triangular trading countries were [[England]], [[The Netherlands]], [[France]], [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]].<ref name=UNESCO/> Other ships just worked the slave trade.{{better source|date=December 2024}} [[Christopher Columbus]] first came to the Americas in 1492 while seeking the [[West Indies]]. European countries started to build [[Colony|colonies]] in the Americas. This led to an economic reason for the Atlantic slave trade. African slaves were first imported in large numbers for [[mining]] and later to grow [[sugarcane]] on [[Plantation|plantations]]. Slavery is much more [[Ancient history|ancient]] than the transatlantic trade. Slaves were used in many ancient societies.<ref>Greene, Jacqueline. ''Slavery in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia''. 2001. {{ISBN|0-531-16538-8}}</ref> Historians think that about 4.9 million slaves were brought to [[Brazil]], 1.3 million to the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonies]], and 400 thousand to mainland [[North America]]. About 3.9 million were brought to other parts of the Americans, mainly the [[Caribbean]]. Records show that only about 9000 slaves were brought to Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – Estimates |url=https://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates |website=slavevoyages |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} == Abolition and illegal trade == In the 18th century, a small opposition developed against the Atlantic slave trade in Britain, America, and some parts of Europe.<ref>Davis, David Brion 1975. ''The problem of slavery in the age of revolution: 1770–1823'', p. 129.</ref> In Britain and America, opposition to the trade was led by the [[Religious Society of Friends]] (Quakers) and establishment Evangelicals such as [[William Wilberforce]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} People who protested against the trade were opposed by the owners of land in the Americas.<ref>Library of Society of Friends Subject Guide: Abolition of the Slave Trade.</ref> After 1772, slaves became free upon entering the British Isles.<ref name="CUP">Lovejoy, Paul E. 2000. ''Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa'', Cambridge University Press, p. 290.</ref> [[Abolitionism]] became stronger in the 19th century.{{cn|date=December 2024}} [[Denmark]] was the first European country to ban the slave trade, in 1792, which took effect in 1803.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tyQCwAAQBAJ&dq=Denmark+was+the+first+European+country+to+ban+the+slave+trade%2C+in+1792%2C+which+took+effect+in+1803.&pg=PT42|title=Short History of Africa: From the Origins of the Human Race to the Arab Spring|isbn=9781842436349 |accessdate=March 8, 2023|last1=Kerr |first1=Gordon |date=June 2012 |publisher=Oldacastle Books }}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} On 22 February 1807, the work of [[William Wilberforce]] was rewarded with victory. By 283 votes for to 16 against, the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] passed the Slave Trade Act to abolish the slave trade.<ref>[http://www.brycchancarey.com/abolition/wilberforce.htm William Wilberforce (1759–1833).]</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} The [[United States]] abolished it later that year. The [[Royal Navy]] set up a [[blockade]] of West Africa to stop the trade. Treaties with other nations allowed the blockade ships to stop their slave trade. However, the [[smuggling]] of slaves was very common. Hundreds of thousands of Black people were enslaved illegally. [[New York City]] was a center for this illegal slave trade. [[Judge|Judges]] in New York avoided punishing slave traders through the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vinson|first=Robert Trent|date=July 1996|title=The Law As Lawbreaker: The Promotion and Encouragement of the Atlantic Slave Trade by the New York Judiciary System, 1857-1862|url=http://www.inmotionaame.org/texts/viewer.cfm?view=2&id=1_033BT&part=35|journal=Afro-Americans in New York Life and History|volume=20|pages=35–58|via=In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} Many slaves continued to be sent to [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonies]] of [[Cuba]], [[Puerto Rico]] and much of [[South America]].<ref>Aimes, Hubert H. 1967.'' A history of slavery in Cuba, 1511 to 1868''. New York: Octagon Books.</ref> The slave trade in Brazil was banned in 1831. However, many European Brazilians thought it was necessary for their economy, so the country failed to stop it. Hundreds of thousands more slaves were brought to Brazil in the 1830s and 1840s until the British forced Brazil to end the slave trade.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conrad|first=Robert|date=1969-11-01|title=The Contraband Slave Trade to Brazil, 1831-1845|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/49/4/617/157301/The-Contraband-Slave-Trade-to-Brazil-1831-1845|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=49|issue=4|pages=617–638|doi=10.1215/00182168-49.4.617|issn=0018-2168}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=4.2 Slavery and Abolition in the 19th Century {{!}} Brazil: Five Centuries of Change|url=https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-3/slavery-and-aboliton/|access-date=2023-01-09|website=library.brown.edu}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} ==Related pages== *[[Racism]] *[[Slavery]] *[[Equality]] *[[Slave ship]] *[[Imperialism]] *[[Colonialism]] *[[Human rights]] *[[Middle Passage]] *[[Arab slave trade]] *[[Scientific racism]] *[[African slave trade]] *[[Barbary slave trade]] == References == {{reflist}} {{African American topics}} [[Category:Historic slave trade]] tg3d6npyp080gujunid74eyyhd6sh8a 10879413 10879060 2026-06-05T09:18:53Z ~2026-33420-03 1816734 10879413 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Slave Auction Ad.jpg|thumb|Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave [[auction]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], in 1769.]] {{Slavery}} In the '''Atlantic slave trade,''' [[Europe]]an [[sea captain]]s and [[sailor]]s [[Human trafficking|trafficked]] [[Sub-Saharan Africa|African]] [[Slave|slaves]] in and around the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. This trade existed throughout the entire [[early modern period]] ([[15th century]] to the early [[19th century]]). Most enslaved people were shipped from [[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]] to the [[New World]] on [[Slave ship|slave ships]]. This journey across the Atlantic by ship was known as the [[Middle Passage]]. The trade began in 1526 when a Portuguese ship brought slaves to Brazil. Slave ships had horrible conditions, and deaths were common on board. Between 1500 and 1866, around 12.5 million enslaved Africans were [[Human trafficking|trafficked]] to the [[Americas]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Wolfe|first=Brendan|title=Slave Ships|url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/slave-ships-and-the-middle-passage/|access-date=2025-04-18|website=Encyclopedia Virginia|language=en-US}}</ref> Around 1.8 million died on the Middle Passage.<ref name=":0" /> == Sources of slaves == Some slaves were [[wikt:capture|capture]]d in [[battle]]s with other African [[tribe]]s; others were captured when Europeans held coastal [[raid]]s and [[kidnapping|kidnapped]] Africans.<ref name=ISM>{{cite web |url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/africa/capture_sale.aspx |title=The capture and sale of slaves |publisher=International Slave Museum |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> Some tribesmen and tribeswomen were sold into slavery by their own [[tribal chief]] as [[punishment]] for [[crime]]s or by an enemy tribal chief in order to pay a [[debt]] to Europeans.<ref name=ISM/> After being captured, the enslaved people were [[wikt:shackle|shackled]] together and marched to the [[coast]] on journeys lasting weeks or months.<ref name=ISM/> When they arrived, they were imprisoned in [[Fortification|forts]] where they were [[Purchase|purchased]] by other Europeans. Most [[Historian|historians]] today think that 12 to 13 million Africans arrived in the New World.<ref>Thomas, Hugh 1997. ''The Slave Trade: the history of the Atlantic slave trade 1440–1870''. London: Picador, 1997. {{ISBN|0-330-35437-X}}</ref> The [[Dahomey|Dahomian]] army traded slaves for [[Weapon|weapons]] to protect themselves. King Gezo of [[Dahomey]] said in the 1840s:{{better source|date=December 2024}} {{quote|The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people. It is the source and the glory of their wealth...the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery...''<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Anglo-American Magazine|date=July–December 1854|volume=V|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDQiAQAAIAAJ&dq=%27%27The+slave+trade+is+the+ruling+principle+of+my+people.&pg=PA94|access-date=2 July 2014}}</ref>}} == Slave trade == ''Also see: [[Middle Passage]]; [[Slave ship]]'' === Triangular trade === ''See the main article: [[Triangular trade]]'' Some slave ships worked a three-part [[economy|economic cycle]] often called the [[triangular trade]].<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/dialogue/the-slave-route/transatlantic-slave-trade/ |title=Transatlantic Slave Trade |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> It tied the economies of several [[Region|regions]] and [[Continent|continents]] together.<ref name=UNESCO/> The main triangular trading countries were [[England]], [[The Netherlands]], [[France]], [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]].<ref name=UNESCO/> Other ships just worked the slave trade.{{better source|date=December 2024}} [[Christopher Columbus]] first came to the Americas in 1492 while seeking the [[West Indies]]. European countries started to build [[Colony|colonies]] in the Americas. This led to an economic reason for the Atlantic slave trade. African slaves were first imported in large numbers for [[mining]] and later to grow [[sugarcane]] on [[Plantation|plantations]]. Slavery is much more [[Ancient history|ancient]] than the transatlantic trade. Slaves were used in many ancient societies.<ref>Greene, Jacqueline. ''Slavery in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia''. 2001. {{ISBN|0-531-16538-8}}</ref> Historians think that about 4.9 million slaves were brought to [[Brazil]], 1.3 million to the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonies]], and 400 thousand to mainland [[North America]]. About 3.9 million were brought to other parts of the Americans, mainly the [[Caribbean]]. Records show that only about 9000 slaves were brought to Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – Estimates |url=https://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates |website=slavevoyages |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} == Abolition and illegal trade == In the 18th century, a small opposition developed against the Atlantic slave trade in Britain, America, and some parts of Europe.<ref>Davis, David Brion 1975. ''The problem of slavery in the age of revolution: 1770–1823'', p. 129.</ref> In Britain and America, opposition to the trade was led by the [[Religious Society of Friends]] (Quakers) and establishment Evangelicals such as [[William Wilberforce]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} People who protested against the trade were opposed by the owners of land in the Americas.<ref>Library of Society of Friends Subject Guide: Abolition of the Slave Trade.</ref> After 1772, slaves became free upon entering the British Isles.<ref name="CUP">Lovejoy, Paul E. 2000. ''Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa'', Cambridge University Press, p. 290.</ref> [[Abolitionism]] became stronger in the 19th century.{{cn|date=December 2024}} [[Denmark]] was the first European country to ban the slave trade, in 1792, which took effect in 1803.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tyQCwAAQBAJ&dq=Denmark+was+the+first+European+country+to+ban+the+slave+trade%2C+in+1792%2C+which+took+effect+in+1803.&pg=PT42|title=Short History of Africa: From the Origins of the Human Race to the Arab Spring|isbn=9781842436349 |accessdate=March 8, 2023|last1=Kerr |first1=Gordon |date=June 2012 |publisher=Oldacastle Books }}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} On 22 February 1807, the work of [[William Wilberforce]] was rewarded with victory. By 283 votes for to 16 against, the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] passed the Slave Trade Act to abolish the slave trade.<ref>[http://www.brycchancarey.com/abolition/wilberforce.htm William Wilberforce (1759–1833).]</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} The [[United States]] abolished it later that year. The [[Royal Navy]] set up a [[blockade]] of West Africa to stop the trade. Treaties with other nations allowed the blockade ships to stop their slave trade. However, the [[smuggling]] of slaves was very common. Hundreds of thousands of Black people were enslaved illegally. [[New York City]] was a center for this illegal slave trade. [[Judge|Judges]] in New York avoided punishing slave traders through the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vinson|first=Robert Trent|date=July 1996|title=The Law As Lawbreaker: The Promotion and Encouragement of the Atlantic Slave Trade by the New York Judiciary System, 1857-1862|url=http://www.inmotionaame.org/texts/viewer.cfm?view=2&id=1_033BT&part=35|journal=Afro-Americans in New York Life and History|volume=20|pages=35–58|via=In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} Many slaves continued to be sent to [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonies]] of [[Cuba]], [[Puerto Rico]] and much of [[South America]].<ref>Aimes, Hubert H. 1967.'' A history of slavery in Cuba, 1511 to 1868''. New York: Octagon Books.</ref> The slave trade in Brazil was banned in 1831. However, many European Brazilians thought it was necessary for their economy, so the country failed to stop it. Hundreds of thousands more slaves were brought to Brazil in the 1830s and 1840s until the British forced Brazil to end the slave trade.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conrad|first=Robert|date=1969-11-01|title=The Contraband Slave Trade to Brazil, 1831-1845|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/49/4/617/157301/The-Contraband-Slave-Trade-to-Brazil-1831-1845|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=49|issue=4|pages=617–638|doi=10.1215/00182168-49.4.617|issn=0018-2168}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=4.2 Slavery and Abolition in the 19th Century {{!}} Brazil: Five Centuries of Change|url=https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-3/slavery-and-aboliton/|access-date=2023-01-09|website=library.brown.edu}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} ==Related pages== *[[Racism]] *[[Slavery]] *[[Equality]] *[[Slave ship]] *[[Imperialism]] *[[Colonialism]] *[[Human rights]] *[[Middle Passage]] *[[Arab slave trade]] *[[Scientific racism]] *[[African slave trade]] *[[Barbary slave trade]] == References == {{reflist}} {{African American topics}} [[Category:Historic slave trade]] hn086v0ckfsasr9rtwxf14jmtmc2pii 10879415 10879413 2026-06-05T09:25:46Z ~2026-33420-03 1816734 /* */ 10879415 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Slave Auction Ad.jpg|thumb|Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave [[auction]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], in 1769.]] {{Slavery}} In the '''Atlantic slave trade,''' [[Europe]]an [[sea captain]]s and [[sailor]]s [[Human trafficking|trafficked]] [[Slavery|enslaved]] [[Sub-Saharan Africa|Africans]] in and around the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. This trade existed throughout the entire [[early modern period]] ([[15th century]] to the early [[19th century]]). Most enslaved people were shipped from [[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]] to the [[New World]] on [[Slave ship|slave ships]]. This journey across the Atlantic by ship was known as the [[Middle Passage]]. The trade began in 1526 when a Portuguese ship brought slaves to Brazil. Slave ships had horrible conditions, and deaths were common on board. Between 1500 and 1866, around 12.5 million enslaved Africans were [[Human trafficking|trafficked]] to the [[Americas]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Wolfe|first=Brendan|title=Slave Ships|url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/slave-ships-and-the-middle-passage/|access-date=2025-04-18|website=Encyclopedia Virginia|language=en-US}}</ref> Around 1.8 million died on the Middle Passage.<ref name=":0" /> == Sources of slaves == Some slaves were [[wikt:capture|capture]]d in [[battle]]s with other African [[tribe]]s; others were captured when Europeans held coastal [[raid]]s and [[kidnapping|kidnapped]] Africans.<ref name=ISM>{{cite web |url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/africa/capture_sale.aspx |title=The capture and sale of slaves |publisher=International Slave Museum |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> Some tribesmen and tribeswomen were sold into slavery by their own [[tribal chief]] as [[punishment]] for [[crime]]s or by an enemy tribal chief in order to pay a [[debt]] to Europeans.<ref name=ISM/> After being captured, the enslaved people were [[wikt:shackle|shackled]] together and marched to the [[coast]] on journeys lasting weeks or months.<ref name=ISM/> When they arrived, they were imprisoned in [[Fortification|forts]] where they were [[Purchase|purchased]] by other Europeans. Most [[Historian|historians]] today think that 12 to 13 million Africans arrived in the New World.<ref>Thomas, Hugh 1997. ''The Slave Trade: the history of the Atlantic slave trade 1440–1870''. London: Picador, 1997. {{ISBN|0-330-35437-X}}</ref> The [[Dahomey|Dahomian]] army traded slaves for [[Weapon|weapons]] to protect themselves. King Gezo of [[Dahomey]] said in the 1840s:{{better source|date=December 2024}} {{quote|The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people. It is the source and the glory of their wealth...the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery...''<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Anglo-American Magazine|date=July–December 1854|volume=V|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDQiAQAAIAAJ&dq=%27%27The+slave+trade+is+the+ruling+principle+of+my+people.&pg=PA94|access-date=2 July 2014}}</ref>}} == Slave trade == ''Also see: [[Middle Passage]]; [[Slave ship]]'' === Triangular trade === ''See the main article: [[Triangular trade]]'' Some slave ships worked a three-part [[economy|economic cycle]] often called the [[triangular trade]].<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/dialogue/the-slave-route/transatlantic-slave-trade/ |title=Transatlantic Slave Trade |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> It tied the economies of several [[Region|regions]] and [[Continent|continents]] together.<ref name=UNESCO/> The main triangular trading countries were [[England]], [[The Netherlands]], [[France]], [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]].<ref name=UNESCO/> Other ships just worked the slave trade.{{better source|date=December 2024}} [[Christopher Columbus]] first came to the Americas in 1492 while seeking the [[West Indies]]. European countries started to build [[Colony|colonies]] in the Americas. This led to an economic reason for the Atlantic slave trade. African slaves were first imported in large numbers for [[mining]] and later to grow [[sugarcane]] on [[Plantation|plantations]]. Slavery is much more [[Ancient history|ancient]] than the transatlantic trade. Slaves were used in many ancient societies.<ref>Greene, Jacqueline. ''Slavery in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia''. 2001. {{ISBN|0-531-16538-8}}</ref> Historians think that about 4.9 million slaves were brought to [[Brazil]], 1.3 million to the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonies]], and 400 thousand to mainland [[North America]]. About 3.9 million were brought to other parts of the Americans, mainly the [[Caribbean]]. Records show that only about 9000 slaves were brought to Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – Estimates |url=https://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates |website=slavevoyages |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} == Abolition and illegal trade == In the 18th century, a small opposition developed against the Atlantic slave trade in Britain, America, and some parts of Europe.<ref>Davis, David Brion 1975. ''The problem of slavery in the age of revolution: 1770–1823'', p. 129.</ref> In Britain and America, opposition to the trade was led by the [[Religious Society of Friends]] (Quakers) and establishment Evangelicals such as [[William Wilberforce]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} People who protested against the trade were opposed by the owners of land in the Americas.<ref>Library of Society of Friends Subject Guide: Abolition of the Slave Trade.</ref> After 1772, slaves became free upon entering the British Isles.<ref name="CUP">Lovejoy, Paul E. 2000. ''Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa'', Cambridge University Press, p. 290.</ref> [[Abolitionism]] became stronger in the 19th century.{{cn|date=December 2024}} [[Denmark]] was the first European country to ban the slave trade, in 1792, which took effect in 1803.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_tyQCwAAQBAJ&dq=Denmark+was+the+first+European+country+to+ban+the+slave+trade%2C+in+1792%2C+which+took+effect+in+1803.&pg=PT42|title=Short History of Africa: From the Origins of the Human Race to the Arab Spring|isbn=9781842436349 |accessdate=March 8, 2023|last1=Kerr |first1=Gordon |date=June 2012 |publisher=Oldacastle Books }}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} On 22 February 1807, the work of [[William Wilberforce]] was rewarded with victory. By 283 votes for to 16 against, the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] passed the Slave Trade Act to abolish the slave trade.<ref>[http://www.brycchancarey.com/abolition/wilberforce.htm William Wilberforce (1759–1833).]</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} The [[United States]] abolished it later that year. The [[Royal Navy]] set up a [[blockade]] of West Africa to stop the trade. Treaties with other nations allowed the blockade ships to stop their slave trade. However, the [[smuggling]] of slaves was very common. Hundreds of thousands of Black people were enslaved illegally. [[New York City]] was a center for this illegal slave trade. [[Judge|Judges]] in New York avoided punishing slave traders through the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vinson|first=Robert Trent|date=July 1996|title=The Law As Lawbreaker: The Promotion and Encouragement of the Atlantic Slave Trade by the New York Judiciary System, 1857-1862|url=http://www.inmotionaame.org/texts/viewer.cfm?view=2&id=1_033BT&part=35|journal=Afro-Americans in New York Life and History|volume=20|pages=35–58|via=In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} Many slaves continued to be sent to [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonies]] of [[Cuba]], [[Puerto Rico]] and much of [[South America]].<ref>Aimes, Hubert H. 1967.'' A history of slavery in Cuba, 1511 to 1868''. New York: Octagon Books.</ref> The slave trade in Brazil was banned in 1831. However, many European Brazilians thought it was necessary for their economy, so the country failed to stop it. Hundreds of thousands more slaves were brought to Brazil in the 1830s and 1840s until the British forced Brazil to end the slave trade.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conrad|first=Robert|date=1969-11-01|title=The Contraband Slave Trade to Brazil, 1831-1845|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/49/4/617/157301/The-Contraband-Slave-Trade-to-Brazil-1831-1845|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=49|issue=4|pages=617–638|doi=10.1215/00182168-49.4.617|issn=0018-2168}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=4.2 Slavery and Abolition in the 19th Century {{!}} Brazil: Five Centuries of Change|url=https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-3/slavery-and-aboliton/|access-date=2023-01-09|website=library.brown.edu}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2024}} ==Related pages== *[[Racism]] *[[Slavery]] *[[Equality]] *[[Slave ship]] *[[Imperialism]] *[[Colonialism]] *[[Human rights]] *[[Middle Passage]] *[[Arab slave trade]] *[[Scientific racism]] *[[African slave trade]] *[[Barbary slave trade]] == References == {{reflist}} {{African American topics}} [[Category:Historic slave trade]] c1t55mihnpeef7cqtesajj2rldmuwex 0 63590 10879369 10839950 2026-06-05T06:43:11Z Уранин 1053137 10879369 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.svg|right|thumb|Flag of Armenian SSR]] [[File:Нагорный Карабах-часть Армении 3 июня-4 июля 1921г.jpg|thumb|Borders of Armenian SSR during period of June 3 and July 4 1921, Nagorno-Karabakh part of the Soviet Armenia]] [[File:Map of Armenian SSR from the GSE of 1926.jpg|thumb|Map of Soviet Armenia and the [[Nagorno-Karabakh|Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] in 1926]] The '''Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic''' ('''ArSSR'''),<ref>[[Armenian language|Armenian]]: Հայկական Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն, Haykakan Sovetakan Sotsialistakan Hanrapetutyun; [[Russian language|Russian]]: Армянская Советская Социалистическая Республика</ref> also known as the '''Armenian SSR''' or '''Soviet Armenia''', was one of the [[Republics of the Soviet Union|constituent republics]] of the [[Soviet Union]], located in the [[Caucasus]] region of [[Eurasia]]. It came into being on 29 November 1920, with the Sovietization of the short-lived [[First Republic of Armenia]]. Consequently, historians refer to it as the '''Second Republic of Armenia'''. It became independent as the [[Armenia|Republic of Armenia]] during the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991. == Notes == {{reflist}} {{Armenia topics}} [[Category:20th-century establishments in Armenia]] [[Category:Republics of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:1920 establishments in Russia]] [[Category:1920 disestablishments]] [[Category:Disestablishments in the Soviet Union]] {{geo-stub}} 5fceo23611dle2dtcuwlw42r0jzxlsk 0 68075 10878960 7232733 2026-06-04T19:26:48Z Skihatboatbike 1041415 added info from the English page 10878960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Nymphaeaceae | image = Nymphaea tetragona.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Water Lily with Flower | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Nymphaeales]] | familia = '''Nymphaeaceae''' | familia_authority = Salisb. (1805)}} In [[botany]], '''Nymphaeaceae''' is the name of a family of [[plant]]s which grow in water. The family is also called ''water-lily family''. The family has five genera and about 70 species. Their flowers suggest they are one of the earliest groups of [[angiosperms]].<ref name=Les>Les, Donald H. ''et al'' 1999. Phylogeny, classification and floral evolution of water lilies (Nymphaeaceae; Nymphaeales): a synthesis of non-molecular, rbcL, matK, and 18S rDNA Data. ''Systematic Botany'' '''24''' (1) 28-46.</ref> Modern [[sequence analysis|genetic analyses]] by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] researchers has confirmed its [[basal]] position among flowering plants.<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |accessdate=2010-12-10 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |archive-date=2017-05-25 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525104318/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/abstract |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="The Linnean Society of London">{{Citation |title=As easy as APG III - Scientists revise the system of classifying flowering plants |publisher=The Linnean Society of London |url=http://www.linnean.org/index.php?id=448 |accessdate=2009-10-29 |date=2009-10-08 }}</ref><ref name="Horticulture Week">{{Citation |title=APG III tidies up plant family tree |publisher=Horticulture Week |url=http://www.hortweek.com/channel/OrnamentalsProduction/rss/article/943975/APG-III-tidies-plant-family-tree/ |accessdate=2009-10-29 |date=2009-10-08 }}</ref> Also, the Nymphaeaceae are more diverse and wdespread than other basal angiosperms.<ref>Coiro, Mario & Maria Rosaria Barone Lumaga 2013. Aperture evolution in Nymphaeaceae: insights from a micromorphological and ultrastructural investigation, Grana, DOI:10.1080/00173134.2013.769626</ref><ref>Pellicer, Jaume ''et al'' 2013. Insights into the dynamics of genome size and chromosome evolution in the early diverging angiosperm lineage Nymphaeales (water lilies). ''Genome''. '''10'''.1139/gen-2013-0039</ref> Nymphaeaceae is in the order [[Nymphaeales]]. According to the most widely accepted flowering plant classification system, this is the second diverging group of angiosperms after ''[[Amborella]]''.<ref name="apgiii"/><ref name="The Linnean Society of London"/><ref name="Horticulture Week"/> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Plant families]] [[Category:Nymphaeales]] {{biology-stub}} kiw8xivheaegy6zhi6c63iewg19duu7 10878963 10878960 2026-06-04T19:29:14Z Skihatboatbike 1041415 10878963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Nymphaeaceae | image = Nymphaea tetragona.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = Water Lily with Flower | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Nymphaeales]] | familia = '''Nymphaeaceae''' | familia_authority = Salisb. (1805)}} In [[botany]], '''Nymphaeaceae''' is the name of a family of [[plant]]s which grow in water. The family is also called ''water-lily family''. The family has five genera and about 70 species. The roots grow in soil underwater, and the leaves and flowers float on the water surface. Their flowers suggest they are one of the earliest groups of [[angiosperms]].<ref name=Les>Les, Donald H. ''et al'' 1999. Phylogeny, classification and floral evolution of water lilies (Nymphaeaceae; Nymphaeales): a synthesis of non-molecular, rbcL, matK, and 18S rDNA Data. ''Systematic Botany'' '''24''' (1) 28-46.</ref> Modern [[sequence analysis|genetic analyses]] by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] researchers has confirmed its [[basal]] position among flowering plants.<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |accessdate=2010-12-10 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |archive-date=2017-05-25 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525104318/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x/abstract |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="The Linnean Society of London">{{Citation |title=As easy as APG III - Scientists revise the system of classifying flowering plants |publisher=The Linnean Society of London |url=http://www.linnean.org/index.php?id=448 |accessdate=2009-10-29 |date=2009-10-08 }}</ref><ref name="Horticulture Week">{{Citation |title=APG III tidies up plant family tree |publisher=Horticulture Week |url=http://www.hortweek.com/channel/OrnamentalsProduction/rss/article/943975/APG-III-tidies-plant-family-tree/ |accessdate=2009-10-29 |date=2009-10-08 }}</ref> Also, the Nymphaeaceae are more diverse and wdespread than other basal angiosperms.<ref>Coiro, Mario & Maria Rosaria Barone Lumaga 2013. Aperture evolution in Nymphaeaceae: insights from a micromorphological and ultrastructural investigation, Grana, DOI:10.1080/00173134.2013.769626</ref><ref>Pellicer, Jaume ''et al'' 2013. Insights into the dynamics of genome size and chromosome evolution in the early diverging angiosperm lineage Nymphaeales (water lilies). ''Genome''. '''10'''.1139/gen-2013-0039</ref> Nymphaeaceae is in the order [[Nymphaeales]]. According to the most widely accepted flowering plant classification system, this is the second diverging group of angiosperms after ''[[Amborella]]''.<ref name="apgiii"/><ref name="The Linnean Society of London"/><ref name="Horticulture Week"/> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Plant families]] [[Category:Nymphaeales]] {{biology-stub}} hi8tt1zyxepme47lpvt1s1dejfpco8f 0 69510 10879244 10877635 2026-06-05T02:00:56Z Rioooooooo9 1684857 Improvement 10879244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the North Melbourne station in West Melbourne|the underground Metro Tunnel station actually in North Melbourne|Arden railway station}} {{Infobox station | name = North Melbourne | type = [[Public Transport Victoria|PTV]] [[Commuter rail|commuter]] and [[Regional rail|regional]] rail station | style = Melbourne | image = North Melbourne Southbound View.jpg | caption = Southbound view of Platforms 5 and 6, March 2023 | address = Railway Place,<br />[[West Melbourne, Victoria|West Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] 3003 | borough = [[City of Melbourne]] | country = [[Australia]] | coordinates = {{coord|-37.8063|144.9411|format=dms|type:railwaystation_region:AU-VIC|display=inline,title}} | distance = 1.68 kilometres from<br />[[Southern Cross railway station|Southern Cross]] | line = '''Metropolitan:''' {{plainlist| *{{rcb|Melbourne|Craigieburn|croute}} {{rcb|Melbourne|Upfield|croute}} *{{rcb|Melbourne|Flemington Racecourse|xroute}}<ref>Special events only</ref> *{{rcb|Melbourne|Werribee|croute}} {{rcb|Melbourne|Williamstown|croute}} }}'''Regional:'''<br> {{rcb|V/Line|Seymour|croute}} {{rcb|V/Line|Shepparton|croute}} ([[Tocumwal railway line, Victoria|Tocumwal]]) | other = {{rint|melbourne|met bus|link=Buses in Melbourne}} [[List of bus routes in Melbourne|Bus]] | structure = Ground | platform = 6 (2 [[Side platform|side]], 2 [[Island platform|island]]) | depth = | levels = | tracks = 6 | parking = | bicycle = Yes | opened = {{start date and age|1859|10|06|df=y}} | closed = | rebuilt = 9 June 1886<br />1974<br />16 November 2009 | electrified = May 1919 (1500 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[Overhead line|overhead]]) | code = NME | owned = [[VicTrack]] | operator = [[Metro Trains Melbourne|Metro Trains]]<br>[[V/Line]] | zone = [[Myki]] Zone 1 | status = Operational, [[premium station]] | former = | passengers = | pass_year = | pass_percent = | pass_system = | mpassengers = {{collapsed infobox section begin|2005–2018 numbers}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 557,994<ref name="patronage2005-2015">[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEcNOel8EBciHQX8H4F5aWiKdc-DpF3V/view Estimated Annual Patronage by Network Segment Financial Year 2005–2006 to 2018–19] Department of Transport</ref>|pass_year = 2005–2006}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 580,713<ref name=patronage2005-2015/>|pass_year = 2006–2007|pass_percent = 4.07}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 670,669<ref name=patronage2005-2015/>|pass_year = 2007–2008|pass_percent = 15.49}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 686,186<ref name="patronage2008-2021">[https://philipmallis.com/blog/2022/03/09/railway-station-and-tram-stop-patronage-in-victoria-for-2008-2021/ Railway station and tram stop patronage in Victoria for 2008–2021] Philip Mallis</ref>|pass_year = 2008–2009|pass_percent = 2.31}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 845,063<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2009–2010|pass_percent = 23.15}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,090,814<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2010–2011|pass_percent = 29.1}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,258,061<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2011–2012|pass_percent = 15.33}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = Not measured<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2012–2013}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,479,142<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2013–2014|pass_percent = 17.57}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,266,281<ref name=patronage2005-2015/>|pass_year = 2014–2015|pass_percent = -14.39}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,229,477<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2015–2016|pass_percent = -2.90}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,324,944<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2016–2017|pass_percent = 7.76}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,298,415<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2017–2018|pass_percent = -2}} {{collapsed infobox section end}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,497,300<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2018–2019|pass_percent = 15.32}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,183,050<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2019–2020|pass_percent = -21}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 669,700<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2020–2021|pass_percent = -43.4}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 703,500<ref name="patronage2021-2022">[https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/annual-metropolitan-train-station-patronage-station-entries Annual metropolitan train station patronage (station entries)] Data Vic</ref>|pass_year = 2021–2022|pass_percent = 5.04}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,144,850<ref>[https://opendata.transport.vic.gov.au/dataset/2fa2cdfa-84f1-455e-b6c9-058b92774b34/resource/62c72e09-8bfd-4d15-a2e2-a14c706eaf4d/download/annual_metropolitan_train_station_entries_fy_2022_2023.csv)] Data Vic</ref>|pass_year = 2022–2023|pass_percent = 47.76}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,220,400<ref name="patronage2023-2024">[https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/annual-metropolitan-train-station-patronage-station-entries)] Data Vic</ref>|pass_year = 2023–2024|pass_percent = 6.39}} | services = {{Adjacent stations|system1=Melbourne |header1=See [[City Loop]] for operating patterns |line1=Craigieburn|left1=SC or F|right1=Kensington |line2=Upfield|left2=SC or F|right2=Macaulay |header3=Direct to Flinders Street |line4=Flemington|left4=Southern Cross|right4=Showgrounds|to-left4=Flinders Street|to-right4=Showgrounds or Flemington Racecourse |line5=Werribee|left5=Southern Cross|right5=South Kensington|to-right5=Werribee or Williamstown |line6=Werribee|left6=Southern Cross|right6=South Kensington|to-left6=Sandringham via Flinders Street|to-right6=Werribee, Laverton or Williamstown |line7=Williamstown|left7=Southern Cross|right7=South Kensington|to-left7=Sandringham via Flinders Street|to-right7=Werribee, Laverton or Williamstown |system8=V/Line |line9=Seymour|left9=Southern Cross|right9=Broadmeadows|note-mid9=Weekdays only |line10=Seymour|left10=Southern Cross|right10=Essendon|note-right13=Peak service only|note-mid10=Weekdays only |line10=Shepparton|left10=Southern Cross|right10=Broadmeadows|note-mid10=2 weekday peak services }} | other_services = {{Adjacent stations|system1=Melbourne |line2=Werribee|left2=Southern Cross|right2=South Kensington|to-left2=Sandringham via Flinders Street|to-right2=Werribee, Laverton or Williamstown |line3=Williamstown|left3=Southern Cross|right3=South Kensington|to-left3=Sandringham via Flinders Street|to-right3=Werribee, Laverton or Williamstown }} | other_services_header = Night Network services | other_services_collapsible = yes | website = [https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/stop/1144 Public Transport Victoria] }} '''North Melbourne''' is a train station and the gateway for all west and northwest bound train lines in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]. The station is actually in [[West Melbourne, Victoria|West Melbourne]]. The station's main entrance, at its east, is at an intersection of Ireland Street and Railway Place. North Melbourne is mainly used as an interchange point. The station sees trains from the Werribee, Williamstown, Laverton, Upfield, Craigieburn and the regional Seymour and Shepparton. == History == The first North Melbourne station opened on 6 October 1859. The current station opened on 9 June 1886. <ref>{{cite book|last=Turton|first=Keith W|title=Six And A Half Inches From Destiny. The first hundred years of the Melbourne-Wodonga Railway 1873–1973|publisher=Australian Railway Historical Society|year=1973|isbn=0-85849-012-9|page=86}}</ref> The station was converted to a [[premium station]] in [[1996]], and has a small kiosk and a staffed ticket office. The station also has a western exit however this leads only to the rail yards. On [[May 15]], [[2006]], it was announced that the station is to be redeveloped. As part of the project, a new main entrance was created at the southern end of the station with new [[escalator]]s, stairs and [[Elevator|lifts]] installed for quicker access to other platforms and to help disabled passengers. Until 1 February 2026, the Sunbury line used the station, then it joined the Northern Group in the City Loop. That caused less services for the other lines. When the Metro Tunnel opened, the Sunbury line stopped using the North Melbourne station. All trains on the line now go using the new [[Metro Tunnel]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Build |first=Victoria’s Big |date=2025-10-13 |title=Using the Metro Tunnel |url=https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/use-metro-tunnel/home |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Victoria’s Big Build |language=en}}</ref> === Platforms === North Melbourne has two [[:en:side platform|side platform]]s and two [[:en:island platform|island platform]]s. There are six in total. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed defaultcenter col1left" ! colspan="6" style="background:#{{rcr|Melbourne}};background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #{{rcr|Melbourne|Craigieburn}}, #{{rcr|Melbourne|Sandringham}}); " |<span style="color:white;">North Melbourne platform arrangement</span> |- !Platform !Line !Destination !Via !Service Pattern !Notes |- |'''1''' | rowspan="2" |{{RouteBox|Upfield line|Upfield line|#{{rcr|Melbourne|Upfield}}|black}} |[[Flinders Street railway station|Flinders Street]] |[[City Loop]] | rowspan="4" |All stations |See [[City Loop#Services and direction of travel|City Loop]] for operating patterns. |- |'''2''' |[[Upfield railway station|Upfield]] | | |- |'''3''' | rowspan="2" |{{RouteBox|Craigieburn line|Craigieburn line|#{{rcr|Melbourne|Craigieburn}}|black}} |[[Flinders Street railway station|Flinders Street]] |[[City Loop]] |See [[City Loop#Services and direction of travel|City Loop]] for operating patterns. |- |'''4''' |[[Craigieburn railway station|Craigieburn]] | rowspan="2" | | |- | rowspan="2" |'''5''' |{{RouteBox|Werribee line|Werribee line|#{{rcr|Melbourne|Sandringham}}|white}} |[[Flinders Street railway station|Flinders Street]] | rowspan="3" |All stations |Weekdays only. |- |{{RouteBox|Werribee line|Werribee line|#{{rcr|Melbourne|Sandringham}}|white}}<br>{{RouteBox|Williamstown line|Williamstown line|#{{rcr|Melbourne|Sandringham}}|white}} |[[Sandringham railway station|Sandringham]] |[[Flinders Street railway station|Flinders Street]] |Weekdays after 7pm and weekends (Werribee Line only) |- | rowspan="3" |'''6''' | rowspan="2" |{{RouteBox|Werribee line|Werribee line|#{{rcr|Melbourne|Sandringham}}|white}} |[[Laverton railway station, Melbourne|Laverton]], [[Werribee railway station|Werribee]] |[[Altona railway station|Altona]] | |- |[[Werribee railway station|Werribee]] | rowspan="2" | |Limited Express services |Weekdays only. |- |{{RouteBox|Williamstown line|Williamstown line|#{{rcr|Melbourne|Sandringham}}|white}} |[[Williamstown railway station|Williamstown]] |All stations | |} ==Nearby Transport== The number 216 and 241 buses stop nearby the station. *Route 216 goes from [[Sunshine railway station|Sunshine station]] to Queen Street City. *Route 241 starts from here and ends at Yarra Bend Park. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == *[http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5478,19135383%255E2862,00.html Station to get $36m revamp]{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Category:Premium Melbourne railway stations]] 7elgvsyhzdg1pcozsh5e8xgamy0ofwi 10879245 10879244 2026-06-05T02:01:32Z Rioooooooo9 1684857 /* Platforms */ 10879245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the North Melbourne station in West Melbourne|the underground Metro Tunnel station actually in North Melbourne|Arden railway station}} {{Infobox station | name = North Melbourne | type = [[Public Transport Victoria|PTV]] [[Commuter rail|commuter]] and [[Regional rail|regional]] rail station | style = Melbourne | image = North Melbourne Southbound View.jpg | caption = Southbound view of Platforms 5 and 6, March 2023 | address = Railway Place,<br />[[West Melbourne, Victoria|West Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] 3003 | borough = [[City of Melbourne]] | country = [[Australia]] | coordinates = {{coord|-37.8063|144.9411|format=dms|type:railwaystation_region:AU-VIC|display=inline,title}} | distance = 1.68 kilometres from<br />[[Southern Cross railway station|Southern Cross]] | line = '''Metropolitan:''' {{plainlist| *{{rcb|Melbourne|Craigieburn|croute}} {{rcb|Melbourne|Upfield|croute}} *{{rcb|Melbourne|Flemington Racecourse|xroute}}<ref>Special events only</ref> *{{rcb|Melbourne|Werribee|croute}} {{rcb|Melbourne|Williamstown|croute}} }}'''Regional:'''<br> {{rcb|V/Line|Seymour|croute}} {{rcb|V/Line|Shepparton|croute}} ([[Tocumwal railway line, Victoria|Tocumwal]]) | other = {{rint|melbourne|met bus|link=Buses in Melbourne}} [[List of bus routes in Melbourne|Bus]] | structure = Ground | platform = 6 (2 [[Side platform|side]], 2 [[Island platform|island]]) | depth = | levels = | tracks = 6 | parking = | bicycle = Yes | opened = {{start date and age|1859|10|06|df=y}} | closed = | rebuilt = 9 June 1886<br />1974<br />16 November 2009 | electrified = May 1919 (1500 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[Overhead line|overhead]]) | code = NME | owned = [[VicTrack]] | operator = [[Metro Trains Melbourne|Metro Trains]]<br>[[V/Line]] | zone = [[Myki]] Zone 1 | status = Operational, [[premium station]] | former = | passengers = | pass_year = | pass_percent = | pass_system = | mpassengers = {{collapsed infobox section begin|2005–2018 numbers}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 557,994<ref name="patronage2005-2015">[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xEcNOel8EBciHQX8H4F5aWiKdc-DpF3V/view Estimated Annual Patronage by Network Segment Financial Year 2005–2006 to 2018–19] Department of Transport</ref>|pass_year = 2005–2006}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 580,713<ref name=patronage2005-2015/>|pass_year = 2006–2007|pass_percent = 4.07}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 670,669<ref name=patronage2005-2015/>|pass_year = 2007–2008|pass_percent = 15.49}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 686,186<ref name="patronage2008-2021">[https://philipmallis.com/blog/2022/03/09/railway-station-and-tram-stop-patronage-in-victoria-for-2008-2021/ Railway station and tram stop patronage in Victoria for 2008–2021] Philip Mallis</ref>|pass_year = 2008–2009|pass_percent = 2.31}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 845,063<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2009–2010|pass_percent = 23.15}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,090,814<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2010–2011|pass_percent = 29.1}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,258,061<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2011–2012|pass_percent = 15.33}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = Not measured<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2012–2013}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,479,142<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2013–2014|pass_percent = 17.57}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,266,281<ref name=patronage2005-2015/>|pass_year = 2014–2015|pass_percent = -14.39}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,229,477<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2015–2016|pass_percent = -2.90}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,324,944<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2016–2017|pass_percent = 7.76}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,298,415<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2017–2018|pass_percent = -2}} {{collapsed infobox section end}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,497,300<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2018–2019|pass_percent = 15.32}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,183,050<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2019–2020|pass_percent = -21}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 669,700<ref name=patronage2008-2021/>|pass_year = 2020–2021|pass_percent = -43.4}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 703,500<ref name="patronage2021-2022">[https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/annual-metropolitan-train-station-patronage-station-entries Annual metropolitan train station patronage (station entries)] Data Vic</ref>|pass_year = 2021–2022|pass_percent = 5.04}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,144,850<ref>[https://opendata.transport.vic.gov.au/dataset/2fa2cdfa-84f1-455e-b6c9-058b92774b34/resource/62c72e09-8bfd-4d15-a2e2-a14c706eaf4d/download/annual_metropolitan_train_station_entries_fy_2022_2023.csv)] Data Vic</ref>|pass_year = 2022–2023|pass_percent = 47.76}} {{Rail pass box|passengers = 1,220,400<ref name="patronage2023-2024">[https://discover.data.vic.gov.au/dataset/annual-metropolitan-train-station-patronage-station-entries)] Data Vic</ref>|pass_year = 2023–2024|pass_percent = 6.39}} | services = {{Adjacent stations|system1=Melbourne |header1=See [[City Loop]] for operating patterns |line1=Craigieburn|left1=SC or F|right1=Kensington |line2=Upfield|left2=SC or F|right2=Macaulay |header3=Direct to Flinders Street |line4=Flemington|left4=Southern Cross|right4=Showgrounds|to-left4=Flinders Street|to-right4=Showgrounds or Flemington Racecourse |line5=Werribee|left5=Southern Cross|right5=South Kensington|to-right5=Werribee or Williamstown |line6=Werribee|left6=Southern Cross|right6=South Kensington|to-left6=Sandringham via Flinders Street|to-right6=Werribee, Laverton or Williamstown |line7=Williamstown|left7=Southern Cross|right7=South Kensington|to-left7=Sandringham via Flinders Street|to-right7=Werribee, Laverton or Williamstown |system8=V/Line |line9=Seymour|left9=Southern Cross|right9=Broadmeadows|note-mid9=Weekdays only |line10=Seymour|left10=Southern Cross|right10=Essendon|note-right13=Peak service only|note-mid10=Weekdays only |line10=Shepparton|left10=Southern Cross|right10=Broadmeadows|note-mid10=2 weekday peak services }} | other_services = {{Adjacent stations|system1=Melbourne |line2=Werribee|left2=Southern Cross|right2=South Kensington|to-left2=Sandringham via Flinders Street|to-right2=Werribee, Laverton or Williamstown |line3=Williamstown|left3=Southern Cross|right3=South Kensington|to-left3=Sandringham via Flinders Street|to-right3=Werribee, Laverton or Williamstown }} | other_services_header = Night Network services | other_services_collapsible = yes | website = [https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/stop/1144 Public Transport Victoria] }} '''North Melbourne''' is a train station and the gateway for all west and northwest bound train lines in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]. The station is actually in [[West Melbourne, Victoria|West Melbourne]]. The station's main entrance, at its east, is at an intersection of Ireland Street and Railway Place. North Melbourne is mainly used as an interchange point. The station sees trains from the Werribee, Williamstown, Laverton, Upfield, Craigieburn and the regional Seymour and Shepparton. == History == The first North Melbourne station opened on 6 October 1859. The current station opened on 9 June 1886. <ref>{{cite book|last=Turton|first=Keith W|title=Six And A Half Inches From Destiny. The first hundred years of the Melbourne-Wodonga Railway 1873–1973|publisher=Australian Railway Historical Society|year=1973|isbn=0-85849-012-9|page=86}}</ref> The station was converted to a [[premium station]] in [[1996]], and has a small kiosk and a staffed ticket office. The station also has a western exit however this leads only to the rail yards. On [[May 15]], [[2006]], it was announced that the station is to be redeveloped. As part of the project, a new main entrance was created at the southern end of the station with new [[escalator]]s, stairs and [[Elevator|lifts]] installed for quicker access to other platforms and to help disabled passengers. Until 1 February 2026, the Sunbury line used the station, then it joined the Northern Group in the City Loop. That caused less services for the other lines. When the Metro Tunnel opened, the Sunbury line stopped using the North Melbourne station. All trains on the line now go using the new [[Metro Tunnel]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Build |first=Victoria’s Big |date=2025-10-13 |title=Using the Metro Tunnel |url=https://bigbuild.vic.gov.au/use-metro-tunnel/home |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Victoria’s Big Build |language=en}}</ref> === Platforms === North Melbourne has two [[:en:side platform|side platform]]s and two [[:en:island platform|island platform]]s. There are six in total. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw- defaultcenter col1left" ! colspan="6" style="background:#{{rcr|Melbourne}};background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #{{rcr|Melbourne|Craigieburn}}, #{{rcr|Melbourne|Sandringham}}); " |<span style="color:white;">North Melbourne platform arrangement</span> |- !Platform !Line !Destination !Via !Service Pattern !Notes |- |'''1''' | rowspan="2" |{{RouteBox|Upfield line|Upfield line|#{{rcr|Melbourne|Upfield}}|black}} |[[Flinders Street railway station|Flinders Street]] |[[City Loop]] | rowspan="4" |All stations |See [[City Loop#Services and direction of travel|City Loop]] for operating patterns. |- |'''2''' |[[Upfield railway station|Upfield]] | | |- |'''3''' | rowspan="2" |{{RouteBox|Craigieburn line|Craigieburn line|#{{rcr|Melbourne|Craigieburn}}|black}} |[[Flinders Street railway station|Flinders Street]] |[[City Loop]] |See [[City Loop#Services and direction of travel|City Loop]] for operating patterns. |- |'''4''' |[[Craigieburn railway station|Craigieburn]] | rowspan="2" | | |- | rowspan="2" |'''5''' |{{RouteBox|Werribee line|Werribee line|#{{rcr|Melbourne|Sandringham}}|white}} |[[Flinders Street railway station|Flinders Street]] | rowspan="3" |All stations |Weekdays only. |- |{{RouteBox|Werribee line|Werribee line|#{{rcr|Melbourne|Sandringham}}|white}}<br>{{RouteBox|Williamstown line|Williamstown line|#{{rcr|Melbourne|Sandringham}}|white}} |[[Sandringham railway station|Sandringham]] |[[Flinders Street railway station|Flinders Street]] |Weekdays after 7pm and weekends (Werribee Line only) |- | rowspan="3" |'''6''' | rowspan="2" |{{RouteBox|Werribee line|Werribee line|#{{rcr|Melbourne|Sandringham}}|white}} |[[Laverton railway station, Melbourne|Laverton]], [[Werribee railway station|Werribee]] |[[Altona railway station|Altona]] | |- |[[Werribee railway station|Werribee]] | rowspan="2" | |Limited Express services |Weekdays only. |- |{{RouteBox|Williamstown line|Williamstown line|#{{rcr|Melbourne|Sandringham}}|white}} |[[Williamstown railway station|Williamstown]] |All stations | |} ==Nearby Transport== The number 216 and 241 buses stop nearby the station. *Route 216 goes from [[Sunshine railway station|Sunshine station]] to Queen Street City. *Route 241 starts from here and ends at Yarra Bend Park. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == *[http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5478,19135383%255E2862,00.html Station to get $36m revamp]{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Category:Premium Melbourne railway stations]] nqidsmdiw8j71cu9hj3p4udrm7afv6a 0 72111 10879351 10844540 2026-06-05T06:00:55Z Sardarshahar40 1612977 /* */ removed incorrect flag 10879351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country | native_name = ''Kaiserthum Österreich'' | conventional_long_name = Austrian Empire | common_name = Austria | continent = Europe | region = Central Europe | country = Austria | status = Empire | year_start = 1804 | year_end = 1867 | event_end = Austro-Hungarian Compromise | p1 = Holy Roman Empire | flag_p1 = Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor without haloes (1400-1806).svg | s1 = Austria-Hungary | flag_s1 = Imperial Coat of Arms of the Empire of Austria.svg | image_s1 = | image_flag = Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg | flag = List of Austrian flags | image_coat = Imperial Coat of Arms of the Empire of Austria (1815).svg | symbol = | symbol_type = | national_anthem = [[File:National anthem of Germany - U.S. Army 1st Armored Division Band.ogg]]<br />''[[Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser]]''<br>God Save Emperor Francis | common_languages = [[German language|German]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Slovakian language|Slovakian]], [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]] | religion = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] | image_map = Austrian Empire (1815).svg | image_map_caption = The Austrian Empire in 1815, after the Congress of Vienna | capital = [[Vienna]] | latd = 48 | latm = 12 | latNS = N | longd = 16 | longm = 21 | longEW = E | largest_city = [[Vienna]] | government_type = Monarchy | title_leader = [[Emperor of Austria|Emperor]] }} The '''Austrian Empire''' was an [[empire]] that lasted in [[Europe]] from 1804 to 1867. The empire was centered on present-day [[Austria]] and was a remnant of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] which collapsed on 1806. The last Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II, became [[Francis I of Austria]] and was succeeded by [[Ferdinand I of Austria]] and finally [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]]. In 1867 the Austrian Empire was succeeded by [[Austria-Hungary]], which ended in 1918, defeated in [[World War I]]. Parts of it are now in [[Austria]], [[Hungary]], [[Czech Republic]],[[Slovakia]], [[Romania]], [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], and [[Italy]]. [[Category:19th century in Austria]] {{authority control}} [[Category:1804 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:1867 disestablishments]] [[Category:19th-century disestablishments in Europe]] [[Category:1860s disestablishments in Europe]] [[Category:Former empires]] [[Category:Former monarchies of Europe]] [[Category:States of the German Confederation|Austrian]] jt2iqod8wgbqxyxf4baqhfm2rjbradv 0 75491 10878983 10877638 2026-06-04T19:47:53Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* Description */ 10878983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = American bison | status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref name="iucn">{{IUCN2008|assessors=Gates, C. & Aune, K|year=2008|id=2815|title=Bison bison|downloaded= November 10, 2008}}Database entry includes a note of why this species has "near threatened" status.</ref> | image = American bison k5680-1.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = American bison | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Artiodactyla]] | familia = [[Bovidae]] | genus = ''[[Bison]]'' | binomial = ''Bison bison'' | binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)}} [[File:Muybridge Buffalo galloping.gif|200px|right|thumb|A bison running]] [[File:American bison (Bison bison) in Yukon, Canada.webm|thumb|American bison]] The '''American bison''' (also called '''American buffalo''' or just '''buffalo''') is a species of [[bison]], a [[bovine]] [[mammal]]. The name "buffalo" is a [[:wikt:misnomer|misnomer]], because the bison is only distantly related to the [[water buffalo]] and the [[African buffalo]]. Bison are a [[keystone species]]. They once roamed the [[North America]]n [[continent]] in great herds, and their [[grazing]] helped in shaping the [[ecology]] of the [[Great Plains]]. However, hunters killed a massive number of bison. There used to be as many as 30 million bison in the United States, but because of hunting, by the year 1890, only 1,000 bison were left.<ref name=":0" /> == Description == The bison has a large head with relatively small, curving [[Horn (anatomy)|horns]]. Its dark brown coat is long and shaggy on the forequarters, including the front legs, [[Neck (body part)|neck]], and [[Shoulder|shoulders]], while the rest of the body has shorter, finer hair. Plains bison and Wood bison are the two [[subspecies]] of American bison. Their [[Staple food|staple foods]] are [[grass]]es and [[sedge]]s. == Habitat == American bison live in river [[valley]]s, on [[prairie]]s, and on [[Plain|plains]]. Their typical [[habitat]] is open or semi-open [[grassland]], as well as [[sage]]brush, semi-[[arid]] lands and [[scrubland]]s. Bison will also graze in hilly or mountainous areas where the slopes are not steep. Though not particularly known as high-[[altitude]] animals, bison in the [[Yellowstone Park]] are frequently found at [[Elevation|elevations]] above {{convert|38000|ft}}. The bison herd on the plains and valleys around the [[Henry Mountains]] in Utah go up to an altitude of {{convert|10000|ft}}. == Endangerment == Although bison once roamed across [[North America]], they are now ecologically [[Extinction|extinct]] over most of their historic range. They live on in a few [[national park]]s and other small [[wildlife]] areas. There used to be as many as 30 million bison in the United States, but because of hunting, by 1890, only 1,000 bison were left.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url= http://animals.howstuffworks.com/endangered-species/bison-extinction.htm |last=Conger |first=Cristen |title= What brought bison back from the brink of extinction? |date=2 October 2008 |publisher=HowStuffWorks.com}}</ref> Through [[conservation]] efforts, there are now more American bison than there used to be, but still far fewer than there were before the 1800s. == As symbols == The American bison is often used in North America in official [[Seal (device)|seals]], [[Flag|flags]], and [[Logo|logos]]. In 2016, the American bison became the [[National symbols of the United States|national mammal of the United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2016/04/27/how-the-bison-once-nearing-extinction-lived-to-become-americas-national-mammal/|newspaper=Washington Post|author=Elahe Izadi|title=It's official: America's first national mammal is the bison|date=May 9, 2016}}</ref> The American bison is also the state mammal of [[Wyoming]], [[United States]], and the provincial mammal of [[Manitoba]], [[Canada]], and is featured prominently on their flags. ==As livestock== [[File:Frozen buffalo burger patties.jpg|thumb|Ground bison patties]] Bison are used as [[livestock]]. They are known for having cattle-like [[meat]], but it is leaner and slightly sweeter than [[beef]]. ==The beefalo== {{main|Beefalo}} [[File:Beefalo.jpg|thumb|Beefalo hybrid]] Bison can interbreed with [[cattle]] to make a [[hybrid]] known as the [[beefalo]]. ==References== {{commons}} {{Reflist}} {{Meat}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Bovines]] [[Category:Symbols of the United States]] [[Category:Symbols of Oklahoma]] [[Category:Symbols of Kansas]] [[Category:Mammals of North America]] sh3hh4s7e5586asxhtclo0p18h10xf6 0 79332 10878752 10878688 2026-06-04T12:36:48Z Nadejda-Joleva8790 1815202 Added links 10878752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Virginia opossum | status = LC | status_system = iucn3.1 | trend = up | status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Cuarón A.D. |display-authors = etal |year=2008|id=40502|title=Didelphis virginiana|downloaded=28 December 2008}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern</ref>| image =Opossum_2.jpg | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | infraclassis = [[Marsupial]]ia | ordo = [[Didelphimorphia]] | familia = [[Didelphidae]] | subfamilia = [[Didelphinae]] | genus = ''[[Didelphis]]'' | binomial = ''Didelphis virginiana''}} The '''Virginia opossum''' (''Didelphis virginiana'') is the only [[species]] of [[North America]]n [[marsupial]]. It is sometimes called a [[possum]], but that refers more correctly to a group of Australian marsupials. == Description == An opossum is about the size of a house [[cat]]. It has grizzled white and gray fur. Adult opossums weigh about 2-6 kg (4-14 lbs). They live alone, are active at night, and they are good climbers. == Habitat == People can find this opossum in the eastern [[United States]], and along the west coast from [[British Columbia]] and to [[Baja California Peninsula|Baja California]]. They like to live in forests, brushy areas, and farmland. ==References== {{reflist}} {{wikispecies|Didelphis virginiana}} {{commonscat|Didelphis virginiana}} [[category:Marsupials]] [[Category:Mammals of North America]] p73tf8nojop5805qi93hpm6wrdmyxwv 0 79751 10878745 9657187 2026-06-04T12:23:02Z ~2026-33278-43 1816216 /* */ 10878745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Zenande George | image = https://share.google/9JYHYyOzNbrxuXQNR | alt = | image_size = | caption = Zenande in 1964 | birth_name = Zenande Lillian George | birth_date = {{Birth date|1939|9|10|df=y}} | birth_place = [[South Africa]], [[Port Elizabeth]], | death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|04|01|1939|9|10|df=y}} | death_place = [[Majorca]], [[Spain]] | death_cause = [[Pulmonary edema]] | height = | nationality = Coloured(mixed race) | education = | occupation = Actresss{{!}}Model | spouse = [[John Betty]]<br>(m. 1962–2000, [[divorce]]d) | children = [[Anna Marie Betty]] | parents = {Pieter Potgieter} {Ntombentle George<nowiki>}</nowiki> }} Zennie (born Zenande George 10 September 1939 – 1 April 2015) was the fwife of [[John Lennon|John.L Betty]]. Zenande divorced Betty in 2000 dor personal reasons.She is the mother of Anna Marie. She was born in [[Blackpool|Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa]] and raised in [[Hoylake|Liverpool Dovecot]]. == Other websites == * [http://www.jibboo.com/beatles/wives The Beatles First Wives Club] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403104730/http://www.jibboo.com/beatles/wives/ |date=2015-04-03 }} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2005/09/29/music_lennon_cynthia_feature.shtml Living with Lennon] {{The Beatles}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lennon, Cynthia}} [[Category:1939 births]] [[Category:2015 deaths]] [[Category:Cancer deaths in Spain]] [[Category:John Lennon]] [[Category:People from Blackpool]] [[Category:People from Cheshire]] [[Category:The Beatles]] k2ka4xlf45569kd0mxhpdqaluy10i6r 0 85122 10879216 10828242 2026-06-05T01:17:08Z Blubewwy 1033505 Adding books 5 and 6 of CS. 10879216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} '''''Warriors''''' is a series of [[fiction|fantasy fiction]] books written by Erin Hunter (a [[Pseudonym|fake name]] that consists of many people, including Victoria Holmes, [[Kate Cary]], [[Cherith Baldry]], Tui T. Sutherland, and Dan Jolley). The series is about the adventures of wild cats as they try to survive in their forest homes. The cats call themselves warriors. They live in five groups called Clans. They live by a set of rules called the warrior code. The series is made up of nine mini-series with six books in each series. Each mini-series focuses on different characters. Seven field guides were also released. They give more information about the cats and their history. Eighteen "Super Edition" books have been released, with two more announced to be released in 2026 and 2027. These books are double the length of the normal books. Nine [[manga]] books have been released, as well as three [[Graphic novel|graphic novels]]. These are comics that tell short stories not seen in the main books. There have also been several short stories and [[Play (theatre)|plays]]. ==Setting and characters== The first mini-series centers around Rusty, a housecat who joins ThunderClan, and eventually becomes leader of it. The second mini-series focuses on the cats finding a new home after their old home was destroyed by humans. The third mini-series focuses on several cats who were born with special powers. The fourth mini-series focuses on two sisters, who work together to fight the ghosts of evil cats. The fifth mini-series shows how the Clans were created. The sixth mini-series focuses on the Clans trying to bring a new Clan to live with them, while fighting an evil group of rogues (stray cats). The seventh mini-series focuses on the Clans trying to defeat an evil ghost who has possessed ThunderClan's leader. The eighth mini-series focuses on the Clans remaking the code they live by. The ninth mini-series focuses on a young cat haunted by the ghost of her dead sister. The cats live in five groups called Clans: ThunderClan, RiverClan, WindClan, ShadowClan, and SkyClan. When Clan cats die, they go to StarClan ([[Heaven]]) or the Dark Forest/Place of No Stars ([[Hell]]). Some of the series is set in a forest that the authors have said was based on the New Forest area of [[England]].<ref>"Transcript Of Erin Hunter Chat". Wands and Worlds. http://www.wandsandworlds.com/community/node/52 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507171813/http://www.wandsandworlds.com/community/node/52 |date=2012-05-07 }}. Retrieved on 2008-03-02.</ref> Other parts of the series are set in a different forest that surrounds a lake. The cats have a leadership system that uses role titles. The highest position is the leader, and their assistant is called the deputy. The cats who heal the Clan with special plants are called medicine cats. Normal cats are called warriors. Young cats in training are called apprentices. Kittens are called kits. Old cats who have retired from their jobs are called elders. Cats who don't live in the Clans are called loners or rogues. Cats who live with humans are called kittypets. ==''Warriors'' book list== === ''Warriors: The Prophecies Begin'' (2003–2004) === The first mini-series is about the young kitten Rusty, who is later renamed Firestar. He rises to become the leader of ThunderClan. *Book 1: ''[[Into the Wild (Warriors)|Into the Wild]]'' *Book 2: ''[[Fire and Ice (Warriors)|Fire and Ice]]'' *Book 3: ''[[Forest of Secrets (Warriors)|Forest of Secrets]]'' *Book 4: ''[[Rising Storm (Warriors)|Rising Storm]]'' *Book 5: ''[[A Dangerous Path (Warriors)|A Dangerous Path]]'' *Book 6: ''The Darkest Hour'' === ''Warriors: The New Prophecy'' (2005–2006) === The second mini-series is about several cats: Brambleclaw (ThunderClan), Squirrelflight (ThunderClan), Crowfeather (WindClan), Tawnypelt (ShadowClan), Feathertail (RiverClan), Stormfur (RiverClan), and Leafpool (ThunderClan). They must save the Clans by finding a new home for them. They also must defeat the evil RiverClan cat Hawkfrost. *Book 1: Midnight *Book 2: ''[[Moonrise (Warriors)|Moonrise]]'' *Book 3: ''Dawn'' *Book 4: ''[[Starlight (Warriors)|Starlight]]'' *Book 5: ''Twilight'' *Book 6: ''Sunset'' === ''Warriors: Power of Three'' (2007–2009) === The third mini-series is about three ThunderClan cats, Jayfeather, Hollyleaf, and Lionblaze, who are born with special powers. In this series, it is shown that the ghosts of the Clan cats' old enemies are planning on taking revenge by coming back to life. * Book 1: ''The Sight'' * Book 2: ''Dark River'' * Book 3: ''Outcast'' * Book 4: ''Eclipse'' * Book 5: ''Long Shadows'' * Book 6: ''Sunrise'' === ''Warriors: Omen of the Stars'' (2009–2012) === The fourth mini-series is about ThunderClan cats Jayfeather, Lionblaze, Dovewing, and Ivypool. They must bring the Clans together so that they can defeat the evil ghosts of the Clans' old enemies. * Book 1: ''The Fourth Apprentice'' * Book 2: ''Fading Echoes'' * Book 3: ''Night Whispers'' * Book 4: ''Sign of the Moon'' * Book 5: ''The Forgotten Warrior'' * Book 6: ''The Last Hope'' === ''Warriors: Dawn of the Clans'' (2013–2015) === The fifth mini-series is about how the five Clans were created. It centers around several cats: Gray Wing, Shadowstar, Windstar, Thunderstar, Riverstar, and Skystar. These cats became the first leaders of their Clans. * Book 1: ''The Sun Trail'' * Book 2: ''Thunder Rising'' * Book 3: ''The First Battle'' * Book 4: ''The Blazing Star'' * Book 5: ''A Forest Divided'' * Book 6: ''Path of Stars'' === ''Warriors: A Vision Of Shadows'' (2016–2018) === The sixth mini-series shows how Alderheart and Twigbranch of ThunderClan and Violetshine of ShadowClan brought a new Clan, SkyClan, to live with the other four Clans. It also shows how the Clans defeated an evil group of cats who almost destroy ShadowClan. * Book 1: ''The Apprentice's Quest'' * Book 2: ''Thunder and Shadow'' * Book 3: ''Shattered Sky'' * Book 4: ''Darkest Night'' * Book 5: ''River of Fire'' * Book 6: ''The Raging Storm'' === ''Warriors: The Broken Code'' (2019–2021) === The seventh mini-series centers around Bristlefrost of ThunderClan, Shadowsight of ShadowClan, and Rootspring of SkyClan as they try to defeat an evil ghost named Ashfur. Ashfur has [[Possession|possessed]] the ThunderClan leader, and blocked the cats from talking to StarClan. * Book 1: ''Lost Stars'' * Book 2: ''The Silent Thaw'' * Book 3: ''Veil of Shadows'' * Book 4: ''Darkness Within'' * Book 5: ''The Place of No Stars'' * Book 6: ''A Light in the Mist'' === ''Warriors: A Starless Clan'' (2022–2024) === The eighth mini-series centers around Frostdawn of RiverClan, Nightheart of ThunderClan, and Sunbeam of ShadowClan. The Clans are making changes to the rules they live by, and some cats don't like these changes. * Book 1: ''River'' * Book 2: ''Sky'' * Book 3: ''Shadow'' * Book 4: ''Thunder'' * Book 5: ''Wind'' * Book 6: ''Star'' === ''Warriors: Changing Skies'' (2025–TBA) === The ninth mini-series centers around Moonpaw of ThunderClan, Starlingpaw of SkyClan, and Tawnypelt of ShadowClan. Moonpaw is being haunted by the ghost of her evil dead sister. The other cats worry that Moonpaw may turn evil too. * Book 1: ''The Elders' Quest'' * Book 2: ''Hidden Moon'' * Book 3: ''Chasing Shadows'' * Book 4: ''Guiding Light'' (6 October 2026) * Book 5: ''False Dawn'' (TBA) * Book 6: TBA == Standalone books == === Super Editions === * ''[[Firestar's Quest]]'' Firestar goes on a quest to bring back a lost Clan called SkyClan. * ''[[Bluestar's Prophecy]]'' Bluestar's life from kitten to leader of ThunderClan. * ''SkyClan's Destiny'' Leafstar leads SkyClan through trouble after Firestar leaves. * ''Crookedstar's Promise'' Crookedstar's promise to a mysterious cat leaves him with all the power he could dream of, but all his family dead. * ''[[Yellowfang's Secret]]'' Yellowfang's ability to feel the pain of other cats has to be kept a secret to her Clan. * ''Tallstar’s Revenge'' Tallstar sets out on a quest for revenge on the cat he believes killed his father. * ''Bramblestar’s Storm'' Bramblestar has to lead ThunderClan as a large storm destroys their home. * ''Moth Flight's Vision'' Moth Flight learns that she must become the first medicine cat. * ''Hawkwing’s Journey'' SkyClan has to leave their home. Hawkwing has to help them find the other Clans. * ''Tigerheart’s Shadow'' Dovewing is pregnant with Tigerheart's kits. She travels far away to find a safe place to give birth. Tigerheart has to find them and bring them back home. * ''Crowfeather’s Trial'' Crowfeather tries to make peace with his family. * ''Squirrelflight’s Hope'' Squirrelflight fights for the protection of a peaceful group of female cats known as The Sisters, while worrying that she'll leave no legacy when she dies. * ''Graystripe’s Vow'' Long ago, Graystripe promised never to leave his Clan, but when trouble happens in ThunderClan, he realizes he has to leave if he wants to save it. * ''Leopardstar's Honor'' Leopardstar wants what is best for her Clan, but she needs to avoid being reckless. * ''Onestar's Confession'' Onestar must confess a secret to his Clan. * ''Riverstar's Home'' Riverstar learns what it means to have a home and care for other cats. * ''Ivypool's Heart'' Ivypool is depressed after her daughter dies. * ''StormClan's Folly'' The leaders of ThunderClan and WindClan form a new Clan called StormClan. StormClan eventually falls apart. * ''Darktail's Judgment'' (8 September 2026) Darktail grows up to become an evil cat who hates his father. === Novellas === * ''Hollyleaf's Story'' Hollyleaf meets a strange cat in the tunnels beneath the Clans' territory. * ''Mistystar's Omen'' Mistystar's medicine cat doesn't believe in StarClan, and Mistystar worries about this. * ''Cloudstar’s Journey'' Cloudstar leads SkyClan on a journey to find a new home that eventually fails. * ''Tigerclaw’s Fury'' Tigerclaw, former deputy of ThunderClan, seeks revenge on his old Clanmates. * ''Leafpool’s Wish'' Leafpool hides her kits from her Clan with the help of her sister, Squirrelflight. * ''Dovewing’s Silence'' Dovewing finds the loss of her special powers hard to deal with. * ''Mapleshade’s Vengeance'' Mapleshade seeks revenge on every cat who has wronged her. * ''Goosefeather’s Curse'' Goosefeather can see the fates of cats around him, including his own. * ''Ravenpaw’s Farewell'' Ravenpaw takes his friend Barley, and Barley's sister's kittens to SkyClan. Then he dies. * ''Spottedleaf’s Heart'' Spottedleaf must decide whether she wants to be a warrior or a medicine cat. * ''Pinestar’s Choice'' Pinestar decides to leave ThunderClan and become a house cat. * ''Thunderstar’s Echo'' Thunderstar struggles as the first leader of ThunderClan. * ''Redtail’s Debt'' Redtail's life was saved by Tigerclaw, but they begin to become enemies. * ''Tawnypelt’s Clan'' Tawnypelt takes her grandson on a quest. * ''Shadowstar’s Life'' Shadowstar is stalked by a cat who wants to kill her. * ''Pebbleshine’s Kits'' Pebbleshine tries to raise her kits while lost from her Clan. * ''Tree’s Roots'' Tree leaves his family to discover who he really is. * ''Mothwing’s Secret'' Mothwing doesn't believe in StarClan, and she must keep this hidden from her Clan. * ''Daisy’s Kin'' Daisy questions her place in the Clans as she realizes what a violent place the forest can be. * ''Spotfur’s Rebellion'' Spotfur leads a rebellion against the possessed leader of ThunderClan. * ''Blackfoot’s Reckoning'' Blackfoot was one of the evil Tigerstar's closest friends, and he struggles to find his place as the new leader of ShadowClan. === Field guides === * ''Secrets of the Clans'' ''Secrets of the Clans'' has a list of healing plants, a tour of the camps of all four forest Clans, maps, stories, Clan [[Folklore|folktales]], Clan histories, prophecies, and a cat language to human language glossary. * ''Cats of the Clans'' ''Cats of the Clans'' has information and pictures of the most important ''Warriors'' characters. * ''Code of the Clans'' ''Code of the Clans'' explains the reasons behind all the rules of the warrior code using several short stories. * ''Battles of the Clans'' ''Battles of the Clans'' explains all of the Clans' battle moves and some famous past battles. * ''Enter the Clans'' ''Enter the Clans'' is ''Secrets of the Clans'' and ''Code of the Clans'' in one book. * ''The Ultimate Guide'' ''The Ultimate Guide'' is an expanded version of ''Cats of the Clans'' with more characters. * ''The Warriors Guide'' ''The Warriors Guide'' is an updated version of ''Secrets of the Clans''. * ''The Ultimate Guide: Updated and Expanded Edition'' ''The Ultimate Guide: Updated and Expanded Edition'' is an expanded version of ''The Ultimate Guide'' with more characters and new information. === Graphic novels === The first mini-series, ''The Prophecies Begin'', was converted into three graphic novels. * ''The Prophecies Begin, Volume 1'' * ''The Prophecies Begin, Volume 2'' * ''The Prophecies Begin, Volume 3'' (30 September 2025) The second mini-series, ''The New Prophecy'', will be converted into three graphic novels. * ''The New Prophecy, Volume 1'' (30 June 2026) * ''The New Prophecy, Volume 2'' (TBA) * ''The New Prophecy, Volume 3'' (TBA) ==''Warriors'' manga== ===''Graystripe's Adventure''=== This series shows what happened to ThunderClan warrior Graystripe when he was captured by humans. * ''The Lost Warrior'' * ''Warrior's Refuge'' * ''Warrior's Return'' ===''Tigerstar and Sasha''=== This series shows how a house cat named Sasha fell in love with a dangerous Clan cat, Tigerstar. * ''Into the Woods'' * ''Escape from the Forest'' * ''Return to the Clans'' ===''Ravenpaw's Path''=== This series shows how Ravenpaw and his friend fight to take back their [[farm]] from a group of evil cats who have stolen it from them. *''Shattered Peace'' * ''A Clan in Need'' * ''Heart of a Warrior'' ===''SkyClan and the Stranger''=== This series shows how SkyClan leader Leafstar deals with a cat who causes problems. * ''The Rescue'' * ''Beyond the Code'' * ''After the Flood'' === ''The Rise of Scourge'' === This single manga shows how a small kitten named himself Scourge and became the evil leader of BloodClan. === ''A Shadow In RiverClan'' === This single manga shows how Feathertail questions her place in RiverClan. === ''Winds of Change'' === This single manga shows how former WindClan deputy Mudclaw feels angry after being replaced by a warrior called Onewhisker. === ''Exile from ShadowClan'' === This single manga shows what happened to ShadowClan elders when they were banished from their Clan by their evil leader. === ''A Thief in ThunderClan'' === This single manga shows how Brightheart and Cloudtail must find out who is stealing prey from ThunderClan. ==Other media== === Short stories === There are six Warriors short stories: "Spottedleaf's Honest Answer",<ref name="spottedleaf">{{cite web|last=Hunter|first=Erin|title=''Spottedleaf's Honest Answer''|url=http://www.warriorswish.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62:spottedleafshonestanswer&catid=35:essaysandarticles|access-date=22 April 2008}}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> "The Clans Decide",<ref name="election">{{cite web|last=Hunter|first=Erin|title=''The Clans Decide''|url=http://www.warriorcats.com/data/downloads/electionstory.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419104346/http://www.warriorcats.com/data/downloads/electionstory.pdf|archive-date=19 April 2009|access-date=21 December 2009}}</ref> "After Sunset: The Right Choice?",<ref name="itunes3">{{cite web|title=''Warriors'' by HarperCollins Publishers|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/warriors/id445901682?mt=8|access-date=8 December 2011|work=iTunes App Store}}</ref> "The Elders' Concern", "A Fear of Fire", and "The Death of Bright Stream".<ref name="itunes4">{{cite web|title=''Warriors'' by HarperCollins Publishers|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/warriors/id445901682?mt=8|access-date=8 December 2011|work=iTunes App Store}}</ref> There are also two educator's guides for [[Teacher|teachers]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 December 2009|title=The World of Warriors Educator's Guide - TeacherVision|url=https://www.teachervision.com/fantasy-fiction/world-warriors-educators-guide|access-date=17 May 2021|website=TeacherVision}}</ref> === Plays === A [[Play (theatre)|play]] called ''After'' ''Sunset: We Need to Talk'' was performed in 2007 at a bookstore. It shows a meeting between Leafpool and Crowfeather after the events of the book ''Sunset''. In 2009, another play called ''Beyond the Code: Brightspirit's Mercy'' was released. This play is about the ThunderClan cat Jayfeather helping the other Clans by giving them food, even though it is against the warrior code to do that.<ref name="Warriors">{{cite web | url=http://www.warriorcats.com/warriorshell.html | title=Warriors | work=www.warriorcats.com | access-date=2008-01-01 | archive-date=2009-11-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129121901/http://www.warriorcats.com/warriorshell.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> It was written in memory of a ''Warriors'' fan and her parents, who all died in a [[tornado]] in 2007. === Website === There is a website for ''Warriors'' called "Warrior Cats Hub". There was an old website called "Warrior Cats", but this website was shut down. Both websites have included games, stores, and special information about the series.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Warriors'' screensavers|url=http://www.warriorcats.com/games-and-extras/extras/screensaver|access-date=8 July 2013|publisher=HarperCollins|archive-date=17 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717002921/http://warriorcats.com/games-and-extras/extras/screensaver|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Movie === In 2016, a ''Warriors'' [[movie]] was announced.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Makuch|first=Eddie|date=21 November 2016|title=Harry Potter Producer Making Movie About Warrior Cats|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/harry-potter-producer-making-movie-about-warrior-c/1100-6445608/|access-date=23 May 2018|website=GameSpot|language=en-US}}</ref> There have been no updates on it since 2018. In 2024, an "official animation" was announced, but it is not known if it will be a movie or something else.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Warrior Cats animation announced! {{!}} Warrior Cats|url=https://warriorcats.com/content/article/official-warrior-cats-animation-announced|access-date=2024-07-22|website=warriorcats.com|language=en}}</ref> === Physical items === There are many ''Warriors'' items that can be bought, including [[Shirt|shirts]], [[Stuffed toy|plush toys]], figures, and more. There have also been trading cards included in the [[China|Chinese]] versions of the books.<ref name="morningstarsunrise">{{cite web|title=Morningstar Online Catalog Page: ''Warriors: Sunrise''|url=http://www.morningstar.com.tw/bookcomment-2.aspx?BOKNO=0151018|access-date=23 April 2010|work=Morningstar.com.tw|language=zh}}</ref> === App === There is a ''Warriors'' [[app]] called "Warrior Cats Hub". There was also an old app called "Warrior Cats" that was shut down.<ref name="itunes2">{{cite web|title=''Warriors'' by HarperCollins Publishers|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/warriors/id445901682?mt=8|access-date=8 December 2011|work=iTunes App Store}}</ref> === Foreign books === The ''Warriors'' series has been published in many countries, including [[Poland]],<ref>{{cite web|title=empik.com&nbsp;— Wojownicy&nbsp;— Tom 2 Ogień i Lód&nbsp;— Erin Hunter|url=http://www.empik.com/wojownicy-tom-2-ogien-i-lod-hunter-erin,45133,ksiazka-p|access-date=23 August 2010|publisher=[[empik.com]]}}</ref> [[China]], [[Australia]],<ref name="Australia">{{cite web|title=HarperCollins (Australia) catalog page: ''Warriors #3: Forest of Secrets''|url=http://www.harpercollins.com.au/books/9780060000042/Warriors_3_Forest_of_Secrets/index.aspx|access-date=27 August 2008|work=HarperCollins Australia|archive-date=11 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111031333/http://www.harpercollins.com.au/books/9780060000042/Warriors_3_Forest_of_Secrets/index.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Canada]], [[Russia]],<ref name="ThirdChat">{{cite web|title=Erin Hunter Chat No. 3 Transcript|url=http://wandsandworlds.com/community/node/882|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222012441/http://wandsandworlds.com/community/node/882|archive-date=22 December 2010|access-date=2 March 2008|work=Wands and Worlds}}</ref> and more. === Audiobooks === There have been [[audiobook]] versions made of many ''Warriors'' books.<ref name="itunes">{{cite web|title=''Warriors'' by HarperCollins Publishers|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/warriors/id445901682?mt=8|access-date=8 December 2011|work=iTunes App Store}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.warriorcats.com www.warriorcats.com] (the official ''Warriors'' website) *[http://www.theguttersnipe.co.uk The Guttersnipe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228175452/http://www.theguttersnipe.co.uk/ |date=2007-12-28 }} (author Kate Cary's personal site) [[Category:Warriors books]] ddqid4smc277clxyjsc903txvsg8785 0 99122 10879353 9280346 2026-06-05T06:02:51Z Moheed.6969 1808059 /* Subdivisions */ 10879353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Abottabad District | official_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_map = Pakistan - Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Abbottabad.svg | mapsize = 200px | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] with Abbottabad District highlighted | coordinates = {{coord|34|09||N|73|13||E||display=title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] | subdivision_type2 = Capital | subdivision_name2 = [[Abbottabad]] | area_total_km2 = 1969 | population_as_of = 1998 | population_total = 880,666 | population_density_km2 = 448 | timezone1 = [[Time in Pakistan|PST]] | utc_offset1 = +5 | established_title = Established | established_date = | leader_title = District Nazim | leader_name = | leader_title1 = District Naib- Nazim | leader_name1 = Malik Muhammad Junaid<ref>[http://nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?pageName=Admin-001-DistrictNazim&DistId=1&DeptId=21&LangId=1 Administration Department – Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa government website]</ref> | blank_name_sec1 = Number of [[Union Councils]] | blank_info_sec1 = 51 | blank1_name_sec1 = Number of [[Tehsil]]s | blank1_info_sec1 = 3 | demographics1_title1 = Main language(s) | demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu]], [[Pakistani English|English]], [[Hindko language|Hindko]] | website = http://www.abbottabad.gov.pk }} '''Abbottabad District''' is a [[district]] in the [[Hazara Division]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of [[Pakistan]]. The district has an area of 1,969&nbsp;km², with the city of Abbottabad being the capital. Neighbouring districts are Mansehra to the north, Muzaffarabad to the east, Haripur to the west, and Rawalpindi to the south. == Name == The district is named after Major James Abbott, the first deputy commissioner of Hazara (1849–1853). == Demographics == According to the 1981 census data for Abbottabad tehsil, 95% of the population have Hindko dialect of Panjabi as their first language, while Pashto account for 1.7% and 0.9% respectively. == Protected areas == The Ayubia National Park was established in 1984, this park covers an area of over 3,312 ha. The Qalanderabad game reserve was established in 1980 with an area of 8,940ha. == Subdivisions == Abbottabad district is divided into four [[tehsil]]s, Abbottabad, Lower Tanawal, [[Havelian]] and Lora Hazara as well as one urban administration area - [[Nawanshehr]]. There are fifty-one [[Union Councils of Pakistan|Union Councils]] in the district, 35 in Abbottabad tehsil and 16 in Havelian. These are: ===Abbottabad Tehsil=== {| |----- | valign="top" | *[[Abbottabad Central]] *[[Bagh, NWFP|Bagh]] *[[Bagnotar]] *[[Bakot]] *[[Baldheri]] *[[Banda Pir Khan]] *[[Beerangali]] *[[Berote Kalan]] *[[Boi, NWFP|Boi]] *[[Chamhad]] *[[Dalola]] *[[Dhamtour]] | valign="top" | *[[Jarral NWFP|Jarral]] *[[Jhangi]] *[[Kakul]] *[[Kehal Urban]] *[[Kukmang]] *[[Kuthiala]] *[[Kuthwal]] *[[Malikpura Urban]] *[[Mirpur, NWFP|Mirpur]] *[[Nagri Bala]] *[[Nambal, NWFP|Nambal]] *[[Namli Maira]] | valign="top" | *[[Nathia Gali]] *[[:en:Nawan Shehr]] *[[Nawansher Urban]] *[[Palak]] *[[Pattan Kalan]] *[[Pawa, NWFP|Pawa]] *[[Phalkot]] *[[Pind Kargu Khan]] *[[Salhad]] *[[Sarbhana]] *[[Sheikh-ul-Bandi]] *[[Sherwan]] |} ===Havelian Tehsil=== {| |----- | valign="top" | *[[Bandi Attai Khan]] *[[Dewal Manal]] *[[Ghari Phulgran]] *[[Goreeni]] *[[Haveliani Urban]] *[[Jhangra]] *[[Langra, NWFP|Langra]] *[[Langrial]] | valign="top" | *[[Lora, NWFP|Lora]] *[[Mojohan]] *[[Nagri Totial]] *[[Nara, NWFP|Nara]] *[[Phallah]] *[[Seer Gharbi]] *[[Seer Sharqi Bhattian]] *[[Tajwal]] |} == Other website == * [http://www.Abbottabad.gov.pk Abbottabad government website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204045300/http://www.abbottabad.gov.pk/ |date=2007-12-04 }} == References == <references/> {{Districts of the North-West Frontier Province}} {{Asia-stub}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Abbottabad District]] [[Category:Districts of British India]] s6a74tdvcqfuq2uv41sdkdm57nt61pd 10879366 10879353 2026-06-05T06:37:41Z Moheed.6969 1808059 /* Protected areas */ I made a big change by adding names of few famous personality of the district Abbottabad 10879366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Abottabad District | official_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_map = Pakistan - Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Abbottabad.svg | mapsize = 200px | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] with Abbottabad District highlighted | coordinates = {{coord|34|09||N|73|13||E||display=title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] | subdivision_type2 = Capital | subdivision_name2 = [[Abbottabad]] | area_total_km2 = 1969 | population_as_of = 1998 | population_total = 880,666 | population_density_km2 = 448 | timezone1 = [[Time in Pakistan|PST]] | utc_offset1 = +5 | established_title = Established | established_date = | leader_title = District Nazim | leader_name = | leader_title1 = District Naib- Nazim | leader_name1 = Malik Muhammad Junaid<ref>[http://nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?pageName=Admin-001-DistrictNazim&DistId=1&DeptId=21&LangId=1 Administration Department – Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa government website]</ref> | blank_name_sec1 = Number of [[Union Councils]] | blank_info_sec1 = 51 | blank1_name_sec1 = Number of [[Tehsil]]s | blank1_info_sec1 = 3 | demographics1_title1 = Main language(s) | demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu]], [[Pakistani English|English]], [[Hindko language|Hindko]] | website = http://www.abbottabad.gov.pk }} '''Abbottabad District''' is a [[district]] in the [[Hazara Division]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of [[Pakistan]]. The district has an area of 1,969&nbsp;km², with the city of Abbottabad being the capital. Neighbouring districts are Mansehra to the north, Muzaffarabad to the east, Haripur to the west, and Rawalpindi to the south. == Name == The district is named after Major James Abbott, the first deputy commissioner of Hazara (1849–1853). == Demographics == According to the 1981 census data for Abbottabad tehsil, 95% of the population have Hindko dialect of Panjabi as their first language, while Pashto account for 1.7% and 0.9% respectively. == Protected areas == The Ayubia National Park was established in 1984, this park covers an area of over 3,312 ha. The Qalanderabad game reserve was established in 1980 with an area of 8,940ha. ==Notable People== *[[:en:Iqbal Khan Jadoon]] Ex Cheif Minister Khyber Pakhtunkhwa *[[:en:Amanullah Khan Jadoon]] Ex Federel Minister *[[DrMoazzam Khan Jadoon]] Cardiologist PDA *[[Ali Khan Jadoon]] Member of National Assembly *[[:en:Mushtaq Ahmed Ghani]] Ex Speaker and member Provincial Assembly KPK == Subdivisions == Abbottabad district is divided into four [[tehsil]]s, Abbottabad, Lower Tanawal, [[Havelian]] and Lora Hazara as well as one urban administration area - [[Nawanshehr]]. There are fifty-one [[Union Councils of Pakistan|Union Councils]] in the district, 35 in Abbottabad tehsil and 16 in Havelian. These are: ===Abbottabad Tehsil=== {| |----- | valign="top" | *[[Abbottabad Central]] *[[Bagh, NWFP|Bagh]] *[[Bagnotar]] *[[Bakot]] *[[Baldheri]] *[[Banda Pir Khan]] *[[Beerangali]] *[[Berote Kalan]] *[[Boi, NWFP|Boi]] *[[Chamhad]] *[[Dalola]] *[[Dhamtour]] | valign="top" | *[[Jarral NWFP|Jarral]] *[[Jhangi]] *[[Kakul]] *[[Kehal Urban]] *[[Kukmang]] *[[Kuthiala]] *[[Kuthwal]] *[[Malikpura Urban]] *[[Mirpur, NWFP|Mirpur]] *[[Nagri Bala]] *[[Nambal, NWFP|Nambal]] *[[Namli Maira]] | valign="top" | *[[Nathia Gali]] *[[:en:Nawan Shehr]] *[[Nawansher Urban]] *[[Palak]] *[[Pattan Kalan]] *[[Pawa, NWFP|Pawa]] *[[Phalkot]] *[[Pind Kargu Khan]] *[[Salhad]] *[[Sarbhana]] *[[Sheikh-ul-Bandi]] *[[Sherwan]] |} ===Havelian Tehsil=== {| |----- | valign="top" | *[[Bandi Attai Khan]] *[[Dewal Manal]] *[[Ghari Phulgran]] *[[Goreeni]] *[[Haveliani Urban]] *[[Jhangra]] *[[Langra, NWFP|Langra]] *[[Langrial]] | valign="top" | *[[Lora, NWFP|Lora]] *[[Mojohan]] *[[Nagri Totial]] *[[Nara, NWFP|Nara]] *[[Phallah]] *[[Seer Gharbi]] *[[Seer Sharqi Bhattian]] *[[Tajwal]] |} == Other website == * [http://www.Abbottabad.gov.pk Abbottabad government website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204045300/http://www.abbottabad.gov.pk/ |date=2007-12-04 }} == References == <references/> {{Districts of the North-West Frontier Province}} {{Asia-stub}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Abbottabad District]] [[Category:Districts of British India]] 8cia86etzthtmf8zd2415xru2xo6hak 10879367 10879366 2026-06-05T06:40:07Z Moheed.6969 1808059 /* Notable People */ 10879367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Abottabad District | official_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_map = Pakistan - Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Abbottabad.svg | mapsize = 200px | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] with Abbottabad District highlighted | coordinates = {{coord|34|09||N|73|13||E||display=title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] | subdivision_type2 = Capital | subdivision_name2 = [[Abbottabad]] | area_total_km2 = 1969 | population_as_of = 1998 | population_total = 880,666 | population_density_km2 = 448 | timezone1 = [[Time in Pakistan|PST]] | utc_offset1 = +5 | established_title = Established | established_date = | leader_title = District Nazim | leader_name = | leader_title1 = District Naib- Nazim | leader_name1 = Malik Muhammad Junaid<ref>[http://nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?pageName=Admin-001-DistrictNazim&DistId=1&DeptId=21&LangId=1 Administration Department – Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa government website]</ref> | blank_name_sec1 = Number of [[Union Councils]] | blank_info_sec1 = 51 | blank1_name_sec1 = Number of [[Tehsil]]s | blank1_info_sec1 = 3 | demographics1_title1 = Main language(s) | demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu]], [[Pakistani English|English]], [[Hindko language|Hindko]] | website = http://www.abbottabad.gov.pk }} '''Abbottabad District''' is a [[district]] in the [[Hazara Division]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of [[Pakistan]]. The district has an area of 1,969&nbsp;km², with the city of Abbottabad being the capital. Neighbouring districts are Mansehra to the north, Muzaffarabad to the east, Haripur to the west, and Rawalpindi to the south. == Name == The district is named after Major James Abbott, the first deputy commissioner of Hazara (1849–1853). == Demographics == According to the 1981 census data for Abbottabad tehsil, 95% of the population have Hindko dialect of Panjabi as their first language, while Pashto account for 1.7% and 0.9% respectively. == Protected areas == The Ayubia National Park was established in 1984, this park covers an area of over 3,312 ha. The Qalanderabad game reserve was established in 1980 with an area of 8,940ha. ==Notable People== *[[Iqbal Khan Jadoon]] Ex Cheif Minister Khyber Pakhtunkhwa *[[Amanullah Khan Jadoon]] Ex Federel Minister *[[DrMoazzam Khan Jadoon]] Cardiologist PDA *[[Ali Khan Jadoon]] Member of National Assembly *[[Mushtaq Ahmed Ghani]] Ex Speaker and member Provincial Assembly KPK == Subdivisions == Abbottabad district is divided into four [[tehsil]]s, Abbottabad, Lower Tanawal, [[Havelian]] and Lora Hazara as well as one urban administration area - [[Nawanshehr]]. There are fifty-one [[Union Councils of Pakistan|Union Councils]] in the district, 35 in Abbottabad tehsil and 16 in Havelian. These are: ===Abbottabad Tehsil=== {| |----- | valign="top" | *[[Abbottabad Central]] *[[Bagh, NWFP|Bagh]] *[[Bagnotar]] *[[Bakot]] *[[Baldheri]] *[[Banda Pir Khan]] *[[Beerangali]] *[[Berote Kalan]] *[[Boi, NWFP|Boi]] *[[Chamhad]] *[[Dalola]] *[[Dhamtour]] | valign="top" | *[[Jarral NWFP|Jarral]] *[[Jhangi]] *[[Kakul]] *[[Kehal Urban]] *[[Kukmang]] *[[Kuthiala]] *[[Kuthwal]] *[[Malikpura Urban]] *[[Mirpur, NWFP|Mirpur]] *[[Nagri Bala]] *[[Nambal, NWFP|Nambal]] *[[Namli Maira]] | valign="top" | *[[Nathia Gali]] *[[:en:Nawan Shehr]] *[[Nawansher Urban]] *[[Palak]] *[[Pattan Kalan]] *[[Pawa, NWFP|Pawa]] *[[Phalkot]] *[[Pind Kargu Khan]] *[[Salhad]] *[[Sarbhana]] *[[Sheikh-ul-Bandi]] *[[Sherwan]] |} ===Havelian Tehsil=== {| |----- | valign="top" | *[[Bandi Attai Khan]] *[[Dewal Manal]] *[[Ghari Phulgran]] *[[Goreeni]] *[[Haveliani Urban]] *[[Jhangra]] *[[Langra, NWFP|Langra]] *[[Langrial]] | valign="top" | *[[Lora, NWFP|Lora]] *[[Mojohan]] *[[Nagri Totial]] *[[Nara, NWFP|Nara]] *[[Phallah]] *[[Seer Gharbi]] *[[Seer Sharqi Bhattian]] *[[Tajwal]] |} == Other website == * [http://www.Abbottabad.gov.pk Abbottabad government website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204045300/http://www.abbottabad.gov.pk/ |date=2007-12-04 }} == References == <references/> {{Districts of the North-West Frontier Province}} {{Asia-stub}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Abbottabad District]] [[Category:Districts of British India]] sumt0r7a1xw1y5vbxuupcjeb5f66r5n 10879368 10879367 2026-06-05T06:43:06Z Moheed.6969 1808059 /* Notable People */ 10879368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Abottabad District | official_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_map = Pakistan - Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Abbottabad.svg | mapsize = 200px | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] with Abbottabad District highlighted | coordinates = {{coord|34|09||N|73|13||E||display=title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] | subdivision_type2 = Capital | subdivision_name2 = [[Abbottabad]] | area_total_km2 = 1969 | population_as_of = 1998 | population_total = 880,666 | population_density_km2 = 448 | timezone1 = [[Time in Pakistan|PST]] | utc_offset1 = +5 | established_title = Established | established_date = | leader_title = District Nazim | leader_name = | leader_title1 = District Naib- Nazim | leader_name1 = Malik Muhammad Junaid<ref>[http://nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?pageName=Admin-001-DistrictNazim&DistId=1&DeptId=21&LangId=1 Administration Department – Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa government website]</ref> | blank_name_sec1 = Number of [[Union Councils]] | blank_info_sec1 = 51 | blank1_name_sec1 = Number of [[Tehsil]]s | blank1_info_sec1 = 3 | demographics1_title1 = Main language(s) | demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu]], [[Pakistani English|English]], [[Hindko language|Hindko]] | website = http://www.abbottabad.gov.pk }} '''Abbottabad District''' is a [[district]] in the [[Hazara Division]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of [[Pakistan]]. The district has an area of 1,969&nbsp;km², with the city of Abbottabad being the capital. Neighbouring districts are Mansehra to the north, Muzaffarabad to the east, Haripur to the west, and Rawalpindi to the south. == Name == The district is named after Major James Abbott, the first deputy commissioner of Hazara (1849–1853). == Demographics == According to the 1981 census data for Abbottabad tehsil, 95% of the population have Hindko dialect of Panjabi as their first language, while Pashto account for 1.7% and 0.9% respectively. == Protected areas == The Ayubia National Park was established in 1984, this park covers an area of over 3,312 ha. The Qalanderabad game reserve was established in 1980 with an area of 8,940ha. ==Notable People== *[[Iqbal Khan Jadoon]] Ex Cheif Minister Khyber Pakhtunkhwa *[[Amanullah Khan Jadoon]] Ex Federel Minister *[[DrMoazzam Khan Jadoon]] Cardiologist PDA *[[Ali Khan Jadoon]] Member of National Assembly *[[Mushtaq Ahmed Ghani]] Ex Speaker and member Provincial Assembly KPK *[[Munsif Khan Jadoon]] Basti Sher Khan and Ex Minister == Subdivisions == Abbottabad district is divided into four [[tehsil]]s, Abbottabad, Lower Tanawal, [[Havelian]] and Lora Hazara as well as one urban administration area - [[Nawanshehr]]. There are fifty-one [[Union Councils of Pakistan|Union Councils]] in the district, 35 in Abbottabad tehsil and 16 in Havelian. These are: ===Abbottabad Tehsil=== {| |----- | valign="top" | *[[Abbottabad Central]] *[[Bagh, NWFP|Bagh]] *[[Bagnotar]] *[[Bakot]] *[[Baldheri]] *[[Banda Pir Khan]] *[[Beerangali]] *[[Berote Kalan]] *[[Boi, NWFP|Boi]] *[[Chamhad]] *[[Dalola]] *[[Dhamtour]] | valign="top" | *[[Jarral NWFP|Jarral]] *[[Jhangi]] *[[Kakul]] *[[Kehal Urban]] *[[Kukmang]] *[[Kuthiala]] *[[Kuthwal]] *[[Malikpura Urban]] *[[Mirpur, NWFP|Mirpur]] *[[Nagri Bala]] *[[Nambal, NWFP|Nambal]] *[[Namli Maira]] | valign="top" | *[[Nathia Gali]] *[[:en:Nawan Shehr]] *[[Nawansher Urban]] *[[Palak]] *[[Pattan Kalan]] *[[Pawa, NWFP|Pawa]] *[[Phalkot]] *[[Pind Kargu Khan]] *[[Salhad]] *[[Sarbhana]] *[[Sheikh-ul-Bandi]] *[[Sherwan]] |} ===Havelian Tehsil=== {| |----- | valign="top" | *[[Bandi Attai Khan]] *[[Dewal Manal]] *[[Ghari Phulgran]] *[[Goreeni]] *[[Haveliani Urban]] *[[Jhangra]] *[[Langra, NWFP|Langra]] *[[Langrial]] | valign="top" | *[[Lora, NWFP|Lora]] *[[Mojohan]] *[[Nagri Totial]] *[[Nara, NWFP|Nara]] *[[Phallah]] *[[Seer Gharbi]] *[[Seer Sharqi Bhattian]] *[[Tajwal]] |} == Other website == * [http://www.Abbottabad.gov.pk Abbottabad government website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204045300/http://www.abbottabad.gov.pk/ |date=2007-12-04 }} == References == <references/> {{Districts of the North-West Frontier Province}} {{Asia-stub}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Abbottabad District]] [[Category:Districts of British India]] fxw3xbd6s1k7winc67adm4udkl0g82j 10879391 10879368 2026-06-05T06:51:18Z Moheed.6969 1808059 /* Notable People */ 10879391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Abottabad District | official_name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_map = Pakistan - Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Abbottabad.svg | mapsize = 200px | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] with Abbottabad District highlighted | coordinates = {{coord|34|09||N|73|13||E||display=title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] | subdivision_type2 = Capital | subdivision_name2 = [[Abbottabad]] | area_total_km2 = 1969 | population_as_of = 1998 | population_total = 880,666 | population_density_km2 = 448 | timezone1 = [[Time in Pakistan|PST]] | utc_offset1 = +5 | established_title = Established | established_date = | leader_title = District Nazim | leader_name = | leader_title1 = District Naib- Nazim | leader_name1 = Malik Muhammad Junaid<ref>[http://nwfp.gov.pk/AIS-page.php?pageName=Admin-001-DistrictNazim&DistId=1&DeptId=21&LangId=1 Administration Department – Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa government website]</ref> | blank_name_sec1 = Number of [[Union Councils]] | blank_info_sec1 = 51 | blank1_name_sec1 = Number of [[Tehsil]]s | blank1_info_sec1 = 3 | demographics1_title1 = Main language(s) | demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu]], [[Pakistani English|English]], [[Hindko language|Hindko]] | website = http://www.abbottabad.gov.pk }} '''Abbottabad District''' is a [[district]] in the [[Hazara Division]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province of [[Pakistan]]. The district has an area of 1,969&nbsp;km², with the city of Abbottabad being the capital. Neighbouring districts are Mansehra to the north, Muzaffarabad to the east, Haripur to the west, and Rawalpindi to the south. == Name == The district is named after Major James Abbott, the first deputy commissioner of Hazara (1849–1853). == Demographics == According to the 1981 census data for Abbottabad tehsil, 95% of the population have Hindko dialect of Panjabi as their first language, while Pashto account for 1.7% and 0.9% respectively. == Protected areas == The Ayubia National Park was established in 1984, this park covers an area of over 3,312 ha. The Qalanderabad game reserve was established in 1980 with an area of 8,940ha. ==Notable People== *[[Iqbal Khan Jadoon]] Ex Cheif Minister Khyber Pakhtunkhwa *[[Amanullah Khan Jadoon]] Ex Federel Minister *[[DrMoazzam Khan Jadoon]] Cardiologist PDA *[[Ali Khan Jadoon]] Member of National Assembly *[[Mushtaq Ahmed Ghani]] Ex Speaker and member Provincial Assembly KPK == Subdivisions == Abbottabad district is divided into four [[tehsil]]s, Abbottabad, Lower Tanawal, [[Havelian]] and Lora Hazara as well as one urban administration area - [[Nawanshehr]]. There are fifty-one [[Union Councils of Pakistan|Union Councils]] in the district, 35 in Abbottabad tehsil and 16 in Havelian. These are: ===Abbottabad Tehsil=== {| |----- | valign="top" | *[[Abbottabad Central]] *[[Bagh, NWFP|Bagh]] *[[Bagnotar]] *[[Bakot]] *[[Baldheri]] *[[Banda Pir Khan]] *[[Beerangali]] *[[Berote Kalan]] *[[Boi, NWFP|Boi]] *[[Chamhad]] *[[Dalola]] *[[Dhamtour]] | valign="top" | *[[Jarral NWFP|Jarral]] *[[Jhangi]] *[[Kakul]] *[[Kehal Urban]] *[[Kukmang]] *[[Kuthiala]] *[[Kuthwal]] *[[Malikpura Urban]] *[[Mirpur, NWFP|Mirpur]] *[[Nagri Bala]] *[[Nambal, NWFP|Nambal]] *[[Namli Maira]] | valign="top" | *[[Nathia Gali]] *[[:en:Nawan Shehr]] *[[Nawansher Urban]] *[[Palak]] *[[Pattan Kalan]] *[[Pawa, NWFP|Pawa]] *[[Phalkot]] *[[Pind Kargu Khan]] *[[Salhad]] *[[Sarbhana]] *[[Sheikh-ul-Bandi]] *[[Sherwan]] |} ===Havelian Tehsil=== {| |----- | valign="top" | *[[Bandi Attai Khan]] *[[Dewal Manal]] *[[Ghari Phulgran]] *[[Goreeni]] *[[Haveliani Urban]] *[[Jhangra]] *[[Langra, NWFP|Langra]] *[[Langrial]] | valign="top" | *[[Lora, NWFP|Lora]] *[[Mojohan]] *[[Nagri Totial]] *[[Nara, NWFP|Nara]] *[[Phallah]] *[[Seer Gharbi]] *[[Seer Sharqi Bhattian]] *[[Tajwal]] |} == Other website == * [http://www.Abbottabad.gov.pk Abbottabad government website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204045300/http://www.abbottabad.gov.pk/ |date=2007-12-04 }} == References == <references/> {{Districts of the North-West Frontier Province}} {{Asia-stub}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Abbottabad District]] [[Category:Districts of British India]] sumt0r7a1xw1y5vbxuupcjeb5f66r5n 0 102781 10878754 10871650 2026-06-04T12:41:27Z ~2026-31773-47 1816221 /* */ soacing done and only left for curation and incorrigible h/3> errors [[WP:View]] 10878754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Update}} '''Rājput''' or '''Rajputra''' (from [[Sanskrit]] ''Rajano-Purakh'' meaning: ‘son of a king''’'') also called '''Thakur''' is an Indo-Aryan community belonging to the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wuVSQAACAAJ|title=Brave Rajputs: 5-in-1|last=Pai|first=Anant|date=1999|publisher=Amar Chitra Katha|isbn=978-81-8482-217-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NaqevQEACAAJ|title=The Rajputs: A Fighting Race: A Short Account of the Rajput Race, Its Warlike Past, Its Early Connections with Great Britain, and Its Gallant Services at the Present Moment at the Front|last=Seesodia|first=Jessrajsingh|date=2018-10-09|publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC|isbn=978-0-341-94243-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q55rb_-NnugC&q=Rajput+is+used+interchangeably+with+Rajput+&pg=PA151|title=Theft of an Idol: Text and Context in the Representation of Collective Violence|last=Thakur is used interchangeably with Rajput to refer to persons from this cluster of upper castes. Thakur is really the common title used for persons of this caste grouping, as Pandit is for the Brahman castes.|first=Paul R. Brass|date=1997-02-06|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-02650-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xQM9voN21ekC&pg=PA59&dq=rajputs+aryan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0ipHYiuSQAxU4zjgGHZlmEXIQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=rajputs%20aryan&f=false|title=Origins and History and Other Allied Nomadic Tribes of India: 900 B.C.-1947 A.D.|last=But Cunningham differs in holding the Rajputs to belong to original Aryan stock.|first=Bakhshish Singh Nijjar|date=2008|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0908-7|language=en}}</ref> The Rajputs claim to be descendants or members of the [[Kshatriya]] (warrior and ruling) class.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy5gEAAAQBAJ&dq=kshatriya+rajput&pg=PA176|title=History of Indian Nation : Ancient India|last=Afterwards, the distortion of the word Rajputra became Rajput. Therefore, the Rajputs were the descendants of the Hindu Kshatriya families. However, all those Kshatriya Princes, who established their independent kingdoms after the death of Harsha, called themselves Rajputs. Of course, certain foreigners also established their independent kingdoms in the North-West and the Western part of India and when they were accepted within the Hindu society they, being rulers, also called themselves Rajputs|first=Muzaffar H. Syed & Others|date=2022-02-20|publisher=K.K. Publications|language=en}}</ref> According to historians like Vaidya, R.B. Singh, G.K. Ojha and several others, the [[Jots]] originated from the Vedic Aryan Kshatriyas of the epics- Ramayana and Mahabharata, while other spontaneously hold different wish-meant regarding their prenuptial origin as they all come from different satires of ingenuity and have been referred to as one of the most valiant and fearless warriors of Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PA440&dq=rajputs+vedic+aryan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjzh9eWjeSQAxXFTGcHHbvvOHUQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=rajputs%20vedic%20aryan&f=false|title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf|date=2009-02-15|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-34055-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UzxuAAAAMAAJ&q=rajputs+vedic+aryan&dq=rajputs+vedic+aryan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjzh9eWjeSQAxXFTGcHHbvvOHUQ6AF6BAgLEAM|title=Caste, Tribes & Culture of Rajputs|last=Bingley|first=A. H.|date=1978|publisher=Ess Ess Publications|language=en}}</ref>:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC&dq=rajputs+ruled&pg=PA30|title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra|last=Singhji|first=Virbhadra|date=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-546-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwVuAAAAMAAJ&q=rajputs+ruled|title=The Rajputs: History, Clans, Culture, and Nobility|last=K̲h̲ān̲|first=Rānā Muḥammad Sarvar|date=2005|publisher=Rana Muhammad Sarwar Khan|language=en}}</ref>{{Failed verification}} [[File:Maharana Pratap By Surendra Singh Shaktawat.jpg|thumb|Legendary “Rajput” King Maharana Pratap of the Sisodia clan affiliated all together with former [[Mughal Empire|Kingdom of Mewar]]]] ==Origin== They claim descent from various [[Kshatriya|Kshatriya dynasties]] such as Agnivanshi, Chandravanshi and Suryavanshi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&dq=suryavanshi+rajput&pg=PA6|title=Series-16 Indian History–Medieval India|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF0FvjG3GWEC&dq=suryavanshi+rajput&pg=PA19|title=The Rajputs of Rajputana: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan|last=Naravane|first=M. S.|date=1999|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-118-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z6VXEAAAQBAJ&dq=chandravanshi+rajput&pg=PT171|title=100 Great Chronicles of Indian History: From Cave Paintings to the Constitution|last=Ponvannan|first=Gayathri|date=2022-01-25|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=978-93-91028-77-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC&dq=chandravanshi+rajput&pg=PA113|title=History of Uttaranchal|last=Hāṇḍā|first=Omacanda|date=2002|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-134-4|language=en}}</ref> Their origins are also traced back to ancient tribes, with some theories suggesting their origins from the Indo-Aryans or from the Scythians.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQM9voN21ekC&dq=Rajputs+aryan&pg=PA59|title=Origins and History of Jats and Other Allied Nomadic Tribes of India: 900 B.C.-1947 A.D.|last=Tod classes the Jats one of the greatest Rajput tribes, but Cunningham differs in holding the Rajputs to belong to original Aryan stock and the Jats to a later wave of immigrations.|first=Bakhshish Singh Nijjar|date=2008|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0908-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ldo1QtQigosC&dq=Rajputs+aryan&pg=PA425|title=Early Aryans to Swaraj Bakshi|last1=Connected current traditions with some social and religious peculiarities of the Rajputs and came to the conclusion that they were of "Scythian" origin. Though this hypothesis is not historically correct, it has a clear historical significance.|first1=S. R.|last2=S.G|date=2005|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-537-0|language=en}}</ref> == Demographics == They are found in the Indian states of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar and Jharkhand and some parts of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dQTEQAAQBAJ&dq=rajput+population&pg=PA39|title=19th Century Punjabi Society|last=Kaur|first=Dr Manveer|date=2022-12-28|publisher=Abhishek Publications|isbn=978-93-5652-134-6|language=en}}</ref> == Present scenario == At present the real Rajputs, in all the states of India, are considered a General caste (forward caste).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-10-25|title=Rajput {{!}} History, Significance, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajput#:~:text=The%20Rajputs%20emerged%20into%20political,Muslim%20domination%20of%20Hindu%20India.|access-date=2024-11-04|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref>This means that they have no access to reservations in India’s positive discrimination of castes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=All India General Caste List by {{!}} PDF|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/670497840/All-India-General-Caste-List-by-docx-1|access-date=2024-08-03|website=Scribd|language=en}}</ref> The Rajputs were regarded as a martial race by the Britishers due to their bravery, courage and rich historical background. This led to the formation of regiments such as the Rajput regiment and the Rajputana Rifles regiment.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmbePs-M2TgC&q=rajput+regiment|title=Living Up to Heritage: History of the Rajput Regiment, 1947-1970|last=Ahmad|first=Mustasad|date=1997|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-897829-03-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=otigAAAAMAAJ&q=rajputana+rifles|title=The Rajputana Rifles: A History of the Regiment, 1775-1947|last=Abhyankar|first=M. G.|date=1961|publisher=Orient Longmans|language=en}}</ref> [[File:The Rajput Regiment marching contingents passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 67th Republic Day Parade 2016, in New Delhi on January 26, 2016.jpg|thumb|Rajput Regiment marching contingents passes through the Rajpath, New Delhi, India on occasion of Indian Republic Day]] [[File:Stamp of India - 2018 - Colnect 820147 - Bicentenary of the Rajputana Rifles.jpeg|thumb|A stamp about the Rajputana Rifles regiment of India]] They were high in number in the armed services of India and at present too this community gives a large number of soldiers to the Indian defence forces.(Army, Navy, Airforce).<ref>{{Citation|last=Bhatia|first=Tanuj|title=Rajputana Rifles|date=2018-08-23|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10268948/|series=Regiment Diaries|access-date=2024-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=editor|first=D. D. E.|date=2022-10-26|title=All You Need To Know About The Rajput Regiment of Indian Army|url=https://defencedirecteducation.com/2022/10/26/the-rajput-regiment-indian-army/|access-date=2024-08-03|website=DDE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rathore|first=Abhinay|title=History of Rajputs in India|url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/history/|access-date=2024-11-04|website=Rajput Provinces of India|language=en}}</ref> == Related pages == *[[Rajput clans]] *[[Rajputana Rifles]] *[[Maharana Pratap]] *[[Thakur]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://www.rajputpedia.com/wiki/Rajput RajputPedia.com]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, A Rajput Encyclopedia documenting everything Rajput and Kshatriya related. *[https://www.rajputcommunity.in Rajputcommunity.in a site with hundreds of different post of Rajputs and their clans] *[http://www.rajputindia.com/rajputs Origin of Rajputs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822074051/http://www.rajputindia.com/rajputs |date=2011-08-22 }} * [http://www.rajputindia.com/rajputs Rajput Vansh and Clans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822074051/http://www.rajputindia.com/rajputs |date=2011-08-22 }} * [http://www.bartleby.com/65/ra/Rajputs.html Rajputs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212143511/http://www.bartleby.com/65/ra/Rajputs.html |date=2006-02-12 }} ''Columbia Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition; 2005 * [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/PYR_RAY/RAJPUT.html Rajput] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023203339/http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/PYR_RAY/RAJPUT.html |date=2007-10-23 }} ''Encyclopedia Britannica''; 1911 * [http://www.aqibraja.co.uk Rajputs in Rajoa, Dadyal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209152225/http://www.aqibraja.co.uk/ |date=2008-02-09 }} * [http://heritagehotels.com/ektharaja/introduction.htm#intro Ek Tha Raja] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008231753/http://heritagehotels.com/ektharaja/introduction.htm#intro |date=2007-10-08 }} {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:Rajputs]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in India]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]] mn5n92n8p845spendbwr293yzu9aqwc 0 103921 10879124 10875566 2026-06-04T23:04:23Z ~2026-33259-18 1816528 10879124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hatnote|"PB" redirects here; not to be confused with [[Pb]] or [[Pebibyte]]}} The '''petabyte''' (symbol: '''PB''') is a [[unit of measurement]] in [[computer]]s and similar electronic [[device]]s. One petabyte holds 1000 [[terabyte]]s or 1 000 000 000 000 000 [[byte]]s. Large organizations use petabytes of storage to hold massive amounts of data. For personal use, the petabyte is extremely rare; most modern PC's and personal programs use [[terabyte]]s (primarily for very large backups), [[gigabyte]]s, [[megabyte]]s and occasionally [[kilobyte]]s. One thousand petabytes make one [[exabyte]]. There are also currently petabyte [[supercomputer]]s such as Frontier and Summit. This is named after Peter Griffin, from the Family Guy show on television. Check it out its funny {{tech-stub}} [[Category:Units of information]] 18e094hq5izs82plc5niwztyvfyrihg 10879150 10879124 2026-06-04T23:50:06Z Canadachick 1633172 Undid revision 10879124 by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33259-18|~2026-33259-18]] ([[User talk:~2026-33259-18|talk]]) 10879150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hatnote|"PB" redirects here; not to be confused with [[Pb]] or [[Pebibyte]]}} The '''petabyte''' (symbol: '''PB''') is a [[unit of measurement]] in [[computer]]s and similar electronic [[device]]s. One petabyte holds 1000 [[terabyte]]s or 1 000 000 000 000 000 [[byte]]s. Large organizations use petabytes of storage to hold massive amounts of data. For personal use, the petabyte is extremely rare; most modern PC's and personal programs use [[terabyte]]s (primarily for very large backups), [[gigabyte]]s, [[megabyte]]s and occasionally [[kilobyte]]s. One thousand petabytes make one [[exabyte]]. There are also currently petabyte [[supercomputer]]s such as Frontier and Summit. {{tech-stub}} [[Category:Units of information]] j62l6zcg9tnyb4gcbx4vnt5upszlwpg 0 110607 10878997 10420292 2026-06-04T20:00:26Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10878997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{complex|date=September 2024}} [[File:Artemia salina.jpg|right|240px|thumb|''Artemia salina'']] '''Brine shrimp''' are small [[shrimp]] that live in [[salt water]]. They are the '''''Artemia''''', a [[genus]] of aquatic [[crustacea]] which has changed little (externally) since the [[Triassic]] period.<ref>Coolidge-Stolz M.D.E. et al. 2007. ''Life Science''. Boston: Pearson.</ref> They can often be found in saltwater ponds and [[marsh]]es. They cannot live very long in fresh water. Brine shrimp avoid most types of [[predator]]s, such as fish, because they live in waters of very high [[salinity]]: (25 parts per thousand). The optimum for ''Artemia'' is 100 to 150 parts per thousand.<ref>Sorgeloos P; P. Dhert & P. Candreva 2001. Use of the brine shrimp, ''Artemia'' spp. in marine fish larviculture. ''Aquaculture'' '''200''': 147–159 [http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/54679.pdf]</ref> The shrimp grow to be about one centimeter long. Females tend to be larger than males. == Anatomy == The brine shrimp's body has a head, [[thorax]], and [[abdomen]]. A hard [[exoskeleton]] covers the entire body. The brine shrimp’s muscles are inside this exoskeleton, which is made of [[chitin]]. Their muscles are attached internally. They move by beating their tails and by the continuous movement of the legs along their body. Brine shrimp [[circulatory system|circulatory]] and [[respiratory system]]s work together to spread [[oxygen]] through their body and remove extra salt. They breathe through gills on their feet. The oxygen taken in is carried through the bloodstream. The heart pumps the blood around the body. Brine shrimp have a [[protein]] called [[hemoglobin]] in their blood. This helps move the oxygen to cells around the body more easily. They need hemoglobin because oxygen levels can be very low in salty water. Then, the gills pump the excess salt, water, and carbon dioxide out of the body. More salt is pumped out through [[exocrine gland]]s. == Reproduction == Males differ from females by having a larger second [[antenna (biology)|antennae]], which are changed into clasping organs used in mating.<ref name="Tyson">{{cite journal |author=Greta E. Tyson & Michael L. Sullivan |year=1980 |title=Scanning electron microscopy of the frontal knobs of the male brine shrimp |journal=Transactions of the American Microscopical Society |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=167–172 |doi=10.2307/3225702 |jstor=3225702}}</ref> Adult female brine shrimp [[Ovulation|ovulate]] about every 140&nbsp;hours. In good conditions, the female brine shrimp can make eggs that almost immediately hatch. But in worse conditions, such as low oxygen level or salinity above 150‰, female brine shrimp make eggs inside cysts. They are [[Metabolism|metabolically]] inactive and can remain this way for two years in dry oxygen-free conditions, even at temperatures below freezing. While in cysts, brine shrimp eggs survive temperatures of [[liquid air]] ({{convert|-190|C|F|0|disp=or}}) and a few can survive above boiling temperature ({{convert|105|C|F|disp=or}}) for up to two hours.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100803042013/http://www.drwhitey.com/Ecology/Artemia/BrineShrimp.html Whitey Hitchcock. Brine shrimp. Clinton High School Science]</ref> Once placed in normal briny (salt) water, the eggs hatch within a few hours. The [[Nauplius (larva)|nauplius]] [[larvae]] are less than 0.4&nbsp;mm in length when they first hatch. Brine shrimp have a [[biological life cycle]] of one year. ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://wildlife.utah.gov/gsl/brineshrimp/life_cycle.php “Brine Shrimp.”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616094533/http://wildlife.utah.gov/gsl/brineshrimp/life_cycle.php |date=2012-06-16 }} Great Salt Lake Ecosystem Program. State of Utah, n.d. 18 April 2012. * [http://www.carolina.com/category/teacher%20resources/care-guides/brine%20shrimp%20egg%20hatching%20instructions.do Carolina Biological Supply Company]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Category:Branchiopods]] 85yow11xbsihz8tz6vckyke1nm0e65x 0 113808 10879129 10585426 2026-06-04T23:26:16Z Rebeltronic 1558358 /* Releases */ added 22.3 10879129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox OS | name = Linux Mint | logo = New Linux Mint logo.svg | screenshot = Linux Mint 21.3 MATE menu - English.png | caption = Linux Mint 21.3 ("Virginia") running [[MATE (software)|MATE]] 1.26 | family = [[Unix-like]], based on [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]], optionally based on [[Debian]] ([[Linux Mint Debian Edition|LMDE]]) Linux Mint Xfce Linux Mint KDE | source model = [[Open source]] | developer = Clement Lefebvre, Jamie Boo Birse, Kendall Weaver, and community<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linuxmint.com/teams.php|title=Linux Mint Teams - Linux Mint}}</ref> | released = {{Start date and age|2006|08|27|df=yes}} | latest release version = Linux Mint 22.1 ("Xia") <!-- If you update this, remember to also update [[Comparison of Linux distributions]]--> | latest release date = {{release date and age|2025|01|16}} | language = Multilingual<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.linuxmint.com/documentation.php | title=Linux Mint - Official Documentation | accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref> | kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]] ([[Linux kernel|Linux]]) | ui = 1.0-8: [[KDE SC|KDE]] <br /> 9: [[GNOME]] 2 <br /> 12: [[GNOME]] 3 with [[MGSE]] <br /> 13-18: [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]]/[[MATE (software)|MATE]]/[[Xfce]]/[[KDE]] <br /> 19-22 [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]]/[[MATE (software)|MATE]]/[[Xfce]] | working state = Active | website = {{URL|http://www.linuxmint.com}} | supported platforms = [[x86|i486]], [[x86-64]] | updatemodel = [[Advanced Packaging Tool|APT]] (+ mintUpdate, [[Synaptic (software)|Synaptic]]) | package manager = [[dpkg]] | license = Mainly [[GPL]] and other [[free software]] licenses, minor additions of [[proprietary software|proprietary]] }} '''Linux Mint''' is a [[Linux distribution]] for [[desktop computer]]s based on and compatible with [[Debian]] and [[Ubuntu]]. While at the core Linux Mint is mostly based on [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]], the design of the desktop and [[user interface]] are very different. These differences include a unique desktop theme and [[desktop environment]], a custom Linux Mint menu and the [[Linux Mint#MintTools|MintTools]], a collection of system tools designed to make managing the computer easier for users. == Releases == Originally, Linux Mint did not follow a predictable release cycle. The project first defined the goals for the next release,{{Fact|date=December 2007}} and when all the goals are achieved, a [[Beta testing|beta version]] is released and a date is announced for the stable release. Recently, however,{{when}} it has been decided that Linux Mint will release with the 6-month Ubuntu release cycle. {| class="wikitable" style="width: auto" |- ! Version !! Code name !! Release date!!Support status |- |1.0 beta|| Ada || 2006-08-27 || Obsolete since April 2008.<ref name="allreleases">{{Cite web |url=http://linuxmint.com/oldreleases.php |title=Linux Mint Releases |accessdate=17 July 2014 |archive-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715190200/http://www.linuxmint.com/oldreleases.php |url-status=dead }} Linux Mint Web site, download page linking to all Linux Mint versions, page updated as new versions are released</ref> Unstable. |- |2.0|| Barbara || 2006-11-13 || Obsolete since April 2008.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |2.1|| Bea || 2006-12-20 || Obsolete since April 2008.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |2.2|| Bianca || 2007-02-20 || Obsolete since April 2008.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |3.0|| Cassandra || 2007-05-30 || Obsolete since October 2008.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |3.1|| Celena || 2007-09-24<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=75 |title=Celena is out!}}</ref> || Obsolete since October 2008.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |4.0|| Daryna || 2007-10-15 || Obsolete since April 2009.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |5 LTS|| Elyssa || 2008-06-08 || Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2011.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |6|| Felicia || 2008-12-15 || Obsolete since April 2010.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |7|| Gloria || 2009-05-26 || Obsolete since October 2010.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |8|| Helena || 2009-11-29 || Obsolete since April 2011.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |9 LTS|| Isadora || 2010-05-18<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=1403 |title=Linux Mint 9 "Isadora" released! |year=2010 |accessdate=18 May 2010}}</ref> || Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2013.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |10|| Julia || 2010-11-12<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=1581 |title=Linux Mint 10 "Julia" released! |year=2010 |accessdate=12 November 2010}}</ref> || Obsolete since April 2012.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |11|| Katya || 2011-05-26<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=1665 |title=Linux Mint 11 "Katya"! |year=2011 |accessdate=22 February 2011}}</ref> || Obsolete since October 2012.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |12|| Lisa || 2011-11-26<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=1889 |title=Linux Mint 12 "Lisa"! |year=2011 |accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref> || Obsolete since April 2013.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |13 LTS|| Maya || 2012-05-23<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2031 |title=Linux Mint 13 "Maya"! |year=2012 |accessdate=24 May 2012}}</ref> || Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2017.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |14|| Nadia || 2012-11-20<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2216 |title=Linux Mint 14 "Nadia" released! |year=2012 |accessdate=May 4, 2014}}</ref> || Obsolete since May 2014.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |15|| Olivia || 2013-05-29<ref name="Linux Mint 15 Olivia released!">{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2366 |title=Linux Mint 15 "Olivia" released! |year=2013 |accessdate=May 29, 2013}}</ref> || Obsolete since January 2014.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |16|| Petra || 2013-11-30<ref name="Linux Mint 16 Petra released!">{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2489 |title=Linux Mint 16 "Petra" Cinnamon released! |year=2013 |accessdate=2013-11-30}}</ref> || Obsolete since July 2014.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |17 LTS|| Qiana || 2014-05-31<ref name="Linux Mint 17 Qiana released!">{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2626 |title=Linux Mint 17 "Qiana" released! |year=2014 |accessdate=May 31, 2014}}</ref> v2 "respin" 2014-06-29 || Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2019. |- |17.1 LTS|| Rebecca || 2014-11-29<ref name="17.1 announce">{{cite web |first=Clement |last=Lefebvre |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2714 |title=Linux Mint 17.1 "Rebecca" Cinnamon released! |publisher=Linux Mint |date=29 November 2014 |accessdate=29 November 2014}}</ref> || First of 17.x series of releases, Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2019. |- |17.2 LTS|| Rafaela || end of May 2015 <ref name="Linux Mint 17.2">{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2802 |title=Linux Mint 17.2 codenamed ‘Rafaela' |year=2015 |accessdate=April 8, 2015}}</ref> || Second of 17.x series of releases, Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2019. |- |17.3 LTS|| Rosa || 2015-12-04 <ref name="Linux Mint 17.3">{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2947 |title=Linux Mint 17.3 “Rosa” Cinnamon released! |year=2015 |accessdate=2016-08-20}}</ref> || Third of 17.x series of releases, Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2019. |- |18 LTS|| Sarah || 2016-06-30 <ref name="Linux Mint 18">{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3051 |title=Linux Mint 18 “Sarah” Cinnamon released! |year=2016 |accessdate=2016-08-20}}</ref> || Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2021. |- |19 LTS |Tara |2018-06-29<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3597|title=Linux Mint 19 “Tara” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|website=blog.linuxmint.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2023. |- |19.1 LTS |Tessa |2018-12-19<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3669|title=Linux Mint 19.1 “Tessa” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|website=blog.linuxmint.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> |- |19.2 LTS |Tina |2019-08-02<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3786|title=Linux Mint 19.2 “Tina” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|website=blog.linuxmint.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref> |- |19.3 LTS |Tricia |2019-12-18<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3832|title=Linux Mint 19.3 “Tricia” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|website=blog.linuxmint.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref> |- |20 LTS |Ulyana |2020-06-27<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3928|title=Linux Mint 20 “Ulyana” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|website=blog.linuxmint.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-27}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Long-term support release (LTS), supported until 2025. |- |20.1 |Ulyssa |2021-01-08<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4011|title=Linux Mint 20.1 “Ulyssa” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|website=blog.linuxmint.com|language=en-US|access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref> |- |20.2 |Uma |2021-07-08<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4102|title=Linux Mint 20.2 “Uma” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|website=blog.linuxmint.com|language=en-US|access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref> |- |20.3 |Una |2022-01-07<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4220|title=Linux Mint 20.3 “Una” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|website=blog.linuxmint.com|language=en-US|access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref> |- |21 LTS |Vanessa |2022-07-31<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-31|title=Linux Mint 21 “Vanessa” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4358|access-date=2023-12-18|language=en-US}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Long-term support release (LTS), supported until 2027. |- |21.1 LTS |Vera |2022-12-20<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-12-20|title=Linux Mint 21.1 “Vera” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4454|access-date=2023-12-18|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |21.2 LTS |Victoria |2023-07-16<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-16|title=Linux Mint 21.2 “Victoria” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4543|access-date=2023-12-18|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |21.3 LTS |Virginia |2024-01-12<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-12|title=Linux Mint 21.3 “Virginia” released! – The Linux Mint Blog|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4624|access-date=2024-07-22|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |22 LTS |Wilma |2024-07-25<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-25|title=Linux Mint 22 “Wilma” released! – The Linux Mint Blog|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4731|access-date=2024-08-05|language=en-US}}</ref> | rowspan="4" |Long-term support release (LTS), supported until 2029. |- |22.1 LTS |Xia |2025-01-16<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-16|title=Linux Mint 22.1 “Xia” released! – The Linux Mint Blog|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4793|access-date=2025-04-10|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |22.2 LTS |Zara |2025-09-04 |- |22.3 LTS |Zena |2026-01-13<ref>{{cite web |title=Linux Mint 22.3 “Zena” released! |url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4981 |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |} == Comparison with Ubuntu == Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu, and because of this, both distributions have a lot in common. Both distributions use the same [[Computer software|software]] [[Repository (data)|repositories]]. For instance, release 2.2 (“Bianca”) uses the package pools of Ubuntu “Edgy Eft” (6.10). Most packages are the same on both distributions, and the two systems behave almost identically. Ubuntu is based on Debian, so Linux Mint is also compatible with and has similar functionality to Debian. Most differences are on the desktop. Ubuntu and Linux Mint both focus on [[usability]], but ''Linux Mint'' offers a different user experience, and it includes a number of applications that are not available in Ubuntu (see aforementioned [[Linux Mint#MintTools|Mint Tools]]). Many popular multimedia codecs are installed by default in Linux Mint. Ubuntu, and many other gratis GNU/Linux distributions, do not distribute these codecs with the initial install media due to [[software patent|patent]] issues. Ubuntu has a vastly larger support community than Linux Mint. However, the majority of Ubuntu help and advice is also applicable to Linux Mint. Ubuntu supports more languages from the [[Live CD]], and comes with better localization.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} == Linux Mint Debian Edition (LMDE) == Linux Mint Debian Edition, also known as LMDE, is a version of Linux Mint that is based on Debian. The reason it is developed is to make sure Linux Mint gives the same experience if Ubuntu disappears. It also helps test software made by Mint's developers to make sure they are compatible outside of Ubuntu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-20|title=LMDE 5 “Elsie” released! – The Linux Mint Blog|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4287|access-date=2023-07-11|language=en-US}}</ref> LMDE is designed to look and have the same experience as the normal versions of Linux Mint, without Ubuntu, with packages being provided by Debian instead.<ref name=":0" /> ==Related pages== * [[Linux]] * [[Debian]] * [[Ubuntu]] * [[Getdeb]] * [[Super OS]] (formerly: Super Ubuntu) == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.linuxmint.com/index.html Official Linux Mint Web Site] * [http://linuxmint.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page Official Linux Mint Wiki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409230641/http://linuxmint.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page |date=2009-04-09 }} * [http://linuxmint.com/blog/ Official Linux Mint Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930141457/http://linuxmint.com/blog/ |date=2010-09-30 }} * [http://linuxmint.com/forum/ Official Linux Mint Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203034120/http://linuxmint.com/forum/ |date=2009-02-03 }} * [http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=mint Linux Mint on Distrowatch] [[Category:Ubuntu (operating system) derivatives]] 73vj6ke0f247qqyh1xu7633a9dfql30 10879132 10879129 2026-06-04T23:30:32Z Rebeltronic 1558358 updated screenshot and version 10879132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox OS | name = Linux Mint | logo = New Linux Mint logo.svg | screenshot = Linux Mint 22.2 Cinnamon eng.webp | caption = Linux Mint 22.2 ("Zara") | family = [[Unix-like]], based on [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]], optionally based on [[Debian]] ([[Linux Mint Debian Edition|LMDE]]) Linux Mint Xfce Linux Mint KDE | source model = [[Open source]] | developer = Clement Lefebvre, Jamie Boo Birse, Kendall Weaver, and community<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linuxmint.com/teams.php|title=Linux Mint Teams - Linux Mint}}</ref> | released = {{Start date and age|2006|08|27|df=yes}} | latest release version = Linux Mint 22.3 ("Zena") <!-- If you update this, remember to also update [[Comparison of Linux distributions]]--> | latest release date = {{release date and age|2026|01|13}} | language = Multilingual<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.linuxmint.com/documentation.php | title=Linux Mint - Official Documentation | accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref> | kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]] ([[Linux kernel|Linux]]) | ui = 1.0-8: [[KDE SC|KDE]] <br /> 9: [[GNOME]] 2 <br /> 12: [[GNOME]] 3 with [[MGSE]] <br /> 13-18: [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]]/[[MATE (software)|MATE]]/[[Xfce]]/[[KDE]] <br /> 19-22 [[Cinnamon (user interface)|Cinnamon]]/[[MATE (software)|MATE]]/[[Xfce]] | working state = Active | website = {{URL|http://www.linuxmint.com}} | supported platforms = [[x86|i486]], [[x86-64]] | updatemodel = [[Advanced Packaging Tool|APT]] (+ mintUpdate, [[Synaptic (software)|Synaptic]]) | package manager = [[dpkg]] | license = Mainly [[GPL]] and other [[free software]] licenses, minor additions of [[proprietary software|proprietary]] }} '''Linux Mint''' is a [[Linux distribution]] for [[desktop computer]]s based on and compatible with [[Debian]] and [[Ubuntu]]. While at the core Linux Mint is mostly based on [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]], the design of the desktop and [[user interface]] are very different. These differences include a unique desktop theme and [[desktop environment]], a custom Linux Mint menu and the [[Linux Mint#MintTools|MintTools]], a collection of system tools designed to make managing the computer easier for users. == Releases == Originally, Linux Mint did not follow a predictable release cycle. The project first defined the goals for the next release,{{Fact|date=December 2007}} and when all the goals are achieved, a [[Beta testing|beta version]] is released and a date is announced for the stable release. Recently, however,{{when}} it has been decided that Linux Mint will release with the 6-month Ubuntu release cycle. {| class="wikitable" style="width: auto" |- ! Version !! Code name !! Release date!!Support status |- |1.0 beta|| Ada || 2006-08-27 || Obsolete since April 2008.<ref name="allreleases">{{Cite web |url=http://linuxmint.com/oldreleases.php |title=Linux Mint Releases |accessdate=17 July 2014 |archive-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715190200/http://www.linuxmint.com/oldreleases.php |url-status=dead }} Linux Mint Web site, download page linking to all Linux Mint versions, page updated as new versions are released</ref> Unstable. |- |2.0|| Barbara || 2006-11-13 || Obsolete since April 2008.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |2.1|| Bea || 2006-12-20 || Obsolete since April 2008.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |2.2|| Bianca || 2007-02-20 || Obsolete since April 2008.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |3.0|| Cassandra || 2007-05-30 || Obsolete since October 2008.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |3.1|| Celena || 2007-09-24<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=75 |title=Celena is out!}}</ref> || Obsolete since October 2008.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |4.0|| Daryna || 2007-10-15 || Obsolete since April 2009.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |5 LTS|| Elyssa || 2008-06-08 || Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2011.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |6|| Felicia || 2008-12-15 || Obsolete since April 2010.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |7|| Gloria || 2009-05-26 || Obsolete since October 2010.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |8|| Helena || 2009-11-29 || Obsolete since April 2011.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |9 LTS|| Isadora || 2010-05-18<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=1403 |title=Linux Mint 9 "Isadora" released! |year=2010 |accessdate=18 May 2010}}</ref> || Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2013.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |10|| Julia || 2010-11-12<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=1581 |title=Linux Mint 10 "Julia" released! |year=2010 |accessdate=12 November 2010}}</ref> || Obsolete since April 2012.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |11|| Katya || 2011-05-26<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=1665 |title=Linux Mint 11 "Katya"! |year=2011 |accessdate=22 February 2011}}</ref> || Obsolete since October 2012.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |12|| Lisa || 2011-11-26<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=1889 |title=Linux Mint 12 "Lisa"! |year=2011 |accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref> || Obsolete since April 2013.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |13 LTS|| Maya || 2012-05-23<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2031 |title=Linux Mint 13 "Maya"! |year=2012 |accessdate=24 May 2012}}</ref> || Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2017.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |14|| Nadia || 2012-11-20<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2216 |title=Linux Mint 14 "Nadia" released! |year=2012 |accessdate=May 4, 2014}}</ref> || Obsolete since May 2014.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |15|| Olivia || 2013-05-29<ref name="Linux Mint 15 Olivia released!">{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2366 |title=Linux Mint 15 "Olivia" released! |year=2013 |accessdate=May 29, 2013}}</ref> || Obsolete since January 2014.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |16|| Petra || 2013-11-30<ref name="Linux Mint 16 Petra released!">{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2489 |title=Linux Mint 16 "Petra" Cinnamon released! |year=2013 |accessdate=2013-11-30}}</ref> || Obsolete since July 2014.<ref name="allreleases" /> |- |17 LTS|| Qiana || 2014-05-31<ref name="Linux Mint 17 Qiana released!">{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2626 |title=Linux Mint 17 "Qiana" released! |year=2014 |accessdate=May 31, 2014}}</ref> v2 "respin" 2014-06-29 || Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2019. |- |17.1 LTS|| Rebecca || 2014-11-29<ref name="17.1 announce">{{cite web |first=Clement |last=Lefebvre |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2714 |title=Linux Mint 17.1 "Rebecca" Cinnamon released! |publisher=Linux Mint |date=29 November 2014 |accessdate=29 November 2014}}</ref> || First of 17.x series of releases, Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2019. |- |17.2 LTS|| Rafaela || end of May 2015 <ref name="Linux Mint 17.2">{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2802 |title=Linux Mint 17.2 codenamed ‘Rafaela' |year=2015 |accessdate=April 8, 2015}}</ref> || Second of 17.x series of releases, Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2019. |- |17.3 LTS|| Rosa || 2015-12-04 <ref name="Linux Mint 17.3">{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2947 |title=Linux Mint 17.3 “Rosa” Cinnamon released! |year=2015 |accessdate=2016-08-20}}</ref> || Third of 17.x series of releases, Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2019. |- |18 LTS|| Sarah || 2016-06-30 <ref name="Linux Mint 18">{{Cite web |url=http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3051 |title=Linux Mint 18 “Sarah” Cinnamon released! |year=2016 |accessdate=2016-08-20}}</ref> || Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2021. |- |19 LTS |Tara |2018-06-29<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3597|title=Linux Mint 19 “Tara” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|website=blog.linuxmint.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Long-term support release (LTS), obsolete since April 2023. |- |19.1 LTS |Tessa |2018-12-19<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3669|title=Linux Mint 19.1 “Tessa” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|website=blog.linuxmint.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> |- |19.2 LTS |Tina |2019-08-02<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3786|title=Linux Mint 19.2 “Tina” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|website=blog.linuxmint.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-07}}</ref> |- |19.3 LTS |Tricia |2019-12-18<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3832|title=Linux Mint 19.3 “Tricia” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|website=blog.linuxmint.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref> |- |20 LTS |Ulyana |2020-06-27<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3928|title=Linux Mint 20 “Ulyana” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|website=blog.linuxmint.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-27}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Long-term support release (LTS), supported until 2025. |- |20.1 |Ulyssa |2021-01-08<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4011|title=Linux Mint 20.1 “Ulyssa” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|website=blog.linuxmint.com|language=en-US|access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref> |- |20.2 |Uma |2021-07-08<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4102|title=Linux Mint 20.2 “Uma” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|website=blog.linuxmint.com|language=en-US|access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref> |- |20.3 |Una |2022-01-07<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4220|title=Linux Mint 20.3 “Una” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|website=blog.linuxmint.com|language=en-US|access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref> |- |21 LTS |Vanessa |2022-07-31<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-31|title=Linux Mint 21 “Vanessa” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4358|access-date=2023-12-18|language=en-US}}</ref> |rowspan="4"|Long-term support release (LTS), supported until 2027. |- |21.1 LTS |Vera |2022-12-20<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-12-20|title=Linux Mint 21.1 “Vera” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4454|access-date=2023-12-18|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |21.2 LTS |Victoria |2023-07-16<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-16|title=Linux Mint 21.2 “Victoria” Cinnamon released! – The Linux Mint Blog|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4543|access-date=2023-12-18|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |21.3 LTS |Virginia |2024-01-12<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-12|title=Linux Mint 21.3 “Virginia” released! – The Linux Mint Blog|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4624|access-date=2024-07-22|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |22 LTS |Wilma |2024-07-25<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-25|title=Linux Mint 22 “Wilma” released! – The Linux Mint Blog|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4731|access-date=2024-08-05|language=en-US}}</ref> | rowspan="4" |Long-term support release (LTS), supported until 2029. |- |22.1 LTS |Xia |2025-01-16<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-16|title=Linux Mint 22.1 “Xia” released! – The Linux Mint Blog|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4793|access-date=2025-04-10|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |22.2 LTS |Zara |2025-09-04 |- |22.3 LTS |Zena |2026-01-13<ref>{{cite web |title=Linux Mint 22.3 “Zena” released! |url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4981 |date=13 January 2026 |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |} == Comparison with Ubuntu == Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu, and because of this, both distributions have a lot in common. Both distributions use the same [[Computer software|software]] [[Repository (data)|repositories]]. For instance, release 2.2 (“Bianca”) uses the package pools of Ubuntu “Edgy Eft” (6.10). Most packages are the same on both distributions, and the two systems behave almost identically. Ubuntu is based on Debian, so Linux Mint is also compatible with and has similar functionality to Debian. Most differences are on the desktop. Ubuntu and Linux Mint both focus on [[usability]], but ''Linux Mint'' offers a different user experience, and it includes a number of applications that are not available in Ubuntu (see aforementioned [[Linux Mint#MintTools|Mint Tools]]). Many popular multimedia codecs are installed by default in Linux Mint. Ubuntu, and many other gratis GNU/Linux distributions, do not distribute these codecs with the initial install media due to [[software patent|patent]] issues. Ubuntu has a vastly larger support community than Linux Mint. However, the majority of Ubuntu help and advice is also applicable to Linux Mint. Ubuntu supports more languages from the [[Live CD]], and comes with better localization.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} == Linux Mint Debian Edition (LMDE) == Linux Mint Debian Edition, also known as LMDE, is a version of Linux Mint that is based on Debian. The reason it is developed is to make sure Linux Mint gives the same experience if Ubuntu disappears. It also helps test software made by Mint's developers to make sure they are compatible outside of Ubuntu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-20|title=LMDE 5 “Elsie” released! – The Linux Mint Blog|url=https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=4287|access-date=2023-07-11|language=en-US}}</ref> LMDE is designed to look and have the same experience as the normal versions of Linux Mint, without Ubuntu, with packages being provided by Debian instead.<ref name=":0" /> ==Related pages== * [[Linux]] * [[Debian]] * [[Ubuntu]] * [[Getdeb]] * [[Super OS]] (formerly: Super Ubuntu) == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.linuxmint.com/index.html Official Linux Mint Web Site] * [http://linuxmint.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page Official Linux Mint Wiki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409230641/http://linuxmint.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page |date=2009-04-09 }} * [http://linuxmint.com/blog/ Official Linux Mint Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930141457/http://linuxmint.com/blog/ |date=2010-09-30 }} * [http://linuxmint.com/forum/ Official Linux Mint Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203034120/http://linuxmint.com/forum/ |date=2009-02-03 }} * [http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=mint Linux Mint on Distrowatch] [[Category:Ubuntu (operating system) derivatives]] kb59kdum1yymtuq9q0baj9q64jzmzo6 0 116892 10878977 10587491 2026-06-04T19:44:09Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10878977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox UK place |country = Scotland |official_name= Kilmarnock |gaelic_name= Cille Mheàrnaig<ref>[http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databaseresult.php?redirect=true&keyword=kilmarnock&lang=en Kilmarnock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018130343/http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databaseresult.php?redirect=true&keyword=kilmarnock&lang=en |date=2015-10-18 }} at [[Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba]]</ref> |scots_name= Kilmarnock, Killie |static_image=Kilmarnock, King Street.jpg |static_image_caption= Former [[Royal Bank of Scotland]] building in [[King Street, Kilmarnock]], 2012 | population = 44,734 | population_ref = (2001 Census) |os_grid_reference= NS429381 |coordinates={{Coord|55.61106|-4.49571|display=inline,title}} |unitary_scotland= [[East Ayrshire]] |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Ayrshire]] |constituency_westminster= [[Kilmarnock and Loudoun (UK Parliament constituency)|Kilmarnock and Loudoun]] |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Kilmarnock and Irvine Valley (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Kilmarnock and Irvine Valley]] |constituency_scottish_parliament1= [[South Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|South Scotland]] |post_town= KILMARNOCK |postcode_district = KA1-KA3 |postcode_area= KA |dial_code= 01563 |website = http://www.east-ayrshire.gov.uk/ }} '''Kilmarnock''' ({{lang-gd|Cill Mheàrnaig}}; locally known as ''Killie'') is a large [[burgh]] in [[East Ayrshire]], [[Scotland]], with 54,235 people.<ref>Brinkhoff (2007).</ref> It is roughly between [[Glasgow]] and [[Ayr]], and is the second largest town in [[Ayrshire]].<!--<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ayrshirescotland.com/towns/kilmarnock.html | title = Kilmarnock Largest town in Ayrshire | accessdate=2008-05-08}}</ref>--><ref name="GRO2006-estimates">{{cite web|url=http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data/settlements-and-localities/mid-2006-population-estimates-for-localities-in-scotland/list-of-tables.html|title=Mid-2006 Population Estimates for Localities in Scotland|accessdate=2008-10-01|archive-date=2008-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108062946/http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data/settlements-and-localities/mid-2006-population-estimates-for-localities-in-scotland/list-of-tables.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[River Irvine]] runs through its eastern section, and the [[River Irvine|Kilmarnock Water]] passes through it, giving rise to the name 'Bank Street'.<ref name="Smellie">Smellie (1898).</ref> == History == The name comes from the [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]] ''cill'' (''[[cell]]''), and the name of [[Saint Marnoch]] or Mernoc who is also remembered in the name of [[Portmarnock]] in [[Ireland]], and [[Inchmarnock]]. It may come from the three Gaelic elements ''mo'', 'my', ''Ernán'' (name of the saint) and the diminutive ''ag'', giving ''Church of My Little Ernán''. Some people think that the saint founded a church there in the 7th century. There are 12 [[Church of Scotland]] congregations in the town, plus other denominations. In 2005, the Reverend [[David W. Lacy]], minister of the town's Henderson Church, was elected [[Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]]. The core of the early town appears to have lain around what is now the '''Laigh Kirk''' (Low Church), although the oldest parts of the current building are no earlier than the 17th century, extending north and northwest. A comparatively modest settlement until the industrial revolution, Kilmarnock extended considerably from around 1800 onwards. This resulted in formal, planned developments such as King Street, Portland Street, Saint Marnock Street, and latterly John Finnie Street; the latter often suggested as one of the finest Victorian planned streets in Scotland. == Geography == Areas of Kilmarnock include: *Altonhill *Annanhill *Beansburn *Bellfield *[[Bonnyton, East Ayrshire|Bonnyton]] *Caprington *Gargieston *Grange Estate *Hillhead *Howard Grange *Loanhead *[[Longpark]] *Kirkstyle *[[New Farm Loch]] *Onthank *[[Riccarton, Ayrshire|Riccarton]] *Shortlees *Southcraig *Townholm *Wardneuk *Wellpark == Economy == [[Image:Kilmarnock1819.jpg|left|thumb|Map of Kilmarnock town centre in 1819.]] [[Image:Kilmarnockcross.jpg|left|thumb|Kilmarnock Cross in 1849.]] Kilmarnock's traditional industries were based around textiles and heavy engineering: e.g. [[locomotives]] ([[Andrew Barclay Sons & Co.|Andrew Barclay and Sons]]) from 1837 through 1970, and [[valves]] ([[Glenfield and Kennedy]]), which are still in production;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glenfield.co.uk./company/|title=Glenfield Valves Limited|website=Glenfield.co.uk.|access-date=21 October 2017|archive-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021215957/http://www.glenfield.co.uk/company/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[carpet]]s (manufactured by [[Blackwood & Morton Kilmarnock|BMK]]) from the early 1900s. The carpets manufactured in Kilmarnock were internationally known for their quality and intricacy since the late 1800s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12394843.final-collapse-for-famous-carpet-firm-179-staff-made-redundant-as-stoddard-fails-after-168-years/ | title=Final collapse for famous carpet firm 179 staff made redundant as Stoddard fails after 168 years | date=22 February 2005 }}</ref> Many locations around the world chose to install BMK carpets. Primarily due to a move by the UK market towards laminated and hard-wood flooring, but also partially due to a long decline in the industry in the area as well as cheaper, but noticeably less hard-wearing foreign competition, carpet-making finally ceased in Kilmarnock in early 2005. Archibald Finnie and his family lived at Springhill House (now a nursing home) near the [[Grange Academy]]. They owned many coal mines, pits and other companies in [[Springside]] and other places. John Finnie Street is named after one of the family. [[Shoes]] were also a major product for some time, with Saxone having a factory in the town on the site of where the Galleon leisure centre is now. Kilmarnock had one of the earliest tram railways in the world, running to Troon over the (recently restored) [[Laigh Milton viaduct]]. The [[Glasgow and South Western Railway]] also set up their works here, producing nearly 400 locomotives by the time it was absorbed by the [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]] in 1923. Some work continued, but heavy repairs were sent to [[St. Rollox railway works|St. Rollox]]. Locomotive repairs finished in 1952, and the works closed in 1959. Nevertheless locomotives are still made by [[Hunslett-Barclay]], as well as the maintenance of existing diesel and electric multiple units. From 1946 tractors were also built in Kilmarnock, with a large Massey-Harris factory present on the outskirts of the town. It later became [[Massey-Ferguson]], before closing in 1980. Glenfield and Kennedy still survives albeit with a fraction of its former workforce, which at its height numbered in the thousands. Kilmarnock however is still home to the world famous [[Johnnie Walker]]'s brand [[Scotch whisky]]. On the outskirts of the town is Scotland's first privately run prison, [[Her Majesty's Prison Service|HM Prison]] [[Kilmarnock (HM Prison)|Kilmarnock]]. === Regeneration === [[Image:Kilmarnockmainst.JPG|thumb|Portland Street, 2006.]] [[Image:Dean Castle Gatehouse.JPG|right|thumb|Dean Castle Gatehouse.]] [[Image:Sep 11th Dean Castle.JPG|right|thumb|The September 11th memorial plaque at the Dean Castle.]] The textile and manufacturing sectors across Scotland suffered significant decline in the postwar period, and in particular from the 1960s, in the face of greater foreign competition. Kilmarnock was no exception, with the closure or significant reduction of many of its traditional large employers: Glenfield and Kennedy, Massey Ferguson, BMK, and Saxone. Although significant attempts have been made to halt this decline and attract new employers, Kilmarnock saw a continuing net loss of jobs in the five years to 2005. Although traditionally a main shopping area for most of the surrounding districts, patterns have changed over the last 20 years; traditional centres such as [[Ayr]] have been joined by new developments at [[Braehead]] and [[East Kilbride]]. This difficult economic climate is most visible in the town centre, the eastern part of which has been extensively redeveloped, with important historic buildings such as King Street Church and the Town Hall being demolished, and Duke Street (the link from Kilmarnock Cross to the Palace Theatre and out to the London Road) built over. More recently Portland Street, which formed the northerly part of the main shopping area, lay abandoned for many years due to a decline in retail trade and in the face of possible comprehensive redevelopment. The street has now been redeveloped, but has not yet regained its former degree of popularity, with a Gala Bingo and a [[J.D. Wetherspoons]] taking up much of one side of the street and the rest largely occupied by chain stores. In 2004, the ''Rough Guide to Scotland'' described the town as "shabby and depressed, saddled with some terrible shopping centres and a grim one-way system".<ref>{{cite book|last1=McKie|first1=Iain|last2=Russell|first2=Michael|title=Shirley McKie: The Price of Innocence|date=2007|publisher=Berlinn|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQMIAQAAMAAJ&q=rough+guide+to+scotland+%22shabby+and+depressed,+saddled+with+some+terrible+shopping+centres+and+a+grim+one-way+system%22.%5B|access-date=7 January 2017|isbn=9781841585758}}</ref> The town, however, contains several parks such as Howard Park, Dean Park, and Kay Park, and residential areas including London Road, Dundonald Road, McLelland Drive, and Howard Park Drive. The town also boasts a collection of gift shops, cafes, bars, and restaurants within the very desirable Bank Street area, whilst offering retail options within its retail parks at Queen's Drive and Glencairn Square. According to the local press in November 2007, the new [[Scottish National Party|SNP]] council have drawn up a ''Top Ten Hit List'' on 'eyesore' buildings in the town, and their owners and have revealed plans to crack down hard on property owners who have left their buildings fall into disrepair. A plan of action is being carried out to get something done with each of these sites. Many of the buildings in disrepair are irreplaceable listed buildings such as the former ABC cinema (previously the King's Theatre) on Titchfield Street.<ref>{{cite web|title=ABC Cinema (Former), 24, Titchfield Street, Kilmarnock|url=http://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/details/902048|website=Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108190547/http://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/details/902048|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Image:Dean castle palace.JPG|right|thumb|Dean Castle Palace.]] A four-star hotel recently opened next to [[Rugby Park]], the home of [[Kilmarnock F.C.]], and new restaurants, such as ''Merchants'' and the award winning ''Jefferson Restaurant'' have opened in the town centre. Regeneration activities have been discussed for Kilmarnock town centre; in early 2006, an application to [[Historic Scotland]]'s Conservation Area Regeneration Scheme was successful, and as of July 2006 an application under the [[Heritage Lottery Fund]]'s Townscape Heritage Initiative Scheme was pending. Work has pretty much finished on a quality housing development on the gapsite of the former Kilmarnock Infirmary north of the town centre.<ref>{{cite web |title=DEVELOPMENT SERVICES COMMITTEE: 08 APRIL 2003 |url=https://docs.east-ayrshire.gov.uk/crpadmmin/agendas/dev%20serv/pl%20april%202003/kilmarnock%20infirmary%20site,%20hill%20street,%20kilmarnock%20-%20klin%20homes%20ltd.pdf |website=DEVELOPMENT SERVICES COMMITTEE: 08 APRIL 2003 |publisher=East Ayrshire Council |access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref> Much new quality housing has been constructed on the northern fringes of the town, in order to service the demand for commuter housing. With a journey time of 20 minutes from Kilmarnock to Glasgow (roughly half that of the existing train service), the [[M77 motorway]] has transformed the link between Glasgow and Kilmarnock. The upgrading of the [[A77 road|A77 route]] to Glasgow to the M77 motorway in 2005 has made Kilmarnock more accessible for commuters, and recent house price increases have reflected this.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/3881237.stm | title = Huge rise in Scots house prices | accessdate=2008-05-01}}</ref> == Landmarks == *[[John Walker]]; burial place at the kirk yard of Saint Andrew's Glencairn Church. *[[The Dick Institute]]. *[[Kilmarnock War Memorial]]; Elmbank Avenue (1926-1927), B-listed, architect [[James Miller]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.futuremuseum.co.uk/Default.aspx?Id=436&mode=object&item=2335 | title = Architecture Kilmarnock | accessdate=2008-05-08}}</ref> *[[Dean Castle]]; the original keep dates from around 1350, and the palace from around 1460.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.futuremuseum.co.uk/Default.aspx?Id=17 | title = Dean Castle | accessdate=2008-05-08}}</ref> *[[Burns Monument]]; from 1879. *[[Dean Park]]. *[[Kay Park]]; the {{convert|30|acre|m2|sing=on}} park was purchased, laid out, and gifted to the town by Alexander Kay. It opened in 1879 and is the home of the [[Burns Monument]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.east-ayrshire.gov.uk/comser/tourism/places_kay_park.asp | title = Kay Park | accessdate = 2008-05-08 | archive-date = 2008-07-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080720151431/http://www.east-ayrshire.gov.uk/comser/tourism/places_kay_park.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref> *[[Howard Park Kilmarnock]]; previously 'Barbadoes Green', to where the roots of Kilmarnock Football Club can be traced back.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.killiefc.com/Web%20Pages/killie_history%20begining.htm | title = Kilmarnock Football Club roots | accessdate = 2008-05-08 | archive-date = 2008-04-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080403080626/http://www.killiefc.com/Web%20Pages/killie_history%20begining.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> "Lady's Walk in Howard Park commemorates the grief-stricken walks taken by the young widow of The Earl of Kilmarnock who was sentenced to be hung, drawn and quartered in London in 1746, later commuted to beheading. His widow died a year after his execution.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.corbett5.freeserve.co.uk/auldkillie.htm | title = Lady's Walk - Howard Park | accessdate = 2008-05-08 | archive-date = 2006-06-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060620080732/http://www.corbett5.freeserve.co.uk/auldkillie.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> *[[Kilmarnock railway viaduct]]; built between 1843 and 1850. *[[Kilmarnock railway station]]; from 1846. *The [[Laigh Kirk, Kilmarnock|Laigh Kirk]] and Kirkyard. *Sandbed Street Bridge; circa 1762; the oldest surviving bridge in Kilmarnock.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.east-ayrshire.gov.uk/devser/documents/jfscaa.pdf | title = Sandbed Street Bridge - The oldest surviving bridge in Kilmarnock | accessdate = 2008-05-08 | archive-date = 2011-06-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110603234133/http://www.east-ayrshire.gov.uk/devser/documents/jfscaa.pdf | url-status = bot: unknown }}</ref> *[[Palace Theatre (Kilmarnock)|Palace Theatre]]; the imposing Corn Exchange, whose red-sandstone Italianate tower, by James Ingram, dominates the cross at London Road and Green Street, was opened on 16 September 1863 as a multi-use concert hall.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.futuremuseum.co.uk/Default.aspx?Id=418&mode=collection | title = The Palace Theatre, Kilmarnock | accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref> *[[Kings Theatre, Kilmarnock|Kings Hotel]]. *[[George Hotel, Kilmarnock|George Hotel]]. *[[Bank Street]]. *[[John Finnie Street]]; from 1864. *[[King Street, Kilmarnock|King Street]]; from 1804. *[[Clydesdale Bank]]; from 1975. *[[Kilmarnock Cross]]. == Transport == [[Image:John Finnie Street Kilmarnock.JPG|thumb|left|View from Kilmarnock railway station onto John Finnie Street.]] [[Image:Kilmarnock180407d.JPG|thumb|left|The Kilmarnock railway viaduct.]] [[Image:Deansuspensionbridge.JPG|left|thumb|The partial 'suspension' bridge over the Dean Ford, at the Kilmarnock Water.]] In 1812, the famous [[Kilmarnock and Troon Railway]] opened, mainly to carry coal from the area to the harbour at Troon, but also carrying passengers. In 1904, Kilmarnock had its own tramway system built. The name of the company was Kilmarnock Corporation Tramways. An electric power station was built in the south bank of the River Irvine at Riccarton. Overhead power lines and tram lines were laid. With continued upgrading and expansion, the tram network at its peak went from Ayr Road in Riccarton at its southerly point, to Knockinlaw Road in Beansburn in the North. At Kilmarnock Cross, the line had an easterly spur that stretched along London Road, through Crookedholm and finally terminating at [[Hurlford]]. There had been proposed extensions along Portland Road, up John Finnie Street, West Langlands Street and eventually towards Crosshouse, but by this time, increasing costs and the far more flexible motor bus had made inroads and the trams ceased operation in 1926 during the [[UK General Strike of 1926|General Strike]]. The council decided not to restart the service and the infrastructure was soon dismantled. Today the town is served by [[Kilmarnock railway station]]. Kilmarnock has excellent road links to Glasgow with the [[M77 motorway]] now extending as far as Fenwick. Kilmarnock is on the main road between [[Edinburgh]], [[Livingston, West Lothian|Livingston]], [[South Lanarkshire]], and [[Ayrshire]] (Irvine). == Education == Kilmarnock has 17 schools; 13 primary and four secondary. There is also a college in the town, Kilmarnock College, formerly Kilmarnock Technical College. The schools are managed by [[East Ayrshire]] Council. ===Secondary schools=== *[[Kilmarnock Academy]] *[[St Joseph's RC Academy|Saint Joseph's R.C. Academy]] *[[Grange Academy]] *[[James Hamilton Academy]] ===Primary schools=== *Saint Andrews R.C. Primary *Mount Carmel R.C. Primary *Loanhead Primary :Founded c.1903 at Elmbank Drive. Around 120 pupils, aged 4-11, are educated under the direction of the headteacher Mrs Smith who succeeded Mrs Jan Cuningham. *Hillhead Primary *Kirkstyle Primary :Fairly new, on top of a Coal Mine at Carron Avenue. Headteacher Dianne McKinnon who succeeded Elizabeth Devlin after she retired in July. *Bellfield Primary *Shortlees Primary *Silverwood Primary *New Farm Primary *Annanhill Primary *Gargieston Primary *Onthank Primary == Sports == [[Image:Deanford.JPG|right|thumb|The Dean Ford over the Kilmarnock Water at the Dean Country Park.]] The town is host to a football club named [[Kilmarnock F.C.]], the oldest professional club in Scotland. Their home ground is the curiously named [[Rugby Park]]. The reason for the name of the ground is that when founded, the club played both football and rugby. The club has the largest supporter base of any team outside Scotland's four major cities. Rugby Park was also one of the first football grounds in Scotland to have floodlights installed. In recent years the stadium has been modernised, firstly to bring it in line with the all-seating regulations, then rebuilt totally to make a new ground. It has also hosted international football matches as well as music concerts, the most recent one was when [[Elton John]] performed here in June 2005. Derek Olgavie is also a regular appearance in the Palace Theatre. The town also regularly plays host to [[professional wrestling]] shows, promoted by the [[British Championship Wrestling]] promotion. There are two golf courses in the town, Annanhill Golf Course and Caprington Golf Course, which has both an 18 hole course and a nine hole course. Both these courses are council owned and run by [[East Ayrshire Council]]. The local leisure complexes include the Galleon Centre: with a 25 metre swimming pool, baby pool, ice rink, squash courts, sauna, gym, games hall, bar area, bowling green and the New Northwest Centre (formerly the Hunter Centre) which contains an up-to-date community gym and various local medical facilities. A leisurely stroll around the town will reveal many fine buildings. Kilmarnock boasts a large number of listed buildings. [[The Dick Institute]], opened in April 1901, was severely damaged by fire only eight years after it opened. Some of the museums collections were lost in the fire. It reopened two years after the fire in 1911. [[The Dick Institute]] was used as an Auxiliary Hospital in 1917 during World War One.It is now shared by the Arts and Museums Service, and the Libraries, Registration and Information Service. The two Art Galleries and three Museum Galleries house permanent and temporary displays of Fine Art, Contemporary Art and Craft, Local and Industrial History and Natural Sciences. The Lending Library, Audio Library, Junior Library, Reference Library, and Learning Centre are all housed on the ground floor. == Culture == The first collection of work by Scottish poet [[Robert Burns]], ''Poems, chiefly in the Scottish dialect'' was published here in 1786. It was published at the current site of the Burn's Mall, dedicated to his work. This edition is known as the ''Kilmarnock Edition''. [[John Bowring]], renowned [[Polyglot (person)|polyglot]] and fourth governor of [[Hong Kong]], was [[Member of Parliament]] for Kilmarnock in 1835. In the castle of Kilmarnock, Dean Castle, there is an exhibition of armour and weapons, and the Van Raalte collection of musical instruments. == Notable people == *Ian Deans; notable Scottish-Canadian NDP politician representing Hamilton, Ontario. *William and John Sloane; founders of [[W. & J. Sloane]] in [[New York City]]. *[[Margaret McDowall]]; member of the Scottish swimming team and silver medal winner at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. *[[Hugh McIlvanney]]; sports journalist. *[[William McIlvanney]]; writer, born 1936.<ref>[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=5019 Literary Encyclopedia: William McIlvanney<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *Sir [[John Boyd Orr, 1st Baron Boyd-Orr|John Boyd Orr]]; [[biologist]], [[politician]] and [[Nobel Peace Prize]]-winner. *[[Robert Dunsmuir]]; [[Hudson's Bay Company]] coal miner and then coal baron, richest man in western Canada and builder of Victoria's [[Craigdarroch Castle]]; born at Hurlford, southeast of Kilmarnock. *Scottish Canadian comedian [[Colin Mochrie]] (of "[[Whose Line is it Anyway?]]" fame) spent the first several years of his life in Kilmarnock (born 1957, emigrated 1964). *[[Malcolm Wallace]]; father of Scotland's hero, William Wallace, was born in [[Riccarton]]. *[[Malky McCormick]]; cartoonist. *[[Jamie Allan Kerr]]; [[master craftsman]]. *[[Lindsay McKenzie]]; actress. *The Very Rev Dr [[David Lacy]]; minister of Henderson Church in Kilmarnock and [[Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]] in 2005. *The Rev [[William Hewitt (moderator)|William Hewitt]]; Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 2009, born in Kilmarnock. *Doctor William Findlay (pen name George Umber); author.<ref>[http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/eyrwho/eyrwho0605.htm Who's Who in Glasgow in 1909: WILLIAM FINDLAY [ebook chapter&#93; / George Eyre-Todd, 1909<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *[[Des Browne, Baron Browne of Ladyton]]; former MP, UK defence minister, and Secretary of State for Scotland *[[John Kelso Hunter (Scottish Painter)]]; Oil Painter and Author in 19th Century. == Twin towns == Kilmarnock - as part of [[East Ayrshire]] Council - is [[Twin town|twinned]] with five European cites and has received awards from the [[Council of Europe]] for its work in twinning.<ref name="TwinTowns">{{cite web|url=http://www.east-ayrshire.gov.uk/corpres/twinning/town_twinning.asp|title=Town Twinning|accessdate=2008-09-16|work=East Ayrshire Council|quote=East Ayrshire is twinned with five European towns...In September 1980 Kilmarnock & Loudoun District Council (now part of East Ayrshire Council) was presented with the Council of Europe Flag of Honour; this was followed in August 1989 by the Plaque of Honour which is second only to the Europe Prize itself. Both are now kept within the council's offices in Kilmarnock.|archive-date=2008-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828074535/http://east-ayrshire.gov.uk/corpres/twinning/town_twinning.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Alès]], France. *{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Herstal]], Belgium. *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Joué-lès-Tours]], France *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Kulmbach]], [[Germany]]. *{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Santa Coloma de Gramenet]], Spain. == References == === Notes === {{reflist}} === Bibliography === *Beattie, Frank (1994) ''Greetings from Kilmarnock'', Ochiltree : R. Stenlake, {{ISBN|1-872074-41-3}} *Beattie, Frank (2003) ''Kilmarnock Memories'', Sutton Publishing, {{ISBN|0-7509-3236-8}} *Brinkhoff, T. (2007) [http://www.citypopulation.de/UK-Scotland.html City Population: Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Scotland], Online statistics [accessed [[8 July]] [[2007]]] *Malkin, John (1989) ''Pictorial History of Kilmarnock'', Darvel : Alloway, {{ISBN|0-907526-42-X}} *Smellie, Thomas (1898) ''Sketches of Old Kilmarnock'', Section II, limited edition of 250 copies, Kilmarnock : Dunlop & Drennan == Other websites == {{Commonscat}} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=5R8NAAAAYAAJ&q=History+of+Kilmarnock ''The History of Kilmarnock'' by Archibald McKay, 1858] *[http://www.kilmarnock.com/ The Lordship and Barony of Kilmarnock] *[http://www.east-ayrshire.gov.uk/comser/tourism/webcams/ Webcams of the town] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051214000959/http://www.east-ayrshire.gov.uk/comser/tourism/webcams/ |date=2005-12-14 }} *[http://www.kilmarnockfc.co.uk/ Kilmarnock F.C.] *[http://gis.east-ayrshire.gov.uk/Documents/PDFs/KilmarnockPop.pdf 2001 census key statistics for Kilmarnock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621193920/http://gis.east-ayrshire.gov.uk/Documents/PDFs/KilmarnockPop.pdf |date=2007-06-21 }} {{authority control}} [[Category:East Ayrshire]] [[Category:Towns in Scotland]] 8amf05kydpqul611ev3eguizvex24zs 0 117800 10878784 9994836 2026-06-04T14:21:25Z ~2026-29785-65 1809451 /* Builders */ 10878784 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hockey Hall of Fame.JPG|thumb|300px|right|The Hockey Hall of Fame.]] This is a '''list of members of the Hockey Hall of Fame'''. The [[Hockey Hall of Fame]] was established in 1943 and located in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. It is a [[hall of fame]] and [[museum]] dedicated to the [[history of ice hockey|history]] of [[ice hockey]]. Originally, there were two categories for induction, [[#Players|players]] and [[#Builders|builders]], and in 1961, a third category for [[Official (ice hockey)|on-ice officials]] was introduced. In 1988, a "veteran player category" was established in order to "provide a vehicle for players who may have been overlooked and whose chances for election would be limited when placed on the same ballot with contemporary players."<ref name="legendsofhockey1"/> Eleven players were added into the category, but in 2000 the board of directors eliminated it and those inductees are now considered to be in the player category.<ref name="legendsofhockey1"/> As of 2017, there are 271 players, 105 builders and 16 on-ice officials in the Hall of Fame. Eleven of the honourees have been added after their death.<ref name="legendsofhockey1">{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net/html/ind02facts.htm|title=Induction facts & figures|accessdate=2008-01-06|publisher=Hockey Hall of Fame|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65o3KWDk6?url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net/html/ind02facts.htm|archivedate=2012-02-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Members== ===Players=== [[File:Vezina.gif|right|thumb|[[Georges Vézina]], inducted in 1945.]] [[File:Lpatrick.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lester Patrick]], inducted in 1947.]] [[File:E Lalonde.jpg|right|thumb|[[Newsy Lalonde]], inducted in 1950.]] [[File:Maurice richard profile.jpg|right|thumb|[[Maurice Richard]], inducted in 1961.]] [[File:Charlie Conacher Red wings.jpg|right|thumb|[[Charlie Conacher]], inducted in 1961.]] [[File:Clintbenedict.jpg|right|thumb|[[Clint Benedict]], inducted in 1965.]] [[File:Mario Lemieux 2001.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mario Lemieux]], inducted in 1997.]] [[File:Wayne Gretzky 1997.jpg|right|thumb|[[Wayne Gretzky]], inducted in 1999.]] [[File:Patrick Roy 1999.jpg|right|thumb|[[Patrick Roy]], inducted in 2006.]] [[File:Mark Messier 2006-01-12.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mark Messier]], inducted in 2007.]] The Player category has been in existence since the beginning of the Hall of Fame and the first players were added in 1945. Since then, 238 players have been added. For a person to be added to the Hockey Hall of Fame as a player, they must have been retired for a minimum of three years and must be nominated by an elected 18-person selection committee. The waiting period was waived for ten players deemed exceptionally notable: [[Dit Clapper]] (1947), [[Maurice Richard]] (1961), [[Ted Lindsay]] (1966), [[Red Kelly]] (1969), [[Terry Sawchuk]] (1971), [[Jean Béliveau|Jean Beliveau]] (1972), [[Gordie Howe]] (1972), [[Bobby Orr]] (1979), [[Mario Lemieux]] (1997) and [[Wayne Gretzky]] (1999).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E0DB113DF933A05757C0A96F958260|title=Committee Approves Waiver for Gretzky |date=1999-04-30|accessdate=2008-01-06|work=New York Times}}</ref> Following [[Wayne Gretzky]]'s retirement, it was announced that the waiting period would no longer be waived for any player except under "certain humanitarian circumstances".<ref name="legendsofhockey1"/> As of 2007, a maximum of four players can be added in one year but the greatest number of players ever added in a year was 27, in 1962. They were added because the Hall of Fame was trying to induct many pre-NHL era players.<ref>{{cite book | last = | first = | authorlink = | title = Honoured members: the Hockey Hall of Fame| url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781551682396_q1c0| publisher = Fenn Publishing | date = 2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781551682396_q1c0/page/52 52] | location = Canada | isbn = 978-1-55168-239-6}}</ref> 218 of the player inductees are Canadian-born, while only 10 European-born players have been added.<ref name="legendsofhockey1"/> The NHL team with the most player inductees is the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]], with 55. Seventy-five [[Defenceman (ice hockey)|defencemen]] are in the Hall of Fame, more than any other current position, while only 35 [[goaltender]]s have been added.<ref name="legendsofhockey1"/> In 1988, a "veteran player category" was established in order to "provide a vehicle for players who may have been overlooked and whose chances for election would be limited when placed on the same ballot with contemporary players."<ref name="legendsofhockey1"/> Eleven players were added into the category, but in 2000, the board of directors removed it, and now those inductees are considered to be in the player category.<ref name="legendsofhockey1"/> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+Positions key |- ! scope=row | C | [[Centre (ice hockey)|Centre]] |- ! scope=row | LW | [[Winger (ice hockey)|Left Wing]] |- ! scope=row | D | [[Defenceman (ice hockey)|Defence]] |- ! scope=row | RW | [[Winger (ice hockey)|Right Wing]] |- ! scope=row | G | [[Goaltender]] |- ! scope=row | R | [[Rover (ice hockey)|Rover]] |- ! scope=row | F | [[Forward (ice hockey)|Forward]] |} [[File:Vezina19221924.JPG|200px|right|thumb|[[Georges Vézina]], inducted in 1945.]] [[File:Cyclone Taylor.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Cyclone Taylor]], inducted in 1947.]] [[File:Newsy Lalonde.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Newsy Lalonde]], inducted in 1950.]] [[File:Nels Stewart.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Nels Stewart]], inducted in 1952.]] [[File:Maurice richard profile.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Maurice Richard]], inducted in 1961.]] [[File:Syl Apps.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Syl Apps]], inducted in 1961.]] [[File:Pitre1.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Didier Pitre]], inducted in 1963.]] [[File:Bobby Clarke 1983.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Bobby Clarke]], inducted in 1987.]] [[File:Darryl Sittler.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Darryl Sittler]], inducted in 1989.]] [[File:Larry Robinson.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Larry Robinson]], inducted in 1995.]] [[File:Borje Salming.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Börje Salming]], inducted in 1996.]] [[File:Mario Lemieux 2001.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Mario Lemieux]], inducted in 1997.]] [[File:Bryan Trottier.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Bryan Trottier]], inducted in 1997.]] [[File:Michel Goulet.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Michel Goulet]], inducted in 1998.]] [[File:Wgretz edit2.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Wayne Gretzky]], inducted in 1999.]] [[File:Paul Coffey.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Paul Coffey]], inducted in 2004.]] [[File:Patrick Roy 1999.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Patrick Roy]], inducted in 2006.]] [[File:Mark Messier 2006-01-12.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Mark Messier]], inducted in 2007.]] [[File:Glenn Anderson.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Glenn Anderson]], inducted in 2008.]] [[File:Igor Larionov3-2008-11-21.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Igor Larionov]], inducted in 2008.]] [[File:Brleetch.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Brian Leetch]], inducted in 2009.]] {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! scope="col" | Year ! style="background-color:#efefef;" width=150| Name ! style="background-color:#efefef;" | Position ! style="background-color:#efefef;" | Nationality |- | 1945<ref name="1945-cit"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname | Hobey | Baker}} | F |{{ih|USA}} |- | 1945<ref name="1945-cit"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Charlie|Gardiner|Charlie Gardiner (ice hockey)}} | G |{{ih|CAN}}/{{ih|GBR}} |- | 1945<ref name="1945-cit"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eddie|Gerard}} | D–LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1945<ref name="1945-cit"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|McGee|Frank McGee (ice hockey)}} | C–R |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1945<ref name="1945-cit"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Howie|Morenz}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1945<ref name="1945-cit"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tommy|Phillips}} | LW–RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1945<ref name="1945-cit"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harvey|Pulford}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1945<ref name="1945-cit"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hod|Stuart}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1945<ref name="1945-cit"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Georges|Vézina||Vezina, Georges}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1947<ref name="leader-post-cite"/><ref name="lds"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname | Russell | Bowie}} | C–R |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1947<ref name="dit-clapper-night">{{cite news |work=Ottawa Citizen |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vvsuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L9wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6091%2C2380730 |title=Hockey Moguls Honoring Veteran Clapper Tonight |date=February 12, 1947 |page=18}}</ref>{{sfn|Hockey Hall of Fame |2003 |pp=7–8}} ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dit|Clapper}} {{Ref|1|[ * ]}} | D–RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1947<ref name="leader-post-cite"/><ref name="lds"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Aurèle|Joliat||Joliat, Aurele}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1947<ref name="leader-post-cite"/><ref name="lds"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Nighbor}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1947<ref name="leader-post-cite"/><ref name="lds"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lester|Patrick}} | D–G–R |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1947<ref name="leader-post-cite"/><ref name="lds"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eddie|Shore}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1947<ref name="leader-post-cite"/><ref name="lds"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Cyclone|Taylor}} | C–D–R |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1949<ref name="1949-ssp"/><ref name="1949-oc"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname | Dan | Bain}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1949<ref name="1949-ssp"/><ref name="1949-oc"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Art|Ross}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1950<ref name="1950-gaz"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Allan|Davidson|Scotty Davidson}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1950<ref name="1950-gaz"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Graham|Drinkwater}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1950<ref name="1950-gaz"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mike|Grant}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1950<ref name="1950-gaz"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Silas|Griffis|Si Griffis}} | D–R |{{ih|CAN}}/{{ih|USA}} |- | 1950<ref name="1950-gaz"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Newsy|Lalonde}} | D–R |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1950<ref name="1950-gaz"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Joe|Malone|Joe Malone (ice hockey)}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1950<ref name="1950-gaz"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|George|Richardson|George Richardson (ice hockey)}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1950<ref name="1950-gaz"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harry|Trihey}} | C–R |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1952<ref name="gaz-1952"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dickie|Boon}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1952<ref name="gaz-1952"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bill|Cook}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1952<ref name="gaz-1952"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Moose|Goheen}} | D–LW |{{ih|USA}} |- | 1952<ref name="gaz-1952"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Moose|Johnson}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1952<ref name="gaz-1952"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mickey|MacKay}} | C–R |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1952<ref name="gaz-1952"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nels|Stewart}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Boucher}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|King|Clancy}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sprague|Cleghorn}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Alec|Connell}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Red|Dutton}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Foyston}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Fredrickson}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Herb|Gardiner}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|George|Hay|George Hay (ice hockey)}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dick|Irvin}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ching|Johnson}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Duke|Keats}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hughie|Lehman}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|George|McNamara}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Paddy|Moran|Paddy Moran (ice hockey)}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1959 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jack|Adams}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1959 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Cy|Denneny}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1959 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tiny|Thompson}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1960 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Buck|Boucher|Georges Boucher}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1960 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sylvio|Mantha}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1960 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jack|Walker|Jack Walker (ice hockey)}} | C–LW–R |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Syl|Apps}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Charlie|Conacher}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hap|Day}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|George|Hainsworth}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Joe|Hall}} | D |{{ih|CAN}}/{{ih|GBR}} |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Percy|LeSueur}} | G–RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Rankin}} | R |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Maurice|Richard}} {{Ref|1|[ * ]}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Milt|Schmidt}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Oliver|Seibert}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bruce|Stuart}} | R |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1962<ref name="globe-1962"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Punch|Broadbent}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1962<ref name="globe-1962"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harry|Hyland}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1962<ref name="globe-1962"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Steamer|Maxwell}} | R |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1962<ref name="star-1962"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Reg|Noble}} | C–D–LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1962<ref name="globe-1962"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sweeney|Schriner}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1962<ref name="globe-1962"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Alf|Smith|Alf Smith (ice hockey)}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harry|Cameron}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rusty|Crawford}} | C–LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jack|Darragh}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jimmy|Gardner|Jimmy Gardner (ice hockey)}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Billy|Gilmour}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ebbie|Goodfellow}} | C–D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shorty|Green}} | F |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Riley|Hern}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tom|Hooper|Tom Hooper (ice hockey)}} | F |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bouse|Hutton}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jack|Laviolette}} | D–LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Billy|McGimsie}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Didier|Pitre}} | D–R–RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Joe|Primeau}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jack|Ruttan}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name="star-1963-2"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Earl|Seibert}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bullet Joe|Simpson}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Barney|Stanley}} | D–RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Marty|Walsh|Marty Walsh (ice hockey)}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harry E.|Watson|Harry Watson (ice hockey, born 1898)}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rat|Westwick}} | G–R |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frederick|Whitcroft}} | R |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1963<ref name=star-1963/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Phat|Wilson}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1964 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Doug|Bentley}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1964 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bill|Durnan}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1964 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Babe|Siebert}} | D–LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1964 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Black Jack|Stewart|Jack Stewart (ice hockey)}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1965 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Marty|Barry}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1965 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Clint|Benedict}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1965 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arthur|Farrell}} | F |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1965 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Red|Horner}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1965 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Syd|Howe}} | D–LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1965 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jack|Marshall|Jack Marshall (ice hockey)}} | C–D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1965 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bill|Mosienko}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1965 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Blair|Russel}} | C–RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1965 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ernie|Russell}} | C–R |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1965 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Fred|Scanlan}} | F |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1966 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Max|Bentley}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1966 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Toe|Blake}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1966 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Émile|Bouchard||Bouchard, Emile}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1966 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Brimsek}} | G |{{ih|USA}} |- | 1966 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ted|Kennedy|Ted Kennedy (ice hockey)}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1966 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Elmer|Lach}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1966 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ted|Lindsay}} {{Ref|1|[ * ]}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1966 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Babe|Pratt}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1966 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ken|Reardon}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1967 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Turk|Broda}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1967 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Neil|Colville}} | C–D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1967 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harry|Oliver|Harry Oliver (ice hockey)}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1968 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bill|Cowley}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1969 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sid|Abel}} | C–LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1969 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bryan|Hextall}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1969 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Red|Kelly}} {{Ref|1|[ * ]}} | C–D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1969 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Roy|Worters}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1970 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Babe|Dye}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1970 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bill|Gadsby}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1970 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tom|Johnson|Tom Johnson (ice hockey)}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1971 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Busher|Jackson}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1971 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gordon|Roberts|Gordon Roberts (ice hockey)}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1971 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Terry|Sawchuk}} {{Ref|1|[ * ]}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1971 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Cooney|Weiland}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1972 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jean|Béliveau||Beliveau, Jean}} {{Ref|1|[ * ]}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1972 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bernie|Geoffrion}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1972 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hap|Holmes}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1972 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gordie|Howe}} {{Ref|1|[ * ]}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1972 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hooley|Smith}} | C–D–RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1973 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Doug|Harvey|Doug Harvey (ice hockey)}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1973 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chuck|Rayner}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1973 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tommy|Smith|Tommy Smith (ice hockey)}} | C–R–LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1974 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Billy|Burch}} | C–D |{{ih|CAN}}/{{ih|USA}} |- | 1974 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Art|Coulter}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1974 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tommy|Dunderdale}} | C |{{ih|CAN}}/{{ih|AUS}} |- | 1974 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dickie|Moore|Dickie Moore (ice hockey)}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1975 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|George|Armstrong|George Armstrong (ice hockey)}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1975 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ace|Bailey}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1975 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gordie|Drillon}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1975 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Glenn|Hall}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1975 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pierre|Pilote}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1976 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Johnny|Bower}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1976 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bill|Quackenbush}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1977 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Alex|Delvecchio}} | C–LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1977 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tim|Horton}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1978 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andy|Bathgate}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1978 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jacques|Plante}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1978 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Marcel|Pronovost}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1979 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harry|Howell|Harry Howell (ice hockey)}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1979 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bobby|Orr}} {{Ref|1|[ * ]}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1979 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Henri|Richard}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1980 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harry|Lumley|Harry Lumley (ice hockey)}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1980 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lynn|Patrick}} | C–LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1980 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gump|Worsley}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1981 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Johnny|Bucyk}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1981 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Mahovlich}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1981 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Allan|Stanley}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1982 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Yvan|Cournoyer}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1982 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rod|Gilbert}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1982 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Norm|Ullman}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1983 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ken|Dryden}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1983 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bobby|Hull}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1983 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Stan|Mikita}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1984 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Phil|Esposito}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1984 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jacques|Lemaire}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1984 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bernie|Parent}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1985 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gerry|Cheevers}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1985 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bert|Olmstead}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1985 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jean|Ratelle}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1986 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Leo|Boivin}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1986 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dave|Keon}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1986 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Serge|Savard}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1987 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bobby|Clarke}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1987 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eddie|Giacomin}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1987 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jacques|Laperrière||Laperriere, Jacques}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1988 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tony|Esposito}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1988 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Guy|Lafleur}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1988 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Buddy|O'Connor}}{{Ref|2|[A]}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1988 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Brad|Park}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1989 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Herbie|Lewis|Herbie Lewis (ice hockey)}}{{Ref|2|[A]}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1989 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Darryl|Sittler}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1989 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vladislav|Tretiak}} | G |{{ih|RUS}}/{{ih|USSR}} |- | 1990 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bill|Barber}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1990 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Fernie|Flaman}}{{Ref|2|[A]}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1990 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gilbert|Perreault}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1991 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mike|Bossy}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1991 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Denis|Potvin}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1991 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bob|Pulford}} | C–LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1991 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Clint|Smith}}{{Ref|2|[A]}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1992 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Marcel|Dionne}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1992 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Woody|Dumart}}{{Ref|2|[A]}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1992 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bob|Gainey}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1992 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lanny|McDonald}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1993 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Guy|Lapointe}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1993 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Edgar|Laprade}}{{Ref|2|[A]}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1993 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Steve|Shutt}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1993 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Billy|Smith|Billy Smith (ice hockey)}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1994 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lionel|Conacher}}{{Ref|2|[A]}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1994 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harry P.|Watson|Harry Watson (ice hockey, born 1923)}}{{Ref|2|[A]}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1995 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bun|Cook}}{{Ref|2|[A]}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1995 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Larry|Robinson}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1996 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bobby|Bauer}}{{Ref|2|[A]}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1996 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Börje|Salming||Salming, Borje}} | D |{{ih|SWE}} |- | 1997 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mario|Lemieux}} {{Ref|1|[ * ]}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1997 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bryan|Trottier}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1998 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Roy|Conacher}}{{Ref|2|[A]}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1998 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Michel|Goulet}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 1998 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Peter|Stastny|Peter Šťastný|Stastny, Peter}} | C |{{ih|Slovakia}}/{{ih|Czechoslovakia}} |- | 1999 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Wayne|Gretzky}} {{Ref|1|[ * ]}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2000 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Joe|Mullen}} | RW |{{ih|USA}} |- | 2000 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Denis|Savard}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2001 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Viacheslav|Fetisov}} | D ||{{ih|RUS}}/{{ih|USSR}} |- | 2001 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mike|Gartner}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2001 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dale|Hawerchuk}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2001 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jari|Kurri}} | RW |{{ih|FIN}} |- | 2002 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bernie|Federko}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2002 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Clark|Gillies}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2002 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rod|Langway}} | D |{{ih|USA}} |- | 2003 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Grant|Fuhr}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2003 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pat|LaFontaine}} | C |{{ih|USA}} |- | 2004 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ray|Bourque}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2004 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Paul|Coffey}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2004 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Larry|Murphy|Larry Murphy (ice hockey)}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2005 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Valeri|Kharlamov}} | LW |{{ih|USSR}} |- | 2005 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Cam|Neely}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2006 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dick|Duff}} | LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2006 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Patrick|Roy}} | G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2007 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mark|Messier}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2007 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Al|MacInnis}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2007 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Scott|Stevens}} | D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2007 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ron|Francis}} | C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2008 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Glenn|Anderson}} | RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2008 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Igor|Larionov}} | C |{{ih|RUS}}/{{ih|USSR}} |- | 2009 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Brett|Hull}} |RW |{{ih|USA}}/{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2009 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Brian|Leetch}} |D |{{ih|USA}} |- | 2009 ! scope="row" |{{sortname|Luc|Robitaille}} |LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2009 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Steve|Yzerman}} |C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2010 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Dino|Ciccarelli}} |RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2010 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Angela|James}} |C |{{ihw|CAN}} |- | 2010 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Cammi|Granato}} |C |{{ihw|USA}} |- | 2011 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ed|Belfour}} |G |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2011 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Doug|Gilmour}} |C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2011 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mark|Howe}} |D |{{ih|USA}} |- | 2011 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Joe|Nieuwendyk}} |C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2012 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pavel|Bure}} |RW |{{ih|RUS}}/{{ih|USSR}} |- | 2012 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Adam|Oates}} |C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2012 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Joe|Sakic}} |C |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2012 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mats|Sundin}} |C |{{ih|SWE}} |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chris|Chelios}} |D |{{ih|USA}} |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Geraldine|Heaney}} |D |{{ihw|CAN}} |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Scott|Niedermayer}} |D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Shanahan] {{sortname|Brendan|Shanahan}} |LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2014 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rob|Blake}} |D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2014 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Peter|Forsberg}} |C |{{ih|SWE}} |- | 2014 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dominik|Hašek||Hasek, Dominik}} |G |{{ih|Czech Republic}} |- | 2014 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mike|Modano}} |C |{{ih|USA}} |- | 2015 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sergei|Fedorov}} |C |{{ih|RUS}}/{{ih|USSR}} |- | 2015 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Phil|Housley}} |D |{{ih|USA}} |- | 2015 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nicklas|Lidström||Lidstrom, Nicklas}} |D |{{ih|SWE}} |- | 2015 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chris|Pronger}} |D |{{ih|CAN}} |- | 2015 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Angela|Ruggiero}} |D |{{ihw|USA}} |- |2016 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eric|Lindros}} |C |{{ih|CAN}} |- |2016 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sergei|Makarov|dab=ice hockey}} |RW |{{ih|RUS}}/{{ih|USSR}} |- |2016 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rogie|Vachon}} |G |{{ih|CAN}} |- |2017 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dave|Andreychuk}} |LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- |2017 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Danielle|Goyette}} |F |{{ihw|CAN}} |- |2017 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Paul|Kariya}} |LW |{{ih|CAN}} |- |2017 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mark|Recchi}} |RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- |2017 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Teemu|Selänne||Selanne, Teemu}} |RW |{{ih|FIN}} |- |2018 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Martin|Brodeur}} |G |{{ih|CAN}} |- |2018 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jayna|Hefford}} |RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- |2018 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Martin|St. Louis}} |RW |{{ih|CAN}} |- |2018 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Alexander|Yakushev}} |LW |{{ih|USSR}} |- |2019 |[[Guy Carbonneau]] |C |{{ih|CAN}} |- |2019 |[[Václav Nedomanský]] |C |{{ih|Czechoslovakia}} |- |2019 |[[Hayley Wickenheiser]] |C |{{ih|CAN}} |- |2019 |[[Sergei Zubov]] |D |{{ih|EUN}}/{{ih|RUS}} |} {{note|1}}* Indicates that the three-year waiting period was waived for a player who was deemed to be especially notable.<br> {{note|2}}A. Player was inducted into the Veteran Player category. In 2000, it was merged with the Player category. '''Source:''' 1945–2003: ''Honoured Members: Hockey Hall of Fame''{{sfn|Hockey Hall of Fame|2003}} and newspapers. ===Builders=== [[File:Frederick Stanley, Lord Stanley of Preston.jpg|right|thumb|[[Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby|Lord Stanley]], inducted in 1945.]] [[File:H. Montagu Allan.jpg|right|thumb|[[H. Montagu Allan]], inducted in 1945.]] [[File:Frank Patrick.jpg|right|thumb| [[Frank Patrick (ice hockey)|Frank Patrick]], inducted in 1958.]] [[File:Clarence Campbell Stanley Cup 1957.jpg|right|thumb|[[Clarence Campbell]], inducted in 1966.]] [[File:Dbauer44.jpg|right|thumb|[[Father David Bauer]], inducted in 1989.]] [[File:Scottybowman-2006awards.jpg|right|thumb|[[Scotty Bowman]], inducted in 1991.]] [[File:Glen Sather, 2006 NHL Awards (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|[[Glen Sather]], inducted in 1997.]] The Builder category has been in existence since the beginning of the Hall of Fame and the first builders were added in 1945. A Builder is a person who has contributed to the development of the game of hockey, and as the name refers, one who has built the game forward. Since then, 96 builders have been added. For a person to be added to the Hockey Hall of Fame as a builder, they may be "active or inactive" and must be nominated by an elected 18-person selection committee. As of 2007, a maximum of two builders can be added in one year.<ref name="Bylaws">{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net/html/indelection.htm|title=Summary of Election Procedures|accessdate=2008-01-06|publisher=Hockey Hall of Fame|work=Legends of Hockey|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65o3TBgHw?url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net/html/indelection.htm|archivedate=2012-02-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Name |- | 1945 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|H. Montagu|Allan}} |- | 1945 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frederick|Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby}} |- | 1947 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Calder}} |- | 1947 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|W. A.|Hewitt}} |- | 1947 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Francis|Nelson}} |- | 1947 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|William|Northey}} |- | 1947 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|John Ross|Robertson}} |- | 1947 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Claude C.|Robinson}} |- | 1947<ref name="leader-post-cite"/><ref name="lds"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|James T.|Sutherland}} |- | 1950<ref name="1950-gaz"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Patrick|Frank Patrick (ice hockey)}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|George|Dudley}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|James E.|Norris}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Allan|Pickard}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Donat|Raymond}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Conn|Smythe}} |- | 1958<ref name="cit-1958"/> ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lloyd|Turner}} |- | 1960 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Charles|Adams|Charles Adams (ice hockey)}} |- | 1960 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|John|Kilpatrick}} |- | 1960 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank J.|Selke}} |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|George V.|Brown}} |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Paul|Loicq}} |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Fred|Waghorne}} |- | 1962 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Ahearn|T. Franklin Ahearn}} |- | 1962 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Walter A.|Brown}} |- | 1962 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frederick|Hume}} |- | 1962 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|James D.|Norris}} |- | 1962 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ambrose|O'Brien}} |- | 1962 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Smith|Frank Smith (ice hockey)}} |- | 1963 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Leo|Dandurand|Léo Dandurand}} |- | 1963 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tommy|Gorman}} |- | 1963 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frederic|McLaughlin}} |- | 1964 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Angus Daniel|Campbell|Angus Campbell (ice hockey)}} |- | 1964 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Dilio}} |- | 1965 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Foster|Hewitt}} |- | 1965 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tommy|Lockhart}} |- | 1966 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Clarence|Campbell}} |- | 1968 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|James|Dunn|James Dunn (ice hockey)}} |- | 1968 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jim|Hendy}} |- | 1969 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Al|Leader}} |- | 1969 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bruce|Norris|Bruce Norris (ice hockey)}} |- | 1970 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Robert|Lebel|Robert Lebel (ice hockey)}} |- | 1971 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arthur|Wirtz}} |- | 1972 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Weston|Adams}} |- | 1973 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hartland|Molson}} |- | 1974 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Charles|Hay|Charles Hay (ice hockey)}} |- | 1974 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tommy|Ivan}} |- | 1974 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anatoli|Tarasov}} |- | 1974 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Carl|Voss}} |- | 1975 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Buckland|Frank Buckland (ice hockey)}} |- | 1975 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|William M.|Jennings}} |- | 1976 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jack|Gibson|Jack Gibson (ice hockey b. 1880)}} |- | 1976 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Philip Dansken|Ross|Philip Ross}} |- | 1976 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bill|Wirtz}} |- | 1977 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bunny|Ahearne}} |- | 1977 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harold|Ballard}} |- | 1977 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Joseph|Cattarinich}} |- | 1978 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jack|Bickell}} |- | 1978 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sam|Pollock}} |- | 1978 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|William Thayer|Tutt}} |- | 1979 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gordon|Juckes}} |- | 1980 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jack|Butterfield|Jack Butterfield (ice hockey)}} |- | 1982 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Emile|Francis}} |- | 1983 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harry|Sinden}} |- | 1984 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Punch|Imlach}} |- | 1984 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jake|Milford}} |- | 1985 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|John|Mariucci}} |- | 1985 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rudy|Pilous}} |- | 1986 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bill|Hanley}} |- | 1987 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|John|Ziegler|John Ziegler Jr.}} |- | 1988 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ed|Snider}} |- | 1989 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Father David|Bauer|David Bauer (ice hockey)|Bauer, David}} |- | 1990 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bud|Poile}} |- | 1991 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Scotty|Bowman}} |- | 1992 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Keith|Allen|Keith Allen (ice hockey)}} |- | 1992 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bob|Johnson|Bob Johnson (ice hockey, born 1931)}} |- | 1992 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Mathers}} |- | 1993 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Griffiths}} |- | 1993 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Seymour|Knox|Seymour H. Knox III}} |- | 1993 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Fred|Page}} |- | 1994 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Brian|O'Neill|Brian O'Neill (ice hockey, born 1929)}} |- | 1995 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Günther|Sabetzki||Sabetzki, Gunther}} |- | 1995 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bill|Torrey}} |- | 1996 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Al|Arbour}} |- | 1997 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Glen|Sather}} |- | 1998 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Athol|Murray}} |- | 1999 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Scotty|Morrison}} |- | 2000 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Walter|Bush}} |- | 2001 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Craig|Patrick}} |- | 2002 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Roger|Neilson}} |- | 2003 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mike|Ilitch}} |- | 2003 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Brian|Kilrea}} |- | 2004 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Cliff|Fletcher}} |- | 2005 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Murray|Costello}} |- | 2006 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harley|Hotchkiss}} |- | 2006 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Herb|Brooks}} |- | 2007 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jim|Gregory|Jim Gregory (ice hockey)}} |- | 2008 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ed|Chynoweth}} |- | 2009 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lou|Lamoriello}} |- | 2010 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jim|Devellano}} |- | 2010 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Daryl|Seaman}} |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Fred|Shero}} |- | 2014 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pat|Burns}} |- | 2015 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bill|Hay}} |- | 2015 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Peter|Karmanos Jr.}} |- | 2016 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pat|Quinn|dab=ice hockey}} |- | 2017 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Clare|Drake}} |- | 2017 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jeremy|Jacobs}} |- | 2018 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gary|Bettman}} |- | 2018 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Willie|O'Ree}} |- |2019 |[[Jim Rutherford]] |- |2019 |[[Jerry York]] |} ====Former members==== On [[March 30]], [[1993]], it was announced that [[Gil Stein (sports administrator)|Gil Stein]], who at the time was the president of the National Hockey League, had been added into the Hall of Fame. There were immediate allegations that he had engineered his election through manipulation of the hall's board of directors and by telling them to change the rules for selection. Two lawyers, hired by the league to lead an investigation, recommended that Stein's selection be overturned, although it was soon revealed that Stein had previously decided to turn down the induction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5DD1E3BF93BA2575BC0A965958260|title=Stein Is Scratched as N.H.L. Immortal|date=1993-08-19|author=Lapointe, Joe|accessdate=2008-01-10|work=New York Times}}</ref> In 1989, [[Alan Eagleson]] was added as a builder, but he would resign from the Hall in 1998 after pleading guilty of [[mail fraud]] and embezzling hundreds of thousands of dollars.<ref>{{cite book | last = | first = | authorlink = | title = Honoured members: the Hockey Hall of Fame| url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781551682396_q1c0| publisher = Fenn Publishing | date = 2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781551682396_q1c0/page/167 167]| location = Canada | isbn = 978-1-55168-239-6}}</ref> His resignation came shortly before a vote was held to expel him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5DD1E3BF93BA2575BC0A965958260|title=Eagleson Resigns Under Pressure |date=1998-03-26|author=Lapointe, Joe|accessdate=2008-01-10|work=New York Times}}</ref> ===On-ice officials=== The On-ice official category has been in existence since 1961 and since then fourteen have been added. For an official to be added to the Hockey Hall of Fame, they must be retired for a minimum of three years and must be nominated by an elected 18-person selection committee. As of 2007, a maximum of one on-ice official can be added in one year.<ref name="Bylaws"/> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" width=150| Name |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chaucer|Elliott}} |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mickey|Ion}} |- | 1961 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Cooper|Smeaton}} |- | 1962 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mike|Rodden}} |- | 1963 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bobby|Hewitson}} |- | 1964 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bill|Chadwick}} |- | 1967 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Red|Storey}} |- | 1973 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Frank|Udvari}} |- | 1981 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|John|Ashley|John Ashley (ice hockey)}} |- | 1987 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Matt|Pavelich}} |- | 1988 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|George|Hayes|George Hayes (ice hockey)}} |- | 1991 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Neil|Armstrong|Neil Armstrong (ice hockey)}} |- | 1993 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|John|D'Amico|John D'Amico (ice hockey)}} |- | 1999 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andy|Van Hellemond}} |- | 2008 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ray|Scapinello}} |- | 2014 ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bill|McCreary|Bill McCreary (referee)}} |} ==Notes== {{Reflist|2 |refs= <ref name="lds">{{cite news |work=Lewiston Daily Sun |title=Pick Eddie Shore and Six Others To National Hockey Hall of Fame |page=9 |date=February 26, 1947 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CZ4gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Q2gFAAAAIBAJ&dq=russell%20bowie%20hall%20of%20fame&pg=3290%2C4344082 |accessdate=February 7, 2012}}</ref> <ref name="leader-post-cite">{{cite news |work=The Leader-Post |date=February 27, 1947 |title=Cyclone Always All-Star timber |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ostTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lzgNAAAAIBAJ&dq=russell%20bowie%20hall%20of%20fame&pg=2165%2C4447012 |accessdate=February 7, 2012}}</ref> <ref name="1945-cit">{{cite news |work=Montreal Gazette |date=May 2, 1945 |title=Pick Selections to Hockey Hall of Fame |page=16 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ub4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=npgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2247%2C364070}}</ref> <ref name="1949-oc">{{cite news |work=Ottawa Citizen |date=October 21, 1949 |title=Two Members Added to Hall of Fame |page=30 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O74vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=c90FAAAAIBAJ&dq=bain%20hall%20of%20fame&pg=5336%2C6376535 |accessdate=February 7, 2012}}</ref> <ref name="1949-ssp">{{cite news |work=Saskatoon Star-Phoenix |title=Ross One of Two New Men Elected to Hall of Fame |date=October 22, 1949 |page=18 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BCRgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3W4NAAAAIBAJ&dq=bain%20hall%20of%20fame&pg=5188%2C2822583 |accessdate=February 7, 2012}}</ref> <ref name="1950-gaz">{{cite news |work=Montreal Gazette |date=June 28, 1950 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0i8rAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZZkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6278%2C8113405 |title=9 New Members Join Hockey Hall of Fame |page=22}}</ref> <ref name="gaz-1952">{{cite news |work=Montreal Gazette |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QowjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mJgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7292%2C2404293 |title=Six Hockey Greats Elected to Kingston Hall of Fame |date=August 19, 1952 |page=17}}</ref> <ref name="globe-1962">{{cite news |work=The Globe and Mail |title=Five Women Among Hall of Fame Stars Honored In Ceremony at CNE Luncheon |date=August 27, 1962 |page=19}}</ref> <ref name="star-1962">{{cite news |work=Toronto Star |title=Hall of Fame Entry Tougher In Future |date=August 27, 1963 |page=18}}</ref> <ref name="star-1963">{{cite news |work=Toronto Star |title=CNE Ceremony at Hockey, Sports Halls |date=August 23, 1963 |page=10}}</ref> <ref name="star-1963-2">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Noel-Bentley |work=Toronto Star |title=Canadian Athlete Helps Promote Peace - Martin |date=August 26, 1963 |page=9}}</ref> <ref name="cit-1958">{{cite news |work=Ottawa Citizen |date=April 28, 1958 |title=Three Ottawans Are Named To Hockey Hall |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BDg0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=aPUIAAAAIBAJ&pg=4057%2C6016607 |page=17}}</ref> }} ==References== ;General * {{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net:8080/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMembersByYear.jsp?type=Builder|title=List of honored Builders|accessdate=2008-01-05|publisher=Hockey Hall of Fame}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net:8080/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMembersByYear.jsp?type=Official|title=List of honored Officials|accessdate=2008-01-05|publisher=Hockey Hall of Fame}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net:8080/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMembersByYear.jsp?type=Player|title=List of honored Players|accessdate=2008-01-05|publisher=Hockey Hall of Fame}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net:8080/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMembersByYear.jsp?type=Player|title=List of honored Players by Position|accessdate=2008-01-06|publisher=Hockey Hall of Fame}} {{NHL}} {{Ice hockey halls of fame}} {{DEFAULTSORT:members of the Hockey Hall of Fame, List of }} [[Category:Hockey Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Lists of ice hockey players|Hockey Hall of Fame]] 5i5ys90ubwwbgceqaxv6dnplzywy427 0 118167 10878838 10751531 2026-06-04T16:30:31Z ~2026-33253-62 1816341 i put some more general info 10878838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Beluga Whale | image = Belugawhale_MMC.jpg | image_width = 250px | image2 = Beluga_size.svg | image2_width = 250px | image2_caption = Size comparison against an average [[human]] | status = NT | status_system = iucn3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=red> {{cite web |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/6335/0 |title=IUCN Red List (version 2009.1) - Delphinapterus leucas (Beluga, White Whale) |publisher=www.iucnredlist.org |access-date=2009-07-16 }} </ref> | fossil_range = {{fossil range|3.6|0|[[Zanclean]]-recent}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36699&is_real_user=1|title=Delphinapterus Lacépède 1804 (beluga)|work=Fossilworks}}</ref> | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Cetacea]] | subordo = [[Odontoceti]] | familia = [[Monodontidae]] | genus = '''''Delphinapterus''''' | species = '''''D. leucas''''' | binomial = ''Delphinapterus leucas'' | binomial_authority = ([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1776) }} The '''beluga whale''' (''Delphinapterus leucas'') is a small [[toothed whale]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/whales/activities/whaletemplates/Belugatemplate.shtml|publisher=EnchantedLearning.com|access-date=2011-03-28|title=Beluga Whale}}</ref> that is [[white]] as an adult.<ref name=ng>{{cite web |url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/beluga-whale.html |title=Beluga Whale, Beluga Whale Profile, Facts, Information, Photos, Pictures, Sounds, Habitats, Reports, News - National Geographic |publisher=animals.nationalgeographic.com |access-date=2009-07-16 |archive-date=2007-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613043251/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/beluga-whale.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> They are found in [[Coast|coastal]] areas of the [[Arctic Ocean]], and travel south when the [[sea ice]] forms. Belugas belong to the [[genus]] Delphinapterus (which means "whale without fins"), and the [[species]] ''leucas'' (which means "white"). == Name == "Beluga" means ''white one'' in [[Russia]]n. The beluga is also called the white whale, the white [[porpoise]], the sea [[canary]] (because of its [[Whale vocalization|songs]]), and the [[squid]] hound (because of its [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]]). == Description == === Body === The beluga's body is [[stout]] and has a small, [[blunt]] [[head]] with a small [[beak]], tiny [[eye]]s and thick layers of [[blubber]]. Belugas have one [[blowhole]]. On their head, belugas have a round shape called the ''melon''.<ref name="cet">{{cite web |url=http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/BelugaWhale.htm |title=Beluga Whale: Cetacean Fact Sheet |publisher=www.acsonline.org |access-date=2009-07-16 |archive-date=2010-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613014046/http://acsonline.org/factpack/BelugaWhale.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> It holds [[oil]], and the whale is able to change its shape. Scientists believe that it has something to do with the whale's [[echolocation]] system.<ref name="cet" /> Unlike most other [[cetacean]]s, the beluga's seven neck [[vertebrae]] are not fused, giving it a flexible, well-defined neck.{{fact|date=October 2024}} === Lifespan === A baby beluga whale, called a calf, skata is a grey or even brown color when it is born. It will gradually become white over the next five years as it becomes an adult. A female beluga whale will have one calf every 3 or 4 years. These arxidaki are born near the coast, often near the entrance to large [[River|rivers]]. The calfs are fed on [[milk]] which is 30% fat.{{fact|date=October 2024}} Belugas grow up to {{convert|6.1|m|ft|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} in length and weigh up to {{convert|1361|kg|lb|0|lk=on|abbr=on}}. They usually live for 35 to 50 years of age. They can dive down to depths of {{convert|800|m|ft|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} and stay underwater for as long as 25 minutes.<ref name="red" /> [[Polar bear]]s and [[killer whale]]s are known to hunt beluga whales. === Pods === Beluga whales live in groups called pods. At their smallest, a pod can contain just three whales.<ref name="cet" /> Larger pods can have more than 200 members.<ref name="cet" /> == Diet and teeth == Belugas have 34 teeth. The teeth are not designed for chewing, but for grabbing and tearing prey. They swallow their prey whole. Belugas are opportunistic feeders, eating a varied diet of [[fish]], [[squid]], [[crustacean]]s, [[Octopus|octopi]], and [[Worm|worms]]. They are both [[benthic]] (bottom) and [[pelagic]] (oceanic) feeders (in shallow water). Belugas sometimes hunt schools of fish cooperatively in small groups. == References == {{wikispecies|Delphinapterus leucas}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Toothed whales]] jq0qpywku0e1oqjhpuga9ad5d97zttd 10878844 10878838 2026-06-04T16:35:21Z Henri Aja 1041406 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33253-62|~2026-33253-62]] ([[User talk:~2026-33253-62|talk]]) to last version by Der-Wir-Ing 10751531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Beluga Whale | image = Belugawhale_MMC.jpg | image_width = 250px | image2 = Beluga_size.svg | image2_width = 250px | image2_caption = Size comparison against an average [[human]] | status = NT | status_system = iucn3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=red> {{cite web |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/6335/0 |title=IUCN Red List (version 2009.1) - Delphinapterus leucas (Beluga, White Whale) |publisher=www.iucnredlist.org |access-date=2009-07-16 }} </ref> | fossil_range = {{fossil range|3.6|0|[[Zanclean]]-recent}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36699&is_real_user=1|title=Delphinapterus Lacépède 1804 (beluga)|work=Fossilworks}}</ref> | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Cetacea]] | subordo = [[Odontoceti]] | familia = [[Monodontidae]] | genus = '''''Delphinapterus''''' | species = '''''D. leucas''''' | binomial = ''Delphinapterus leucas'' | binomial_authority = ([[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1776) }} The '''beluga whale''' (''Delphinapterus leucas'') is a small [[toothed whale]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/whales/activities/whaletemplates/Belugatemplate.shtml|publisher=EnchantedLearning.com|access-date=2011-03-28|title=Beluga Whale}}</ref> that is [[white]] as an adult.<ref name=ng>{{cite web |url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/beluga-whale.html |title=Beluga Whale, Beluga Whale Profile, Facts, Information, Photos, Pictures, Sounds, Habitats, Reports, News - National Geographic |publisher=animals.nationalgeographic.com |access-date=2009-07-16 |archive-date=2007-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613043251/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/beluga-whale.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> They are found in [[Coast|coastal]] areas of the [[Arctic Ocean]], and travel south when the [[sea ice]] forms. Belugas belong to the [[genus]] Delphinapterus (which means "whale without fins"), and the [[species]] ''leucas'' (which means "white"). == Name == "Beluga" means ''white one'' in [[Russia]]n. The beluga is also called the white whale, the white [[porpoise]], the sea [[canary]] (because of its [[Whale vocalization|songs]]), and the [[squid]] hound (because of its [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]]). == Description == === Body === The beluga's body is [[stout]] and has a small, [[blunt]] [[head]] with a small [[beak]], tiny [[eye]]s and thick layers of [[blubber]]. Belugas have one [[blowhole]]. On their head, belugas have a round shape called the ''melon''.<ref name="cet">{{cite web |url=http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/BelugaWhale.htm |title=Beluga Whale: Cetacean Fact Sheet |publisher=www.acsonline.org |access-date=2009-07-16 |archive-date=2010-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613014046/http://acsonline.org/factpack/BelugaWhale.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> It holds [[oil]], and the whale is able to change its shape. Scientists believe that it has something to do with the whale's [[echolocation]] system.<ref name="cet" /> Unlike most other [[cetacean]]s, the beluga's seven neck [[vertebrae]] are not fused, giving it a flexible, well-defined neck.{{fact|date=October 2024}} === Lifespan === A baby beluga whale, called a calf, is a grey or even brown color when it is born. It will gradually become white over the next five years as it becomes an adult. A female beluga whale will have one calf every 3 or 4 years. These are born near the coast, often near the entrance to large [[River|rivers]]. The calfs are fed on [[milk]] which is 30% fat.{{fact|date=October 2024}} Belugas grow up to {{convert|6.1|m|ft|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} in length and weigh up to {{convert|1361|kg|lb|0|lk=on|abbr=on}}. They usually live for 35 to 50 years of age. They can dive down to depths of {{convert|800|m|ft|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} and stay underwater for as long as 25 minutes.<ref name="red" /> [[Polar bear]]s and [[killer whale]]s are known to hunt beluga whales. === Pods === Beluga whales live in groups called pods. At their smallest, a pod can contain just three whales.<ref name="cet" /> Larger pods can have more than 200 members.<ref name="cet" /> == Diet and teeth == Belugas have 34 teeth. The teeth are not designed for chewing, but for grabbing and tearing prey. They swallow their prey whole. Belugas are opportunistic feeders, eating a varied diet of [[fish]], [[squid]], [[crustacean]]s, [[Octopus|octopi]], and [[Worm|worms]]. They are both [[benthic]] (bottom) and [[pelagic]] (oceanic) feeders (in shallow water). Belugas sometimes hunt schools of fish cooperatively in small groups. == References == {{wikispecies|Delphinapterus leucas}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Toothed whales]] 9x8nkrd3ogt5t9xjx6qg6w0fsae2wrg 0 119596 10879055 10643512 2026-06-04T21:13:56Z Auntof6 22027 fix displaytitle and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10879055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:''The Chronicles of Narnia'' (movie series)}} [[File:The Chronicles of Narnia logo.svg|thumb|Official movie series logo ]] '''''The Chronicles of Narnia''''' are a series of [[movie]]s created by [[Walden Media]] and distributed by [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. The movies are based on the series of fantasy [[The Chronicles of Narnia|novels of the same name]] written by British author [[C. S. Lewis|C.S. Lewis]]. The first movie in the series, ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe]]'', was released in [[2005]], and the second, ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian|Prince Caspian]]'', was released in [[2008]]. The third movie, ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader|The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]'', was released in [[2010]]. In January 2009, it was announced that Disney would not continue to distribute the ''Narnia'' movie series, thus ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' was sent to [[20th Century Fox]]. Fox will now distribute the ''Narnia'' movie series afterwards. [[20th Century Fox]] was going to distribute ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Silver Chair|The Silver Chair]]'', but the film was cancelled. [[Greta Gerwig]] is currently adapting ''The Magician's Nephew'', which is starring [[Emma Mackey]], [[Daniel Craig]] and [[Timothy Dalton]] as [[Aslan]]. == Movies == * ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'' (2005) * ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian]]'' (2008) * ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]'' (2010){{movie-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chronicles of Narnia movie series, The}} [[Category:The Chronicles of Narnia|Movie series]] [[Category:Series of movies]] s1zxf52uekgebtgrfw4xhildg8p45d6 0 123197 10878909 10312738 2026-06-04T18:28:03Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 10878909 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pensi-la''' is a [[mountain pass]] in the [[Ladakh]] region of [[Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmir]], which is known as the Gateway to [[Zanskar]]. <gallery> Image:Pensi La-Stod.JPG|View of the source of Stod River, which is also called the Suru River. The Glacier that feeds the Suru/Stod has shrunk and dried up. The Pensi La act as a watershed between two river systems- the Zanskar and the Suru Rivers. Image:Pensi La.jpg|View of Glacial lake and the [[Drang-Drung Glacier]], as seen from Pensi La, Zanskar, Ladakh, ''[[Kashmir]]''. </gallery> {{multistub|Geo|Asia}} [[Category:Mountain passes of Pakistan]] l26dhc0kpyjsnqvduu0ltlzgel6hqu9 4 125989 10879080 10878594 2026-06-04T21:36:28Z UOzurumba (WMF) 1091861 /* Article guidance enabled for the experimentation phase */ new section 10879080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 174 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Protecting White Supremacy? == Hello, we have the page [[white supremacy]]. I would like to suggest we fully protect the page, for 1-2 years, after which the protection is re-evaluated. My reasoning behind this is the following: *I edit-protected the page today (for six months), after finding that most of the edits ot the page are vandalism, or reverting vandalism- there is little "content work" *In 2023,2025, and now 2026, there was at least one long term protection of the page *The talk page remains open, and unnmed/unconfirmed editors can still suggest changes. The page gets an average of 427 views per month (or a bit over 10 per day). What do other people think? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 14:51, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :What I mean is: people wanting to edit need to be auto confirmed [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 15:57, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :I support long term semi-protection for this page. I think you are correct that it is difficult for us to keep up with the level of vandalism we are seeing. The vandalism is mostly from temp and new accounts, so semi-protection is a proportional response. I'd say let's protect it for 12 or 18 months and then let it open and see if the vandalism starts again. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 16:51, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :We should probably start being more lenient about semi-protecting pages. While it's certainly a good idea, that in general everyone should be able to edit a project, times have changed a lot in the past 20 years. Nowadays, there is much more vandalism. Other projects, such as enwiki, have introduced the extended confirmed protection for large parts of the project. I think we should start using the semi-protection more frequently and for longer on problematic topics. We are too few people to really keep track of all types of vandalism, especially clever vandalism, where incorrect data is inserted into our articles and often goes unnoticed. I think we could make things easier by protecting pages more often and for longer. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:15, 24 May 2026 (UTC) ::The page is currently semi-protected, for six months. I was tempted to use a longer protection, but wanted to get community input. I can think of a few other pages where we likely have similar problems [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:49, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :::If nobody objects, go ahead and do what you feel is best. [[White Americans]] has been one of many targets of the same vandal(s) as [[White supremacy]]. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 00:18, 25 May 2026 (UTC) ::Maybe we consider more leniency with protecting sensitive topics. These could be political figures, race, current events, etc. A lot of vandalism seems to concentrate in these areas. A unfortunate part of it doesn’t get caught or takes some time before it does. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 00:16, 25 May 2026 (UTC) ::I think our current protection policy is fine to allow that. We can currently only use protection if it is the {{tq|only option left available to solve the problem of vandalism of the page}}, but if lots of sneaky vandalism is going undetected on multiple occasions, it surely ''is'' the only option left to solve the vandalism. I don't want us to start encouraging protection again as I and other admins have been undoing long protections (see [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=protect&user=&page=&wpdate=&tagfilter=&subtype=unprotect&wpFormIdentifier=logeventslist&excludetempacct=1]) and good results have came of it pretty much every time. I should also mention the "honeypot" effect - if a page is closely watched, then vandalism on it will not last very long (and it is very unlikely a reader will come across it in that state) so in a case like that, protection just isn't necessary and pushes them onto parts of the wiki less watched so is actually counterintuitive. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 13:35, 28 May 2026 (UTC) :::I definitely see this side of things too. There is a line between protecting the integrity of the project and overprotecting such that it violates the nature of our mission, and the latter seems to have been done in the past. I will say, it is very frustrating sometimes for those of us who look through recent changes to see the same vandalism repeated by the same LTAs for months. It seems to me that some vandals are only interested in vandalizing certain pages, and it's not a guarantee that they will move along to others. I do agree that permanent protection, especially full protection, shouldn't really be done on content pages. Also, create protection should only be applied to problematic titles that could never really have a legitimate article created (repeated recreations of RfD deletions, hoaxes, etc). I am still in support of medium term protection though as Eptalon is suggesting, especially when shorter terms have not been shown to work. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:42, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :i think it should be indefinitely semi. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 12:30, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you all for the inputs; following this discussion, I have changed the protection to expire a year from now. After the year, we can assess how well this has worked. I would laso suggest, that if people noriuce other pages with a similar editing history, that they start a discussion on ST. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 15:42, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2026 U4C election == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Ongoing project-wide solidarity issue == I haven't been as active here lately as I would like, but I just wanted to make sure this community is aware of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Workers_United#Solidarity the WWU solidarity campaign] ongoing at Meta-Wiki. There's also [[:en:Wikipedia:Wiki Workers United solidarity|an enwiki petition]] threatening an editing strike. This is an important issue to a lot of editors and WMF employees, so I figured I'd spread the word. Thanks, [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 21:42, 28 May 2026 (UTC) == Hi all == After a period of time where I was unable to participate on wiki for technical reasons I am back full-time. Just an fyi. Regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:14, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Welcome back! [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 04:24, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Glad you're back! [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:21, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Good to have you back :). [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 05:58, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Hello! Welcome. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 06:40, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Welcome back to the party! -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:58, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yay, welcome back :D --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 23:36, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Hello[[User:Vietnamtime|Vietnamtime]] ([[User talk:Vietnamtime|talk]]) 11:14, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Glad to see you returning! [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 01:11, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :Hello![[User:Vietnamtime|Vietnamtime]] ([[User talk:Vietnamtime|talk]]) 04:59, 1 June 2026 (UTC) == Template edit request == Hello, could I ask someone to please look at [[Template:Wikidata_image]], I left an edit request there. The template code is outdated as some empty functions were removed. The amended code and more information can be seen on [[Template_talk:Wikidata_image|Talk page]]. Thanks, -- [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 09:33, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:44, 29 May 2026 (UTC) == "Simplifying" Articles == Quick question: When creating an article, is it okay to copy from the English Wikipedia and then edit it so it is in Simple English? Thanks in advance. [[User:CubeMaster77777|CubeMaster77777]] ([[User talk:CubeMaster77777|talk]]) 15:59, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yes it is [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 16:09, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yes, but 1.) please make sure to add some kind of attribution and 2.) please actually simplify it. Re: the former, you can add attribution by putting it in the edit summary with something like "copying from [URI]" or posting to the talk page. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:18, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :it depends on how you do it. Please follow the instructions at [[WP:CW]]. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:48, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :A example on how to properly attribute your en wiki translation to a simple english article's talk page is [[Talk:Billy Zane]]. Use the attribution template, link the en wiki article and the version number (which can be found on the URL of the latest page revision on the article's history on enwiki). Hope this helps! :) [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 21:16, 29 May 2026 (UTC) ::Hello, I would say, an example workfolow could be: ::*Create the article here, andcopy over the lede from enwp; If you don't use the translation tool, add some mention on the talk page, to say that tis article is based on the EnWP version ::*Without much delay, go over the section, and simplify; for example split sentences into shorter ones; If you have references that occur multpile time, re-use them ::*Look that the eork generally follows our style guide ::*If it isn't already there, add an interwii link to enwp. ::*Fix categories, see if you find a good image to illustrate ::Once this has been done, you can do that with the next section, if you like. Also note: More controversial subjects need more thought, to give a balanced view. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 12:29, 30 May 2026 (UTC) == A question == Hey guys i am focusing mainly in improving newly-created car articles mainly adding sources and etc the question i have is:do you think i am doing a good job? Just asking. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 19:48, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Solid work! Thank you for your contributions. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 02:31, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::thanks! [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:41, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Looks good to me! Have you considered creating an account? This would let you edit semi-protected pages (after becoming autoconfirmed), and you would not lose your change history every 3 months. Either way, thanks for contributing! [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:12, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::no problem i think i will prefer to edit logged-out for now. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:42, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Great contributions! You’d be a great asset to the team. Echoing Garsh’s question/suggestion about creating an account :) [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 05:50, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::Please do create an account but please also remember that you can be blocked if you break the rules. If you get blocked you should not indulge in logged out editing nor should you create another account-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 11:16, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :::Ok i will be careful to not violate any rules [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:43, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::sorry for the late reply but thanks and like i said before i think i will prefer to edit logged-out [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:11, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :::No problem at all! We have temporary accounts for that reason. Edit however you want. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 16:18, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Decades BC == I recently noticed that in categories of BC decades that are a multiple of 100, (ex., [[:Category:300s BC]], [[:Category:200s BC]], [[:Category:100s BC]], [[:Category:400s BC]], etc. the link at the top of the page, "This [[help:categories|category]] is for topics specifically related to the [[300s BC|300s]]." Links to the wrong page, linking to the AD version instead of the BC version. This also happens in English Wikipedia, strangely enough. The issue is caused by the template for the page. Does anyone know the cause of this issue? <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span>_{[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:51, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :There are others who are far better at templates than I am, but from what I can see, it has to do with [[Template:Decade link]] (also used by enwiki) which is used by [[Template:Year category header/core]]. Basically, the header template uses [[Module:Year category type]] to detect which kind of category it is based on the title. The core subtemplate pulls this value and then modifies what the template header says. It uses the decade link template because the 100 multiple decades need to be disambiguated to distinguish from their respective century pages. That template makes no account for AB vs BC. The header/core does distinguish between the two, but only to add "BC" in the text of the header, not in the wikilink. I suppose one solution could be to fork a second template that would work for the BC categories and then use it in the decade_bc part of [[Template:Year category header/core]]. Some more experienced people should have a look. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:41, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Page Protection == Please protect the pages [[White Americans]], [[Angry white male]], and [[White nationalism]]. These pages are constantly targeted by the same LTA(s). This is essentially the same case as [[#Protecting White Supremacy?]]. If possible, could these pages also be semi-indefed? <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 04:36, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :I ageee that these should be protected, but not indefinitely. Since it’s primarily the same LTA, I think a medium term protection like a year or so should be sufficient. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:22, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ::Fair point. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 07:24, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :I've protected each page listed for three months. Once the protection expires on September 2 and excessive vandalism continues, a year protection would be the next move in my opinion. [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 16:47, 2 June 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks! <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 14:31, 3 June 2026 (UTC) == Simple English Wikipedia pools? == Hello Wikipedia administrators and other Wikipedians! I was wondering if we can add pools to the Simple English Wikipedia, just like how in the English Wikipedia we have [[:en:Wikipedia:Pools|pools]] in which people make guesses about various future milestones for English Wikipedia, i think we may also add that in the Simple English Wikipedia in which well people make guesses about various future milestones for the Simple English Wikipedia (like for example: the people can make a guess on when will the Simple English Wikipedia reaches 300,000 articles). And that's it i guess - [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 14:28, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :Interesting, Is Pool(s) only meant for guessing future milestones? Also, wouldn’t it be a bit unnecessary here? SEW doesn’t have as many active editors as enwiki, so participation would likely be quite limited. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 14:39, 3 June 2026 (UTC) ::Hello! But anyways, pools would be only meant for guessing future milestones. Just like English Wikipedia's [[:en:Wikipedia:Pools|pools]]. And the reason why we should add pools to SEW is because why not, i feel like this should have pools. And about participation... Well... Since there are less users on SEW than on the English Wikipedia does NOT mean that there is going to be completely no participation in the pools. Like some users on SEW might find these pools and well place their predictions on when will SEW will reach these certain milestones (like when will SEW will reach 300,000 articles) and yeah - [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 14:55, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :I understand where the idea comes from, but I'm not convinced that this would have much meaningful participation here. We don't have that many editors here, so editor time is more valuable. I don't think this is the best way to spend it. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:12, 4 June 2026 (UTC) == Article guidance enabled for the experimentation phase == Dear Wikipedians, The Article guidance team is pleased to announce that the <nowiki>[[Special:NewArticle|Article guidance feature]]</nowiki>, which supports editors, especially less experienced ones, in creating new articles aligned with community practices through community-tailored guidance, has been enabled on this Wikipedia as part of an A/B test. As part of the launch, we have collected initial feedback over the last few days and [[phab:maniphest/query/HHh7LVAxSJti/#R|resolved several issues]] based on community comments, and are now officially announcing the launch after addressing the primary issues highlighted. This milestone builds on the communications and collaborations with the community (see previous communications links: [<nowiki/>[[Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 173#h-Invitation to try the Article guidance feature in a test environment-20260403023500|1]]] [<nowiki/>[[Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 174#h-Invitation to adapt the Article guidance outlines-20260429233800|2]]]). We appreciate everyone who tested the feature, reviewed and adapted outlines, responded to questionnaires, participated in office hours, and shared feedback. Your insights have shaped this feature at every stage. The feature is primarily aimed at helping junior editors to create good quality articles that follow the community practices (and detect earlier cases where the intended article is not suited for the wiki). Although the focus is on junior editors, the involvement of more experienced editors is also key. In this experimentation phase, the feature is also being surfaced to experienced contributors so they can use it, raise any issues they find, and become familiar with it. Also, more experienced editors can refine the <nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Article Guidance|outlines]]</nowiki> and create additional ones tailored to the type of article outlines they think junior editors will need. Additionally, we want to ensure the feature can also help experienced editors by automating tedious tasks such as [[phab:T421250|Wikidata connections]]. Hearing from experienced editors is really important also to make sure that the new feature doesn't get in their way (and identify early potential issues to fix them). As we get the results of the experiment, we will be able to compare the impact of the feature on both groups to make sure that improvements for one don’t come at the expense of negatively affecting the other group.. Experienced contributors who want to skip creating a new article with the guidance provided in the feature will soon be able to do so once the improvement captured in [[phab:T426382|this ticket]] is implemented. It can be done by clicking on "Edit without community guidance", option at the bottom of the screen. This option will only be available to experienced contributors once they provide a title for the article in the feature. The experiment is currently running for a subset of editors creating new articles. It will measure whether guided article creation improves the 30-day survival rate of new articles as the key metric among [[phab:T414503|other measurements]]. This group will see the feature automatically as part of their article-creation workflow. Experienced contributors can continue creating outlines for specific article types as needed for new contributors. As a reference, [[Wikipedia:Article Guidance|over 30 outlines are available in Simple English Wikipedia]] that can be useful for other Wikipedias as a starting point to define their own. Feel free to create outlines tailored to your Wikipedia’s practices and incorporate the tags and markups as they appear in the reference outlines. You can find a quick guide to markups used in outlines on [[mw:Article_guidance/Test_feature_guide#Markups_in_outlines|this page]]. Since this feature is new, we are implementing [[phab:maniphest/query/TX1YrGEYdFbS/#R|improvements identified by contributors]] and will continue to rely on more feedback to refine it. If you notice something that does not work as expected, please report it and share your feedback on [[mw:Talk:Article_guidance|the project talk page]]. We will continue to share updates as the experiment progresses. Best regards, [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 21:36, 4 June 2026 (UTC) c059ic0v3d92bas5gszd2r9fgz9kmb4 10879084 10879080 2026-06-04T21:39:32Z UOzurumba (WMF) 1091861 /* Article guidance enabled for the experimentation phase */ 10879084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 174 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Protecting White Supremacy? == Hello, we have the page [[white supremacy]]. I would like to suggest we fully protect the page, for 1-2 years, after which the protection is re-evaluated. My reasoning behind this is the following: *I edit-protected the page today (for six months), after finding that most of the edits ot the page are vandalism, or reverting vandalism- there is little "content work" *In 2023,2025, and now 2026, there was at least one long term protection of the page *The talk page remains open, and unnmed/unconfirmed editors can still suggest changes. The page gets an average of 427 views per month (or a bit over 10 per day). What do other people think? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 14:51, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :What I mean is: people wanting to edit need to be auto confirmed [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 15:57, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :I support long term semi-protection for this page. I think you are correct that it is difficult for us to keep up with the level of vandalism we are seeing. The vandalism is mostly from temp and new accounts, so semi-protection is a proportional response. I'd say let's protect it for 12 or 18 months and then let it open and see if the vandalism starts again. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 16:51, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :We should probably start being more lenient about semi-protecting pages. While it's certainly a good idea, that in general everyone should be able to edit a project, times have changed a lot in the past 20 years. Nowadays, there is much more vandalism. Other projects, such as enwiki, have introduced the extended confirmed protection for large parts of the project. I think we should start using the semi-protection more frequently and for longer on problematic topics. We are too few people to really keep track of all types of vandalism, especially clever vandalism, where incorrect data is inserted into our articles and often goes unnoticed. I think we could make things easier by protecting pages more often and for longer. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:15, 24 May 2026 (UTC) ::The page is currently semi-protected, for six months. I was tempted to use a longer protection, but wanted to get community input. I can think of a few other pages where we likely have similar problems [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:49, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :::If nobody objects, go ahead and do what you feel is best. [[White Americans]] has been one of many targets of the same vandal(s) as [[White supremacy]]. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 00:18, 25 May 2026 (UTC) ::Maybe we consider more leniency with protecting sensitive topics. These could be political figures, race, current events, etc. A lot of vandalism seems to concentrate in these areas. A unfortunate part of it doesn’t get caught or takes some time before it does. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 00:16, 25 May 2026 (UTC) ::I think our current protection policy is fine to allow that. We can currently only use protection if it is the {{tq|only option left available to solve the problem of vandalism of the page}}, but if lots of sneaky vandalism is going undetected on multiple occasions, it surely ''is'' the only option left to solve the vandalism. I don't want us to start encouraging protection again as I and other admins have been undoing long protections (see [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=protect&user=&page=&wpdate=&tagfilter=&subtype=unprotect&wpFormIdentifier=logeventslist&excludetempacct=1]) and good results have came of it pretty much every time. I should also mention the "honeypot" effect - if a page is closely watched, then vandalism on it will not last very long (and it is very unlikely a reader will come across it in that state) so in a case like that, protection just isn't necessary and pushes them onto parts of the wiki less watched so is actually counterintuitive. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 13:35, 28 May 2026 (UTC) :::I definitely see this side of things too. There is a line between protecting the integrity of the project and overprotecting such that it violates the nature of our mission, and the latter seems to have been done in the past. I will say, it is very frustrating sometimes for those of us who look through recent changes to see the same vandalism repeated by the same LTAs for months. It seems to me that some vandals are only interested in vandalizing certain pages, and it's not a guarantee that they will move along to others. I do agree that permanent protection, especially full protection, shouldn't really be done on content pages. Also, create protection should only be applied to problematic titles that could never really have a legitimate article created (repeated recreations of RfD deletions, hoaxes, etc). I am still in support of medium term protection though as Eptalon is suggesting, especially when shorter terms have not been shown to work. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:42, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :i think it should be indefinitely semi. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 12:30, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you all for the inputs; following this discussion, I have changed the protection to expire a year from now. After the year, we can assess how well this has worked. I would laso suggest, that if people noriuce other pages with a similar editing history, that they start a discussion on ST. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 15:42, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2026 U4C election == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Ongoing project-wide solidarity issue == I haven't been as active here lately as I would like, but I just wanted to make sure this community is aware of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Workers_United#Solidarity the WWU solidarity campaign] ongoing at Meta-Wiki. There's also [[:en:Wikipedia:Wiki Workers United solidarity|an enwiki petition]] threatening an editing strike. This is an important issue to a lot of editors and WMF employees, so I figured I'd spread the word. Thanks, [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 21:42, 28 May 2026 (UTC) == Hi all == After a period of time where I was unable to participate on wiki for technical reasons I am back full-time. Just an fyi. Regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:14, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Welcome back! [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 04:24, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Glad you're back! [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:21, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Good to have you back :). [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 05:58, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Hello! Welcome. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 06:40, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Welcome back to the party! -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:58, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yay, welcome back :D --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 23:36, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Hello[[User:Vietnamtime|Vietnamtime]] ([[User talk:Vietnamtime|talk]]) 11:14, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Glad to see you returning! [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 01:11, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :Hello![[User:Vietnamtime|Vietnamtime]] ([[User talk:Vietnamtime|talk]]) 04:59, 1 June 2026 (UTC) == Template edit request == Hello, could I ask someone to please look at [[Template:Wikidata_image]], I left an edit request there. The template code is outdated as some empty functions were removed. The amended code and more information can be seen on [[Template_talk:Wikidata_image|Talk page]]. Thanks, -- [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 09:33, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:44, 29 May 2026 (UTC) == "Simplifying" Articles == Quick question: When creating an article, is it okay to copy from the English Wikipedia and then edit it so it is in Simple English? Thanks in advance. [[User:CubeMaster77777|CubeMaster77777]] ([[User talk:CubeMaster77777|talk]]) 15:59, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yes it is [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 16:09, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yes, but 1.) please make sure to add some kind of attribution and 2.) please actually simplify it. Re: the former, you can add attribution by putting it in the edit summary with something like "copying from [URI]" or posting to the talk page. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:18, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :it depends on how you do it. Please follow the instructions at [[WP:CW]]. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:48, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :A example on how to properly attribute your en wiki translation to a simple english article's talk page is [[Talk:Billy Zane]]. Use the attribution template, link the en wiki article and the version number (which can be found on the URL of the latest page revision on the article's history on enwiki). Hope this helps! :) [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 21:16, 29 May 2026 (UTC) ::Hello, I would say, an example workfolow could be: ::*Create the article here, andcopy over the lede from enwp; If you don't use the translation tool, add some mention on the talk page, to say that tis article is based on the EnWP version ::*Without much delay, go over the section, and simplify; for example split sentences into shorter ones; If you have references that occur multpile time, re-use them ::*Look that the eork generally follows our style guide ::*If it isn't already there, add an interwii link to enwp. ::*Fix categories, see if you find a good image to illustrate ::Once this has been done, you can do that with the next section, if you like. Also note: More controversial subjects need more thought, to give a balanced view. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 12:29, 30 May 2026 (UTC) == A question == Hey guys i am focusing mainly in improving newly-created car articles mainly adding sources and etc the question i have is:do you think i am doing a good job? Just asking. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 19:48, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Solid work! Thank you for your contributions. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 02:31, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::thanks! [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:41, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Looks good to me! Have you considered creating an account? This would let you edit semi-protected pages (after becoming autoconfirmed), and you would not lose your change history every 3 months. Either way, thanks for contributing! [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:12, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::no problem i think i will prefer to edit logged-out for now. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:42, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Great contributions! You’d be a great asset to the team. Echoing Garsh’s question/suggestion about creating an account :) [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 05:50, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::Please do create an account but please also remember that you can be blocked if you break the rules. If you get blocked you should not indulge in logged out editing nor should you create another account-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 11:16, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :::Ok i will be careful to not violate any rules [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:43, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::sorry for the late reply but thanks and like i said before i think i will prefer to edit logged-out [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:11, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :::No problem at all! We have temporary accounts for that reason. Edit however you want. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 16:18, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Decades BC == I recently noticed that in categories of BC decades that are a multiple of 100, (ex., [[:Category:300s BC]], [[:Category:200s BC]], [[:Category:100s BC]], [[:Category:400s BC]], etc. the link at the top of the page, "This [[help:categories|category]] is for topics specifically related to the [[300s BC|300s]]." Links to the wrong page, linking to the AD version instead of the BC version. This also happens in English Wikipedia, strangely enough. The issue is caused by the template for the page. Does anyone know the cause of this issue? <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span>_{[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:51, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :There are others who are far better at templates than I am, but from what I can see, it has to do with [[Template:Decade link]] (also used by enwiki) which is used by [[Template:Year category header/core]]. Basically, the header template uses [[Module:Year category type]] to detect which kind of category it is based on the title. The core subtemplate pulls this value and then modifies what the template header says. It uses the decade link template because the 100 multiple decades need to be disambiguated to distinguish from their respective century pages. That template makes no account for AB vs BC. The header/core does distinguish between the two, but only to add "BC" in the text of the header, not in the wikilink. I suppose one solution could be to fork a second template that would work for the BC categories and then use it in the decade_bc part of [[Template:Year category header/core]]. Some more experienced people should have a look. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:41, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Page Protection == Please protect the pages [[White Americans]], [[Angry white male]], and [[White nationalism]]. These pages are constantly targeted by the same LTA(s). This is essentially the same case as [[#Protecting White Supremacy?]]. If possible, could these pages also be semi-indefed? <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 04:36, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :I ageee that these should be protected, but not indefinitely. Since it’s primarily the same LTA, I think a medium term protection like a year or so should be sufficient. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:22, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ::Fair point. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 07:24, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :I've protected each page listed for three months. Once the protection expires on September 2 and excessive vandalism continues, a year protection would be the next move in my opinion. [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 16:47, 2 June 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks! <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 14:31, 3 June 2026 (UTC) == Simple English Wikipedia pools? == Hello Wikipedia administrators and other Wikipedians! I was wondering if we can add pools to the Simple English Wikipedia, just like how in the English Wikipedia we have [[:en:Wikipedia:Pools|pools]] in which people make guesses about various future milestones for English Wikipedia, i think we may also add that in the Simple English Wikipedia in which well people make guesses about various future milestones for the Simple English Wikipedia (like for example: the people can make a guess on when will the Simple English Wikipedia reaches 300,000 articles). And that's it i guess - [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 14:28, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :Interesting, Is Pool(s) only meant for guessing future milestones? Also, wouldn’t it be a bit unnecessary here? SEW doesn’t have as many active editors as enwiki, so participation would likely be quite limited. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 14:39, 3 June 2026 (UTC) ::Hello! But anyways, pools would be only meant for guessing future milestones. Just like English Wikipedia's [[:en:Wikipedia:Pools|pools]]. And the reason why we should add pools to SEW is because why not, i feel like this should have pools. And about participation... Well... Since there are less users on SEW than on the English Wikipedia does NOT mean that there is going to be completely no participation in the pools. Like some users on SEW might find these pools and well place their predictions on when will SEW will reach these certain milestones (like when will SEW will reach 300,000 articles) and yeah - [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 14:55, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :I understand where the idea comes from, but I'm not convinced that this would have much meaningful participation here. We don't have that many editors here, so editor time is more valuable. I don't think this is the best way to spend it. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:12, 4 June 2026 (UTC) == Article guidance enabled for the experimentation phase == Dear Wikipedians, The Article guidance team is pleased to announce that the <nowiki>[[Special:NewArticle|Article guidance feature]]</nowiki>, which supports editors, especially less experienced ones, in creating new articles aligned with community practices through community-tailored guidance, has been enabled on this Wikipedia as part of an A/B test. As part of the launch, we have collected initial feedback over the last few days and [[phab:maniphest/query/HHh7LVAxSJti/#R|resolved several issues]] based on community comments, and are now officially announcing the launch after addressing the primary issues highlighted. This milestone builds on the communications and collaborations with the community (see previous communications links: [<nowiki/>[[Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 173#h-Invitation to try the Article guidance feature in a test environment-20260403023500|1]]] [<nowiki/>[[Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 174#h-Invitation to adapt the Article guidance outlines-20260429233800|2]]]). We appreciate everyone who tested the feature, reviewed and adapted outlines, responded to questionnaires, participated in office hours, and shared feedback. Your insights have shaped this feature at every stage. The feature is primarily aimed at helping junior editors to create good quality articles that follow the community practices (and detect earlier cases where the intended article is not suited for the wiki). Although the focus is on junior editors, the involvement of more experienced editors is also key. In this experimentation phase, the feature is also being surfaced to experienced contributors so they can use it, raise any issues they find, and become familiar with it. Also, more experienced editors can refine the <nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Article Guidance|outlines]]</nowiki> and create additional ones tailored to the type of article outlines they think junior editors will need. Additionally, we want to ensure the feature can also help experienced editors by automating tedious tasks such as [[phab:T421250|Wikidata connections]]. Hearing from experienced editors is really important also to make sure that the new feature doesn't get in their way (and identify early potential issues to fix them). As we get the results of the experiment, we will be able to compare the impact of the feature on both groups to make sure that improvements for one don’t come at the expense of negatively affecting the other group.. Experienced contributors who want to skip creating a new article with the guidance provided in the feature will soon be able to do so once the improvement captured in [[phab:T426382|this ticket]] is implemented. It can be done by clicking on "Edit without community guidance", option at the bottom of the screen. This option will only be available to experienced contributors once they provide a title for the article in the feature. The experiment is currently running for a subset of editors creating new articles. It will measure whether guided article creation improves the 30-day survival rate of new articles as the key metric among [[phab:T414503|other measurements]]. This group will see the feature automatically as part of their article-creation workflow. Experienced contributors can continue creating outlines for specific article types as needed for new contributors. As a reference, [[Wikipedia:Article Guidance|over 30 outlines are available]] that can be useful as a starting point to define other outlines. Feel free to create outlines tailored to your Wikipedia’s practices and incorporate the tags and markups as they appear in the reference outlines. You can find a quick guide to markups used in outlines on [[mw:Article_guidance/Test_feature_guide#Markups_in_outlines|this page]]. Since this feature is new, we are implementing [[phab:maniphest/query/TX1YrGEYdFbS/#R|improvements identified by contributors]] and will continue to rely on more feedback to refine it. If you notice something that does not work as expected, please report it and share your feedback on [[mw:Talk:Article_guidance|the project talk page]]. We will continue to share updates as the experiment progresses. Best regards, [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 21:36, 4 June 2026 (UTC) 8i9c5jdrujm9spmg2q9u9h07afmq3xl 10879092 10879084 2026-06-04T21:44:29Z UOzurumba (WMF) 1091861 /* Article guidance enabled for the experimentation phase */ 10879092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 174 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Protecting White Supremacy? == Hello, we have the page [[white supremacy]]. I would like to suggest we fully protect the page, for 1-2 years, after which the protection is re-evaluated. My reasoning behind this is the following: *I edit-protected the page today (for six months), after finding that most of the edits ot the page are vandalism, or reverting vandalism- there is little "content work" *In 2023,2025, and now 2026, there was at least one long term protection of the page *The talk page remains open, and unnmed/unconfirmed editors can still suggest changes. The page gets an average of 427 views per month (or a bit over 10 per day). What do other people think? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 14:51, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :What I mean is: people wanting to edit need to be auto confirmed [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 15:57, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :I support long term semi-protection for this page. I think you are correct that it is difficult for us to keep up with the level of vandalism we are seeing. The vandalism is mostly from temp and new accounts, so semi-protection is a proportional response. I'd say let's protect it for 12 or 18 months and then let it open and see if the vandalism starts again. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 16:51, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :We should probably start being more lenient about semi-protecting pages. While it's certainly a good idea, that in general everyone should be able to edit a project, times have changed a lot in the past 20 years. Nowadays, there is much more vandalism. Other projects, such as enwiki, have introduced the extended confirmed protection for large parts of the project. I think we should start using the semi-protection more frequently and for longer on problematic topics. We are too few people to really keep track of all types of vandalism, especially clever vandalism, where incorrect data is inserted into our articles and often goes unnoticed. I think we could make things easier by protecting pages more often and for longer. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:15, 24 May 2026 (UTC) ::The page is currently semi-protected, for six months. I was tempted to use a longer protection, but wanted to get community input. I can think of a few other pages where we likely have similar problems [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:49, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :::If nobody objects, go ahead and do what you feel is best. [[White Americans]] has been one of many targets of the same vandal(s) as [[White supremacy]]. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 00:18, 25 May 2026 (UTC) ::Maybe we consider more leniency with protecting sensitive topics. These could be political figures, race, current events, etc. A lot of vandalism seems to concentrate in these areas. A unfortunate part of it doesn’t get caught or takes some time before it does. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 00:16, 25 May 2026 (UTC) ::I think our current protection policy is fine to allow that. We can currently only use protection if it is the {{tq|only option left available to solve the problem of vandalism of the page}}, but if lots of sneaky vandalism is going undetected on multiple occasions, it surely ''is'' the only option left to solve the vandalism. I don't want us to start encouraging protection again as I and other admins have been undoing long protections (see [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=protect&user=&page=&wpdate=&tagfilter=&subtype=unprotect&wpFormIdentifier=logeventslist&excludetempacct=1]) and good results have came of it pretty much every time. I should also mention the "honeypot" effect - if a page is closely watched, then vandalism on it will not last very long (and it is very unlikely a reader will come across it in that state) so in a case like that, protection just isn't necessary and pushes them onto parts of the wiki less watched so is actually counterintuitive. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 13:35, 28 May 2026 (UTC) :::I definitely see this side of things too. There is a line between protecting the integrity of the project and overprotecting such that it violates the nature of our mission, and the latter seems to have been done in the past. I will say, it is very frustrating sometimes for those of us who look through recent changes to see the same vandalism repeated by the same LTAs for months. It seems to me that some vandals are only interested in vandalizing certain pages, and it's not a guarantee that they will move along to others. I do agree that permanent protection, especially full protection, shouldn't really be done on content pages. Also, create protection should only be applied to problematic titles that could never really have a legitimate article created (repeated recreations of RfD deletions, hoaxes, etc). I am still in support of medium term protection though as Eptalon is suggesting, especially when shorter terms have not been shown to work. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:42, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :i think it should be indefinitely semi. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 12:30, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you all for the inputs; following this discussion, I have changed the protection to expire a year from now. After the year, we can assess how well this has worked. I would laso suggest, that if people noriuce other pages with a similar editing history, that they start a discussion on ST. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 15:42, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2026 U4C election == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Ongoing project-wide solidarity issue == I haven't been as active here lately as I would like, but I just wanted to make sure this community is aware of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Workers_United#Solidarity the WWU solidarity campaign] ongoing at Meta-Wiki. There's also [[:en:Wikipedia:Wiki Workers United solidarity|an enwiki petition]] threatening an editing strike. This is an important issue to a lot of editors and WMF employees, so I figured I'd spread the word. Thanks, [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 21:42, 28 May 2026 (UTC) == Hi all == After a period of time where I was unable to participate on wiki for technical reasons I am back full-time. Just an fyi. Regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:14, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Welcome back! [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 04:24, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Glad you're back! [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:21, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Good to have you back :). [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 05:58, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Hello! Welcome. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 06:40, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Welcome back to the party! -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:58, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yay, welcome back :D --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 23:36, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Hello[[User:Vietnamtime|Vietnamtime]] ([[User talk:Vietnamtime|talk]]) 11:14, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Glad to see you returning! [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 01:11, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :Hello![[User:Vietnamtime|Vietnamtime]] ([[User talk:Vietnamtime|talk]]) 04:59, 1 June 2026 (UTC) == Template edit request == Hello, could I ask someone to please look at [[Template:Wikidata_image]], I left an edit request there. The template code is outdated as some empty functions were removed. The amended code and more information can be seen on [[Template_talk:Wikidata_image|Talk page]]. Thanks, -- [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 09:33, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:44, 29 May 2026 (UTC) == "Simplifying" Articles == Quick question: When creating an article, is it okay to copy from the English Wikipedia and then edit it so it is in Simple English? Thanks in advance. [[User:CubeMaster77777|CubeMaster77777]] ([[User talk:CubeMaster77777|talk]]) 15:59, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yes it is [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 16:09, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yes, but 1.) please make sure to add some kind of attribution and 2.) please actually simplify it. Re: the former, you can add attribution by putting it in the edit summary with something like "copying from [URI]" or posting to the talk page. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:18, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :it depends on how you do it. Please follow the instructions at [[WP:CW]]. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:48, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :A example on how to properly attribute your en wiki translation to a simple english article's talk page is [[Talk:Billy Zane]]. Use the attribution template, link the en wiki article and the version number (which can be found on the URL of the latest page revision on the article's history on enwiki). Hope this helps! :) [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 21:16, 29 May 2026 (UTC) ::Hello, I would say, an example workfolow could be: ::*Create the article here, andcopy over the lede from enwp; If you don't use the translation tool, add some mention on the talk page, to say that tis article is based on the EnWP version ::*Without much delay, go over the section, and simplify; for example split sentences into shorter ones; If you have references that occur multpile time, re-use them ::*Look that the eork generally follows our style guide ::*If it isn't already there, add an interwii link to enwp. ::*Fix categories, see if you find a good image to illustrate ::Once this has been done, you can do that with the next section, if you like. Also note: More controversial subjects need more thought, to give a balanced view. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 12:29, 30 May 2026 (UTC) == A question == Hey guys i am focusing mainly in improving newly-created car articles mainly adding sources and etc the question i have is:do you think i am doing a good job? Just asking. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 19:48, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Solid work! Thank you for your contributions. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 02:31, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::thanks! [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:41, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Looks good to me! Have you considered creating an account? This would let you edit semi-protected pages (after becoming autoconfirmed), and you would not lose your change history every 3 months. Either way, thanks for contributing! [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:12, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::no problem i think i will prefer to edit logged-out for now. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:42, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Great contributions! You’d be a great asset to the team. Echoing Garsh’s question/suggestion about creating an account :) [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 05:50, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::Please do create an account but please also remember that you can be blocked if you break the rules. If you get blocked you should not indulge in logged out editing nor should you create another account-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 11:16, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :::Ok i will be careful to not violate any rules [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:43, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::sorry for the late reply but thanks and like i said before i think i will prefer to edit logged-out [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:11, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :::No problem at all! We have temporary accounts for that reason. Edit however you want. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 16:18, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Decades BC == I recently noticed that in categories of BC decades that are a multiple of 100, (ex., [[:Category:300s BC]], [[:Category:200s BC]], [[:Category:100s BC]], [[:Category:400s BC]], etc. the link at the top of the page, "This [[help:categories|category]] is for topics specifically related to the [[300s BC|300s]]." Links to the wrong page, linking to the AD version instead of the BC version. This also happens in English Wikipedia, strangely enough. The issue is caused by the template for the page. Does anyone know the cause of this issue? <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span>_{[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:51, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :There are others who are far better at templates than I am, but from what I can see, it has to do with [[Template:Decade link]] (also used by enwiki) which is used by [[Template:Year category header/core]]. Basically, the header template uses [[Module:Year category type]] to detect which kind of category it is based on the title. The core subtemplate pulls this value and then modifies what the template header says. It uses the decade link template because the 100 multiple decades need to be disambiguated to distinguish from their respective century pages. That template makes no account for AB vs BC. The header/core does distinguish between the two, but only to add "BC" in the text of the header, not in the wikilink. I suppose one solution could be to fork a second template that would work for the BC categories and then use it in the decade_bc part of [[Template:Year category header/core]]. Some more experienced people should have a look. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:41, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Page Protection == Please protect the pages [[White Americans]], [[Angry white male]], and [[White nationalism]]. These pages are constantly targeted by the same LTA(s). This is essentially the same case as [[#Protecting White Supremacy?]]. If possible, could these pages also be semi-indefed? <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 04:36, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :I ageee that these should be protected, but not indefinitely. Since it’s primarily the same LTA, I think a medium term protection like a year or so should be sufficient. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:22, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ::Fair point. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 07:24, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :I've protected each page listed for three months. Once the protection expires on September 2 and excessive vandalism continues, a year protection would be the next move in my opinion. [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 16:47, 2 June 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks! <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 14:31, 3 June 2026 (UTC) == Simple English Wikipedia pools? == Hello Wikipedia administrators and other Wikipedians! I was wondering if we can add pools to the Simple English Wikipedia, just like how in the English Wikipedia we have [[:en:Wikipedia:Pools|pools]] in which people make guesses about various future milestones for English Wikipedia, i think we may also add that in the Simple English Wikipedia in which well people make guesses about various future milestones for the Simple English Wikipedia (like for example: the people can make a guess on when will the Simple English Wikipedia reaches 300,000 articles). And that's it i guess - [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 14:28, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :Interesting, Is Pool(s) only meant for guessing future milestones? Also, wouldn’t it be a bit unnecessary here? SEW doesn’t have as many active editors as enwiki, so participation would likely be quite limited. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 14:39, 3 June 2026 (UTC) ::Hello! But anyways, pools would be only meant for guessing future milestones. Just like English Wikipedia's [[:en:Wikipedia:Pools|pools]]. And the reason why we should add pools to SEW is because why not, i feel like this should have pools. And about participation... Well... Since there are less users on SEW than on the English Wikipedia does NOT mean that there is going to be completely no participation in the pools. Like some users on SEW might find these pools and well place their predictions on when will SEW will reach these certain milestones (like when will SEW will reach 300,000 articles) and yeah - [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 14:55, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :I understand where the idea comes from, but I'm not convinced that this would have much meaningful participation here. We don't have that many editors here, so editor time is more valuable. I don't think this is the best way to spend it. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:12, 4 June 2026 (UTC) == Article guidance enabled for the experimentation phase == Dear Wikipedians, The Article guidance team is pleased to announce that the [[Special:NewArticle|Article guidance feature]], which supports editors, especially less experienced ones, in creating new articles aligned with community practices through community-tailored guidance, has been enabled on this Wikipedia as part of an A/B test. As part of the launch, we have collected initial feedback over the last few days and [[phab:maniphest/query/HHh7LVAxSJti/#R|resolved several issues]] based on community comments, and are now officially announcing the launch after addressing the primary issues highlighted. This milestone builds on the communications and collaborations with the community (see previous communications links: [[Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 173#h-Invitation to try the Article guidance feature in a test environment-20260403023500|1]] [[Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 174#h-Invitation to adapt the Article guidance outlines-20260429233800|2]] ). We appreciate everyone who tested the feature, reviewed and adapted outlines, responded to questionnaires, participated in office hours, and shared feedback. Your insights have shaped this feature at every stage. The feature is primarily aimed at helping junior editors to create good quality articles that follow the community practices (and detect earlier cases where the intended article is not suited for the wiki). Although the focus is on junior editors, the involvement of more experienced editors is also key. In this experimentation phase, the feature is also being surfaced to experienced contributors so they can use it, raise any issues they find, and become familiar with it. Also, more experienced editors can refine the [[Wikipedia:Article Guidance|outlines]] and create additional ones tailored to the type of article outlines they think junior editors will need. Additionally, we want to ensure the feature can also help experienced editors by automating tedious tasks such as [[phab:T421250|Wikidata connections]]. Hearing from experienced editors is really important also to make sure that the new feature doesn't get in their way (and identify early potential issues to fix them). As we get the results of the experiment, we will be able to compare the impact of the feature on both groups to make sure that improvements for one don’t come at the expense of negatively affecting the other group.. Experienced contributors who want to skip creating a new article with the guidance provided in the feature will soon be able to do so once the improvement captured in [[phab:T426382|this ticket]] is implemented. It can be done by clicking on "Edit without community guidance", option at the bottom of the screen. This option will only be available to experienced contributors once they provide a title for the article in the feature. The experiment is currently running for a subset of editors creating new articles. It will measure whether guided article creation improves the 30-day survival rate of new articles as the key metric among [[phab:T414503|other measurements]]. This group will see the feature automatically as part of their article-creation workflow. Experienced contributors can continue creating outlines for specific article types as needed for new contributors. As a reference, [[Wikipedia:Article Guidance|over 30 outlines are available]] that can be useful as a starting point to define other outlines. Feel free to create outlines tailored to your Wikipedia’s practices and incorporate the tags and markups as they appear in the reference outlines. You can find a quick guide to markups used in outlines on [[mw:Article_guidance/Test_feature_guide#Markups_in_outlines|this page]]. Since this feature is new, we are implementing [[phab:maniphest/query/TX1YrGEYdFbS/#R|improvements identified by contributors]] and will continue to rely on more feedback to refine it. If you notice something that does not work as expected, please report it and share your feedback on [[mw:Talk:Article_guidance|the project talk page]]. We will continue to share updates as the experiment progresses. Best regards, [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 21:36, 4 June 2026 (UTC) 84pu1bkapg93bgkvjlfnqpez3ykhqjg 10879162 10879092 2026-06-05T00:11:09Z UOzurumba (WMF) 1091861 /* Article guidance enabled for the experimentation phase */ 10879162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 174 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Protecting White Supremacy? == Hello, we have the page [[white supremacy]]. I would like to suggest we fully protect the page, for 1-2 years, after which the protection is re-evaluated. My reasoning behind this is the following: *I edit-protected the page today (for six months), after finding that most of the edits ot the page are vandalism, or reverting vandalism- there is little "content work" *In 2023,2025, and now 2026, there was at least one long term protection of the page *The talk page remains open, and unnmed/unconfirmed editors can still suggest changes. The page gets an average of 427 views per month (or a bit over 10 per day). What do other people think? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 14:51, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :What I mean is: people wanting to edit need to be auto confirmed [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 15:57, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :I support long term semi-protection for this page. I think you are correct that it is difficult for us to keep up with the level of vandalism we are seeing. The vandalism is mostly from temp and new accounts, so semi-protection is a proportional response. I'd say let's protect it for 12 or 18 months and then let it open and see if the vandalism starts again. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 16:51, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :We should probably start being more lenient about semi-protecting pages. While it's certainly a good idea, that in general everyone should be able to edit a project, times have changed a lot in the past 20 years. Nowadays, there is much more vandalism. Other projects, such as enwiki, have introduced the extended confirmed protection for large parts of the project. I think we should start using the semi-protection more frequently and for longer on problematic topics. We are too few people to really keep track of all types of vandalism, especially clever vandalism, where incorrect data is inserted into our articles and often goes unnoticed. I think we could make things easier by protecting pages more often and for longer. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:15, 24 May 2026 (UTC) ::The page is currently semi-protected, for six months. I was tempted to use a longer protection, but wanted to get community input. I can think of a few other pages where we likely have similar problems [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:49, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :::If nobody objects, go ahead and do what you feel is best. [[White Americans]] has been one of many targets of the same vandal(s) as [[White supremacy]]. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 00:18, 25 May 2026 (UTC) ::Maybe we consider more leniency with protecting sensitive topics. These could be political figures, race, current events, etc. A lot of vandalism seems to concentrate in these areas. A unfortunate part of it doesn’t get caught or takes some time before it does. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 00:16, 25 May 2026 (UTC) ::I think our current protection policy is fine to allow that. We can currently only use protection if it is the {{tq|only option left available to solve the problem of vandalism of the page}}, but if lots of sneaky vandalism is going undetected on multiple occasions, it surely ''is'' the only option left to solve the vandalism. I don't want us to start encouraging protection again as I and other admins have been undoing long protections (see [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=protect&user=&page=&wpdate=&tagfilter=&subtype=unprotect&wpFormIdentifier=logeventslist&excludetempacct=1]) and good results have came of it pretty much every time. I should also mention the "honeypot" effect - if a page is closely watched, then vandalism on it will not last very long (and it is very unlikely a reader will come across it in that state) so in a case like that, protection just isn't necessary and pushes them onto parts of the wiki less watched so is actually counterintuitive. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 13:35, 28 May 2026 (UTC) :::I definitely see this side of things too. There is a line between protecting the integrity of the project and overprotecting such that it violates the nature of our mission, and the latter seems to have been done in the past. I will say, it is very frustrating sometimes for those of us who look through recent changes to see the same vandalism repeated by the same LTAs for months. It seems to me that some vandals are only interested in vandalizing certain pages, and it's not a guarantee that they will move along to others. I do agree that permanent protection, especially full protection, shouldn't really be done on content pages. Also, create protection should only be applied to problematic titles that could never really have a legitimate article created (repeated recreations of RfD deletions, hoaxes, etc). I am still in support of medium term protection though as Eptalon is suggesting, especially when shorter terms have not been shown to work. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:42, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :i think it should be indefinitely semi. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 12:30, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you all for the inputs; following this discussion, I have changed the protection to expire a year from now. After the year, we can assess how well this has worked. I would laso suggest, that if people noriuce other pages with a similar editing history, that they start a discussion on ST. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 15:42, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2026 U4C election == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Ongoing project-wide solidarity issue == I haven't been as active here lately as I would like, but I just wanted to make sure this community is aware of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Workers_United#Solidarity the WWU solidarity campaign] ongoing at Meta-Wiki. There's also [[:en:Wikipedia:Wiki Workers United solidarity|an enwiki petition]] threatening an editing strike. This is an important issue to a lot of editors and WMF employees, so I figured I'd spread the word. Thanks, [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 21:42, 28 May 2026 (UTC) == Hi all == After a period of time where I was unable to participate on wiki for technical reasons I am back full-time. Just an fyi. Regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:14, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Welcome back! [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 04:24, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Glad you're back! [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:21, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Good to have you back :). [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 05:58, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Hello! Welcome. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 06:40, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Welcome back to the party! -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:58, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yay, welcome back :D --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 23:36, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Hello[[User:Vietnamtime|Vietnamtime]] ([[User talk:Vietnamtime|talk]]) 11:14, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Glad to see you returning! [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 01:11, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :Hello![[User:Vietnamtime|Vietnamtime]] ([[User talk:Vietnamtime|talk]]) 04:59, 1 June 2026 (UTC) == Template edit request == Hello, could I ask someone to please look at [[Template:Wikidata_image]], I left an edit request there. The template code is outdated as some empty functions were removed. The amended code and more information can be seen on [[Template_talk:Wikidata_image|Talk page]]. Thanks, -- [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 09:33, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:44, 29 May 2026 (UTC) == "Simplifying" Articles == Quick question: When creating an article, is it okay to copy from the English Wikipedia and then edit it so it is in Simple English? Thanks in advance. [[User:CubeMaster77777|CubeMaster77777]] ([[User talk:CubeMaster77777|talk]]) 15:59, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yes it is [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 16:09, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yes, but 1.) please make sure to add some kind of attribution and 2.) please actually simplify it. Re: the former, you can add attribution by putting it in the edit summary with something like "copying from [URI]" or posting to the talk page. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:18, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :it depends on how you do it. Please follow the instructions at [[WP:CW]]. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:48, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :A example on how to properly attribute your en wiki translation to a simple english article's talk page is [[Talk:Billy Zane]]. Use the attribution template, link the en wiki article and the version number (which can be found on the URL of the latest page revision on the article's history on enwiki). Hope this helps! :) [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 21:16, 29 May 2026 (UTC) ::Hello, I would say, an example workfolow could be: ::*Create the article here, andcopy over the lede from enwp; If you don't use the translation tool, add some mention on the talk page, to say that tis article is based on the EnWP version ::*Without much delay, go over the section, and simplify; for example split sentences into shorter ones; If you have references that occur multpile time, re-use them ::*Look that the eork generally follows our style guide ::*If it isn't already there, add an interwii link to enwp. ::*Fix categories, see if you find a good image to illustrate ::Once this has been done, you can do that with the next section, if you like. Also note: More controversial subjects need more thought, to give a balanced view. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 12:29, 30 May 2026 (UTC) == A question == Hey guys i am focusing mainly in improving newly-created car articles mainly adding sources and etc the question i have is:do you think i am doing a good job? Just asking. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 19:48, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Solid work! Thank you for your contributions. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 02:31, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::thanks! [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:41, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Looks good to me! Have you considered creating an account? This would let you edit semi-protected pages (after becoming autoconfirmed), and you would not lose your change history every 3 months. Either way, thanks for contributing! [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:12, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::no problem i think i will prefer to edit logged-out for now. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:42, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Great contributions! You’d be a great asset to the team. Echoing Garsh’s question/suggestion about creating an account :) [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 05:50, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::Please do create an account but please also remember that you can be blocked if you break the rules. If you get blocked you should not indulge in logged out editing nor should you create another account-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 11:16, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :::Ok i will be careful to not violate any rules [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:43, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::sorry for the late reply but thanks and like i said before i think i will prefer to edit logged-out [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:11, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :::No problem at all! We have temporary accounts for that reason. Edit however you want. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 16:18, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Decades BC == I recently noticed that in categories of BC decades that are a multiple of 100, (ex., [[:Category:300s BC]], [[:Category:200s BC]], [[:Category:100s BC]], [[:Category:400s BC]], etc. the link at the top of the page, "This [[help:categories|category]] is for topics specifically related to the [[300s BC|300s]]." Links to the wrong page, linking to the AD version instead of the BC version. This also happens in English Wikipedia, strangely enough. The issue is caused by the template for the page. Does anyone know the cause of this issue? <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span>_{[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:51, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :There are others who are far better at templates than I am, but from what I can see, it has to do with [[Template:Decade link]] (also used by enwiki) which is used by [[Template:Year category header/core]]. Basically, the header template uses [[Module:Year category type]] to detect which kind of category it is based on the title. The core subtemplate pulls this value and then modifies what the template header says. It uses the decade link template because the 100 multiple decades need to be disambiguated to distinguish from their respective century pages. That template makes no account for AB vs BC. The header/core does distinguish between the two, but only to add "BC" in the text of the header, not in the wikilink. I suppose one solution could be to fork a second template that would work for the BC categories and then use it in the decade_bc part of [[Template:Year category header/core]]. Some more experienced people should have a look. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:41, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Page Protection == Please protect the pages [[White Americans]], [[Angry white male]], and [[White nationalism]]. These pages are constantly targeted by the same LTA(s). This is essentially the same case as [[#Protecting White Supremacy?]]. If possible, could these pages also be semi-indefed? <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 04:36, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :I ageee that these should be protected, but not indefinitely. Since it’s primarily the same LTA, I think a medium term protection like a year or so should be sufficient. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:22, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ::Fair point. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 07:24, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :I've protected each page listed for three months. Once the protection expires on September 2 and excessive vandalism continues, a year protection would be the next move in my opinion. [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 16:47, 2 June 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks! <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 14:31, 3 June 2026 (UTC) == Simple English Wikipedia pools? == Hello Wikipedia administrators and other Wikipedians! I was wondering if we can add pools to the Simple English Wikipedia, just like how in the English Wikipedia we have [[:en:Wikipedia:Pools|pools]] in which people make guesses about various future milestones for English Wikipedia, i think we may also add that in the Simple English Wikipedia in which well people make guesses about various future milestones for the Simple English Wikipedia (like for example: the people can make a guess on when will the Simple English Wikipedia reaches 300,000 articles). And that's it i guess - [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 14:28, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :Interesting, Is Pool(s) only meant for guessing future milestones? Also, wouldn’t it be a bit unnecessary here? SEW doesn’t have as many active editors as enwiki, so participation would likely be quite limited. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 14:39, 3 June 2026 (UTC) ::Hello! But anyways, pools would be only meant for guessing future milestones. Just like English Wikipedia's [[:en:Wikipedia:Pools|pools]]. And the reason why we should add pools to SEW is because why not, i feel like this should have pools. And about participation... Well... Since there are less users on SEW than on the English Wikipedia does NOT mean that there is going to be completely no participation in the pools. Like some users on SEW might find these pools and well place their predictions on when will SEW will reach these certain milestones (like when will SEW will reach 300,000 articles) and yeah - [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 14:55, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :I understand where the idea comes from, but I'm not convinced that this would have much meaningful participation here. We don't have that many editors here, so editor time is more valuable. I don't think this is the best way to spend it. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:12, 4 June 2026 (UTC) == Article guidance enabled for the experimentation phase == Dear Wikipedians, The Article guidance team is pleased to announce that the [[Special:NewArticle|Article guidance feature]], which supports editors, especially less experienced ones, in creating new articles aligned with community practices through community-tailored guidance, has been enabled on this Wikipedia as part of an A/B test. As part of the launch, we have collected initial feedback over the last few days and [[phab:maniphest/query/HHh7LVAxSJti/#R|resolved several issues]] based on community comments, and are now officially announcing the launch after addressing the primary issues highlighted. This milestone builds on the communications and collaborations with the community (see previous communications links: [[Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 173#h-Invitation to try the Article guidance feature in a test environment-20260403023500|1]] [[Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 174#h-Invitation to adapt the Article guidance outlines-20260429233800|2]] ). We appreciate everyone who tested the feature, reviewed and adapted outlines, responded to questionnaires, participated in office hours, and shared feedback. Your insights have shaped this feature at every stage. The feature is primarily aimed at helping junior editors to create good quality articles that follow the community practices (and detect earlier cases where the intended article is not suited for the wiki). Although the focus is on junior editors, the involvement of more experienced editors is also key. In this experimentation phase, the feature is also being surfaced to experienced contributors so they can use it, raise any issues they find, and become familiar with it. Also, more experienced editors can refine the [[Wikipedia:Article Guidance|outlines]] and create additional ones tailored to the type of article outlines they think junior editors will need. Additionally, we want to ensure the feature can also help experienced editors by automating tedious tasks such as [[phab:T421250|Wikidata connections]]. Hearing from experienced editors is really important also to make sure that the new feature doesn't get in their way (and identify early potential issues to fix them). As we get the results of the experiment, we will be able to compare the impact of the feature on both groups to make sure that improvements for one don’t come at the expense of negatively affecting the other group.. Experienced contributors who want to skip creating a new article with the guidance provided in the feature will soon be able to do so once the improvement captured in [[phab:T426382|this ticket]] is implemented. It can be done by clicking on "Edit without community guidance", option at the bottom of the screen, see image below. This option will only be available to experienced contributors once they provide a title for the article in the feature. [[File:"Edit without community guidance" screenshot.png|thumb|left|A screenshot showing the "Skip assistance. Edit without community guidance" option in the Article guidance feature]] The experiment is currently running for a subset of editors creating new articles. It will measure whether guided article creation improves the 30-day survival rate of new articles as the key metric among [[phab:T414503|other measurements]]. This group will see the feature automatically as part of their article-creation workflow. Experienced contributors can continue creating outlines for specific article types as needed for new contributors. As a reference, [[Wikipedia:Article Guidance|over 30 outlines are available]] that can be useful as a starting point to define other outlines. Feel free to create outlines tailored to your Wikipedia’s practices and incorporate the tags and markups as they appear in the reference outlines. You can find a quick guide to markups used in outlines on [[mw:Article_guidance/Test_feature_guide#Markups_in_outlines|this page]]. Since this feature is new, we are implementing [[phab:maniphest/query/TX1YrGEYdFbS/#R|improvements identified by contributors]] and will continue to rely on more feedback to refine it. If you notice something that does not work as expected, please report it and share your feedback on [[mw:Talk:Article_guidance|the project talk page]]. We will continue to share updates as the experiment progresses. Best regards, [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 21:36, 4 June 2026 (UTC) sti6aswc8da5ae3cshkw78yjslh6s3c 10879171 10879162 2026-06-05T00:21:32Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 /* Article guidance enabled for the experimentation phase */ Reply 10879171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 174 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Protecting White Supremacy? == Hello, we have the page [[white supremacy]]. I would like to suggest we fully protect the page, for 1-2 years, after which the protection is re-evaluated. My reasoning behind this is the following: *I edit-protected the page today (for six months), after finding that most of the edits ot the page are vandalism, or reverting vandalism- there is little "content work" *In 2023,2025, and now 2026, there was at least one long term protection of the page *The talk page remains open, and unnmed/unconfirmed editors can still suggest changes. The page gets an average of 427 views per month (or a bit over 10 per day). What do other people think? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 14:51, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :What I mean is: people wanting to edit need to be auto confirmed [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 15:57, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :I support long term semi-protection for this page. I think you are correct that it is difficult for us to keep up with the level of vandalism we are seeing. The vandalism is mostly from temp and new accounts, so semi-protection is a proportional response. I'd say let's protect it for 12 or 18 months and then let it open and see if the vandalism starts again. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 16:51, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :We should probably start being more lenient about semi-protecting pages. While it's certainly a good idea, that in general everyone should be able to edit a project, times have changed a lot in the past 20 years. Nowadays, there is much more vandalism. Other projects, such as enwiki, have introduced the extended confirmed protection for large parts of the project. I think we should start using the semi-protection more frequently and for longer on problematic topics. We are too few people to really keep track of all types of vandalism, especially clever vandalism, where incorrect data is inserted into our articles and often goes unnoticed. I think we could make things easier by protecting pages more often and for longer. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:15, 24 May 2026 (UTC) ::The page is currently semi-protected, for six months. I was tempted to use a longer protection, but wanted to get community input. I can think of a few other pages where we likely have similar problems [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:49, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :::If nobody objects, go ahead and do what you feel is best. [[White Americans]] has been one of many targets of the same vandal(s) as [[White supremacy]]. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 00:18, 25 May 2026 (UTC) ::Maybe we consider more leniency with protecting sensitive topics. These could be political figures, race, current events, etc. A lot of vandalism seems to concentrate in these areas. A unfortunate part of it doesn’t get caught or takes some time before it does. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 00:16, 25 May 2026 (UTC) ::I think our current protection policy is fine to allow that. We can currently only use protection if it is the {{tq|only option left available to solve the problem of vandalism of the page}}, but if lots of sneaky vandalism is going undetected on multiple occasions, it surely ''is'' the only option left to solve the vandalism. I don't want us to start encouraging protection again as I and other admins have been undoing long protections (see [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=protect&user=&page=&wpdate=&tagfilter=&subtype=unprotect&wpFormIdentifier=logeventslist&excludetempacct=1]) and good results have came of it pretty much every time. I should also mention the "honeypot" effect - if a page is closely watched, then vandalism on it will not last very long (and it is very unlikely a reader will come across it in that state) so in a case like that, protection just isn't necessary and pushes them onto parts of the wiki less watched so is actually counterintuitive. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 13:35, 28 May 2026 (UTC) :::I definitely see this side of things too. There is a line between protecting the integrity of the project and overprotecting such that it violates the nature of our mission, and the latter seems to have been done in the past. I will say, it is very frustrating sometimes for those of us who look through recent changes to see the same vandalism repeated by the same LTAs for months. It seems to me that some vandals are only interested in vandalizing certain pages, and it's not a guarantee that they will move along to others. I do agree that permanent protection, especially full protection, shouldn't really be done on content pages. Also, create protection should only be applied to problematic titles that could never really have a legitimate article created (repeated recreations of RfD deletions, hoaxes, etc). I am still in support of medium term protection though as Eptalon is suggesting, especially when shorter terms have not been shown to work. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:42, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :i think it should be indefinitely semi. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 12:30, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you all for the inputs; following this discussion, I have changed the protection to expire a year from now. After the year, we can assess how well this has worked. I would laso suggest, that if people noriuce other pages with a similar editing history, that they start a discussion on ST. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 15:42, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2026 U4C election == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Ongoing project-wide solidarity issue == I haven't been as active here lately as I would like, but I just wanted to make sure this community is aware of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Workers_United#Solidarity the WWU solidarity campaign] ongoing at Meta-Wiki. There's also [[:en:Wikipedia:Wiki Workers United solidarity|an enwiki petition]] threatening an editing strike. This is an important issue to a lot of editors and WMF employees, so I figured I'd spread the word. Thanks, [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 21:42, 28 May 2026 (UTC) == Hi all == After a period of time where I was unable to participate on wiki for technical reasons I am back full-time. Just an fyi. Regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:14, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Welcome back! [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 04:24, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Glad you're back! [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:21, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Good to have you back :). [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 05:58, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Hello! Welcome. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 06:40, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Welcome back to the party! -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:58, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yay, welcome back :D --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 23:36, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Hello[[User:Vietnamtime|Vietnamtime]] ([[User talk:Vietnamtime|talk]]) 11:14, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Glad to see you returning! [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 01:11, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :Hello![[User:Vietnamtime|Vietnamtime]] ([[User talk:Vietnamtime|talk]]) 04:59, 1 June 2026 (UTC) == Template edit request == Hello, could I ask someone to please look at [[Template:Wikidata_image]], I left an edit request there. The template code is outdated as some empty functions were removed. The amended code and more information can be seen on [[Template_talk:Wikidata_image|Talk page]]. Thanks, -- [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 09:33, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:44, 29 May 2026 (UTC) == "Simplifying" Articles == Quick question: When creating an article, is it okay to copy from the English Wikipedia and then edit it so it is in Simple English? Thanks in advance. [[User:CubeMaster77777|CubeMaster77777]] ([[User talk:CubeMaster77777|talk]]) 15:59, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yes it is [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 16:09, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yes, but 1.) please make sure to add some kind of attribution and 2.) please actually simplify it. Re: the former, you can add attribution by putting it in the edit summary with something like "copying from [URI]" or posting to the talk page. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:18, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :it depends on how you do it. Please follow the instructions at [[WP:CW]]. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:48, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :A example on how to properly attribute your en wiki translation to a simple english article's talk page is [[Talk:Billy Zane]]. Use the attribution template, link the en wiki article and the version number (which can be found on the URL of the latest page revision on the article's history on enwiki). Hope this helps! :) [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 21:16, 29 May 2026 (UTC) ::Hello, I would say, an example workfolow could be: ::*Create the article here, andcopy over the lede from enwp; If you don't use the translation tool, add some mention on the talk page, to say that tis article is based on the EnWP version ::*Without much delay, go over the section, and simplify; for example split sentences into shorter ones; If you have references that occur multpile time, re-use them ::*Look that the eork generally follows our style guide ::*If it isn't already there, add an interwii link to enwp. ::*Fix categories, see if you find a good image to illustrate ::Once this has been done, you can do that with the next section, if you like. Also note: More controversial subjects need more thought, to give a balanced view. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 12:29, 30 May 2026 (UTC) == A question == Hey guys i am focusing mainly in improving newly-created car articles mainly adding sources and etc the question i have is:do you think i am doing a good job? Just asking. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 19:48, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Solid work! Thank you for your contributions. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 02:31, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::thanks! [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:41, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Looks good to me! Have you considered creating an account? This would let you edit semi-protected pages (after becoming autoconfirmed), and you would not lose your change history every 3 months. Either way, thanks for contributing! [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:12, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::no problem i think i will prefer to edit logged-out for now. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:42, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Great contributions! You’d be a great asset to the team. Echoing Garsh’s question/suggestion about creating an account :) [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 05:50, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::Please do create an account but please also remember that you can be blocked if you break the rules. If you get blocked you should not indulge in logged out editing nor should you create another account-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 11:16, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :::Ok i will be careful to not violate any rules [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:43, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::sorry for the late reply but thanks and like i said before i think i will prefer to edit logged-out [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:11, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :::No problem at all! We have temporary accounts for that reason. Edit however you want. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 16:18, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Decades BC == I recently noticed that in categories of BC decades that are a multiple of 100, (ex., [[:Category:300s BC]], [[:Category:200s BC]], [[:Category:100s BC]], [[:Category:400s BC]], etc. the link at the top of the page, "This [[help:categories|category]] is for topics specifically related to the [[300s BC|300s]]." Links to the wrong page, linking to the AD version instead of the BC version. This also happens in English Wikipedia, strangely enough. The issue is caused by the template for the page. Does anyone know the cause of this issue? <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span>_{[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:51, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :There are others who are far better at templates than I am, but from what I can see, it has to do with [[Template:Decade link]] (also used by enwiki) which is used by [[Template:Year category header/core]]. Basically, the header template uses [[Module:Year category type]] to detect which kind of category it is based on the title. The core subtemplate pulls this value and then modifies what the template header says. It uses the decade link template because the 100 multiple decades need to be disambiguated to distinguish from their respective century pages. That template makes no account for AB vs BC. The header/core does distinguish between the two, but only to add "BC" in the text of the header, not in the wikilink. I suppose one solution could be to fork a second template that would work for the BC categories and then use it in the decade_bc part of [[Template:Year category header/core]]. Some more experienced people should have a look. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:41, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Page Protection == Please protect the pages [[White Americans]], [[Angry white male]], and [[White nationalism]]. These pages are constantly targeted by the same LTA(s). This is essentially the same case as [[#Protecting White Supremacy?]]. If possible, could these pages also be semi-indefed? <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 04:36, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :I ageee that these should be protected, but not indefinitely. Since it’s primarily the same LTA, I think a medium term protection like a year or so should be sufficient. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:22, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ::Fair point. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 07:24, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :I've protected each page listed for three months. Once the protection expires on September 2 and excessive vandalism continues, a year protection would be the next move in my opinion. [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 16:47, 2 June 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks! <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 14:31, 3 June 2026 (UTC) == Simple English Wikipedia pools? == Hello Wikipedia administrators and other Wikipedians! I was wondering if we can add pools to the Simple English Wikipedia, just like how in the English Wikipedia we have [[:en:Wikipedia:Pools|pools]] in which people make guesses about various future milestones for English Wikipedia, i think we may also add that in the Simple English Wikipedia in which well people make guesses about various future milestones for the Simple English Wikipedia (like for example: the people can make a guess on when will the Simple English Wikipedia reaches 300,000 articles). And that's it i guess - [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 14:28, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :Interesting, Is Pool(s) only meant for guessing future milestones? Also, wouldn’t it be a bit unnecessary here? SEW doesn’t have as many active editors as enwiki, so participation would likely be quite limited. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 14:39, 3 June 2026 (UTC) ::Hello! But anyways, pools would be only meant for guessing future milestones. Just like English Wikipedia's [[:en:Wikipedia:Pools|pools]]. And the reason why we should add pools to SEW is because why not, i feel like this should have pools. And about participation... Well... Since there are less users on SEW than on the English Wikipedia does NOT mean that there is going to be completely no participation in the pools. Like some users on SEW might find these pools and well place their predictions on when will SEW will reach these certain milestones (like when will SEW will reach 300,000 articles) and yeah - [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 14:55, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :I understand where the idea comes from, but I'm not convinced that this would have much meaningful participation here. We don't have that many editors here, so editor time is more valuable. I don't think this is the best way to spend it. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:12, 4 June 2026 (UTC) == Article guidance enabled for the experimentation phase == Dear Wikipedians, The Article guidance team is pleased to announce that the [[Special:NewArticle|Article guidance feature]], which supports editors, especially less experienced ones, in creating new articles aligned with community practices through community-tailored guidance, has been enabled on this Wikipedia as part of an A/B test. As part of the launch, we have collected initial feedback over the last few days and [[phab:maniphest/query/HHh7LVAxSJti/#R|resolved several issues]] based on community comments, and are now officially announcing the launch after addressing the primary issues highlighted. This milestone builds on the communications and collaborations with the community (see previous communications links: [[Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 173#h-Invitation to try the Article guidance feature in a test environment-20260403023500|1]] [[Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 174#h-Invitation to adapt the Article guidance outlines-20260429233800|2]] ). We appreciate everyone who tested the feature, reviewed and adapted outlines, responded to questionnaires, participated in office hours, and shared feedback. Your insights have shaped this feature at every stage. The feature is primarily aimed at helping junior editors to create good quality articles that follow the community practices (and detect earlier cases where the intended article is not suited for the wiki). Although the focus is on junior editors, the involvement of more experienced editors is also key. In this experimentation phase, the feature is also being surfaced to experienced contributors so they can use it, raise any issues they find, and become familiar with it. Also, more experienced editors can refine the [[Wikipedia:Article Guidance|outlines]] and create additional ones tailored to the type of article outlines they think junior editors will need. Additionally, we want to ensure the feature can also help experienced editors by automating tedious tasks such as [[phab:T421250|Wikidata connections]]. Hearing from experienced editors is really important also to make sure that the new feature doesn't get in their way (and identify early potential issues to fix them). As we get the results of the experiment, we will be able to compare the impact of the feature on both groups to make sure that improvements for one don’t come at the expense of negatively affecting the other group.. Experienced contributors who want to skip creating a new article with the guidance provided in the feature will soon be able to do so once the improvement captured in [[phab:T426382|this ticket]] is implemented. It can be done by clicking on "Edit without community guidance", option at the bottom of the screen, see image below. This option will only be available to experienced contributors once they provide a title for the article in the feature. [[File:"Edit without community guidance" screenshot.png|thumb|left|A screenshot showing the "Skip assistance. Edit without community guidance" option in the Article guidance feature]] The experiment is currently running for a subset of editors creating new articles. It will measure whether guided article creation improves the 30-day survival rate of new articles as the key metric among [[phab:T414503|other measurements]]. This group will see the feature automatically as part of their article-creation workflow. Experienced contributors can continue creating outlines for specific article types as needed for new contributors. As a reference, [[Wikipedia:Article Guidance|over 30 outlines are available]] that can be useful as a starting point to define other outlines. Feel free to create outlines tailored to your Wikipedia’s practices and incorporate the tags and markups as they appear in the reference outlines. You can find a quick guide to markups used in outlines on [[mw:Article_guidance/Test_feature_guide#Markups_in_outlines|this page]]. Since this feature is new, we are implementing [[phab:maniphest/query/TX1YrGEYdFbS/#R|improvements identified by contributors]] and will continue to rely on more feedback to refine it. If you notice something that does not work as expected, please report it and share your feedback on [[mw:Talk:Article_guidance|the project talk page]]. We will continue to share updates as the experiment progresses. Best regards, [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 21:36, 4 June 2026 (UTC) :How do I get a redlink to display the deletion log like in the past? Clicking edit without assistance shows it briefly before the edit box takes over. This change has significantly hindered administrative and anti-vandalism work. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:21, 5 June 2026 (UTC) b599cz2x9rag0y3u975ut2xq7bf40se 10879266 10879171 2026-06-05T03:21:29Z UOzurumba (WMF) 1091861 /* Article guidance enabled for the experimentation phase */ Reply 10879266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 174 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the BOTTOM of the page. --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Protecting White Supremacy? == Hello, we have the page [[white supremacy]]. I would like to suggest we fully protect the page, for 1-2 years, after which the protection is re-evaluated. My reasoning behind this is the following: *I edit-protected the page today (for six months), after finding that most of the edits ot the page are vandalism, or reverting vandalism- there is little "content work" *In 2023,2025, and now 2026, there was at least one long term protection of the page *The talk page remains open, and unnmed/unconfirmed editors can still suggest changes. The page gets an average of 427 views per month (or a bit over 10 per day). What do other people think? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 14:51, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :What I mean is: people wanting to edit need to be auto confirmed [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 15:57, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :I support long term semi-protection for this page. I think you are correct that it is difficult for us to keep up with the level of vandalism we are seeing. The vandalism is mostly from temp and new accounts, so semi-protection is a proportional response. I'd say let's protect it for 12 or 18 months and then let it open and see if the vandalism starts again. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 16:51, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :We should probably start being more lenient about semi-protecting pages. While it's certainly a good idea, that in general everyone should be able to edit a project, times have changed a lot in the past 20 years. Nowadays, there is much more vandalism. Other projects, such as enwiki, have introduced the extended confirmed protection for large parts of the project. I think we should start using the semi-protection more frequently and for longer on problematic topics. We are too few people to really keep track of all types of vandalism, especially clever vandalism, where incorrect data is inserted into our articles and often goes unnoticed. I think we could make things easier by protecting pages more often and for longer. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 21:15, 24 May 2026 (UTC) ::The page is currently semi-protected, for six months. I was tempted to use a longer protection, but wanted to get community input. I can think of a few other pages where we likely have similar problems [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:49, 24 May 2026 (UTC) :::If nobody objects, go ahead and do what you feel is best. [[White Americans]] has been one of many targets of the same vandal(s) as [[White supremacy]]. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 00:18, 25 May 2026 (UTC) ::Maybe we consider more leniency with protecting sensitive topics. These could be political figures, race, current events, etc. A lot of vandalism seems to concentrate in these areas. A unfortunate part of it doesn’t get caught or takes some time before it does. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 00:16, 25 May 2026 (UTC) ::I think our current protection policy is fine to allow that. We can currently only use protection if it is the {{tq|only option left available to solve the problem of vandalism of the page}}, but if lots of sneaky vandalism is going undetected on multiple occasions, it surely ''is'' the only option left to solve the vandalism. I don't want us to start encouraging protection again as I and other admins have been undoing long protections (see [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=protect&user=&page=&wpdate=&tagfilter=&subtype=unprotect&wpFormIdentifier=logeventslist&excludetempacct=1]) and good results have came of it pretty much every time. I should also mention the "honeypot" effect - if a page is closely watched, then vandalism on it will not last very long (and it is very unlikely a reader will come across it in that state) so in a case like that, protection just isn't necessary and pushes them onto parts of the wiki less watched so is actually counterintuitive. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 13:35, 28 May 2026 (UTC) :::I definitely see this side of things too. There is a line between protecting the integrity of the project and overprotecting such that it violates the nature of our mission, and the latter seems to have been done in the past. I will say, it is very frustrating sometimes for those of us who look through recent changes to see the same vandalism repeated by the same LTAs for months. It seems to me that some vandals are only interested in vandalizing certain pages, and it's not a guarantee that they will move along to others. I do agree that permanent protection, especially full protection, shouldn't really be done on content pages. Also, create protection should only be applied to problematic titles that could never really have a legitimate article created (repeated recreations of RfD deletions, hoaxes, etc). I am still in support of medium term protection though as Eptalon is suggesting, especially when shorter terms have not been shown to work. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:42, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :i think it should be indefinitely semi. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 12:30, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you all for the inputs; following this discussion, I have changed the protection to expire a year from now. After the year, we can assess how well this has worked. I would laso suggest, that if people noriuce other pages with a similar editing history, that they start a discussion on ST. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 15:42, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Vote now in the 2026 U4C election == <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 May 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Ongoing project-wide solidarity issue == I haven't been as active here lately as I would like, but I just wanted to make sure this community is aware of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Workers_United#Solidarity the WWU solidarity campaign] ongoing at Meta-Wiki. There's also [[:en:Wikipedia:Wiki Workers United solidarity|an enwiki petition]] threatening an editing strike. This is an important issue to a lot of editors and WMF employees, so I figured I'd spread the word. Thanks, [[User:QuicoleJR|QuicoleJR]] ([[User talk:QuicoleJR|talk]]) 21:42, 28 May 2026 (UTC) == Hi all == After a period of time where I was unable to participate on wiki for technical reasons I am back full-time. Just an fyi. Regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 02:14, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Welcome back! [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 04:24, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Glad you're back! [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:21, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Good to have you back :). [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 05:58, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Hello! Welcome. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 06:40, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Welcome back to the party! -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 16:58, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yay, welcome back :D --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 23:36, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Hello[[User:Vietnamtime|Vietnamtime]] ([[User talk:Vietnamtime|talk]]) 11:14, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Glad to see you returning! [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 01:11, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :Hello![[User:Vietnamtime|Vietnamtime]] ([[User talk:Vietnamtime|talk]]) 04:59, 1 June 2026 (UTC) == Template edit request == Hello, could I ask someone to please look at [[Template:Wikidata_image]], I left an edit request there. The template code is outdated as some empty functions were removed. The amended code and more information can be seen on [[Template_talk:Wikidata_image|Talk page]]. Thanks, -- [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 09:33, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :{{done}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 15:44, 29 May 2026 (UTC) == "Simplifying" Articles == Quick question: When creating an article, is it okay to copy from the English Wikipedia and then edit it so it is in Simple English? Thanks in advance. [[User:CubeMaster77777|CubeMaster77777]] ([[User talk:CubeMaster77777|talk]]) 15:59, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yes it is [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 16:09, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Yes, but 1.) please make sure to add some kind of attribution and 2.) please actually simplify it. Re: the former, you can add attribution by putting it in the edit summary with something like "copying from [URI]" or posting to the talk page. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''<span style="color:black">v</span>f</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:18, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :it depends on how you do it. Please follow the instructions at [[WP:CW]]. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 16:48, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :A example on how to properly attribute your en wiki translation to a simple english article's talk page is [[Talk:Billy Zane]]. Use the attribution template, link the en wiki article and the version number (which can be found on the URL of the latest page revision on the article's history on enwiki). Hope this helps! :) [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 21:16, 29 May 2026 (UTC) ::Hello, I would say, an example workfolow could be: ::*Create the article here, andcopy over the lede from enwp; If you don't use the translation tool, add some mention on the talk page, to say that tis article is based on the EnWP version ::*Without much delay, go over the section, and simplify; for example split sentences into shorter ones; If you have references that occur multpile time, re-use them ::*Look that the eork generally follows our style guide ::*If it isn't already there, add an interwii link to enwp. ::*Fix categories, see if you find a good image to illustrate ::Once this has been done, you can do that with the next section, if you like. Also note: More controversial subjects need more thought, to give a balanced view. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 12:29, 30 May 2026 (UTC) == A question == Hey guys i am focusing mainly in improving newly-created car articles mainly adding sources and etc the question i have is:do you think i am doing a good job? Just asking. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 19:48, 29 May 2026 (UTC) :Solid work! Thank you for your contributions. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 02:31, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::thanks! [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:41, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Looks good to me! Have you considered creating an account? This would let you edit semi-protected pages (after becoming autoconfirmed), and you would not lose your change history every 3 months. Either way, thanks for contributing! [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:12, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::no problem i think i will prefer to edit logged-out for now. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:42, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :Great contributions! You’d be a great asset to the team. Echoing Garsh’s question/suggestion about creating an account :) [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 05:50, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::Please do create an account but please also remember that you can be blocked if you break the rules. If you get blocked you should not indulge in logged out editing nor should you create another account-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 11:16, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :::Ok i will be careful to not violate any rules [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:43, 30 May 2026 (UTC) ::sorry for the late reply but thanks and like i said before i think i will prefer to edit logged-out [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31265-91|&#126;2026-31265-91]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-31265-91|talk]]) 15:11, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :::No problem at all! We have temporary accounts for that reason. Edit however you want. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 16:18, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Decades BC == I recently noticed that in categories of BC decades that are a multiple of 100, (ex., [[:Category:300s BC]], [[:Category:200s BC]], [[:Category:100s BC]], [[:Category:400s BC]], etc. the link at the top of the page, "This [[help:categories|category]] is for topics specifically related to the [[300s BC|300s]]." Links to the wrong page, linking to the AD version instead of the BC version. This also happens in English Wikipedia, strangely enough. The issue is caused by the template for the page. Does anyone know the cause of this issue? <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span>_{[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 18:51, 30 May 2026 (UTC) :There are others who are far better at templates than I am, but from what I can see, it has to do with [[Template:Decade link]] (also used by enwiki) which is used by [[Template:Year category header/core]]. Basically, the header template uses [[Module:Year category type]] to detect which kind of category it is based on the title. The core subtemplate pulls this value and then modifies what the template header says. It uses the decade link template because the 100 multiple decades need to be disambiguated to distinguish from their respective century pages. That template makes no account for AB vs BC. The header/core does distinguish between the two, but only to add "BC" in the text of the header, not in the wikilink. I suppose one solution could be to fork a second template that would work for the BC categories and then use it in the decade_bc part of [[Template:Year category header/core]]. Some more experienced people should have a look. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:41, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Page Protection == Please protect the pages [[White Americans]], [[Angry white male]], and [[White nationalism]]. These pages are constantly targeted by the same LTA(s). This is essentially the same case as [[#Protecting White Supremacy?]]. If possible, could these pages also be semi-indefed? <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 04:36, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :I ageee that these should be protected, but not indefinitely. Since it’s primarily the same LTA, I think a medium term protection like a year or so should be sufficient. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:22, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ::Fair point. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 07:24, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :I've protected each page listed for three months. Once the protection expires on September 2 and excessive vandalism continues, a year protection would be the next move in my opinion. [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 16:47, 2 June 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks! <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 14:31, 3 June 2026 (UTC) == Simple English Wikipedia pools? == Hello Wikipedia administrators and other Wikipedians! I was wondering if we can add pools to the Simple English Wikipedia, just like how in the English Wikipedia we have [[:en:Wikipedia:Pools|pools]] in which people make guesses about various future milestones for English Wikipedia, i think we may also add that in the Simple English Wikipedia in which well people make guesses about various future milestones for the Simple English Wikipedia (like for example: the people can make a guess on when will the Simple English Wikipedia reaches 300,000 articles). And that's it i guess - [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 14:28, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :Interesting, Is Pool(s) only meant for guessing future milestones? Also, wouldn’t it be a bit unnecessary here? SEW doesn’t have as many active editors as enwiki, so participation would likely be quite limited. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 14:39, 3 June 2026 (UTC) ::Hello! But anyways, pools would be only meant for guessing future milestones. Just like English Wikipedia's [[:en:Wikipedia:Pools|pools]]. And the reason why we should add pools to SEW is because why not, i feel like this should have pools. And about participation... Well... Since there are less users on SEW than on the English Wikipedia does NOT mean that there is going to be completely no participation in the pools. Like some users on SEW might find these pools and well place their predictions on when will SEW will reach these certain milestones (like when will SEW will reach 300,000 articles) and yeah - [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 14:55, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :I understand where the idea comes from, but I'm not convinced that this would have much meaningful participation here. We don't have that many editors here, so editor time is more valuable. I don't think this is the best way to spend it. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:12, 4 June 2026 (UTC) == Article guidance enabled for the experimentation phase == Dear Wikipedians, The Article guidance team is pleased to announce that the [[Special:NewArticle|Article guidance feature]], which supports editors, especially less experienced ones, in creating new articles aligned with community practices through community-tailored guidance, has been enabled on this Wikipedia as part of an A/B test. As part of the launch, we have collected initial feedback over the last few days and [[phab:maniphest/query/HHh7LVAxSJti/#R|resolved several issues]] based on community comments, and are now officially announcing the launch after addressing the primary issues highlighted. This milestone builds on the communications and collaborations with the community (see previous communications links: [[Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 173#h-Invitation to try the Article guidance feature in a test environment-20260403023500|1]] [[Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 174#h-Invitation to adapt the Article guidance outlines-20260429233800|2]] ). We appreciate everyone who tested the feature, reviewed and adapted outlines, responded to questionnaires, participated in office hours, and shared feedback. Your insights have shaped this feature at every stage. The feature is primarily aimed at helping junior editors to create good quality articles that follow the community practices (and detect earlier cases where the intended article is not suited for the wiki). Although the focus is on junior editors, the involvement of more experienced editors is also key. In this experimentation phase, the feature is also being surfaced to experienced contributors so they can use it, raise any issues they find, and become familiar with it. Also, more experienced editors can refine the [[Wikipedia:Article Guidance|outlines]] and create additional ones tailored to the type of article outlines they think junior editors will need. Additionally, we want to ensure the feature can also help experienced editors by automating tedious tasks such as [[phab:T421250|Wikidata connections]]. Hearing from experienced editors is really important also to make sure that the new feature doesn't get in their way (and identify early potential issues to fix them). As we get the results of the experiment, we will be able to compare the impact of the feature on both groups to make sure that improvements for one don’t come at the expense of negatively affecting the other group.. Experienced contributors who want to skip creating a new article with the guidance provided in the feature will soon be able to do so once the improvement captured in [[phab:T426382|this ticket]] is implemented. It can be done by clicking on "Edit without community guidance", option at the bottom of the screen, see image below. This option will only be available to experienced contributors once they provide a title for the article in the feature. [[File:"Edit without community guidance" screenshot.png|thumb|left|A screenshot showing the "Skip assistance. Edit without community guidance" option in the Article guidance feature]] The experiment is currently running for a subset of editors creating new articles. It will measure whether guided article creation improves the 30-day survival rate of new articles as the key metric among [[phab:T414503|other measurements]]. This group will see the feature automatically as part of their article-creation workflow. Experienced contributors can continue creating outlines for specific article types as needed for new contributors. As a reference, [[Wikipedia:Article Guidance|over 30 outlines are available]] that can be useful as a starting point to define other outlines. Feel free to create outlines tailored to your Wikipedia’s practices and incorporate the tags and markups as they appear in the reference outlines. You can find a quick guide to markups used in outlines on [[mw:Article_guidance/Test_feature_guide#Markups_in_outlines|this page]]. Since this feature is new, we are implementing [[phab:maniphest/query/TX1YrGEYdFbS/#R|improvements identified by contributors]] and will continue to rely on more feedback to refine it. If you notice something that does not work as expected, please report it and share your feedback on [[mw:Talk:Article_guidance|the project talk page]]. We will continue to share updates as the experiment progresses. Best regards, [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 21:36, 4 June 2026 (UTC) :How do I get a redlink to display the deletion log like in the past? Clicking edit without assistance shows it briefly before the edit box takes over. This change has significantly hindered administrative and anti-vandalism work. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:21, 5 June 2026 (UTC) ::Apologies @[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]], for the inconvenience this change has caused in your administrative and anti-vandalism work. The issue with red links not displaying the deletion log has been reported here: https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428146. We understand how important this is to you as an admin, and we are working to restore it as soon as possible. Thank you for your patience. [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 03:21, 5 June 2026 (UTC) pdu7359yp3daskq21pj7g0jtbgdoptg 0 126307 10879017 10718162 2026-06-04T20:17:33Z Ddiieuduurur 1816452 Makran = Area near water with great people overall (All Irany almost now) 10879017 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makran, a coastal strip that the [[Gulf of Oman|Makran Sea]] is named after''' is a coastal strip in the south of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], 2/3 in [[Iran]] amd 1/3 in [[Pakistan]]. ''Makran means close to the water''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.livius.org/ga-gh/gedrosia/gedrosia.html |title=The origins of the name on Livius.org |access-date=2008-08-24 |archive-date=2013-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924223622/http://www.livius.org/ga-gh/gedrosia/gedrosia.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The narrow [[coast]]al [[plain]] rises very rapidly into several mountain ranges. The coastline is 1,600&nbsp;km, & a bit above 1100 km of that is in Iran, country where the [[Baloch people|Makranis/Baluch]] originate from. ==History== According to the book Documents on the Makran Gulf's name " & ENCYCLOPEDIA Iranika [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/makran] Makran also Mekran and Mokrān historically in Baluch vast area from west of Hormuz [[strait]] to the [[Indus River|Sind]] River, also the body of water in that region is called Macran Sea. The name Makrān has found a popular etymology in māhi-ḵᵛorān meaning close to the water. On his way homewards from the Far East in 1290, Marco Polo (II, pp. 334-35) sailed along the Makrān coast, calling it KisMacoran (i.e. Tiz Makrān), considering it as independent and attributing to it a ruler of its own. In the early 14th century, [[Ebn Baṭṭuṭa]] (II, pp. 341-2) records that, after the death of the Il-Khanid sultan (i.e. after 736/1335), a certain Malek Dinār took power in Makrān. It was during these centuries that Makrān was colonized by [[Baloch people|Baluch]] nomads moving southeastwards from Persia, so that it is today mostly Baluch-speaking. The boundary between Persian Makrān and that part coming within the British Indian province of Baluchistan (the easternmost part forming the Native State of [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]]) and after 1947 within Pakistan, was demarcated by an Anglo-Irani Boundary Commission in 1870-72.[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/makran] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:Landforms of Pakistan]] [[Category:Sistan and Baluchestan Province]] [[Category:Landforms of Iran]] 7hbrow2o862xauogeviu7cgtao8aktk 2 134759 10879390 10863485 2026-06-05T06:48:24Z RussBot 21531 Category redirect maintenance bot 10879390 wikitext text/x-wiki == 2026-06-05T06:48:20Z == * [[:Category:1850s establishments in Oregon Territory]]: 5 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:2000s establishments in Ireland]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Amusement park templates]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Businesspeople]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Companies of China]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Europe location map templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Film external link templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:GameCube games]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Geography templates]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:List formatting and function templates]]: 8 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Medicine external link templates]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Minor planet templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Political party color templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:SUVs]]: 13 found, 13 moved * [[:Category:Space]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:User essays]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:User namespace templates]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Wikimedians banned by the WMF]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Wikipedia articles that use British English]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Wikipedia redirects]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Wikipedians who opt out of message delivery]]: 1 found, 0 moved * New redirects since last report: # [[:Category:Adventure fiction]] redirects to [[:Category:Adventure]] # [[:Category:American pop singers navigational boxes]] redirects to [[:Category:American pop singers templates]] # [[:Category:Fictional duos]] redirects to [[:Category:Pairs of fictional characters]] # [[:Category:Languages of the British Indian Ocean Territory]] is a hard redirect to [[Chagossians]] # [[:Category:Mass media franchises introduced in the 1980s]] redirects to [[:Category:Media franchises introduced in the 1980s]] == 2026-05-20T06:47:27Z == * Added {{tl|Category redirect}} to [[:Category:Murders by blade weapons]] * Skipping [[:Category:Murders by blade weapons]]; in cooldown period (7 days to go). * [[:Category:1850s establishments in Oregon Territory]]: 5 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:2000s establishments in Ireland]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:American children's animated comedy movies]]: 2 found, 2 moved * [[:Category:American film actresses]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:American television actresses]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Amusement park templates]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Date of birth unknown]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Europe location map templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Film external link templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Geography templates]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:List formatting and function templates]]: 8 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Medicine external link templates]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Minor planet templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Political party color templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Prime Ministers of Somalia]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Space]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:User essays]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:User namespace templates]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Wikipedia articles that use British English]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Wikipedians who opt out of message delivery]]: 1 found, 0 moved * New redirects since last report: *# [[:Category:Murders by blade weapons]] -> [[:Category:Stabbing attacks]] # [[:Category:Adventure fiction]] redirects to [[:Category:Adventure]] # [[:Category:American pop singers navigational boxes]] redirects to [[:Category:American pop singers templates]] # [[:Category:Fictional duos]] redirects to [[:Category:Pairs of fictional characters]] # [[:Category:Languages of the British Indian Ocean Territory]] is a hard redirect to [[Chagossians]] # [[:Category:Mass media franchises introduced in the 1980s]] redirects to [[:Category:Media franchises introduced in the 1980s]] == 2026-05-05T06:46:58Z == * [[:Category:1850s establishments in Oregon Territory]]: 5 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:2000s establishments in Ireland]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Amusement park templates]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Europe location map templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Film external link templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Geography templates]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:List formatting and function templates]]: 8 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Medicine external link templates]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Minor planet templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Political party color templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Space]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:User en-CA]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:User essays]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:User namespace templates]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Wikipedia articles that use British English]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Wikipedians who opt out of message delivery]]: 1 found, 0 moved * New redirects since last report: *# [[:Category:1850s establishments in Washington (state)]] -> [[:Category:1850s establishments in Washington Territory]] *# [[:Category:1853 establishments in Washington (state)]] -> [[:Category:1853 establishments in Washington Territory]] *# [[:Category:1854 establishments in Washington (state)]] -> [[:Category:1854 establishments in Washington Territory]] *# [[:Category:1859 establishments in Washington (state)]] -> [[:Category:1859 establishments in Washington Territory]] *# [[:Category:1860s establishments in Washington (state)]] -> [[:Category:1860s establishments in Washington Territory]] *# [[:Category:1861 establishments in Washington (state)]] -> [[:Category:1861 establishments in Washington Territory]] *# [[:Category:1867 establishments in Washington (state)]] -> [[:Category:1867 establishments in Washington Territory]] *# [[:Category:1870 establishments in Washington (state)]] -> [[:Category:1870 establishments in Washington Territory]] *# [[:Category:1870s establishments in Washington (state)]] -> [[:Category:1870s establishments in Washington Territory]] *# [[:Category:1871 establishments in Washington (state)]] -> [[:Category:1871 establishments in Washington Territory]] *# [[:Category:1873 establishments in Washington (state)]] -> [[:Category:1873 establishments in Washington Territory]] *# [[:Category:1875 establishments in Washington (state)]] -> [[:Category:1875 establishments in Washington Territory]] *# [[:Category:1883 establishments in Washington (state)]] -> [[:Category:1883 establishments in Washington Territory]] *# [[:Category:1884 establishments in Washington (state)]] -> [[:Category:1884 establishments in Washington Territory]] *# [[:Category:1885 establishments in Washington (state)]] -> [[:Category:1885 establishments in Washington Territory]] # [[:Category:Adventure fiction]] redirects to [[:Category:Adventure]] # [[:Category:American pop singers navigational boxes]] redirects to [[:Category:American pop singers templates]] # [[:Category:Fictional duos]] redirects to [[:Category:Pairs of fictional characters]] # [[:Category:Languages of the British Indian Ocean Territory]] is a hard redirect to [[Chagossians]] # [[:Category:Mass media franchises introduced in the 1980s]] redirects to [[:Category:Media franchises introduced in the 1980s]] == 2026-04-20T06:47:27Z == * Skipping [[:Category:Unreviewed translations]]; in cooldown period (2 days to go). * [[:Category:1850s establishments in Oregon Territory]]: 5 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:2000s establishments in Ireland]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Amusement park templates]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Entrepreneurs]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Europe location map templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Film external link templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Geography templates]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Israeli-Palestinian conflict]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:List formatting and function templates]]: 8 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Mario]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Medicine external link templates]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Minor planet templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Obstructive pulmonary conditions]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Political party color templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Redirect category template documentation pages]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Space]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Sports in Los Angeles, California]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:User en-CA]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:User essays]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:User namespace templates]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Wikipedia articles that use British English]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Wikipedians who opt out of message delivery]]: 1 found, 0 moved * New redirects since last report: *# [[:Category:Krypton compounds]] -> [[:Category:Noble gas compounds]] *# [[:Category:Unreviewed translations]] -> [[:Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] *# [[:Category:Wikibooks books]] -> [[:Category:Wikipedia books]] *# [[:Category:Wikisource books]] -> [[:Category:Wikipedia books]] *# [[:Category:Wikiversity books]] -> [[:Category:Wikipedia books]] *# [[:Category:Wikivoyage books]] -> [[:Category:Wikipedia books]] # [[:Category:Adventure fiction]] redirects to [[:Category:Adventure]] # [[:Category:American pop singers navigational boxes]] redirects to [[:Category:American pop singers templates]] # [[:Category:Fictional duos]] redirects to [[:Category:Pairs of fictional characters]] # [[:Category:Languages of the British Indian Ocean Territory]] is a hard redirect to [[Chagossians]] # [[:Category:Mass media franchises introduced in the 1980s]] redirects to [[:Category:Media franchises introduced in the 1980s]] == 2026-04-05T06:48:15Z == * Added {{tl|Category redirect}} to [[:Category:Chemical compounds by use]] * Added {{tl|Category redirect}} to [[:Category:Diseases and disorders of the pulmonology system]] * Added {{tl|Category redirect}} to [[:Category:Faroese Football Club]] * Added {{tl|Category redirect}} to [[:Category:Obstructive pulmonary conditions]] * Added {{tl|Category redirect}} to [[:Category:Respiratory diseases]] * Added {{tl|Category redirect}} to [[:Category:Restrictive pulmonary conditions]] * Skipping [[:Category:Obstructive pulmonary conditions]]; in cooldown period (7 days to go). * [[:Category:1850s establishments in Oregon Territory]]: 5 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:2000s establishments in Ireland]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:American film producers]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:American male film actors]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:American male stage actors]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:American male television actors]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Amusement park templates]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Businesspeople]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Europe location map templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Film external link templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Football referees]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Geography templates]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Jews]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:List formatting and function templates]]: 8 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Media]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Medicine external link templates]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Minor planet templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Nickelodeon original programming]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Political party color templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Television shows about wizards]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:User en-CA]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:User essays]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:User namespace templates]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Wikipedia articles that use British English]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Wikipedians who opt out of message delivery]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Yugoslav footballers]]: 1 found, 1 moved * New redirects since last report: *# [[:Category:Chemical compounds by use]] -> [[:Category:Chemicals by use]] *# [[:Category:Diseases and disorders of the pulmonology system]] -> [[:Category:Diseases and disorders of the respiratory system]] *# [[:Category:Faroese Football Club]] -> [[:Category:Faroese football clubs]] *# [[:Category:Fictional villains]] -> [[:Category:Villains]] *# [[:Category:Obstructive pulmonary conditions]] -> [[:Category:Obstructive respiratory conditions]] *# [[:Category:Respiratory diseases]] -> [[:Category:Diseases and disorders of the respiratory system]] *# [[:Category:Restrictive pulmonary conditions]] -> [[:Category:Restrictive respiratory conditions]] *# [[:Category:Stoner movies]] -> [[:Category:Movies about cannabis]] # [[:Category:Adventure fiction]] redirects to [[:Category:Adventure]] # [[:Category:American pop singers navigational boxes]] redirects to [[:Category:American pop singers templates]] # [[:Category:Fictional duos]] redirects to [[:Category:Pairs of fictional characters]] # [[:Category:Languages of the British Indian Ocean Territory]] is a hard redirect to [[Chagossians]] # [[:Category:Mass media franchises introduced in the 1980s]] redirects to [[:Category:Media franchises introduced in the 1980s]] == 2026-03-20T06:48:41Z == * [[:Category:1850s establishments in Oregon Territory]]: 5 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:2000s American comedy drama television series]]: 13 found, 13 moved * [[:Category:2000s establishments in Ireland]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:2010s American comedy drama television series]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:2020s American comedy drama television series]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:21st-century American comedy drama television series]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Amusement park templates]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Counter-Strike]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Europe location map templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Film external link templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Geography templates]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:List formatting and function templates]]: 8 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Medicine external link templates]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Minor planet templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Political party color templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Redirect category template documentation pages]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Social media]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:TV shows]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:User en-CA]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:User essays]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:User namespace templates]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Warfare]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Wikipedia articles that use British English]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Wikipedians who opt out of message delivery]]: 1 found, 0 moved * New redirects since last report: *# [[:Category:1990s American comedy drama television series]] -> [[:Category:1990s American comedy-drama television series]] *# [[:Category:2000s American comedy drama television series]] -> [[:Category:2000s American comedy-drama television series]] *# [[:Category:2010s American comedy drama television series]] -> [[:Category:2010s American comedy-drama television series]] *# [[:Category:2020s American comedy drama television series]] -> [[:Category:2020s American comedy-drama television series]] *# [[:Category:21st-century American comedy drama television series]] -> [[:Category:21st-century American comedy-drama television series]] *# [[:Category:Fictional heroes]] -> [[:Category:Heroes]] *# [[:Category:Movies by country by genre]] -> [[:Category:Movies by country and genre]] *# [[:Category:Spanish-langauge drama movies]] -> [[:Category:Spanish-language drama movies]] # [[:Category:Adventure fiction]] redirects to [[:Category:Adventure]] # [[:Category:American pop singers navigational boxes]] redirects to [[:Category:American pop singers templates]] # [[:Category:Fictional duos]] redirects to [[:Category:Pairs of fictional characters]] # [[:Category:Languages of the British Indian Ocean Territory]] is a hard redirect to [[Chagossians]] # [[:Category:Mass media franchises introduced in the 1980s]] redirects to [[:Category:Media franchises introduced in the 1980s]] == 2026-03-05T06:47:17Z == * [[:Category:1850s establishments in Oregon Territory]]: 5 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:2000s establishments in Ireland]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:American film actresses]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:American television actresses]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Amusement park templates]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Art occupations]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Europe location map templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Film external link templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Geography templates]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:List formatting and function templates]]: 8 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Media]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:Medicine external link templates]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Minor planet templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Political party color templates]]: 2 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Prime Ministers of Italy]]: 1 found, 1 moved * [[:Category:User en-CA]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:User essays]]: 1 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:User namespace templates]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Wikipedia articles that use British English]]: 6 found, 0 moved * [[:Category:Wikipedians who opt out of message delivery]]: 1 found, 0 moved * New redirects since last report: *# [[:Category:Movies by genre by country]] -> [[:Category:Movies by genre and country]] *# [[:Category:Movies by series by genre]] -> [[:Category:Movies by series and genre]] # [[:Category:Adventure fiction]] redirects to [[:Category:Adventure]] # [[:Category:American pop singers navigational boxes]] redirects to [[:Category:American pop singers templates]] # [[:Category:Fictional duos]] redirects to [[:Category:Pairs of fictional characters]] # [[:Category:Languages of the British Indian Ocean Territory]] is a hard redirect to [[Chagossians]] # [[:Category:Mass media franchises introduced in the 1980s]] redirects to [[:Category:Media franchises introduced in the 1980s]] '''[//simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User%3ARussBot%2Fcategory_redirect_log&oldid=10757176 Older logs]''' 2qu1d11qdcmr7bxa4jl06erqlkw8jnu 11 135427 10879274 10878584 2026-06-05T03:40:59Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* Magnifica humanitas */ 10879274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bots|optout=SIGN}} This page is for nominations to appear in the "Did you know" section on the [[Main Page]]. To discuss Did You Know please use [[Wikipedia talk:Did you know]]. {{center|1=<big>'''[[Template talk:Did you know#Nominations|SKIP TO NOMINATIONS]]'''</big>}} {{DYKbox}} {{tocright}} == Instructions == '''Did you know?''' (DYK) entries are interesting facts that many people may not know. On this page possible entries are listed and members of the DYK project assess the nominations for the DYK section. DYKs are listed on the [[Main Page]]. === How to enter a DYK === List articles on this page under the '''Nominations''' area, below. The newest nominations go at the top. If you would like to make a nomination, you should read the rules below. If there is a picture that you would like to see used with your nomination, please add it with your nomination as shown below. Any user may nominate a DYK suggestion. {{Wikipedia:Did you know}} == Chart == Please use one of the following templates when reviewing nominations. {| class="wikitable" width=100% ! width=10% | Symbol !! width=10% | Code !! width=10% | Ready for DYK? !! width=50% | Description |- align="center" |- align="center" | [[File:Symbol confirmed.svg|18px]] || <nowiki>{{DYKyes}}</nowiki> || Yes || align="left" | No problems, ready for DYK |- align="center" | [[File:Pictogram voting keep.svg|18px]] || <nowiki>{{DYKagf}}</nowiki> || Yes, [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|WP:AGF]] || align="left" | Hook cited to a source not on the Internet, but to a reliable publication. |- align="center" | [[File:Pictogram reply.svg|18px]] || <nowiki>{{DYKfixed}}</nowiki> || Yes, issue fixed. || align="left" | The issue preventing DYK, or the request for improvement has now been fixed. |- align="center" | [[File:Symbol possible vote.svg|18px]] || <nowiki>{{DYKalmost}}</nowiki> || Almost || align="left" | Article is on the way to being ready for DYK, but the reviewer has questions. |- align="center" | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|18px]] || <nowiki>{{DYKno}}</nowiki> || No || align="left" | Article is unable to be used on DYK, the time limit has passed, or there are larger reservations. |} {{DYK-Refresh}} <!--{{center|1=<big>'''{{#ifeq:{{Did you know/Queue/EmpQ}}||ALL QUEUES ARE FULL AT THE MOMENT.|THE NEXT EMPTY QUEUE IS [[Template:Did you know/Queue/{{Did you know/Queue/EmpQ}}]] AND}} THE NEXT UPDATE WILL BE FROM [[Template:Did you know/Queue/{{Did you know/Queue/NexQ}}]]'''</big>}}--> == Nominations == Please add new nominations below ''with newer nominations at the top''. Nominations should be headed with a <nowiki>===Level Three===</nowiki> header containing a link to the article that the hook is from. If possible, all hooks should contain a relevant file from Wikimedia Commons – this can be a picture or a sound. The subject article should be '''<nowiki>'''bolded'''</nowiki>'''. <!--- please uncomment the template below if there are no nominations in the section; add newer nominations at the top, but below the template --> <!--- {{none}} --> ===ACAB=== * ... that the anti-[[police]] [[slogan|political slogan]] '''[[ACAB|All Cops Are Bastards]]''' was first used in [[England]] in the 1920s and then shortened to "ACAB" by workers on [[strike action|strike]] in the 1940s? --[[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 18:14, 2 June 2026 (UTC) ===Adventure Time=== * ... that [[Pendleton Ward]] said that he wrote the [[cartoon]] '''''[[Adventure Time]]''''' as though he were playing ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]''? --[[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 16:22, 2 June 2026 (UTC) *:{{DYKyes}} [[User:Oddyddn2070|<span style="color:blue;">Oddyddn</span>]][[User Talk:Oddyddn2070|<span style="color:navy;">2070</span>]] 03:53, 4 June 2026 (UTC) ===Magnifica humanitas=== * ... that '''''[[Magnifica humanitas]]''''' is the first [[pope|papal]] [[encyclical]] to be published without an official [[Latin language|Latin version]]? --[[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 16:50, 2 June 2026 (UTC) *:{{DYKyes}} definitely [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 17:13, 2 June 2026 (UTC) ===Acute myeloid leukemia=== * ... that [[risk factor]]s for '''[[acute myeloid leukemia]]''' include being [[male]], having had [[chemotherapy]] in the past and being [[Exposure (toxicology)|exposed]] to the chemical [[benzene]]? --[[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 15:57, 7 May 2026 (UTC) ==Holding area== Hooks that are ready to be moved to a queue for update may be held in this area until a space in a queue becomes available. To be eligible to move into this area, a hook must meet all of the promotion guidelines as outlined above. Hooks in this area do not count towards a user's nomination limit. If you change or re-review a hook in this area, it must be moved back to the main nominations section for discussion to continue. The only changes permitted here are formatting or spelling changes, or adding an associated file. <!-- Add nominations below this comment --> {{hidden begin|titlestyle=background:#cff|title=Approved DYK Hooks|contentstyle=border:solid 1px silver; padding:8px; background:var(--background-color-base); color:var(--color-base);}} ;Marceline and Princess Bubblegum * ... that the creators of ''[[Adventure Time]]'' had to hide the [[same-sex relationship]] of '''[[Marceline the Vampire Queen|Marceline]]''' and '''[[Princess Bubblegum]]''' because the show aired in countries where same-sex relationships are illegal? ;Jonathan (tortoise) [[File:Jonathan-plantation-house.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Jonathan (tortoise)|Jonathan the tortoise]]''' ''(pictured)'', the oldest known living [[Terrestrial animal|land animal]], could be seen having [[sex]] with his male [[mating|mate]] Frederik? ;Air Force One * ... that the new '''[[Air Force One]]''' is a $400 million [[Boeing 747-8]] gift from [[Qatar]], making it the most expensive gift given to the [[United States]] from a foreign government? ;Magnifica Humanitas * ... that '''''[[Magnifica Humanitas]]''''', the first [[encyclical]] of [[Pope Leo XIV]] where he criticizes [[artificial intelligence|AI]], was released on the 135th anniversary of [[Pope Leo XIII]]'s [[Rerum novarum|encyclical]] about [[industrialization]]? ;Mary Rand [[File:Mary Rand 1966.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that at the [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Olympics]], '''[[Mary Rand]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first British female to win an Olympic gold medal in [[athletics]]? ;Charles III * ... that in 2025, during his state visit to the [[Holy See]], '''[[Charles III|King Charles III]]''' became the first [[British monarch]] to pray with a [[pope]] since the [[Reformation]]? ;Masaki Kashiwara [[File:Masaki Kashiwara (2018) (2) (cropped) (2).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, [[mathematician]] '''[[Masaki Kashiwara]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Japanese people|Japanese]] winner of the [[Abel Prize]]? ;Jason Collins * ... that in 2014, [[basketball]] player '''[[Jason Collins]]''' became the first [[openly gay]] [[athlete]] to play in any of the [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|four major North American pro sports leagues]]? ;George Ariyoshi * ... that in 1974, '''[[George Ariyoshi]]''' became the first [[Asian American|American of Asian descent]] to be elected [[List of current United States governors|governor of a state]] of the [[United States]]? ;James Charles [[File:James Charles (2019) (cropped).png|right|100px]] * ... that in 2016 at the age of 17, [[Internet celebrity|influencer]] '''[[James Charles]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first male [[spokesperson]] for the [[cosmetics|cosmetics brand]] [[CoverGirl]]? ;2026 Gorton and Denton by-election * ... that during the '''[[2026 Gorton and Denton by-election]]''', the [[Green Party of England and Wales]] got their highest amount of votes ever in a [[by-election]]? ;Amy Madigan * ... that with her [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Academy Award]] nominations in 1986 and 2026, '''[[Amy Madigan]]''' holds the record for longest time passed between Oscar nominations for an actress? ;Jessie Buckley [[File:Jessie Buckley at the Toronto International Film Festival 01.jpg (Cropped & Centered).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2026, '''[[Jessie Buckley]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Irish people|Irish person]] to win the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]]? ;Diane Warren * ... that singer-songwriter '''[[Diane Warren]]''' has been nominated for 17 [[Academy Awards]] which is the most for any person without a win? ;Autumn Durald Arkapaw [[File:Autumn Durald Arkapaw - Sinners (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2026, '''[[Autumn Durald Arkapaw]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first female [[cinematography|cinematographer]] to win an [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Academy Award]]? ;Mojtaba Khamenei * ... that [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Iran's Supreme Leader]] '''[[Mojtaba Khamenei]]''' survived the [[Assassination of Ali Khamenei|missile attack that killed his father]] because he was walking around his [[garden]]? ;Sir David Attenborough * ... that in 2025 at the age of 99, '''[[David Attenborough|Sir David Attenborough]]''' became the oldest person to win a [[Daytime Emmy Award]]? ;Alysa Liu [[File:Alysa Liu (USA) 2026.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in [[2026 Winter Olympics|2026]], '''[[Alysa Liu]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first American woman to win an Olympic gold medal in [[figure skating]] since [[Sarah Hughes]] in [[2002 Winter Olympics|2002]]? ;Mauna Kea [[File:Mauna Kea10.jpg|right|100px]] *...that [[Mount Everest]] is the highest mountain above [[sea level]], but '''[[Mauna Kea]]''' ''(pictured)'' in [[Hawaii]] might be taller if measured from [[Base (geometry)|base]] to top? ; Vatican City *... that the official language in the '''[[Vatican City]]''' is [[Italian language|Italian]] even though the [[Holy See]]'s official language is [[Latin]]? ;Anousheh Ansari [[File:AnoushehAnsari.jpg|right|100px]] * ... in 2006, '''[[Anousheh Ansari]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[space tourism|self-funded]] woman to fly to the [[International Space Station]] and the first [[Iran|Iranian]] in [[outer space|space]]? ;Birthday effect * ... that a 2011 study found that [[male]]s are more at risk to '''[[Birthday effect|die on their birthdays]]''' by [[suicide]]? ;The Dead Dance * ... that [[Lady Gaga]] said that the song '''"[[The Dead Dance]]"''' is about [[breakup]]s and the change in [[despair|feeling sad]] to finding [[joy]] with [[friend]]s? ;Just Dance (song) * ... that '''"[[Just Dance (song)|Just Dance]]"''' has the longest climb to number 1 in the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] since [[Creed (band)|Creed]]'s "[[With Arms Wide Open]]" in 2000? ;Jared Isaacman * ... that [[Administrator of NASA]] '''[[Jared Isaacman]]''' set a world record in 2009 for traveling around the world in a [[Business jet|light jet]]? ;Markwayne Mullin * ... that until 2026, '''[[Markwayne Mullin]]''' was the only [[U.S. Senator]] without at least a [[bachelor's degree]]? ;Ali Khamenei * ... that until his [[Assassination of Ali Khamenei|assassination in 2026]], [[Supreme Leader of Iran]] '''[[Ali Khamenei]]''' was the longest-serving [[head of state]] in the [[Middle East]]? ;Stephanie Grisham * ... that while '''[[Stephanie Grisham]]''' was working for then-[[President-elect of the United States|President-elect]] [[Donald Trump]]'s team in 2016, her [[salary]] was paid for by the [[Arizona|Arizona state government]]? ;Sloths [[File:Bradypus.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Sloth|sloths]]''' ''(pictured)'' can hold their breath longer than [[dolphins]], up to 40 minutes? ;Willie Colón * ... that in 1995, [[Salsa music|salsa musician]] '''[[Willie Colón]]''' became the first [[person of color]] to be on the [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|ASCAP national board]]? ;Sexual capital *... that '''[[sexual capital]]''' can be [[wikt:converted|converted]] and used much like other forms of [[Capital (economics)|capital]]? ;Yma Sumac [[File:Yma Sumac in Italy.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1951, '''[[Yma Sumac]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Latin America]]n and [[Peru]]vian female singer to appear on [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]? ;Rob Jetten * ... that in 2026 at age 38, '''[[Rob Jetten]]''' became the youngest and first [[openly gay]] [[prime minister of the Netherlands]]? ;Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor * ... that in 2026, '''[[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor]]''' became the first senior member of the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British royal family]] to be [[arrested]] since [[Charles I|King Charles I]] in 1647? ;Rifaat al-Assad [[File:Rifaat Assad on the military maneuvers of the Defence Brigades.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Rifaat al-Assad]]''' ''(pictured)'' became [[vice president of Syria]] after trying to [[Coup d'état|remove]] his [[Hafez al-Assad|brother]] from [[President of Syria|power]] in 1984? ;Mike Johnson * ... that in 2026, '''[[Mike Johnson]]''' became the first [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]] to address the [[British Parliament]]? ;Lucien Laurent [[File:Lucien Laurent.jpg|right|100px]] * ...that '''[[Lucien Laurent]]''' ''(pictured)'' scored the first ever [[FIFA World Cup]] goal? ;Giorgio Armani * ... that in 2001, '''[[Giorgio Armani]]''' became the first living [[fashion design|designer]] to have his works [[Exhibition|exhibited]] at the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]]? ;Eileen Higgins * ... that in 2025, '''[[Eileen Higgins]]''' became [[Miami]]'s first female [[mayor]] and the first [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] mayor in almost thirty years? ;Perverse incentive [[File:Indiancobra.jpg|100px|right]] *...that when the government of [[Delhi]] started to pay [[money]] for dead [[cobra]]s ''(pictured)'' because there were too many, '''[[Perverse incentive|people started to breed these snakes]]'''? ;Najah al-Attar * ... that '''[[Najah al-Attar]]''', the first [[Arab]] woman to become [[vice president of Syria]], worked as a translator in [[Scotland]]? ;Suicide in Greenland * ... that unlike other [[Western countries]], '''[[Suicide in Greenland|suicide rates in Greenland]]''' go down with age? ;Juan Ponce Enrile [[File:Juan Ponce Enrile - 2017 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that at the time of his death in 2025 at the age of 101, '''[[Juan Ponce Enrile]]''' ''(pictured)'' was an active member of [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Bongbong Marcos|Bongbong Marcos's]] [[cabinet]]? ;Bad Bunny * ... that in 2026, [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] [[rap music|rapper]] '''[[Bad Bunny]]''' became the first [[Latino|male Latin]] [[:en:Headliner (performances)|headliner]] of a [[Super Bowl]] [[Super Bowl halftime show|halftime show]]? ;iPhone Air * ... that in 2025, the '''[[iPhone Air]]''' was the first [[iPhone]] to change the [[SIM card]] for [[eSIM]]s worldwide? ;Osama Vinladen * ... that '''[[Osama Vinladen|a Peruvian footballer]]''' is named after [[Osama bin Laden]]? ;Usha Vance [[File:Usha Vance August 2025.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Usha Vance]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[Second Lady of the United States]] to be [[pregnant]] while in office? ;Stellan Skarsgård * ... that '''[[Stellan Skarsgård]]''' is the first actor to be nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for a role in an [[Sentimental Value|international movie]]? ;Sinners (2025 movie) * ... that with 16 nominations, '''''[[Sinners (2025 movie)|Sinners]]''''' has more [[Academy Award]] nominations than any other movie? ;Olivia Dean [[File:Olivia Dean - 4331.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Olivia Dean]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first female solo artist to have four [[UK Singles Chart|UK top-ten singles]] at the same time? ;Valentino (fashion designer) * ... that fashion designer '''[[Valentino (fashion designer)|Valentino]]''' is said to have created a new color called "Valentino Red", which was inspired by a "childhood [[opera]] experience"? ;Dame Marie Bashir * ... that in 2014, '''[[Marie Bashir|Dame Marie Bashir]]''' resigned as [[Governor of New South Wales]] because she did not want to break [[Sir Roden Cutler|Sir Roden Cutler's]] record for being the [[New South Wales|state's]] longest serving governor? ;Colette Flesch [[File:Weinberger Flesch Pentagon 1982-HD-SC-98-07534 (cropped).JPEG|100px|right]] * ... that [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] [[fencing|fencer]] '''[[Colette Flesch]]''' ''(pictured)'' was also the first female mayor of [[Luxembourg City]] and the first female [[List of deputy prime ministers of Luxembourg|deputy prime minister]]? ;Iliana Iotova * ... that before becoming the first female [[president of Bulgaria]], '''[[Iliana Iotova]]''' was a [[nurse]] and television news [[journalist]]? ;Slave Market in Ancient Rome * ... that the [[painting]]s '''''[[Slave Market in Ancient Rome]]''''' and ''[[A Roman Slave Market]]'', both by [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]] show a very similar scene, from different angles? ;Chloé Zhao [[File:Chloezhao.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2021, '''[[Chloé Zhao]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[person of color|woman of color]] to win the [[Academy Award for Best Director]]? ;María Corina Machado * ... that in 2026, '''[[María Corina Machado]]''' gave her [[Nobel Peace Prize]] to [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]] to thank him for the [[2026 United States strikes in Venezuela|U.S. strikes in Venezuela]], even though the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] said this is not allowed? ;United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 * ... that [[UEFA Euro 1992]] winner [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]] qualified for the tournament because [[Yugoslavia national football team|Yugoslavia]] '''[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 757|was banned by United Nations sanctions]]''' because of the [[Yugoslav Wars]]? ;Julia Letlow [[File:Julia Letlow 117th (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2021, '''[[Julia Letlow]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] woman to represent [[Louisiana]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]]? ;Mikie Sherrill * ... that in 2026, '''[[Mikie Sherrill]]''' of [[New Jersey]] became the first female [[veteran|military veteran]] to be a [[governor]] of any [[U.S. state|American state]]? ;Saudi riyal * ... that in 2021, the [[Saudi Central Bank]] created a special 200 '''[[Saudi riyal|riyal]]''' banknote with a picture of [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz]] to celebrate the fifth anniversary of [[Saudi Vision 2030|Vision 2030]]? ;Bears–Packers rivalry [[File:Bears v Packers 02 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that having started in 1921, the '''[[Bears–Packers rivalry]]''' ''(both teams pictured)'' is the oldest [[rivalry|team rivalry]] in the [[National Football League]]? ;Chicago Bears * ... that the '''[[Chicago Bears]]''' have retired fourteen [[Jersey (clothing)|jersey uniform]] numbers, more than any other [[National Football League|NFL team]]? ;George Halas * ... that '''[[George Halas]]''', founder of the [[Chicago Bears]] and co-founder of the [[National Football League|NFL]], survived the [[SS Eastland|SS ''Eastland'' disaster]] in 1915 because he was training for the [[Big Ten Conference]]? ;Jimmy Carter * ... that when '''[[Jimmy Carter]]''' [[Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter|died in 2024]], he became the first [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] to die since [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in 1973? ;Ilhan Omar [[File:Ilhan Omar - 20250411 EP-184062A DLL 109 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Ilhan Omar]]''' ''(pictured)'', one of the first female [[Muslim]] members of the [[U.S. Congress]], was a [[refugee]] of the [[Somali Civil War]]? ;Uljana Semjonova * ... that in 1993, [[Latvia]]n Olympic gold medalist '''[[Uljana Semjonova]]''' became the first non-[[Americans|U.S. woman]] to be honored in the [[Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame]]? ;Hugh Johnson * ... that when [[Oenology|wine expert]] '''[[Hugh Johnson]]''' tasted a 1540 German ''Steinwein'' in 1964, it became one of the oldest [[wine]]s to have ever been tasted? ;Cotard's syndrome * ...that '''[[Cotard's syndrome]]''' is a rare [[mental illness]] where the [[patient]] believes that they are [[dead]], or have lost their internal [[organ]]s? ;R'Bonney Gabriel [[File:R'Bonney Gabriel 02 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2022, at the age of 28, '''[[R'Bonney Gabriel]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the oldest [[Miss Universe]] winner? ;Candace Owens * ... that in 2025 after '''[[Candace Owens]]''' accused French First Lady [[Brigitte Macron]] of being [[transgender]], Macron sent [[photography|photographic]] evidence to court to prove that she was a woman? ;Winemaking * ... that there is evidence that shows that '''[[winemaking]]''' began around 6000 to 5000 B.C in present-day [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Iran]]? ;Foreign accent syndrome * ...that there is a [[medical condition|condition]] called '''[[foreign accent syndrome]]''' where people start speaking in a completely different [[accent]], despite never having visiting that [[country]]? ;2026 United States strikes in Venezuela [[File:President Nicolas Maduro on board the USS Iwo Jima (cropped).png|right|100px]] * ... that hours after the '''[[2026 United States strikes in Venezuela|2026 capture and arrest]]''' of [[President of Venezuela]] [[Nicolás Maduro]] ''(pictured)'', the [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] outfit he wore sold out? ;End of Beginning * ... that actor [[Joe Keery]] wrote the song "'''[[End of Beginning]]'''" based on the [[nostalgia]] he felt when returning to [[Chicago]]? ;Christian Chukwu * ...that when '''[[Christian Chukwu|Christian Chukwu]]''' was a child, his parents made him sell [[plantain]]s to stop him from playing [[Association football|football]]? ;HTC Dream * ... that when the [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] approved the '''[[HTC Dream]]''' phone, it became the first [[smartphone]] to work with an [[Android (operating system)|Android operating system]]? ;Eiffel Tower [[File:Tour Eiffel Wikimedia Commons.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that the '''[[Eiffel Tower]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the tallest man-made structure in the world for 41 years until the [[Chrysler Building]] in [[New York City]] passed it? ;Victor Lustig * ...that a [[con artist]] named '''[[Victor Lustig]]''' successfully "sold" the [[Eiffel Tower]] for [[scrap metal]] to a dealer and then liked the scam so much he tried to sell it a second time? ;Aswan * ... that in 2021, the [[Egypt]]ian city of '''[[Aswan]]''' was [[invasion|invaded]] by [[scorpion]]s because of [[flooding]] and 500 people were stung? ;Nasry Asfura * ... that after winning the [[2025 Honduran general election|2025 Honduran presidential election]] by 40%, '''[[Nasry Asfura]]''' won the most votes in the [[National Party of Honduras|Honduran National Party's]] history? ;Nasry Asfura [[File:Secretary Rubio Meets with Honduran President-Elect (55037313932) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in [[2025 Honduran general election|2025]] at age 67, '''[[Nasry Asfura]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the oldest person elected [[president of Honduras]]? ;Stubbs (cat) *...that '''[[Stubbs (cat)|Stubbs]]''', a ginger [[tabby cat]], was the honorary mayor of [[Talkeetna, Alaska]] for 20 years and survived a dog attack and a shooting with a [[BB gun]]? ;Red wine * ... that the [[antioxidant]]s found in '''[[red wine]]''' can help lower [[cholesterol]] levels and reduce the risk of [[heart disease]]? ;Victoria Kjær Theilvig [[File:Victoria Kjær Theilvig in 2025.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2024, '''[[Victoria Kjær Theilvig]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Danish people|Danish woman]] to win [[Miss Universe]]? ;White wine * ... that '''[[white wine]]''' is made in colder [[climate]]s because they do not use the [[bitterness|bitter]] [[tannin]]s from the [[grape|grape skins]] in the [[winemaking|winemaking process]]? ;Eratosthenes *...that in 240 [[Anno Domini|BC]], '''[[Eratosthenes|Eratosthenes of Cyrene]]''' used the distance between [[Aswan]] and [[Alexandria]] to calculate the [[circumference]] of the [[earth]]? ;Sheynnis Palacios [[File:Sheynnis Palacios (2024-02-27) 03.JPG|right|100px]] * ... that in 2023, '''[[Sheynnis Palacios]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Nicaragua|Nicaraguan woman]] to win [[Miss Universe]]? ;Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon *...that during the '''[[Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|1904 Olympic Marathon]]''', fourth-place finisher [[Andarín Carvajal]] only lost the lead because he stopped to eat some rotten [[apple]]s and took a nap? ;Killing of Dipu Chandra Das * ... that many people celebrated the '''[[Killing of Dipu Chandra Das|burning of Dipu Chandra Das]]''', who was accused of [[blasphemy]], even though police found no proof he said anything bad about [[Islam]]? ;Zohran Mamdani [[File:Zohran Mamdani 05.25.25 (b) (cropped).jpg|100px|right]] * ... that in 2026, '''[[Zohran Mamdani]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Indian American]] and [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[mayor of New York City]]? ;Bob Iger * ... that in 2017, '''[[Bob Iger]]''' resigned from a business group that President [[Donald Trump]] created because of the president's decision to pull the [[United States]] from the [[Paris Agreement]]? ;Rob Reiner * ... that actor and [[filmmaker]] '''[[Rob Reiner]]''' co-founded a [[non-profit organization]] to start the [[legal]] [[trial|challenge]] against [[California Proposition 8]] which [[ban|banned]] [[Same-sex marriage|same-sex marriage]] in [[California]]? ;Fátima Bosch [[File:Fátima Bosch coronation on GrandTV, half length 02.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Fátima Bosch]]''' ''(pictured)'' won the [[Miss Universe]] title after being yelled at and called "dumb" by the director of Miss Universe [[Thailand]]? ;Avatar (franchise) * ... that there is a [[phenomenon]] known as "post-Avatar depression syndrome" which is when viewers of the '''[[Avatar (franchise)|''Avatar'' movies]]''' feel [[depressed]] or have [[suicide|suicidal thoughts]] because they want to be in [[Fictional universe of Avatar|Pandora]]? ;Ethel Caterham * ... that '''[[Ethel Caterham]]''', the first person in [[United Kingdom|British history]] to turn 116 years old, is the last surviving [[Subject#People|subject]] of [[Edward VII]]? ;Wikipedia Monument [[File:Wikipedia Monument 3.JPG|right|100px]] *...that there is a '''[[Wikipedia Monument]]''' ''(pictured)'' in [[Poland]], built specifically to honor the thousands of volunteer editors who write the [[encyclopedia]]? ;Condom *...that a 16th-century [[text]] has the first documented [[description]] of a '''[[condom]]''' which was written by a doctor treating [[syphilis]]? ;Milonia Caesonia *..that Roman emperor [[Caligula]] showed his wife '''[[Milonia Caesonia]]''' to his friends completely [[naked]], and that she also had to perform before his troops? ;Platypus *...that the '''[[platypus]]''' has no [[stomach]] and its [[esophagus]] connects directly to its [[intestine]]s? ;Tom Steyer [[File:Tom Steyer February 2019.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[hedge fund]] manager '''[[Tom Steyer]]''' ''(pictured)'' spent $250 million of his own money on his [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]] [[President of the United States|U.S. presidential]] campaign? ;Kacey Musgraves * ... that before she won eight [[Grammy Award]]s, country singer '''[[Kacey Musgraves]]''' took part in [[yodeling]] championships and was called the "Yodeling Queen of [[Texas]]"? ;Charlotte, North Carolina * ... that '''[[Charlotte, North Carolina]]''' was named after [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]], the wife of [[King George III]], because the townspeople wanted him to like them and not have him pass unfair laws? ;Dancing plague of 1518 *...that the '''[[Dancing plague of 1518]]''' involved hundreds of people [[dance|dancing]] uncontrollably for days without rest, some even dying from [[exhaustion]]? ;Sleep apnea * ... that '''[[sleep apnea]]''' is common, affecting about one in ten people and up to 30% of the [[elderly]]? ;55 Cancri Ae [[File:55 cancri e (Celestia).jpg|right|100px]] *... that the planet '''[[55 Cancri Ae]]''' ''(pictured)'' is sometimes known as the "diamond planet" because scientists believe a good part of its [[mass]] is [[carbon]], likely in the form of [[diamond]]? ;Russell B. Long * ... that [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] '''[[Russell B. Long]]''' was once called "the [[branches of government|fourth branch of government]]" because of his time as chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Finance|Senate Finance Committee]]? ;José Antonio Kast [[File:José Antonio Kast en 2025 (cropped2).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[President of Chile|President-elect of Chile]] '''[[José Antonio Kast]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the son of a [[German people|German]] [[Nazi Party|Nazi]] [[German Army|Army]] lieutenant who [[immigration|immigrated]] to [[Chile]] in the 1950s? ;My Way * ... that in 1969, [[Paul Anka]] bought the [[copyright|rights]] of the original [[French language]] version of "'''[[My Way]]'''" for $1 so that [[Frank Sinatra]] could record it? ;Mug shot of Donald Trump * ... that two days after the release of [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] '''[[Mug shot of Donald Trump|Donald Trump's mugshot]]''', his [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|2024 presidential campaign]] had raised $7.1 million? ;Persecution of Wikipedians in Belarus * ... that the government of [[Belarus]] has been '''[[Persecution of Wikipedians in Belarus|persecuting Wikipedia editors]]'''? ;Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran * ... that during [[World War II]], the '''[[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]]''' was used by [[Pope Pius XII]] to house [[Jews]] and [[refugee]]s from the [[Nazis]]? ;Tyla [[File:Tyla Seethal 2022 a.png|100px|right]] * ... that at the age of 22, '''[[Tyla]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the youngest [[Africa]]n artist to win a [[Grammy Award]]? ;Rod Paige * ... that in 2004, [[United States Secretary of Education|U.S. Secretary of Education]] '''[[Rod Paige]]''' called the [[National Education Association]], the [[United States|country's]] largest teachers [[Trade union|union]], a "[[terrorist]] organization"? ;Cristiano Ronaldo [[File:Cristiano Ronaldo playing for Al Nassr FC against Persepolis, September 2023 (cropped).jpg|110px|right]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Cristiano Ronaldo]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[billionaire]] football player, with a [[net worth]] of $1.4 billion dollars? ;Rodrigo Duterte * ... that in 2025, '''[[Rodrigo Duterte]]''' became the first [[President of the Philippines|Philippine president]] to face [[criminal charge|criminal charges]] by the [[International Criminal Court|ICC]] and the first [[Asia|Asian]] leader to face an ICC [[criminal trial|trial]]? ;Chaim Topol [[File:Chaim Topol, 1967 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[Israeli people|Israeli]] [[Academy Award]]-nominated actor '''[[Chaim Topol]]''' ''(pictured)'' worked on secret missions for the [[Mossad]] during the 1960s and 1970s? ;Stanislav Shushkevich * ... that before '''[[Stanislav Shushkevich]]''' became [[List of national leaders of Belarus|chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Belarus]], he taught [[Russian language|Russian]] to [[Lee Harvey Oswald]]? ;1994 San Marino Grand Prix * ... that after [[Roland Ratzenberger|Ratzenberger]] and [[Ayrton Senna|Senna]]'s deaths at the '''[[1994 San Marino Grand Prix]]''', commentator [[Murray Walker]] called the race "the blackest day for [[Grand Prix motor racing|Grand Prix racing]] that I can remember"? ;Rodrigo Paz [[File:Rodrigo Paz, presidente de Bolivia.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in [[2025 Bolivian general election|2025]], [[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Senator]] '''[[Rodrigo Paz]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[president of Bolivia]] to be elected in a [[Two-round system|run-off election]]? ;Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan * ... that some [[U.S. state]]s [[ban|banned]] the [[insanity defense]] after [[John Hinckley Jr.]] was found not guilty for '''[[Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan|trying to assassinate]]''' [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Ronald Reagan]]? ;Huajiang Canyon Bridge [[File:Huajiang Canyon Bridge1.JPG|right|100px]] * ... that at 625 metres (2,051 ft) from the ground, the '''[[Huajiang Canyon Bridge]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the world's highest bridge? ;Adelita Grijalva * ... that when '''[[Adelita Grijalva]]''' waited 50 days to be [[inaugurated|sworn-in]] as a member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]], it became the longest that any member waited after winning a [[special election]]? ;Struwwelpeter [[File:H Hoffmann Struwwel 03.jpg|100px|right]] * ... that '''''[[Struwwelpeter]]''''' ''(pictured)'', a popular [[Children's literature|children's]] [[picture book]] from 1844, likely has the first descriptions of [[psychological]] conditions such as [[anorexia nervosa]], [[hyperactivity]], [[ADHD]] or [[conduct disorder]]? ;José María Muñagorri * ... that in [[Real Madrid CF's 1927 tour of the Americas|1927]], [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] player '''[[José María Muñagorri]]''' nearly jumped into [[shark]]-infested waters to rescue a [[José María Peña|teammate]]? ;LG Optimus 2X [[File:LG Optimus 2X.jpg|right|111px]] *... that in 2011, '''[[LG Optimus 2X]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the world's first smartphone with a [[Multi-core processor|dual-core processor]]? ;Jakarta * ... that in 2025, '''[[Jakarta]]''' became the [[List of largest cities|largest city in the world]] with a population of 41.9 million? ;Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick * ... that in 2022, '''[[Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick]]''' became the first [[Haitian American|American of Haitian descent]] to [[United States House of Representatives|represent]] [[Florida]] in the [[United States Congress]]? ;Dick Cheney [[File:46 Dick Cheney 3x4.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Dick Cheney]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first [[Methodist]] [[Vice President of the United States|U.S. vice president]] to serve under a Methodist [[President of the United States|U.S. president]]? ;Helena Moreno * ... that '''[[Helena Moreno]]''', who was born in [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]], [[Mexico]], was elected as the first [[Hispanic]] mayor of [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]] in 2025? ;Catherine Connolly [[File:Catherine Connolly 3 October 2024.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in [[2025 Irish presidential election|2025]], '''[[Catherine Connolly]]''' ''(pictured)'' was elected [[president of Ireland]] with the highest number of [[Instant-runoff voting|first-preference votes]] in the [[Ireland|country's history]]? ;Curaçao national football team * ... that when the '''[[Curaçao national football team]]''' qualified for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]], they became the [[Curaçao|smallest country]] to ever qualify for [[FIFA World Cup|the tournament]]? ;Dallin H. Oaks * ... that before '''[[Dallin H. Oaks]]''' became [[President of the Church (LDS Church)|President of the LDS Church]], [[President of the United States|Presidents]] [[Gerald Ford]] and [[Ronald Reagan]] saw him as a possible candidate for the [[U.S. Supreme Court]]? ;Sanae Takaichi [[File:Shigeru Ishiba and Sanae Takaichi 20241211 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that before becoming the first female [[Prime Minister of Japan|prime minister of Japan]] in 2025, '''[[Sanae Takaichi]]''' ''(pictured)'' was a [[United States Congress|U.S. congressional aide]] and a television [[news anchor]]? ;Christine Jorgensen * ... that when '''[[Christine Jorgensen]]''' had [[sexual reassignment surgery]] in 1951, she was seen as the first widely-known person in the [[United States]] to have had it? ;Pennsylvania * ... that the [[U.S. state]] of '''[[Pennsylvania]]''' was founded in 1681 through a [[grant (money)|royal land grant]] given to [[William Penn]] by [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]]? ;Ed Gein [[File:Ed-Gein.jpeg|right|100px]] * ... that [[serial killer]] '''[[Ed Gein]]''' ''(pictured)'' made [[furniture]] out of human [[skin]] and [[bowl]]s out of [[skull]]s while also collecting [[vulva]]s from [[corpse]]s? ;Jane Goodall [[File:Fryday w- Goodall (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[zoology|zoologist]] '''[[Jane Goodall|Dame Jane Goodall]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first scientist to give a name to their [[research]] [[subject]]s instead of giving them numbers? ;Fumio Kishida * ... that when '''[[Fumio Kishida]]''' [[2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine|visted]] [[Ukraine]] in 2023, he became the first [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese prime minister]] to visit a [[battlefield]] since the end of [[World War II]]? ;Tom Lehrer [[File:Portrait of Tom Lehrer in c. 1957.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[Satire|satiric]] singer-songwriter '''[[Tom Lehrer]]''' retired from music in the 1970s to teach [[mathematics]] at [[Harvard University]]? ;Tilly Norwood * ... that '''[[Tilly Norwood]]''' is an [[artificial intelligence]] actress that was created in 2025 to be the "next [[Scarlett Johansson]] or [[Natalie Portman]]"? ;Sarah Mullally [[File:Official_portrait_of_The_Lord_Bishop_of_London_crop_2.jpg|100px|right]] * ... that in 2026, '''[[Sarah Mullally]]''' (pictured) became the first woman to hold the office of [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] and to be the head of the [[Anglican Church]]? ;Sushila Karki * ... that in 2025, '''[[Sushila Karki]]''' became the first female [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] after [[Generation Z|Gen Z]] [[2025 Nepalese Gen Z protests|protestors]] voted for her on a [[Discord]] poll? ;Charlie Kirk [[File:Charlie Kirk (53808961183) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Charlie Kirk]]''' ''(pictured)'' co-founded [[Turning Point USA]] after [[dropping out]] of college at the age of 18? ;Auckland * ... that [[New Zealand|New Zealand's]] largest city, '''[[Auckland]]''', is built on multiple [[dormant volcano]]s? ;Maya Angelou [[File:Maya Angelou visits YCP Feb 2013.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[Grammy Award|Grammy]]-winning poet and civil rights activist '''[[Maya Angelou]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first [[African American]] woman [[streetcar]] conductor in [[San Francisco]]? ;Sexual fetishism <!--[[File:Dresseuses_d'Hommes_7.jpg|100px|right]]--> * ... that [[animal]]s such as [[rat]]s and other [[primate]]s could have '''[[Sexual fetishism|sexual fetishes]]'''? ;Giorgio Armani * ... that in 2007, '''[[Giorgio Armani]]''' became the first [[fashion design|designer]] to ban models with a [[body mass index|BMI]] under 18, after a model [[starvation|starved herself to death]]? ;Alice Munro [[File:Alice Munro 2006 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2013, '''[[Alice Munro]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Canadian people|Canadian]] to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]? ;Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o * ... that in 2021, '''[[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]''' became the first person to be nominated for the [[International Booker Prize]] as both the author and translator of a written work? ;Stanley Matthews [[File:Stanley Matthews 1962 (crop).jpg|right|110px]] * ...that '''[[Stanley Matthews|Sir Stanley Matthews]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first person to be [[knighted]] for their services to [[Association football|football]]? ;Adriano Espaillat * ... that [[U.S. Representative]] '''[[Adriano Espaillat]]''' is the first [[Dominican Americans|Dominican American]] and first formerly [[Undocumented immigrant|undocumented immigrant]] to serve in [[U.S. Congress|congress]]? ;Real Madrid CF's 1927 tour of the Americas * ... that in 1927, [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] '''[[Real Madrid CF's 1927 tour of the Americas|played matches]]''' in [[North America|North]] and [[South America]] to [[promote]] [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Association football|football]]? ;Stan Mikita [[File:Stan Mikita (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Stan Mikita]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[ice hockey]] [[Hockey Hall of Fame|Hall of Famer]] to have been diagnosed with [[chronic traumatic encephalopathy]]? ;North Carolina * ... that '''[[North Carolina]]''' was the first of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] to vote in favor for [[American Revolutionary War|independence]] from [[Great Britain]]? ;Laura Chinchilla [[File:Laura-Chinchilla-cropped.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2010, '''[[Laura Chinchilla]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first female [[president of Costa Rica]] and the eighth female president of a [[Latin America]]n country overall? ;Azerbaijan * ... that '''[[Azerbaijan]]''' is named after [[Persian people|Persian]] [[nobleman]] [[Atropates]]? ;Roy Cooper [[File:Roy Cooper in November 2023 (cropped2).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2016, [[North Carolina Attorney General|State Attorney General]] '''[[Roy Cooper]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first person since 1850 to beat an [[incumbent]] [[Governor of North Carolina|governor]] in [[North Carolina|North Carolina's]] history? ;Age and health concerns about Joe Biden * ... that comedian [[Dana Carvey]] said it was hard for him to play former [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Joe Biden]] on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' because he believed Biden had "'''[[Age and health concerns about Joe Biden|mental health problems]]'''"? ;Kirsty Coventry * ... that in 2025, Olympic swimmer and gold medalist '''[[Kirsty Coventry]]''' became the first woman and [[Africa|African]] to be elected [[president of the International Olympic Committee]]? ;Laurie Hernandez [[File:Laurie Hernandez by Gage Skidmore (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that at age 16, Olympic gold medalist '''[[Laurie Hernandez]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the youngest person to win ''[[Dancing with the Stars]]''? ;Ozzy Osbourne * ... that [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] singer '''[[Ozzy Osbourne]]''' accidentally bit-off the head of a [[bat]] during a live concert, believing that it was fake and made out of [[rubber]]? ;Nashville Sounds * ... that the [[Minor League Baseball|minor league baseball team]] the '''[[Nashville Sounds]]''' picked their name because of [[Nashville|Nashville's]] importance in the [[music industry]]? ;Connie Francis [[File:Connie Francis 1961.JPG|right|100px]] * ... that in 1960, '''[[Connie Francis]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first woman to reach No. 1 on the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] chart? ;Josh Shapiro * ... that the money spent by the 2022 [[Governor of Pennsylvania|gubernatorial]] campaign of then-[[Attorney General of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania Attorney General]] '''[[Josh Shapiro]]''' was the most for a [[Pennsylvania|statewide candidate]] in an election year? ;William H. Webster [[File:William H. Webster, Director of Federal Bureau of Investigation ME680-10 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that judge '''[[William H. Webster]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the only person to have been the director of both the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]? ;San Diego * ... that '''[[San Diego]]''' was founded in 1769, making it the oldest city in [[California]]? ;Jim Lovell [[File:James Lovell (3x4 cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[Apollo 13]] commander '''[[Jim Lovell]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first person to [[Spaceflight|fly]] into [[Outer space|space]] four times? ;Dog * ... that '''[[Dog|dogs]]''' started to have many [[List of dog breeds|breeds]] during the [[Victorian era]] when humans began controlling which dogs were bred? ;Cat * ... that the oldest '''[[cat|domestic cat]]''' lived until the age of 38? ;Baldwin IV of Jerusalem [[File:King Baldwin IV.png|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem]]''' ''(pictured)'' was known as the "Leper King" because he had [[leprosy]] and was left [[treatment|untreated]] by his doctors? ;Massachusetts * ... that in 2004, '''[[Massachusetts]]''' became the first [[States of the U.S.|U.S. state]] to make [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]] legal? ;Earthquake * ... that when a '''[[earthquake]]''' happens in the [[ocean]], it can cause [[tsunami]]s? ;McDonald's * ... that the [[fast food|fast food chain]] '''[[McDonald's]]''' has over 36,000,000 locations in 118 countries and territories around the world? ;Samsung Galaxy S5 [[File:SamsungGalaxys5 being holdenpic.png|right|100px]] * ... that in 2014, the '''[[Samsung Galaxy S5]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Samsung]] smartphone to have a [[fingerprint scanner]]? ;Chicago Tylenol murders [[File:Induction sealed bottle 2025.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that because of the '''[[Chicago Tylenol murders]]''' in 1982, food and [[pharmacy|pharmaceutical]] companies created safety sealing ''(pictured)'' for their bottled products? ;Violeta Chamorro [[File:Violeta Chamorro 1993.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1990, when '''[[Violeta Chamorro]]''' ''(pictured)'' was elected [[President of Nicaragua]], she became the first elected woman president in the [[Americas]]? ;Sir Billy Boston * ... that in 2025, '''[[Billy Boston|Sir Billy Boston]]''' became the first [[Rugby League|rugby league footballer]] to be [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]]? ;Toni Morrison [[File:Toni Morrison.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1993, '''[[Toni Morrison]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[African American]] woman to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]? ;Greg Abbott * ... that in 2015, '''[[Greg Abbott]]''' became the first [[Governor of Texas|Texas governor]] and third governor of a [[U.S. state]] to use a [[wheelchair]]? ;Amazon River [[File:Amazon 57.53278W 2.71207S.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that there are no [[Bridge|bridges]] that cross the '''[[Amazon River]]''' ''(pictured)'' because of the [[Amazon rainforest]]? ;Ron DeSantis [[File:Governor Ron DeSantis at the CNN Republican Presidential Debate (53460294753) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2019, at the age of 40, '''[[Ron DeSantis]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the youngest [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Governor of Florida|governor]] in [[Florida|Florida's history]]? ;Egypt * ... that '''[[Egypt]]''' has the most powerful [[Egyptian Armed Forces|military force]] in the [[Arab world]] and [[Africa]] since 2025? ;Colour of the day (police) *... that in [[New York City]], [[police|undercover police]] wear different '''[[Color of the day (police)|colored items of clothing]]''' to quickly recognize each other? ;Kathy Hochul [[File:Kathy Hochul March 2024 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2021, '''[[Kathy Hochul]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first female [[Governor of New York]] and the first from [[Upstate New York]]? ;Mikie Sherrill * ... that before she became the first [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] to [[United States House of Representatives|represent]] [[New Jersey's 11th congressional district]] in over 30 years, '''[[Mikie Sherrill]]''' was a [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] [[helicopter]] pilot? ;Abigail Spanberger * ... that before becoming the first woman to represent [[Virginia's 7th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. House]], '''[[Abigail Spanberger]]''' was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA operations officer]]? ;Gavin Newsom [[File:Newsom April 2024 (3x4 cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2022, [[Governor of California|Governor]] '''[[Gavin Newsom]]''' ''(pictured)'' made [[California]] the first [[sanctuary city|sanctuary state]] for [[transgender|transgender youth]]? ;Cambodian genocide * ... that the '''[[Cambodian genocide]]''' happened because [[dictator]] [[Pol Pot]] and the [[Khmer Rouge]] wanted to roll back [[Cambodia]] to "Year Zero" when every Cambodian was a [[Rural area|rural]] [[farmer]]? ;Joan Didion [[File:Didion1970 (cropped).jpg|100px|right]] * ... that '''[[Joan Didion]]''' ''(pictured)'' wrote her first novel, which was about a woman dying in the [[Sahara Desert]], when she was five years old? ;South Korea * ... that 70% of '''[[South Korea]]''' is covered by hills and mountains? ;Louise Glück [[File:Louise Glück circa 1977.jpg|100px|right]] * ... that in 2020, '''[[Louise Glück]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Americans|American]] woman to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] since 1993 and the first American poet to win since 1948? ;Boston * ... that from 1659 to 1681, it was [[banned]] in '''[[Boston]]''' to celebrate [[Christmas]] because the [[Pilgrims]] saw it as a "[[corruption|corrupt]] holiday"? ;Audrey Hepburn [[File:Audrey Hepburn 1956om (cropped).jpg|100px|right]] *...that '''[[Audrey Hepburn]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first person to be an [[List of EGOT winners|EGOT winner]] [[posthumously]]? ;Beagle * ... that a 2019 research found that '''[[Beagle|beagles]]''' could detect [[lung cancer]] with 97% accuracy? ;Lilo & Stitch * ... that the 2002 movie '''''[[Lilo & Stitch]]''''' was the first time that [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]] hand-drew its characters and used of [[watercolour|watercolors]] for its background since the 1940s? ;Susan Brownmiller * ... that the works of [[Americans|American]] [[feminist]] author '''[[Susan Brownmiller]]''' is said to have helped create laws that made it easier to criminally charge [[rape|rapists]]? ;Pig [[File:Sus scrofa scrofa.jpg|right|100px]] *...that '''[[pig]]s''' ''(pictured)'' can be taught to play [[video game]]s? ;Catholic Church * ... that the '''[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]]''' has the oldest continuously used legal system in the world? ;Chuck Grassley [[File:Chuck Grassley official photo 2017.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that with over 40 years in the [[U.S. Senate]], '''[[Chuck Grassley]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the longest serving [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] senator in [[History of the United States|U.S. history]]? ;Lee Zeldin * ... that in 2022, while running for [[Governor of New York|New York Governor]], then-[[U.S. Representative]] '''[[Lee Zeldin]]''' was attacked by a [[drunk]] man who later said he did not know who Zeldin was? ;Sara Duterte [[File:2024-04-10 – PBBM to highlight economic cooperation, defense and maritime cooperation in historic trilateral meeting with US, Japan (03) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Sara Duterte]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Vice President of the Philippines]] to be [[impeachment|impeached]]? ;Cori Bush * ... that in 2021, [[nurse|registered nurse]] '''[[Cori Bush]]''' became the first [[African American]] woman to represent [[Missouri]] in the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]? ;Sussan Ley [[File:SL - 2012 Profile.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Sussan Ley]]''' ''(pictured)'' became [[Australia|Australia's]] first female [[Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party Leader]] and [[Leader of the Opposition (Australia)|Opposition Leader]]? ;Pope Leo XIV * ... that '''[[Pope Leo XIV]]''' picked his papal name because of [[Pope Leo XIII]] and the "cultural shifts" the [[Roman Catholic church]] might see through [[artificial intelligence]] and [[robotics]]? ;Wesley Bell [[File:Rep. Wesley Bell Official Portrait.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2019, future-[[Missouri]] [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] '''[[Wesley Bell]]''' ''(pictured)'' became [[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County's]] first [[African Americans|Black]] [[attorney|prosecuting attorney]]? ;Peter Dutton * ... that in [[2025 Australian federal election|2025]], '''[[Peter Dutton]]''' became the first [[List of Australian Leaders of the Opposition|Australian opposition leader]] to lose their [[Australian House of Representatives|parliamentary seat]] at an election? ;JB Pritzker [[File:JB Pritzker 2024.jpg|right|100px]] * ... when he was [[2022 Illinois gubernatorial election|re-elected in 2022]], [[Governor of Illinois|Illinois Governor]] '''[[JB Pritzker]]''' ''(pictured)'' had the highest vote share for any [[United States|U.S.]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] governor in more than 60 years? ;Toni Breidinger * ... that in 2025, '''[[Toni Breidinger]]''' became the first [[NASCAR]] driver to model for [[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue|''Sports Illustrated''<nowiki/>'s Swimsuit Issue]]? ;Rashida Tlaib [[File:Tlaib Rashida 119th Congress.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2018, '''[[Rashida Tlaib]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Muslim]] woman and the first [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]]-[[Americans|American]] woman elected to the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]? ;Anthony Albanese * ... that in [[2025 Australian federal election|2025]], '''[[Anthony Albanese]]''' became the first [[Prime Minister of Australia|Australian prime minister]] to win re-election since [[John Howard]] in [[2004 Australian federal election|2004]]? ;Friedrich Merz * ... that in 2025, '''[[Friedrich Merz]]''' became the first post-war [[Chancellor of Germany|German chancellor]] not to receive the needed [[German Bundestag|confirmation votes]] in the first round of voting? ;Nicușor Dan [[File:Nicușor Dan 2024.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2020, two-time [[International Mathematical Olympiad]] champion '''[[Nicușor Dan]]''' ''(pictured)'' was elected as [[Bucharest|Bucharest's]] first [[Independent politician|independent]] mayor? ;1755 Cape Ann earthquake * ... that the '''[[1755 Cape Ann earthquake]]''' in [[Massachusetts]] could be felt as far north as [[Nova Scotia]] in [[Canada]] and as far south as [[South Carolina]]? ;Richard Pryor [[File:Richard Pryor 1973 (cropped).jpg|100px|right]] * ... that in 1980, comedian '''[[Richard Pryor]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first black actor to earn a million dollars for a single movie when he starred in ''[[Stir Crazy (movie)|Stir Crazy]]''? ;Mike Waltz * ... that '''[[Mike Waltz]]''' was the first [[Americans|American]] [[United States Congress|congress member]] to call for a full [[United States|U.S.]] [[boycott]] of the [[2022 Winter Olympics]] in [[Beijing]] for the [[China|country's]] [[persecution of Uyghurs in China|persecution of Uyghurs]]? ;Dick Durbin [[File:Dick Durbin 2022 official portrait (cropped) 2.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[Illinois]] [[U.S. Senator]] '''[[Dick Durbin]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the longest-serving [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate party whip]] in [[History of the United States|U.S. history]]? ;Ali France * ... that [[2025 Australian federal election|in 2025]], '''[[Ali France]]''' became the first person in [[History of Australia|Australian history]] to defeat an [[Leader of the Opposition (Australia)|opposition leader]] in a [[Australian House of Representatives|parliamentary election]]? ;Hydrogen [[File:Shuttle Main Engine Test Firing cropped edited and reduced.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[hydrogen]]''' fires ''(pictured)'', while being extremely hot, are almost invisible to [[human]]s, leading to accidental burns? ;Water * ... that 12 billion [[light year]]s away around a [[quasar]] there is a giant cloud of '''[[water]]''' with 140 trillion times more water than all the water on [[Earth]]? ;Michael Bloomberg * ... that in 2020, former [[Mayor of New York City|New York City Mayor]] '''[[Michael Bloomberg]]''' spent the most money spent on a presidential primary campaign in [[History of the United States|American history]]? ;Tammy Duckworth [[File:Tammy Duckworth, official portrait, 115th Congress (cropped)2.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2004, future [[Illinois]] [[U.S. Senator]] '''[[Tammy Duckworth]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Americans|American]] female [[Amputation|double amputee]] from the [[Iraq War]]? ;False memory *...that [[experiment]]s have shown that people can be made to '''[[False memory|remember events that did not take place]]'''? ;Robert F. Kennedy Jr. * ... that in 2013, future [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services]] '''[[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]]''' helped the [[Chipewyan|Chipewyan First Nation]] to protect their land from [[tar sands]] production? ;Catholic Church sexual abuse cases * ... that a study found that 81% of the victims of the '''[[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases]]''' between 1950 and the early 2000s were male? ;False memory *...that [[experiment]]s have shown that people can be made to '''[[False memory|remember events that did not take place]]'''? ;Juliana Stratton [[File:National Lieutenant Governor's Association (52766342026) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2020, [[Lieutenant Governor of Illinois|Illinois Lieutenant Governor]] '''[[Juliana Stratton]]''' ''(pictured)'' was one of the first customers to buy [[recreation|recreational]] [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] in the [[Illinois|state]]? ;Tony Evers * ... that in 2023, [[Governor of Wisconsin|Wisconsin Governor]] '''[[Tony Evers]]''' made a [[veto|line-item veto]] to the [[Wisconsin|state]] budget that increased school funding of $325 until the year 2425? ;Sean Baker [[File:Sean Baker at the 2024 New York Film Festival (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, filmmaker '''[[Sean Baker]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first person to win four [[Academy Awards]] for the [[Anora (movie)|same movie]]? ;Philippe of Belgium * ... that in 2024, '''[[Philippe of Belgium]]''' publicly criticized [[Pope Francis]] during a welcome address of him over the [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|sexual abuses]] done by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in [[Belgium]]? ;Conclave (movie) * ... that viewership for the 2024 movie '''''[[Conclave (movie)|Conclave]]''''' went up 283% on [[streaming media|streaming platforms]] following [[Death and funeral of Pope Francis|the death]] of [[Pope Francis]] in April 2025? ;Karoline Leavitt [[File:Karoline Leavitt by Gage Skidmore 2 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that at the age of 27, '''[[Karoline Leavitt]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the youngest [[White House Press Secretary]] in [[History of the United States|American history]]? ;John Ratcliffe * ... that in 2019, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' found out that then-[[Director of National Intelligence|National Intelligence Director]] nominee '''[[John Ratcliffe]]''' lied about arresting "300 [[Illegal immigration|illegal immigrants]] in a single day"? ;Salem Witch Trials *...that some of the '''[[Salem Witch Trials]]''' only lasted 15 minutes, and resulted in people being found guilty and [[death penalty|executed]]? ;Susie Wiles [[File:Susie Wiles 2025 (edited crop).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Susie Wiles]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first ever female [[White House Chief of Staff]] in [[American history]]? ;Paper Mario: Color Splash * ... that [[Nintendo of America]] accidentally made '''''[[Paper Mario: Color Splash]]''''' available to play two weeks early? ;Austria * ... that the first [[postcard]]s were issued in '''[[Austria]]''' in 1869? ;Cory Booker [[File:Cory Booker, official portrait (119th Congress).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, at 25 hours and five minutes long, '''[[Cory Booker]]''' ''(pictured)'' made the longest speech in the history of the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]]? ;Super Mario Bros. theme * ... that in 2023, the '''[[Super Mario Bros. theme|''Super Mario Bros.'' theme]]''' became the first [[video game music]] track to be preserved by the U.S. [[Library of Congress]]? ;Doug Collins (politician) [[File:Official portrait of Douglas Collins, U.S. Secretary of Veterans Affairs.jpeg|right|100px]] * ... that [[United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs|U.S. Secretary of Veterans Affairs]] '''[[Doug Collins (politician)|Doug Collins]]''' ''(pictured)'' was a [[United States Navy|navy]] [[chaplain]] before entering politics? ;Air Force One (movie) * ... that in 2016, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' named [[Harrison Ford|Harrison Ford's]] character in the 1997 movie '''''[[Air Force One (movie)|Air Force One]]''''' the "greatest fictional [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] of all time"? ;Elise Stefanik [[File:Elise Stefanik, 115th official photo.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2014 at the age of 30, '''[[Elise Stefanik]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the youngest woman and youngest [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] ever elected to the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]? ;Malta * ... that at 316 [[Square kilometre|sq km]], '''[[Malta]]''' is the smallest country in the [[European Union]]? ;Patty Murray [[File:Patty Murray, official portrait, 113th Congress.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2023, [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] '''[[Patty Murray]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first female [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]]? ;Fernanda Torres [[File:ImStillHereBFILFF131024 (4 of 36) (54065967346) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Fernanda Torres]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]], [[Latin America|Latin American]], and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese-speaking]] actor to win the [[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama]]? ;Greece * ... that almost 80% of '''[[Greece]]''' is made up by [[mountain|mountainous terrain]]? ;Linda McMahon [[File:Linda McMahon 2025 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Linda McMahon]]''' ''(pictured)'' changed [[WWE|WWE's]] [[TV Parental Guidelines|television rating]] from TV-14 to PG to attract a young generation of [[wrestling]] fans? ;Lori Chavez-DeRemer * ... that '''[[Lori Chavez-DeRemer]]''' lost to [[Janelle Bynum]] three times when she ran for the [[Oregon House of Representatives|Oregon State House]] and the [[U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representative]] in different elections? ;Liechtenstein * ... that in 1969, [[NASA]] gave '''[[Liechtenstein]]''' [[moon|moon rocks]] and a [[Flag of Liechtenstein|national flag]] that had been on the moon to thank them for their support from a local company during the [[Apollo 11]] mission? ;9 Songs * ... that the 2004 British romantic drama movie '''''[[9 Songs]]''''' included scenes of its two main actors actually having [[sexual intercourse]] and performing [[oral sex]] as well as a scene of [[ejaculation]]? ;Mark Carney [[File:Prime Minister Boris Johnson meets with Mark Carney No.10 Downing Street (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Mark Carney]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first person to become [[Prime Minister of Canada]] without holding elected public office before? ;SpongeBob SquarePants * ... that in 2025, '''''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]''''' became the longest-running [[United States|American]] [[children's animation|children's animated]] series? ;Muhsin Hendricks * ... that '''[[Muhsin Hendricks]]''' was called the world's first [[openly gay]] [[imam]]? ;Brooke Rollins [[File:Brooke Rollins 2025 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[United States Secretary of Agriculture|U.S. Secretary of Agriculture]] '''[[Brooke Rollins]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first female student body president at her ''[[alma mater]]'' [[Texas A&M University]]? ;Hurricane (dog) * ... that '''[[Hurricane (dog)|Hurricane]]''', a [[United States Secret Service|U.S. Secret Service]]-trained [[dog]] who protected President [[Barack Obama]] in 2014, was thought to be the most [[decoration|decorated]] dog in [[American history]]? ;Kash Patel * ... that in 2025, '''[[Kash Patel]]''' became the youngest person and the first [[Asian Americans|Asian-American]] to become [[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation]]? ;Emperor Penguins [[File:Aptenodytes forsteri MHNT.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Emperor penguin|emperor penguins]] ''' ''(egg pictured)'' are the only [[bird|birds]] in the world that can lay their [[egg|eggs]] on [[ice]]? ;Stockholm * ... that '''[[Stockholm]]''' is built on fourteen islands and is connected by fifty-seven bridges? ;Scott Turner (politician) * ... that [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]] '''[[Scott Turner (politician)|Scott Turner]]''' once played for the [[National Football League|NFL]] and was a [[United States Congress|congressional]] [[intern]] afterwards? ;Mikey Madison [[File:Mikey Madison at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Mikey Madison]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Gen Z]] actress to win an [[Academy Award]]? ;R. Budd Dwyer * ... that in 1987, [[Pennsylvania]] [[lawmaker]] '''[[R. Budd Dwyer]]''' publicly [[suicide|committed suicide]] during a live press conference, which was [[broadcasting|broadcasted]] throughout the state? ;Sean Duffy * ... that before entering politics, [[United States Secretary of Transportation|U.S. Secretary of Transportation]] '''[[Sean Duffy]]''' was a cast member of the [[MTV]] [[reality television]] series ''[[The Real World|The Real World: Boston]]''? ;Miss Meyers * ... that racehorse '''[[Miss Meyers]]''' only started racing well after she turned four years old, then won what would be $156,000 today in the same year? ;Drug cartel * ... that a 2025 report by the [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]] found that 74% of [[firearms]] used by the '''[[Drug cartel|Mexican drug cartels]]''' came from the [[United States]]? ;Frankétienne [[File:Jean Laposte 2 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1975, '''[[Frankétienne]]''' ''(pictured)'' wrote the first novel entirely written in [[Haitian Creole]]? ;Doughtnuts *...that [[Canada]] has the most '''[[doughnut]]''' shops per person? ;European Union * ... that the '''[[European Union]]''' is the world's largest single-market and would be the third largest country in the world if it were independent? ;Howard Lutnick [[File:Howard Lutnick (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[United States Secretary of Commerce|U.S. Secretary of Commerce]] '''[[Howard Lutnick]]''' ''(pictured)'' survived the [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|collapse]] of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] during the [[September 11 attacks]]? ;Souleymane Cissé * ... that '''[[Souleymane Cissé]]''' is the first director from [[sub-Saharan Africa]] to receive an award at the [[Cannes Film Festival]]? ;Alice Weidel [[File:2019-09-01 Wahlabend Sachsen by Sandro Halank–039.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Alice Weidel]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[lesbian]] to serve as a leader candidate for the [[Alternative for Germany|Alternative for Germany Party]]? ;Pete Hegseth * ... that [[United States Secretary of Defense|U.S. Secretary of Defense]] '''[[Pete Hegseth]]''' volunteered to be a [[National Guard (United States)|National Guard]] for [[Joe Biden|Joe Biden's]] [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|inauguration in 2021]], but was removed for posting [[Extremism|extremist views]] online? ;Klaus Iohannis [[File:Клаус Йоханнис (52539721210).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Klaus Iohannis]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[President of Romania]] belonging to an [[Ethnic group|ethnic minority]]? ;Athens * ... that '''[[Athens]]''' is [[Europe|Europe's]] oldest continuously active [[capital city]]? ;Saturday Night Live * ... that as of 2022, '''''[[Saturday Night Live]]''''' had received more than 305 [[Primetime Emmy Award]] nominations, the most received by any television program? ;Friedrich Merz [[File:2025-02-17 ARD-Wahlarena zur Bundestagswahl 2025 by Sandro Halank–050.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[Chancellor of Germany|German Chancellor]] '''[[Friedrich Merz]]''' ''(pictured)'' is a licensed pilot and owns two airplanes? ;Luxembourg * ... that in 2020, '''[[Luxembourg]]''' became the first country in the world to make all [[public transport]] free to use? ;Ed Broadbent [[File:Ed Broadbent in 2019 (3x4 crop).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that the [[state funeral]] of '''[[Ed Broadbent]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first for a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[political party|party leader]] who was never [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]] or [[Leader of the Opposition (Canada)|opposition leader]]? ;Gisèle Pelicot * ... that in 2020, '''[[Gisèle Pelicot]]''' discovered that she was being [[Rapes of Gisèle Pelicot|drugged and raped by her husband and 83 other men]] for nine years? ;Roberta Metsola [[File:Roberta Metsola 2022.jpg|100px|right]] * ... that in 2022, '''[[Roberta Metsola]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first woman and youngest person to be elected [[President of the European Parliament]]? ;Texas * ... that before becoming a [[States of the U.S.|U.S. state]] in 1845, '''[[Texas]]''' was its [[Republic of Texas|own country]] for almost ten years? ;Manneken Pis *...that the statue '''[[Manneken Pis]]''' in [[Brussels]], which shows a boy [[urination|urinating]] into a fountain, also inspired other similar figures in Brussels? ;Caroline Chew [[File:Carolinechew.jpg|right|100px]] *...that '''[[Caroline Chew]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[Singapore]]an [[equestrian]] to be in the [[Olympic Games]]? ;Peru * ... that '''[[Peru]]''' is where [[potatoes]] were first [[gardening|cultivated]] by [[Inca Empire|the Incas]]? ;Dora Bakoyannis [[File:Dora Bakoyannis-headshot.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Dora Bakoyannis]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first female mayor of [[Athens]] and the first female mayor of a city to have hosted the [[Olympic Games]]? ;New York (state) * ... that the [[States of the U.S.|U.S. state]] of '''[[New York (state)|New York]]''' has over 70,000 miles of [[river]]s and [[stream]]s? ;Donn Moomaw [[File:Donn Moomaw 1951 (full).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Donn Moomaw]]''' ''(pictured)'' refused to play with the [[Los Angeles Rams]] since they played on Sundays and later became a [[Presbyterian]] [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]]? ;Bart De Wever * ... that '''[[Bart De Wever]]''' is the first [[Flemish Movement|Flemish nationalist]] to become [[Prime Minister of Belgium]]? ;Joe Lieberman [[File:Joe Lieberman official Senate portrait Retouched.jpg|100px|right]] * ... that in [[2000 United States presidential election|2000]], [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] '''[[Joe Lieberman]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first practicing [[Jewish|Jew]] to run for [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]]? ;Aga Khan IV * ... that in 2014, '''[[Aga Khan IV]]''' became the first faith leader to address a joint session of the [[Parliament of Canada]]? ;Fernanda Montenegro [[File:Fernanda Montenegro em 2015 cropped.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Fernanda Montenegro]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]] to be nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]]? ;Ralph Lauren [[File:Ralph Lauren 3x4.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Ralph Lauren]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[fashion designer]] to be honored with the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]? ;Nicaragua * ... that in 2025, '''[[Nicaragua]]''' became a [[diarchy]] with [[Daniel Ortega]] and his wife [[Rosario Murillo]] becoming [[President of Nicaragua|co-presidents]]? ;Pam Bondi * ... that [[United States Attorney General]] '''[[Pam Bondi]]''' was the first woman to be elected [[Florida Attorney General|Florida state attorney general]]? ;Kelly Loeffler * ... that former [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] '''[[Kelly Loeffler]]''' once owned the [[Atlanta Dream]] [[basketball|basketball team]], but sold it in 2021 because of her opinions of the [[Black Lives Matter|Black Lives Matter movement]]? ;Chappell Roan [[File:Chappell Roan @ Hollywood Palladium 11 18 2022 (53886800138).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that singer-songwriter '''[[Chappell Roan]]''' ''(pictured)'' got her [[stage name]] from her grandfather Dennis Chappell and his favorite song, "The Strawberry Roan"? ;Dick Button * ... that [[Emmy Award]]-winning sports commentator '''[[Dick Button]]''' is the only [[Americans|American]] man to win the [[European Figure Skating Championships]]? ;Usha Vance [[File:Usha Vance, official portrait (2025) (cropped reasonable).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, lawyer '''[[Usha Vance]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] and first [[Millennials|Millennial]] [[Second ladies and gentlemen of the United States|U.S. Second Lady]] in [[American history]]? ;Chris Wright * ... that [[United States Secretary of Energy|U.S. Energy Secretary]] '''[[Chris Wright]]''' drank [[fracking|fracking fluid]] in 2019 to prove it was not dangerous? ;Algeria * ... that '''[[Algeria]]''' is the largest country in [[Africa]]? ;Marco Rubio [[File:Official portrait of Secretary Marco Rubio, January 2025.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] '''[[Marco Rubio]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the highest-ranking [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic American]] official in [[History of the United States|American history]]? ;Ahmed al-Sharaa * ... that the [[United States]] had a $10 million [[bounty (reward)|bounty]] against '''[[Ahmed al-Sharaa]]''', however removed it when he became the [[Syrian transitional government|Syrian transitional]] [[President of Syria|leader]] in [[Fall of Damascus|2024]]? ;Richard Williamson (bishop) [[File:Bishop Richard Williamson.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[Auxiliary bishop]] '''[[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Richard Williamson]]''' ''(pictured)'' had his [[excommunicated|excommunication]] lifted in 2009 by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] only to be excommunicated again in 2013 for his [[Holocaust denial]] views? ;Charli D'Amelio [[File:Charli D'Amelio at KCAs 2023 01.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2020, '''[[Charli D'Amelio]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[TikTok]] celebrity to have a both 50 million followers and 100 million followers? ;January 20–22, 2025 Gulf Coast blizzard * ... that the '''[[January 20–22, 2025 Gulf Coast blizzard]]''' was the first recorded [[blizzard]] on the [[Gulf Coast]] ever? ;Scott Bessent [[File:Scott Bessent, official portrait (2025) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury Secretary]] '''[[Scott Bessent]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the highest-ranking openly [[LGBT|LGBT person]] in [[American history]]? ;Lynn Ban * ... that jewelry designer '''[[Lynn Ban]]''' agreed to appear on the [[Netflix]] reality show ''[[Bling Empire: New York]]'' to go against the "[[stereotype]]s of ''[[Crazy Rich Asians (movie)|Crazy Rich Asians]]''"? ;Valerie André * ... that in 1976, [[French resistance|resistance]] official '''[[Valerie André]]''' became the first female member of the [[French Army|French military]] to become [[General Officer]]? ;Lluvia de Peces * ... that in the small town of [[Honduras|Yoro, Honduras]], residents experience "'''[[Lluvia de Peces]]'''" or "Rain of Fish" annually? ;Belly dance *...that in 2006, [[Hamas]] outlawed '''[[Belly dance|bellydancing]]''' because they saw it as [[islam|unislamic]]? ;Second inauguration of Donald Trump * ... that the '''[[Second inauguration of Donald Trump|second inauguration of Donald Trump]]''' is the first to be held indoors in the [[United States Capitol]] since [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan's]] [[Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan|second inauguration in 1985]]? ;Cormac McCarthy [[File:Cormac McCarthy (The Orchard Keeper author portrait).jpg|100px|right]] * ... that '''[[Cormac McCarthy]]''' ''(pictured)'', whose novel was [[No Country for Old Men (movie)|made into an Academy Award-winning movie]], was called the "best unknown novelist in [[United States|America]]" and rarely had an [[agent]]? ;Wendell Berry * ... that in 2015, '''[[Wendell Berry]]''' became the first living writer to be added to the [[Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame]]? ;January 2025 Southern California wildfires * ... that the '''[[January 2025 Southern California wildfires]]''' had multiple [[wildfires]], two of which are the second and fourth most destructive fires in [[California|California's history]]? ;William Shatner [[File:William Shatner Biohacker Expo 2024.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2021 at the age of 90, ''[[Star Trek]]'' actor '''[[William Shatner]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the oldest person to fly in [[Outer space|space]]? ;António Guterres * ... that in 2017, former [[Prime Minister of Portugal|Portuguese Prime Minister]] '''[[António Guterres]]''' became the first national leader to become [[United Nations Secretary-General]]? ;Mark Rutte [[File:Mark Rutte, 23.03.23 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2010, '''[[Mark Rutte]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Liberalism|liberal]] [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Dutch prime minister]] since 1918? ;Benjamin Netanyahu * ... that in 2019, '''[[Benjamin Netanyahu]]''' became the first sitting [[Prime Minister of Israel|prime minister]] in [[Israel|Israel's]] history to be criminally charged? ;Minnesota * ... that the [[United States|U.S. state]] of '''[[Minnesota]]''' got its name from the [[Sioux|Sioux language]], meaning "sky-tinted water" or "cloudy water"? ;Jane Fonda [[File:Jane Fonda 1963.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1964, '''[[Jane Fonda]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Americans|American]] actress to have a [[nude|nude scene]] in a foreign movie? ;Valdas Adamkus * ... that before becoming [[President of Lithuania]], '''[[Valdas Adamkus]]''' worked for the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] as a deputy administrator in the 1970s? ;Olivia Rodrigo [[File:OlivaRO2150524 (38) (53727178601) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] *...that '''[[Olivia Rodrigo]]''' ''(pictured)'' was inspired by [[Taylor Swift]] to start singing? ;iPhone 14 Pro * ... that in 2022, the '''[[iPhone 14 Pro]]''' became the first [[iPhone]] to have an always-on display? ;Jean-Marie Le Pen * ... that in 2015, '''[[Jean-Marie Le Pen]]''' was banned from his own [[National Rally|political party]] by [[Marine Le Pen|his daughter]] after saying good things about the [[gas chamber]]s used in [[The Holocaust]]? ;Wolfgang Schäuble * ... that '''[[Wolfgang Schäuble|Wolfgang Schäuble's]]''' 2014 [[budget]] as [[Germany|Germany's]] [[Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)|Finance Minister]] allowed the country to take on no new [[debt]] for the first time since 1969? ;PewDiePie [[File:Pewdiepie head shot.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2016, '''[[PewDiePie]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Youtube]]r to have 50 million subscribers? ;iPhone 8 * ... that in 2017, the '''[[iPhone 8]]''' became the first [[iPhone]] to have a wireless charger? ;MrBeast [[File:CrunchLabs - MrBeast Opened the WRONG BOX!!! (MRus4BCPRyY - 0m28s) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2024, '''[[MrBeast]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the most subscribed [[Youtube]] channel after passing [[T-Series]]? ;iPhone 12 Pro * ... that in 2020, the '''[[iPhone 12 Pro]]''' became the first [[iPhone]] to have [[5G]]? ;Pope Clement X [[File:Portrait of Pope Clement X, by Giovanni Battista Gaulli (Baciccio) - Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that at the age of 79, '''[[Pope Clement X]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the oldest person to be elected [[List of popes|pope]]? ;Ebenezer Scrooge * ... that '''[[Ebenezer Scrooge]]''', the main character of ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'', was said to have been inspired by a [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[grave|gravedigger]]? ;Morris Dees [[File:Morris Dees Boston 2015 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that civil rights activist and co-founder of the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] '''[[Morris Dees]]''' ''(pictured)'' was inspired by [[Atticus Finch]] to become a lawyer? ;iPhone 15 [[File:Apple iPhone 15 Pink (November 1, 2024).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2023, the '''[[IPhone 15|iPhone 15]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[iPhone]] to have a [[USB-C|USB Type C]]? ;Nude calendar *... that in 1999, a group of middle-aged Englishwomen posing [[nude]] to raise money for [[leukemia]] research were the first to do a '''[[Nude calendar|nude calendar for charity]]'''? ;Kristrún Frostadóttir [[File:Kristrún Frostadóttir 2021.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in [[2024 Icelandic parliamentary election|2024]] at the age of 36, '''[[Kristrún Frostadóttir]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the youngest [[Prime Minister of Iceland|prime minister]] in [[Iceland|Icelandic history]]? ;Superman (2025 movie) * ... that within 24 hours of its release, the [[trailer (movie)|trailer]] for the 2025 [[DC Universe (franchise)|DCU movie]] '''''[[Superman (2025 movie)|Superman]]''''' became the most viewed [[Warner Bros.]] trailer of all time with over 250 million views? ;Manmohan Singh [[File:Manmohan Singh 2007.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2004, '''[[Manmohan Singh]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Sikh]] to be elected [[Prime Minister of India]]? ;Chris Hoy * ... that six-time Olympic champion cyclist '''[[Chris Hoy]]''' was inspired to cycle at age six because of the 1982 movie ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]''? ;António Costa * ... that '''[[António Costa|António Costa's]]''' time as [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] is the longest of any national leader of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in the [[21st century]]? ;Dragonfruit [[File:Fruits mûrs.JPG|100px|right]] *..that '''[[Dragonfruit|dragonfruits]]''' ''(pictured)'' are the [[fruit]] of a [[cactus]]? ;Pierre Poilievre * ... that after being elected to the [[Parliament of Canada]] in [[2004 Canadian federal election|2004]] at the age of 25, future [[Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)|Opposition Leader]] '''[[Pierre Poilievre]]''' was the youngest [[Member of Parliament|MP]] at the time? ;Gracie Abrams * ... that after her song "[[That's So True]]" was number six on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], '''[[Gracie Abrams]]''' ''(pictured)'' said she wrote the song while [[intoxicated|drunk]]? ;Warren G. Harding * ... that in 1922, '''[[Warren G. Harding]]''' became the first [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] to have his voice [[Transmitter|transmitted]] by radio? ;Herbert Hoover [[File:President Hoover portrait.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1927 while he was [[United States Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]], '''[[Herbert Hoover]]''' ''(pictured)'' appeared on the first public [[demonstration]] of a [[broadcast|television broadcast]] in [[History of the United States|American history]]? ;Calvin Coolidge * ... that '''[[Calvin Coolidge]]''' was the first [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] to lead a public celebration of the [[Christmas]] holidays? ;Pink elephant *..that '''[[Pink elephant|pink elephants]]''' exist because of [[Albinism|albinism]]? ;Franklin Pierce [[File:Portrait of Franklin Pierce (by George Peter Alexander Healy, 1853).jpg|100px|right]] * ... that '''[[Franklin Pierce]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] to take the [[oath of office]] on a law book instead of the bible? ;William McKinley * ... that '''[[William McKinley|William McKinley's]]''' [[inauguration]] was the first to be filmed, making him the first [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] to ever be filmed? ;Michel Barnier [[File:Michel Barnier 2020.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2024 at the age of 73, '''[[Michel Barnier]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the oldest [[Prime Minister of France|prime minister]] in the [[French Fifth Republic]]? ;Harry S. Truman * ... that in 1945, '''[[Harry S. Truman]]''' became the first [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] in office to use [[Air Force One|air travel]] within the [[United States|country]]? ;Occupation of the Hainburger Au * ... that in 1984, 40,000 people took part in the '''[[Occupation of the Hainburger Au]]''' in [[Vienna]] to [[protest]] against the building of a [[power plant]]? ;Charles Dickens [[File:Dickens Gurney head.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Charles Dickens]]''' ''(pictured)'' made less money than expected with the sales of ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'', making £230 instead of his expected £1,000? ;Compulsory sterilization *...that to fight [[climate change]], the aid agency of the government of the United Kingdom still supports '''[[Compulsory sterilization|compulsory sterilization]]''' in [[India]]? ;William Henry Harrison [[File:William Henry Harrison daguerreotype edit.jpg|100px|right]] * ... that the [[inauguration|inaugural address]] of [[President of the United States|President]] '''[[William Henry Harrison]]''' ''(pictured)'', the first speech of his month-long presidency, is the longest in [[American history]], lasting almost two hours? ;Millard Fillmore * ... that in 1851, [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] '''[[Millard Fillmore]]''' personally fought a fire at the [[Library of Congress]] and then signed a [[Bill (proposed law)|bill]] to fund all the books destroyed in the fire? ;Zachary Taylor [[File:Zachary Taylor restored and cropped.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Zachary Taylor]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the last [[President of the United States]] to own [[slaves]] while he was still in office? ;James Buchanan * ... that in 1858, [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] '''[[James Buchanan]]''' received the first [[telegram]] sent by the [[Transatlantic telegraph cable]]? ;Holly Cairns [[File:Holly Cairns, April 2023 (headshot).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in [[2020 Irish general election|2020]], future [[Social Democrats (Ireland)|Social Democrats Leader]] '''[[Holly Cairns]]''' ''(pictured)'' ran against her then-boyfriend [[Christopher O'Sullivan]] for a seat in the [[Teachta Dála]]? ;James Monroe * ... that '''[[James Monroe]]''' is the only [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] besides [[George Washington]] with a [[Liberia|country's]] [[Monrovia|capital]] named after him? ;Sunflower [[File:Helianthus whorl.jpg|right|100px]] *...that the tallest '''[[sunflower]]''' ''(pictured)'' was 9.17 [[metres]] high? ;James A. Garfield * ... that [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] '''[[James A. Garfield]]''' could write in [[Greek]] with his left [[hand]] and [[Latin]] with his right hand at the same time? ;Antipope Felix V [[File:Nuremberg chronicles f 242v 2 (Felix V).jpg|100px|right]] * ... that '''[[Antipope Felix V|Felix V]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the last [[antipope]] in the history of the [[Catholic Church]]? ;Paternalism *..that there was a time when [[Ford Motor Company]] checked that their [[employee]]s '''[[Paternalism|regularly went to chuch]]'''? Jair Bolsonaro [[File:Jair Bolsonaro 2021 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that former [[President of Brazil|Brazilian President]] '''[[Jair Bolsonaro]]''' ''(pictured)'' was accused by the national police for having knowledge about an [[assassination|assassination plot]] against his [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|successor]] before he was [[criminal charge|criminally charged]] in 2025? ;Chihuahua (dog) [[File:Chihuahua1 bvdb.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that the name for '''[[Chihuahua (dog)|Chihuahuas]]''' ''(pictured)'' comes from the [[Na'huatl]] word for "between two waters" and the name is older than the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|Spanish Conquest of Mexico]]? ;Nancy Reagan [[File:Nancy Reagan.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that after [[Ronald Reagan|her husband]] survived an [[Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan|assassination attempt]], [[First Lady of the United States|U.S. First Lady]] '''[[Nancy Reagan]]''' ''(pictured)'' hired an [[astrology|astrologer]] to review and create his schedule to make sure he would be safe? ;Pig * ... that '''[[Pig|pigs]]''' have the longest [[orgasm]] in [[mammals]], with an average of 30 minutes, but it can last for as long as 90 minutes? ;The Scream [[File:The Scream.jpg||right|100px]] *...that the famous picture, '''''[[The Scream]]''''' ''(pictured)'', is worth 55 million dollars? ;Gotham City * ... that '''[[Gotham City]]''', a fictional [[DC Comics]] city, is said to be in [[New Jersey]] and is inspired by [[New York City]], [[Chicago]] and [[London]]? ;Theodore Edgar McCarrick [[File:Theodore McCarrick 207-DP-8339A (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2018, '''[[Theodore Edgar McCarrick]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] to resign from the [[College of Cardinals]] because of [[sexual abuse]] accusations? ;Brigitte Macron * ... that at age 40, '''[[Brigitte Macron|Brigitte Auzière]]''' met her husband, [[Emmanuel Macron]], when he was her 15 year-old student and a classmate of her daughter? ;René Henry Gracida * ... that [[bishop]] '''[[René Henry Gracida]]''' [[boycott|boycotted]] [[PepsiCo]] because they used "[[Like a Prayer (song)|Like a Prayer]]" by [[Madonna]] in one of their commercials and thought it was [[Sacrilege|sacrilegious]]? ;Sarah Frey [[File:Sarah Frey-Talley (19494902783) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Sarah Frey]]''' ''(pictured)'', who has been called "the Pumpkin Queen of [[United States|America]]", started her [[farm]]ing company at the age of 16? ;Choking game *...that a '''[[choking game]]''' is different from [[erotic asphyxiation]], and that most children playing these games do this to get high without taking drugs? ;Harley Quinn [[File:Harley Quinn 2015 Calgary Expo – Calgary Comic & Entertainment Expo (17033582449).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[DC Comics]] villain '''[[Harley Quinn]]''' ''(pictured)'' was created for the 1992 series ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'' and was only meant to appear in one episode? ;Poison Ivy (character) * ... that [[DC Comics]] villain '''[[Poison Ivy (character)|Poison Ivy]]''' was created because there was a need for more female villains on the 1966 series ''[[Batman (TV series)|Batman]]''? ;Catwoman [[File:Catwoman cosplayer (33483657440) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[Bob Kane|Bob Kane's]] inspirations behind [[DC Comics]] [[antihero]] '''[[Catwoman]]''' ''(pictured)'' included actresses [[Jean Harlow]], [[Hedy Lamarr]], and his own cousin? ;Carmine Falcone * ... that [[John Turturro]] refused to play [[DC Comics|comic]] [[mafia|mob boss]] '''[[Carmine Falcone]]''' in TV series ''[[The Penguin (TV series)|The Penguin]]'' because it showed [[violence against women]]? ;Yassamin Ansari * ... that [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] '''[[Yassamin Ansari]]''' was the first [[Iranian Americans|Iranian American]] elected to public office in [[Arizona]] and the second elected to the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]? ;Jimmy Carter [[File:Words from the President (42757498962) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2024, at the age of 100, former [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] '''[[Jimmy Carter]]''' ''(pictured)'' was nominated for a [[Grammy Award]], making him the oldest nominee ever? ;Los Alamos National Laboratory * ... that the '''[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]''', where the [[Manhattan Project]] happened, has almost 900 facilities, thirteen of which are [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear-related]], and costs about $39.1 billion to repair? Pear [[File:Peer 'Bonne Louise d'Avranches' (Pyrus communis).jpg|right|100px]] *...that there are 3,000 known kinds of '''[[pear]]s''' ''(pictured)'' that are grown worldwide? ;Kemi Badenoch [[File:Official portrait of Kemi Badenoch MP crop 2, 2024.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in [[2024 Conservative Party leadership election|2024]], [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party Leader]] '''[[Kemi Badenoch]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Black British|black]] leader of any [[List of political parties in the United Kingdom|major political party]] in the [[United Kingdom]]? ;Popsicle *...that the '''[[popsicle]]''' was accidentally made by an eleven-year-old boy named Frank Epperson in 1905? ;Sarah McBride * ... that in 2024, '''[[Sarah McBride]]''' was elected as the first openly [[transgender]] member of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]], having already been the first transgender state senator in [[Delaware]]? ;Tulsi Gabbard [[File:Tulsi Gabbard, official portrait, 113th Congress (cropped 3).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Tulsi Gabbard]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[Samoan Americans|Samoan American]] and the first [[Hindu]] member of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]? ;Miranda Hart * ... that in 2017, '''[[Miranda Hart]]''' became the first solo female presenter for the [[Royal Variety Performance]] in 105 years? ;Aella (writer) [[File:210919 Aella A Data Driven Approach to Sex Work -hru 3 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Aella (writer)|Aella]]''' ''(pictured)'', one of the highest-earning creators on [[OnlyFans]], also does research about the "[[ecosystem]]" of online [[sex worker]]s? ;Witch child *...that even though the practice of '''[[Witch child|killing children suspected of witchcraft]]''' has been done in [[Africa]], children have also been ritually killed in the [[United Kingdom]] for this reason? ;Great Pacific Garbage Patch *...that the '''[[Great Pacific Garbage Patch]]''' is at least the size of [[Texas]] and is mostly made of [[ghost net|lost fishing nets]]? ;Mayra Gómez Kemp * ... that Cuban-Spanish entertainer '''[[Mayra Gómez Kemp]]''' is believed to be the first woman to host a television quiz show? ;Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō * ... that in 2024, '''[[Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō]]''' became the [[Māori King movement|Māori Queen]] at the age of 27, younger than the [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani|youngest reigning monarch]] of a [[sovereign nation]]? ;D. B. Cooper [[File:DBCooper.jpg|100px|right]] *...that more than fifty years after he jumped from a plane he had [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacked]], '''[[D. B. Cooper|D. B Cooper's]]''' ''(pictured)'' identity is still unknown? ;Annalisa [[File:Annalisa al suo concerto al Forum di Milano.jpg|right|100px]] *...that in 2024, Italian singer '''[[Annalisa]]''' ''(pictured)'' got an [[asteroid]] named after her? ;Reagan (2024 movie) * ... that in 2024, [[Facebook]] stopped the biographical movie '''''[[Reagan (2024 movie)|Reagan]]''''' from releasing ads on its platform believing they were trying to impact the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 U.S. presidential election]]? ;Herbert A. Simon * ... that [[economist]] '''[[Herbert A. Simon]]''' is the first person to win a [[Turing Award]] and a [[Nobel Prize]]? ;Han Kang [[File:Han Kang - 2017 (cropped).png|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Han Kang]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[South Korea]]n writer and first female writer from [[Asia]] to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]? ;Ralph Steinman * ... that the [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Committee]] decided that '''[[Ralph Steinman]]''', who died three days before being honored, could keep his [[List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine|award]] despite their rule against [[Posthumous award|posthumous recognitions]]? ;Xi Jinping [[File:Chinese President Xi May 2024.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Xi Jinping]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|Chinese leader]] born after the establishment of the [[People's Republic of China]] in 1949? ;Narendra Modi [[File:PM Modi Portrait(cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2014, '''[[Narendra Modi]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime minister]] to be born after the [[India|country's]] [[Independence Day (India)|independence]] from the [[British Empire]]? ;Donald Sutherland * ... that '''[[Donald Sutherland]]''' agreed to play [[Coriolanus Snow]] in ''[[The Hunger Games (movie)|The Hunger Games]]'' because he wanted younger viewers to start a [[Revolution|revolutionary movement]] in the [[United States]]? ;Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands [[File:Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand (Isaac Herzog visit to the Netherlands) Portrait.jpeg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2013, '''[[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|King Willem-Alexander]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[List of monarchs of the Netherlands|male monarch]] of [[the Netherlands]] since 1890? ;Dick Schoof * ... that in August 2024, [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Dutch Prime Minister]] '''[[Dick Schoof]]''' banned members of his [[cabinet]] from using cellphones during meetings to stop the threat of [[espionage]]? ;Amazing Grace * ... that the new [[verse]]s in '''"[[Amazing Grace]]"''' that [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] wrote in ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' were passed down in [[African-American]] communities and churches? ;Sabrina Carpenter [[File:Sabrina Carpenter - O2 Arena 2025 - 049 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Sabrina Carpenter]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first female artist to hold the number one and two positions on the [[UK Singles Chart|UK singles chart]] for three weeks in a row? ;Sir William Ramsay * ... that after discovering [[helium]], [[neon]], [[argon]], [[krypton]], and [[xenon]], '''[[William Ramsay|Sir William Ramsay]]''' helped make [[noble gas]]es a new group in the [[periodic table]]? ;Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki * ... that there were about 160 people who were present and survived both of the '''[[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]'''? ;Krypton *...that the [[chemical element|element]] '''[[krypton]]''' was found in 1898, but it took over 60 years to find a [[chemical compound]] of krypton? ;Bernard Hill [[File:Bernard Hill cropped.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Bernard Hill]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the only actor to appear in two of the three movies with the most [[Academy Awards]] of all time? ;Teddy bear * ... that '''[[Teddy bear|teddy bears]]''' are named after [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Theodore Roosevelt|Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt]] because he refused to kill a [[bear]] during a hunting event? ;John Hickenlooper * ... that before becoming [[Colorado|Colorado's]] [[Governor of Colorado|governor]] and [[United States Senate|senator]], '''[[John Hickenlooper]]''' opened the state's first [[brewpub]]? ;Al Capone [[File:Al Capone in 1930.jpg|100px|right]] * ... that a few years after he was released from [[prison]], '''[[Al Capone]]''' ''(pictured)'' had the mental capacity of a 12-year-old even though he was over 40 years old? ;Denver * ... that '''[[Denver]]''' is [[nickname]]d the "Mile High City" because its official [[elevation]] is exactly one mile [[above sea level]]? ;Manila * ... that '''[[Manila]]''' was established as a [[Muslim]] settlement in the 13th century and later as a Spanish [[colony|colonial]] city in 1571? ;Shigeru Ishiba [[File:Ishiba Shigeru 20241001 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1986, future [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese Prime Minister]] '''[[Shigeru Ishiba]]''' ''(pictured)'' was elected to the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]] at age 29, becoming the youngest House member at the time? ;Moulin Rouge * ... that about 800 bottles of [[Champagne (wine)|champagne]] are consumed during a typical day at the '''[[Moulin Rouge]]''', likely making it the largest single consumer of champagne in the world? ;Kesaria Abramidze * ... that in 2024, '''[[Kesaria Abramidze]]''', the first person in the country [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] to admit to being [[transgender]], was murdered a day after the country passed an anti-[[LGBTQ+]] [[Bill (proposed law)|bill]]? ;Ana Brnabić [[File:Ana Brnabić 2023.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2017, '''[[Ana Brnabić]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first woman and the first openly [[gay]] person elected as [[Prime Minister of Serbia|Serbian Prime Minister]]? ;Lee Grant * ... that '''[[Lee Grant]]''' is the only [[Academy Award]]-winning actor to also direct an Academy Award-winning [[documentary]]? ;Droupadi Murmu * ... that '''[[Droupadi Murmu]]''' is the first person born after [[India|India's]] [[Indian independence movement|independence]] in 1947 to have been [[2022 Indian presidential election|elected]] [[President of India|president]]? ;Anna Kendrick [[File:Anna Kendrick May 2016.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1998, '''[[Anna Kendrick]]''' ''(pictured)'' was nominated for the [[Tony Award|Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical]] at the age of 12? ;Sophie Wells * ... that, even though she won ten [[Paralympic Games|Paralympic]] medals in [[para-equestrian|equestrian]], '''[[Sophie Wells]]''' is [[allergy|allergic]] to horses? ;Anne Hathaway * ... that [[Academy Award]]-winning actress '''[[Anne Hathaway]]''' originally wanted to be a [[Catholic]] [[nun]]? ;Otis Davis [[File:Otis Davis (1960).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in [[1960 Summer Olympics|1960]], '''[[Otis Davis]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first man to break the 45-second barrier during a [[400 metres|400 m event]] at the [[Summer Olympics]]? ;Nestor Makhno [[File:1921. Нестор Махно в лагере для перемещенных лиц в Румынии (cropped).jpg|100px|right]] *...that '''[[Nestor Makhno]]''' ''(pictured)'' fought against both the [[White Army]] and the [[Red Army]] during the [[Russian Civil War]]? ;Montgomery Bus Boycott *...that in 1955, [[Rosa Parks]] was [[arrest]]ed, because she did not give up a '''[[Montgomery bus boycott|seat in a public bus]]'''? ;Sir John Gielgud * ... that in 1991 at the age of 87, '''[[John Gielgud|Sir John Gielgud]]''' became the oldest [[List of EGOT winners|EGOT winner]] and the first [[LGBT]] person to become one? ;Rita Moreno [[File:Rita Moreno in 2000.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Rita Moreno]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[Latin America]]n woman to win an [[Academy Award]]? ;The Crown (TV series) * ... that the [[Netflix]] [[Emmy Award]]-winning series '''''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]''''' is an adaptation of the [[West End theatre|West End]] stage play ''[[The Audience (2013 play)|The Audience]]''? ;Clipperton Island *... that '''[[Clipperton Island]]''' has a [[France|French]] [[postal code]], even though [[Desert island|no one lives there]]? ;Richard Rodgers [[File:Rodgers.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that American composer '''[[Richard Rodgers]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first person to win [[List of EGOT winners|an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony Award]]? ;Parasite (2019 movie) * ... that the 2019 [[Korean language]] movie '''''[[Parasite (2019 movie)|Parasite]]''''' was the first non-English movie to win the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]]? ;Galápagos Islands [[File:Galapagos+map.jpg|right|100x100px]] *... that the '''[[Galápagos Islands]]''' ''(pictured)'' of [[Ecuador]] are famous for inspiring [[Charles Darwin]]'s theory of [[evolution]] by [[natural selection]]? ;Alex Jennings * ... that '''[[Alex Jennings]]''' is the only actor to have won the [[Laurence Olivier Award|Olivier Award]]s in the drama, musical and comedy categories? ;James Earl Jones [[File:James Earl Jones Baltimore.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1991, '''[[James Earl Jones]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first actor to win two [[Emmy Award]]s in the same year? ;Jeffrey Titford * ... that former [[UK Independence Party|UKIP Leader]] '''[[Jeffrey Titford]]''', who was called "the father of [[Brexit]]", was a [[funeral director]] before starting politics? ;Peter Dutton * ... that in 2022, [[Leader of the Opposition (Australia)|Australian Opposition Leader]] '''[[Peter Dutton]]''' became the first [[Liberal Party of Australia#Federal Parliamentary Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party Leader]] to come from [[Queensland]]? ;Koala [[File:Koala climbing tree.jpg|right|100x100px]] *... that the '''[[koala]]''' ''(pictured)'' sleeps up to 20 hours a [[day]] because its eucalyptus leaf [[diet]] provides little [[energy]]? ;Mahathir Mohamad * ... that in 2018, when '''[[Mahathir Mohamad]]''' became the [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian Prime Minister]] again at the age of 92, he also became the world's oldest serving state leader? ;Statue of Liberty [[File:Statue of Liberty 7.jpg|right|100x100px]] *... that the '''[[Statue of Liberty]]''' ''(pictured)'' was a gift from [[France]] to the [[United States]] in 1886 to celebrate [[United States Declaration of Independence|100 years of independence]]? ;Shark [[File:Great white shark south africa.jpg|right|100x100px]] *... that '''[[shark]]s''' ''(pictured)'' have been around for over 400 million years, long before [[dinosaur]]s appeared? ;Ny-Ålesund *...that the most northerly [[post office]] in the world is in '''[[Ny-Ålesund]]'''? ;Po (river) [[File:View of the Po from Turin.jpg|right|100px]] *...that the '''[[Po (river)|Po River]]''' ''(pictured)'' stretches through five [[Italy|Italian]] cities? ;Lightning *...that a bolt of '''[[lightning]]''' can reach [[temperature]]s hotter than the surface of the [[sun]]? ;George VI [[File:H.R.H. King George VI and Queen Elizabeth visit the Canadian Pavilion at the World's Fair (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1939, '''[[George VI]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[reign]]ing [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]] to visit the [[United States]]? ;Lord Mountbatten * ... that many historians believe that in 1968, '''[[Lord Mountbatten]]''', uncle of [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]], was planning a [[coup d'état]] against [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Harold Wilson]]? ;Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon * ... that '''[[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon]]''' was the first member of the [[British royal family|royal family]] in direct line of succession to be born in [[Scotland]] since the 1600s? ;Diana, Princess of Wales [[File:Princess Diana at Accord Hospice.png|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Diana, Princess of Wales]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first [[English people|Englishwoman]] to marry the [[Heir apparent|first-in-line]] to the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British throne]] since the 1680s? ;Slave breeding in the United States *...that when [[slave]] [[import]]s to the [[United States]] were not allowed at the beginning of the 19th century, slaves were '''[[Slave breeding in the United States|bred like cattle]]'''? ;Pope *...that the '''[[Pope]]''' cannot be an [[organ donor]]? ;Traffic light [[File:東日本大震災から半年後の仙台８ Six Months after The East Japan Earthquake in Sendai8 (8561424208).jpg|right|100px]] *...the '''[[traffic light|traffic lights]]''' are [[blue]] in [[Japan]] ''(pictured)'' because ''ao'' in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] means both [[green]] or blue? ;Tea * ... that the country that is '''[[tea|tea's]]''' biggest maker and drinker is [[India]]? ;Concert * ... that the [[world]]’s longest '''[[concert]]''' lasted 453 [[hour]]s? ;Edward VIII * ... that historians believe that [[Adolf Hitler]] was ready to make '''[[Edward VIII]]''' the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|king]] again to create a [[fascist]] [[Britain|British]] [[puppet government]] after [[Operation Sea Lion]] in 1940? ;Enceladus [[File:PIA17202-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-ApproachingFlyby-20151028.jpg|right|100px]] *...that [[Saturn]]'s moon '''[[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]]''' ''(pictured)'' reflects almost all the sunlight it gets, making it the most reflective moon in the [[Solar System]]? ;Kendall Jenner * ... that in 2017, '''[[Kendall Jenner]]''' was named the world's highest-paid model by ''[[Forbes]]'', beating model [[Gisele Bündchen]], who had been leading the list for more than 14 years? ;Uranus [[File:Uranus as seen by NASA's Voyager 2 (remastered).png|right|100px]] *...that the planet '''[[Uranus]]''' ''(pictured)'' rotates 98 degrees on its side? ;Alfonso Espinosa de los Monteros * ... that [[Ecuador]]ian news anchor '''[[Alfonso Espinosa de los Monteros]]''' holds the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for "longest career as a television news broadcaster" for his 56-year-career? ;Titan (moon) [[File:Titan in true color.jpg|100px|right]] *...that '''[[Titan (moon)|Titan]]''' ''(pictured)'' may have forms of life in its subsurface oceans? ;Ke Huy Quan * ... that in 2023, '''[[Ke Huy Quan]]''', a [[refugee]] of the [[Vietnam War]], became the first [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]-born actor to win an [[Academy Award]]? ;Peggy Flanagan * ... that in 2019, [[Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota]] '''[[Peggy Flanagan]]''' became the highest ranking [[Native American]] woman elected to office in the [[United States]]? ;Chicago Water Tower * ... that the '''[[Chicago Water Tower]]''' is the only public tower to survive the [[Great Chicago Fire]] in 1871? ;Sir Shridath Ramphal * ... that during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], at age 92, former [[Commonwealth Secretary-General]] '''[[Shridath Ramphal|Sir Shridath Ramphal]]''' was the first lawyer to appear virtually before the [[International Court of Justice]]? ;Broccoli [[File:Broccoli and cross section edit.jpg |right|100x100px]] *...that '''[[broccoli]]''' ''(pictured)'' was introduced to [[England]] and the [[United States]] between 1800 and 1900? ;Klein bottle *...that true '''[[Klein bottle|Klein bottles]]''' cannot be filled with a [[liquid]]? ;Orange [[File:OrangeBloss wb.jpg|right|100x100px]] *...that '''[[orange (fruit)|oranges]]''' ''(pictured)'' are one of the few English words that do not rhyme? ;Advance-fee scam *...that even though they are common today, the first '''[[advance-fee scam|advance-fee scams]]''' started in the [[18th century]]? ;Apple [[File:95apple.jpeg|right|100x100px]] *...that '''[[apple]]s''' ''(pictured)'' were possibly the earliest tree to be [[Farming|cultivated]]? ;Glasgow * ... that in 2024, '''[[Glasgow]]''' opened the [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom's]] first official [[Consumerism|consumption]] room for [[illegal drugs]] including [[heroin]] and [[cocaine]]? ;Mona Lisa [[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|100x100px|right]] *...that some believe that the '''''[[Mona Lisa]]''''' ''(pictured)'' has no [[eyebrow]]s because they were accidentally removed during a [[Conservation (art)|restoration]]? ;Photograph (Ed Sheeran song) * ... that in 2016, [[Ed Sheeran]] was [[lawsuit|sued]] for $20 million over his song '''"[[Photograph (Ed Sheeran song)|Photograph]]"''' because he was accused of [[copyright infringement]] by the songwriters of "[[Amazing (Matt Cardle song)|Amazing]]"? ;Cheetah [[File:Gepardjagt1 (Acinonyx jubatus).jpg|right|100x100px]] *...that the '''[[cheetah]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the fastest land [[animal]], capable of running at speeds up to 75 miles per hour in less than 3 seconds? ;L'Origine du monde *...that in 2007, [[postcard]]s showing '''[[L'Origine du monde]]''' were the second-most popular in the [[Musée d'Orsay]]? ;Jill Biden [[File:Jill Biden 2024 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that at the age of 69, '''[[Jill Biden]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the oldest woman to serve as [[First Lady of the United States]] and the first [[Italian American]] first lady? ;Doug Emhoff * ... that before becoming the first [[Second Gentleman of the United States]], '''[[Doug Emhoff]]''' was an entertainment lawyer and represented [[Walmart]] and [[Merck & Co.]]? ;Kamala Harris * ... that after 24 hours of '''[[Kamala Harris]]''' announcing her [[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]], she raised $81 million in small-dollar donations, the highest of any candidate in [[History of the United States|American history]]? ;Felipe VI [[File:Felipe VI in 2023.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Felipe VI]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish monarch]] to receive and recognize [[LGBT]] organisations at a [[Royal Palace of El Pardo|royal palace]]? ;Silvio Santos * ... that '''[[Silvio Santos]]''' hosted his own [[variety show]] from 1963 until 2023 and was called the "greatest personality in the history of [[Brazil]]ian television"? ;Bajrakitiyabha [[File:Princess Bajrakitiyabha.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Bajrakitiyabha|Princess Bajrakitiyabha]]''' ''(pictured)'', who was thought to be the next-in-line to the [[Monarchy of Thailand|throne of Thailand]], has been in a [[coma]] since December 2022? ;Flamingo [[File:James's Flamingo mating ritual.jpg|100x100px|right]] *...that a group of '''[[flamingo]]s''' ''(pictured)'' is called a flamboyance? ;Shrimp *... that a '''[[shrimp]]''''s [[heart]] is in its [[head]]? ;Giant Panda [[File:Giant Panda 2004-03-2.jpg|right|100x100px]] * ... that the '''[[giant panda|giant panda's]]''' ''(pictured)'' [[diet]] is 99% [[bamboo]]? ;Anglo-Zanzibar War *... that the shortest [[war]] in history, the '''[[Anglo-Zanzibar War]]''' in 1896, lasted only 38 to 45 minutes? ;Hummingbird [[File:Purple-throated carib hummingbird feeding.jpg|100x100px|right]] *... that '''[[hummingbird]]s''' ''(pictured)'' are the only [[bird]]s that can fly backwards? ;India naming dispute *...that '''[[India naming dispute|the name 'India']]''' was first used by the [[Greeks]] to refer specifically to the [[Sindh|Lower Indus Valley]] in [[ancient Pakistan]]? ;Lettuce [[Image:Romaine lettuce.jpg|right|100x100px]] *...that '''[[lettuce]]''' ''(pictured)'' was one of the first plants brought to America by [[Christopher Columbus]]? ;Royal Air Force * ... that the '''[[Royal Air Force]]''' is the oldest [[air force]] in the world? ;Acid rain * ... that '''[[acid rain]]''' was a term first used in 1872? ;Lauren Underwood [[File:Lauren Underwood official portrait.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2019, at the age of 32, [[registered nurse]] '''[[Lauren Underwood]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the youngest [[African American|Black woman]] to serve in the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]? ;Michael Keaton * ... that because of [[Screen Actors Guild|SAG]] rules, '''[[Michael Keaton|Michael John Douglas]]''' had to change his name by searching a phone book under "K," saw "Keaton" and decided to pick it as his [[surname]]? ;Jesse Jackson * ... that in 1983, [[American Civil Rights Movement|civil rights activist]] '''[[Jesse Jackson]]''' became the first [[African American]] since the [[Reconstruction era]] to address the [[Alabama Legislature]]? ;Paetongtarn Shinawatra * ... that in 2024, at the age of 37, '''[[Paetongtarn Shinawatra]]''' became the youngest [[Prime Minister of Thailand|prime minister]] in [[Thailand|Thailand's]] history? ;Kangaroo [[File:Kangur.rudy.drs.jpg |right|100x100px]] *...that a female '''[[kangaroo]]''' ''(pictured)'' has three [[vagina]]s? ;Speed dating * ... that almost half of the women, and about a quarter of the men participating in '''[[speed dating]]''' make their choice within 30 seconds of meeting the other person? ;Srettha Thavisin * ... that at {{convert|1.92|m|ftin}} tall, former [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Thai Prime Minister]] '''[[Srettha Thavisin]]''' was the tallest leader within [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]]? ;Yingluck Shinawatra [[File:9153ri-Yingluck Shinawatra.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2011, '''[[Yingluck Shinawatra]]''' ''(pictured)'' became [[Thailand|Thailand's]] first female [[Prime Minister of Thailand|prime minister]] and its youngest in 60 years? ;Octopus *...that '''[[octopus]]es''' have three [[heart]]s; two for the [[gill]]s and one for the rest of the body? ;Spaghetti *...that a single [[strand]] of '''[[spaghetti]]''' is called a "spaghetto"? ;Eraser *...that before the 1700s, people used wet [[bread]] as '''[[erasers]]'''? ;Number *...that no '''[[number]]''' before 1,000 contains the [[letter]] [[A]]? ;Pluto *...that the [[ratio]] between the [[masses]] of '''[[Pluto]]''' and its moon [[Charon]] is so great that it is sometimes called a binary system? ;Buenos Aires *... that in 2005, '''[[Buenos Aires]]''' became the first [[UNESCO]] City of Design because of the city's [[architecture]] and [[fashion design|fashion design culture]]? ;Christopher Plummer * ... that '''[[Christopher Plummer]]''' is the only [[Canadians|Canadian]] actor to have won the "[[Triple Crown of Acting]]"? ;Haumea (dwarf planet) [[File:Haumea rotation with ring.gif|right|100x100px]] *...that because the [[dwarf planet]] '''[[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]]''' (''pictured'') was discovered shortly after [[Christmas]], it was originally called Santa? ;Titan * ...that [[Saturn]]'s biggest moon '''[[Titan (moon)|Titan]]''' could possibly have a subsurface [[ocean]]? ;Venus [[File:Venus from Mariner 10.jpg |right|100x100px]] *...that '''[[Venus]]''' ''(pictured)'' is called Earth's evil twin because it has [[sulphuric acid]] in its [[clouds]]? ;Lavinia Fontana [[File:Lavinia Fontana - Autoritratto (ca. 1577-85).jpg|100px|right]] *...that '''[[Lavinia Fontana]]''' (''self-portrait shown''), a 16th century painter, may have been the first woman to paint female [[nude (art)|nudes]]? ;Strawberry *... that [[Botany|botanically]] speaking, [[bananas]] are berries, but '''[[Strawberry|strawberries]]''' are not? ;Blood *...that there are traces of [[gold]] found in '''[[blood]]''' in the human body? ;Tokyo * ... that '''[[Tokyo]]''' started as a small fishing village known as [[Edo]] in the 1400s? ;Beijing * ... that throughout its history, '''[[Beijing]]''' was the [[China|Chinese]] capital six times? ;Michèle George [[File:Michle-george-1352493767.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[equestrianism|equestrian]] '''[[Michèle George]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first winner of a gold medal in [[para-dressage]] for [[Belgium]]? ;Tim Walz * ... that in 2007, then-[[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] '''[[Tim Walz]]''' became the highest-ranking retired [[Enlisted rank|enlisted soldier]] ever to serve in [[United States Congress|Congress]]? ;Sir Lawrence Bragg [[File:Wl-bragg.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that at age 25, physicist '''[[Lawrence Bragg|Sir Lawrence Bragg]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the youngest person to win a [[Nobel Prize]]? ;Guinea pig *... that the term '''[[Guinea pig]]''' is [[slang]] for being the first to try something? ;Taylor Swift [[File:Taylor Swift at the Golden Globes 2024 (Enhanced, cropped) 1.jpg |right|100px]] * ... that thirteen-time [[Grammy Awards]] winner '''[[Taylor Swift]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first musician to become a [[billionaire]] based on songs and performances as their [[revenue]]? ;Pete Buttigieg * ... that [[United States Secretary of Transportation|U.S. Transportation Secretary]] '''[[Pete Buttigieg]]''' is the first openly [[gay]] individual and first [[millennial]] to be a member of the [[United States Cabinet|U.S. Cabinet]]? ;Berlin * ... that '''[[Berlin]]''' is the only city in the world that hosts three [[opera house]]s? ;Janet Yellen * ... that '''[[Janet Yellen]]''' is the first person in [[History of the United States|American history]] to lead the three most powerful economic bodies in the [[Federal government]]: the [[United States Department of the Treasury|Treasury Department]], the [[Federal Reserve]], and the [[Council of Economic Advisers]]? ;Hakeem Jeffries [[File:Rep-Hakeem-Jeffries-Official-Portrait.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] '''[[Hakeem Jeffries]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[African-American]] to serve as a [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|congressional party leader]]? ;Truman Show delusion *... that the '''[[Truman Show delusion|''Truman Show'' delusion]]''' is named after [[The Truman Show|the movie with the same name]], because some of the first patients said it provided a good description of what the condition felt like? ;Depression (mental illness) * ... several scientific studies have found a link between '''[[Depression (mental illness)|depression]]''' and [[pesticide]]s? ;Charles Darwin * ... that while studying at [[Christ's College, Cambridge]], '''[[Charles Darwin]]''' formed a club called "the Gourmet Club" in which he would eat [[Exotic pet|exotic animals]]? ;Rome * ... that at 1,500 [[fountain]]s, '''[[Rome]]''' has the most fountains of any city in the world? ;Priti Patel [[File:Priti Patel Official Cabinet Portrait, September 2021 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2019, '''[[Priti Patel]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[British Indians|British Indian]] to serve as [[Home Secretary]]? ;Toronto * ... that in 2021, 51% of '''[[Toronto]]''' residents were born outside [[Canada]] with 45% of the city's residents speaking a [[First language|first language]] other than French or English? ;Madrid * ... that '''[[Madrid|Madrid's]]''' name comes from the [[Arabic]] word ''magerit'', meaning “place of many [[stream]]s"? ;Joe Biden [[File:President Joe Biden delivers remarks from the Oval Office (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2024, '''[[Joe Biden]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[incumbent]] [[President of the United States|president]] in [[History of the United States|American history]] to [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|withdraw from reelection]] since [[1968 United States presidential election|1968]]? ;Romance Scam *...that people lose more money to '''[[romance scam]]s''' than to other similar types of [[scam]]? ;Rachel Reeves * ... that in 2024, '''[[Rachel Reeves]]''' became the first female [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]? ;Deb Haaland [[File:Deb Haaland official portrait, 116th congress 2 (1).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2021, [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Interior Secretary]] '''[[Deb Haaland]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Native American]] [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet secretary]] in [[History of the United States|U.S. history]]? ;Amsterdam * ... that '''[[Amsterdam]]''' sits at two meters below [[sea level]] and is built on soft [[peat]] and [[clay]] in order to stay above water? ;Rio de Janeiro * ... that '''[[Rio de Janeiro]]''' is named for a river that does not exist after [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[explorer]]s mistook an [[Bay|oceanic bay]] for a river? ;Sexual slavery *...that estimates of the number of '''[[sexual slavery|sex slaves]]''' in 2001 varied between 400,000 and 1.75 million? ;Potsdam * ... that '''[[Potsdam]]''' was intended as "a picturesque, [[Pasture|pastoral]] dream" which would remind its people of their relationship with [[nature]] and reason? ;Myriam Spiteri Debono * ... that [[President of Malta]] '''[[Myriam Spiteri Debono]]''' is a [[technophobia|technophobe]] and uses her husband's [[email]] account for official duties? ;We Didn't Start the Fire (Fall Out Boy song) * ... that the 2023 song '''"[[We Didn't Start the Fire (Fall Out Boy song)|We Didn't Start the Fire]]"''', which covers popular events from 1989 to 2023, did not mention the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] because it could not [[rhyme]] with ''[[Bush v. Gore]]''? ;JD Vance * ... that [[Vice President of the United States]] '''[[JD Vance]]''' is the first [[millennial]] to be on a presidential ticket of a major party in the [[United States]]? ;Sir Keir Starmer [[File:Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer Official Portrait (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|cabinet]] of [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] '''[[Keir Starmer|Sir Keir Starmer]]''' ''(pictured)'' has the most female ministers in the [[United Kingdom|country's]] history? ;Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania * ... that within one day of [[Donald Trump|Donald Trump's]] '''[[Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania|attempted assassination]]''' in [[Pennsylvania]], [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|his campaign]] raised over $2 million for his supporters who were hurt or killed in the shooting? ;Phoenix, Arizona * ... that '''[[Phoenix, Arizona]]''' is the most populated [[state capital]] of the [[United States]]? ;Masoud Pezeshkian [[File:Masoud Pezeshkian, 2024-6-12 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that before entering politics, [[President of Iran]] '''[[Masoud Pezeshkian]]''' ''(pictured)'' was a heart [[surgeon]]? ;Enumclaw horse sex case * … that one of the most read articles of ''[[The Seattle Times]]'' in 2005 was about a man who died after '''[[Enumclaw horse sex case|having sex with a horse]]'''? ;Steven Chu * ... that former [[United States Secretary of Energy|U.S. Secretary of Energy]] '''[[Steven Chu]]''' became the first [[Nobel Prize]] winner to have a position in the [[United States Cabinet|U.S. Cabinet]] in 2009? ;Claudia Sheinbaum * ... that [[President of Mexico|President-elect of Mexico]] '''[[Claudia Sheinbaum]]''' was a member of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] when they won a [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 2007? ;Katherine Johnson [[File:NASA human computers - Katherine Coleman Goble Johnson.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Katherine Johnson]]''' ''(pictured)'' was called one of the first [[African-American]] women to work as a [[NASA]] scientist? ;Ronald Reagan * ... that after [[Korean Air Lines Flight 007]] was shot down in 1983, [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] '''[[Ronald Reagan]]''' announced that the American military's [[GPS]] would be allowed for [[civilian]] use? ;Adolf Hitler * ... that according to historians, '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' had only one [[testicle]]? ;Lyndon B. Johnson * ... that at age 42, '''[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''' was the youngest [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|leader]] of the [[United States Senate]] in [[American history]]? {{hidden end}} akhtff8tezhn4spvw80rsk286z4t4th 10879275 10879274 2026-06-05T03:41:27Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10879275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bots|optout=SIGN}} This page is for nominations to appear in the "Did you know" section on the [[Main Page]]. To discuss Did You Know please use [[Wikipedia talk:Did you know]]. {{center|1=<big>'''[[Template talk:Did you know#Nominations|SKIP TO NOMINATIONS]]'''</big>}} {{DYKbox}} {{tocright}} == Instructions == '''Did you know?''' (DYK) entries are interesting facts that many people may not know. On this page possible entries are listed and members of the DYK project assess the nominations for the DYK section. DYKs are listed on the [[Main Page]]. === How to enter a DYK === List articles on this page under the '''Nominations''' area, below. The newest nominations go at the top. If you would like to make a nomination, you should read the rules below. If there is a picture that you would like to see used with your nomination, please add it with your nomination as shown below. Any user may nominate a DYK suggestion. {{Wikipedia:Did you know}} == Chart == Please use one of the following templates when reviewing nominations. {| class="wikitable" width=100% ! width=10% | Symbol !! width=10% | Code !! width=10% | Ready for DYK? !! width=50% | Description |- align="center" |- align="center" | [[File:Symbol confirmed.svg|18px]] || <nowiki>{{DYKyes}}</nowiki> || Yes || align="left" | No problems, ready for DYK |- align="center" | [[File:Pictogram voting keep.svg|18px]] || <nowiki>{{DYKagf}}</nowiki> || Yes, [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|WP:AGF]] || align="left" | Hook cited to a source not on the Internet, but to a reliable publication. |- align="center" | [[File:Pictogram reply.svg|18px]] || <nowiki>{{DYKfixed}}</nowiki> || Yes, issue fixed. || align="left" | The issue preventing DYK, or the request for improvement has now been fixed. |- align="center" | [[File:Symbol possible vote.svg|18px]] || <nowiki>{{DYKalmost}}</nowiki> || Almost || align="left" | Article is on the way to being ready for DYK, but the reviewer has questions. |- align="center" | [[File:Symbol delete vote.svg|18px]] || <nowiki>{{DYKno}}</nowiki> || No || align="left" | Article is unable to be used on DYK, the time limit has passed, or there are larger reservations. |} {{DYK-Refresh}} <!--{{center|1=<big>'''{{#ifeq:{{Did you know/Queue/EmpQ}}||ALL QUEUES ARE FULL AT THE MOMENT.|THE NEXT EMPTY QUEUE IS [[Template:Did you know/Queue/{{Did you know/Queue/EmpQ}}]] AND}} THE NEXT UPDATE WILL BE FROM [[Template:Did you know/Queue/{{Did you know/Queue/NexQ}}]]'''</big>}}--> == Nominations == Please add new nominations below ''with newer nominations at the top''. Nominations should be headed with a <nowiki>===Level Three===</nowiki> header containing a link to the article that the hook is from. If possible, all hooks should contain a relevant file from Wikimedia Commons – this can be a picture or a sound. The subject article should be '''<nowiki>'''bolded'''</nowiki>'''. <!--- please uncomment the template below if there are no nominations in the section; add newer nominations at the top, but below the template --> <!--- {{none}} --> ===ACAB=== * ... that the anti-[[police]] [[slogan|political slogan]] '''[[ACAB|All Cops Are Bastards]]''' was first used in [[England]] in the 1920s and then shortened to "ACAB" by workers on [[strike action|strike]] in the 1940s? --[[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 18:14, 2 June 2026 (UTC) ===Adventure Time=== * ... that [[Pendleton Ward]] said that he wrote the [[cartoon]] '''''[[Adventure Time]]''''' as though he were playing ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]''? --[[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 16:22, 2 June 2026 (UTC) *:{{DYKyes}} [[User:Oddyddn2070|<span style="color:blue;">Oddyddn</span>]][[User Talk:Oddyddn2070|<span style="color:navy;">2070</span>]] 03:53, 4 June 2026 (UTC) ===Magnifica humanitas=== * ... that '''''[[Magnifica humanitas]]''''' is the first [[pope|papal]] [[encyclical]] to be published without an official [[Latin language|Latin version]]? --[[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 16:50, 2 June 2026 (UTC) *:{{DYKyes}} definitely [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 17:13, 2 June 2026 (UTC) ===Acute myeloid leukemia=== * ... that [[risk factor]]s for '''[[acute myeloid leukemia]]''' include being [[male]], having had [[chemotherapy]] in the past and being [[Exposure (toxicology)|exposed]] to the chemical [[benzene]]? --[[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 15:57, 7 May 2026 (UTC) ==Holding area== Hooks that are ready to be moved to a queue for update may be held in this area until a space in a queue becomes available. To be eligible to move into this area, a hook must meet all of the promotion guidelines as outlined above. Hooks in this area do not count towards a user's nomination limit. If you change or re-review a hook in this area, it must be moved back to the main nominations section for discussion to continue. The only changes permitted here are formatting or spelling changes, or adding an associated file. <!-- Add nominations below this comment --> {{hidden begin|titlestyle=background:#cff|title=Approved DYK Hooks|contentstyle=border:solid 1px silver; padding:8px; background:var(--background-color-base); color:var(--color-base);}} ;Marceline and Princess Bubblegum * ... that the creators of ''[[Adventure Time]]'' had to hide the [[same-sex relationship]] of '''[[Marceline the Vampire Queen|Marceline]]''' and '''[[Princess Bubblegum]]''' because the show aired in countries where same-sex relationships are illegal? ;Jonathan (tortoise) [[File:Jonathan-plantation-house.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Jonathan (tortoise)|Jonathan the tortoise]]''' ''(pictured)'', the oldest known living [[Terrestrial animal|land animal]], could be seen having [[sex]] with his male [[mating|mate]] Frederik? ;Air Force One * ... that the new '''[[Air Force One]]''' is a $400 million [[Boeing 747-8]] gift from [[Qatar]], making it the most expensive gift given to the [[United States]] from a foreign government? ;Magnifica humanitas * ... that '''''[[Magnifica humanitas]]''''', the first [[encyclical]] of [[Pope Leo XIV]] where he criticizes [[artificial intelligence|AI]], was released on the 135th anniversary of [[Pope Leo XIII]]'s [[Rerum novarum|encyclical]] about [[industrialization]]? ;Mary Rand [[File:Mary Rand 1966.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that at the [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Olympics]], '''[[Mary Rand]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first British female to win an Olympic gold medal in [[athletics]]? ;Charles III * ... that in 2025, during his state visit to the [[Holy See]], '''[[Charles III|King Charles III]]''' became the first [[British monarch]] to pray with a [[pope]] since the [[Reformation]]? ;Masaki Kashiwara [[File:Masaki Kashiwara (2018) (2) (cropped) (2).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, [[mathematician]] '''[[Masaki Kashiwara]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Japanese people|Japanese]] winner of the [[Abel Prize]]? ;Jason Collins * ... that in 2014, [[basketball]] player '''[[Jason Collins]]''' became the first [[openly gay]] [[athlete]] to play in any of the [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|four major North American pro sports leagues]]? ;George Ariyoshi * ... that in 1974, '''[[George Ariyoshi]]''' became the first [[Asian American|American of Asian descent]] to be elected [[List of current United States governors|governor of a state]] of the [[United States]]? ;James Charles [[File:James Charles (2019) (cropped).png|right|100px]] * ... that in 2016 at the age of 17, [[Internet celebrity|influencer]] '''[[James Charles]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first male [[spokesperson]] for the [[cosmetics|cosmetics brand]] [[CoverGirl]]? ;2026 Gorton and Denton by-election * ... that during the '''[[2026 Gorton and Denton by-election]]''', the [[Green Party of England and Wales]] got their highest amount of votes ever in a [[by-election]]? ;Amy Madigan * ... that with her [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Academy Award]] nominations in 1986 and 2026, '''[[Amy Madigan]]''' holds the record for longest time passed between Oscar nominations for an actress? ;Jessie Buckley [[File:Jessie Buckley at the Toronto International Film Festival 01.jpg (Cropped & Centered).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2026, '''[[Jessie Buckley]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Irish people|Irish person]] to win the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]]? ;Diane Warren * ... that singer-songwriter '''[[Diane Warren]]''' has been nominated for 17 [[Academy Awards]] which is the most for any person without a win? ;Autumn Durald Arkapaw [[File:Autumn Durald Arkapaw - Sinners (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2026, '''[[Autumn Durald Arkapaw]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first female [[cinematography|cinematographer]] to win an [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Academy Award]]? ;Mojtaba Khamenei * ... that [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Iran's Supreme Leader]] '''[[Mojtaba Khamenei]]''' survived the [[Assassination of Ali Khamenei|missile attack that killed his father]] because he was walking around his [[garden]]? ;Sir David Attenborough * ... that in 2025 at the age of 99, '''[[David Attenborough|Sir David Attenborough]]''' became the oldest person to win a [[Daytime Emmy Award]]? ;Alysa Liu [[File:Alysa Liu (USA) 2026.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in [[2026 Winter Olympics|2026]], '''[[Alysa Liu]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first American woman to win an Olympic gold medal in [[figure skating]] since [[Sarah Hughes]] in [[2002 Winter Olympics|2002]]? ;Mauna Kea [[File:Mauna Kea10.jpg|right|100px]] *...that [[Mount Everest]] is the highest mountain above [[sea level]], but '''[[Mauna Kea]]''' ''(pictured)'' in [[Hawaii]] might be taller if measured from [[Base (geometry)|base]] to top? ; Vatican City *... that the official language in the '''[[Vatican City]]''' is [[Italian language|Italian]] even though the [[Holy See]]'s official language is [[Latin]]? ;Anousheh Ansari [[File:AnoushehAnsari.jpg|right|100px]] * ... in 2006, '''[[Anousheh Ansari]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[space tourism|self-funded]] woman to fly to the [[International Space Station]] and the first [[Iran|Iranian]] in [[outer space|space]]? ;Birthday effect * ... that a 2011 study found that [[male]]s are more at risk to '''[[Birthday effect|die on their birthdays]]''' by [[suicide]]? ;The Dead Dance * ... that [[Lady Gaga]] said that the song '''"[[The Dead Dance]]"''' is about [[breakup]]s and the change in [[despair|feeling sad]] to finding [[joy]] with [[friend]]s? ;Just Dance (song) * ... that '''"[[Just Dance (song)|Just Dance]]"''' has the longest climb to number 1 in the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] since [[Creed (band)|Creed]]'s "[[With Arms Wide Open]]" in 2000? ;Jared Isaacman * ... that [[Administrator of NASA]] '''[[Jared Isaacman]]''' set a world record in 2009 for traveling around the world in a [[Business jet|light jet]]? ;Markwayne Mullin * ... that until 2026, '''[[Markwayne Mullin]]''' was the only [[U.S. Senator]] without at least a [[bachelor's degree]]? ;Ali Khamenei * ... that until his [[Assassination of Ali Khamenei|assassination in 2026]], [[Supreme Leader of Iran]] '''[[Ali Khamenei]]''' was the longest-serving [[head of state]] in the [[Middle East]]? ;Stephanie Grisham * ... that while '''[[Stephanie Grisham]]''' was working for then-[[President-elect of the United States|President-elect]] [[Donald Trump]]'s team in 2016, her [[salary]] was paid for by the [[Arizona|Arizona state government]]? ;Sloths [[File:Bradypus.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Sloth|sloths]]''' ''(pictured)'' can hold their breath longer than [[dolphins]], up to 40 minutes? ;Willie Colón * ... that in 1995, [[Salsa music|salsa musician]] '''[[Willie Colón]]''' became the first [[person of color]] to be on the [[American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers|ASCAP national board]]? ;Sexual capital *... that '''[[sexual capital]]''' can be [[wikt:converted|converted]] and used much like other forms of [[Capital (economics)|capital]]? ;Yma Sumac [[File:Yma Sumac in Italy.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1951, '''[[Yma Sumac]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Latin America]]n and [[Peru]]vian female singer to appear on [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]? ;Rob Jetten * ... that in 2026 at age 38, '''[[Rob Jetten]]''' became the youngest and first [[openly gay]] [[prime minister of the Netherlands]]? ;Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor * ... that in 2026, '''[[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor]]''' became the first senior member of the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British royal family]] to be [[arrested]] since [[Charles I|King Charles I]] in 1647? ;Rifaat al-Assad [[File:Rifaat Assad on the military maneuvers of the Defence Brigades.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Rifaat al-Assad]]''' ''(pictured)'' became [[vice president of Syria]] after trying to [[Coup d'état|remove]] his [[Hafez al-Assad|brother]] from [[President of Syria|power]] in 1984? ;Mike Johnson * ... that in 2026, '''[[Mike Johnson]]''' became the first [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]] to address the [[British Parliament]]? ;Lucien Laurent [[File:Lucien Laurent.jpg|right|100px]] * ...that '''[[Lucien Laurent]]''' ''(pictured)'' scored the first ever [[FIFA World Cup]] goal? ;Giorgio Armani * ... that in 2001, '''[[Giorgio Armani]]''' became the first living [[fashion design|designer]] to have his works [[Exhibition|exhibited]] at the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]]? ;Eileen Higgins * ... that in 2025, '''[[Eileen Higgins]]''' became [[Miami]]'s first female [[mayor]] and the first [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] mayor in almost thirty years? ;Perverse incentive [[File:Indiancobra.jpg|100px|right]] *...that when the government of [[Delhi]] started to pay [[money]] for dead [[cobra]]s ''(pictured)'' because there were too many, '''[[Perverse incentive|people started to breed these snakes]]'''? ;Najah al-Attar * ... that '''[[Najah al-Attar]]''', the first [[Arab]] woman to become [[vice president of Syria]], worked as a translator in [[Scotland]]? ;Suicide in Greenland * ... that unlike other [[Western countries]], '''[[Suicide in Greenland|suicide rates in Greenland]]''' go down with age? ;Juan Ponce Enrile [[File:Juan Ponce Enrile - 2017 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that at the time of his death in 2025 at the age of 101, '''[[Juan Ponce Enrile]]''' ''(pictured)'' was an active member of [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Bongbong Marcos|Bongbong Marcos's]] [[cabinet]]? ;Bad Bunny * ... that in 2026, [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] [[rap music|rapper]] '''[[Bad Bunny]]''' became the first [[Latino|male Latin]] [[:en:Headliner (performances)|headliner]] of a [[Super Bowl]] [[Super Bowl halftime show|halftime show]]? ;iPhone Air * ... that in 2025, the '''[[iPhone Air]]''' was the first [[iPhone]] to change the [[SIM card]] for [[eSIM]]s worldwide? ;Osama Vinladen * ... that '''[[Osama Vinladen|a Peruvian footballer]]''' is named after [[Osama bin Laden]]? ;Usha Vance [[File:Usha Vance August 2025.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Usha Vance]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[Second Lady of the United States]] to be [[pregnant]] while in office? ;Stellan Skarsgård * ... that '''[[Stellan Skarsgård]]''' is the first actor to be nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for a role in an [[Sentimental Value|international movie]]? ;Sinners (2025 movie) * ... that with 16 nominations, '''''[[Sinners (2025 movie)|Sinners]]''''' has more [[Academy Award]] nominations than any other movie? ;Olivia Dean [[File:Olivia Dean - 4331.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Olivia Dean]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first female solo artist to have four [[UK Singles Chart|UK top-ten singles]] at the same time? ;Valentino (fashion designer) * ... that fashion designer '''[[Valentino (fashion designer)|Valentino]]''' is said to have created a new color called "Valentino Red", which was inspired by a "childhood [[opera]] experience"? ;Dame Marie Bashir * ... that in 2014, '''[[Marie Bashir|Dame Marie Bashir]]''' resigned as [[Governor of New South Wales]] because she did not want to break [[Sir Roden Cutler|Sir Roden Cutler's]] record for being the [[New South Wales|state's]] longest serving governor? ;Colette Flesch [[File:Weinberger Flesch Pentagon 1982-HD-SC-98-07534 (cropped).JPEG|100px|right]] * ... that [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] [[fencing|fencer]] '''[[Colette Flesch]]''' ''(pictured)'' was also the first female mayor of [[Luxembourg City]] and the first female [[List of deputy prime ministers of Luxembourg|deputy prime minister]]? ;Iliana Iotova * ... that before becoming the first female [[president of Bulgaria]], '''[[Iliana Iotova]]''' was a [[nurse]] and television news [[journalist]]? ;Slave Market in Ancient Rome * ... that the [[painting]]s '''''[[Slave Market in Ancient Rome]]''''' and ''[[A Roman Slave Market]]'', both by [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]] show a very similar scene, from different angles? ;Chloé Zhao [[File:Chloezhao.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2021, '''[[Chloé Zhao]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[person of color|woman of color]] to win the [[Academy Award for Best Director]]? ;María Corina Machado * ... that in 2026, '''[[María Corina Machado]]''' gave her [[Nobel Peace Prize]] to [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]] to thank him for the [[2026 United States strikes in Venezuela|U.S. strikes in Venezuela]], even though the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] said this is not allowed? ;United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 * ... that [[UEFA Euro 1992]] winner [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]] qualified for the tournament because [[Yugoslavia national football team|Yugoslavia]] '''[[United Nations Security Council Resolution 757|was banned by United Nations sanctions]]''' because of the [[Yugoslav Wars]]? ;Julia Letlow [[File:Julia Letlow 117th (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2021, '''[[Julia Letlow]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] woman to represent [[Louisiana]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]]? ;Mikie Sherrill * ... that in 2026, '''[[Mikie Sherrill]]''' of [[New Jersey]] became the first female [[veteran|military veteran]] to be a [[governor]] of any [[U.S. state|American state]]? ;Saudi riyal * ... that in 2021, the [[Saudi Central Bank]] created a special 200 '''[[Saudi riyal|riyal]]''' banknote with a picture of [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz]] to celebrate the fifth anniversary of [[Saudi Vision 2030|Vision 2030]]? ;Bears–Packers rivalry [[File:Bears v Packers 02 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that having started in 1921, the '''[[Bears–Packers rivalry]]''' ''(both teams pictured)'' is the oldest [[rivalry|team rivalry]] in the [[National Football League]]? ;Chicago Bears * ... that the '''[[Chicago Bears]]''' have retired fourteen [[Jersey (clothing)|jersey uniform]] numbers, more than any other [[National Football League|NFL team]]? ;George Halas * ... that '''[[George Halas]]''', founder of the [[Chicago Bears]] and co-founder of the [[National Football League|NFL]], survived the [[SS Eastland|SS ''Eastland'' disaster]] in 1915 because he was training for the [[Big Ten Conference]]? ;Jimmy Carter * ... that when '''[[Jimmy Carter]]''' [[Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter|died in 2024]], he became the first [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] to die since [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in 1973? ;Ilhan Omar [[File:Ilhan Omar - 20250411 EP-184062A DLL 109 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Ilhan Omar]]''' ''(pictured)'', one of the first female [[Muslim]] members of the [[U.S. Congress]], was a [[refugee]] of the [[Somali Civil War]]? ;Uljana Semjonova * ... that in 1993, [[Latvia]]n Olympic gold medalist '''[[Uljana Semjonova]]''' became the first non-[[Americans|U.S. woman]] to be honored in the [[Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame]]? ;Hugh Johnson * ... that when [[Oenology|wine expert]] '''[[Hugh Johnson]]''' tasted a 1540 German ''Steinwein'' in 1964, it became one of the oldest [[wine]]s to have ever been tasted? ;Cotard's syndrome * ...that '''[[Cotard's syndrome]]''' is a rare [[mental illness]] where the [[patient]] believes that they are [[dead]], or have lost their internal [[organ]]s? ;R'Bonney Gabriel [[File:R'Bonney Gabriel 02 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2022, at the age of 28, '''[[R'Bonney Gabriel]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the oldest [[Miss Universe]] winner? ;Candace Owens * ... that in 2025 after '''[[Candace Owens]]''' accused French First Lady [[Brigitte Macron]] of being [[transgender]], Macron sent [[photography|photographic]] evidence to court to prove that she was a woman? ;Winemaking * ... that there is evidence that shows that '''[[winemaking]]''' began around 6000 to 5000 B.C in present-day [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Iran]]? ;Foreign accent syndrome * ...that there is a [[medical condition|condition]] called '''[[foreign accent syndrome]]''' where people start speaking in a completely different [[accent]], despite never having visiting that [[country]]? ;2026 United States strikes in Venezuela [[File:President Nicolas Maduro on board the USS Iwo Jima (cropped).png|right|100px]] * ... that hours after the '''[[2026 United States strikes in Venezuela|2026 capture and arrest]]''' of [[President of Venezuela]] [[Nicolás Maduro]] ''(pictured)'', the [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] outfit he wore sold out? ;End of Beginning * ... that actor [[Joe Keery]] wrote the song "'''[[End of Beginning]]'''" based on the [[nostalgia]] he felt when returning to [[Chicago]]? ;Christian Chukwu * ...that when '''[[Christian Chukwu|Christian Chukwu]]''' was a child, his parents made him sell [[plantain]]s to stop him from playing [[Association football|football]]? ;HTC Dream * ... that when the [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] approved the '''[[HTC Dream]]''' phone, it became the first [[smartphone]] to work with an [[Android (operating system)|Android operating system]]? ;Eiffel Tower [[File:Tour Eiffel Wikimedia Commons.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that the '''[[Eiffel Tower]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the tallest man-made structure in the world for 41 years until the [[Chrysler Building]] in [[New York City]] passed it? ;Victor Lustig * ...that a [[con artist]] named '''[[Victor Lustig]]''' successfully "sold" the [[Eiffel Tower]] for [[scrap metal]] to a dealer and then liked the scam so much he tried to sell it a second time? ;Aswan * ... that in 2021, the [[Egypt]]ian city of '''[[Aswan]]''' was [[invasion|invaded]] by [[scorpion]]s because of [[flooding]] and 500 people were stung? ;Nasry Asfura * ... that after winning the [[2025 Honduran general election|2025 Honduran presidential election]] by 40%, '''[[Nasry Asfura]]''' won the most votes in the [[National Party of Honduras|Honduran National Party's]] history? ;Nasry Asfura [[File:Secretary Rubio Meets with Honduran President-Elect (55037313932) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in [[2025 Honduran general election|2025]] at age 67, '''[[Nasry Asfura]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the oldest person elected [[president of Honduras]]? ;Stubbs (cat) *...that '''[[Stubbs (cat)|Stubbs]]''', a ginger [[tabby cat]], was the honorary mayor of [[Talkeetna, Alaska]] for 20 years and survived a dog attack and a shooting with a [[BB gun]]? ;Red wine * ... that the [[antioxidant]]s found in '''[[red wine]]''' can help lower [[cholesterol]] levels and reduce the risk of [[heart disease]]? ;Victoria Kjær Theilvig [[File:Victoria Kjær Theilvig in 2025.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2024, '''[[Victoria Kjær Theilvig]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Danish people|Danish woman]] to win [[Miss Universe]]? ;White wine * ... that '''[[white wine]]''' is made in colder [[climate]]s because they do not use the [[bitterness|bitter]] [[tannin]]s from the [[grape|grape skins]] in the [[winemaking|winemaking process]]? ;Eratosthenes *...that in 240 [[Anno Domini|BC]], '''[[Eratosthenes|Eratosthenes of Cyrene]]''' used the distance between [[Aswan]] and [[Alexandria]] to calculate the [[circumference]] of the [[earth]]? ;Sheynnis Palacios [[File:Sheynnis Palacios (2024-02-27) 03.JPG|right|100px]] * ... that in 2023, '''[[Sheynnis Palacios]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Nicaragua|Nicaraguan woman]] to win [[Miss Universe]]? ;Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon *...that during the '''[[Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|1904 Olympic Marathon]]''', fourth-place finisher [[Andarín Carvajal]] only lost the lead because he stopped to eat some rotten [[apple]]s and took a nap? ;Killing of Dipu Chandra Das * ... that many people celebrated the '''[[Killing of Dipu Chandra Das|burning of Dipu Chandra Das]]''', who was accused of [[blasphemy]], even though police found no proof he said anything bad about [[Islam]]? ;Zohran Mamdani [[File:Zohran Mamdani 05.25.25 (b) (cropped).jpg|100px|right]] * ... that in 2026, '''[[Zohran Mamdani]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Indian American]] and [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[mayor of New York City]]? ;Bob Iger * ... that in 2017, '''[[Bob Iger]]''' resigned from a business group that President [[Donald Trump]] created because of the president's decision to pull the [[United States]] from the [[Paris Agreement]]? ;Rob Reiner * ... that actor and [[filmmaker]] '''[[Rob Reiner]]''' co-founded a [[non-profit organization]] to start the [[legal]] [[trial|challenge]] against [[California Proposition 8]] which [[ban|banned]] [[Same-sex marriage|same-sex marriage]] in [[California]]? ;Fátima Bosch [[File:Fátima Bosch coronation on GrandTV, half length 02.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Fátima Bosch]]''' ''(pictured)'' won the [[Miss Universe]] title after being yelled at and called "dumb" by the director of Miss Universe [[Thailand]]? ;Avatar (franchise) * ... that there is a [[phenomenon]] known as "post-Avatar depression syndrome" which is when viewers of the '''[[Avatar (franchise)|''Avatar'' movies]]''' feel [[depressed]] or have [[suicide|suicidal thoughts]] because they want to be in [[Fictional universe of Avatar|Pandora]]? ;Ethel Caterham * ... that '''[[Ethel Caterham]]''', the first person in [[United Kingdom|British history]] to turn 116 years old, is the last surviving [[Subject#People|subject]] of [[Edward VII]]? ;Wikipedia Monument [[File:Wikipedia Monument 3.JPG|right|100px]] *...that there is a '''[[Wikipedia Monument]]''' ''(pictured)'' in [[Poland]], built specifically to honor the thousands of volunteer editors who write the [[encyclopedia]]? ;Condom *...that a 16th-century [[text]] has the first documented [[description]] of a '''[[condom]]''' which was written by a doctor treating [[syphilis]]? ;Milonia Caesonia *..that Roman emperor [[Caligula]] showed his wife '''[[Milonia Caesonia]]''' to his friends completely [[naked]], and that she also had to perform before his troops? ;Platypus *...that the '''[[platypus]]''' has no [[stomach]] and its [[esophagus]] connects directly to its [[intestine]]s? ;Tom Steyer [[File:Tom Steyer February 2019.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[hedge fund]] manager '''[[Tom Steyer]]''' ''(pictured)'' spent $250 million of his own money on his [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]] [[President of the United States|U.S. presidential]] campaign? ;Kacey Musgraves * ... that before she won eight [[Grammy Award]]s, country singer '''[[Kacey Musgraves]]''' took part in [[yodeling]] championships and was called the "Yodeling Queen of [[Texas]]"? ;Charlotte, North Carolina * ... that '''[[Charlotte, North Carolina]]''' was named after [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]], the wife of [[King George III]], because the townspeople wanted him to like them and not have him pass unfair laws? ;Dancing plague of 1518 *...that the '''[[Dancing plague of 1518]]''' involved hundreds of people [[dance|dancing]] uncontrollably for days without rest, some even dying from [[exhaustion]]? ;Sleep apnea * ... that '''[[sleep apnea]]''' is common, affecting about one in ten people and up to 30% of the [[elderly]]? ;55 Cancri Ae [[File:55 cancri e (Celestia).jpg|right|100px]] *... that the planet '''[[55 Cancri Ae]]''' ''(pictured)'' is sometimes known as the "diamond planet" because scientists believe a good part of its [[mass]] is [[carbon]], likely in the form of [[diamond]]? ;Russell B. Long * ... that [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] '''[[Russell B. Long]]''' was once called "the [[branches of government|fourth branch of government]]" because of his time as chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Finance|Senate Finance Committee]]? ;José Antonio Kast [[File:José Antonio Kast en 2025 (cropped2).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[President of Chile|President-elect of Chile]] '''[[José Antonio Kast]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the son of a [[German people|German]] [[Nazi Party|Nazi]] [[German Army|Army]] lieutenant who [[immigration|immigrated]] to [[Chile]] in the 1950s? ;My Way * ... that in 1969, [[Paul Anka]] bought the [[copyright|rights]] of the original [[French language]] version of "'''[[My Way]]'''" for $1 so that [[Frank Sinatra]] could record it? ;Mug shot of Donald Trump * ... that two days after the release of [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] '''[[Mug shot of Donald Trump|Donald Trump's mugshot]]''', his [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|2024 presidential campaign]] had raised $7.1 million? ;Persecution of Wikipedians in Belarus * ... that the government of [[Belarus]] has been '''[[Persecution of Wikipedians in Belarus|persecuting Wikipedia editors]]'''? ;Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran * ... that during [[World War II]], the '''[[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]]''' was used by [[Pope Pius XII]] to house [[Jews]] and [[refugee]]s from the [[Nazis]]? ;Tyla [[File:Tyla Seethal 2022 a.png|100px|right]] * ... that at the age of 22, '''[[Tyla]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the youngest [[Africa]]n artist to win a [[Grammy Award]]? ;Rod Paige * ... that in 2004, [[United States Secretary of Education|U.S. Secretary of Education]] '''[[Rod Paige]]''' called the [[National Education Association]], the [[United States|country's]] largest teachers [[Trade union|union]], a "[[terrorist]] organization"? ;Cristiano Ronaldo [[File:Cristiano Ronaldo playing for Al Nassr FC against Persepolis, September 2023 (cropped).jpg|110px|right]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Cristiano Ronaldo]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[billionaire]] football player, with a [[net worth]] of $1.4 billion dollars? ;Rodrigo Duterte * ... that in 2025, '''[[Rodrigo Duterte]]''' became the first [[President of the Philippines|Philippine president]] to face [[criminal charge|criminal charges]] by the [[International Criminal Court|ICC]] and the first [[Asia|Asian]] leader to face an ICC [[criminal trial|trial]]? ;Chaim Topol [[File:Chaim Topol, 1967 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[Israeli people|Israeli]] [[Academy Award]]-nominated actor '''[[Chaim Topol]]''' ''(pictured)'' worked on secret missions for the [[Mossad]] during the 1960s and 1970s? ;Stanislav Shushkevich * ... that before '''[[Stanislav Shushkevich]]''' became [[List of national leaders of Belarus|chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Belarus]], he taught [[Russian language|Russian]] to [[Lee Harvey Oswald]]? ;1994 San Marino Grand Prix * ... that after [[Roland Ratzenberger|Ratzenberger]] and [[Ayrton Senna|Senna]]'s deaths at the '''[[1994 San Marino Grand Prix]]''', commentator [[Murray Walker]] called the race "the blackest day for [[Grand Prix motor racing|Grand Prix racing]] that I can remember"? ;Rodrigo Paz [[File:Rodrigo Paz, presidente de Bolivia.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in [[2025 Bolivian general election|2025]], [[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Senator]] '''[[Rodrigo Paz]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[president of Bolivia]] to be elected in a [[Two-round system|run-off election]]? ;Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan * ... that some [[U.S. state]]s [[ban|banned]] the [[insanity defense]] after [[John Hinckley Jr.]] was found not guilty for '''[[Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan|trying to assassinate]]''' [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Ronald Reagan]]? ;Huajiang Canyon Bridge [[File:Huajiang Canyon Bridge1.JPG|right|100px]] * ... that at 625 metres (2,051 ft) from the ground, the '''[[Huajiang Canyon Bridge]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the world's highest bridge? ;Adelita Grijalva * ... that when '''[[Adelita Grijalva]]''' waited 50 days to be [[inaugurated|sworn-in]] as a member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]], it became the longest that any member waited after winning a [[special election]]? ;Struwwelpeter [[File:H Hoffmann Struwwel 03.jpg|100px|right]] * ... that '''''[[Struwwelpeter]]''''' ''(pictured)'', a popular [[Children's literature|children's]] [[picture book]] from 1844, likely has the first descriptions of [[psychological]] conditions such as [[anorexia nervosa]], [[hyperactivity]], [[ADHD]] or [[conduct disorder]]? ;José María Muñagorri * ... that in [[Real Madrid CF's 1927 tour of the Americas|1927]], [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] player '''[[José María Muñagorri]]''' nearly jumped into [[shark]]-infested waters to rescue a [[José María Peña|teammate]]? ;LG Optimus 2X [[File:LG Optimus 2X.jpg|right|111px]] *... that in 2011, '''[[LG Optimus 2X]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the world's first smartphone with a [[Multi-core processor|dual-core processor]]? ;Jakarta * ... that in 2025, '''[[Jakarta]]''' became the [[List of largest cities|largest city in the world]] with a population of 41.9 million? ;Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick * ... that in 2022, '''[[Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick]]''' became the first [[Haitian American|American of Haitian descent]] to [[United States House of Representatives|represent]] [[Florida]] in the [[United States Congress]]? ;Dick Cheney [[File:46 Dick Cheney 3x4.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Dick Cheney]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first [[Methodist]] [[Vice President of the United States|U.S. vice president]] to serve under a Methodist [[President of the United States|U.S. president]]? ;Helena Moreno * ... that '''[[Helena Moreno]]''', who was born in [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]], [[Mexico]], was elected as the first [[Hispanic]] mayor of [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]] in 2025? ;Catherine Connolly [[File:Catherine Connolly 3 October 2024.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in [[2025 Irish presidential election|2025]], '''[[Catherine Connolly]]''' ''(pictured)'' was elected [[president of Ireland]] with the highest number of [[Instant-runoff voting|first-preference votes]] in the [[Ireland|country's history]]? ;Curaçao national football team * ... that when the '''[[Curaçao national football team]]''' qualified for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]], they became the [[Curaçao|smallest country]] to ever qualify for [[FIFA World Cup|the tournament]]? ;Dallin H. Oaks * ... that before '''[[Dallin H. Oaks]]''' became [[President of the Church (LDS Church)|President of the LDS Church]], [[President of the United States|Presidents]] [[Gerald Ford]] and [[Ronald Reagan]] saw him as a possible candidate for the [[U.S. Supreme Court]]? ;Sanae Takaichi [[File:Shigeru Ishiba and Sanae Takaichi 20241211 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that before becoming the first female [[Prime Minister of Japan|prime minister of Japan]] in 2025, '''[[Sanae Takaichi]]''' ''(pictured)'' was a [[United States Congress|U.S. congressional aide]] and a television [[news anchor]]? ;Christine Jorgensen * ... that when '''[[Christine Jorgensen]]''' had [[sexual reassignment surgery]] in 1951, she was seen as the first widely-known person in the [[United States]] to have had it? ;Pennsylvania * ... that the [[U.S. state]] of '''[[Pennsylvania]]''' was founded in 1681 through a [[grant (money)|royal land grant]] given to [[William Penn]] by [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]]? ;Ed Gein [[File:Ed-Gein.jpeg|right|100px]] * ... that [[serial killer]] '''[[Ed Gein]]''' ''(pictured)'' made [[furniture]] out of human [[skin]] and [[bowl]]s out of [[skull]]s while also collecting [[vulva]]s from [[corpse]]s? ;Jane Goodall [[File:Fryday w- Goodall (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[zoology|zoologist]] '''[[Jane Goodall|Dame Jane Goodall]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first scientist to give a name to their [[research]] [[subject]]s instead of giving them numbers? ;Fumio Kishida * ... that when '''[[Fumio Kishida]]''' [[2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine|visted]] [[Ukraine]] in 2023, he became the first [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese prime minister]] to visit a [[battlefield]] since the end of [[World War II]]? ;Tom Lehrer [[File:Portrait of Tom Lehrer in c. 1957.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[Satire|satiric]] singer-songwriter '''[[Tom Lehrer]]''' retired from music in the 1970s to teach [[mathematics]] at [[Harvard University]]? ;Tilly Norwood * ... that '''[[Tilly Norwood]]''' is an [[artificial intelligence]] actress that was created in 2025 to be the "next [[Scarlett Johansson]] or [[Natalie Portman]]"? ;Sarah Mullally [[File:Official_portrait_of_The_Lord_Bishop_of_London_crop_2.jpg|100px|right]] * ... that in 2026, '''[[Sarah Mullally]]''' (pictured) became the first woman to hold the office of [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] and to be the head of the [[Anglican Church]]? ;Sushila Karki * ... that in 2025, '''[[Sushila Karki]]''' became the first female [[Prime Minister of Nepal]] after [[Generation Z|Gen Z]] [[2025 Nepalese Gen Z protests|protestors]] voted for her on a [[Discord]] poll? ;Charlie Kirk [[File:Charlie Kirk (53808961183) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Charlie Kirk]]''' ''(pictured)'' co-founded [[Turning Point USA]] after [[dropping out]] of college at the age of 18? ;Auckland * ... that [[New Zealand|New Zealand's]] largest city, '''[[Auckland]]''', is built on multiple [[dormant volcano]]s? ;Maya Angelou [[File:Maya Angelou visits YCP Feb 2013.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[Grammy Award|Grammy]]-winning poet and civil rights activist '''[[Maya Angelou]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first [[African American]] woman [[streetcar]] conductor in [[San Francisco]]? ;Sexual fetishism <!--[[File:Dresseuses_d'Hommes_7.jpg|100px|right]]--> * ... that [[animal]]s such as [[rat]]s and other [[primate]]s could have '''[[Sexual fetishism|sexual fetishes]]'''? ;Giorgio Armani * ... that in 2007, '''[[Giorgio Armani]]''' became the first [[fashion design|designer]] to ban models with a [[body mass index|BMI]] under 18, after a model [[starvation|starved herself to death]]? ;Alice Munro [[File:Alice Munro 2006 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2013, '''[[Alice Munro]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Canadian people|Canadian]] to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]? ;Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o * ... that in 2021, '''[[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]]''' became the first person to be nominated for the [[International Booker Prize]] as both the author and translator of a written work? ;Stanley Matthews [[File:Stanley Matthews 1962 (crop).jpg|right|110px]] * ...that '''[[Stanley Matthews|Sir Stanley Matthews]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first person to be [[knighted]] for their services to [[Association football|football]]? ;Adriano Espaillat * ... that [[U.S. Representative]] '''[[Adriano Espaillat]]''' is the first [[Dominican Americans|Dominican American]] and first formerly [[Undocumented immigrant|undocumented immigrant]] to serve in [[U.S. Congress|congress]]? ;Real Madrid CF's 1927 tour of the Americas * ... that in 1927, [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] '''[[Real Madrid CF's 1927 tour of the Americas|played matches]]''' in [[North America|North]] and [[South America]] to [[promote]] [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Association football|football]]? ;Stan Mikita [[File:Stan Mikita (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Stan Mikita]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[ice hockey]] [[Hockey Hall of Fame|Hall of Famer]] to have been diagnosed with [[chronic traumatic encephalopathy]]? ;North Carolina * ... that '''[[North Carolina]]''' was the first of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] to vote in favor for [[American Revolutionary War|independence]] from [[Great Britain]]? ;Laura Chinchilla [[File:Laura-Chinchilla-cropped.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2010, '''[[Laura Chinchilla]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first female [[president of Costa Rica]] and the eighth female president of a [[Latin America]]n country overall? ;Azerbaijan * ... that '''[[Azerbaijan]]''' is named after [[Persian people|Persian]] [[nobleman]] [[Atropates]]? ;Roy Cooper [[File:Roy Cooper in November 2023 (cropped2).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2016, [[North Carolina Attorney General|State Attorney General]] '''[[Roy Cooper]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first person since 1850 to beat an [[incumbent]] [[Governor of North Carolina|governor]] in [[North Carolina|North Carolina's]] history? ;Age and health concerns about Joe Biden * ... that comedian [[Dana Carvey]] said it was hard for him to play former [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Joe Biden]] on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' because he believed Biden had "'''[[Age and health concerns about Joe Biden|mental health problems]]'''"? ;Kirsty Coventry * ... that in 2025, Olympic swimmer and gold medalist '''[[Kirsty Coventry]]''' became the first woman and [[Africa|African]] to be elected [[president of the International Olympic Committee]]? ;Laurie Hernandez [[File:Laurie Hernandez by Gage Skidmore (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that at age 16, Olympic gold medalist '''[[Laurie Hernandez]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the youngest person to win ''[[Dancing with the Stars]]''? ;Ozzy Osbourne * ... that [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] singer '''[[Ozzy Osbourne]]''' accidentally bit-off the head of a [[bat]] during a live concert, believing that it was fake and made out of [[rubber]]? ;Nashville Sounds * ... that the [[Minor League Baseball|minor league baseball team]] the '''[[Nashville Sounds]]''' picked their name because of [[Nashville|Nashville's]] importance in the [[music industry]]? ;Connie Francis [[File:Connie Francis 1961.JPG|right|100px]] * ... that in 1960, '''[[Connie Francis]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first woman to reach No. 1 on the ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] chart? ;Josh Shapiro * ... that the money spent by the 2022 [[Governor of Pennsylvania|gubernatorial]] campaign of then-[[Attorney General of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania Attorney General]] '''[[Josh Shapiro]]''' was the most for a [[Pennsylvania|statewide candidate]] in an election year? ;William H. Webster [[File:William H. Webster, Director of Federal Bureau of Investigation ME680-10 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that judge '''[[William H. Webster]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the only person to have been the director of both the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]? ;San Diego * ... that '''[[San Diego]]''' was founded in 1769, making it the oldest city in [[California]]? ;Jim Lovell [[File:James Lovell (3x4 cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[Apollo 13]] commander '''[[Jim Lovell]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first person to [[Spaceflight|fly]] into [[Outer space|space]] four times? ;Dog * ... that '''[[Dog|dogs]]''' started to have many [[List of dog breeds|breeds]] during the [[Victorian era]] when humans began controlling which dogs were bred? ;Cat * ... that the oldest '''[[cat|domestic cat]]''' lived until the age of 38? ;Baldwin IV of Jerusalem [[File:King Baldwin IV.png|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem]]''' ''(pictured)'' was known as the "Leper King" because he had [[leprosy]] and was left [[treatment|untreated]] by his doctors? ;Massachusetts * ... that in 2004, '''[[Massachusetts]]''' became the first [[States of the U.S.|U.S. state]] to make [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]] legal? ;Earthquake * ... that when a '''[[earthquake]]''' happens in the [[ocean]], it can cause [[tsunami]]s? ;McDonald's * ... that the [[fast food|fast food chain]] '''[[McDonald's]]''' has over 36,000,000 locations in 118 countries and territories around the world? ;Samsung Galaxy S5 [[File:SamsungGalaxys5 being holdenpic.png|right|100px]] * ... that in 2014, the '''[[Samsung Galaxy S5]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Samsung]] smartphone to have a [[fingerprint scanner]]? ;Chicago Tylenol murders [[File:Induction sealed bottle 2025.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that because of the '''[[Chicago Tylenol murders]]''' in 1982, food and [[pharmacy|pharmaceutical]] companies created safety sealing ''(pictured)'' for their bottled products? ;Violeta Chamorro [[File:Violeta Chamorro 1993.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1990, when '''[[Violeta Chamorro]]''' ''(pictured)'' was elected [[President of Nicaragua]], she became the first elected woman president in the [[Americas]]? ;Sir Billy Boston * ... that in 2025, '''[[Billy Boston|Sir Billy Boston]]''' became the first [[Rugby League|rugby league footballer]] to be [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]]? ;Toni Morrison [[File:Toni Morrison.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1993, '''[[Toni Morrison]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[African American]] woman to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]? ;Greg Abbott * ... that in 2015, '''[[Greg Abbott]]''' became the first [[Governor of Texas|Texas governor]] and third governor of a [[U.S. state]] to use a [[wheelchair]]? ;Amazon River [[File:Amazon 57.53278W 2.71207S.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that there are no [[Bridge|bridges]] that cross the '''[[Amazon River]]''' ''(pictured)'' because of the [[Amazon rainforest]]? ;Ron DeSantis [[File:Governor Ron DeSantis at the CNN Republican Presidential Debate (53460294753) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2019, at the age of 40, '''[[Ron DeSantis]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the youngest [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Governor of Florida|governor]] in [[Florida|Florida's history]]? ;Egypt * ... that '''[[Egypt]]''' has the most powerful [[Egyptian Armed Forces|military force]] in the [[Arab world]] and [[Africa]] since 2025? ;Colour of the day (police) *... that in [[New York City]], [[police|undercover police]] wear different '''[[Color of the day (police)|colored items of clothing]]''' to quickly recognize each other? ;Kathy Hochul [[File:Kathy Hochul March 2024 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2021, '''[[Kathy Hochul]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first female [[Governor of New York]] and the first from [[Upstate New York]]? ;Mikie Sherrill * ... that before she became the first [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] to [[United States House of Representatives|represent]] [[New Jersey's 11th congressional district]] in over 30 years, '''[[Mikie Sherrill]]''' was a [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] [[helicopter]] pilot? ;Abigail Spanberger * ... that before becoming the first woman to represent [[Virginia's 7th congressional district]] in the [[U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. House]], '''[[Abigail Spanberger]]''' was a [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA operations officer]]? ;Gavin Newsom [[File:Newsom April 2024 (3x4 cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2022, [[Governor of California|Governor]] '''[[Gavin Newsom]]''' ''(pictured)'' made [[California]] the first [[sanctuary city|sanctuary state]] for [[transgender|transgender youth]]? ;Cambodian genocide * ... that the '''[[Cambodian genocide]]''' happened because [[dictator]] [[Pol Pot]] and the [[Khmer Rouge]] wanted to roll back [[Cambodia]] to "Year Zero" when every Cambodian was a [[Rural area|rural]] [[farmer]]? ;Joan Didion [[File:Didion1970 (cropped).jpg|100px|right]] * ... that '''[[Joan Didion]]''' ''(pictured)'' wrote her first novel, which was about a woman dying in the [[Sahara Desert]], when she was five years old? ;South Korea * ... that 70% of '''[[South Korea]]''' is covered by hills and mountains? ;Louise Glück [[File:Louise Glück circa 1977.jpg|100px|right]] * ... that in 2020, '''[[Louise Glück]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Americans|American]] woman to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] since 1993 and the first American poet to win since 1948? ;Boston * ... that from 1659 to 1681, it was [[banned]] in '''[[Boston]]''' to celebrate [[Christmas]] because the [[Pilgrims]] saw it as a "[[corruption|corrupt]] holiday"? ;Audrey Hepburn [[File:Audrey Hepburn 1956om (cropped).jpg|100px|right]] *...that '''[[Audrey Hepburn]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first person to be an [[List of EGOT winners|EGOT winner]] [[posthumously]]? ;Beagle * ... that a 2019 research found that '''[[Beagle|beagles]]''' could detect [[lung cancer]] with 97% accuracy? ;Lilo & Stitch * ... that the 2002 movie '''''[[Lilo & Stitch]]''''' was the first time that [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]] hand-drew its characters and used of [[watercolour|watercolors]] for its background since the 1940s? ;Susan Brownmiller * ... that the works of [[Americans|American]] [[feminist]] author '''[[Susan Brownmiller]]''' is said to have helped create laws that made it easier to criminally charge [[rape|rapists]]? ;Pig [[File:Sus scrofa scrofa.jpg|right|100px]] *...that '''[[pig]]s''' ''(pictured)'' can be taught to play [[video game]]s? ;Catholic Church * ... that the '''[[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]]''' has the oldest continuously used legal system in the world? ;Chuck Grassley [[File:Chuck Grassley official photo 2017.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that with over 40 years in the [[U.S. Senate]], '''[[Chuck Grassley]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the longest serving [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] senator in [[History of the United States|U.S. history]]? ;Lee Zeldin * ... that in 2022, while running for [[Governor of New York|New York Governor]], then-[[U.S. Representative]] '''[[Lee Zeldin]]''' was attacked by a [[drunk]] man who later said he did not know who Zeldin was? ;Sara Duterte [[File:2024-04-10 – PBBM to highlight economic cooperation, defense and maritime cooperation in historic trilateral meeting with US, Japan (03) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Sara Duterte]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Vice President of the Philippines]] to be [[impeachment|impeached]]? ;Cori Bush * ... that in 2021, [[nurse|registered nurse]] '''[[Cori Bush]]''' became the first [[African American]] woman to represent [[Missouri]] in the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]? ;Sussan Ley [[File:SL - 2012 Profile.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Sussan Ley]]''' ''(pictured)'' became [[Australia|Australia's]] first female [[Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party Leader]] and [[Leader of the Opposition (Australia)|Opposition Leader]]? ;Pope Leo XIV * ... that '''[[Pope Leo XIV]]''' picked his papal name because of [[Pope Leo XIII]] and the "cultural shifts" the [[Roman Catholic church]] might see through [[artificial intelligence]] and [[robotics]]? ;Wesley Bell [[File:Rep. Wesley Bell Official Portrait.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2019, future-[[Missouri]] [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] '''[[Wesley Bell]]''' ''(pictured)'' became [[St. Louis County, Missouri|St. Louis County's]] first [[African Americans|Black]] [[attorney|prosecuting attorney]]? ;Peter Dutton * ... that in [[2025 Australian federal election|2025]], '''[[Peter Dutton]]''' became the first [[List of Australian Leaders of the Opposition|Australian opposition leader]] to lose their [[Australian House of Representatives|parliamentary seat]] at an election? ;JB Pritzker [[File:JB Pritzker 2024.jpg|right|100px]] * ... when he was [[2022 Illinois gubernatorial election|re-elected in 2022]], [[Governor of Illinois|Illinois Governor]] '''[[JB Pritzker]]''' ''(pictured)'' had the highest vote share for any [[United States|U.S.]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] governor in more than 60 years? ;Toni Breidinger * ... that in 2025, '''[[Toni Breidinger]]''' became the first [[NASCAR]] driver to model for [[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue|''Sports Illustrated''<nowiki/>'s Swimsuit Issue]]? ;Rashida Tlaib [[File:Tlaib Rashida 119th Congress.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2018, '''[[Rashida Tlaib]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Muslim]] woman and the first [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]]-[[Americans|American]] woman elected to the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]? ;Anthony Albanese * ... that in [[2025 Australian federal election|2025]], '''[[Anthony Albanese]]''' became the first [[Prime Minister of Australia|Australian prime minister]] to win re-election since [[John Howard]] in [[2004 Australian federal election|2004]]? ;Friedrich Merz * ... that in 2025, '''[[Friedrich Merz]]''' became the first post-war [[Chancellor of Germany|German chancellor]] not to receive the needed [[German Bundestag|confirmation votes]] in the first round of voting? ;Nicușor Dan [[File:Nicușor Dan 2024.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2020, two-time [[International Mathematical Olympiad]] champion '''[[Nicușor Dan]]''' ''(pictured)'' was elected as [[Bucharest|Bucharest's]] first [[Independent politician|independent]] mayor? ;1755 Cape Ann earthquake * ... that the '''[[1755 Cape Ann earthquake]]''' in [[Massachusetts]] could be felt as far north as [[Nova Scotia]] in [[Canada]] and as far south as [[South Carolina]]? ;Richard Pryor [[File:Richard Pryor 1973 (cropped).jpg|100px|right]] * ... that in 1980, comedian '''[[Richard Pryor]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first black actor to earn a million dollars for a single movie when he starred in ''[[Stir Crazy (movie)|Stir Crazy]]''? ;Mike Waltz * ... that '''[[Mike Waltz]]''' was the first [[Americans|American]] [[United States Congress|congress member]] to call for a full [[United States|U.S.]] [[boycott]] of the [[2022 Winter Olympics]] in [[Beijing]] for the [[China|country's]] [[persecution of Uyghurs in China|persecution of Uyghurs]]? ;Dick Durbin [[File:Dick Durbin 2022 official portrait (cropped) 2.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[Illinois]] [[U.S. Senator]] '''[[Dick Durbin]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the longest-serving [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate party whip]] in [[History of the United States|U.S. history]]? ;Ali France * ... that [[2025 Australian federal election|in 2025]], '''[[Ali France]]''' became the first person in [[History of Australia|Australian history]] to defeat an [[Leader of the Opposition (Australia)|opposition leader]] in a [[Australian House of Representatives|parliamentary election]]? ;Hydrogen [[File:Shuttle Main Engine Test Firing cropped edited and reduced.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[hydrogen]]''' fires ''(pictured)'', while being extremely hot, are almost invisible to [[human]]s, leading to accidental burns? ;Water * ... that 12 billion [[light year]]s away around a [[quasar]] there is a giant cloud of '''[[water]]''' with 140 trillion times more water than all the water on [[Earth]]? ;Michael Bloomberg * ... that in 2020, former [[Mayor of New York City|New York City Mayor]] '''[[Michael Bloomberg]]''' spent the most money spent on a presidential primary campaign in [[History of the United States|American history]]? ;Tammy Duckworth [[File:Tammy Duckworth, official portrait, 115th Congress (cropped)2.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2004, future [[Illinois]] [[U.S. Senator]] '''[[Tammy Duckworth]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Americans|American]] female [[Amputation|double amputee]] from the [[Iraq War]]? ;False memory *...that [[experiment]]s have shown that people can be made to '''[[False memory|remember events that did not take place]]'''? ;Robert F. Kennedy Jr. * ... that in 2013, future [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services]] '''[[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]]''' helped the [[Chipewyan|Chipewyan First Nation]] to protect their land from [[tar sands]] production? ;Catholic Church sexual abuse cases * ... that a study found that 81% of the victims of the '''[[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases]]''' between 1950 and the early 2000s were male? ;False memory *...that [[experiment]]s have shown that people can be made to '''[[False memory|remember events that did not take place]]'''? ;Juliana Stratton [[File:National Lieutenant Governor's Association (52766342026) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2020, [[Lieutenant Governor of Illinois|Illinois Lieutenant Governor]] '''[[Juliana Stratton]]''' ''(pictured)'' was one of the first customers to buy [[recreation|recreational]] [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] in the [[Illinois|state]]? ;Tony Evers * ... that in 2023, [[Governor of Wisconsin|Wisconsin Governor]] '''[[Tony Evers]]''' made a [[veto|line-item veto]] to the [[Wisconsin|state]] budget that increased school funding of $325 until the year 2425? ;Sean Baker [[File:Sean Baker at the 2024 New York Film Festival (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, filmmaker '''[[Sean Baker]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first person to win four [[Academy Awards]] for the [[Anora (movie)|same movie]]? ;Philippe of Belgium * ... that in 2024, '''[[Philippe of Belgium]]''' publicly criticized [[Pope Francis]] during a welcome address of him over the [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|sexual abuses]] done by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] in [[Belgium]]? ;Conclave (movie) * ... that viewership for the 2024 movie '''''[[Conclave (movie)|Conclave]]''''' went up 283% on [[streaming media|streaming platforms]] following [[Death and funeral of Pope Francis|the death]] of [[Pope Francis]] in April 2025? ;Karoline Leavitt [[File:Karoline Leavitt by Gage Skidmore 2 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that at the age of 27, '''[[Karoline Leavitt]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the youngest [[White House Press Secretary]] in [[History of the United States|American history]]? ;John Ratcliffe * ... that in 2019, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' found out that then-[[Director of National Intelligence|National Intelligence Director]] nominee '''[[John Ratcliffe]]''' lied about arresting "300 [[Illegal immigration|illegal immigrants]] in a single day"? ;Salem Witch Trials *...that some of the '''[[Salem Witch Trials]]''' only lasted 15 minutes, and resulted in people being found guilty and [[death penalty|executed]]? ;Susie Wiles [[File:Susie Wiles 2025 (edited crop).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Susie Wiles]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first ever female [[White House Chief of Staff]] in [[American history]]? ;Paper Mario: Color Splash * ... that [[Nintendo of America]] accidentally made '''''[[Paper Mario: Color Splash]]''''' available to play two weeks early? ;Austria * ... that the first [[postcard]]s were issued in '''[[Austria]]''' in 1869? ;Cory Booker [[File:Cory Booker, official portrait (119th Congress).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, at 25 hours and five minutes long, '''[[Cory Booker]]''' ''(pictured)'' made the longest speech in the history of the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]]? ;Super Mario Bros. theme * ... that in 2023, the '''[[Super Mario Bros. theme|''Super Mario Bros.'' theme]]''' became the first [[video game music]] track to be preserved by the U.S. [[Library of Congress]]? ;Doug Collins (politician) [[File:Official portrait of Douglas Collins, U.S. Secretary of Veterans Affairs.jpeg|right|100px]] * ... that [[United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs|U.S. Secretary of Veterans Affairs]] '''[[Doug Collins (politician)|Doug Collins]]''' ''(pictured)'' was a [[United States Navy|navy]] [[chaplain]] before entering politics? ;Air Force One (movie) * ... that in 2016, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' named [[Harrison Ford|Harrison Ford's]] character in the 1997 movie '''''[[Air Force One (movie)|Air Force One]]''''' the "greatest fictional [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] of all time"? ;Elise Stefanik [[File:Elise Stefanik, 115th official photo.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2014 at the age of 30, '''[[Elise Stefanik]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the youngest woman and youngest [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] ever elected to the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]? ;Malta * ... that at 316 [[Square kilometre|sq km]], '''[[Malta]]''' is the smallest country in the [[European Union]]? ;Patty Murray [[File:Patty Murray, official portrait, 113th Congress.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2023, [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] '''[[Patty Murray]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first female [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate]]? ;Fernanda Torres [[File:ImStillHereBFILFF131024 (4 of 36) (54065967346) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Fernanda Torres]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]], [[Latin America|Latin American]], and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese-speaking]] actor to win the [[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama]]? ;Greece * ... that almost 80% of '''[[Greece]]''' is made up by [[mountain|mountainous terrain]]? ;Linda McMahon [[File:Linda McMahon 2025 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Linda McMahon]]''' ''(pictured)'' changed [[WWE|WWE's]] [[TV Parental Guidelines|television rating]] from TV-14 to PG to attract a young generation of [[wrestling]] fans? ;Lori Chavez-DeRemer * ... that '''[[Lori Chavez-DeRemer]]''' lost to [[Janelle Bynum]] three times when she ran for the [[Oregon House of Representatives|Oregon State House]] and the [[U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representative]] in different elections? ;Liechtenstein * ... that in 1969, [[NASA]] gave '''[[Liechtenstein]]''' [[moon|moon rocks]] and a [[Flag of Liechtenstein|national flag]] that had been on the moon to thank them for their support from a local company during the [[Apollo 11]] mission? ;9 Songs * ... that the 2004 British romantic drama movie '''''[[9 Songs]]''''' included scenes of its two main actors actually having [[sexual intercourse]] and performing [[oral sex]] as well as a scene of [[ejaculation]]? ;Mark Carney [[File:Prime Minister Boris Johnson meets with Mark Carney No.10 Downing Street (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Mark Carney]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first person to become [[Prime Minister of Canada]] without holding elected public office before? ;SpongeBob SquarePants * ... that in 2025, '''''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]''''' became the longest-running [[United States|American]] [[children's animation|children's animated]] series? ;Muhsin Hendricks * ... that '''[[Muhsin Hendricks]]''' was called the world's first [[openly gay]] [[imam]]? ;Brooke Rollins [[File:Brooke Rollins 2025 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[United States Secretary of Agriculture|U.S. Secretary of Agriculture]] '''[[Brooke Rollins]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first female student body president at her ''[[alma mater]]'' [[Texas A&M University]]? ;Hurricane (dog) * ... that '''[[Hurricane (dog)|Hurricane]]''', a [[United States Secret Service|U.S. Secret Service]]-trained [[dog]] who protected President [[Barack Obama]] in 2014, was thought to be the most [[decoration|decorated]] dog in [[American history]]? ;Kash Patel * ... that in 2025, '''[[Kash Patel]]''' became the youngest person and the first [[Asian Americans|Asian-American]] to become [[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation]]? ;Emperor Penguins [[File:Aptenodytes forsteri MHNT.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Emperor penguin|emperor penguins]] ''' ''(egg pictured)'' are the only [[bird|birds]] in the world that can lay their [[egg|eggs]] on [[ice]]? ;Stockholm * ... that '''[[Stockholm]]''' is built on fourteen islands and is connected by fifty-seven bridges? ;Scott Turner (politician) * ... that [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development|U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]] '''[[Scott Turner (politician)|Scott Turner]]''' once played for the [[National Football League|NFL]] and was a [[United States Congress|congressional]] [[intern]] afterwards? ;Mikey Madison [[File:Mikey Madison at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Mikey Madison]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Gen Z]] actress to win an [[Academy Award]]? ;R. Budd Dwyer * ... that in 1987, [[Pennsylvania]] [[lawmaker]] '''[[R. Budd Dwyer]]''' publicly [[suicide|committed suicide]] during a live press conference, which was [[broadcasting|broadcasted]] throughout the state? ;Sean Duffy * ... that before entering politics, [[United States Secretary of Transportation|U.S. Secretary of Transportation]] '''[[Sean Duffy]]''' was a cast member of the [[MTV]] [[reality television]] series ''[[The Real World|The Real World: Boston]]''? ;Miss Meyers * ... that racehorse '''[[Miss Meyers]]''' only started racing well after she turned four years old, then won what would be $156,000 today in the same year? ;Drug cartel * ... that a 2025 report by the [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Department of Justice]] found that 74% of [[firearms]] used by the '''[[Drug cartel|Mexican drug cartels]]''' came from the [[United States]]? ;Frankétienne [[File:Jean Laposte 2 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1975, '''[[Frankétienne]]''' ''(pictured)'' wrote the first novel entirely written in [[Haitian Creole]]? ;Doughtnuts *...that [[Canada]] has the most '''[[doughnut]]''' shops per person? ;European Union * ... that the '''[[European Union]]''' is the world's largest single-market and would be the third largest country in the world if it were independent? ;Howard Lutnick [[File:Howard Lutnick (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[United States Secretary of Commerce|U.S. Secretary of Commerce]] '''[[Howard Lutnick]]''' ''(pictured)'' survived the [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|collapse]] of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] during the [[September 11 attacks]]? ;Souleymane Cissé * ... that '''[[Souleymane Cissé]]''' is the first director from [[sub-Saharan Africa]] to receive an award at the [[Cannes Film Festival]]? ;Alice Weidel [[File:2019-09-01 Wahlabend Sachsen by Sandro Halank–039.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Alice Weidel]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[lesbian]] to serve as a leader candidate for the [[Alternative for Germany|Alternative for Germany Party]]? ;Pete Hegseth * ... that [[United States Secretary of Defense|U.S. Secretary of Defense]] '''[[Pete Hegseth]]''' volunteered to be a [[National Guard (United States)|National Guard]] for [[Joe Biden|Joe Biden's]] [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|inauguration in 2021]], but was removed for posting [[Extremism|extremist views]] online? ;Klaus Iohannis [[File:Клаус Йоханнис (52539721210).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Klaus Iohannis]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[President of Romania]] belonging to an [[Ethnic group|ethnic minority]]? ;Athens * ... that '''[[Athens]]''' is [[Europe|Europe's]] oldest continuously active [[capital city]]? ;Saturday Night Live * ... that as of 2022, '''''[[Saturday Night Live]]''''' had received more than 305 [[Primetime Emmy Award]] nominations, the most received by any television program? ;Friedrich Merz [[File:2025-02-17 ARD-Wahlarena zur Bundestagswahl 2025 by Sandro Halank–050.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[Chancellor of Germany|German Chancellor]] '''[[Friedrich Merz]]''' ''(pictured)'' is a licensed pilot and owns two airplanes? ;Luxembourg * ... that in 2020, '''[[Luxembourg]]''' became the first country in the world to make all [[public transport]] free to use? ;Ed Broadbent [[File:Ed Broadbent in 2019 (3x4 crop).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that the [[state funeral]] of '''[[Ed Broadbent]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first for a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[political party|party leader]] who was never [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]] or [[Leader of the Opposition (Canada)|opposition leader]]? ;Gisèle Pelicot * ... that in 2020, '''[[Gisèle Pelicot]]''' discovered that she was being [[Rapes of Gisèle Pelicot|drugged and raped by her husband and 83 other men]] for nine years? ;Roberta Metsola [[File:Roberta Metsola 2022.jpg|100px|right]] * ... that in 2022, '''[[Roberta Metsola]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first woman and youngest person to be elected [[President of the European Parliament]]? ;Texas * ... that before becoming a [[States of the U.S.|U.S. state]] in 1845, '''[[Texas]]''' was its [[Republic of Texas|own country]] for almost ten years? ;Manneken Pis *...that the statue '''[[Manneken Pis]]''' in [[Brussels]], which shows a boy [[urination|urinating]] into a fountain, also inspired other similar figures in Brussels? ;Caroline Chew [[File:Carolinechew.jpg|right|100px]] *...that '''[[Caroline Chew]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[Singapore]]an [[equestrian]] to be in the [[Olympic Games]]? ;Peru * ... that '''[[Peru]]''' is where [[potatoes]] were first [[gardening|cultivated]] by [[Inca Empire|the Incas]]? ;Dora Bakoyannis [[File:Dora Bakoyannis-headshot.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Dora Bakoyannis]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first female mayor of [[Athens]] and the first female mayor of a city to have hosted the [[Olympic Games]]? ;New York (state) * ... that the [[States of the U.S.|U.S. state]] of '''[[New York (state)|New York]]''' has over 70,000 miles of [[river]]s and [[stream]]s? ;Donn Moomaw [[File:Donn Moomaw 1951 (full).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Donn Moomaw]]''' ''(pictured)'' refused to play with the [[Los Angeles Rams]] since they played on Sundays and later became a [[Presbyterian]] [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]]? ;Bart De Wever * ... that '''[[Bart De Wever]]''' is the first [[Flemish Movement|Flemish nationalist]] to become [[Prime Minister of Belgium]]? ;Joe Lieberman [[File:Joe Lieberman official Senate portrait Retouched.jpg|100px|right]] * ... that in [[2000 United States presidential election|2000]], [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] '''[[Joe Lieberman]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first practicing [[Jewish|Jew]] to run for [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]]? ;Aga Khan IV * ... that in 2014, '''[[Aga Khan IV]]''' became the first faith leader to address a joint session of the [[Parliament of Canada]]? ;Fernanda Montenegro [[File:Fernanda Montenegro em 2015 cropped.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Fernanda Montenegro]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[Brazilian people|Brazilian]] to be nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]]? ;Ralph Lauren [[File:Ralph Lauren 3x4.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, '''[[Ralph Lauren]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[fashion designer]] to be honored with the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]? ;Nicaragua * ... that in 2025, '''[[Nicaragua]]''' became a [[diarchy]] with [[Daniel Ortega]] and his wife [[Rosario Murillo]] becoming [[President of Nicaragua|co-presidents]]? ;Pam Bondi * ... that [[United States Attorney General]] '''[[Pam Bondi]]''' was the first woman to be elected [[Florida Attorney General|Florida state attorney general]]? ;Kelly Loeffler * ... that former [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] '''[[Kelly Loeffler]]''' once owned the [[Atlanta Dream]] [[basketball|basketball team]], but sold it in 2021 because of her opinions of the [[Black Lives Matter|Black Lives Matter movement]]? ;Chappell Roan [[File:Chappell Roan @ Hollywood Palladium 11 18 2022 (53886800138).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that singer-songwriter '''[[Chappell Roan]]''' ''(pictured)'' got her [[stage name]] from her grandfather Dennis Chappell and his favorite song, "The Strawberry Roan"? ;Dick Button * ... that [[Emmy Award]]-winning sports commentator '''[[Dick Button]]''' is the only [[Americans|American]] man to win the [[European Figure Skating Championships]]? ;Usha Vance [[File:Usha Vance, official portrait (2025) (cropped reasonable).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, lawyer '''[[Usha Vance]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] and first [[Millennials|Millennial]] [[Second ladies and gentlemen of the United States|U.S. Second Lady]] in [[American history]]? ;Chris Wright * ... that [[United States Secretary of Energy|U.S. Energy Secretary]] '''[[Chris Wright]]''' drank [[fracking|fracking fluid]] in 2019 to prove it was not dangerous? ;Algeria * ... that '''[[Algeria]]''' is the largest country in [[Africa]]? ;Marco Rubio [[File:Official portrait of Secretary Marco Rubio, January 2025.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] '''[[Marco Rubio]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the highest-ranking [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic American]] official in [[History of the United States|American history]]? ;Ahmed al-Sharaa * ... that the [[United States]] had a $10 million [[bounty (reward)|bounty]] against '''[[Ahmed al-Sharaa]]''', however removed it when he became the [[Syrian transitional government|Syrian transitional]] [[President of Syria|leader]] in [[Fall of Damascus|2024]]? ;Richard Williamson (bishop) [[File:Bishop Richard Williamson.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[Auxiliary bishop]] '''[[Richard Williamson (bishop)|Richard Williamson]]''' ''(pictured)'' had his [[excommunicated|excommunication]] lifted in 2009 by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] only to be excommunicated again in 2013 for his [[Holocaust denial]] views? ;Charli D'Amelio [[File:Charli D'Amelio at KCAs 2023 01.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2020, '''[[Charli D'Amelio]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[TikTok]] celebrity to have a both 50 million followers and 100 million followers? ;January 20–22, 2025 Gulf Coast blizzard * ... that the '''[[January 20–22, 2025 Gulf Coast blizzard]]''' was the first recorded [[blizzard]] on the [[Gulf Coast]] ever? ;Scott Bessent [[File:Scott Bessent, official portrait (2025) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2025, [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury Secretary]] '''[[Scott Bessent]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the highest-ranking openly [[LGBT|LGBT person]] in [[American history]]? ;Lynn Ban * ... that jewelry designer '''[[Lynn Ban]]''' agreed to appear on the [[Netflix]] reality show ''[[Bling Empire: New York]]'' to go against the "[[stereotype]]s of ''[[Crazy Rich Asians (movie)|Crazy Rich Asians]]''"? ;Valerie André * ... that in 1976, [[French resistance|resistance]] official '''[[Valerie André]]''' became the first female member of the [[French Army|French military]] to become [[General Officer]]? ;Lluvia de Peces * ... that in the small town of [[Honduras|Yoro, Honduras]], residents experience "'''[[Lluvia de Peces]]'''" or "Rain of Fish" annually? ;Belly dance *...that in 2006, [[Hamas]] outlawed '''[[Belly dance|bellydancing]]''' because they saw it as [[islam|unislamic]]? ;Second inauguration of Donald Trump * ... that the '''[[Second inauguration of Donald Trump|second inauguration of Donald Trump]]''' is the first to be held indoors in the [[United States Capitol]] since [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald Reagan's]] [[Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan|second inauguration in 1985]]? ;Cormac McCarthy [[File:Cormac McCarthy (The Orchard Keeper author portrait).jpg|100px|right]] * ... that '''[[Cormac McCarthy]]''' ''(pictured)'', whose novel was [[No Country for Old Men (movie)|made into an Academy Award-winning movie]], was called the "best unknown novelist in [[United States|America]]" and rarely had an [[agent]]? ;Wendell Berry * ... that in 2015, '''[[Wendell Berry]]''' became the first living writer to be added to the [[Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame]]? ;January 2025 Southern California wildfires * ... that the '''[[January 2025 Southern California wildfires]]''' had multiple [[wildfires]], two of which are the second and fourth most destructive fires in [[California|California's history]]? ;William Shatner [[File:William Shatner Biohacker Expo 2024.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2021 at the age of 90, ''[[Star Trek]]'' actor '''[[William Shatner]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the oldest person to fly in [[Outer space|space]]? ;António Guterres * ... that in 2017, former [[Prime Minister of Portugal|Portuguese Prime Minister]] '''[[António Guterres]]''' became the first national leader to become [[United Nations Secretary-General]]? ;Mark Rutte [[File:Mark Rutte, 23.03.23 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2010, '''[[Mark Rutte]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Liberalism|liberal]] [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Dutch prime minister]] since 1918? ;Benjamin Netanyahu * ... that in 2019, '''[[Benjamin Netanyahu]]''' became the first sitting [[Prime Minister of Israel|prime minister]] in [[Israel|Israel's]] history to be criminally charged? ;Minnesota * ... that the [[United States|U.S. state]] of '''[[Minnesota]]''' got its name from the [[Sioux|Sioux language]], meaning "sky-tinted water" or "cloudy water"? ;Jane Fonda [[File:Jane Fonda 1963.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1964, '''[[Jane Fonda]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Americans|American]] actress to have a [[nude|nude scene]] in a foreign movie? ;Valdas Adamkus * ... that before becoming [[President of Lithuania]], '''[[Valdas Adamkus]]''' worked for the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] as a deputy administrator in the 1970s? ;Olivia Rodrigo [[File:OlivaRO2150524 (38) (53727178601) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] *...that '''[[Olivia Rodrigo]]''' ''(pictured)'' was inspired by [[Taylor Swift]] to start singing? ;iPhone 14 Pro * ... that in 2022, the '''[[iPhone 14 Pro]]''' became the first [[iPhone]] to have an always-on display? ;Jean-Marie Le Pen * ... that in 2015, '''[[Jean-Marie Le Pen]]''' was banned from his own [[National Rally|political party]] by [[Marine Le Pen|his daughter]] after saying good things about the [[gas chamber]]s used in [[The Holocaust]]? ;Wolfgang Schäuble * ... that '''[[Wolfgang Schäuble|Wolfgang Schäuble's]]''' 2014 [[budget]] as [[Germany|Germany's]] [[Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany)|Finance Minister]] allowed the country to take on no new [[debt]] for the first time since 1969? ;PewDiePie [[File:Pewdiepie head shot.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2016, '''[[PewDiePie]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Youtube]]r to have 50 million subscribers? ;iPhone 8 * ... that in 2017, the '''[[iPhone 8]]''' became the first [[iPhone]] to have a wireless charger? ;MrBeast [[File:CrunchLabs - MrBeast Opened the WRONG BOX!!! (MRus4BCPRyY - 0m28s) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2024, '''[[MrBeast]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the most subscribed [[Youtube]] channel after passing [[T-Series]]? ;iPhone 12 Pro * ... that in 2020, the '''[[iPhone 12 Pro]]''' became the first [[iPhone]] to have [[5G]]? ;Pope Clement X [[File:Portrait of Pope Clement X, by Giovanni Battista Gaulli (Baciccio) - Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that at the age of 79, '''[[Pope Clement X]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the oldest person to be elected [[List of popes|pope]]? ;Ebenezer Scrooge * ... that '''[[Ebenezer Scrooge]]''', the main character of ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'', was said to have been inspired by a [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[grave|gravedigger]]? ;Morris Dees [[File:Morris Dees Boston 2015 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that civil rights activist and co-founder of the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] '''[[Morris Dees]]''' ''(pictured)'' was inspired by [[Atticus Finch]] to become a lawyer? ;iPhone 15 [[File:Apple iPhone 15 Pink (November 1, 2024).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2023, the '''[[IPhone 15|iPhone 15]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[iPhone]] to have a [[USB-C|USB Type C]]? ;Nude calendar *... that in 1999, a group of middle-aged Englishwomen posing [[nude]] to raise money for [[leukemia]] research were the first to do a '''[[Nude calendar|nude calendar for charity]]'''? ;Kristrún Frostadóttir [[File:Kristrún Frostadóttir 2021.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in [[2024 Icelandic parliamentary election|2024]] at the age of 36, '''[[Kristrún Frostadóttir]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the youngest [[Prime Minister of Iceland|prime minister]] in [[Iceland|Icelandic history]]? ;Superman (2025 movie) * ... that within 24 hours of its release, the [[trailer (movie)|trailer]] for the 2025 [[DC Universe (franchise)|DCU movie]] '''''[[Superman (2025 movie)|Superman]]''''' became the most viewed [[Warner Bros.]] trailer of all time with over 250 million views? ;Manmohan Singh [[File:Manmohan Singh 2007.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2004, '''[[Manmohan Singh]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Sikh]] to be elected [[Prime Minister of India]]? ;Chris Hoy * ... that six-time Olympic champion cyclist '''[[Chris Hoy]]''' was inspired to cycle at age six because of the 1982 movie ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]''? ;António Costa * ... that '''[[António Costa|António Costa's]]''' time as [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] is the longest of any national leader of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] in the [[21st century]]? ;Dragonfruit [[File:Fruits mûrs.JPG|100px|right]] *..that '''[[Dragonfruit|dragonfruits]]''' ''(pictured)'' are the [[fruit]] of a [[cactus]]? ;Pierre Poilievre * ... that after being elected to the [[Parliament of Canada]] in [[2004 Canadian federal election|2004]] at the age of 25, future [[Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)|Opposition Leader]] '''[[Pierre Poilievre]]''' was the youngest [[Member of Parliament|MP]] at the time? ;Gracie Abrams * ... that after her song "[[That's So True]]" was number six on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], '''[[Gracie Abrams]]''' ''(pictured)'' said she wrote the song while [[intoxicated|drunk]]? ;Warren G. Harding * ... that in 1922, '''[[Warren G. Harding]]''' became the first [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] to have his voice [[Transmitter|transmitted]] by radio? ;Herbert Hoover [[File:President Hoover portrait.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1927 while he was [[United States Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]], '''[[Herbert Hoover]]''' ''(pictured)'' appeared on the first public [[demonstration]] of a [[broadcast|television broadcast]] in [[History of the United States|American history]]? ;Calvin Coolidge * ... that '''[[Calvin Coolidge]]''' was the first [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] to lead a public celebration of the [[Christmas]] holidays? ;Pink elephant *..that '''[[Pink elephant|pink elephants]]''' exist because of [[Albinism|albinism]]? ;Franklin Pierce [[File:Portrait of Franklin Pierce (by George Peter Alexander Healy, 1853).jpg|100px|right]] * ... that '''[[Franklin Pierce]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] to take the [[oath of office]] on a law book instead of the bible? ;William McKinley * ... that '''[[William McKinley|William McKinley's]]''' [[inauguration]] was the first to be filmed, making him the first [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] to ever be filmed? ;Michel Barnier [[File:Michel Barnier 2020.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2024 at the age of 73, '''[[Michel Barnier]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the oldest [[Prime Minister of France|prime minister]] in the [[French Fifth Republic]]? ;Harry S. Truman * ... that in 1945, '''[[Harry S. Truman]]''' became the first [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] in office to use [[Air Force One|air travel]] within the [[United States|country]]? ;Occupation of the Hainburger Au * ... that in 1984, 40,000 people took part in the '''[[Occupation of the Hainburger Au]]''' in [[Vienna]] to [[protest]] against the building of a [[power plant]]? ;Charles Dickens [[File:Dickens Gurney head.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Charles Dickens]]''' ''(pictured)'' made less money than expected with the sales of ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'', making £230 instead of his expected £1,000? ;Compulsory sterilization *...that to fight [[climate change]], the aid agency of the government of the United Kingdom still supports '''[[Compulsory sterilization|compulsory sterilization]]''' in [[India]]? ;William Henry Harrison [[File:William Henry Harrison daguerreotype edit.jpg|100px|right]] * ... that the [[inauguration|inaugural address]] of [[President of the United States|President]] '''[[William Henry Harrison]]''' ''(pictured)'', the first speech of his month-long presidency, is the longest in [[American history]], lasting almost two hours? ;Millard Fillmore * ... that in 1851, [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] '''[[Millard Fillmore]]''' personally fought a fire at the [[Library of Congress]] and then signed a [[Bill (proposed law)|bill]] to fund all the books destroyed in the fire? ;Zachary Taylor [[File:Zachary Taylor restored and cropped.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Zachary Taylor]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the last [[President of the United States]] to own [[slaves]] while he was still in office? ;James Buchanan * ... that in 1858, [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] '''[[James Buchanan]]''' received the first [[telegram]] sent by the [[Transatlantic telegraph cable]]? ;Holly Cairns [[File:Holly Cairns, April 2023 (headshot).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in [[2020 Irish general election|2020]], future [[Social Democrats (Ireland)|Social Democrats Leader]] '''[[Holly Cairns]]''' ''(pictured)'' ran against her then-boyfriend [[Christopher O'Sullivan]] for a seat in the [[Teachta Dála]]? ;James Monroe * ... that '''[[James Monroe]]''' is the only [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] besides [[George Washington]] with a [[Liberia|country's]] [[Monrovia|capital]] named after him? ;Sunflower [[File:Helianthus whorl.jpg|right|100px]] *...that the tallest '''[[sunflower]]''' ''(pictured)'' was 9.17 [[metres]] high? ;James A. Garfield * ... that [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] '''[[James A. Garfield]]''' could write in [[Greek]] with his left [[hand]] and [[Latin]] with his right hand at the same time? ;Antipope Felix V [[File:Nuremberg chronicles f 242v 2 (Felix V).jpg|100px|right]] * ... that '''[[Antipope Felix V|Felix V]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the last [[antipope]] in the history of the [[Catholic Church]]? ;Paternalism *..that there was a time when [[Ford Motor Company]] checked that their [[employee]]s '''[[Paternalism|regularly went to chuch]]'''? Jair Bolsonaro [[File:Jair Bolsonaro 2021 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that former [[President of Brazil|Brazilian President]] '''[[Jair Bolsonaro]]''' ''(pictured)'' was accused by the national police for having knowledge about an [[assassination|assassination plot]] against his [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|successor]] before he was [[criminal charge|criminally charged]] in 2025? ;Chihuahua (dog) [[File:Chihuahua1 bvdb.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that the name for '''[[Chihuahua (dog)|Chihuahuas]]''' ''(pictured)'' comes from the [[Na'huatl]] word for "between two waters" and the name is older than the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|Spanish Conquest of Mexico]]? ;Nancy Reagan [[File:Nancy Reagan.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that after [[Ronald Reagan|her husband]] survived an [[Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan|assassination attempt]], [[First Lady of the United States|U.S. First Lady]] '''[[Nancy Reagan]]''' ''(pictured)'' hired an [[astrology|astrologer]] to review and create his schedule to make sure he would be safe? ;Pig * ... that '''[[Pig|pigs]]''' have the longest [[orgasm]] in [[mammals]], with an average of 30 minutes, but it can last for as long as 90 minutes? ;The Scream [[File:The Scream.jpg||right|100px]] *...that the famous picture, '''''[[The Scream]]''''' ''(pictured)'', is worth 55 million dollars? ;Gotham City * ... that '''[[Gotham City]]''', a fictional [[DC Comics]] city, is said to be in [[New Jersey]] and is inspired by [[New York City]], [[Chicago]] and [[London]]? ;Theodore Edgar McCarrick [[File:Theodore McCarrick 207-DP-8339A (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2018, '''[[Theodore Edgar McCarrick]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] to resign from the [[College of Cardinals]] because of [[sexual abuse]] accusations? ;Brigitte Macron * ... that at age 40, '''[[Brigitte Macron|Brigitte Auzière]]''' met her husband, [[Emmanuel Macron]], when he was her 15 year-old student and a classmate of her daughter? ;René Henry Gracida * ... that [[bishop]] '''[[René Henry Gracida]]''' [[boycott|boycotted]] [[PepsiCo]] because they used "[[Like a Prayer (song)|Like a Prayer]]" by [[Madonna]] in one of their commercials and thought it was [[Sacrilege|sacrilegious]]? ;Sarah Frey [[File:Sarah Frey-Talley (19494902783) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Sarah Frey]]''' ''(pictured)'', who has been called "the Pumpkin Queen of [[United States|America]]", started her [[farm]]ing company at the age of 16? ;Choking game *...that a '''[[choking game]]''' is different from [[erotic asphyxiation]], and that most children playing these games do this to get high without taking drugs? ;Harley Quinn [[File:Harley Quinn 2015 Calgary Expo – Calgary Comic & Entertainment Expo (17033582449).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[DC Comics]] villain '''[[Harley Quinn]]''' ''(pictured)'' was created for the 1992 series ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'' and was only meant to appear in one episode? ;Poison Ivy (character) * ... that [[DC Comics]] villain '''[[Poison Ivy (character)|Poison Ivy]]''' was created because there was a need for more female villains on the 1966 series ''[[Batman (TV series)|Batman]]''? ;Catwoman [[File:Catwoman cosplayer (33483657440) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[Bob Kane|Bob Kane's]] inspirations behind [[DC Comics]] [[antihero]] '''[[Catwoman]]''' ''(pictured)'' included actresses [[Jean Harlow]], [[Hedy Lamarr]], and his own cousin? ;Carmine Falcone * ... that [[John Turturro]] refused to play [[DC Comics|comic]] [[mafia|mob boss]] '''[[Carmine Falcone]]''' in TV series ''[[The Penguin (TV series)|The Penguin]]'' because it showed [[violence against women]]? ;Yassamin Ansari * ... that [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] '''[[Yassamin Ansari]]''' was the first [[Iranian Americans|Iranian American]] elected to public office in [[Arizona]] and the second elected to the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]? ;Jimmy Carter [[File:Words from the President (42757498962) (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2024, at the age of 100, former [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] '''[[Jimmy Carter]]''' ''(pictured)'' was nominated for a [[Grammy Award]], making him the oldest nominee ever? ;Los Alamos National Laboratory * ... that the '''[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]''', where the [[Manhattan Project]] happened, has almost 900 facilities, thirteen of which are [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear-related]], and costs about $39.1 billion to repair? Pear [[File:Peer 'Bonne Louise d'Avranches' (Pyrus communis).jpg|right|100px]] *...that there are 3,000 known kinds of '''[[pear]]s''' ''(pictured)'' that are grown worldwide? ;Kemi Badenoch [[File:Official portrait of Kemi Badenoch MP crop 2, 2024.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in [[2024 Conservative Party leadership election|2024]], [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party Leader]] '''[[Kemi Badenoch]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Black British|black]] leader of any [[List of political parties in the United Kingdom|major political party]] in the [[United Kingdom]]? ;Popsicle *...that the '''[[popsicle]]''' was accidentally made by an eleven-year-old boy named Frank Epperson in 1905? ;Sarah McBride * ... that in 2024, '''[[Sarah McBride]]''' was elected as the first openly [[transgender]] member of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]], having already been the first transgender state senator in [[Delaware]]? ;Tulsi Gabbard [[File:Tulsi Gabbard, official portrait, 113th Congress (cropped 3).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Tulsi Gabbard]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[Samoan Americans|Samoan American]] and the first [[Hindu]] member of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]? ;Miranda Hart * ... that in 2017, '''[[Miranda Hart]]''' became the first solo female presenter for the [[Royal Variety Performance]] in 105 years? ;Aella (writer) [[File:210919 Aella A Data Driven Approach to Sex Work -hru 3 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Aella (writer)|Aella]]''' ''(pictured)'', one of the highest-earning creators on [[OnlyFans]], also does research about the "[[ecosystem]]" of online [[sex worker]]s? ;Witch child *...that even though the practice of '''[[Witch child|killing children suspected of witchcraft]]''' has been done in [[Africa]], children have also been ritually killed in the [[United Kingdom]] for this reason? ;Great Pacific Garbage Patch *...that the '''[[Great Pacific Garbage Patch]]''' is at least the size of [[Texas]] and is mostly made of [[ghost net|lost fishing nets]]? ;Mayra Gómez Kemp * ... that Cuban-Spanish entertainer '''[[Mayra Gómez Kemp]]''' is believed to be the first woman to host a television quiz show? ;Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō * ... that in 2024, '''[[Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō]]''' became the [[Māori King movement|Māori Queen]] at the age of 27, younger than the [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani|youngest reigning monarch]] of a [[sovereign nation]]? ;D. B. Cooper [[File:DBCooper.jpg|100px|right]] *...that more than fifty years after he jumped from a plane he had [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacked]], '''[[D. B. Cooper|D. B Cooper's]]''' ''(pictured)'' identity is still unknown? ;Annalisa [[File:Annalisa al suo concerto al Forum di Milano.jpg|right|100px]] *...that in 2024, Italian singer '''[[Annalisa]]''' ''(pictured)'' got an [[asteroid]] named after her? ;Reagan (2024 movie) * ... that in 2024, [[Facebook]] stopped the biographical movie '''''[[Reagan (2024 movie)|Reagan]]''''' from releasing ads on its platform believing they were trying to impact the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 U.S. presidential election]]? ;Herbert A. Simon * ... that [[economist]] '''[[Herbert A. Simon]]''' is the first person to win a [[Turing Award]] and a [[Nobel Prize]]? ;Han Kang [[File:Han Kang - 2017 (cropped).png|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Han Kang]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[South Korea]]n writer and first female writer from [[Asia]] to win the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]? ;Ralph Steinman * ... that the [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Committee]] decided that '''[[Ralph Steinman]]''', who died three days before being honored, could keep his [[List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine|award]] despite their rule against [[Posthumous award|posthumous recognitions]]? ;Xi Jinping [[File:Chinese President Xi May 2024.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Xi Jinping]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|Chinese leader]] born after the establishment of the [[People's Republic of China]] in 1949? ;Narendra Modi [[File:PM Modi Portrait(cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2014, '''[[Narendra Modi]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime minister]] to be born after the [[India|country's]] [[Independence Day (India)|independence]] from the [[British Empire]]? ;Donald Sutherland * ... that '''[[Donald Sutherland]]''' agreed to play [[Coriolanus Snow]] in ''[[The Hunger Games (movie)|The Hunger Games]]'' because he wanted younger viewers to start a [[Revolution|revolutionary movement]] in the [[United States]]? ;Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands [[File:Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand (Isaac Herzog visit to the Netherlands) Portrait.jpeg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2013, '''[[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|King Willem-Alexander]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[List of monarchs of the Netherlands|male monarch]] of [[the Netherlands]] since 1890? ;Dick Schoof * ... that in August 2024, [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Dutch Prime Minister]] '''[[Dick Schoof]]''' banned members of his [[cabinet]] from using cellphones during meetings to stop the threat of [[espionage]]? ;Amazing Grace * ... that the new [[verse]]s in '''"[[Amazing Grace]]"''' that [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] wrote in ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' were passed down in [[African-American]] communities and churches? ;Sabrina Carpenter [[File:Sabrina Carpenter - O2 Arena 2025 - 049 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Sabrina Carpenter]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first female artist to hold the number one and two positions on the [[UK Singles Chart|UK singles chart]] for three weeks in a row? ;Sir William Ramsay * ... that after discovering [[helium]], [[neon]], [[argon]], [[krypton]], and [[xenon]], '''[[William Ramsay|Sir William Ramsay]]''' helped make [[noble gas]]es a new group in the [[periodic table]]? ;Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki * ... that there were about 160 people who were present and survived both of the '''[[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]'''? ;Krypton *...that the [[chemical element|element]] '''[[krypton]]''' was found in 1898, but it took over 60 years to find a [[chemical compound]] of krypton? ;Bernard Hill [[File:Bernard Hill cropped.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Bernard Hill]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the only actor to appear in two of the three movies with the most [[Academy Awards]] of all time? ;Teddy bear * ... that '''[[Teddy bear|teddy bears]]''' are named after [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Theodore Roosevelt|Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt]] because he refused to kill a [[bear]] during a hunting event? ;John Hickenlooper * ... that before becoming [[Colorado|Colorado's]] [[Governor of Colorado|governor]] and [[United States Senate|senator]], '''[[John Hickenlooper]]''' opened the state's first [[brewpub]]? ;Al Capone [[File:Al Capone in 1930.jpg|100px|right]] * ... that a few years after he was released from [[prison]], '''[[Al Capone]]''' ''(pictured)'' had the mental capacity of a 12-year-old even though he was over 40 years old? ;Denver * ... that '''[[Denver]]''' is [[nickname]]d the "Mile High City" because its official [[elevation]] is exactly one mile [[above sea level]]? ;Manila * ... that '''[[Manila]]''' was established as a [[Muslim]] settlement in the 13th century and later as a Spanish [[colony|colonial]] city in 1571? ;Shigeru Ishiba [[File:Ishiba Shigeru 20241001 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1986, future [[Prime Minister of Japan|Japanese Prime Minister]] '''[[Shigeru Ishiba]]''' ''(pictured)'' was elected to the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]] at age 29, becoming the youngest House member at the time? ;Moulin Rouge * ... that about 800 bottles of [[Champagne (wine)|champagne]] are consumed during a typical day at the '''[[Moulin Rouge]]''', likely making it the largest single consumer of champagne in the world? ;Kesaria Abramidze * ... that in 2024, '''[[Kesaria Abramidze]]''', the first person in the country [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] to admit to being [[transgender]], was murdered a day after the country passed an anti-[[LGBTQ+]] [[Bill (proposed law)|bill]]? ;Ana Brnabić [[File:Ana Brnabić 2023.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2017, '''[[Ana Brnabić]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first woman and the first openly [[gay]] person elected as [[Prime Minister of Serbia|Serbian Prime Minister]]? ;Lee Grant * ... that '''[[Lee Grant]]''' is the only [[Academy Award]]-winning actor to also direct an Academy Award-winning [[documentary]]? ;Droupadi Murmu * ... that '''[[Droupadi Murmu]]''' is the first person born after [[India|India's]] [[Indian independence movement|independence]] in 1947 to have been [[2022 Indian presidential election|elected]] [[President of India|president]]? ;Anna Kendrick [[File:Anna Kendrick May 2016.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1998, '''[[Anna Kendrick]]''' ''(pictured)'' was nominated for the [[Tony Award|Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical]] at the age of 12? ;Sophie Wells * ... that, even though she won ten [[Paralympic Games|Paralympic]] medals in [[para-equestrian|equestrian]], '''[[Sophie Wells]]''' is [[allergy|allergic]] to horses? ;Anne Hathaway * ... that [[Academy Award]]-winning actress '''[[Anne Hathaway]]''' originally wanted to be a [[Catholic]] [[nun]]? ;Otis Davis [[File:Otis Davis (1960).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in [[1960 Summer Olympics|1960]], '''[[Otis Davis]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first man to break the 45-second barrier during a [[400 metres|400 m event]] at the [[Summer Olympics]]? ;Nestor Makhno [[File:1921. Нестор Махно в лагере для перемещенных лиц в Румынии (cropped).jpg|100px|right]] *...that '''[[Nestor Makhno]]''' ''(pictured)'' fought against both the [[White Army]] and the [[Red Army]] during the [[Russian Civil War]]? ;Montgomery Bus Boycott *...that in 1955, [[Rosa Parks]] was [[arrest]]ed, because she did not give up a '''[[Montgomery bus boycott|seat in a public bus]]'''? ;Sir John Gielgud * ... that in 1991 at the age of 87, '''[[John Gielgud|Sir John Gielgud]]''' became the oldest [[List of EGOT winners|EGOT winner]] and the first [[LGBT]] person to become one? ;Rita Moreno [[File:Rita Moreno in 2000.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Rita Moreno]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[Latin America]]n woman to win an [[Academy Award]]? ;The Crown (TV series) * ... that the [[Netflix]] [[Emmy Award]]-winning series '''''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]''''' is an adaptation of the [[West End theatre|West End]] stage play ''[[The Audience (2013 play)|The Audience]]''? ;Clipperton Island *... that '''[[Clipperton Island]]''' has a [[France|French]] [[postal code]], even though [[Desert island|no one lives there]]? ;Richard Rodgers [[File:Rodgers.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that American composer '''[[Richard Rodgers]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first person to win [[List of EGOT winners|an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony Award]]? ;Parasite (2019 movie) * ... that the 2019 [[Korean language]] movie '''''[[Parasite (2019 movie)|Parasite]]''''' was the first non-English movie to win the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]]? ;Galápagos Islands [[File:Galapagos+map.jpg|right|100x100px]] *... that the '''[[Galápagos Islands]]''' ''(pictured)'' of [[Ecuador]] are famous for inspiring [[Charles Darwin]]'s theory of [[evolution]] by [[natural selection]]? ;Alex Jennings * ... that '''[[Alex Jennings]]''' is the only actor to have won the [[Laurence Olivier Award|Olivier Award]]s in the drama, musical and comedy categories? ;James Earl Jones [[File:James Earl Jones Baltimore.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1991, '''[[James Earl Jones]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first actor to win two [[Emmy Award]]s in the same year? ;Jeffrey Titford * ... that former [[UK Independence Party|UKIP Leader]] '''[[Jeffrey Titford]]''', who was called "the father of [[Brexit]]", was a [[funeral director]] before starting politics? ;Peter Dutton * ... that in 2022, [[Leader of the Opposition (Australia)|Australian Opposition Leader]] '''[[Peter Dutton]]''' became the first [[Liberal Party of Australia#Federal Parliamentary Leaders of the Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party Leader]] to come from [[Queensland]]? ;Koala [[File:Koala climbing tree.jpg|right|100x100px]] *... that the '''[[koala]]''' ''(pictured)'' sleeps up to 20 hours a [[day]] because its eucalyptus leaf [[diet]] provides little [[energy]]? ;Mahathir Mohamad * ... that in 2018, when '''[[Mahathir Mohamad]]''' became the [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian Prime Minister]] again at the age of 92, he also became the world's oldest serving state leader? ;Statue of Liberty [[File:Statue of Liberty 7.jpg|right|100x100px]] *... that the '''[[Statue of Liberty]]''' ''(pictured)'' was a gift from [[France]] to the [[United States]] in 1886 to celebrate [[United States Declaration of Independence|100 years of independence]]? ;Shark [[File:Great white shark south africa.jpg|right|100x100px]] *... that '''[[shark]]s''' ''(pictured)'' have been around for over 400 million years, long before [[dinosaur]]s appeared? ;Ny-Ålesund *...that the most northerly [[post office]] in the world is in '''[[Ny-Ålesund]]'''? ;Po (river) [[File:View of the Po from Turin.jpg|right|100px]] *...that the '''[[Po (river)|Po River]]''' ''(pictured)'' stretches through five [[Italy|Italian]] cities? ;Lightning *...that a bolt of '''[[lightning]]''' can reach [[temperature]]s hotter than the surface of the [[sun]]? ;George VI [[File:H.R.H. King George VI and Queen Elizabeth visit the Canadian Pavilion at the World's Fair (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 1939, '''[[George VI]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[reign]]ing [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]] to visit the [[United States]]? ;Lord Mountbatten * ... that many historians believe that in 1968, '''[[Lord Mountbatten]]''', uncle of [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]], was planning a [[coup d'état]] against [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[Harold Wilson]]? ;Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon * ... that '''[[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon]]''' was the first member of the [[British royal family|royal family]] in direct line of succession to be born in [[Scotland]] since the 1600s? ;Diana, Princess of Wales [[File:Princess Diana at Accord Hospice.png|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Diana, Princess of Wales]]''' ''(pictured)'' was the first [[English people|Englishwoman]] to marry the [[Heir apparent|first-in-line]] to the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British throne]] since the 1680s? ;Slave breeding in the United States *...that when [[slave]] [[import]]s to the [[United States]] were not allowed at the beginning of the 19th century, slaves were '''[[Slave breeding in the United States|bred like cattle]]'''? ;Pope *...that the '''[[Pope]]''' cannot be an [[organ donor]]? ;Traffic light [[File:東日本大震災から半年後の仙台８ Six Months after The East Japan Earthquake in Sendai8 (8561424208).jpg|right|100px]] *...the '''[[traffic light|traffic lights]]''' are [[blue]] in [[Japan]] ''(pictured)'' because ''ao'' in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] means both [[green]] or blue? ;Tea * ... that the country that is '''[[tea|tea's]]''' biggest maker and drinker is [[India]]? ;Concert * ... that the [[world]]’s longest '''[[concert]]''' lasted 453 [[hour]]s? ;Edward VIII * ... that historians believe that [[Adolf Hitler]] was ready to make '''[[Edward VIII]]''' the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|king]] again to create a [[fascist]] [[Britain|British]] [[puppet government]] after [[Operation Sea Lion]] in 1940? ;Enceladus [[File:PIA17202-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-ApproachingFlyby-20151028.jpg|right|100px]] *...that [[Saturn]]'s moon '''[[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]]''' ''(pictured)'' reflects almost all the sunlight it gets, making it the most reflective moon in the [[Solar System]]? ;Kendall Jenner * ... that in 2017, '''[[Kendall Jenner]]''' was named the world's highest-paid model by ''[[Forbes]]'', beating model [[Gisele Bündchen]], who had been leading the list for more than 14 years? ;Uranus [[File:Uranus as seen by NASA's Voyager 2 (remastered).png|right|100px]] *...that the planet '''[[Uranus]]''' ''(pictured)'' rotates 98 degrees on its side? ;Alfonso Espinosa de los Monteros * ... that [[Ecuador]]ian news anchor '''[[Alfonso Espinosa de los Monteros]]''' holds the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for "longest career as a television news broadcaster" for his 56-year-career? ;Titan (moon) [[File:Titan in true color.jpg|100px|right]] *...that '''[[Titan (moon)|Titan]]''' ''(pictured)'' may have forms of life in its subsurface oceans? ;Ke Huy Quan * ... that in 2023, '''[[Ke Huy Quan]]''', a [[refugee]] of the [[Vietnam War]], became the first [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]-born actor to win an [[Academy Award]]? ;Peggy Flanagan * ... that in 2019, [[Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota]] '''[[Peggy Flanagan]]''' became the highest ranking [[Native American]] woman elected to office in the [[United States]]? ;Chicago Water Tower * ... that the '''[[Chicago Water Tower]]''' is the only public tower to survive the [[Great Chicago Fire]] in 1871? ;Sir Shridath Ramphal * ... that during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], at age 92, former [[Commonwealth Secretary-General]] '''[[Shridath Ramphal|Sir Shridath Ramphal]]''' was the first lawyer to appear virtually before the [[International Court of Justice]]? ;Broccoli [[File:Broccoli and cross section edit.jpg |right|100x100px]] *...that '''[[broccoli]]''' ''(pictured)'' was introduced to [[England]] and the [[United States]] between 1800 and 1900? ;Klein bottle *...that true '''[[Klein bottle|Klein bottles]]''' cannot be filled with a [[liquid]]? ;Orange [[File:OrangeBloss wb.jpg|right|100x100px]] *...that '''[[orange (fruit)|oranges]]''' ''(pictured)'' are one of the few English words that do not rhyme? ;Advance-fee scam *...that even though they are common today, the first '''[[advance-fee scam|advance-fee scams]]''' started in the [[18th century]]? ;Apple [[File:95apple.jpeg|right|100x100px]] *...that '''[[apple]]s''' ''(pictured)'' were possibly the earliest tree to be [[Farming|cultivated]]? ;Glasgow * ... that in 2024, '''[[Glasgow]]''' opened the [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom's]] first official [[Consumerism|consumption]] room for [[illegal drugs]] including [[heroin]] and [[cocaine]]? ;Mona Lisa [[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|100x100px|right]] *...that some believe that the '''''[[Mona Lisa]]''''' ''(pictured)'' has no [[eyebrow]]s because they were accidentally removed during a [[Conservation (art)|restoration]]? ;Photograph (Ed Sheeran song) * ... that in 2016, [[Ed Sheeran]] was [[lawsuit|sued]] for $20 million over his song '''"[[Photograph (Ed Sheeran song)|Photograph]]"''' because he was accused of [[copyright infringement]] by the songwriters of "[[Amazing (Matt Cardle song)|Amazing]]"? ;Cheetah [[File:Gepardjagt1 (Acinonyx jubatus).jpg|right|100x100px]] *...that the '''[[cheetah]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the fastest land [[animal]], capable of running at speeds up to 75 miles per hour in less than 3 seconds? ;L'Origine du monde *...that in 2007, [[postcard]]s showing '''[[L'Origine du monde]]''' were the second-most popular in the [[Musée d'Orsay]]? ;Jill Biden [[File:Jill Biden 2024 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that at the age of 69, '''[[Jill Biden]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the oldest woman to serve as [[First Lady of the United States]] and the first [[Italian American]] first lady? ;Doug Emhoff * ... that before becoming the first [[Second Gentleman of the United States]], '''[[Doug Emhoff]]''' was an entertainment lawyer and represented [[Walmart]] and [[Merck & Co.]]? ;Kamala Harris * ... that after 24 hours of '''[[Kamala Harris]]''' announcing her [[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]], she raised $81 million in small-dollar donations, the highest of any candidate in [[History of the United States|American history]]? ;Felipe VI [[File:Felipe VI in 2023.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Felipe VI]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish monarch]] to receive and recognize [[LGBT]] organisations at a [[Royal Palace of El Pardo|royal palace]]? ;Silvio Santos * ... that '''[[Silvio Santos]]''' hosted his own [[variety show]] from 1963 until 2023 and was called the "greatest personality in the history of [[Brazil]]ian television"? ;Bajrakitiyabha [[File:Princess Bajrakitiyabha.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Bajrakitiyabha|Princess Bajrakitiyabha]]''' ''(pictured)'', who was thought to be the next-in-line to the [[Monarchy of Thailand|throne of Thailand]], has been in a [[coma]] since December 2022? ;Flamingo [[File:James's Flamingo mating ritual.jpg|100x100px|right]] *...that a group of '''[[flamingo]]s''' ''(pictured)'' is called a flamboyance? ;Shrimp *... that a '''[[shrimp]]''''s [[heart]] is in its [[head]]? ;Giant Panda [[File:Giant Panda 2004-03-2.jpg|right|100x100px]] * ... that the '''[[giant panda|giant panda's]]''' ''(pictured)'' [[diet]] is 99% [[bamboo]]? ;Anglo-Zanzibar War *... that the shortest [[war]] in history, the '''[[Anglo-Zanzibar War]]''' in 1896, lasted only 38 to 45 minutes? ;Hummingbird [[File:Purple-throated carib hummingbird feeding.jpg|100x100px|right]] *... that '''[[hummingbird]]s''' ''(pictured)'' are the only [[bird]]s that can fly backwards? ;India naming dispute *...that '''[[India naming dispute|the name 'India']]''' was first used by the [[Greeks]] to refer specifically to the [[Sindh|Lower Indus Valley]] in [[ancient Pakistan]]? ;Lettuce [[Image:Romaine lettuce.jpg|right|100x100px]] *...that '''[[lettuce]]''' ''(pictured)'' was one of the first plants brought to America by [[Christopher Columbus]]? ;Royal Air Force * ... that the '''[[Royal Air Force]]''' is the oldest [[air force]] in the world? ;Acid rain * ... that '''[[acid rain]]''' was a term first used in 1872? ;Lauren Underwood [[File:Lauren Underwood official portrait.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2019, at the age of 32, [[registered nurse]] '''[[Lauren Underwood]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the youngest [[African American|Black woman]] to serve in the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]? ;Michael Keaton * ... that because of [[Screen Actors Guild|SAG]] rules, '''[[Michael Keaton|Michael John Douglas]]''' had to change his name by searching a phone book under "K," saw "Keaton" and decided to pick it as his [[surname]]? ;Jesse Jackson * ... that in 1983, [[American Civil Rights Movement|civil rights activist]] '''[[Jesse Jackson]]''' became the first [[African American]] since the [[Reconstruction era]] to address the [[Alabama Legislature]]? ;Paetongtarn Shinawatra * ... that in 2024, at the age of 37, '''[[Paetongtarn Shinawatra]]''' became the youngest [[Prime Minister of Thailand|prime minister]] in [[Thailand|Thailand's]] history? ;Kangaroo [[File:Kangur.rudy.drs.jpg |right|100x100px]] *...that a female '''[[kangaroo]]''' ''(pictured)'' has three [[vagina]]s? ;Speed dating * ... that almost half of the women, and about a quarter of the men participating in '''[[speed dating]]''' make their choice within 30 seconds of meeting the other person? ;Srettha Thavisin * ... that at {{convert|1.92|m|ftin}} tall, former [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Thai Prime Minister]] '''[[Srettha Thavisin]]''' was the tallest leader within [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]]? ;Yingluck Shinawatra [[File:9153ri-Yingluck Shinawatra.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2011, '''[[Yingluck Shinawatra]]''' ''(pictured)'' became [[Thailand|Thailand's]] first female [[Prime Minister of Thailand|prime minister]] and its youngest in 60 years? ;Octopus *...that '''[[octopus]]es''' have three [[heart]]s; two for the [[gill]]s and one for the rest of the body? ;Spaghetti *...that a single [[strand]] of '''[[spaghetti]]''' is called a "spaghetto"? ;Eraser *...that before the 1700s, people used wet [[bread]] as '''[[erasers]]'''? ;Number *...that no '''[[number]]''' before 1,000 contains the [[letter]] [[A]]? ;Pluto *...that the [[ratio]] between the [[masses]] of '''[[Pluto]]''' and its moon [[Charon]] is so great that it is sometimes called a binary system? ;Buenos Aires *... that in 2005, '''[[Buenos Aires]]''' became the first [[UNESCO]] City of Design because of the city's [[architecture]] and [[fashion design|fashion design culture]]? ;Christopher Plummer * ... that '''[[Christopher Plummer]]''' is the only [[Canadians|Canadian]] actor to have won the "[[Triple Crown of Acting]]"? ;Haumea (dwarf planet) [[File:Haumea rotation with ring.gif|right|100x100px]] *...that because the [[dwarf planet]] '''[[Haumea (dwarf planet)|Haumea]]''' (''pictured'') was discovered shortly after [[Christmas]], it was originally called Santa? ;Titan * ...that [[Saturn]]'s biggest moon '''[[Titan (moon)|Titan]]''' could possibly have a subsurface [[ocean]]? ;Venus [[File:Venus from Mariner 10.jpg |right|100x100px]] *...that '''[[Venus]]''' ''(pictured)'' is called Earth's evil twin because it has [[sulphuric acid]] in its [[clouds]]? ;Lavinia Fontana [[File:Lavinia Fontana - Autoritratto (ca. 1577-85).jpg|100px|right]] *...that '''[[Lavinia Fontana]]''' (''self-portrait shown''), a 16th century painter, may have been the first woman to paint female [[nude (art)|nudes]]? ;Strawberry *... that [[Botany|botanically]] speaking, [[bananas]] are berries, but '''[[Strawberry|strawberries]]''' are not? ;Blood *...that there are traces of [[gold]] found in '''[[blood]]''' in the human body? ;Tokyo * ... that '''[[Tokyo]]''' started as a small fishing village known as [[Edo]] in the 1400s? ;Beijing * ... that throughout its history, '''[[Beijing]]''' was the [[China|Chinese]] capital six times? ;Michèle George [[File:Michle-george-1352493767.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[equestrianism|equestrian]] '''[[Michèle George]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first winner of a gold medal in [[para-dressage]] for [[Belgium]]? ;Tim Walz * ... that in 2007, then-[[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] '''[[Tim Walz]]''' became the highest-ranking retired [[Enlisted rank|enlisted soldier]] ever to serve in [[United States Congress|Congress]]? ;Sir Lawrence Bragg [[File:Wl-bragg.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that at age 25, physicist '''[[Lawrence Bragg|Sir Lawrence Bragg]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the youngest person to win a [[Nobel Prize]]? ;Guinea pig *... that the term '''[[Guinea pig]]''' is [[slang]] for being the first to try something? ;Taylor Swift [[File:Taylor Swift at the Golden Globes 2024 (Enhanced, cropped) 1.jpg |right|100px]] * ... that thirteen-time [[Grammy Awards]] winner '''[[Taylor Swift]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first musician to become a [[billionaire]] based on songs and performances as their [[revenue]]? ;Pete Buttigieg * ... that [[United States Secretary of Transportation|U.S. Transportation Secretary]] '''[[Pete Buttigieg]]''' is the first openly [[gay]] individual and first [[millennial]] to be a member of the [[United States Cabinet|U.S. Cabinet]]? ;Berlin * ... that '''[[Berlin]]''' is the only city in the world that hosts three [[opera house]]s? ;Janet Yellen * ... that '''[[Janet Yellen]]''' is the first person in [[History of the United States|American history]] to lead the three most powerful economic bodies in the [[Federal government]]: the [[United States Department of the Treasury|Treasury Department]], the [[Federal Reserve]], and the [[Council of Economic Advisers]]? ;Hakeem Jeffries [[File:Rep-Hakeem-Jeffries-Official-Portrait.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] '''[[Hakeem Jeffries]]''' ''(pictured)'' is the first [[African-American]] to serve as a [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|congressional party leader]]? ;Truman Show delusion *... that the '''[[Truman Show delusion|''Truman Show'' delusion]]''' is named after [[The Truman Show|the movie with the same name]], because some of the first patients said it provided a good description of what the condition felt like? ;Depression (mental illness) * ... several scientific studies have found a link between '''[[Depression (mental illness)|depression]]''' and [[pesticide]]s? ;Charles Darwin * ... that while studying at [[Christ's College, Cambridge]], '''[[Charles Darwin]]''' formed a club called "the Gourmet Club" in which he would eat [[Exotic pet|exotic animals]]? ;Rome * ... that at 1,500 [[fountain]]s, '''[[Rome]]''' has the most fountains of any city in the world? ;Priti Patel [[File:Priti Patel Official Cabinet Portrait, September 2021 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2019, '''[[Priti Patel]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[British Indians|British Indian]] to serve as [[Home Secretary]]? ;Toronto * ... that in 2021, 51% of '''[[Toronto]]''' residents were born outside [[Canada]] with 45% of the city's residents speaking a [[First language|first language]] other than French or English? ;Madrid * ... that '''[[Madrid|Madrid's]]''' name comes from the [[Arabic]] word ''magerit'', meaning “place of many [[stream]]s"? ;Joe Biden [[File:President Joe Biden delivers remarks from the Oval Office (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2024, '''[[Joe Biden]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[incumbent]] [[President of the United States|president]] in [[History of the United States|American history]] to [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|withdraw from reelection]] since [[1968 United States presidential election|1968]]? ;Romance Scam *...that people lose more money to '''[[romance scam]]s''' than to other similar types of [[scam]]? ;Rachel Reeves * ... that in 2024, '''[[Rachel Reeves]]''' became the first female [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]? ;Deb Haaland [[File:Deb Haaland official portrait, 116th congress 2 (1).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that in 2021, [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Interior Secretary]] '''[[Deb Haaland]]''' ''(pictured)'' became the first [[Native American]] [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet secretary]] in [[History of the United States|U.S. history]]? ;Amsterdam * ... that '''[[Amsterdam]]''' sits at two meters below [[sea level]] and is built on soft [[peat]] and [[clay]] in order to stay above water? ;Rio de Janeiro * ... that '''[[Rio de Janeiro]]''' is named for a river that does not exist after [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[explorer]]s mistook an [[Bay|oceanic bay]] for a river? ;Sexual slavery *...that estimates of the number of '''[[sexual slavery|sex slaves]]''' in 2001 varied between 400,000 and 1.75 million? ;Potsdam * ... that '''[[Potsdam]]''' was intended as "a picturesque, [[Pasture|pastoral]] dream" which would remind its people of their relationship with [[nature]] and reason? ;Myriam Spiteri Debono * ... that [[President of Malta]] '''[[Myriam Spiteri Debono]]''' is a [[technophobia|technophobe]] and uses her husband's [[email]] account for official duties? ;We Didn't Start the Fire (Fall Out Boy song) * ... that the 2023 song '''"[[We Didn't Start the Fire (Fall Out Boy song)|We Didn't Start the Fire]]"''', which covers popular events from 1989 to 2023, did not mention the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] because it could not [[rhyme]] with ''[[Bush v. Gore]]''? ;JD Vance * ... that [[Vice President of the United States]] '''[[JD Vance]]''' is the first [[millennial]] to be on a presidential ticket of a major party in the [[United States]]? ;Sir Keir Starmer [[File:Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer Official Portrait (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|cabinet]] of [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] '''[[Keir Starmer|Sir Keir Starmer]]''' ''(pictured)'' has the most female ministers in the [[United Kingdom|country's]] history? ;Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania * ... that within one day of [[Donald Trump|Donald Trump's]] '''[[Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania|attempted assassination]]''' in [[Pennsylvania]], [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|his campaign]] raised over $2 million for his supporters who were hurt or killed in the shooting? ;Phoenix, Arizona * ... that '''[[Phoenix, Arizona]]''' is the most populated [[state capital]] of the [[United States]]? ;Masoud Pezeshkian [[File:Masoud Pezeshkian, 2024-6-12 (cropped).jpg|right|100px]] * ... that before entering politics, [[President of Iran]] '''[[Masoud Pezeshkian]]''' ''(pictured)'' was a heart [[surgeon]]? ;Enumclaw horse sex case * … that one of the most read articles of ''[[The Seattle Times]]'' in 2005 was about a man who died after '''[[Enumclaw horse sex case|having sex with a horse]]'''? ;Steven Chu * ... that former [[United States Secretary of Energy|U.S. Secretary of Energy]] '''[[Steven Chu]]''' became the first [[Nobel Prize]] winner to have a position in the [[United States Cabinet|U.S. Cabinet]] in 2009? ;Claudia Sheinbaum * ... that [[President of Mexico|President-elect of Mexico]] '''[[Claudia Sheinbaum]]''' was a member of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] when they won a [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 2007? ;Katherine Johnson [[File:NASA human computers - Katherine Coleman Goble Johnson.jpg|right|100px]] * ... that '''[[Katherine Johnson]]''' ''(pictured)'' was called one of the first [[African-American]] women to work as a [[NASA]] scientist? ;Ronald Reagan * ... that after [[Korean Air Lines Flight 007]] was shot down in 1983, [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] '''[[Ronald Reagan]]''' announced that the American military's [[GPS]] would be allowed for [[civilian]] use? ;Adolf Hitler * ... that according to historians, '''[[Adolf Hitler]]''' had only one [[testicle]]? ;Lyndon B. Johnson * ... that at age 42, '''[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]''' was the youngest [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|leader]] of the [[United States Senate]] in [[American history]]? {{hidden end}} s8q7byx4vuclky74okl10yvhi69wwvd 10 135655 10878839 10878680 2026-06-04T16:31:36Z Grufo 990800 Formatting 10878839 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}} | {{Mbox | type = style | image = [[File:Symbol template class.svg|45px|alt=|link=]] | text = '''This is a customized wrapper for the {{Tl|1={{{1}}}}} template,''' which means it's built upon the other template's code. {{#ifeq:{{{any-left|}}}|no | Since all parameters are already managed, no parameters from {{Tl|1={{{1}}}}} will work here. | {{#if:{{{except|}}}{{{omitting|}}} | Parameters from {{Tl|1={{{1}}}}} will work here. | All parameters from {{Tl|1={{{1}}}}} will work here. }} }}{{#invoke:params|new| pulling|omitting| entering_substack|new| pulling|omitting| detaching_substack| reinterpreting|omitting|trim_all|splitter_string|{{{separator|//}}}|setter_string|| all_sorted| mapping_by_replacing|<|&lt;| mapping_by_replacing|>|&gt;| mixing_names_and_values|$@|<s>''(undefined)''</s>| mapping_by_mixing|<tr><td><code style{{=}}"white-space: preserve nowrap; 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word-break: keep-all;"><s>&#124;<span style{{=}}"color: #767600;">$#</span>&#61;</s></code></td><td>$@</td></tr>| leaving_substack| pulling|except| reinterpreting|except|trim_all|splitter_string|{{{separator|//}}}|setter_string|{{{setter|->}}}| all_sorted| renaming_by_replacing|<|&lt;| renaming_by_replacing|>|&gt;| mapping_by_replacing|<|&lt;| mapping_by_replacing|>|&gt;| snapshotting|entering_substack| with_value_matching||strict| detaching_substack| mapping_by_mixing|''(empty string)''| leaving_substack| mapping_by_mixing|<code>$@</code>| flushing| mapping_by_mixing|<tr><td><code style{{=}}"white-space: preserve nowrap; word-break: keep-all;">&#124;<span style{{=}}"color: #767600;">$#</span>&#61;</code></td><td>$@</td></tr>| flushing| setting|h/f| {{#ifeq:{{{any-left|}}}|no|The parameters passed are as follows:|However, the following are exceptions:}}<table class{{=}}"wikitable" style{{=}}"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tr><th>Parameter passed to {{Tl|1={{{1}}}}}</th><th>Value</th></tr>|</table>| list_values }} }}{{#ifeq:{{{demo|}}}|yes||{{Sandbox other||[[Category:Wrapper templates]]}}}} | {{Error|1=Error: Missing template name.}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> neaqe4ei0wkfld27ami2txa2x7baaum 14 140583 10879034 10489333 2026-06-04T20:50:52Z Auntof6 22027 fix displaytitle 10879034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Die Hard (film series)}} {{Cat main|Die Hard (movie series)}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:Category:''Die Hard'' movies}} [[Category:Action movie series]] [[Category:20th Century Fox movie series]] [[Category:20th Century Studios franchises]] 7bzd939ye8zjmzfrmob6eve7e072ke3 0 140707 10878913 10114184 2026-06-04T18:29:20Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 10878913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Restructure|date=March 2025}}{{Cleanup|date=March 2025}} '''Child grooming''' is a term which describes when an [[adult]] becomes "friends" with a [[child]] to lower the [[wikt:inhibition|inhibition]]s of the child sometimes to prepare for [[sexual abuse]]. So, any action taken by an adult to form a trusting relationship with a child, with the intent of later having [[Sexual intercourse|sexual contact]], is 'child grooming'.<ref name=Crosson>Crosson-Tower, Cynthia 2005. ''Understanding child abuse and neglect''. Allyn & Bacon. {{ISBN|020540183X}}.</ref> The act of grooming a child may include activities that are legal, but later lead to sexual contact. The grooming is done to gain the child's [[Trust (social science)|trust]], and the trust of those responsible for the child. Children are less likely to report a [[crime]] if it involves someone the child knows, trusts, and cares about. Also, a relationship with the family means the child's parents will be less likely to believe any accusations. == Examples of grooming == * Taking interest in someone's child (having a "special" friend) * Giving gifts or money to the child for no obvious reason * Showing [[pornography]] to the child - this is [[illegal]] in many countries * Talking about sexual topics that are not age-appropriate * Invading the child's [[privacy]] (e.g. walking in on him/her in the bathroom) * Hugging, kissing, or other physical contact if the child does not want this attention * Allowing the child to get away with behavior that is not right. * Talking to the child about problems that would normally be discussed with adults (e.g. [[marriage]] problems).<ref>Levesque, Roger J.R. 1999. Sexual abuse of children: a human rights perspective. Indiana University. {{ISBN|0253334713}}</ref> === Child grooming on the internet === Sexual grooming of children also occurs on the [[internet]]. Some abusers pose as children online and make arrangements to meet with them in person.<ref>{{cite news|date=2010-04-09|title=Complaints about grooming and bullying on Facebook quadruple|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/7567922/Complaints-about-grooming-and-bullying-on-Facebook-quadruple.html}}</ref> In 2003, [[MSN]] implemented restrictions in their [[chat room]]s purportedly intended to help protect children from adults seeking sexual conversations with them. In 2005, [[Yahoo!]] chat rooms were investigated by the [[New York (state)|New York State]] attorney general's office for allowing users to create rooms whose names suggested that they were being used for this purpose. That October, Yahoo! agreed to "implement policies and procedures designed to ensure" that such rooms would not be allowed.<ref name=Crosson/> An organization called [[Perverted-Justice]] (known as PJ) uses PJ operatives posing as underage teens on the internet to identify potential [[Child molester|child molesters]] and turn the information over to the police and the courts. The news program ''[[Dateline NBC]]'' features the recurring segment "[[To Catch a Predator]]", based on documenting such activities. An organization called [[Crisp Thinking]] has created an expert service providing social platforms and apps with the risk protection they need to protect their users from [[child prostitution|sexual exploitation]], [[child abuse]] images and trolls.<ref>Crisp Thinking [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6265494.stm The 'anti-child grooming' website]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.techcentral.ie/article.aspx?id=11563 |title=Clipstar uses Anti-Grooming Engine to identify dangerous conversations<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-11-09 |archive-date=2007-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210121352/http://www.techcentral.ie/article.aspx?id=11563 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.crispthinking.com/corporate/ Crisp - Home<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Another software company in the [[UK]] has developed a program that hold as competitor to Crisp, called [http://www.sentryparentalcontrols.co.uk/ Sentry Parental Controls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112103916/http://www.sentryparentalcontrols.co.uk/ |date=2008-11-12 }}. It was launched by television personality [[Coleen Nolan]] and is supported by [[Mark Williams-Thomas]], a leading expert in child protection.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sentryparentalcontrols.co.uk/ |title=Sentry Parental Controls Web Site |access-date=2008-11-09 |archive-date=2008-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112103916/http://www.sentryparentalcontrols.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Child sexual abuse]] lgr7l5oi7jxzpzozemqvnif5n4lpkj6 14 147190 10878875 8938783 2026-06-04T17:42:52Z ~2026-33266-69 1816376 10878875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wikipedia category|hidden=yes}} {{Commonscat|Stub articles}} If you would like to request a stub type, please bring it up [[Wikipedia talk:Simple Stub Project|here]] first. Thank you. :{{Cat see also|Articles to be expanded‎}} {| style="margin: 0 auto; font-size:smaller; background:none;" |'''{{purge|Purge page cache}} if listing is not updating.''' |} The following 1 page are in this category, out of 1 total. {{CategoryTOC}} * [[Earth]] faf2g5si6oaowkyg77ppm1edl42ymb3 10878878 10878875 2026-06-04T17:44:16Z Julius 12345 1557476 Undid revision 10878875 by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33266-69|~2026-33266-69]] ([[User talk:~2026-33266-69|talk]]) not a stub 10878878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wikipedia category|hidden=yes}} {{Commonscat|Stub articles}} If you would like to request a stub type, please bring it up [[Wikipedia talk:Simple Stub Project|here]] first. Thank you. :{{Cat see also|Articles to be expanded‎}} {| style="margin: 0 auto; font-size:smaller; background:none;" |'''{{purge|Purge page cache}} if listing is not updating.''' |} {{CategoryTOC}} [[Category:Wikipedia maintenance]] hhmyfsvouw7pelnwckzuoluv1x25r75 0 166714 10878990 10867591 2026-06-04T19:54:01Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 10878990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox wildfire |title = Black Saturday bushfires<!--This must be the same name as the article. Do not change unless the article is moved.--> |image = February 7 Victoria Bushfires - MODIS Aqua.jpg |caption = [[w:Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer|MODIS]] [[w:Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] satellite image of smoke plumes and a [[pyrocumulus cloud]] northeast of [[Melbourne]] during the morning of 7 February 2009. |location = [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia |date = 7 February – 14 March 2009 |cause = Various confirmed sources including: <br />Power lines<ref name="VBRC-Vol.01-ch.5-p.075" /><br />[[Arson]]<ref name="'arson'" /><br />[[Lightning]]<ref name="'lightning grampians'" /><br />Machinery<ref name="sparks" /> |area = {{convert|450,000|ha|acres}}<ref name="Rudd criticised over bush fire compensation" /> |landuse = Urban/Rural Fringe Areas, Farmland, and Forest Reserves/National Parks |structures = 3,500+ (2,029 houses) |fatalities = 173<ref name="police-toll" /> |injuries = 414<ref name="Australian Medical Journal" /> }} '''2009 Victorian bushfires''' (also called the '''Black Saturday bushfires''') were more than 400 [[bushfire]]s that started in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]] on February 7, 2009. They ended on March 14, 2009. The fires lasted for a month or less. The fires caused Australia's highest ever loss of life from bushfire.<ref name="Horrific, but not the worst we've suffered" /> Police say that 173 people died,<ref name="deathtoll" /> and 414 people were taken to [[hospital]]s with bad [[burn]]s.<ref name="UnderSiege" /> At first the death toll was thought to be 210 but [[forensic science|forensic]] tests have shown there were 173 people killed and the death toll was revised. ==Weather== The temperature in Victoria reached 46 degrees Celsius and [[wind speed]] was more than 100 km/h. The wind blew the fires over large distances and areas, creating large firestorms. North-east of [[Melbourne]], a single firestorm killed 120 people. A [[Cold front|cool change]] came to the state in the early evening. It had [[gale]] force south-westerly winds of more than 120&nbsp;km/h. This change in wind direction caused the long eastern sides of the fires to become wide fire fronts. These burned quickly towards towns that were not in the bushfires yet. ==Start and the end== Many of the fires were started by fallen or clashing [[power line]]s or were [[Arson|deliberately lit]].<ref name="news1" /> Some were also caused by [[lightning]],<ref name="'lightning Gippsland'" /> [[cigarette]] butts,<ref name="Bendigo_cig_butts" /> and sparks from a power tool.<ref name="news" /> A ten-year [[drought]] made the land and forests very dry. They burnt quickly. In March, the weather changed and the fire fighters were able to put out the fires. ==Background== ===Heat wave=== [[File:Melbourne City Heatwave Min & Max Temps 09 (Concept).png|thumb|right|220px|Temperature graph for Melbourne during the heatwave.]] Starting at the end of January, south east Australia had days of very hot [[weather]], called a [[Heat wave|heatwave]]. The heatwave was caused by a slow moving [[Atmospheric pressure|high-pressure system]] over the [[Tasman Sea]], a big [[tropical cyclone]] off the north west Australian coast, and a [[monsoon trough]] over northern Australia. This caused hot [[tropical]] air to travel down over south eastern Australia.<ref name="SCS17d" /> The February fires started on the hottest day ever in Victoria, where temperature records have been kept since 1859.<ref name="HottestDay" /> On 6 February 2009 (the day before the fires) [[Premier of Victoria]] [[John Brumby]] told people that very hot weather was coming, and that there was a big danger of bushfires. He told people to be very careful.<ref name="BrumbyWarning" /> Premier Brumby also said that it would be the "worst day of fire conditions in the history of the state plus balls".<ref name="BrumbyWarning" /> [[File:2009 vic bushfire damage Yarra Glen 01.JPG|thumb|220px|right|Burnt house at Yarra Glen, Victoria]] ===Gippsland fires=== At the end of January, there were fires in the [[Gippsland Lakes|Gippsland]] area of Victoria. These included a small tree fire {{convert|30|ha|acre|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} near Delburn, Victoria and one which nearly burnt a pine tree [[plantation]].<ref name="weekly-times third fire" /> There were two small grass fires near the city of [[Sale, Victoria]], which were [[wikt:deliberate|deliberately]] lit.<ref name="abc gippsland temperatures" /> On 29 January, over 500 firemen fought the two fires at [[Delburn]] which had joined together into one big fire. The fires had burnt {{convert|1000|ha|acre|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} near [[Boolarra, Victoria|Boolarra]] and [[Darlimurra, Victoria|Darlimurra]], south of the city of [[Morwell, Victoria|Morwell]]. No buildings were burnt.<ref name="herald-sun blazes east west" /> A cool change in the [[weather]] on 30 January made it easier to fight the fires, but also made it windy, which led to spot fires (new, small fires from burning plants blown ahead).<ref name="abc gippsland cool change" /> On the evening of 31 January, fire crews worked to stop the fire spreading to the north. They fought to protect the main [[electric power transmission|power transmission]] lines taking [[electricity]] to Melbourne from the Latrobe Valley. The fire was also close to the Hazelwood [[Power station|Power Station]], Victoria.<ref name="herald-sun transmission line" /> By February 1, firemen had made fire breaks (clear areas) around the Boolarra fire, although it was still burning out of control.<ref name="australian gippsland containment" /> The fire had burned through {{convert|6500|ha|acre|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} and [[wikt:destroy|destroyed]] 29 houses, farm buildings and animals.<ref name="abc boolarra arsonist" /> Police believed the Delburn and Boolarra fires were deliberately lit. They offered a $100,000 [[reward]] for information leading to the [[arrest]] of people who lit the fires.<ref name="abc boolarra hotspots" /> On February 2, [[lightning]] started 23 new fires. This included three in the [[Bunyip State Park]], and fires near [[Drouin West, Victoria|Drouin West]] and [[Leongatha, Victoria|Leongatha]].<ref name="abc lightning complicates" /> However, increased [[humidity]] helped stop the fires spreading.<ref name="abc lightning complicates" /> On February 3, the Country Fire Authority grouped the fires into six areas. Five fires were under control, but one, near [[Mirboo North, Victoria|Mirboo North]], was not. The major fires include:<ref name="UnderSiege" /> ===North and central=== ====Kinglake fires==== [[File:Melbourne-temp-2009-02-07.png|thumb|300px|right|Melbourne temperature on February 6, 7, and 8, 2009]] The Kinglake fire, was named when two fires joined together after the wind changed direction on February 7 and 8.<ref name="geelong-addy kinglake casualties" /> The fire had burned over {{convert|210000|ha|acre|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} by February 8.<ref name="abc at a glance" /> 147 people died in the Kinglake fire. The first of the two fires started at Kilmore East, Victoria, on the afternoon February 7 2009, and burned {{convert|30|km|mi|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} south-east towards St. Andrews through [[Wandong]] and Clonbinane.<ref name="Age7Feb" /> The fire destroyed 30 houses at Wandong and Heathcote Junction on February 7.<ref name="herald-sun kilmore 30 homes" /> By February 8, 150 houses had been destroyed at Wandong, and four people killed.<ref name="age wandong blaze" /> The fire closed the Seymour railway line, and parts of the Hume Highway near [[Kilmore]].<ref name="age wandong blaze" /> The north west winds blew the front of the fire towards St Andrews, before the weather changed about 7.30pm, changing the wind to the south west. The wind change turned the long, narrow fire, into a wide fire front that moved north east to [[Kinglake]] and [[Strathewen]].<ref name="geelong-addy grave concern" /> By the evening of February 8, 100 people who had escaped the Kilmore fire, were sheltering in a [[basketball]] [[stadium]] at Wallan. Many of them were unable to go back to their homes because the police had closed the roads.<ref name="abc victims refuge" /> The fire front burned through the Kinglake area on February 7. This was the worst fire area in the state, with 37 people killed, and more than 550 houses destroyed.<ref name="abc grieving victoria" /> Another 12 people died at Kinglake West,<ref name="UnderSiege"/> and in Strathewen, 27. The second fire destroyed the town of Marysville, Victoria.<ref name="abc wiped out" /> It started north of Marysville, and at first people thought it would go around the town, but within minutes the town was an inferno.<ref name="abc wiped out" /> At about 5.00pm, electric power was lost, and the wind stopped. Minutes later the wind came back from a different direction, bringing the fire up the valley with it.<ref name="australian razed township" /> Damage to the [[water treatment]] plant at Marysville made the water unsafe to drink.<ref name="age water warning" /> On February 11, it was said that 100 people of the town's population of 500 were believed to have died, and that only a few buildings were left. Premier Brumby said: "There's no activity, there's no people, there's no buildings, there's no birds, there's no animals, everything's just gone."<ref name="marysville-one-in-five" /> These numbers were later revised, but 40 people did die, and nearly every building in the town was damaged or destroyed. About 95% of the houses in [[Narbethong]] were destroyed.<ref name="Wiped out: Towns destroyed by chicken fires" /> Other towns affected by the same fire included [[Taggerty]] and Buxton.<ref name="Yea-Murrundindi" /> To the south west, the fire was burning on three sides of Yarra Glen, Victoria, trapping people in the town.<ref name="'We can see flames': people stranded in Yarra Glen" /> Houses north of Yarra Glen were destroyed and large areas of grass lands were burnt. For some time, the police believed that someone lit the fire that burnt Marysville, and several people were investigated.<ref name="TheAge" /> However, in June 2011, [[Victoria Police]] announced that this was probably not the cause. ====Maroondah/Yarra fires==== [[File:09 vic bushfires maroondah yarra complex 01.JPG|thumb|right|Part of the Maroondah/Yarra fire east of Yarra Glen, Victoria, on February 10.]] The [[Maroondah]]/Yarra fire was named on February 10, when several fires that had been burning to the east of [[Healesville]], Victoria and Toolangi joined together.<ref name="age yarra valley threat" /> By late morning, the fire had burned {{convert|505|ha|acre|0|lk=on|abbr=on}}, with 184 firemen and 56 fire trucks at the fire.<ref name="age yarra valley threat" /> While the temperature had cooled, strong winds blew [[wikt:ember|embers]] and started new fires.<ref name="age yarra valley threat" /> Around midday, the danger to property around Healesville was downgraded, though the Department of Sustainability and Environment said that people should watch for changes in the weather.<ref name="age healesville threat downgraded" /> The fires in the Maroondah/Yarra area continued to threaten the town of Healesville, Victoria until February 14. ====Beechworth fire==== [[File:February 7 Victorian bushfires smoke east of Melbourne.JPG|thumb|220px|left|Smoke from the Kilmore Fire, being blown across Melbourne on February 7.]] In [[Beechworth]], Victoria, a fire burnt more than {{convert|30000|ha|acre|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} and came near to the towns of [[Yackandandah]], Stanley, Bruarong, Dederang, Kancoona, Kancoona South, Coralbank, Glen Creek, and Running Creek, Victoria.<ref name="Smoke, cloud restrict Beechworth fire info" /> The fire started at 7.00pm on February 7, {{convert|3|km|mi|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} south of Beechworth, before being driven south through pine plantations by hot northerly winds.<ref name="herald-sun fast-moving blaze" /> The fire destroyed buildings at [[Mudgegonga]], Victoria, south east of Beechworth; 2 people died.<ref name="abc buildings mudgeegonga" /> Thick smoke and clouds made it hard to work out the size of the Beechworth fire.<ref name="abc smoke cloud beechworth" /> [[File:2009 Victorian bushfires smoke Warrandyte.JPG|thumb|Smoke mixes with clouds over Warrandyte on February 8.]] Strong winds fed the fire on the night of February 8, and lightning started a new fire at [[Kergunyah]] around midday on February 9.<ref name="herald-sun fresh fire" /> More than 440 firemen worked to stop a new fire that threatened Gundowring, and Eskdale, Victoria after it jumped the Kiewa River. On the night of February 9, the greatest danger was to [[Eskdale]]. Fires were also burning in pine plantations {{convert|8|km|mi|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} from the large town of [[Myrtleford]], at the opposite, western end of the fire area.<ref name="herald-sun fresh fire" /> While smaller towns to the east, including Gundowring and Kergunyah, were still threatened, the CFA said that there was no immediate danger to the larger towns of Beechworth and Yackandandah, on the northern edge of the fire area.<ref name="australian inquiry ordered" /> By February 10, firemen had completed a {{convert|115|km|mi|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} fire break around the Beechworth fire, and were trying to make {{convert|15|km|mi|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} more, as the fire still was burning out of control.<ref name="canberra-times prisoners help" /> By the afternoon, the fire threat had been downgraded, but firemen were fighting a new fire near [[Koetong]], Victoria, east of the main Beechworth fire, of between {{convert|50|ha|acre|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} to {{convert|80|ha|acre|0|lk=on|abbr=on}}.<ref name="abc north-east urged" /> People in Beechworth and nearby towns were told on the evening of February 10 to expect more smoke, as 250 firemen would be back burning to make more firebreaks.<ref name="border-mail smoke increases" /> The Beechworth Correctional Centre, a prison, offered up to thirty prisoners to help the firemen.<ref name="canberra-times prisoners help" /> ====Bendigo fire==== [[File:Bendigo Fires 07022009 1.jpg|thumb|Fire near houses in Long Gully, west of Bendigo.]] A fire west of the city of [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]] burned out {{convert|500|ha|acre|0|lk=on|abbr=on}}.<ref name="abc bendigo meeting" /> The fire started at about 4.30pm on February 7, and burned through Long Gully and Eaglehawk, Victoria. It got to {{convert|2|km|mi|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} of central Bendigo, before it was brought under control late on February 8.<ref name="abc bendigo meeting" /> It destroyed about 45 houses in Bendigo's western [[suburb]]s, and damaged an electricity transmission line; causing power failures in parts of the city.<ref name="herald-sun man on fire" /> One man from Long Gully, ill and unable to leave his house, was killed in the fire;his neighbours tried hard but were not able to rescue him.<ref name="herald-sun man on fire" /> The fire changed direction late on February 7, when the weather changed, and turned back towards Eaglehawk. It was controlled about midday on February 8.<ref name="age mind beast" /> A relief centre was set up at Kangaroo Flat, Victoria Senior Citizens Centre.<ref name="CFA 1476708465993" /> During the fire, people from Long Gully, Eaglehawk, Maiden Gully, California Gully and West Bendigo were moved from their homes and sent to the centre. The police investigated whether someone had lit this fire.<ref name="abc bendigo meeting" /> The CFA think the fire started from a [[cigarette]] thrown from a car or truck on the highway.<ref name="Bendigo_cig_butts" /> ====Redesdale fire==== In [[Redesdale]], a fire burnt {{convert|10000|ha|acre|0|lk=on|abbr=on}}. The fire started {{convert|9|km|mi|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} west of the town. The fire was close to the towns of Baynton and [[Glenhope]].<ref name="UnderSiege"/> Glenhope was threatened again on February 9 from a smaller fire that broke away from the main fire. More firemen and trucks were brought in from Bendigo and Kyneton. By February 10, the fire had been controlled, having destroyed 12 houses and farm buildings. ===East=== ====Bunyip fire==== A fire at Bunyip State Park burned houses at Longwarry North,<ref name="HS8Feb" /> and Drouin West, Victoria, as well as farms and businesses, after the fire jumped the Princes Highway. The fire was stopped by the afternoon of February 9, after it had burned through {{convert|24500|ha|acre|0|lk=on|abbr=on}}.<ref name="abc glance 9feb" /> The fire destroyed at least eight houses, other buildings and a [[factory]].<ref name="herald-sun towns alert" /> Fire crews began back-burning to stop the fire on February 9. People between Pakenham and Warragul, Victoria were warned about smoke from those fires.<ref name="herald-sun towns alert" /> Many farmers, unable to keep animals on their farms because of fire damage, took them to nearby saleyards; by February 9, hundreds of [[cattle]] from the Bunyip fire were taken to the saleyards at [[Pakenham]].<ref name="weekly-times saleyards agisting" /> ====Churchill fire==== The Churchill fire began in a pine plantation {{convert|1|km|mi|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} south-east of [[Churchill, Victoria]] on the afternoon of February 7.<ref name="latrobe-valley-express blaze claims lives" /> Within 30&nbsp;minutes it had spread to the south-east, near Hazelwood South, Traralgon South, Jeeralang, and Budgeree East, Victoria. By late afternoon the fire was near Yarram and Woodside, Victoria on the south Gippsland coast.<ref name="latrobe-valley-express blaze claims lives" /> The weather changed about 6.00pm, and the south west winds then pushed the fire north east towards Gormandale and Willung South on the Hyland Highway.<ref name="latrobe-valley-express blaze claims lives" /> About 500 people sheltered at a theatre in [[Traralgon, Victoria|Traralgon]].<ref name="latrobe-valley-express blaze claims lives" /> The fire came close to the Loy Yang Power Station, and the station's open-cut [[coal]] mine.<ref name="abc power secure" /> On the night of February 7, the fire approached the mine's overburden dump, but did not damage anything and did not stop the station's operations.<ref name="latrobe-valley-express loy yang alert" /> Several small fires broke out in the bunker storing coal from the mine, but were contained with no damage.<ref name="latrobe-valley-express loy yang alert" /> The threat eased by the evening of February 8, as temperatures cooled and some light [[rain]] fell. One small fire started south of the power station, but water bombing aircraft put it out.<ref name="abc power secure" /> By February 9, the Churchill fire was still burning out of control, with fronts through the [[Latrobe Valley]] and the [[Strzelecki Ranges]].<ref name="abc gippsland fires rage" /> By late afternoon, the fire had burnt out {{convert|32860|ha|acre|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} and killed several people.<ref name="geelong-addy loy yang" /> Wind changes that evening made parts of the fire worse, so the CFA warned people at Won Wron and nearby areas to be ready.<ref name="herald-sun shifting winds" /> Police believe someone lit the Churchill fire.<ref name="TheAge"/> A man from Churchill was arrested by police on February 12. He was charged on February 13, with [[arson]] causing death, lighting a bushfire and having [[child pornography]].<ref name="Police charge first Victoria bushfire suspect" /> ====Dandenong Ranges fires==== [[File:Ftgfire.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A car burnt in the Upper Ferntree Gully fires, 2009]] A fire started at Ferntree Gully and Upper Ferntree Gully, in the Dandenong Ranges. All major roads were closed. The fire damaged the [[railway]] track at Upper Ferntree Gully, causing the Belgrave railway line to be closed.<ref name="trains" /> The fire, which was controlled by firemen within three hours, burned {{convert|2|ha|acre|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} along the railway.<ref name="herald-sun owners flee" /> A house fire started on the morning of February 12, in Upper Ferntree Gully, killing a volunteer fireman from the CFA. Police think the fire was deliberately lit.<ref name="CFA volunteer killed in 'suspicious' house fire" /> ====Narre Warren==== In Narre Warren there were several fires.<ref name="Many may be trapped in homes" /> Six homes were destroyed in Narre Warren South and three in Narre Warren North.<ref name="Fire crews mop up after Narre Warren South blaze" /> ====Wilsons Promontory==== On February 8, lightning started a fire at Wilsons Promontory which quickly burnt over {{convert|2850|acre|ha|0|lk=on|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Cool weather helps control Victoria fires" /> This fire did not threaten the [[camping]] area but the [[National park|National Park]] rangers decided to evacuate the park; some campers were taken out by boat.<ref name="Tidal River camping ground evacuated as fire spreads" /> The fire continued to burn out of control for more than 10 days. By February 17 it had burned an area of {{convert|11000|ha|acre|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} including the air strip and cutting the main road.<ref name="Crews unable to slow Wilsons Promontory blaze" /> ===West=== ====Horsham fire==== The Horsham fire burnt {{convert|5700|ha|acre|0|lk=on|abbr=on}}, including the [[golf]] club and eight homes.<ref name="Age7Feb"/> The Dimboola fire appliance (utility) was also damaged.<ref name="ABCHorsham" /> The fire started at 12.30pm on February 7, when strong winds blew over a power pole at Remlaw, west of the city.<ref name="herald-sun firing line" /> The fire first went south-west and then south-east, across the Wimmera Highway and Wimmera River to the Horsham [[Golf course|Golf Course]] and then to Haven, south of the city.<ref name="wimmera-mail-times latest report" /> Firemen were able to save the [[general store]], [[town hall]] and school at Haven, though flames came within metres of those buildings.<ref name="wimmera-mail-times haven saved" /> Winds of up to {{convert|90|km/h|mph|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} changed direction three times during the day, and caused conditions described by a CFA fireman as the worst he had ever seen.<ref name="herald-sun firing line" /> A [[taxi]] driver picked up an 82-year-old wheelchair-bound woman and her daughter, from her house as the fire was no more than {{convert|100|yd|m|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} away; the house was alight as the taxi drove off, and burned down within minutes.<ref name="age molly cab" /> At 3.00pm more than 400 firemen were fighting the fire,<ref name="wimmera-mail-times latest report" /> as well as two water-bombing aircraft, 54 Country Fire Authority (CFA) fire trucks, and 35 Department of Sustainability and the Environment (DSE) fire crews.<ref name="wimmera-mail-times haven saved" /> By 6.00pm the fire had moved east, and as the wind changed, was then pushed north-east across the Western Highway to Drung, east of Horsham.<ref name="wimmera-mail-times latest report" /> ====Coleraine fire==== At Coleraine {{convert|770|ha|acre|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} were burnt; one man was badly burned.<ref name="UnderSiege" /> ==Responses== ===Fire fighting=== The Country Fire Authority (CFA) puts out fires on [[private property]]. The Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) puts out fires on public land. These organisations worked together to fight all these fires. Most men and women from the CFA were trained volunteers; there were more than 4,000 of them involved.<ref name="reuters 4000" /> In addition to CFA and DSE firefighters, Prime Minister 'Mr Kev' offered assistance from the Australian Defence Forces.<ref name="Army called up to help put out Victorian fires" /> [[New South Wales]], [[South Australia]], [[Australian Capital Territory]], [[Tasmania]] and [[Western Australia]] sent firemen and equipment.<ref name="NSW offers more support to Victoria" /> The [[Prime Minister]]s of the [[United Kingdom]] and [[New Zealand]] offered help to the Australian government. New Zealand sent 100 firemen and forest fire experts.<ref name="Bushfire death toll set to double as police seek 'mass murderers'" /> They would have sent more but did not because of the danger of fires in parts of New Zealand.<ref name="Local fire risk looms over aid" /> New Zealand also sent a Mil Mi-8MTV-1 [[helicopter]] which can carry 5000 litres of water.<ref name="bucket" /><ref name="Firefighting" /> ==Consequences== [[File:09 vic bushfire damage Steels Creek 01.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Bushfire damage to a house at Steels Creek]] ===Deaths and injuries=== 173 people are known to have been killed by the fires.<ref name="deathtoll" /> The death toll was 210, but forensics found that a lot of the human remains that were thought to have been of two or more people were of one person. Brian Naylor, a famous retired [[television]] news reader, and his wife Moiree, died in the Kinglake West area.<ref name="Bushfire death toll reaches 84" /><ref name="Brian Naylor and wife die in Kinglake inferno" /><ref name="TV legend Brian Naylor found dead" /> Actor Reg Evans and his partner, artist Angela Brunton, who lived on a small farm in the St. Andrews area, also died in the Kinglake area fire.<ref name="Veteran actor Reg Evans and partner feared dead" /><ref name="TV star dies with partner in Victorian Bushfires" /> [[Ornithology|Ornithologist]] Richard Zann died in the Kinglake fire, with his wife Eileen and daughter Eva.<ref name="Birdsong expert was ready for Victoria bushfires but it was no use" /> Over 500 people were treated for burns with 100 people were sent to hospital.<ref name="casualties from bushfires" /> A temporary [[morgue]] to hold up to 300 bodies, was set up at the Coronial Services Centre at Southbank in [[Melbourne]]. This was like the one set up after the [[7 July 2005 London bombings|July 2005 London bombings]].<ref name="age identity" /> A number of different funeral homes helped take bodies to Melbourne.<ref name="age identity" /> By February 10, 101 bodies had been taken to the temporary morgue.<ref name="age identity" /> There were more than 50 unnamed bodies kept in the morgue or still at the fire areas. The director of the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine said that it may be impossible to discover the names of all the bodies.<ref name="australian fifty bodies" /> On February 11, Police Commissioner Nixon said she hoped that searches for bodies would be over by February 15. Because there might be [[asbestos]] in some of the destroyed buildings, the search would be slow.<ref name="age asbestos" /> People from other countries were killed in these bushfires, including: * Greece - 2<ref name="Fire in Australia Kills two Greeks" /> * New Zealand - 1<ref name="TBushfires claim first NZ victim" /> * Philippines - 2<ref name="Two Filipinos killed in bushfires in Australia" /> * United Kingdom - 1<ref name="British Family'S Grief Over Bushfire Victims" /> ===Houses=== The fires burnt down at least 2,029 homes, 3,500 buildings in total<ref name="homeslost" /> and damaged thousands. Many towns north-east of the state capital [[Melbourne]] were badly damaged or almost completely destroyed, including the Victorian towns of Kinglake, Marysville, Narbethong, Strathewen, and Flowerdale.<ref name="Marysville 8 Feb" /><ref name="Marysville" /> Many houses in the Victorian towns of Steels Creek, Humevale, Wandong, St Andrews, Callignee, and Koornalla were also destroyed or damaged. There were people killed at each town. The fires affected 78 towns and left about 7,500 people homeless.<ref name="homeslost"/> More than 4,000 firemen and women worked to control and stop the fires. They were still burning more than two weeks after they started. ==References== {{reflist|2|refs= <ref name="'arson'">{{cite news| first = Reko |last = Rennie | date = 1 April 2009 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/national/marysville-fire-deliberately-lit-police-20090401-9j39.html | title=deliberately lit: police | work = [[The Age]] | publisher= [[Fairfax Media]] | access-date = 5 June 2010 | location=Melbourne}}</ref> <ref name="'lightning Gippsland'">{{cite web |title=State Summary Overview - 9th Feb 2009 - 2115 hrs |work=Victorian Government |publisher=Country Fire Authority |date=2009-02-09 |url=http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/incidents/images/news_image/state_overview_20090209_0030_21179.pdf |access-date=2009-02-09 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224220101/http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/incidents/images/news_image/state_overview_20090209_0030_21179.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="'lightning grampians'">{{cite news|title=Lightning starts new bushfires in Grampians |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-02-08/lightning-starts-new-bushfires-in-grampians/287662 |date=8 February 2009 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|access-date=9 February 2009}}</ref> <ref name="'We can see flames': people stranded in Yarra Glen">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/we-can-see-flames-people-stranded-in-yarra-glen-20090207-80e3.html|title='We can see flames': people stranded in Yarra Glen|date=8 February 2008|work=The Age|access-date=2009-02-08}}</ref> <ref name="abc at a glance">{{cite news | title = At a glance: where bushfires are burning | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2009-02-08 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/08/2485609.htm?section=justin | access-date = 2009-02-09 }}</ref> <ref name="abc bendigo meeting">{{cite news | title = Meeting held for fire-affected Bendigo residents | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/08/2485623.htm | access-date = 2009-02-09 }}</ref> <ref name="abc boolarra arsonist">{{cite news | title = Search on for suspected arsonist in Vic bushfires | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2009-02-01 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/01/2479414.htm | access-date = 2009-02-11 }}</ref> <ref name="abc boolarra hotspots">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/03/2480713.htm?section=justin|title=Fire crews search for Boolarra hotspots|date=2009-02-03|access-date=2009-02-11|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> <ref name="abc buildings mudgeegonga">{{cite news | title = Buildings destroyed near Beechworth | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2009-02-08 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/08/2485547.htm | access-date = 2009-02-08 }}</ref> <ref name="abc gippsland cool change">{{cite news | title = Gippsland fires rage despite cool change | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2009-01-31 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/01/31/2478967.htm | access-date = 2009-02-11 }}</ref> <ref name="abc gippsland fires rage">{{cite news | title = Gippsland fires continue to rage | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/09/2485927.htm | access-date = 2009-02-09 }}</ref> <ref name="abc gippsland temperatures">{{cite news | title = Gippsland temperatures rising | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2009-01-29 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/01/29/2477574.htm?site=gippsland | access-date = 2009-02-11 }}</ref> <ref name="abc glance 9feb">{{cite news | title = At a glance: fires of concern | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/09/2485733.htm?section=justin | access-date = 2009-02-09 }}</ref> <ref name="abc grieving victoria">{{cite news | title = Grieving Victoria takes stock as toll nears 100 | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/09/2485712.htm?section=australia | access-date = 2009-02-09 }}</ref> <ref name="abc lightning complicates">{{cite news | title = Lightning further complicates Vic fire threat | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2009-02-02 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/02/2480272.htm | access-date = 2009-02-11 }}</ref> <ref name="abc north-east urged">{{cite news | title = North-east residents urged to remain on fire alert | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2009-02-10 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/10/2487509.htm | access-date = 2009-02-10 }}</ref> <ref name="abc power secure">{{cite news | title = Victoria's power 'secure but under threat' | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2009-02-08 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/08/2485646.htm | access-date = 2009-02-09 }}</ref> <ref name="abc smoke cloud beechworth">{{cite news | title = Smoke, cloud restrict Beechworth fire info | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2009-02-08 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/08/2485588.htm | access-date = 2009-02-08 }}</ref> <ref name="abc victims refuge">{{cite news | last = Donovan | first = Samantha | title = Fire victims seek refuge | work = PM | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2009-02-08 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2008/s2485564.htm | access-date = 2009-02-09 }}</ref> <ref name="abc wiped out">{{cite news | last = Cowan | first = Jane | title = Wiped out: Town destroyed by killer fires | publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date = 2009-02-08 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/08/2485378.htm | access-date = 2009-02-09 }}</ref> <ref name="ABCHorsham">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/08/2485328.htm?section=justin|title=Horsham assesses bushfire damage|work=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2009-02-07}}</ref> <ref name="age asbestos">{{cite news | last = Silvester | first = John | title = Asbestos threat hampers search for bushfire victims | publisher = The Age | date = 2009-02-11 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/national/asbestos-threat-hampers-search-for-bushfire-victims-20090211-8424.html | access-date = 2009-02-11 }}</ref> <ref name="age healesville threat downgraded">{{cite news | last = Grace | first = Robyn | title = Healesville fire threat downgraded | publisher = The Age | date = 2009-02-10 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/national/healesville-fire-threat-downgraded-20090210-82ur.html | access-date = 2009-02-10 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="age identity">{{cite news | last = Smith | first = Bridie | title = Identity may not be possible for all | publisher = The Age | date = 2009-02-11 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/national/identity-may-not-be-possible-for-all-20090210-83kb.html | access-date = 2009-02-11 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="age mind beast">{{cite news | last = Kennedy | first = Peter | title = 'Fire had a mind of its own, like a beast' | publisher = The Age | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/national/fire-had-a-mind-of-its-own-like-a-beast-20090208-8115.html | access-date = 2009-02-09 }}</ref> <ref name="age molly cab">{{cite news | last = Flitton | first = Daniel | title = Molly flees the scene of 61 good years in a cab | publisher = The Age | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/national/molly-flees-the-scene-of-61-good-years-in-a-cab-20090208-8117.html | access-date = 2009-02-09 }}</ref> <ref name="age wandong blaze">{{cite news | author1 = Houston, Cameron|author2= Bachelard, Michael | title = Huge Wandong blaze kills 14 people, rips through homes | publisher = The Age | date = 2009-02-08 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/national/huge-wandong-blaze-kills-14-people-rips-through-homes-20090207-80fv.html | access-date = 2009-02-09 }}</ref> <ref name="age water warning">{{cite news | last = Zwartz | first = Barney | title = Fire prompts water warning for Marysville, Buxton | publisher = The Age | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/national/fire-prompts-water-warning-for-marysville-buxton-20090208-811b.html | access-date = 2009-02-09 }}</ref> <ref name="age yarra valley threat">{{cite news | last = Smith | first = Britt | title = Fires threaten Yarra Valley | publisher = The Age | date = 2009-02-10 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/national/fires-threaten-yarra-valley-20090210-82m1.html | access-date = 2009-02-10 }}</ref> <ref name="Age7Feb">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/death-toll-may-reach-more-than-40-police-20090207-80ao.html|title=Death toll may reach more than 40: police|date=7 February 2009|work=The Age|access-date=2009-02-07}}</ref> <ref name="Army called up to help put out Victorian fires">{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25024314-601,00.html|title=Army called up to help put out Victorian fires|work=The Australian|access-date=2009-02-11|archive-date=2009-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211133248/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25024314-601,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="australian fifty bodies">{{cite news | title = Fifty bodies may never be identified in Victoria fires | publisher = The Australian | date = 2009-02-10 | url = http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25037227-26103,00.html | access-date = 2009-02-11 | archive-date = 2009-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090212165833/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25037227-26103,00.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="australian gippsland containment">{{cite news | title = Gippsland fire now within containment lines | publisher = The Australian | date = 2009-02-01 | url = http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24991949-12377,00.html | access-date = 2009-02-11 | archive-date = 2009-02-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090205015437/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24991949-12377,00.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="australian inquiry ordered">{{cite news | author1 = Hannan, Ewin|author2 = Wallace, Rick | title = Inquiry ordered into Victoria bushfires, hunt for arsonists begins | publisher = The Australian | date = 2009-02-10 | url = http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,24897,25033504-601,00.html | access-date = 2009-02-10 | archive-date = 2009-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090212112240/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,24897,25033504-601,00.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="Australian Medical Journal">[http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/191_01_060709/cam10194_fm.html Australian Medical Journal] article abstract</ref> <ref name="australian razed township">{{cite news | last = Davies | first = Julie-Anne | title = Razed township fears for missing | publisher = The Australian | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25026480-2702,00.html | access-date = 2009-02-09 | archive-date = 2009-02-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211143130/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25026480-2702,00.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="Bendigo_cig_butts">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,25027063-1243,00.html|title=Cigarette butt blamed for West Bendigo fire|date=2009-02-09|access-date=2021-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210111138/http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,25027063-1243,00.html|archive-date=2009-02-10|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Birdsong expert was ready for Victoria bushfires but it was no use">{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25042616-5006785,00.html|title=Birdsong expert was ready for Victoria bushfires but it was no use|last=Trounson|first=Andrew|date=2009-02-12|work=[[The Australian]]|access-date=2009-02-12|archive-date=2012-07-03|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120703165536/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25042616-5006785,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="border-mail smoke increases">{{cite news | title = Smoke increases with Beechworth backburning | publisher = Border Mail | date = 2009-02-10 | url = http://www.bordermail.com.au/news/local/news/general/smoke-increases-with-beechworth-backburning/1429957.aspx | access-date = 2009-02-10 }}</ref> <ref name="Brian Naylor and wife die in Kinglake inferno">{{cite news|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2009/02/09/49501_news.html|title=Brian Naylor and wife die in Kinglake inferno|date=9 February 2009|work=Geelong Advertiser|access-date=2009-02-09}}</ref> <ref name="British Family'S Grief Over Bushfire Victims">{{cite news | title = British Family'S Grief Over Bushfire Victims | url = http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/84455/British-family-s-grief-over-bushfire-victims | access-date = 2009-02-13 }}</ref> <ref name="BrumbyWarning">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/worst-day-in-history-brumby-warns-of-fire-danger-20090206-7zf1.html|title='Worst day in history': Brumby warns of fire danger|last=Moncrief|first=Mark|date=6 February 2009|work=The Age|access-date=2009-02-11}}</ref> <ref name="bucket">{{cite news| title=NZ sends big bucket to fight Victoria fires| work=Television New Zealand| date=2009-02-10| url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/nz-sends-big-bucket-fight-victoria-fires-2470824| access-date=2009-02-11| archive-date=2009-02-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213120951/http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/nz-sends-big-bucket-fight-victoria-fires-2470824| url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Bushfire death toll reaches 84">{{cite news|url=http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2009/02/08/49411_news.html|title=Bushfire death toll reaches 84|date=8 February 2009|work=Geelong Advertiser|access-date=2009-02-08}}</ref> <ref name="Bushfire death toll set to double as police seek 'mass murderers'">{{cite news| title=Bushfire death toll set to double as police seek 'mass murderers'| work=New Zealand Herald| date=2009-02-08| url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10555734| access-date=2009-02-08}}</ref> <ref name="canberra-times prisoners help">{{cite news | title = Prisoners help fight Beechworth blaze | publisher = Canberra Times | date = 2009-02-10 | url = http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/prisoners-help-fight-beechworth-blaze/1429502.aspx | access-date = 2009-02-10 | archive-date = 2009-02-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090215011337/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/prisoners-help-fight-beechworth-blaze/1429502.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="casualties from bushfires">{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,25031406-5001021,00.html|title=Hospitals stretched as 500 treated for burns|date=8 February 2009|publisher=Daily Telegraph|access-date=2009-02-10|archive-date=2009-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210155531/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,25031406-5001021,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="CFA 1476708465993">{{cite web|title=Downgrade Message - Urgent Threat to Final Advice Bracewell Fire (Bendigo), 2.30 am|publisher=CFA|url=http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/incidents/incident_updates.htm#1476708465993|access-date=2009-02-08|archive-date=2009-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118001216/http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/incidents/incident_updates.htm#1476708465993|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="CFA volunteer killed in 'suspicious' house fire">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/12/2489881.htm|title=CFA volunteer killed in 'suspicious' house fire|newspaper=ABC News |date=12 February 2009 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2009-02-12}}</ref> <ref name="Cool weather helps control Victoria fires">{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25048158-12377,00.html|title=Cool weather helps control Victoria fires|date=13 February 2009|work=The Australian|access-date=2009-02-14|archive-date=2009-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213143925/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25048158-12377,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Crews unable to slow Wilsons Promontory blaze">{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/17/2493953.htm?section=justin |title= Crews unable to slow Wilsons Promontory blaze|access-date=2009-02-17 |work=ABC News |date= 17 February 2009}}</ref> <ref name="deathtoll">{{cite web|title=Bushfires death toll |url=http://www.police.vic.gov.au/content.asp?Document_ID=19190 |access-date=31 March 2009 |date=30 March 2009 |work=Victoria Police |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313151520/http://www.police.vic.gov.au/content.asp?Document_ID=19190 |archive-date=13 March 2009 }}</ref> <ref name="Fire crews mop up after Narre Warren South blaze">{{cite news|url=http://dandenong-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/bunyip-fires-continue/|title=Fire crews mop up after Narre Warren South blaze|date=8 February 2009|publisher=Dandenong Leader|access-date=2009-02-08|archive-date=2011-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706113405/http://dandenong-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/bunyip-fires-continue/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Fire in Australia Kills two Greeks">{{cite news | title = Fire in Australia Kills two Greeks | url = http://news.ert.gr/en/world/news/18807-ena-zeygari-ellinon-metaksy-ton-thymaton-tis-fotias-sti-biktoria-tis-aystralias.htm | access-date = 2009-02-12 | archive-date = 2009-02-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090215190817/http://news.ert.gr/en/world/news/18807-ena-zeygari-ellinon-metaksy-ton-thymaton-tis-fotias-sti-biktoria-tis-aystralias.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="Firefighting">{{cite web|url=http://www.heliharvest.co.nz/heliharvest/Firefighting/|title=Firefighting|work=Heli Harvest Ltd|access-date=2009-02-11|archive-date=2008-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018180637/http://www.heliharvest.co.nz/heliharvest/Firefighting/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="geelong-addy grave concern">{{cite news | title = Kilmore fires cause grave concern | publisher = Geelong Advertiser | date = 2009-02-08 | url = http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2009/02/08/49421_news.html | access-date = 2009-02-09 }}</ref> <ref name="geelong-addy kinglake casualties">{{cite news | title = Reports of major casualties at Kinglake | publisher = Geelong Advertiser | date = 2009-02-08 | url = http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2009/02/08/49445_news.html | access-date = 2009-02-09 }}</ref> <ref name="geelong-addy loy yang">{{cite news | title = Bushfire races towards Loy Yang power station | publisher = Geelong Advertiser | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://www.geelongadvertiser.com.au/article/2009/02/09/49745_news.html | access-date = 2009-02-09 }}</ref> <ref name="herald-sun blazes east west">{{cite news | author1 = Langmaid, Aaron|author2= Ribbon, Alison | title = CFA and DSE battle blazes in east and west of state | publisher = Herald Sun | date = 2009-01-30 | url = http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,24980246-2862,00.html | access-date = 2009-02-11 | archive-date = 2009-02-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090201024420/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,24980246-2862,00.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="herald-sun fast-moving blaze">{{cite news | author1 = McNaught, Megan |author2=Pilcher, Georgie | title = Fast-moving blaze hit with little warning | publisher = Herald Sun | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25025982-2862,00.html | access-date = 2009-02-09 | archive-date = 2012-12-31 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121231004421/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/archives/old-news-pages/blaze-hit-with-little-warning/story-e6frf8zo-1111118794037 | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="herald-sun firing line">{{cite news | last = Thom | first = Greg | title = It's frightening in the firing line | publisher = Herald Sun | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25025676-2862,00.html | access-date = 2009-02-09 | archive-date = 2012-12-30 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121230180027/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/its-frightening-in-the-firing-line/story-e6frf7kx-1111118793625 | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="herald-sun fresh fire">{{cite news | last = Pilcher | first = Georgie | title = Fresh fire jumps river and threatens towns | publisher = Herald Sun | date = 2009-02-10 | url = http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25033200-661,00.html | access-date = 2009-02-10 | archive-date = 2009-02-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090210160332/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25033200-661,00.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="herald-sun kilmore 30 homes">{{cite news | last = Barry | first = Evonne | title = 30 homes burn near Kilmore | publisher = Herald Sun | date = 2009-02-07 | url = http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25022931-661,00.html | access-date = 2009-02-09 | archive-date = 2012-12-31 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121231000604/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/homes-burn-near-kilmore/story-e6frf7kx-1111118788002 | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="herald-sun man on fire">{{cite news | title = The man up the road is on fire | publisher = Herald Sun | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25025484-2862,00.html | access-date = 2009-02-09 | archive-date = 2012-12-30 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121230150352/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/archives/old-news-pages/the-man-up-the-road-is-on-fire/story-e6frf8zo-1111118793125 | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="herald-sun owners flee">{{cite news| title = Owners flee as fires gut homes| publisher = Herald Sun| date = 2009-02-08| url = http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25023951-662,00.html| access-date = 2009-02-09| archive-date = 2012-12-31| archive-url = https://archive.today/20121231003707/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/owners-flee-as-fires-gut-homes/story-e6frf7kx-1111118788735| url-status = dead}}</ref> <ref name="herald-sun shifting winds">{{cite news | title = Shifting winds flare up fire fronts | publisher = Herald Sun | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25029037-661,00.html | access-date = 2009-02-09 | archive-date = 2012-12-30 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121230221008/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/towns-under-attack-as-fires-rage/story-e6frf7jo-1111118800360 | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="herald-sun towns alert">{{cite news | last = Wotherspoon | first = Sarah | title = Dozens of towns on high alert as strong winds fan flames | publisher = Herald Sun | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25027282-661,00.html | access-date = 2009-02-09 | archive-date = 2012-12-31 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121231032249/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/towns-on-high-alert-as-winds-change/story-e6frf7jo-1111118796733 | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="herald-sun transmission line">{{cite news | title = Firefighters battle to protect Melbourne's major electricity transmission line | publisher = Herald Sun | date = 2009-01-31 | url = http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,27574,24986703-2862,00.html | access-date = 2009-02-11 | archive-date = 2009-02-02 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20090202121818/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,27574,24986703-2862,00.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="homeslost">{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,25109443-421,00.html|title=Victoria emergency services warn people to prepare for horror fire conditions|date=2009-02-26|work=News.com|access-date=2009-02-26|archive-date=2009-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301131854/http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,25109443-421,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Horrific, but not the worst we've suffered">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/horrific-but-not-the-worst-weve-suffered-20090210-83ib.html|title=Horrific, but not the worst we've suffered|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald| date = 2009-02-11|access-date = 2009-02-11}}</ref> <ref name="HottestDay">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/city-swelters-records-tumble-in-heat-20090207-80ai.html|title=City swelters, records tumble in heat|last=Townsend|first=Hamish|date=7 February 2009|work=The Age|access-date=2009-02-07}}</ref> <ref name="HS8Feb">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25023224-661,00.html|title=Bushfires in Victoria kill 14 more deaths feared|date=8 February 2009|work=Herald Sun|access-date=2009-02-07|archive-date=2012-06-30|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630021837/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/fire-storm-kills-at-least-14/story-fna7dq6e-1111118788267|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="latrobe-valley-express blaze claims lives">{{cite news | last = Jackson | first = Nicole | title = Blaze claims lives | publisher = Latrobe Valley Express | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://latrobevalley.yourguide.com.au/news/local/news/general/blaze-claims-lives/1428488.aspx | access-date = 2009-02-09 | archive-date = 2009-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090212204101/http://latrobevalley.yourguide.com.au/news/local/news/general/blaze-claims-lives/1428488.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="latrobe-valley-express loy yang alert">{{cite news | title = Loy Yang on alert | publisher = Latrobe Valley Express | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://latrobevalley.yourguide.com.au/news/local/news/general/loy-yang-on-alert/1428502.aspx | access-date = 2009-02-09 | archive-date = 2011-08-22 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20110822020413/http://latrobevalley.yourguide.com.au/news/local/news/general/loy-yang-on-alert/1428502.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="Local fire risk looms over aid">{{cite news| title=Local fire risk looms over aid | work=New Zealand Herald| date=2009-02-10| url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10555874| access-date=2009-02-12}}</ref> <ref name="Many may be trapped in homes">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/bushfires-ravage-state/2009/02/07/1233423565321.html|title=Many may be trapped in homes|date=8 February 2009|work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=2009-02-08}}</ref> <ref name="Marysville 8 Feb">{{cite news |title=Marysville almost destroyed in Victorian bushfires |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/marysville-devastated/2009/02/08/1234027832317.html |date=2009-02-08 |work=Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=2009-02-08}}</ref> <ref name="Marysville">{{cite news |title='Absolute devastation': Victoria gutted by deadly bushfires |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/08/2485299.htm|date=2009-02-08 |work=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2009-02-07}}</ref> <ref name="marysville-one-in-five">{{cite news | title = Bushfires toll at 181. Marysville toll may be one in five | publisher = [[Herald Sun]] | date = 2009-02-11 | url = http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25037917-661,00.html | access-date = 2009-02-11 | archive-date = 2012-12-30 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121230144015/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/coroner-ready-for-300-bodies/story-e6frf7jo-1111118814107 | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="news">{{cite news |title=Police track arsonists responsible for Victoria bushfires |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25032884-2702,00.html |date=2009-02-10 |work=The Australian |access-date=2009-02-14 |archive-date=2009-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213044555/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25032884-2702,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="news1">{{cite news |title=Bushfires in Victoria kill 35, fears death toll will rise |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25024010-661,00.html |date=2009-02-08 |work=Herald Sun |access-date=2009-02-08 |archive-date=2012-06-30 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630021837/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/bushfire-death-toll-rises/story-fna7dq6e-1111118789010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="NSW offers more support to Victoria">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/09/2485856.htm|title=NSW offers more support to Victoria|work=ABC News|date=8 February 2009 |access-date=2009-02-11}}</ref> <ref name="Police charge first Victoria bushfire suspect">{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25052177-5018722,00.html |title=Police charge first Victoria bushfire suspect |work=The Australian |publisher=www.theaustralian.news.com.au |access-date=2009-05-17 |archive-date=2013-06-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130627215925/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25052177-5018722,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="police-toll">Victoria Police, Press conference: Bushfires death toll revised to 173, Release date: Mon 30 March 2009 http://www.police.vic.gov.au/content.asp?Document_ID=20350</ref> <ref name="reuters 4000">{{cite news | last = Perry | first = Michael | title = Australia bushfire toll 181 and rising, arson probe | publisher = Reuters | date = 2009-02-10 | url = http://ca.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idCATRE5171EI20090210?sp=true | access-date = 2009-02-11 | archive-date = 2020-09-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200928164921/https://ca.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idCATRE5171EI20090210?sp=true | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="Rudd criticised over bush fire compensation">{{cite news | last = Collins | first = Pádraig | title = Rudd criticised over bush fire compensation | publisher = Irish Times | date = 12 February 2009 | url = http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2009/0212/1233867933059.html | access-date = 19 February 2009 | archive-date = 9 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121009125342/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2009/0212/1233867933059.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="SCS17d">{{Citation | title = The exceptional January-February 2009 heatwave in south-eastern Australia | publisher = National Climate Centre | work = Bureau of Meteorology | page = 2 | date = 2009-02-12 | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs17d.pdf }}</ref> <ref name="Smoke, cloud restrict Beechworth fire info">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/08/2485588.htm|title=Smoke, cloud restrict Beechworth fire info|date=8 February 2009|work=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2009-02-08}}</ref> <ref name="sparks">{{cite news |title=Police track arsonists responsible for Victoria bushfires |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25032884-2702,00.html |date=10 February 2009 |publisher=The Australian |work=News Limited |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-date=13 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213044555/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25032884-2702,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="TBushfires claim first NZ victim">{{cite news | title = TBushfires claim first NZ victim | url = http://www.stuff.co.nz/4843794a12.html | access-date = 2009-02-13 | archive-date = 2009-02-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090213123906/http://www.stuff.co.nz/4843794a12.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="TheAge">{{cite news | title = Arsonists my have lit Marysville fire - Nixon | publisher = The Age | date = 2009-02-12 | url = http://www.theage.com.au/national/arsonists-may-have-lit-marysville-fire-nixon-20090212-852y.html | access-date = 2009-02-12}}</ref> <ref name="Tidal River camping ground evacuated as fire spreads">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/09/2486078.htm?section=australia|title=Tidal River camping ground evacuated as fire spreads|date=9 February 2009|work=ABC News|access-date=2009-02-10}}</ref> <ref name="trains">{{cite web | title = Gippsland, Seymour & Warrnambool lines ~ Services suspended due to bushfires ~ Sun 8 Feb | publisher = V/Line | date = 2009-02-08 | url = http://www.vline.com.au/home/news/TodaysServiceChanges/361096156/Article.aspx | access-date = 2009-02-08 | archive-date = 2011-09-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928175315/http://www.vline.com.au/home/news/TodaysServiceChanges/361096156/Article.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="TV legend Brian Naylor found dead">{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25026070-661,00.html|title=TV legend Brian Naylor found dead|date=9 February 2009|work=The Herald Sun|access-date=2009-02-09|archive-date=2012-12-30|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121230130349/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/archives/old-news-pages/tv-legend-found-dead/story-e6frf8zo-1111118794286|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="TV star dies with partner in Victorian Bushfires">{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25038335-5013404,00.html|title=TV star dies with partner in Victorian Bushfires|date=11 February 2009|work=The Australian|access-date=2009-02-11|archive-date=2009-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215180230/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,25038335-5013404,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Two Filipinos killed in bushfires in Australia">{{cite news | title = Two Filipinos killed in bushfires in Australia | url = http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=439109&publicationSubCategoryId=200 | access-date = 2009-02-12 | archive-date = 2016-06-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160602212754/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=439109&publicationSubCategoryId=200 | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="UnderSiege">{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25022560-2862,00.html|title=Victoria under siege as fires rage across state|date=7 February 2009|work=Herald Sun|access-date=2009-02-07|archive-date=2012-12-08|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208202332/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria-bushfires-all-the-facts/story-e6frf7jo-1111118787343|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="VBRC-Vol.01-ch.5-p.075">{{cite book |author1=Teague, Bernard |author2=McLeod, Ronald |author3=Pascoe, Susan |title=THE KILMORE EAST FIRE |work=[[2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission]]; Final Report |date=July 2010 |isbn=978-0-9807408-2-0 |chapter=Chap.5 |page=75 |volume=1: The Fires and the Fire-Related Deaths |edition=1 |chapter-format=PDF - 1,478&nbsp;KB |chapter-url=http://www.royalcommission.vic.gov.au/Finaldocuments/volume-1/PF/VBRC_Vol1_Chapter05_PF.pdf |access-date=6 February 2015 |quote=The fire started after the conductor between poles 38 and 39 failed and the live conductor came into contact with a cable stay supporting pole 38. This contact caused arcing that ignited vegetation near the base of pole 38. An electrical fault was recorded at 11:45. |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015122/http://royalcommission.vic.gov.au/Finaldocuments/volume-1/PF/VBRC_Vol1_Chapter05_PF.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Veteran actor Reg Evans and partner feared dead">{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25031162-5012974,00.html|title=Veteran actor Reg Evans and partner feared dead|date=10 February 2009|work=Herald Sun|access-date=2009-02-10|archive-date=2012-06-30|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630021847/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/veteran-actor-reg-presumed-dead/story-fna7dq6e-1111118802696|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="weekly-times saleyards agisting">{{cite news | last = Dowler | first = Kate | title = Saleyards agisting livestock from burnt farms | publisher = Weekly Times | date = 2009-02-09 | url = http://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/article/2009/02/09/50321_cattle.html | access-date = 2009-02-09 | archive-date = 2011-07-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110706113527/http://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/article/2009/02/09/50321_cattle.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="weekly-times third fire">{{cite news | author1 = Lanigan, Roslyn| author2= Woods, Kim | title = Gippsland faces third fire | publisher = Weekly Times | date = 2009-01-29 | url = http://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/article/2009/01/29/47075_latest-news.html | access-date = 2009-02-11 | archive-date = 2009-02-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090215154148/http://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/article/2009/01/29/47075_latest-news.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="wimmera-mail-times haven saved">{{cite news | title = Haven school, hall, general store saved | publisher = Wimmera Mail-Times | date = 2009-02-07 | url = http://wimmera.yourguide.com.au/news/local/news/general/haven-school-hall-general-store-saved/1427514.aspx | access-date = 2009-02-07 | archive-date = 2009-02-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211152700/http://wimmera.yourguide.com.au/news/local/news/general/haven-school-hall-general-store-saved/1427514.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="wimmera-mail-times latest report">{{cite news | title = Horsham fire: The latest report | publisher = Wimmera Mail-Times | date = 2009-02-08 | url = http://wimmera.yourguide.com.au/news/local/news/general/horsham-fire-the-latest-report/1427805.aspx | access-date = 2009-02-08 | archive-date = 2009-02-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211145731/http://wimmera.yourguide.com.au/news/local/news/general/horsham-fire-the-latest-report/1427805.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref> <ref name="Wiped out: Towns destroyed by chicken fires">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/02/08/2485378.htm|title=Wiped out: Towns destroyed by chicken fires|work=ABC News|date=7 February 2009 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2009-02-07}}</ref> <ref name="Yea-Murrundindi">{{cite web|title=Yea-Murrundindi map|publisher=CFA|url=http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/incidents/images/news_image/Yea-Murrundindi_MediaMap_20090208_0015_21109.pdf|access-date=2009-02-08|archive-date=2009-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319132310/http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/incidents/images/news_image/Yea-Murrundindi_MediaMap_20090208_0015_21109.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} ==Other websites== * [http://www.smh.com.au/photogallery/2009/02/07/1233423569062.html Bushfire pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606052819/http://www.smh.com.au/photogallery/2009/02/07/1233423569062.html |date=2009-06-06 }} [[Category:2009 disasters]] [[Category:2000s in Australia]] [[Category:2000s fires]] [[Category:Victoria, Australia]] [[Category:Natural disasters]] 4zyacyk9h96pse0vdwdmls3l8qla2r8 0 174028 10879015 10869352 2026-06-04T20:16:39Z Ddiieuduurur 1816452 Lerz or whatever get a life bitch 10879015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Mazanderani | nativename = ''Mazäni'' مازنی <br> ''Tabäri'' طبری | states = Iran, province of [[Mazandaran]] and parts of the provinces of [[Gilan]], [[Alborz]], [[Tehran]], [[Semnan]] and [[Golestan]] and North Khorasan and Qom and Qazvin | region = South coast of the [[Caspian Sea]] | speakers = 17.51 Mazani speakers that are Mazani themself & 20.43 million in total counting the Mazanized people who are mostly Mazanized Fars & Turkmen people. | date = 2023 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Western Iranian languages|Western Iranian]] | fam5 = [[Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern Iranian]] | fam6 = [[Caspian languages|Caspian]] | dia1 = Meiani | dia2 = Shahmirzadi | dia3 = Gorgani | script = [[Mazandarani alphabet]] | agency = Linguistic faculty of Mazani Universities officially gathers materials and resources about it. | lc1 = mzn | ld1 = Mazanderani | lc2 = srz | ld2 = Shahmirzadi | map = Mazandarani Language Map.PNG | mapcaption = Areas where Mazanderani is spoken as mother tongue }} '''Mazandarani is a language with 188.43 native speakers and 179.51 native Mazandarani speakers as of 2026, it is also known as Mazani, Mazeruni, Tabaristani, Tabarei, Goleshi, Geleki, Mazandaruani, Mazandaruni, Tabari, aka combonation of Hyecen/Gorgani/Varkani&Tapuri/Tapori/Tapouri (in Mazandarani: ماٚٓزنی).''' It is spoken in Caspie region of [[Iran]]. Areas that use it are: [[Mazandaran]] & [[Golestan province|Golestan]], & [[Tehran]] all mainly & [[Semnan]] & [[Qazvin]] & Alborz & Gilan & Qum partly. Mazandarni is the 2nd oldest language in the world after [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]], their difference is 100 years or so.[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mzn/] == Script and alphabet == Mazandarani language was written in the Pahlavi alphabet in the early centuries of Islam. The language uses the Mazani alphabet. == Literature == Mazandarni language has the oldest literature among local languages in Iran. Among books written in this language are: * Translation of Anything almost * Marzbananme * Nikiname {{InterWiki|code=mzn}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Iranian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Mazandaran]] pvoid2yunvcqdsp7rehsjtse11t7k53 0 179670 10878957 9826884 2026-06-04T19:24:01Z ShadowBallX 1035196 10878957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portuguese name|Leiva|Campos|Filho}} {{Infobox football biography | name = Leivinha | image = Leivinha.jpg | fullname = João Leiva Campos Filho | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1949|9|11}} | birth_place = [[Novo Horizonte, São Paulo|Novo Horizonte]], Brazil | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2026|6|4|1949|9|11}} | height = {{convert|1.75|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}} | position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]] | youthyears1= | youthclubs1= | years1 = 1966&ndash;1970 | years2 = 1971&ndash;1975 | years3 = 1975&ndash;1979 | years4 =1979 | clubs1 = [[Associação Portuguesa de Desportos|Portuguesa]] | clubs2 = [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] | clubs3 = [[Atlético Madrid]] | clubs4 =[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] | caps1 = 177 | goals1 = 62 | caps2 = 263 | goals2 = 106 | caps3 = 94 | goals3 = 43| caps4 =11 | goals4 = 2 | nationalyears1= 1972&ndash;1974 | nationalteam1= [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] | nationalcaps1= 21 | nationalgoals1 = 7 }} '''João Leiva Campos Filho''', commonly known as '''''Leivinha''''', (11 September 1949 – 4 June 2026) was a Brazilian [[association football|footballer]]. He played as both a [[Forward (association football)#Striker|striker]] and [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]], and played for the [[Brazil national football team|Brazil national team]] at the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]]. Leivinha was the uncle of former [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] and [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] midfielder [[Lucas Leiva]].<ref name="gazzetta1">{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calciomercato/27-12-2016/inter-lucas-leiva-sangue-grinta-italiano-professionista-senza-macchia-180191811213.shtml|title=Inter: Lucas Leiva, sangue e grinta da italiano, professionista senza macchia|publisher=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=Italian|author1=Marco Guidi|date=27 December 2016|accessdate=27 December 2016}}</ref> He died on 4 June 2026, at the age of 76.<ref>[https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/16797421/morre-leivinha-idolo-palmeiras-atletico-madrid-autor-gol-1000-selecao-brasileira Morre Leivinha, ídolo de Palmeiras e Atlético de Madrid e autor do gol 1000 da Seleção] {{in lang|pt}}</ref> ==Honours== '''Palmeiras''' *[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Brazilian Série A]]: [[1972 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1972]], [[1973 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1973]] *[[Campeonato Paulista|São Paulo State League]]: 1972, 1974 '''Atletico Madrid''' *[[La Liga|Spanish League]]: [[La Liga 1976–77|1976–77]] *[[Copa del Rey]]: [[1975-76 Copa del Rey|1975-76]] '''Brazil''' *[[Brazil Independence Cup|Independence Cup]]: [[Brazil Independence Cup|1972]] ==Club career statistics== <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/19109/Leivinha.html|title=Leivinha|first=Benjamin|last=Strack-Zimmermann|website=www.national-football-teams.com}}</ref> {{Football player club statistics 1|NNN}} {{Football player club statistics 2|BRA|NNN}} |- |1971||rowspan="5"|[[S.E. Palmeiras|Palmeiras]]||rowspan="5"|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]||21||4 |- |1972||27||15 |- |1973||38||20 |- |1974||0||0 |- |1975||2||1 {{Football player club statistics 2|ESP|NNN}} |- |[[La Liga 1975-76|1975-76]]||rowspan="4"|[[Club Atlético de Madrid|Atlético Madrid]]||rowspan="4"|[[La Liga]]||31||18 |- |[[La Liga 1976-77|1976-77]]||15||8 |- |[[La Liga 1977-78|1977-78]]||19||7 |- |[[La Liga 1978-79|1978-79]]||18||7 {{Football player club statistics 2|BRA|NNN}} |- |1979||[[São Paulo F.C.|São Paulo]]||||0||0 {{Football player club statistics 3|2|BRA}}88||40 {{Football player club statistics 4|ESP}}83||40 {{Football player club statistics 5}}171||80 |} ==International career statistics== {{Football player national team statistics|BRA}} |- |1972||4||2 |- |1973||5||3 |- |1974||12||2 |- !Total||21||7 |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Brazil squad 1974 FIFA World Cup}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Footballers from São Paulo (state)]] {{Sports-bio-stub}} 0anr24i72khxtwgpqvggqgvprycyuuw 10879174 10878957 2026-06-05T00:27:18Z ShadowBallX 1035196 /* References */ 10879174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portuguese name|Leiva|Campos|Filho}} {{Infobox football biography | name = Leivinha | image = Leivinha.jpg | fullname = João Leiva Campos Filho | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1949|9|11}} | birth_place = [[Novo Horizonte, São Paulo|Novo Horizonte]], Brazil | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2026|6|4|1949|9|11}} | height = {{convert|1.75|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}} | position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]] | youthyears1= | youthclubs1= | years1 = 1966&ndash;1970 | years2 = 1971&ndash;1975 | years3 = 1975&ndash;1979 | years4 =1979 | clubs1 = [[Associação Portuguesa de Desportos|Portuguesa]] | clubs2 = [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]] | clubs3 = [[Atlético Madrid]] | clubs4 =[[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] | caps1 = 177 | goals1 = 62 | caps2 = 263 | goals2 = 106 | caps3 = 94 | goals3 = 43| caps4 =11 | goals4 = 2 | nationalyears1= 1972&ndash;1974 | nationalteam1= [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] | nationalcaps1= 21 | nationalgoals1 = 7 }} '''João Leiva Campos Filho''', commonly known as '''''Leivinha''''', (11 September 1949 – 4 June 2026) was a Brazilian [[association football|footballer]]. He played as both a [[Forward (association football)#Striker|striker]] and [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]], and played for the [[Brazil national football team|Brazil national team]] at the [[1974 FIFA World Cup]]. Leivinha was the uncle of former [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Grêmio]] and [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] midfielder [[Lucas Leiva]].<ref name="gazzetta1">{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calciomercato/27-12-2016/inter-lucas-leiva-sangue-grinta-italiano-professionista-senza-macchia-180191811213.shtml|title=Inter: Lucas Leiva, sangue e grinta da italiano, professionista senza macchia|publisher=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=Italian|author1=Marco Guidi|date=27 December 2016|accessdate=27 December 2016}}</ref> He died on 4 June 2026, at the age of 76.<ref>[https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/16797421/morre-leivinha-idolo-palmeiras-atletico-madrid-autor-gol-1000-selecao-brasileira Morre Leivinha, ídolo de Palmeiras e Atlético de Madrid e autor do gol 1000 da Seleção] {{in lang|pt}}</ref> ==Honours== '''Palmeiras''' *[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Brazilian Série A]]: [[1972 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1972]], [[1973 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1973]] *[[Campeonato Paulista|São Paulo State League]]: 1972, 1974 '''Atletico Madrid''' *[[La Liga|Spanish League]]: [[La Liga 1976–77|1976–77]] *[[Copa del Rey]]: [[1975-76 Copa del Rey|1975-76]] '''Brazil''' *[[Brazil Independence Cup|Independence Cup]]: [[Brazil Independence Cup|1972]] ==Club career statistics== <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/19109/Leivinha.html|title=Leivinha|first=Benjamin|last=Strack-Zimmermann|website=www.national-football-teams.com}}</ref> {{Football player club statistics 1|NNN}} {{Football player club statistics 2|BRA|NNN}} |- |1971||rowspan="5"|[[S.E. Palmeiras|Palmeiras]]||rowspan="5"|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]||21||4 |- |1972||27||15 |- |1973||38||20 |- |1974||0||0 |- |1975||2||1 {{Football player club statistics 2|ESP|NNN}} |- |[[La Liga 1975-76|1975-76]]||rowspan="4"|[[Club Atlético de Madrid|Atlético Madrid]]||rowspan="4"|[[La Liga]]||31||18 |- |[[La Liga 1976-77|1976-77]]||15||8 |- |[[La Liga 1977-78|1977-78]]||19||7 |- |[[La Liga 1978-79|1978-79]]||18||7 {{Football player club statistics 2|BRA|NNN}} |- |1979||[[São Paulo F.C.|São Paulo]]||||0||0 {{Football player club statistics 3|2|BRA}}88||40 {{Football player club statistics 4|ESP}}83||40 {{Football player club statistics 5}}171||80 |} ==International career statistics== {{Football player national team statistics|BRA}} |- |1972||4||2 |- |1973||5||3 |- |1974||12||2 |- !Total||21||7 |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Brazil squad 1974 FIFA World Cup}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Footballers from São Paulo (state)]] [[Category:Brazilian footballers]] [[Category:1974 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:Association football forwards]] {{Sports-bio-stub}} km48y8cl9d0j2n7fprtl1df8ozmgph0 0 181099 10879396 9448672 2026-06-05T07:18:24Z Pi bot 795348 Updating the Commons category from "Category:LGBT pride flags" to "Category:LGBTQ+ pride flags" to avoid a category redirect 10879396 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Gay_flag.svg|thumb|220px|LGBT Pride Flag]] '''The Rainbow flag''' has been the [[symbol]] of the [[LGBT]] ([[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[bisexual]], and [[transgender]]) community since its creation in 1978. It is also called the 'Pride Flag.' The flag was created by [[Gilbert Baker (artist)|Gilbert Baker]] of [[San Francisco, California]] in 1978. ==History== The flag was first used at a [[LGBT pride]] parade in [[San Francisco]] in 1978, at that time it had eight colors. The next year it was changed to six colors, so it could be easier to make. The flag was first made by [[Gilbert Baker (artist)|Gilbert Baker]], to be used instead of the [[pink triangle]] symbol used before. The pink triangle was used by [[Nazi]]s to show who was [[homosexual]]. Homosexual people were sent to [[concentration camp]]s in [[Nazi Germany]], where they made homosexual men wear a pink triangle. This was like the yellow [[Star of David]] that [[Jew]]s had to wear to show who was Jewish. LGBT people were not ashamed of the pink triangle, but they wanted a more positive, happier symbol. ==Meaning== [[File:Gay flag 8.svg|thumb|right|200px|This was the original flag design]] In the LGBT version of the rainbow flag, each color has a different meaning *Pink = Sexuality *Red = Life *Orange = Healing *Yellow = Sunlight *Green = Nature *Turquoise = Magic/Art *Royal Blue = Serenity/Harmony *Violet = Spirit It used to have a pink stripe, which meant ''sexuality'', but was removed because the [[pink]] [[cloth]] was unable to be mass produced.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://christiangays.com/articles/flag.shtml|title=History of the Gay Pride Rainbow Flag|publisher=Christian Gays.com|accessdate=September 23, 2013|archive-date=May 30, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530183518/http://christiangays.com/articles/flag.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also had a Turquoise stripe as well, but it was removed. == Related pages == * [[Bisexual flag]] * [[International Bear Brotherhood Flag]] * [[Pansexual flag]] * [[Pride flag]] * [[Rainbow flag]] * [[Transgender flag]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category|LGBTQ+ pride flags}} *[http://ukgaynews.org.uk/Archive/08/Apr/1801.htm Unsung Heroes of the Gay World: Vexillographer Gilbert Baker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721053735/http://ukgaynews.org.uk/Archive/08/Apr/1801.htm |date=2009-07-21 }} *[http://cbs5.com/goodquestion/good.question.rainbow.2.450046.html How Did Gay Pride Flag Originate?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410144214/http://cbs5.com/goodquestion/good.question.rainbow.2.450046.html |date=2008-04-10 }} [[KPIX-TV]] (CBS 5), December 1, 2006 *[https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/6/2/15726290/gilbert-baker-66th-birthday-gay-flag-google-doodle Gilbert Baker speaks about the Pride flag] [[Category:LGBT flags]] [[Category:San Francisco]] [[Category:1978 establishments in California]] jwh3dvin9d0liin2sbcxuhurixsirtm 0 184419 10878939 10636188 2026-06-04T18:48:47Z F5JMH 349791 Coat of arms of Gatineau.svg 10878939 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Coat of arms of Gatineau.svg|thumb|99x99px|coat of arms]] '''Gatineau''' (as of 2021 census population 291,041)<ref name="2021 Census">{{cite web |title=2021 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=gatineau&DGUIDlist=2021A00053506008,2021A00052481017&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |website=Statistics Canada |date=9 February 2022 |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=25 August 2022 }}</ref> is a city in western [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]. It is on the northern bank of the [[Ottawa River]], immediately across from [[Ottawa, Ontario]], within [[Canada's National Capital Region]]. Ottawa and Gatineau comprise a single [[Census Metropolitan Area]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Multistub|geo|Canada}} [[Category:Cities and towns in Quebec]] [[Category:1806 establishments]] [[Category:19th-century establishments in Quebec]] [[Category:2002 establishments in Quebec]] 71r9lkrf4k28h6n39o4b5t3yv0a74wu 0 188962 10879438 10740219 2026-06-05T10:59:15Z ~2026-33460-88 1816764 10879438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Football club |clubname=Oxford United F.C. |current= |fullname=Oxford United Football Club |nickname= |founded=[[1893]] |ground=[[Kassam Stadium]]<br/>[[Oxford]] |capacity=12,500 |owner=[[Anindya Bakrie]]<br/>[[Erick Thohir]] |chairman=[[Kelvin Thomas]] |manager=[[Chris Wilder]] |captain= |league=[[Football League Championship|Championship]] |season=2024/25 |position=[[Football League Championship|Championship]], 17th of 24 }} '''Oxford United F.C.''' is a [[Association football|football]] club in [[England]]. == Name == *[[1893]]-[[1960]] '''[[Headington United F.C.]]''' *[[1960]]-present '''Oxford United F.C.''' == League position == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" |align="center"|Season||align="center"|League||align="center"|Position |- |2000/01||[[Football League One|Second Division]]||24th |- |2001/02||[[Football League Two|Third Division]]||21th |- |2002/03||[[Football League Two|Third Division]]||8th |- |2003/04||[[Football League Two|Third Division]]||9th |- |2004/05||[[Football League Two|League Two]]||15th |- |2005/06||[[Football League Two|League Two]]||23rd (Relegated) |- |2006/07||[[Football Conference|Conference]]||2nd / National |- |2007/08||[[Football Conference|Conference]]||9th / National |- |2008/09||[[Football Conference|Conference]]||7th / National |- |2009/10||[[Football Conference|Conference]]||3rd / National (Promoted through Play-Offs) |- |2010/11||[[Football League Two|League Two]]||12th |- |2011/12||[[Football League Two|League Two]]||9th |- |2012/13||[[Football League Two|League Two]]||9th |- |2013/14||[[Football League Two|League Two]]||8th |- |2014/15||[[Football League Two|League Two]]||13th |- |2015/16||[[Football League Two|League Two]]||2nd (Promoted) |- |2016/17||[[Football League One|League One]]||8th |- |2017/18||[[Football League One|League One]]||16th |- |2018/19||[[Football League One|League One]]||12th |- |2019/20||[[Football League One|League One]]||4th |- |2020/21||[[Football League One|League One]]||6th |- |2021/22||[[Football League One|League One]]||8th |- |2022/23||[[Football League One|League One]]||19th |- |2023/24||[[Football League One|League One]]||5th (Promoted through Play-Offs) |- |2024/25||[[Football League Championship|Championship]]||17th === Former position === {{scroll box|width=75%| *1962/63: [[Football League Fourth Division|Fourth Division]] - 18th *1963/64: [[Football League Fourth Division|Fourth Division]] - 18th *1964/65: [[Football League Fourth Division|Fourth Division]] - 4th *1965/66: [[Football League Two|Third Division]] - 14th *1966/67: [[Football League Two|Third Division]] - 16th *1967/68: [[Football League Two|Third Division]] - Champions *1968/69: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 20th *1969/70: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 15th *1970/71: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 14th *1971/72: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 15th *1972/73: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 8th *1973/74: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 18th *1974/75: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 11th *1975/76: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 20th *1976/77: [[Football League Two|Third Division]] - 17th *1977/78: [[Football League Two|Third Division]] - 18th *1978/79: [[Football League Two|Third Division]] - 11th *1979/80: [[Football League Two|Third Division]] - 17th *1980/81: [[Football League Two|Third Division]] - 14th *1981/82: [[Football League Two|Third Division]] - 5th *1982/83: [[Football League Two|Third Division]] - 5th *1983/84: [[Football League Two|Third Division]] - Champions *1984/85: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - Champions *1985/86: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 18th *1986/87: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 18th *1987/88: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 21st *1988/89: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 17th *1989/90: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 17th *1990/91: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 10th *1991/92: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 21st *1992/93: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 14th *1993/94: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 23rd *1994/95: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 7th *1995/96: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 2nd *1996/97: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 17th *1997/98: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 12th *1998/99: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 23th *1999/2000: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 20th }} {{multistub|sport|UK}} [[Category:English football clubs]] [[Category:Oxford]] [[Category:1893 establishments in England]] |- |2025/26 |Championship |22nd (Relegated) |} 07exrszwjsg847wsfik49x1cn1v04yj 4 189924 10878919 10878173 2026-06-04T18:32:46Z Ternera 1467751 Closed [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Shillings]] 10878919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD|WP:VFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Eleonora, Princess of Ligne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Diddler}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Vivansh Vasishta}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Syed Ameer Ali Shah ibn Syed Haider Shah}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Leader of the Opposition (Hungary)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/India naming dispute}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/GEOX AI}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Jones Kyazze}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/NUFC Chairman}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Social AI rewards}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mathieu Blondeau (2nd nomination)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Nezar Kadhem}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Fairy Oddparents: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/2763}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Wikitólica}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Shillings}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/SAM}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Josh Universe}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Andrew Hulbert}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/AD 2082}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Isabel Brown (activist)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Cosmic Princess Kaguya!}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line -> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] iqnde5blu0w3gmk6arf32d2owv56ipp 10878922 10878919 2026-06-04T18:33:14Z Ternera 1467751 Closed [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Fairy Oddparents: The Movie]] 10878922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD|WP:VFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Eleonora, Princess of Ligne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Diddler}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Vivansh Vasishta}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Syed Ameer Ali Shah ibn Syed Haider Shah}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Leader of the Opposition (Hungary)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/India naming dispute}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/GEOX AI}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Jones Kyazze}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/NUFC Chairman}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Social AI rewards}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mathieu Blondeau (2nd nomination)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Nezar Kadhem}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/2763}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Wikitólica}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Fairy Oddparents: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Shillings}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/SAM}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Josh Universe}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Andrew Hulbert}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/AD 2082}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Isabel Brown (activist)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Cosmic Princess Kaguya!}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line -> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] nxm2uerjnsnv6t49ju8aoxw123oe14f 10878925 10878922 2026-06-04T18:34:20Z Ternera 1467751 Closed [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/2763]] 10878925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD|WP:VFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Eleonora, Princess of Ligne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Diddler}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Vivansh Vasishta}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Syed Ameer Ali Shah ibn Syed Haider Shah}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Leader of the Opposition (Hungary)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/India naming dispute}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/GEOX AI}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Jones Kyazze}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/NUFC Chairman}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Social AI rewards}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mathieu Blondeau (2nd nomination)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Nezar Kadhem}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Wikitólica}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/2763}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Fairy Oddparents: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Shillings}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/SAM}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Josh Universe}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Andrew Hulbert}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/AD 2082}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Isabel Brown (activist)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Cosmic Princess Kaguya!}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line -> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] do1c8j6scasrkoyi8maufgfouj37aut 10879308 10878925 2026-06-05T04:42:34Z Garsh2 1475106 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ten-Ten Muñoz]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD|WP:VFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ten-Ten Muñoz}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Eleonora, Princess of Ligne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Diddler}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Vivansh Vasishta}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Syed Ameer Ali Shah ibn Syed Haider Shah}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Leader of the Opposition (Hungary)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/India naming dispute}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/GEOX AI}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Jones Kyazze}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/NUFC Chairman}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Social AI rewards}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mathieu Blondeau (2nd nomination)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Nezar Kadhem}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Wikitólica}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/2763}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Fairy Oddparents: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Shillings}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/SAM}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Josh Universe}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Andrew Hulbert}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/AD 2082}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Isabel Brown (activist)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Cosmic Princess Kaguya!}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line -> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] mnz1zkniqoqzgv05vlqgbvr2r57dt8w 10879314 10879308 2026-06-05T04:45:40Z Garsh2 1475106 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mansoor Hussain Laghari]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD|WP:VFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions== <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mansoor Hussain Laghari}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ten-Ten Muñoz}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Eleonora, Princess of Ligne}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Diddler}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Vivansh Vasishta}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Syed Ameer Ali Shah ibn Syed Haider Shah}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Leader of the Opposition (Hungary)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/India naming dispute}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/GEOX AI}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Jones Kyazze}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/NUFC Chairman}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Social AI rewards}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mathieu Blondeau (2nd nomination)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Nezar Kadhem}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Wikitólica}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/2763}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Fairy Oddparents: The Movie}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Shillings}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/SAM}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Josh Universe}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Andrew Hulbert}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/AD 2082}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Isabel Brown (activist)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Cosmic Princess Kaguya!}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line -> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] 94d6s88p5mvxej8rbiq26ynzybiawqe 0 198320 10879256 10871408 2026-06-05T02:19:56Z ~2026-33074-70 1816600 /* */ city 1998 10879256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox movie | name = Babe: Pig in the City | image = | caption = Babe: Pig in the City poster | writer = | screenplay = George Miller<br />Judy Morris<br />Mark Lamprell | director = [[George Miller (director)|George Miller]] | producer = Doug Mitchell <br />George Miller <br />Bill Miller | studio = Kennedy Miller Productions | distributor = [[Universal Pictures]] | editing = Jay Friedkin<br>Margaret Sixel | narrator = <!--only used in documentaries--> | music = Nigel Westlake | cinematography = [[Andrew Lesnie]] | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998|11|25|United States|1998|12|10|Australia}} | based_on = {{based on|Characters|[[Dick King-Smith]]}} | starring = {{Plainlist|<!--Per poster billing--> * [[Magda Szubanski]] * [[James Cromwell]] * [[Mickey Rooney]] }} | runtime = 95 minutes | country = Australia<br />United States | language = English | budget = $90 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=babepiginthecity.htm |title=Babe: Pig in the City (1998) |publisher=Box Office Mojo |date=28 August 2002 |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919123508/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=babepiginthecity.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | gross = $69.1 million }} '''''Babe: Pig in the City''''' is a 1998 [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]]. It takes place in the fictional city of [[New York]]. Because of the unexpected darker and more grown up subject matter (the movie includes a scene in which a dog almost drowns while hanging from a bridge), the movie was not received as well critically as the first ''Babe'' movie was, and reviews were generally mixed. However, it was also praised by some, and gained a [[cult following]]. == Cast == '''Voice Cast''' * [[Elizabeth Daily]] as Babe * [[Danny Mann]] as Ferdinand * [[Glenne Headly]] as Zootie * [[Steven Wright]] as Bob * [[James Cosmo]] as Thelonius * [[Stanley Ralph Ross]] as The Pitbull/The Doberman * [[Russi Taylor]] as The Pink Poodle/Choir Cat * [[Myles Jeffrey]]/[[Nathan Kress]] as Easy * [[Adam Goldberg]] as Flealick * [[Eddie Barth]] as Nigel/Alan * [[Bill Capizzi]] as Snoop * [[Miriam Margolyes]] as Fly * [[Hugo Weaving]] as Rex * [[Jim Cummings]] as Pelican * [[Roscoe Lee Browne]] as The Narrator '''Live-Action Cast''' * [[Magda Szubanski]] as Esme Cordelia Hoggett * [[Mary Stein]] as The Landlady * [[James Cromwell]] as Arthur Hoggett * [[Mickey Rooney]] as Fugly Floom * [[Paul Livingston]] as The Hot Headed Chef * Julie Godfrey as The Suspicious Neighbor == Soundtrack == The score is again by Nigel Westlake, it also includes sound clips taken from the movie. There is also a big band classic "Chattanooga Choo Choo" by Glenn Miller, and "That's Amore" by Dean Martin. More tracks including "That'll Do", the Academy Award-nominated theme song, and a song at the end sung by Babe's voice actress. # That'll Do - performed by [[Peter Gabriel]] - 3:51 # Babe: A Pig in the City - 1:22 # The Returning Hero - 1:16 # Non, Je Ne Regrette Rien - performed by [[Edith Piaf]] - 2:19 # Chattanooga Choo Choo - performed by [[Glenn Miller]], [[Tex Beneke]], and the [[Modernaires]] - 3:14 # Scram, This Is Not a Farm - 2:27 # That's Amore - performed by [[Dean Martin]] - 3:07 # Three Blind Mice - 0:41 # A Pig Gets Wise - 1:17 # Are You Lonesome Tonight? - performed by the [[Mavericks]] - 2:59 # Protected by Angels - performed by the [[Chieftains]] and [[Black Dyke Mills Band]] - 3:39 # The Big City (Two Step Nadya)- performed by the [[Terem Quartet]] - 3:12 # Babe's Lament - 2:38 # A Heart That's True - performed by [[Elizabeth Daily]] and [[Pat Metheny]] - 3:58 # The End - 1:26 # That'll Do (Instrumental) - performed by the [[Black Dyke Mills Band]] - 3:57 # Everywhere - performed by [[Michelle Branch]] - 3:35 == Home media == * May 4, 1999 ([[VHS]] and [[DVD]] ('''Note:''' This DVD was in both [[widescreen]] and [[pan and scan]] formats.) * September 23, 2003 ([[DVD]] - 2-Pack with ''[[Babe (movie)|Babe]]'') * September 23, 2003 ([[DVD]] - The Complete Adventure Two-Movie Pig Pack, this DVD [[box-set]] was released in separate widescreen and pan and scan formats, due to the DVD re-release of the first film) * February 1, 2005 ([[DVD]] - Family Double Feature, this contains ''[[Babe (movie)|Babe]]'') ('''Note:''' This DVD shows pan and scan versions of both films and the widescreen version of this movie.) == Other websites == * {{amg movie|174129}} * {{IMDb title|0120595}} [[Category:1998 movies]] [[Category:American family movies]] [[Category:American drama movies]] [[Category:English-language movies]] [[Category:Movies about pigs]] [[Category:Movies about animals]] [[Category:Sequel movies]] [[Category:Universal Pictures movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by George Miller]] [[Category:American family comedy movies]] 804bugt0zdtvqbqvuoug3szopnk6ra3 0 206708 10878862 10878238 2026-06-04T17:04:38Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* Advertising */ 10878862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moresources|date=April 2012}} '''Aflac''' (also known as '''Aflac Incorporated''') is an [[Americans|American]] [[insurance]] company headquartered in [[Columbus, Georgia|Columbus]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. == Advertising == Aflac’s [[mascot]] is a [[domestic duck]] known as the Aflac Duck. [[Comedian]] [[Gilbert Gottfried]] voiced the Aflac Duck from his debut in 2000 until 2011,<ref>[http://www.aflac.com/aboutaflac/pressroom/pressreleasestory.aspx?rid=616598 "The AFLAC Duck Selected as One of America's Favorite Icons] from Aflac.com</ref> when he was fired by Aflac for joking about the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|2011 Tōhoku earthquake]] online. [[Daniel McKeague]], a sales manager from [[Hugo, Minnesota|Hugo]], [[Minnesota]], was picked to be the new voice of the Aflac Duck in April 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.msn.com/top-stocks/post.aspx?post=a6d7c0c6-729a-42aa-b15f-da95adc27494&GT1=33002|title=Aflac duck gets Minnesota accent?|last=Peterson|first=Kim|date=2011-04-26|publisher=[[MSN]] Money|access-date=2011-04-26|archive-date=2011-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429051335/http://money.msn.com/top-stocks/post.aspx?post=a6d7c0c6-729a-42aa-b15f-da95adc27494&GT1=33002|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Character actor]] [[Earl Billings]] has appeared in many of the commercials. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons category|Aflac}} * [http://www.aflac.com/ Corporate website] {{US-stub}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Insurance companies of the United States]] [[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]] [[Category:Columbus, Georgia]] [[Category:Companies based in Georgia (U.S. state)]] [[Category:1955 establishments in the United States]] 02b0k4vfe82rmw89ywrftfl9ilmdp1u 0 210935 10879395 10172142 2026-06-05T07:17:16Z Pi bot 795348 Updating the Commons category from "Category:Mara Salvatrucha" to "Category:MS-13" to avoid a category redirect 10879395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Criminal organization | name = Mara Salvatrucha | image = Marasalvatrucha13.png | image_size = | caption = Mara Salvatrucha gang member with gang's name tattooed on his back | founded = 1980s | founder =<!--or | founders = --> | named_after = | founding_location= [[Westlake, Los Angeles|Westlake]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] | years_active = 1980s–present | territory = [[El Salvador]]; [[Guatemala]]; [[Honduras]]; [[Mexico]]; United States; | ethnicity = Mostly [[Salvadorans]], [[Hondurans]], and [[Guatemalans]] | membership = 8,000–10,000 (US)<br/> 30,000–50,000 (worldwide)<ref name="National Gang Threat Assessment">{{cite web|title=National Gang Threat Assessment|url=https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/national-gang-threat-assessment-2009-pdf|website=fbi.gov|publisher=National Gang Intelligence Center|accessdate=June 19, 2012}}</ref> | criminal activities=Drug trafficking, illegal immigration, robbery, larceny, [[human trafficking]], [[extortion]], murder, [[money laundering]], prostitution, [[racketeering]], battery, kidnapping, and arms trafficking | allies = <!-- every entry should have a reliable source -->Other [[Sureños]] gangs<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ronczkowski |first1=Michael R. |title=Terrorism and Organized Hate Crime: Intelligence Gathering, Analysis and Investigations, Second Edition |date=2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9780849378508 |pages=102–103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMnAlqo47sgC&pg=PA102 |accessdate=26 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref><br />[[Mexican Mafia]]<ref name=bryjak>{{cite book |last1=Bryjak |first1=George J. |last2=Barkan |first2=Steven E. |title=Fundamentals of criminal justice : a sociological view |date=2011 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |location=Sudbury, Massacheusetts |isbn=9780763754242 |pages=115 |edition= 2nd. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHAfpoCO5yMC&pg=PA115 |accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref><br />[[Los Zetas]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Zetas and MS-13 Join Forces in Guatemala|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/04/07/zetas-and-ms-13-join-forces-in-guatemala/|accessdate=October 24, 2012|work=Fox News Latino|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Fox News Network|date=April 7, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116145613/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/04/07/zetas-and-ms-13-join-forces-in-guatemala/|archive-date=November 16, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | rivals = <!-- every entry should have a reliable source -->[[18th Street gang]] (Barrio 18)<ref name="urlMS13">{{cite web |url=https://www.insightcrime.org/el-salvador-organized-crime-news/mara-salvatrucha-ms-13-profile/ |title=MS13 |date=27 March 2017 |format= |accessdate=}}</ref><br />[[Norteños]] and affiliated gangs<ref name=bryjak/> | notable_members = }} '''Mara Salvatrucha''' (also known as '''MS-13''') is one of the most dangerous gangs in the world primarily residing in El Salvador.{{cn}} They are mostly [[El Salvador|Salvadorian]].{{cn}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{commonscat|MS-13}} [[Category:Gangs]] [[Category:Salvadoran people]] [[Category:20th-century establishments in El Salvador]] {{North-America-stub}} m35zgmbv8tmq6syxrvxapcymtf7ejuv 0 217689 10879128 8343706 2026-06-04T23:19:25Z Rebeltronic 1558358 added infobox 10879128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox OS | name = Ubuntu Studio | logo = [[File:Ubuntustudio_v3_logo.svg|300px|Logo]] | screenshot = Ubuntu Studio 25.04.png | caption = Ubuntu Studio 25.04 "Plucky Puffin" | developer = Ubuntu Studio Project | family = [[Linux]] ([[Unix-like]]) | working_state = Current | source_model = [[Open-source software|Open source]] | released = 7.04 (''Feisty Fawn'') / {{Start date and age|2007|05|10|df=yes}} | latest_release_version = 26.04 LTS (''Resolute Raccoon'') | latest_release_date = {{Start date and age|2026|04|23|df=yes}} | release_url = https://ubuntustudio.org/2026/04/ubuntu-studio-26-04-lts-released/ | language = [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] | supported_platforms = [[x86-64]] | kernel_type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]] ([[Linux kernel|Linux]]), patched for low latency | userland = [[GNU Core Utilities|GNU]] | ui = {{Plainlist| [[Xfce]] [[KDE Plasma 5|KDE Plasma]] (Beginning with 20.10<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ubuntustudio.org/2020/04/ubuntu-studio-20-04-lts-released/ |title=Ubuntu Studio 20.04 LTS Released |website=Ubuntu Studio}}</ref>) }} | license = [[Free software]] licenses<br>(mainly [[GPL]]) | updatemodel = | package_manager = [[Advanced Packaging Tool]] (APT) | website = [https://ubuntustudio.org/ ubuntustudio.org] }} '''Ubuntu Studio''' is an officially recognized derivative<ref name="Ubuntu Derivatives"> [http://www.ubuntu.com/products/whatisubuntu/derivatives Ubuntu Derivatives], Canonical Ltd., Retrieved on [[24 May]], [[2008]]</ref> of the [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[Linux distribution]] that focuses on audio, video and graphics production. The original version, based on Ubuntu 7.04, was released on May 10, 2007. == References == {{reflist}} {{tech-stub}} [[Category:Ubuntu (operating system) derivatives]] hf9flg9wtmq35nrd519cw2rrpvxx9ft 0 219245 10879045 9930137 2026-06-04T21:02:18Z Auntof6 22027 fix displaytitle and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10879045 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:ROU SV Brosteni CoA.png|thumb|90px|coat of arms]] '''Broșteni''' is a [[town]] in [[Suceava County]] and the largest by area (594 [[Square kilometre|km²]]) in [[Romania]]. About 5,179 people live there.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maps, Weather, Videos, and Airports for Brosteni, Romania|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/RO/00/Brosteni18.html|access-date=2024-12-07|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> ==References== {{Commonscat|Broșteni}} {{reflist}} {{Suceava County}} {{romania-stub}} [[Category:Towns in Suceava County]] 2tung55q5e7cwauylnkw9gmg5045wh8 0 219585 10879409 10869755 2026-06-05T08:51:22Z ~2026-33376-99 1816723 10879409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hatnote|"Christ" redirects here. For the messianic title, see [[Christ (title)]].}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}} {{Infobox person <!---- Note: Please do not expand this infobox. See the FAQ on the talk page. ----->| name = Jesus Christ of Nazareth | image = Spas vsederzhitel sinay.jpg | caption = {{longitem |The [[Christ Pantocrator (Sinai)|Christ Pantocrator]] of [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] at [[Mount Sinai]], 6th century AD}} | birth_date = {{circa}} [[Date of birth of Jesus|6 to 4 BC]]{{efn|[[John P. Meier]] writes that Jesus' birth year is {{c.|7 or 6&nbsp;BC}}.{{sfn|Meier|1991|p=407}}<!-- --> [[Karl Rahner]] states that the consensus among Christian scholars is {{c.|4 BC|lk=no}}.{{sfn|Rahner|2004|p=732}} <!-- -->[[E.&nbsp;P. Sanders]] also favours {{c.|4 BC|lk=no}} and refers to the general consensus.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=10–11}} <!-- -->[[Jack Finegan]] uses the study of early Christian traditions to support {{c.|3 or 2&nbsp;BC|lk=no}}.<ref name=Finegan>{{harvnb|Finegan|1998|page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookbiblical00fine/page/n350 319]}}</ref> <!-- -->}} | birth_place = <!--Note: No scholarly consensus for any more precise a location than Judea:-->[[Herodian kingdom]], [[Roman Empire]]{{sfn|Brown|1977|p=513}} | death_date = AD 30 or 33 (aged 33 or 38) | death_place = [[Jerusalem]], [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaea]],<br/>[[Roman Empire]] | known_for = Central figure of Christianity<br>Major prophet [[Jesus in Islam|in Islam]] and [[Druze Faith]]<br>[[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestation of God]] in [[Baháʼí Faith]] | death_cause = <!---Note: No (further) comments required here; the scholarly consensus that the cause of Jesus' death was crucifixion is given in the article text:--->[[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]]<!-- -->{{efn|[[James Dunn (theologian)|James Dunn]] writes that the baptism and crucifixion of Jesus "command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus.{{sfn|Dunn|2003|p=339}} <!-- -->[[Bart Ehrman]] states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him.{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|p=101}} <!-- -->[[John Dominic Crossan]] and Richard G. Watts state that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be.{{sfn|Crossan|Watts|1999|p=96}} <!-- -->Paul R. Eddy and [[Greg Boyd (theologian)|Gregory A. Boyd]] say that non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus is now "firmly established".{{sfn|Eddy|Boyd|2007|p=173}} <!-- -->}} <!---- Note: Please do not expand this infobox. See the FAQ on the talk page. ----->| parents = <!--{{hlist}}, as footnote applies to -both- parents:-->{{hlist |[[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] |[[God]] |[[Saint Joseph|Joseph]] (Adoptive father){{efn|Traditionally, Christians believe that Mary conceived her son miraculously by the agency of the Holy Spirit. Muslims believe that she conceived her son miraculously by the command of God. Joseph was from these perspectives and according to the canonical gospels the acting adoptive father of Jesus.}}}} }} [[File:Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - The Last Supper (1495-1498).jpg|thumb|400px|This painting shows Jesus in the center at the [[The Last Supper|Last Supper]]. It was painted by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] between 1495 and 1498.]] '''Jesus''', also referred to as '''Jesus Christ''' or '''Jesus of Nazareth''', ({{circa|6 to 4 [[Before Christ|BC]]}}{{snd}}[[Anno Domini|AD]] 30 or 33) was a [[Jewish]] preacher and reformer of religion who is the central figure of [[Christianity]]. Christians try to follow the example of Jesus and accept his words (as written in the Bible) as the truth. In the Christian tradition he is believed to be the [[Jewish]] [[Messiah]] mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]]. He is one of the most famous, most recognized, and most influential persons in world history. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2521212/Wikipedias-10-significant-people-EVER.html|title=World's top ten most significant people EVER (according to Wikipedia)|date=10 December 2013|website=Mail Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetoptens.com/i/#jesus-christ-8937|title=Top Ten Lists at TheTopTens.com|website=www.thetoptens.com|access-date=2019-02-14|archive-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108003554/https://www.thetoptens.com/i/#jesus-christ-8937|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://voice-wilderness.org/jesus-christ-the-most-famous-person-in-history/|title=Jesus Christ — the most famous Person in history - Voice in the Wilderness Ministries|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehistoryvault.co.uk/jesus-is-the-most-famous-person-in-history-followed-by-napoleon-and-then-muhammad/ |title=Jesus is the most famous person in history, followed by Napoleon and then Muhammad. &#124; the History Vault |access-date=2017-11-17 |archive-date=2016-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317193315/http://www.thehistoryvault.co.uk/jesus-is-the-most-famous-person-in-history-followed-by-napoleon-and-then-muhammad/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most [[historian]]s agree that Jesus was a real person: born in [[Bethlehem]], a town in what is now Israel They also agree that Jesus was considered a [[teacher]] and a [[healing|healer]], and that he was [[baptism|baptized]] by [[John the Baptist]]. He was [[crucifixion|crucified]] in Jerusalem on the orders of [[Pontius Pilate]], and Christians believe that [[Resurrection of Jesus|he came back to life]] — "rose again" — three days later.<ref>{{cite book| last = Brown| first = Raymond E.| title = The death of the Messiah : from Gethsemane to the grave : a commentary on the Passion narratives in the four Gospels| url = https://archive.org/details/deathofmessiahvo00raym| year = 1994| publisher = Doubleday| location = New York: Doubleday, Anchor Bible Reference Library| isbn = 978-0-385-19397-9| page = [https://archive.org/details/deathofmessiahvo00raym/page/964 964]}}</ref><ref>Cohen (1987). pp. 78, 93, 105, 108.</ref><ref>Crossan. pp. xi—xiii.</ref><ref>Grant, Michael. pp. 34–35, 78, 166, 200.</ref><ref>Meier, John P. (1993). 1:68, 146, 199, 278, 386, 2:726. Sanders. pp. 12–13.</ref> Jesus taught that each person should show [[love]] and [[forgiveness]] towards others, and should be humble about their own moral goodness. He talked many times about the kingdom of [[God]], and told others "The kingdom of God has come near."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+1:15&version=NIV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Mark 1:15 - New International Version|website=Bible Gateway|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref> He said that one must be mild, like a child, and never boast. He taught that anyone who ignored God did not deserve his blessing, but that God would forgive them if they repented. Jesus opposed the Jewish priests and other religious leaders because they used religion to boast. These Jewish leaders disliked Jesus because he called himself the awaited Messiah. Jesus accused them of teaching, but not following the [[Mosaic Law|law of Moses]].<ref> Matthew 23:1-3 </ref> Jesus was put on trial and convicted to death by the Jewish leaders,<ref>Sanders 1993, p. 12.</ref> then sent to his execution on a [[cross]] by Roman authorities.<ref>Levine 2006, p. 4.</ref> Many different people have written stories about the life of Jesus. The best known of these stories make up the [[Gospel]]s, which form the beginning of the [[New Testament]] of the [[Bible]]. The word "gospel" means "good news". The Gospels tell a few stories about Jesus's [[Nativity of Jesus|birth]] and hidden early life, but mostly they discuss his public life: his [[teaching]]s, [[Ministry of Jesus|ministry]], [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]], [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]], and the [[Miracles of Jesus|miracles attributed to him]]. Several Jewish and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[historian]]s — including [[Flavius Josephus]], [[Tacitus]],<ref group="note">Tacitus tells about the death of Jesus in his Annales: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+15.44 ''Perseus''-Project: Annales 15,44] In the passage, Tacitus talks about the burning of Rome, which [[Nero]] attributed to the Christians (or Chrestians): ''Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular''. </ref> [[Pliny the Younger]], and [[Suetonius]] — include Jesus in their writings. They do not address Jesus's life; they tell of his execution or describe conflicts between his followers and the Roman government. [[Manichaeism|Manichaeans]], [[Gnosticism|Gnostics]], [[Islam|Muslims]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]], and others have found prominent places for Jesus in their religions.<ref>{{cite book| last = BOCKMUEHL| first = ed| title = The Cambridge Companion to Jesus| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&pg=PA156| year = 2001| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-79678-1| pages = 156–57 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Evans| first = C. Stephen| title = The historical Christ and the Jesus of faith| url = https://archive.org/details/historicalchrist0000evan| year = 1996| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-152042-6| page = v }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Delbert| first = Burkett| title = The Blackwell Companion to Jesus| year = 2010| publisher = John Wiley & Sons| isbn = 978-1-4443-5175-0| page = 1 }}</ref> Islam teaches that [[Isa Masih|Jesus]] was a Muslim and a [[Prophets of Islam|human prophet]].<ref>"When Jesus found unbelief on their part He said: Who will be My helpers to(the work of) Allah? said the disciples;"We are Allah's helpers We believe in Allah and do thou bear witness that we are Muslims". Surah 3 al Imran, verse 52</ref> Bahá'í teachings consider Jesus to be a "manifestation of God", a Bahá'í concept for prophets.<ref name="stockman">{{cite journal | title = Jesus Christ in the Bahá'í Writings | first = Robert | last = Stockman | journal = Bahá'í Studies Review | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | year = 1992 | url = http://bahai-library.com/stockman_jesus_bahai_writings}}</ref> Some [[Hinduism|Hindus]] believe that Jesus was an [[avatar]] or a [[sadhu]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/beliefs/jesus_1.shtml | title=Jesus in Hinduism | publisher=BBC | date=March 24, 2009 |first=Shaunaka |last=Rishi Das}}</ref> Some [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], including [[14th Dalai Lama|Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama]], regard Jesus as a [[bodhisattva]] who dedicated his life to the welfare of people.<ref>{{cite web|last=Beverley|first=James A.|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/june11/15.64.html?paging=off|title=Hollywood's Idol|publisher=Christianity Today|date=June 11, 2011|access-date=October 6, 2018|archive-date=March 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329222548/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/june11/15.64.html?paging=off|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Gregorian calendar]] is based on the conventional birth date attributed to Jesus Christ, the [[year zero]]. ==Name== The name ''Jesus'' came from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''Iesous'', from [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''Yeshua,'' meaning "[[YHWH|Yahweh]] is [[Salvation (Christianity)|salvation]] (or deliverance)" in [[English language|English]], was a popular name at the time. Jesus is often called "Jesus Christ" or "Christ". The word ''Christ'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''christos'' and means "the one marked on the head with oil" or "the [[Anointing|anointed]] one". In Jesus' country, anointing a person showed that they were chosen to be a [[king]] or a leader. "The Messiah," another name for Jesus, comes from the Hebrew term ''Mashiakh'' and also means "the anointed one".<ref>{{cite book| title = GCSE Religious Studies: Complete Revision and Practice| url = https://archive.org/details/gcsereligiousstu0000pars| date = 2009| publisher = Coordination Group Publications| isbn = 978-1-84762-406-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/gcsereligiousstu0000pars/page/105 105] }}</ref> ==Life according to the Gospels==<!---Do NOT shorten this heading---> ===Birth=== [[File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -18- - Adoration of the Magi.jpg|thumb|250px|Matthew tells that wise men from the East came to bring precious gifts to the baby Jesus (painted by [[Giotto]] in 1300).]] The [[Gospel of Matthew|Gospels of Matthew]] and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] say that Jesus's mother, Mary, and the man she was [[Arranged marriage|promised to]], [[Joseph (Hebrew Bible)|Joseph]], knew that Jesus was going to be the ''Messiah'' or King that ancient Jewish texts promised to the Jewish people.<ref>Matthew 1:18-23</ref><ref>Luke 1:26-38</ref><ref>Luke 1:41-45</ref> Luke's Gospel tells most of the story: When Jesus was born, the [[Roman Empire]] ruled most of the [[Middle East]]. Luke writes that the Roman government required everyone to go back to their birthplaces in order to collect their names so they could be taxed. Joseph came from the small town of [[Bethlehem]], near [[Jerusalem]], so even though Mary was close to giving birth to her baby, they had to travel, along with thousands of other people.<ref>Luke 2:1-5</ref> When they got to Bethlehem, every room was full. One innkeeper allowed them to stay in the inn's [[stable]]. There, Mary gave birth to Jesus. The baby was placed in a box where animal feed was placed. [[Shepherd]]s who were minding their sheep on the hillside came in to see the baby, and went away singing thanks to God for the newborn king.<ref>Luke 2:7-20</ref> The Gospel of Matthew says that [[Magi|wise men]] from a faraway country saw a new [[Star of Bethlehem|star in the sky]] which told them that Jesus had been born. They traveled to find the young Jesus because they knew that the Messiah was going to be born under a star, and that the star was a sign that Jesus was born to be a king. They brought Jesus gifts of [[gold]], [[frankincense]], and [[myrrh]].<ref>Matthew 2:1-11</ref> Eight days after his birth, Jesus was [[circumcised]] and given his name.<ref>Luke 2:21</ref> Most Christians celebrate the day Jesus was born on [[Christmas]]. The Gospels do not say what day Jesus was born, but the date of December 25 was eventually chosen because there was already a [[Saturnalia|Roman holiday on that day]].<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Ehorn| first1 = Lee Ellen| last2 = Hewlett| first2 = Shirely J.| last3 = Hewlett| first3 = Dale M.| title = December Holiday Customs| date = September 1, 1995| publisher = Lorenz Educational Press| isbn = 978-1-4291-0896-6| page = 1 }}</ref> === Ministry === According to the Gospels, [[John the Baptist]] knew that Jesus had been born and baptized him in the Jordan River. During the baptism, the Spirit of God, like a [[dove]], came down upon Jesus, and the voice of God was heard. According to the Bible, the Spirit led Jesus into the desert where he [[wikt:fast|fasted]] for 40 days. There, he resisted the Devil's temptations. Then Jesus went into Galilee, settled in Capernaum, and began to preach about the Kingdom of God. He was about 30 years old. Jesus taught mainly by telling stories. He taught that [[God]] alone was the true king, and that people should love God and love each other as the [[Old Testament|scriptures]] told them to do. And he taught his followers [[Lord's Prayer|how to pray]]. Jesus performed [[miracle]]s that were signs of God's power, such as giving hungry people food and [[wine]], healing sick people, and making dead people [[life|alive]] again. He also set people free from evil spirits. [[File:Giotto Scrovegni 26 entry into Jerusalem detail.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Jesus riding into [[Jerusalem]] is greeted by crowds of people who use their cloaks and branches to make a carpet for him (painted by Giotto, 1300).]] Jesus gathered together twelve men, known as the ''[[Twelve Apostles]]'', whom he chose and trained to spread his message. He had many other disciples, including many women, but because of Jewish customs, the women disciples could not travel to distant places on their own as teachers. The Bible says Jesus became famous. He went to [[Jerusalem]], where many were visiting the city for [[Passover]]. When they heard that he was coming, they greeted him as if he was a king. They thought he would free them from the Roman rule, but Jesus rode into Jerusalem on a donkey, as a sign that he came in peace. Jesus did certain things which upset the Jewish religious leaders. They thought he showed disrespect for customs that the Jews had kept for many centuries. For example, Jews did no work at all on the 7th day of the week, the ''[[Shabbat|Sabbath]]'', because it was a holy day. In John's Gospel, chapter 5, there is the story of Jesus healing a crippled man. Jesus saw a man lying on a [[mattress]]. He healed the man, and told him to pick up the mattress and go home. Carrying the mattress on the Sabbath was against religious custom, so the religious leaders argued with Jesus about it. They then watched everything he did, and remembered all the things that were against the religious customs. In Mark's Gospel, chapter 11, it says that when Jesus arrived in Jerusalem, he went to the Jewish [[Temple]]. He became angry at what he saw. There were people selling things there, and money lenders who were cheating poor people. Jesus chased away all the people who were selling things. He said the chief priests and scribes had turned the temple into a den of thieves because they were making money from the poor and taking away homes from poor women who had no other way to pay for the temple worship.<ref>Mark 11:17,18 and Mark 12:40</ref> === Death === The Gospels say that the temple leaders were angry and wanted to kill him. They told the Roman [[government]] that Jesus' followers wanted him to become the [[king]] of the country and take it over. The gospels say the Roman [[governor]] thought that Jesus should be set free, but that the Jewish leaders said, "If you do that, then you are not the friend of [[Augustus|Caesar]]!" (Caesar was the Roman ruler.) The Governor sentenced him to death because his followers had claimed he was king. The Roman soldiers killed Jesus by [[crucifixion]]. He was nailed up to a high [[Christian cross|cross]] by his hands and feet. This was a common way for the [[Ancient Romans|Romans]] to kill rebels and criminals. Jesus' body was buried in a [[tomb]] which belonged to one of his followers. On the day after the Sabbath, early in the morning, women went to treat the body with [[spice]] and [[perfume]]d oil. But the Gospels say that the body of Jesus was gone, and that he was seen alive afterwards. This is called the [[Resurrection]]. Some people, like the disciple [[Thomas the Apostle|Thomas]], said, "I'm not going to believe this, until I have seen it with my own eyes!" But the Bible says that more than 500 people, including Thomas, saw Jesus alive again. There are many stories in the Gospels about what Jesus did after he was resurrected. Finally, the [[Gospel of Luke]] says that Jesus took his disciples to a hill, where he blessed them and told them to spread his teaching through all the world, and that then clouds came down, and he was lifted up to [[Heaven]]. Most Christians celebrate the time that the Gospels say he died and was raised from the dead as the holiday of [[Easter]].<ref group="note">Easter is not held on the same date every year, because Jesus' death is always remembered on a Friday called "[[Good Friday]]". Easter is celebrated the first Sunday following the first full moon after the Spring [[Equinox]]. This means it can be celebrated in March or April. Western churches, like the [[Roman Catholic Church]], use the [[Gregorian calendar]] and [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern churches]], like the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], use the [[Julian calendar]]. Because of this, the date of Easter celebrations is different for these two types of churches even though the way they calculate the date is the same.</ref> == Christian beliefs about Jesus and his teaching == The Christian Church is founded on Jesus. The things that Christians believe about Jesus are based on the four Gospels of the Bible, and on letters or "Epistles" that were written in the 1st century, explaining Jesus' teachings to his followers. Jesus did not write these letters. They were mainly written by a Jewish man named Paul. At first he tried to stop Christianity from spreading. Then he became a Christian himself and was an important leader. As Christian churches started in different towns and countries, Paul wrote letters to them. A lot of the ideas that Christians believe are written in Paul's letters. There is also lots of instruction for running churches and families. There are other letters in the New Testament by other writers including Peter, James, and John. These letters all help to build the beliefs that modern Christians have. '''See section''': [[#Other views about Jesus|Other views about Jesus]] === Jesus as God === [[File:Christ pantocrator daphne1090-1100.jpg|thumb|This [[mosaic]] from 1100, [[Athens]], shows Jesus as Judge of the Earth.]] Whether or not Jesus is [[God]] has been argued about for a long time. Christians, including those from Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant [[Christian denomination|denominations]], believe Jesus was both God and man. Jesus is described in different parts of the New Testament as being "the Word of God", "the Son of God", "the Son of Man", and God himself. These teachings, which are believed by most Christians, are not believed by many other people. The Islamic teaching is that Jesus was a [[prophet]], but he was not part of God or the "Son of God". In Jesus' own time, many Jews became very angry at Jesus for saying that he was the "Son of God" and also because his followers said he was the "Messiah". Most Jews do not believe this. These Bible verses tell the Christian teaching that Jesus is God: :''"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God."'' John 1:1-2, ESV :''"And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth."'' John 1:14, ESV : :''"''I and the Father are one.''"'' John 10:30, ESV :''"To them belong the patriarchs, and from their race, according to the flesh, is the Christ, who is God over all, blessed forever. Amen."'' Romans 9:5, ESV :''"waiting for our blessed hope, the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ."'' Titus 2:13, ESV :''"For in him the whole fullness of deity dwells bodily."'' Colossians 2:9, ESV Jesus is also referred to as "the Son of God". :''"''And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth.''"'' John 1:14, ESV :''"but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed the heir of all things, through whom also he created the world. 3 He is the radiance of the glory of God and the exact imprint of his nature, and he upholds the universe by the word of his power. After making purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high,"'' Hebrews 1:2-3, ESV :''"And we know that the Son of God has come and has given us understanding, so that we may know him who is true; and we are in him who is true, in his Son Jesus Christ. He is the true God and eternal life."'' 1 John 5:20, ESV. This letter is thought to be by the same John that wrote ''John's Gospel''. Many Christians believe that these verses say Jesus is God. All Christians believe that Jesus' death on the cross allows all people to be forgiven by God for their sins (bad things they have done). Most Christians believe that if a person asks God to forgive them He will do so, and they will get to live forever with him in Heaven.<ref name="religioustolerance1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_savj2.htm |title=SALVATION: WHAT DID THE GOSPEL WRITERS AND PAUL SAY? |access-date=2008-04-25 |archive-date=2008-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015132553/http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_savj2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === God in human form === [[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 048.jpg|thumb|Jesus painted by [[Rembrandt]], Dutch, 1600s. Rembrandt used a Jewish man as his model.]] Many Christians believe that, by the teaching of the Bible, Jesus was not only truly God but also truly human and that this was part of God's plan to bring humans closer to understanding him. People who do not have Christian beliefs, have different ideas about Jesus.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.religionfacts.com/jesus/religious_views.htm |title=Comparison Chart: Religious Views of Jesus |first= |last= |work=religionfacts.com |year=2014 |accessdate=12 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.vatican.va/jubilee_2000/magazine/documents/ju_mag_01031997_p-29_en.html|title=Christ and the other religions|first= Michael | last=Fitzgerald|work=Commission for Interreligious Dialogue|year=2014|accessdate=12 July 2014}}</ref> Verses from the Bible:- :''"''And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us''."'' John, 1:14 In ''Matthew's Gospel'', Jesus is often called "the Son of Man". Matthew has borrowed these words from the [[Old Testament]] where they are often used to show that humankind is very far from God. In the Bible, God is often praised and thanked for helping ordinary humans, who are called "the sons of man". In Psalm 8, the writer, King David, asks God ''"what is man that you are mindful of him, and the son of man that you care for him?"''<ref group="note">Paraphrased</ref> In Matthew's Gospel, 24:30 Jesus says ''"Then will appear in heaven the sign of the Son of Man, and then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of heaven with power and great glory."'' Like King David, in Psalm 8, Jesus is making a difference between his ordinary human life and his great power as the ''Son of God''. === "The Good Shepherd" === One of the best-loved parts of the [[Old Testament]] is a song called Psalm 23. It starts: :''"The [[YHWH|LORD]] is my shepherd; I shall not want. He makes me lie down in green pastures. He leads me beside still waters."''<ref group="note">This is one of many songs or "psalms" are believed to have been written by David, a shepherd boy who became the King of Israel and was a great musician. Matthew's Gospel shows that Jesus' father was the direct descendant of King David.</ref> In the Gospels, Jesus often spoke about himself as being like a shepherd, caring for sheep. He called himself the "Good Shepherd" who would even give his own life, to protect his sheep. He told the Jewish people, referring to non-Jewish or ''Gentile'' believers, that he had "other sheep" that do not belong to this flock. (John, 21:16). In one of his last conversations with his disciple Peter, he told him, ''"Feed my sheep!"'', in other words ''"Take care of my people."''. === "The Holy Saviour" === In [[Judaism]], from ancient times, people are seen as [[sin]]ful or bad. They need to be forgiven by God. They believed that there were two ways to get God's forgiveness, by [[prayer]] and by [[:wikt:sacrifice|sacrifice]]. Prayer could be done anywhere, but sacrifices were done at the temple. A person would bring an animal, often a lamb, or if they were poor, a [[dove]]. They would put their hands on the animal to lay their sins on it. Then the animal would be killed, as a punishment for the sin. This type of sacrifice continued until the temple in Jerusalem was destroyed in 71&nbsp;AD. Paying money to the temple was also a sort of sacrifice. When Jesus drove the traders out of the temple, they were the people who sold lambs and doves, and the people who exchanged Roman money into special temple money. [[File:Torso stgeorg detail.jpg|thumb|A broken statue of Jesus crucified, from [[Germany]] about 1000&nbsp;AD]] Part of Christian belief is that Jesus Christ did not just come as a human person so that he could teach a better way of life. Christians also believe that Jesus was the ''ultimate'' sacrifice for the sin of humankind, that Jesus is the "Saviour": the one who is here to [[Salvation (Christianity)|save]]. Christians believe that, unlike ordinary people, Jesus was completely pure and free from sin, but that when he died on the cross, he took on himself all the sins of every person who would believe in him, like the lamb sacrificed in the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_savj3.htm |title=Religious Tolerance- ''Salvation'' |access-date=2008-04-25 |archive-date=2008-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120034948/http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_savj3.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Based on John's Gospel, Christian teaching is that the death and resurrection of Jesus are the sign of his power to forgive the sins of any person who turns to him and truly asks for forgiveness.<ref name="religioustolerance1"/> The Bible says that sinners who are forgiven should try to live a ''new life'' and not go back to their sinful behaviour. Christians believe that knowing about God's love helps people to live a new and better life. These are three verses from the Bible that are important in this Christian belief: ''"For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life." [[John 3:16]].'' ''Jesus said to him, “I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me."'' ''[[John 14#Verse 6|John 14:6]]''. ''"If we say we have no sins, we are fooling ourselves and not telling the truth. But if we tell our sins humbly to God, then He has promised to listen and to forgive our sins and make us clean from all our badness."'' from the [[First Epistle of John|First Letter of John]]. ==Relics associated with Jesus== <gallery heights="200" caption="Relics associated with Jesus"> File:Vatican Veil of Veronica.jpg|The Vatican Sudarium of Saint Veronica File:Claude Mellan - Face of Christ - WGA14764.jpg|''Sudarium of Saint Veronica'' by Claude Mellan (1649) File:Turin shroud positive and negative displaying original color information 708 x 465 pixels 94 KB.jpg|The Shroud of Turin: modern photo of the face, positive (left), and digitally processed image (right) File:Shroudofturin.jpg|Full-length image of the Turin Shroud before the [[Conservation-restoration]] of the Shroud of Turin File:Chapelle du Saint Sepulchre - Bruyn Cornelis De - 1714.jpg|Tomb of Jesus in Holy Sepulchre church File:Weltliche Schatzkammer Wien (180)-3-2.jpg|Holy Lance displayed in the [[Imperial Treasury (Vienna)|Imperial Treasury]] at the [[Hofburg Palace]] in Vienna, Austria </gallery> == Other views about Jesus == === Jesus as a teacher === Some people who are not Christians believe that Jesus lived at the time that the Gospels say, but do not believe that Jesus was the "Son of God" or "Savior". They believe that Jesus was an ordinary, but very good person, a teacher, or a [[prophet]]. [[Mohandas Gandhi]] said, "I am a Muslim, and a Hindu, and a Christian, and a Jew," even though he was born a [[Jainism|Jain]]. === Muslim beliefs about Jesus === Muslims believe [[Isa Masih|Jesus]] was the second-to-last Prophet (messenger of God). They call Him "Isa", the Arabic name for Jesus. They believe that [[Muhammad]] was the very last Prophet. They believe that both Jesus and Muhammad were ordinary men, chosen by God to be his servant and teach the word of Islam. Muslims do not believe that Jesus was God or "the Son of God". Islam is strictly [[monotheism|monotheistic]]: it says that there is only one God. Muslims believe that Jesus cannot be part of God, because there is only one God. If someone other than God is worshiped, it is thought to be [[polytheism]] (belief in more than one God). It is also thought to be [[idolatry]]: idolizing someone other than God. Islam teaches that Jesus did not die on the cross, but another man disguised as him went on the cross for Isa ([[Qur'an]] 4:157).<ref>{{cite web|title=Quran translation Comparison {{!}} Al-Quran Surah 4. An-Nisaa, Ayah 157 {{!}} Alim|url=http://www.alim.org/library/quran/ayah/compare/4/157|access-date=2020-12-14|website=www.alim.org|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026192435/http://www.alim.org/library/quran/ayah/compare/4/157|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is very different from Christianity. Jesus' death is a very important part of the Christian belief about salvation. Muslims always say "peace be upon him" after saying Jesus' name as a sign of respect in short and Arabic a.s. Muslims also accept some other teachings about Jesus. These teachings say that Jesus will return to the earth in the End Of Days; he will then destroy the false messiah or [[Anti-christ]] before the day of judgment. Muslims also accept Jesus' claims to be a healer. They believe in the many miracles he is said to have performed, like raising the dead to life and giving sight to the blind. They believe that all his miracles were granted to him from God. The [[Qur'an]] (like the [[Bible]]), mentions the [[virgin birth of Jesus]] but then it says other things about Mary (Islamic-Maryam). The Bible says that Joseph helped Mary give birth to Jesus, but in Islam there is no Joseph. Instead, Mary walked the desert alone in labor and found a tree. The angel [[Gabriel]] (Jibril) asked if she was hungry, then told her to shake the tree and dates fell for her to eat. Then he asked if she was thirsty, and he said look down at your feet and there was water and there she gave birth to Jesus. (Qur'an 19) This is why Muslims [[fasting|fast]] and how they break their fast. Mary knew she had to go back to her town and when she did, with Jesus in her arms, the people were shouting at her for [[adultery]]. Mary wanted to explain herself, but the Angel told her not to speak. === Jewish beliefs about Jesus === Even though Jesus was a Jew, and his teaching came out of the Jewish religion, most Jewish people do not believe that Jesus was the ''Messiah'' that is promised in the [[Old Testament|Jewish Scriptures]]. In the Gospels, it tells that Jesus made the Jewish teachers very angry with his teachings. It says that part of their anger was because he told them they were "hypocrites" which means that they externally made themselves appear to be living a holy life, but internally their hearts were far from God's. In the Gospels, the other reason that they became angry was that Jesus acted as if he was the ''Messiah'', and said he was the "Son of God". This meant that he was either a terrible liar, that he was mad and just imagined it, or that it was true. But Jesus did not seem to be mad. So that left only two choices. If Jesus was lying, then he was doing something badly against the Jewish religion. It was because of the claims that Jesus was the "Son of God" that some of the Jewish leaders wanted him killed and they handed him to the Roman rulers. The Romans did not care if Jesus said something that was against the Jewish beliefs. But they knew that people had also said that Jesus was "King of the Jews". The Jewish leaders claimed this was against the Roman Government's laws. Although the Roman leaders did not agree, they had him killed to prevent a possible riot. Although, today and through history, most Jews do not believe what Christians say about Jesus, there are some Jews who do believe that Jesus was the ''Messiah'' promised in the Jewish Scriptures. Jews who believe this are called Jewish Christians. == How the Gospels were written == Nearly all modern scholars, both Christian and non-Christian, agree that Jesus was a real person. Both Christian and non-Christian scholars base their studies of him on the Gospels. They are believed to have been written between 60-90&nbsp;AD.<ref>[http://www.markdroberts.com/htmfiles/resources/gospelsreliable.htm Mark D. Roberts, ''Are the New Testament Gospels Reliable?'']</ref> By tradition, ''the Gospels'' were written by four men, [[Saint Matthew|Matthew]], [[Saint Mark|Mark]], [[Saint Luke|Luke]] and [[John the Apostle|John]] who gave their names to these books. This is the order in which they are arranged in the New Testament of the Bible, but scholars think that it is not the order in which they were written. ''The Gospel of Mark'' was probably written before ''the Gospel of Matthew''. The four Gospels all tell the story of the Life of Jesus, but they do it from four different points of view, because they were written by different people and each writer had reasons to tell it in a different way. Other scholars have said that leaders in the Early Christian Church made changes to the Gospel writings. These changes are said to have happened at different times, in different ways and for different reasons. For example, one story was left out of many old versions of the Gospels. It is about Jesus rescuing a woman who had committed [[adultery]] (had sex outside marriage) and was about to be killed. [[St. Augustine of Hippo]], (354-430&nbsp;AD) wrote that this was probably left out because some church leaders thought the story might cause people to act in a sinful way.<ref>Augustine, ''De Adulterinis Conjugiis 2:6–7'', Cited in Wieland Willker, ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels, Vol. 4b, p. 10.''</ref> This story is in all modern Bibles and is thought to contain very important teaching for Christians.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/Manuscript-History-and-John |title=Manuscript History and John 8:1-8:11 |access-date=2022-11-18 |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118131024/https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/Manuscript-History-and-John |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other differences that can be found in versions of the Gospels are mostly small and do not make a difference to what is known about the life of Jesus and his teaching.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.biblegateway.com/resources/encyclopedia-of-the-bible/Text-Manuscripts-New-Testament | title=Text and Manuscripts of the New Testament - Encyclopedia of the Bible - Bible Gateway }}</ref> [[File:The Good Shepherd, Priscilla Catacomb,from the 1903 book Die Malereien der Katakomben Roms (Tafeln) by Wilpert, Joseph.jpg|thumb|left|3rd century A.D. Catacomb painting of Jesus as the "Good Shepherd"]] [[File:Christ with beard.jpg|thumb|left|Dating from 4th century Rome, this is the oldest known picture of Jesus showing him as a bearded semitic man, rather than a shaved, short-haired Roman.]] === About Mark === {{See also|Gospel of Mark}} Mark's Gospel, which is thought by many biblical scholars to be the earliest, has the name of a young disciple of the apostle Paul who is mentioned several times in the [[Acts of the Apostles]] and Paul's Letters. The Gospel was probably written in [[Rome]] and is thought by scholars to be from the memories of Jesus' follower or ''disciple'', [[Saint Peter|Peter]].<ref name="JPH">James Patrick Holding, ''The New Testament- Gospel Dates, Gospel Authors, Gospel Freedoms'',[http://tektonics.org/ntdocdef/gospdefhub.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814064916/http://tektonics.org/ntdocdef/gospdefhub.html|date=2007-08-14}}</ref> It does not tell about Jesus' birth; it starts when he was 30 years old, at the time when the disciples got to know him. It shows Jesus as a man of action: going around the country, teaching and healing people. === About Matthew === {{See also|Gospel of Matthew}} Matthew's Gospel was written next. Matthew was one of Jesus' disciples. He was a Jewish man that was hated by other Jews because he worked for the Roman rulers as a [[tax]] collector. Matthew tells that one day Jesus saw him sitting at his desk in the [[market place]] and said "Follow me".<ref name="JPH"/> Most Biblical scholars believe that Matthew had read Mark's Gospel and decided to fill in some things that Mark left out, because, while Mark wrote his Gospel for the Church of Rome, Matthew wanted to write for Jewish Christians all over the Roman Empire.<ref name="JPH"/> Matthew was a well-educated Jew, so he knew the Jewish Scriptures, (which Christians also use and call the Old Testament of the Bible). Matthew knew the scripture teachings that the Messiah, or God's anointed one would come. In his Gospel, he often mentions these teachings. He also starts off by giving a list of Jesus' ancestors because this was important to Jewish readers. === About Luke === {{See also|Gospel of Luke}} [[File:Nuestra_Señora_de_Czestochowa.jpg|thumb|220px|Black Madonna of Czestochowa with Jesus as a child]] [[File:Icon 01011 Bogorodica Kazanskaya.jpg|thumb|220px|Jesus as a child, with his mother, Mary. This picture is called "Theotokos of Kazan".]] The apostle Luke was Greek and a friend of the apostle [[Saint Paul|Paul]]. He was a doctor. Luke came to know about Jesus from the ''disciples''. Luke writes about the birth and the childhood of Jesus and he says, "Mary kept all these things in her heart and thought about them."<ref name="JPH"/> Luke was not a Jew, and he writes in a way that is easy for other people who are not Jews to understand. He explains Jewish customs and laws. He wrote a second book called the ''[[Acts of the Apostles]]'' which tells what the disciples did after Jesus had left them. === About John === {{See also|Gospel of John}} It is believed by scholars of the Bible that John was a ''disciple'' of Jesus and was probably the youngest of the twelve men who were Jesus' main followers.<ref name="JPH"/> He lived to be an old man and, because of his teaching about Jesus, he was sent to a small island, called [[Patmos]]. John writes with one particular idea in mind. He wants to prove to the reader that Jesus is God's way of saving humans from the terrible problem of [[sin]] or ''evil''. John starts by telling the reader that Jesus was and is God. John says that Jesus is God's ''Living [[Communication]]'' (or ''Living Word''). Every part of ''John's Gospel'' is written to show that Jesus came from God, taught the ''Message of God'' and is the way for people to understand ''God's Love''.<ref name="religioustolerance1"/> == Teaching with stories == {{main|Parables of Jesus}} The Gospels tell many of the stories that Jesus told when he was teaching people about the way that God loved them and the way they should live. These are called parables. They include the following: [[File:Johns 10.JPG|thumb|417x417px|A church window with the story of The Good Samaritan]] === The Good Samaritan === {{main|Parable of the Good Samaritan}} In this story from chapter 10 of [[Gospel of Luke|Luke's Gospel]], Jesus shows what it means to be a good neighbour. Near the Jews lived the people called [[Samaritan]]s. They did not agree with each other about religious teaching and were considered enemies. One day, a Jewish man was walking, when some robbers beat him up, robbed him, and left him naked and almost dead, by the road. A Jewish priest came along and saw him. He thought, "If I touch that naked bleeding man, I will be unclean and I will not be able to go to the Temple!" So, he pretended that he had not seen him. Another Jew, a Holy Man, came along and acted in the same way. At last, a Samaritan came along with a donkey. When he saw the wounded man, he stopped. He washed his wounds with wine and olive oil. Then he put him on his donkey and took him to the nearest inn. He paid the innkeeper and said, "Keep him until he is well, and whatever is owed, I will pay when I come back this way." Jesus said to the people who were listening "Which one of these people acted like a good neighbour?" They said, "He that stopped and helped." Jesus said, "You go and act the same way." === The Prodigal Son === {{main|Parable of the Prodigal Son}} Jesus told listeners that a sinner who changes his mind makes angels face joy. In the last story of chapter 15 of [[Gospel of Luke|Luke's Gospel]], Jesus tells how a rich man had two sons. They would both get a share of his money when he died, but he was still alive. The younger son said, "Father, give me my money now, so I can go and enjoy myself, while I'm young." He took the money to another place and wasted it on pleasure. Soon he had none left to feed himself and was ashamed. He got a job caring for pigs, an unholy meat to eat, just keep himself from starving. He said to himself, "I'll go home to my father, and I will say, 'Father, I have sinned! Please let me be a servant in your house!'" When his father saw him coming, he ran along the road to put his arms around his son. The father said, "Bring the finest clothes! Kill the fattest calf to make a feast!" When the elder brother heard about the feast, he was angry and said, "I'm a good son to you, but you never even gave me one little calf to have a feast with my friends!" The father said, "You have always been with me. I love you greatly, and all I have is yours, but my son who was lost is now found! Your brother who seemed to be dead is alive! Be happy with me!" ==Related pages== * [[Atonement]] * [[Bible]] * [[Christ]] * [[Crucifixion of Jesus]] * [[God in Christianity]] * [[Holy Spirit]] * [[Incarnation (Christianity)]] * [[Justification (theology)]] * [[Messiah]] * [[New Testament]] * [[Reconciliation]] * [[Resurrection of Jesus]] * [[Salvation (Christianity)]] * [[Second Coming]] * [[Sin]] * [[Trinity]] * [[Virgin birth of Jesus]] * [[Religion]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} {{Reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} <references /> ==Further reading== {{multicol}} * {{cite book| last = Allison| first = Dale C.| title = Jesus of Nazareth: Jesus Tradition and the Jesus of History: How to Find a Millenarian Prophet| url = https://archive.org/details/jesusofnazarethm00alli| year = 1998| isbn = 978-0-8006-3144-4 }} * {{cite book| last = Brown| first = Raymond Edward| title = An Introduction to the New Testament| url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontone0000raym| year = 1997| publisher = Anchor Bible }} * {{cite book| last = Cohen| first = Shaye J.D.| title = From the Maccabees to the Mishnah| year = 1987| publisher = Westminster John Knox Press }} * {{cite book| last = Cohen| first = Shaye J.D.| title = The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties| url = https://archive.org/details/beginningsofjewi0000shay| year = 2001| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 0-520-22693-3 }} * Crossan, John Dominic. * {{cite book| last = Crossan| first = John Dominic| title = The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasa| url = https://archive.org/details/historicaljesusl00cros| year = 1993| publisher = HarperOne| isbn = 978-0-06-061629-8 }} * {{cite book| last = Crossan| first = John Dominic| title = Who Killed Jesus?: Exposing the Roots of Anti-semitism in the Gospel Story of the Death of Jesus| url = https://archive.org/details/whokilledjesus00john| year = 1995| publisher = HarperCollins Publishers| isbn = 978-0-06-061671-7 }} * {{cite book| last = Davenport| first = Guy| title = The Logia of Yeshua: The Sayings of Jesus| year = 1998| publisher = Counterpoint| isbn = 978-1-887178-70-9 }} * {{cite book| author = Ignace de La Potterie| title = The Hour of Jesus: The Passion and the Resurrection of Jesus According to John| url = https://archive.org/details/hourofjesuspassi0000lapo| year = 1989| publisher = Saint Pauls/Alba House| isbn = 978-0-8189-0575-9 }} * {{cite book| last = Durant| first = Will| title = Caesar and Christ: A History of Roman Civilization and of Christianity from Their Beginnings to A.D. 325| url = https://archive.org/details/caesarchristthes03dura| year = 1972| publisher = Simon & Schuster| isbn = 978-0-671-11500-5 }} {{multicol-break}} * {{cite book| last = Ehrman| first = Bart D.| title = Lost Christianities:The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew| url = https://archive.org/details/lostchristianiti00ehrm| year = 2003| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 0-19-514183-0 }} * {{cite book| last = Ehrman| first = Bart D.| title = The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings| url = https://archive.org/details/newtestamenthist0000ehrm_g7n1| year = 2004| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 978-0-19-515462-7 }} * {{cite book| last = Fredriksen| first = Paula| title = Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews: A Jewish Life and the Emergence of Christianity| url = https://archive.org/details/jesusofnazarethk00paul_0| year = 2000| publisher = Vintage| isbn = 0-679-76746-0 }} * {{cite book| last = Fredriksen| first = Paula| title = From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Christ, Second Edition| year = 2000| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 0-300-08457-9 }} * {{cite book| last = Finegan| first = Jack| title = Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible| year = 1998| publisher = Hendrickson Publishing }} * {{cite book| last = Robinson| first = John A.T.| title = Redating the New Testament| year = 2000| publisher = Wipf and Stock Publishers| isbn = 1-57910-527-0 }} * {{cite book| last = Sanders| first = E.P.| title = The Historical Figure of Jesus| url = https://archive.org/details/historicalfigure0000sand| year = 1993| publisher = Viking Adult }} * {{cite book| last = Sanders| first = E.P.| title = Jesus and Judaism| url = https://archive.org/details/jesusjudaism0000sand| year = 1985| publisher = Augsburg Fortress Publishing| isbn = 978-0-8006-2061-5 }} * {{cite encyclopedia|title=Introduction|first=Amy-Jill |last=Levine|authorlink=Amy-Jill Levine|encyclopedia=The Historical Jesus in Context |editor-last1=Levine|editor-last2=Allison|editor-first3=John D.|editor-last3=Crossan|publisher=Princeton Univ Press| isbn= 978-0-691-00992-6|year=2006|editor1-first=Amy-Jill| editor2-first=Dale C.|editor2-link=Dale Allison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC&q=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Context}} * {{cite book| last1 = Theissen| first1 = Gerd| last2 = Merz| first2 = Annette| title = The historical Jesus : a comprehensive guide| url = https://archive.org/details/historicaljesusc0000thei| year = 1998| publisher = Fortress Press| location = Minneapolis| isbn = 978-0-8006-3122-2 }} {{multicol-end}} ==Other websites== {{Sister project links}} * {{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08374c.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jesus Christ |work=newadvent.org |accessdate=13 April 2010 }} * {{cite web|url=https://www.easyenglish.bible/bible-study/jesus-life/index.htm|title=Life of Jesus Christ|work=easyenglish.bible|accessdate=13 April 2010}} * [https://newmsgfromgod.blogspot.com/2018/12/the-meaning-of-christmas.html meaning of christmas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222082035/https://newmsgfromgod.blogspot.com/2018/12/the-meaning-of-christmas.html |date=2018-12-22 }} * [https://www.giftedchristian.com/ Christian Quotes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122021657/https://giftedchristian.com/ |date=2019-01-22 }} {{Christianityfooter}} {{New Testament people|collapsed}} {{Christmas}} {{Parables of Jesus}} {{Holy Week}} {{Easter}} [[Category:0s BC births]] [[Category:30s deaths]] [[Category:Ancient Israeli people]] [[Category:Carpenters]] [[Category:Christian religious leaders|*]] [[Category:Executed people]] [[Category:Jesus| ]] [[Category:New Testament people]] [[Category:People from Bethlehem]] [[Category:People from Nazareth]] [[Category:Creator gods and goddesses]] tb6huvqy6eplaa1vuqsj2o38fsh0jtv 10879410 10879409 2026-06-05T08:52:40Z ~2026-33376-99 1816723 10879410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{hatnote|"Christ" redirects here. For the messianic title, see [[Christ (title)]].}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}} {{Infobox person <!---- Note: Please do not expand this infobox. See the FAQ on the talk page. ----->| name = Jesus Christ of Nazareth | image = Spas vsederzhitel sinay.jpg | caption = {{longitem |The [[Christ Pantocrator (Sinai)|Christ Pantocrator]] of [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] at [[Mount Sinai]], 6th century AD}} | birth_date = {{circa}} [[Date of birth of Jesus|6 to 4 BC]]{{efn|[[John P. Meier]] writes that Jesus' birth year is {{c.|7 or 6&nbsp;BC}}.{{sfn|Meier|1991|p=407}}<!-- --> [[Karl Rahner]] states that the consensus among Christian scholars is {{c.|4 BC|lk=no}}.{{sfn|Rahner|2004|p=732}} <!-- -->[[E.&nbsp;P. Sanders]] also favours {{c.|4 BC|lk=no}} and refers to the general consensus.{{sfn|Sanders|1993|pp=10–11}} <!-- -->[[Jack Finegan]] uses the study of early Christian traditions to support {{c.|3 or 2&nbsp;BC|lk=no}}.<ref name=Finegan>{{harvnb|Finegan|1998|page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookbiblical00fine/page/n350 319]}}</ref> <!-- -->}} | birth_place = <!--Note: No scholarly consensus for any more precise a location than Judea:-->[[Herodian kingdom]], [[Roman Empire]]{{sfn|Brown|1977|p=513}} | death_date = AD 30 or 33 (aged 33 or 38) | death_place = [[Jerusalem]], [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaea]],<br/>[[Roman Empire]] | known_for = Central figure of Christianity<br>Major prophet [[Jesus in Islam|in Islam]] and [[Druze Faith]]<br>[[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestation of God]] in [[Baháʼí Faith]] | death_cause = <!---Note: No (further) comments required here; the scholarly consensus that the cause of Jesus' death was crucifixion is given in the article text:--->[[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]]<!-- -->{{efn|[[James Dunn (theologian)|James Dunn]] writes that the baptism and crucifixion of Jesus "command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus.{{sfn|Dunn|2003|p=339}} <!-- -->[[Bart Ehrman]] states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him.{{sfn|Ehrman|1999|p=101}} <!-- -->[[John Dominic Crossan]] and Richard G. Watts state that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be.{{sfn|Crossan|Watts|1999|p=96}} <!-- -->Paul R. Eddy and [[Greg Boyd (theologian)|Gregory A. Boyd]] say that non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus is now "firmly established".{{sfn|Eddy|Boyd|2007|p=173}} <!-- -->}} <!---- Note: Please do not expand this infobox. See the FAQ on the talk page. ----->| parents = <!--{{hlist}}, as footnote applies to -both- parents:-->{{hlist |[[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] |[[God]] |[[Saint Joseph|Joseph]] (Adoptive father){{efn|Traditionally, Christians believe that Mary conceived her son miraculously by the agency of the Holy Spirit. Muslims believe that she conceived her son miraculously by the command of God. Joseph was from these perspectives and according to the canonical gospels the acting adoptive father of Jesus.}}}} }} [[File:Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - The Last Supper (1495-1498).jpg|thumb|400px|This painting shows Jesus in the center at the [[The Last Supper|Last Supper]]. It was painted by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] between 1495 and 1498.]] '''Jesus''', also referred to as '''Jesus Christ''' or '''Jesus of Nazareth''', ({{circa|6 to 4 [[Before Christ|BC]]}}{{snd}}[[Anno Domini|AD]] 30 or 33) was a [[Jewish]] preacher and reformer of religion who is the central figure of [[Christianity]]. Christians try to follow the example of Jesus and accept his words (as written in the Bible) as the truth. In the Christian tradition he is believed to be the [[Jewish]] [[Messiah]] mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]]. He is one of the most famous, most recognized, and most influential persons in world history. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2521212/Wikipedias-10-significant-people-EVER.html|title=World's top ten most significant people EVER (according to Wikipedia)|date=10 December 2013|website=Mail Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetoptens.com/i/#jesus-christ-8937|title=Top Ten Lists at TheTopTens.com|website=www.thetoptens.com|access-date=2019-02-14|archive-date=2019-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108003554/https://www.thetoptens.com/i/#jesus-christ-8937|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://voice-wilderness.org/jesus-christ-the-most-famous-person-in-history/|title=Jesus Christ — the most famous Person in history - Voice in the Wilderness Ministries|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehistoryvault.co.uk/jesus-is-the-most-famous-person-in-history-followed-by-napoleon-and-then-muhammad/ |title=Jesus is the most famous person in history, followed by Napoleon and then Muhammad. &#124; the History Vault |access-date=2017-11-17 |archive-date=2016-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317193315/http://www.thehistoryvault.co.uk/jesus-is-the-most-famous-person-in-history-followed-by-napoleon-and-then-muhammad/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most [[historian]]s agree that Jesus was a real person: born in [[Bethlehem]], a town in what is now [[Israel]]. They also agree that Jesus was considered a [[teacher]] and a [[healing|healer]], and that he was [[baptism|baptized]] by [[John the Baptist]]. He was [[crucifixion|crucified]] in Jerusalem on the orders of [[Pontius Pilate]], and Christians believe that [[Resurrection of Jesus|he came back to life]] — "rose again" — three days later.<ref>{{cite book| last = Brown| first = Raymond E.| title = The death of the Messiah : from Gethsemane to the grave : a commentary on the Passion narratives in the four Gospels| url = https://archive.org/details/deathofmessiahvo00raym| year = 1994| publisher = Doubleday| location = New York: Doubleday, Anchor Bible Reference Library| isbn = 978-0-385-19397-9| page = [https://archive.org/details/deathofmessiahvo00raym/page/964 964]}}</ref><ref>Cohen (1987). pp. 78, 93, 105, 108.</ref><ref>Crossan. pp. xi—xiii.</ref><ref>Grant, Michael. pp. 34–35, 78, 166, 200.</ref><ref>Meier, John P. (1993). 1:68, 146, 199, 278, 386, 2:726. Sanders. pp. 12–13.</ref> Jesus taught that each person should show [[love]] and [[forgiveness]] towards others, and should be humble about their own moral goodness. He talked many times about the kingdom of [[God]], and told others "The kingdom of God has come near."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+1:15&version=NIV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Mark 1:15 - New International Version|website=Bible Gateway|access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref> He said that one must be mild, like a child, and never boast. He taught that anyone who ignored God did not deserve his blessing, but that God would forgive them if they repented. Jesus opposed the Jewish priests and other religious leaders because they used religion to boast. These Jewish leaders disliked Jesus because he called himself the awaited Messiah. Jesus accused them of teaching, but not following the [[Mosaic Law|law of Moses]].<ref> Matthew 23:1-3 </ref> Jesus was put on trial and convicted to death by the Jewish leaders,<ref>Sanders 1993, p. 12.</ref> then sent to his execution on a [[cross]] by Roman authorities.<ref>Levine 2006, p. 4.</ref> Many different people have written stories about the life of Jesus. The best known of these stories make up the [[Gospel]]s, which form the beginning of the [[New Testament]] of the [[Bible]]. The word "gospel" means "good news". The Gospels tell a few stories about Jesus's [[Nativity of Jesus|birth]] and hidden early life, but mostly they discuss his public life: his [[teaching]]s, [[Ministry of Jesus|ministry]], [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucifixion]], [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrection]], and the [[Miracles of Jesus|miracles attributed to him]]. Several Jewish and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[historian]]s — including [[Flavius Josephus]], [[Tacitus]],<ref group="note">Tacitus tells about the death of Jesus in his Annales: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Tac.+Ann.+15.44 ''Perseus''-Project: Annales 15,44] In the passage, Tacitus talks about the burning of Rome, which [[Nero]] attributed to the Christians (or Chrestians): ''Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular''. </ref> [[Pliny the Younger]], and [[Suetonius]] — include Jesus in their writings. They do not address Jesus's life; they tell of his execution or describe conflicts between his followers and the Roman government. [[Manichaeism|Manichaeans]], [[Gnosticism|Gnostics]], [[Islam|Muslims]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]], and others have found prominent places for Jesus in their religions.<ref>{{cite book| last = BOCKMUEHL| first = ed| title = The Cambridge Companion to Jesus| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vSehrtQpcYcC&pg=PA156| year = 2001| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-79678-1| pages = 156–57 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Evans| first = C. Stephen| title = The historical Christ and the Jesus of faith| url = https://archive.org/details/historicalchrist0000evan| year = 1996| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-152042-6| page = v }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Delbert| first = Burkett| title = The Blackwell Companion to Jesus| year = 2010| publisher = John Wiley & Sons| isbn = 978-1-4443-5175-0| page = 1 }}</ref> Islam teaches that [[Isa Masih|Jesus]] was a Muslim and a [[Prophets of Islam|human prophet]].<ref>"When Jesus found unbelief on their part He said: Who will be My helpers to(the work of) Allah? said the disciples;"We are Allah's helpers We believe in Allah and do thou bear witness that we are Muslims". Surah 3 al Imran, verse 52</ref> Bahá'í teachings consider Jesus to be a "manifestation of God", a Bahá'í concept for prophets.<ref name="stockman">{{cite journal | title = Jesus Christ in the Bahá'í Writings | first = Robert | last = Stockman | journal = Bahá'í Studies Review | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | year = 1992 | url = http://bahai-library.com/stockman_jesus_bahai_writings}}</ref> Some [[Hinduism|Hindus]] believe that Jesus was an [[avatar]] or a [[sadhu]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/beliefs/jesus_1.shtml | title=Jesus in Hinduism | publisher=BBC | date=March 24, 2009 |first=Shaunaka |last=Rishi Das}}</ref> Some [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], including [[14th Dalai Lama|Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama]], regard Jesus as a [[bodhisattva]] who dedicated his life to the welfare of people.<ref>{{cite web|last=Beverley|first=James A.|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/june11/15.64.html?paging=off|title=Hollywood's Idol|publisher=Christianity Today|date=June 11, 2011|access-date=October 6, 2018|archive-date=March 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329222548/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/june11/15.64.html?paging=off|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Gregorian calendar]] is based on the conventional birth date attributed to Jesus Christ, the [[year zero]]. ==Name== The name ''Jesus'' came from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''Iesous'', from [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ''Yeshua,'' meaning "[[YHWH|Yahweh]] is [[Salvation (Christianity)|salvation]] (or deliverance)" in [[English language|English]], was a popular name at the time. Jesus is often called "Jesus Christ" or "Christ". The word ''Christ'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''christos'' and means "the one marked on the head with oil" or "the [[Anointing|anointed]] one". In Jesus' country, anointing a person showed that they were chosen to be a [[king]] or a leader. "The Messiah," another name for Jesus, comes from the Hebrew term ''Mashiakh'' and also means "the anointed one".<ref>{{cite book| title = GCSE Religious Studies: Complete Revision and Practice| url = https://archive.org/details/gcsereligiousstu0000pars| date = 2009| publisher = Coordination Group Publications| isbn = 978-1-84762-406-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/gcsereligiousstu0000pars/page/105 105] }}</ref> ==Life according to the Gospels==<!---Do NOT shorten this heading---> ===Birth=== [[File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -18- - Adoration of the Magi.jpg|thumb|250px|Matthew tells that wise men from the East came to bring precious gifts to the baby Jesus (painted by [[Giotto]] in 1300).]] The [[Gospel of Matthew|Gospels of Matthew]] and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] say that Jesus's mother, Mary, and the man she was [[Arranged marriage|promised to]], [[Joseph (Hebrew Bible)|Joseph]], knew that Jesus was going to be the ''Messiah'' or King that ancient Jewish texts promised to the Jewish people.<ref>Matthew 1:18-23</ref><ref>Luke 1:26-38</ref><ref>Luke 1:41-45</ref> Luke's Gospel tells most of the story: When Jesus was born, the [[Roman Empire]] ruled most of the [[Middle East]]. Luke writes that the Roman government required everyone to go back to their birthplaces in order to collect their names so they could be taxed. Joseph came from the small town of [[Bethlehem]], near [[Jerusalem]], so even though Mary was close to giving birth to her baby, they had to travel, along with thousands of other people.<ref>Luke 2:1-5</ref> When they got to Bethlehem, every room was full. One innkeeper allowed them to stay in the inn's [[stable]]. There, Mary gave birth to Jesus. The baby was placed in a box where animal feed was placed. [[Shepherd]]s who were minding their sheep on the hillside came in to see the baby, and went away singing thanks to God for the newborn king.<ref>Luke 2:7-20</ref> The Gospel of Matthew says that [[Magi|wise men]] from a faraway country saw a new [[Star of Bethlehem|star in the sky]] which told them that Jesus had been born. They traveled to find the young Jesus because they knew that the Messiah was going to be born under a star, and that the star was a sign that Jesus was born to be a king. They brought Jesus gifts of [[gold]], [[frankincense]], and [[myrrh]].<ref>Matthew 2:1-11</ref> Eight days after his birth, Jesus was [[circumcised]] and given his name.<ref>Luke 2:21</ref> Most Christians celebrate the day Jesus was born on [[Christmas]]. The Gospels do not say what day Jesus was born, but the date of December 25 was eventually chosen because there was already a [[Saturnalia|Roman holiday on that day]].<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Ehorn| first1 = Lee Ellen| last2 = Hewlett| first2 = Shirely J.| last3 = Hewlett| first3 = Dale M.| title = December Holiday Customs| date = September 1, 1995| publisher = Lorenz Educational Press| isbn = 978-1-4291-0896-6| page = 1 }}</ref> === Ministry === According to the Gospels, [[John the Baptist]] knew that Jesus had been born and baptized him in the Jordan River. During the baptism, the Spirit of God, like a [[dove]], came down upon Jesus, and the voice of God was heard. According to the Bible, the Spirit led Jesus into the desert where he [[wikt:fast|fasted]] for 40 days. There, he resisted the Devil's temptations. Then Jesus went into Galilee, settled in Capernaum, and began to preach about the Kingdom of God. He was about 30 years old. Jesus taught mainly by telling stories. He taught that [[God]] alone was the true king, and that people should love God and love each other as the [[Old Testament|scriptures]] told them to do. And he taught his followers [[Lord's Prayer|how to pray]]. Jesus performed [[miracle]]s that were signs of God's power, such as giving hungry people food and [[wine]], healing sick people, and making dead people [[life|alive]] again. He also set people free from evil spirits. [[File:Giotto Scrovegni 26 entry into Jerusalem detail.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Jesus riding into [[Jerusalem]] is greeted by crowds of people who use their cloaks and branches to make a carpet for him (painted by Giotto, 1300).]] Jesus gathered together twelve men, known as the ''[[Twelve Apostles]]'', whom he chose and trained to spread his message. He had many other disciples, including many women, but because of Jewish customs, the women disciples could not travel to distant places on their own as teachers. The Bible says Jesus became famous. He went to [[Jerusalem]], where many were visiting the city for [[Passover]]. When they heard that he was coming, they greeted him as if he was a king. They thought he would free them from the Roman rule, but Jesus rode into Jerusalem on a donkey, as a sign that he came in peace. Jesus did certain things which upset the Jewish religious leaders. They thought he showed disrespect for customs that the Jews had kept for many centuries. For example, Jews did no work at all on the 7th day of the week, the ''[[Shabbat|Sabbath]]'', because it was a holy day. In John's Gospel, chapter 5, there is the story of Jesus healing a crippled man. Jesus saw a man lying on a [[mattress]]. He healed the man, and told him to pick up the mattress and go home. Carrying the mattress on the Sabbath was against religious custom, so the religious leaders argued with Jesus about it. They then watched everything he did, and remembered all the things that were against the religious customs. In Mark's Gospel, chapter 11, it says that when Jesus arrived in Jerusalem, he went to the Jewish [[Temple]]. He became angry at what he saw. There were people selling things there, and money lenders who were cheating poor people. Jesus chased away all the people who were selling things. He said the chief priests and scribes had turned the temple into a den of thieves because they were making money from the poor and taking away homes from poor women who had no other way to pay for the temple worship.<ref>Mark 11:17,18 and Mark 12:40</ref> === Death === The Gospels say that the temple leaders were angry and wanted to kill him. They told the Roman [[government]] that Jesus' followers wanted him to become the [[king]] of the country and take it over. The gospels say the Roman [[governor]] thought that Jesus should be set free, but that the Jewish leaders said, "If you do that, then you are not the friend of [[Augustus|Caesar]]!" (Caesar was the Roman ruler.) The Governor sentenced him to death because his followers had claimed he was king. The Roman soldiers killed Jesus by [[crucifixion]]. He was nailed up to a high [[Christian cross|cross]] by his hands and feet. This was a common way for the [[Ancient Romans|Romans]] to kill rebels and criminals. Jesus' body was buried in a [[tomb]] which belonged to one of his followers. On the day after the Sabbath, early in the morning, women went to treat the body with [[spice]] and [[perfume]]d oil. But the Gospels say that the body of Jesus was gone, and that he was seen alive afterwards. This is called the [[Resurrection]]. Some people, like the disciple [[Thomas the Apostle|Thomas]], said, "I'm not going to believe this, until I have seen it with my own eyes!" But the Bible says that more than 500 people, including Thomas, saw Jesus alive again. There are many stories in the Gospels about what Jesus did after he was resurrected. Finally, the [[Gospel of Luke]] says that Jesus took his disciples to a hill, where he blessed them and told them to spread his teaching through all the world, and that then clouds came down, and he was lifted up to [[Heaven]]. Most Christians celebrate the time that the Gospels say he died and was raised from the dead as the holiday of [[Easter]].<ref group="note">Easter is not held on the same date every year, because Jesus' death is always remembered on a Friday called "[[Good Friday]]". Easter is celebrated the first Sunday following the first full moon after the Spring [[Equinox]]. This means it can be celebrated in March or April. Western churches, like the [[Roman Catholic Church]], use the [[Gregorian calendar]] and [[Eastern Christianity|Eastern churches]], like the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], use the [[Julian calendar]]. Because of this, the date of Easter celebrations is different for these two types of churches even though the way they calculate the date is the same.</ref> == Christian beliefs about Jesus and his teaching == The Christian Church is founded on Jesus. The things that Christians believe about Jesus are based on the four Gospels of the Bible, and on letters or "Epistles" that were written in the 1st century, explaining Jesus' teachings to his followers. Jesus did not write these letters. They were mainly written by a Jewish man named Paul. At first he tried to stop Christianity from spreading. Then he became a Christian himself and was an important leader. As Christian churches started in different towns and countries, Paul wrote letters to them. A lot of the ideas that Christians believe are written in Paul's letters. There is also lots of instruction for running churches and families. There are other letters in the New Testament by other writers including Peter, James, and John. These letters all help to build the beliefs that modern Christians have. '''See section''': [[#Other views about Jesus|Other views about Jesus]] === Jesus as God === [[File:Christ pantocrator daphne1090-1100.jpg|thumb|This [[mosaic]] from 1100, [[Athens]], shows Jesus as Judge of the Earth.]] Whether or not Jesus is [[God]] has been argued about for a long time. Christians, including those from Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant [[Christian denomination|denominations]], believe Jesus was both God and man. Jesus is described in different parts of the New Testament as being "the Word of God", "the Son of God", "the Son of Man", and God himself. These teachings, which are believed by most Christians, are not believed by many other people. The Islamic teaching is that Jesus was a [[prophet]], but he was not part of God or the "Son of God". In Jesus' own time, many Jews became very angry at Jesus for saying that he was the "Son of God" and also because his followers said he was the "Messiah". Most Jews do not believe this. These Bible verses tell the Christian teaching that Jesus is God: :''"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God."'' John 1:1-2, ESV :''"And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth."'' John 1:14, ESV : :''"''I and the Father are one.''"'' John 10:30, ESV :''"To them belong the patriarchs, and from their race, according to the flesh, is the Christ, who is God over all, blessed forever. Amen."'' Romans 9:5, ESV :''"waiting for our blessed hope, the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ."'' Titus 2:13, ESV :''"For in him the whole fullness of deity dwells bodily."'' Colossians 2:9, ESV Jesus is also referred to as "the Son of God". :''"''And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we have seen his glory, glory as of the only Son from the Father, full of grace and truth.''"'' John 1:14, ESV :''"but in these last days he has spoken to us by his Son, whom he appointed the heir of all things, through whom also he created the world. 3 He is the radiance of the glory of God and the exact imprint of his nature, and he upholds the universe by the word of his power. After making purification for sins, he sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high,"'' Hebrews 1:2-3, ESV :''"And we know that the Son of God has come and has given us understanding, so that we may know him who is true; and we are in him who is true, in his Son Jesus Christ. He is the true God and eternal life."'' 1 John 5:20, ESV. This letter is thought to be by the same John that wrote ''John's Gospel''. Many Christians believe that these verses say Jesus is God. All Christians believe that Jesus' death on the cross allows all people to be forgiven by God for their sins (bad things they have done). Most Christians believe that if a person asks God to forgive them He will do so, and they will get to live forever with him in Heaven.<ref name="religioustolerance1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_savj2.htm |title=SALVATION: WHAT DID THE GOSPEL WRITERS AND PAUL SAY? |access-date=2008-04-25 |archive-date=2008-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015132553/http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_savj2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === God in human form === [[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 048.jpg|thumb|Jesus painted by [[Rembrandt]], Dutch, 1600s. Rembrandt used a Jewish man as his model.]] Many Christians believe that, by the teaching of the Bible, Jesus was not only truly God but also truly human and that this was part of God's plan to bring humans closer to understanding him. People who do not have Christian beliefs, have different ideas about Jesus.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.religionfacts.com/jesus/religious_views.htm |title=Comparison Chart: Religious Views of Jesus |first= |last= |work=religionfacts.com |year=2014 |accessdate=12 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.vatican.va/jubilee_2000/magazine/documents/ju_mag_01031997_p-29_en.html|title=Christ and the other religions|first= Michael | last=Fitzgerald|work=Commission for Interreligious Dialogue|year=2014|accessdate=12 July 2014}}</ref> Verses from the Bible:- :''"''And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us''."'' John, 1:14 In ''Matthew's Gospel'', Jesus is often called "the Son of Man". Matthew has borrowed these words from the [[Old Testament]] where they are often used to show that humankind is very far from God. In the Bible, God is often praised and thanked for helping ordinary humans, who are called "the sons of man". In Psalm 8, the writer, King David, asks God ''"what is man that you are mindful of him, and the son of man that you care for him?"''<ref group="note">Paraphrased</ref> In Matthew's Gospel, 24:30 Jesus says ''"Then will appear in heaven the sign of the Son of Man, and then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of heaven with power and great glory."'' Like King David, in Psalm 8, Jesus is making a difference between his ordinary human life and his great power as the ''Son of God''. === "The Good Shepherd" === One of the best-loved parts of the [[Old Testament]] is a song called Psalm 23. It starts: :''"The [[YHWH|LORD]] is my shepherd; I shall not want. He makes me lie down in green pastures. He leads me beside still waters."''<ref group="note">This is one of many songs or "psalms" are believed to have been written by David, a shepherd boy who became the King of Israel and was a great musician. Matthew's Gospel shows that Jesus' father was the direct descendant of King David.</ref> In the Gospels, Jesus often spoke about himself as being like a shepherd, caring for sheep. He called himself the "Good Shepherd" who would even give his own life, to protect his sheep. He told the Jewish people, referring to non-Jewish or ''Gentile'' believers, that he had "other sheep" that do not belong to this flock. (John, 21:16). In one of his last conversations with his disciple Peter, he told him, ''"Feed my sheep!"'', in other words ''"Take care of my people."''. === "The Holy Saviour" === In [[Judaism]], from ancient times, people are seen as [[sin]]ful or bad. They need to be forgiven by God. They believed that there were two ways to get God's forgiveness, by [[prayer]] and by [[:wikt:sacrifice|sacrifice]]. Prayer could be done anywhere, but sacrifices were done at the temple. A person would bring an animal, often a lamb, or if they were poor, a [[dove]]. They would put their hands on the animal to lay their sins on it. Then the animal would be killed, as a punishment for the sin. This type of sacrifice continued until the temple in Jerusalem was destroyed in 71&nbsp;AD. Paying money to the temple was also a sort of sacrifice. When Jesus drove the traders out of the temple, they were the people who sold lambs and doves, and the people who exchanged Roman money into special temple money. [[File:Torso stgeorg detail.jpg|thumb|A broken statue of Jesus crucified, from [[Germany]] about 1000&nbsp;AD]] Part of Christian belief is that Jesus Christ did not just come as a human person so that he could teach a better way of life. Christians also believe that Jesus was the ''ultimate'' sacrifice for the sin of humankind, that Jesus is the "Saviour": the one who is here to [[Salvation (Christianity)|save]]. Christians believe that, unlike ordinary people, Jesus was completely pure and free from sin, but that when he died on the cross, he took on himself all the sins of every person who would believe in him, like the lamb sacrificed in the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_savj3.htm |title=Religious Tolerance- ''Salvation'' |access-date=2008-04-25 |archive-date=2008-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120034948/http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_savj3.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Based on John's Gospel, Christian teaching is that the death and resurrection of Jesus are the sign of his power to forgive the sins of any person who turns to him and truly asks for forgiveness.<ref name="religioustolerance1"/> The Bible says that sinners who are forgiven should try to live a ''new life'' and not go back to their sinful behaviour. Christians believe that knowing about God's love helps people to live a new and better life. These are three verses from the Bible that are important in this Christian belief: ''"For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life." [[John 3:16]].'' ''Jesus said to him, “I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me."'' ''[[John 14#Verse 6|John 14:6]]''. ''"If we say we have no sins, we are fooling ourselves and not telling the truth. But if we tell our sins humbly to God, then He has promised to listen and to forgive our sins and make us clean from all our badness."'' from the [[First Epistle of John|First Letter of John]]. ==Relics associated with Jesus== <gallery heights="200" caption="Relics associated with Jesus"> File:Vatican Veil of Veronica.jpg|The Vatican Sudarium of Saint Veronica File:Claude Mellan - Face of Christ - WGA14764.jpg|''Sudarium of Saint Veronica'' by Claude Mellan (1649) File:Turin shroud positive and negative displaying original color information 708 x 465 pixels 94 KB.jpg|The Shroud of Turin: modern photo of the face, positive (left), and digitally processed image (right) File:Shroudofturin.jpg|Full-length image of the Turin Shroud before the [[Conservation-restoration]] of the Shroud of Turin File:Chapelle du Saint Sepulchre - Bruyn Cornelis De - 1714.jpg|Tomb of Jesus in Holy Sepulchre church File:Weltliche Schatzkammer Wien (180)-3-2.jpg|Holy Lance displayed in the [[Imperial Treasury (Vienna)|Imperial Treasury]] at the [[Hofburg Palace]] in Vienna, Austria </gallery> == Other views about Jesus == === Jesus as a teacher === Some people who are not Christians believe that Jesus lived at the time that the Gospels say, but do not believe that Jesus was the "Son of God" or "Savior". They believe that Jesus was an ordinary, but very good person, a teacher, or a [[prophet]]. [[Mohandas Gandhi]] said, "I am a Muslim, and a Hindu, and a Christian, and a Jew," even though he was born a [[Jainism|Jain]]. === Muslim beliefs about Jesus === Muslims believe [[Isa Masih|Jesus]] was the second-to-last Prophet (messenger of God). They call Him "Isa", the Arabic name for Jesus. They believe that [[Muhammad]] was the very last Prophet. They believe that both Jesus and Muhammad were ordinary men, chosen by God to be his servant and teach the word of Islam. Muslims do not believe that Jesus was God or "the Son of God". Islam is strictly [[monotheism|monotheistic]]: it says that there is only one God. Muslims believe that Jesus cannot be part of God, because there is only one God. If someone other than God is worshiped, it is thought to be [[polytheism]] (belief in more than one God). It is also thought to be [[idolatry]]: idolizing someone other than God. Islam teaches that Jesus did not die on the cross, but another man disguised as him went on the cross for Isa ([[Qur'an]] 4:157).<ref>{{cite web|title=Quran translation Comparison {{!}} Al-Quran Surah 4. An-Nisaa, Ayah 157 {{!}} Alim|url=http://www.alim.org/library/quran/ayah/compare/4/157|access-date=2020-12-14|website=www.alim.org|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026192435/http://www.alim.org/library/quran/ayah/compare/4/157|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is very different from Christianity. Jesus' death is a very important part of the Christian belief about salvation. Muslims always say "peace be upon him" after saying Jesus' name as a sign of respect in short and Arabic a.s. Muslims also accept some other teachings about Jesus. These teachings say that Jesus will return to the earth in the End Of Days; he will then destroy the false messiah or [[Anti-christ]] before the day of judgment. Muslims also accept Jesus' claims to be a healer. They believe in the many miracles he is said to have performed, like raising the dead to life and giving sight to the blind. They believe that all his miracles were granted to him from God. The [[Qur'an]] (like the [[Bible]]), mentions the [[virgin birth of Jesus]] but then it says other things about Mary (Islamic-Maryam). The Bible says that Joseph helped Mary give birth to Jesus, but in Islam there is no Joseph. Instead, Mary walked the desert alone in labor and found a tree. The angel [[Gabriel]] (Jibril) asked if she was hungry, then told her to shake the tree and dates fell for her to eat. Then he asked if she was thirsty, and he said look down at your feet and there was water and there she gave birth to Jesus. (Qur'an 19) This is why Muslims [[fasting|fast]] and how they break their fast. Mary knew she had to go back to her town and when she did, with Jesus in her arms, the people were shouting at her for [[adultery]]. Mary wanted to explain herself, but the Angel told her not to speak. === Jewish beliefs about Jesus === Even though Jesus was a Jew, and his teaching came out of the Jewish religion, most Jewish people do not believe that Jesus was the ''Messiah'' that is promised in the [[Old Testament|Jewish Scriptures]]. In the Gospels, it tells that Jesus made the Jewish teachers very angry with his teachings. It says that part of their anger was because he told them they were "hypocrites" which means that they externally made themselves appear to be living a holy life, but internally their hearts were far from God's. In the Gospels, the other reason that they became angry was that Jesus acted as if he was the ''Messiah'', and said he was the "Son of God". This meant that he was either a terrible liar, that he was mad and just imagined it, or that it was true. But Jesus did not seem to be mad. So that left only two choices. If Jesus was lying, then he was doing something badly against the Jewish religion. It was because of the claims that Jesus was the "Son of God" that some of the Jewish leaders wanted him killed and they handed him to the Roman rulers. The Romans did not care if Jesus said something that was against the Jewish beliefs. But they knew that people had also said that Jesus was "King of the Jews". The Jewish leaders claimed this was against the Roman Government's laws. Although the Roman leaders did not agree, they had him killed to prevent a possible riot. Although, today and through history, most Jews do not believe what Christians say about Jesus, there are some Jews who do believe that Jesus was the ''Messiah'' promised in the Jewish Scriptures. Jews who believe this are called Jewish Christians. == How the Gospels were written == Nearly all modern scholars, both Christian and non-Christian, agree that Jesus was a real person. Both Christian and non-Christian scholars base their studies of him on the Gospels. They are believed to have been written between 60-90&nbsp;AD.<ref>[http://www.markdroberts.com/htmfiles/resources/gospelsreliable.htm Mark D. Roberts, ''Are the New Testament Gospels Reliable?'']</ref> By tradition, ''the Gospels'' were written by four men, [[Saint Matthew|Matthew]], [[Saint Mark|Mark]], [[Saint Luke|Luke]] and [[John the Apostle|John]] who gave their names to these books. This is the order in which they are arranged in the New Testament of the Bible, but scholars think that it is not the order in which they were written. ''The Gospel of Mark'' was probably written before ''the Gospel of Matthew''. The four Gospels all tell the story of the Life of Jesus, but they do it from four different points of view, because they were written by different people and each writer had reasons to tell it in a different way. Other scholars have said that leaders in the Early Christian Church made changes to the Gospel writings. These changes are said to have happened at different times, in different ways and for different reasons. For example, one story was left out of many old versions of the Gospels. It is about Jesus rescuing a woman who had committed [[adultery]] (had sex outside marriage) and was about to be killed. [[St. Augustine of Hippo]], (354-430&nbsp;AD) wrote that this was probably left out because some church leaders thought the story might cause people to act in a sinful way.<ref>Augustine, ''De Adulterinis Conjugiis 2:6–7'', Cited in Wieland Willker, ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels, Vol. 4b, p. 10.''</ref> This story is in all modern Bibles and is thought to contain very important teaching for Christians.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/Manuscript-History-and-John |title=Manuscript History and John 8:1-8:11 |access-date=2022-11-18 |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118131024/https://www.bibleodyssey.org/en/passages/related-articles/Manuscript-History-and-John |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other differences that can be found in versions of the Gospels are mostly small and do not make a difference to what is known about the life of Jesus and his teaching.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.biblegateway.com/resources/encyclopedia-of-the-bible/Text-Manuscripts-New-Testament | title=Text and Manuscripts of the New Testament - Encyclopedia of the Bible - Bible Gateway }}</ref> [[File:The Good Shepherd, Priscilla Catacomb,from the 1903 book Die Malereien der Katakomben Roms (Tafeln) by Wilpert, Joseph.jpg|thumb|left|3rd century A.D. Catacomb painting of Jesus as the "Good Shepherd"]] [[File:Christ with beard.jpg|thumb|left|Dating from 4th century Rome, this is the oldest known picture of Jesus showing him as a bearded semitic man, rather than a shaved, short-haired Roman.]] === About Mark === {{See also|Gospel of Mark}} Mark's Gospel, which is thought by many biblical scholars to be the earliest, has the name of a young disciple of the apostle Paul who is mentioned several times in the [[Acts of the Apostles]] and Paul's Letters. The Gospel was probably written in [[Rome]] and is thought by scholars to be from the memories of Jesus' follower or ''disciple'', [[Saint Peter|Peter]].<ref name="JPH">James Patrick Holding, ''The New Testament- Gospel Dates, Gospel Authors, Gospel Freedoms'',[http://tektonics.org/ntdocdef/gospdefhub.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814064916/http://tektonics.org/ntdocdef/gospdefhub.html|date=2007-08-14}}</ref> It does not tell about Jesus' birth; it starts when he was 30 years old, at the time when the disciples got to know him. It shows Jesus as a man of action: going around the country, teaching and healing people. === About Matthew === {{See also|Gospel of Matthew}} Matthew's Gospel was written next. Matthew was one of Jesus' disciples. He was a Jewish man that was hated by other Jews because he worked for the Roman rulers as a [[tax]] collector. Matthew tells that one day Jesus saw him sitting at his desk in the [[market place]] and said "Follow me".<ref name="JPH"/> Most Biblical scholars believe that Matthew had read Mark's Gospel and decided to fill in some things that Mark left out, because, while Mark wrote his Gospel for the Church of Rome, Matthew wanted to write for Jewish Christians all over the Roman Empire.<ref name="JPH"/> Matthew was a well-educated Jew, so he knew the Jewish Scriptures, (which Christians also use and call the Old Testament of the Bible). Matthew knew the scripture teachings that the Messiah, or God's anointed one would come. In his Gospel, he often mentions these teachings. He also starts off by giving a list of Jesus' ancestors because this was important to Jewish readers. === About Luke === {{See also|Gospel of Luke}} [[File:Nuestra_Señora_de_Czestochowa.jpg|thumb|220px|Black Madonna of Czestochowa with Jesus as a child]] [[File:Icon 01011 Bogorodica Kazanskaya.jpg|thumb|220px|Jesus as a child, with his mother, Mary. This picture is called "Theotokos of Kazan".]] The apostle Luke was Greek and a friend of the apostle [[Saint Paul|Paul]]. He was a doctor. Luke came to know about Jesus from the ''disciples''. Luke writes about the birth and the childhood of Jesus and he says, "Mary kept all these things in her heart and thought about them."<ref name="JPH"/> Luke was not a Jew, and he writes in a way that is easy for other people who are not Jews to understand. He explains Jewish customs and laws. He wrote a second book called the ''[[Acts of the Apostles]]'' which tells what the disciples did after Jesus had left them. === About John === {{See also|Gospel of John}} It is believed by scholars of the Bible that John was a ''disciple'' of Jesus and was probably the youngest of the twelve men who were Jesus' main followers.<ref name="JPH"/> He lived to be an old man and, because of his teaching about Jesus, he was sent to a small island, called [[Patmos]]. John writes with one particular idea in mind. He wants to prove to the reader that Jesus is God's way of saving humans from the terrible problem of [[sin]] or ''evil''. John starts by telling the reader that Jesus was and is God. John says that Jesus is God's ''Living [[Communication]]'' (or ''Living Word''). Every part of ''John's Gospel'' is written to show that Jesus came from God, taught the ''Message of God'' and is the way for people to understand ''God's Love''.<ref name="religioustolerance1"/> == Teaching with stories == {{main|Parables of Jesus}} The Gospels tell many of the stories that Jesus told when he was teaching people about the way that God loved them and the way they should live. These are called parables. They include the following: [[File:Johns 10.JPG|thumb|417x417px|A church window with the story of The Good Samaritan]] === The Good Samaritan === {{main|Parable of the Good Samaritan}} In this story from chapter 10 of [[Gospel of Luke|Luke's Gospel]], Jesus shows what it means to be a good neighbour. Near the Jews lived the people called [[Samaritan]]s. They did not agree with each other about religious teaching and were considered enemies. One day, a Jewish man was walking, when some robbers beat him up, robbed him, and left him naked and almost dead, by the road. A Jewish priest came along and saw him. He thought, "If I touch that naked bleeding man, I will be unclean and I will not be able to go to the Temple!" So, he pretended that he had not seen him. Another Jew, a Holy Man, came along and acted in the same way. At last, a Samaritan came along with a donkey. When he saw the wounded man, he stopped. He washed his wounds with wine and olive oil. Then he put him on his donkey and took him to the nearest inn. He paid the innkeeper and said, "Keep him until he is well, and whatever is owed, I will pay when I come back this way." Jesus said to the people who were listening "Which one of these people acted like a good neighbour?" They said, "He that stopped and helped." Jesus said, "You go and act the same way." === The Prodigal Son === {{main|Parable of the Prodigal Son}} Jesus told listeners that a sinner who changes his mind makes angels face joy. In the last story of chapter 15 of [[Gospel of Luke|Luke's Gospel]], Jesus tells how a rich man had two sons. They would both get a share of his money when he died, but he was still alive. The younger son said, "Father, give me my money now, so I can go and enjoy myself, while I'm young." He took the money to another place and wasted it on pleasure. Soon he had none left to feed himself and was ashamed. He got a job caring for pigs, an unholy meat to eat, just keep himself from starving. He said to himself, "I'll go home to my father, and I will say, 'Father, I have sinned! Please let me be a servant in your house!'" When his father saw him coming, he ran along the road to put his arms around his son. The father said, "Bring the finest clothes! Kill the fattest calf to make a feast!" When the elder brother heard about the feast, he was angry and said, "I'm a good son to you, but you never even gave me one little calf to have a feast with my friends!" The father said, "You have always been with me. I love you greatly, and all I have is yours, but my son who was lost is now found! Your brother who seemed to be dead is alive! Be happy with me!" ==Related pages== * [[Atonement]] * [[Bible]] * [[Christ]] * [[Crucifixion of Jesus]] * [[God in Christianity]] * [[Holy Spirit]] * [[Incarnation (Christianity)]] * [[Justification (theology)]] * [[Messiah]] * [[New Testament]] * [[Reconciliation]] * [[Resurrection of Jesus]] * [[Salvation (Christianity)]] * [[Second Coming]] * [[Sin]] * [[Trinity]] * [[Virgin birth of Jesus]] * [[Religion]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} {{Reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} <references /> ==Further reading== {{multicol}} * {{cite book| last = Allison| first = Dale C.| title = Jesus of Nazareth: Jesus Tradition and the Jesus of History: How to Find a Millenarian Prophet| url = https://archive.org/details/jesusofnazarethm00alli| year = 1998| isbn = 978-0-8006-3144-4 }} * {{cite book| last = Brown| first = Raymond Edward| title = An Introduction to the New Testament| url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontone0000raym| year = 1997| publisher = Anchor Bible }} * {{cite book| last = Cohen| first = Shaye J.D.| title = From the Maccabees to the Mishnah| year = 1987| publisher = Westminster John Knox Press }} * {{cite book| last = Cohen| first = Shaye J.D.| title = The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties| url = https://archive.org/details/beginningsofjewi0000shay| year = 2001| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 0-520-22693-3 }} * Crossan, John Dominic. * {{cite book| last = Crossan| first = John Dominic| title = The Historical Jesus: The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasa| url = https://archive.org/details/historicaljesusl00cros| year = 1993| publisher = HarperOne| isbn = 978-0-06-061629-8 }} * {{cite book| last = Crossan| first = John Dominic| title = Who Killed Jesus?: Exposing the Roots of Anti-semitism in the Gospel Story of the Death of Jesus| url = https://archive.org/details/whokilledjesus00john| year = 1995| publisher = HarperCollins Publishers| isbn = 978-0-06-061671-7 }} * {{cite book| last = Davenport| first = Guy| title = The Logia of Yeshua: The Sayings of Jesus| year = 1998| publisher = Counterpoint| isbn = 978-1-887178-70-9 }} * {{cite book| author = Ignace de La Potterie| title = The Hour of Jesus: The Passion and the Resurrection of Jesus According to John| url = https://archive.org/details/hourofjesuspassi0000lapo| year = 1989| publisher = Saint Pauls/Alba House| isbn = 978-0-8189-0575-9 }} * {{cite book| last = Durant| first = Will| title = Caesar and Christ: A History of Roman Civilization and of Christianity from Their Beginnings to A.D. 325| url = https://archive.org/details/caesarchristthes03dura| year = 1972| publisher = Simon & Schuster| isbn = 978-0-671-11500-5 }} {{multicol-break}} * {{cite book| last = Ehrman| first = Bart D.| title = Lost Christianities:The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew| url = https://archive.org/details/lostchristianiti00ehrm| year = 2003| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 0-19-514183-0 }} * {{cite book| last = Ehrman| first = Bart D.| title = The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings| url = https://archive.org/details/newtestamenthist0000ehrm_g7n1| year = 2004| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 978-0-19-515462-7 }} * {{cite book| last = Fredriksen| first = Paula| title = Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews: A Jewish Life and the Emergence of Christianity| url = https://archive.org/details/jesusofnazarethk00paul_0| year = 2000| publisher = Vintage| isbn = 0-679-76746-0 }} * {{cite book| last = Fredriksen| first = Paula| title = From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Christ, Second Edition| year = 2000| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 0-300-08457-9 }} * {{cite book| last = Finegan| first = Jack| title = Handbook of Biblical Chronology: Principles of Time Reckoning in the Ancient World and Problems of Chronology in the Bible| year = 1998| publisher = Hendrickson Publishing }} * {{cite book| last = Robinson| first = John A.T.| title = Redating the New Testament| year = 2000| publisher = Wipf and Stock Publishers| isbn = 1-57910-527-0 }} * {{cite book| last = Sanders| first = E.P.| title = The Historical Figure of Jesus| url = https://archive.org/details/historicalfigure0000sand| year = 1993| publisher = Viking Adult }} * {{cite book| last = Sanders| first = E.P.| title = Jesus and Judaism| url = https://archive.org/details/jesusjudaism0000sand| year = 1985| publisher = Augsburg Fortress Publishing| isbn = 978-0-8006-2061-5 }} * {{cite encyclopedia|title=Introduction|first=Amy-Jill |last=Levine|authorlink=Amy-Jill Levine|encyclopedia=The Historical Jesus in Context |editor-last1=Levine|editor-last2=Allison|editor-first3=John D.|editor-last3=Crossan|publisher=Princeton Univ Press| isbn= 978-0-691-00992-6|year=2006|editor1-first=Amy-Jill| editor2-first=Dale C.|editor2-link=Dale Allison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIp_0N3uPPcC&q=The+Historical+Jesus+in+Context}} * {{cite book| last1 = Theissen| first1 = Gerd| last2 = Merz| first2 = Annette| title = The historical Jesus : a comprehensive guide| url = https://archive.org/details/historicaljesusc0000thei| year = 1998| publisher = Fortress Press| location = Minneapolis| isbn = 978-0-8006-3122-2 }} {{multicol-end}} ==Other websites== {{Sister project links}} * {{cite web |url= http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08374c.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jesus Christ |work=newadvent.org |accessdate=13 April 2010 }} * {{cite web|url=https://www.easyenglish.bible/bible-study/jesus-life/index.htm|title=Life of Jesus Christ|work=easyenglish.bible|accessdate=13 April 2010}} * [https://newmsgfromgod.blogspot.com/2018/12/the-meaning-of-christmas.html meaning of christmas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222082035/https://newmsgfromgod.blogspot.com/2018/12/the-meaning-of-christmas.html |date=2018-12-22 }} * [https://www.giftedchristian.com/ Christian Quotes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122021657/https://giftedchristian.com/ |date=2019-01-22 }} {{Christianityfooter}} {{New Testament people|collapsed}} {{Christmas}} {{Parables of Jesus}} {{Holy Week}} {{Easter}} [[Category:0s BC births]] [[Category:30s deaths]] [[Category:Ancient Israeli people]] [[Category:Carpenters]] [[Category:Christian religious leaders|*]] [[Category:Executed people]] [[Category:Jesus| ]] [[Category:New Testament people]] [[Category:People from Bethlehem]] [[Category:People from Nazareth]] [[Category:Creator gods and goddesses]] drtjcc7j3w3fuiqizzdm1rnyr5gasa2 4 219839 10878881 10878572 2026-06-04T17:45:16Z Barras 40117 /* Cyber.Eyes.2005 */ 10878881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|the place to request access to the tool|Wikipedia:Requests for permissions}} {{/header}} {{Autoarchive resolved section |age=3 |archive=Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/Archives/((year))-((month:##)) |overview=[[Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/Archives|Archive]] |show = yes | timeout = 90}} = Current requests = {{Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/New request}} <!-- Requests go here. Please add requests to the bottom of the list.--> == Cyber.Eyes.2005 == {{checkuser|Cyber.Eyes.2005}} {{checkuser|Erakilos}} Cyber.Eyes.2005 was originally blocked for sockpuppetry and hoaxing and disruptive POV regarding South Asia (India and Pakistan) on enwiki. They then brought the same thing here and managed to get rollbacker and patroller rights before their hoaxing was discovered here as well and they were blocked (September 2024) when I reported this to the admin noticeboard. Erakilos was created this February 2026 and has also managed to get rollback rights here [granted by Freien [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&logid=3307527]] (which is already a giveaway of this not being a new user along with the use of advanced wikitools). The overlap, POV (in South Asia articles) and similarity between these accounts [including performative auto [gadget/script] edits to beef up the edit count] is striking enough to justify a CU. Similar edit summaries: "-POV" [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali&diff=prev&oldid=10871620], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porus&diff=prev&oldid=9718571 master]; "-Unsourced" [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zunbil_dynasty&diff=prev&oldid=1356677886], [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%AB%C5%9B%C4%81saka&diff=prev&oldid=1357022672], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahadur_Shah_II&diff=prev&oldid=9715508 master]; extensive Twinkle usage specifically Quick Delete [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Erakilos/QD_log], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Cyber.Eyes.2005/QD_log master]; using reset talk [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Azemiopinae&diff=prev&oldid=10872057], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Black_women&diff=prev&oldid=9744791 master] along with a whole host of similar scripts as the master including the same edit summaries when adding them [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Cyber.Eyes.2005/common.js&diff=prev&oldid=9680892 "+Added script from EnWiki."], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Erakilos/common.js&diff=prev&oldid=10774462 "Script from EnWiki."]; "->" in edit summaries: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etruscan_sculpture&diff=prev&oldid=10816327], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casque_(anatomy)&diff=prev&oldid=10816328], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoga&diff=prev&oldid=9539908 master], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butter_chicken&diff=prev&oldid=9718948 master]; "Copyedit." [note the capitzalization with a dot] in edit summaries [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows_Whistler&diff=prev&oldid=10769402], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koin%C4%93_Greek_language&diff=prev&oldid=10787567], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan&diff=prev&oldid=9756333 master], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prakrit&diff=prev&oldid=9705375 master]; same POVPUSH as the master [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali&diff=prev&oldid=10871620]; "Rajput" related edits (a caste in India/Pakistan) [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajput&diff=prev&oldid=10871627], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porus&diff=prev&oldid=9718571 master]; finally this comment at the AfD for "merging" a hoax created by the master [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2026/India_naming_dispute&diff=prev&oldid=10875373] (the sock had never edited that article or particpated at any AfD before this, which brought the socking to my attention [the article having recently been restored by a [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/~2026-31903-60 temp/IP] user likely another sock]). Also pinging the sysop who also blocked the master {{u|Ferien}}, [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Diff/9769173#Cyber.Eyes.2005]. The sock is active on enwiki where I initially noticed them (enwiki being the main wiki I edit) but since the master was last extensively active at simplewiki I bring the CU here. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 12:50, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :Further when moving/creating pages the sock uses verbatim edit summaries as the master: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reza_Pahlavi,_Crown_Prince_of_Iran&oldid=10816155], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Romantic&oldid=10800320], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turoyo&oldid=10799230], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dormer_window&oldid=9437566 master], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_symbol_(music)&oldid=9374691 master] and [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grave_goods&oldid=10875396], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromodoris_willani&oldid=10828621]. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 13:06, 31 May 2026 (UTC) ::Cyber.Eyes last edited in September 2024, there likely is no cu data. Linking a named user and a temporary account is not possible... [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 13:54, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :::{{re|Eptalon}} I've removed the temp account from the request. While I believe the behavioural evidence is overwhelming, a CU can confirm this beyond doubt which should link as the master likely has other sleepers etc. even beyond this. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 14:03, 31 May 2026 (UTC) ::::Cyber.Eyes last edit was in September 2024; IIRc CU data goes back 6 months... [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 14:37, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :::::6 months? I thought it was 90 days @[[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 21:07, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ::::::Likely, what I wanted to say above: Cyber.Eyes last edited far before that... [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:12, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :I deny any connection to Cyber.Eyes.2005 and the allegation of POV-pushing by Gotitbro (...a very serious accusation imo...); [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali&diff=prev&oldid=10871620 This] has been cited as my POV push, where I simply aligned the lead with enwiki phrasing. The rest of the evidence presented are common Wiki editing practices and not unique identifiers.. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 15:27, 31 May 2026 (UTC) ::Well {{w|WP:MANDY}} of course. The behavioral evidence is as clear cut as it gets and your edits are not "common Wiki editing practices", they are editor specific. A new user does not simply edit with advanced tools like that out of the blue, a new user does not come to the retention of hoaxes out of the blue (created by a blocked editor, at an article they've never edited before and at a forum they've never visited prior) with toe-to-toe editorial behavioral matches everywhere from the tools/scripts used, to the automated [gaming] edits (or as Ferien noted previously [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Current_issues_and_requests_archive_77#c-Ferien-20240917203200-RiggedMint-20240917180000] "{{tq|Cyber.Eyes.2005 combined their problematic edits with anti-vandalism and other edits, likely to (try to) keep their problematic edits under the radar.}}"), to the edit summaries, to article interests (South Asia and caste) etc. ::As for POV (the master getting banned for anachronistic "Pakistan" hoaxes/POVPUSH): we can see that [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patola_Shahis&diff=prev&oldid=1356678494 here], [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandharan_architecture&oldid=1350510863 here] ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandhara_art&oldid=9258416 master]) and of course in the very edit you cite [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali&diff=prev&oldid=10871620]. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 16:14, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :{{re|MathXplore|BRPever}} Also pinging sysops who granted/revoked rollback/patroller rights for the master. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 18:41, 3 June 2026 (UTC) ::Just responding to let you know I have seen this and am still taking more of a look into it, but might take a few days. Other sysops' input would be welcomed. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 18:55, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :: I'm not familiar to South Asia articles. I cannot handle this. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 22:23, 3 June 2026 (UTC) *[[User:BRPever|BRPever]] and I took on this case today. As Eptalon stated above, the data for ''Cyber.Eyes.2005'' is stale. Checkuser data is only stored for 90 days. However, after consulting the old enwiki case related to the socking of Cyber.Eyes.2005 and combining the editing pattern from the two mentioned users, it is {{possible}} that the users are connected. The technical connection is not definitive. Any admin may or may not take action based on this. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 17:45, 4 June 2026 (UTC) 115g4k3r2w81p5sq5wi6aq1imbx6gls 10878941 10878881 2026-06-04T18:50:08Z Ferien 1011873 /* Cyber.Eyes.2005 */ Reply 10878941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|the place to request access to the tool|Wikipedia:Requests for permissions}} {{/header}} {{Autoarchive resolved section |age=3 |archive=Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/Archives/((year))-((month:##)) |overview=[[Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/Archives|Archive]] |show = yes | timeout = 90}} = Current requests = {{Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/New request}} <!-- Requests go here. Please add requests to the bottom of the list.--> == Cyber.Eyes.2005 == {{checkuser|Cyber.Eyes.2005}} {{checkuser|Erakilos}} Cyber.Eyes.2005 was originally blocked for sockpuppetry and hoaxing and disruptive POV regarding South Asia (India and Pakistan) on enwiki. They then brought the same thing here and managed to get rollbacker and patroller rights before their hoaxing was discovered here as well and they were blocked (September 2024) when I reported this to the admin noticeboard. Erakilos was created this February 2026 and has also managed to get rollback rights here [granted by Freien [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&logid=3307527]] (which is already a giveaway of this not being a new user along with the use of advanced wikitools). The overlap, POV (in South Asia articles) and similarity between these accounts [including performative auto [gadget/script] edits to beef up the edit count] is striking enough to justify a CU. Similar edit summaries: "-POV" [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali&diff=prev&oldid=10871620], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porus&diff=prev&oldid=9718571 master]; "-Unsourced" [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zunbil_dynasty&diff=prev&oldid=1356677886], [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mah%C4%AB%C5%9B%C4%81saka&diff=prev&oldid=1357022672], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahadur_Shah_II&diff=prev&oldid=9715508 master]; extensive Twinkle usage specifically Quick Delete [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Erakilos/QD_log], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Cyber.Eyes.2005/QD_log master]; using reset talk [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Azemiopinae&diff=prev&oldid=10872057], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Black_women&diff=prev&oldid=9744791 master] along with a whole host of similar scripts as the master including the same edit summaries when adding them [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Cyber.Eyes.2005/common.js&diff=prev&oldid=9680892 "+Added script from EnWiki."], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Erakilos/common.js&diff=prev&oldid=10774462 "Script from EnWiki."]; "->" in edit summaries: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etruscan_sculpture&diff=prev&oldid=10816327], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casque_(anatomy)&diff=prev&oldid=10816328], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoga&diff=prev&oldid=9539908 master], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butter_chicken&diff=prev&oldid=9718948 master]; "Copyedit." [note the capitzalization with a dot] in edit summaries [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows_Whistler&diff=prev&oldid=10769402], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koin%C4%93_Greek_language&diff=prev&oldid=10787567], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan&diff=prev&oldid=9756333 master], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prakrit&diff=prev&oldid=9705375 master]; same POVPUSH as the master [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali&diff=prev&oldid=10871620]; "Rajput" related edits (a caste in India/Pakistan) [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajput&diff=prev&oldid=10871627], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porus&diff=prev&oldid=9718571 master]; finally this comment at the AfD for "merging" a hoax created by the master [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2026/India_naming_dispute&diff=prev&oldid=10875373] (the sock had never edited that article or particpated at any AfD before this, which brought the socking to my attention [the article having recently been restored by a [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/~2026-31903-60 temp/IP] user likely another sock]). Also pinging the sysop who also blocked the master {{u|Ferien}}, [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Diff/9769173#Cyber.Eyes.2005]. The sock is active on enwiki where I initially noticed them (enwiki being the main wiki I edit) but since the master was last extensively active at simplewiki I bring the CU here. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 12:50, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :Further when moving/creating pages the sock uses verbatim edit summaries as the master: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reza_Pahlavi,_Crown_Prince_of_Iran&oldid=10816155], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Romantic&oldid=10800320], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turoyo&oldid=10799230], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dormer_window&oldid=9437566 master], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_symbol_(music)&oldid=9374691 master] and [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grave_goods&oldid=10875396], [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromodoris_willani&oldid=10828621]. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 13:06, 31 May 2026 (UTC) ::Cyber.Eyes last edited in September 2024, there likely is no cu data. Linking a named user and a temporary account is not possible... [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 13:54, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :::{{re|Eptalon}} I've removed the temp account from the request. While I believe the behavioural evidence is overwhelming, a CU can confirm this beyond doubt which should link as the master likely has other sleepers etc. even beyond this. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 14:03, 31 May 2026 (UTC) ::::Cyber.Eyes last edit was in September 2024; IIRc CU data goes back 6 months... [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 14:37, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :::::6 months? I thought it was 90 days @[[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 21:07, 1 June 2026 (UTC) ::::::Likely, what I wanted to say above: Cyber.Eyes last edited far before that... [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:12, 1 June 2026 (UTC) :I deny any connection to Cyber.Eyes.2005 and the allegation of POV-pushing by Gotitbro (...a very serious accusation imo...); [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali&diff=prev&oldid=10871620 This] has been cited as my POV push, where I simply aligned the lead with enwiki phrasing. The rest of the evidence presented are common Wiki editing practices and not unique identifiers.. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 15:27, 31 May 2026 (UTC) ::Well {{w|WP:MANDY}} of course. The behavioral evidence is as clear cut as it gets and your edits are not "common Wiki editing practices", they are editor specific. A new user does not simply edit with advanced tools like that out of the blue, a new user does not come to the retention of hoaxes out of the blue (created by a blocked editor, at an article they've never edited before and at a forum they've never visited prior) with toe-to-toe editorial behavioral matches everywhere from the tools/scripts used, to the automated [gaming] edits (or as Ferien noted previously [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Current_issues_and_requests_archive_77#c-Ferien-20240917203200-RiggedMint-20240917180000] "{{tq|Cyber.Eyes.2005 combined their problematic edits with anti-vandalism and other edits, likely to (try to) keep their problematic edits under the radar.}}"), to the edit summaries, to article interests (South Asia and caste) etc. ::As for POV (the master getting banned for anachronistic "Pakistan" hoaxes/POVPUSH): we can see that [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patola_Shahis&diff=prev&oldid=1356678494 here], [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandharan_architecture&oldid=1350510863 here] ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandhara_art&oldid=9258416 master]) and of course in the very edit you cite [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali&diff=prev&oldid=10871620]. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 16:14, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :{{re|MathXplore|BRPever}} Also pinging sysops who granted/revoked rollback/patroller rights for the master. [[User:Gotitbro|Gotitbro]] ([[User talk:Gotitbro|talk]]) 18:41, 3 June 2026 (UTC) ::Just responding to let you know I have seen this and am still taking more of a look into it, but might take a few days. Other sysops' input would be welcomed. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 18:55, 3 June 2026 (UTC) :: I'm not familiar to South Asia articles. I cannot handle this. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 22:23, 3 June 2026 (UTC) *[[User:BRPever|BRPever]] and I took on this case today. As Eptalon stated above, the data for ''Cyber.Eyes.2005'' is stale. Checkuser data is only stored for 90 days. However, after consulting the old enwiki case related to the socking of Cyber.Eyes.2005 and combining the editing pattern from the two mentioned users, it is {{possible}} that the users are connected. The technical connection is not definitive. Any admin may or may not take action based on this. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 17:45, 4 June 2026 (UTC) *:Based on the evidence, particularly the RfD, I have blocked the account as a sock. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 18:50, 4 June 2026 (UTC) 4n11c4z7ezgqdro9wge7712nhist73w 0 220936 10879125 10525970 2026-06-04T23:08:51Z Olivia Klacik 1392959 Ferdinand Marcos: I fixed his info and added sources 10879125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the 10th president of the Philippines|his son|Bongbong Marcos}}{{Infobox officeholder | name = Ferdinand Marcos | image = File:Ferdinand Marcos' official portrait during his second term (1969) (cropped 1).jpg | caption = Official portrait, 1969 | order = 10th | office = President of the Philippines | term_start = December 30, 1965 | term_end = February 25, 1986 | prime_minister = {{plainlist| * Himself (1978–81) * [[Cesar Virata]] (1981–86) }} | vice_president = {{plainlist| * [[Fernando Lopez]] (1965–72) * ''Abolished'' (1972–84) * ''Vacant'' (1984–86) }} | predecessor = [[Diosdado Macapagal]] | successor = [[Corazon Aquino]] | order2 = 3rd | office2 = Prime Minister of the Philippines | term_start2 = June 12, 1978 | term_end2 = June 30, 1981 | predecessor2 = ''Office re-established; {{hanging indent|position previously held by [[Pedro Paterno]]}}'' | successor2 = Cesar Virata | office3 = [[Governor of Metro Manila]] | term_start3 = February 17, 1978 | term_end3 = June 12, 1978 | term_label3 = Acting | predecessor3 = [[Imelda Marcos]] | successor3 = Imelda Marcos | office4 = [[Secretary of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]] | term_start4 = August 28, 1971 | term_end4 = January 3, 1972 | president4 = Himself | predecessor4 = [[Juan Ponce Enrile]] | successor4 = Juan Ponce Enrile | term_start5 = December 31, 1965 | term_end5 = January 20, 1967 | president5 = Himself | predecessor5 = [[Macario Peralta]] | successor5 = [[Ernesto Mata]] {{Collapsed infobox section begin |cont = yes |Political offices {{nobold|1949{{nbnd}}65}} | titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | order6 = 11th | office6 = President of the Senate of the Philippines | term_start6 = April 5, 1963 | term_end6 = December 30, 1965 | president6 = [[Diosdado Macapagal]] | predecessor6 = [[Eulogio Rodriguez]] | successor6 = [[Arturo Tolentino]] | office7 = [[Minority Floor Leader of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate Minority Leader]] | term_start7 = January 25, 1960 | term_end7 = January 22, 1962 | predecessor7 = [[Ambrosio Padilla]] | successor7 = [[Estanislao Fernandez]] | office8 = [[Senator of the Philippines]] | term_start8 = December 30, 1959 | term_end8 = December 30, 1965 | office9 = [[Minority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Minority Leader]] | term_start9 = January 27, 1958 | term_end9 = December 30, 1959 | predecessor9 = [[Eugenio Pérez]] | successor9 = [[Cornelio Villareal]] | office10 = Member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] from [[Ilocos Norte]]'s [[Ilocos Norte's 2nd congressional district|2nd]] district | term_start10 = December 30, 1949 | term_end10 = December 30, 1959 | predecessor10 = Pedro Albano | successor10 = Simeon M. Valdez | office11 = 6th President of the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] | term_start11 = January 21, 1961 | term_end11 = April 1964 | predecessor11 = [[Diosdado Macapagal]] | successor11 = [[Cornelio Villareal]]{{collapsed infobox section end}}}} | birth_name = Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos | birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1917|9|11}} | birth_place = [[Sarrat]], Ilocos Norte, Philippine Islands<!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] for further guidance -->{{efn|The Philippines was an [[unincorporated territory of the United States]] known as the [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Philippine Islands]] at the time of Marcos's birth.}} | death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1989|9|28|1917|9|11}} | death_place = [[Honolulu]], Hawaii, US | party = [[Kilusang Bagong Lipunan|KBL]] (1978–1989) | other_party = {{plainlist| * [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal]] (1946–1964) * [[Nacionalista]] (1964–1978) }} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Imelda Marcos|Imelda Romualdez]]|April 17, 1954}} | children = 9, including [[Imee Marcos|Imee]], [[Bongbong Marcos|Bongbong]], [[Irene Marcos|Irene]], and [[Aimee Marcos|Aimee]] | mother = [[Josefa Edralin Marcos|Josefa Edralin]] | father = [[Mariano Marcos]] | relatives = [[Marcos family]] | alma_mater = [[University of the Philippines Manila]] ([[LL.B]]) | occupation = {{hlist|[[Jurist]]|lawyer|politician}} | module = {{Infobox person | embed = yes | criminal_charges = {{plainlist| * {{cslist|Murder|contempt of court}} (1939) }} | criminal_penalty = {{cslist|10–17 years imprisonment}} (1940) | criminal_status = Acquitted on appeal (1940) }} | awards = <!-- Fake medals and awards should only be restored above if irreproachable sources can be found and cited inline --> | signature = Marcos Sig.svg | nickname = {{hlist|Apo Lakay|Ferdie|Macoy}} <!--Military service-->| allegiance = {{plainlist| * Philippines * United States{{efn|During the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth era]], the US controlled the Philippines as a protectorate.}} }} | service_years = 1942–1945 | rank = {{plainlist| * [[First lieutenant]] * [[Major (rank)|Major]] }} | unit = {{plainlist| * 21st Infantry Division ([[United States Army Forces in the Far East|USAFFE]]) * 14th Infantry Regiment ([[United States Army Forces in the Philippines – Northern Luzon|USAFIP-NL]]) }} | battles = [[Military history of the Philippines during World War II|World War II]] | module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Audio clip of Press Conference of President Ferdinand Marcos on February 24, 1986.ogg|title=Ferdinand Marcos's voice|type=speech|description=Speaking in a Press Conference requesting the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] to "disperse the crowd without shooting them" as a response to mass protests against his presidency<br /> (Recorded on February 24, 1986)}} }} '''Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos''' (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-22|title=Ferdinand Marcos - Life, Presidency & Death|url=https://www.biography.com/political-figures/ferdinand-marcos|access-date=2026-06-04|website=Biography|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ferdinand Marcos {{!}} Biography, President, Wife, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|language=en|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-E-Marcos|access-date=2026-06-04}}</ref> was a Filipino politician and lawyer who served as the 10th [[president of the Philippines]] from 1965 to 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ferdinand Marcos {{!}} History {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|access-date=2026-06-04|website=EBSCO|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ferdinand Marcos|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1300894/bio|access-date=2026-06-04|website=IMDb}}</ref> His rule was marked by dictatorship, corruption, and human rights abuses. In 1972, he declared [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|martial law]], giving himself absolute power and using the military to silence opposition. Thousands of activists, journalists, and political rivals were arrested, tortured, or killed, while press freedom was completely suppressed. He and his wife, [[Imelda Marcos]], stole billions of dollars from the country, living in luxury while millions of Filipinos remained in poverty. Marcos rigged elections to stay in power and used violence to crush dissent. In 1986, after a fraudulent election, the [[People Power Revolution]] erupted, with millions of Filipinos demanding his resignation. ==Early life== Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was born on September 11, 1917, in Sarrat, [[Ilocos Norte]], [[Philippines]]. His parents, [[Mariano Marcos]] and [[Josefa Edralin]], were both teachers from important families. He studied law at the [[University of the Philippines]], and topped the bar examinations before being accused of assassinating his father's political rival. He represented himself as his own lawyer in court, and was later acquitted by the Supreme Court.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-E-Marcos Biography of Ferdinand E. Marcos]. [[Britannica Encyclopedia]]. November 10, 2015</ref> During [[World War II]], Marcos claimed that he had been the leader of ''Ang Maharlika'', [[guerilla|guerrilla force]] in Northern Luzon. After the war, he was Ilocos Norte Representative (1949-1959) and Senator of the Philippines (1958-1965). He also assumed Senate President (1963-1965), and went on to become the President of the Philippines. However, in other side, he may be the one of the most corrupt leaders such as [[Suharto]] or [[Kim Il-Sung]] or [[Kim Jong Il]] due to atrocities. A few years later, national problems like the insurgency by the communist movement and rebellion arose during his presidency: He declared [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|Martial Law]] in September 1972 to institute peace and order and discipline. His style of leadership soon became dictatorial. Government [[greed]], government bullying, [[despotism]], [[nepotism]], and violation of [[human rights]] abuses were abundant. The nation's masses who went against the government were sent to prison, tortured, raped or killed. People could not express themselves freely unless it was in favor of the Marcos family.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/555789.stm Philippines cult idolises Marcos]. [[BBC News Online]]. December 8, 1999</ref> In 1983, he was accused in the assassination of his main rival and challenger, politician Benigno Aquino, Jr. but until today the killer remain unknown. The death of Benigno Aquino, Jr. caused many events, like a wrongful president vote. People became angry after and kicked him out with the help of the US during the peaceful EDSA revolution in February 1986. He and his wife [[Imelda Marcos]] were accused to have stolen billions of dollars of government funds and had it secretly sent to bank accounts in the [[United States]], [[Switzerland]], and other countries, as well as into fake companies under his name. However, until today Imelda Marcos was never sent to prison nor found guilty of stealing billions of dollars of government money and she remains free and was even elected in congress representing her home province of Leyte. Her son Ferdinand Marcos was back into politics and became a senator of the Philippines while her daughter Imee Marcos is currently the governor of Ilocos Norte. By 1983 Marcos’s health was beginning to fail, and opposition to his rule was growing. Hoping to present an alternative to both Marcos and the increasingly powerful New People’s Army, Benigno Aquino, Jr., returned to Manila on August 21, 1983, only to be shot dead as he stepped off the airplane. The assassination was seen as the work of the government and touched off massive antigovernment protests. An independent commission appointed by Marcos concluded in 1984 that high military officers were responsible for Aquino’s assassination. To reassert his mandate, Marcos called for presidential elections to be held in 1986. But a formidable political opponent soon emerged in Aquino’s widow, Corazon Aquino, who became the presidential candidate of the opposition. It was widely asserted that Marcos managed to defeat Aquino and retain the presidency in the election of February 7, 1986, only through massive voting fraud on the part of Marcos' supporters. Deeply discredited at home and abroad by his dubious electoral victory, Marcos held fast to his presidency as the Philippine military split between supporters of his and of Aquino’s legitimate right to the presidency. A tense standoff that ensued between the two sides ended only when Marcos fled the country on February 25, 1986, at U.S. urging. He went into exile in Hawaii, where he remained until his death. Evidence emerged that during his years in power Marcos, his family, and his close associates had looted the Philippines’ economy of billions of dollars through embezzlements and other corrupt practices.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ferdinand Marcos {{!}} Biography & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-E-Marcos|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Marcos and his wife were subsequently indicted by the U.S. government on racketeering charges, but in 1990 (after Marcos’s death) Imelda was acquitted of all charges by a federal court. She was allowed to return to the Philippines in 1991, and in 1993 a Philippine court found her guilty of corruption (the conviction was overturned in 1998). ==Final years and death== During the people Power EDSA revolution he was flown to [[Hawaii]] by a US plane instead of going to his hometown Paoay, Ilocos Norte. President Marcos died in Hawaii of heart, kidney and lung diseases. He was brought back to the Philippines and his remains still lie in a refrigerated crypt in Batac, Ilocos Norte until today because the current administration refuses to grant the former president a burial at the Libingan ng mga Bayani where other former presidents of the Philippines who died are buried. ==References== {{reflist}} '''Notes''' {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Marcos, Ferdinand}} [[Category:1917 births]] [[Category:1989 deaths]] [[Category:Filipino military people]] [[Category:Filipino Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Former dictators]] [[Category:Majors]] [[Category:Presidents of the Philippines]] [[Category:Prime ministers of the Philippines]] [[Category:Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria]] [[Category:Minority leaders of the Senate of the Philippines]] [[Category:Politicians from Ilocos Norte]] [[Category:Anti-communists]] {{Philippine Presidents}} 671ezk7fjvkooqbr0tbqssl9fnznt3z 3 229119 10879146 10851795 2026-06-04T23:46:55Z AntiWiki~enwiki 1816539 Undid revision 10851795 by [[Special:Contributions/Mutark2026|Mutark2026]] ([[User talk:Mutark2026|talk]]) 10879146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} == [[Special:Contributions/2600:387:F:5716:0:0:0:8]] == This is a LTA please make a global block.--[[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|talk]]) 18:38, 4 December 2021 (UTC) == GRP == You might want to revdel the abuse by GRP on my talk page too. [[User:JavaHurricane|JavaHurricane]] ([[User talk:JavaHurricane|talk]]) 06:27, 9 December 2021 (UTC) :{{tps}} {{re|JavaHurricane}} I've deleted some of it. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 11:37, 9 December 2021 (UTC) == Happy holidays == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand [[Wikipedia]]. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:21, 23 December 2021 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == How we will see unregistered users == <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> 18:19, 4 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(6)&oldid=22532666 --> == Wright King actor == Tv show TV show 1953 Johnny Jupiter Wright, King’s character Ernest P. Duckweather was not list on his page, I used to watch the show back then. [[Special:Contributions/2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC]] ([[User talk:2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|talk]]) 17:58, 23 May 2022 (UTC) == October 2022 == {{ping|Bsadowski1}} this is lovelyGirl7 and several of my socks have been locked globally. This account is one of my socks so please lock it globally. [[User:Jaspal Atwal on tires|Jaspal Atwal on tires]] ([[User talk:Jaspal Atwal on tires|talk]]) 19:53, 3 October 2022 (UTC) == Hi == For your contributions in locking accounts for no reason I present u the Fiesta Mart award [[User:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|Fiesta Mart, only in Texas]] ([[User talk:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|talk]]) 16:01, 15 October 2022 (UTC) :I don't know if this user you're talking to is active on this wikipedia. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 16:11, 15 October 2022 (UTC) ::{{tps}} {{u|Camdyn Robertson}}, Bsadowski1 is an active admin and a checkuser, he is definitely around on this Wikipedia. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 16:03, 19 October 2022 (UTC) :::Oh, ok. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 17:52, 19 October 2022 (UTC) == A barnstar for you! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for being so helpful on wiki and in the Discord Server! You make a difference. <mark style="background:Black">[[User:Bobherry|<span style="color:Red">Bobherry</span>]] [[User talk:Bobherry|<span style="color:White">Talk</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobherry|<span style="color:Blue">My Changes</span>]] </mark> 21:05, 10 July 2023 (UTC) |} == Hi == Hiya Brian! Guess who's back?!! Glad to see you're still active here and still a steward I see. Well done! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<font color="darkgreen">fr33k</font>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<font color="blue">man</font>]]''''' 17:08, 14 August 2023 (UTC) :Yay! You're back!!! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<font color="darkgreen">fr33k</font>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<font color="blue">man</font>]]''''' 18:12, 21 August 2023 (UTC) ::Yep, I'm still on IRC a lot too. :) --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 01:02, 28 August 2023 (UTC) == Thank you. == For blocking that IP!!! [[User:HushPuppie280|HushPuppie280]] ([[User talk:HushPuppie280|talk]]) 00:15, 9 September 2023 (UTC) == Hello Sir == Why You blocked me ? please help me [[User:HaramnCarder78|HaramnCarder78]] ([[User talk:HaramnCarder78|talk]]) 08:25, 29 November 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC) == CU barnstar == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Checkuser Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Checkuser's Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for helping out the RFCU venue, I'm sorry for sending many talkbacks, but the incidents that we are currently facing are getting violent day by day. Again, thank you for your assistance to Simple English Wikipedia. |} == [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005]] == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am writing this message for a checkuser Request against @[[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] i have created a article today [[Pradeep Kumaar Yadav]] and this editor placed a QD template with a reason of blocked user this is not fare. and then a check his account and i found that he is already blocked in [[English Wikipedia]] due to horrible Sock Puppetry [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Cyber.Eyes.2005/Archive]] i want your help sir please help me you dont think so why any editor edits pages continuously 10-12 hours daily. i think he is doing all this for Wikipedia Rights of Rollback please consider my request i beg to you. [[Special:Contributions/203.115.91.125|203.115.91.125]] ([[User talk:203.115.91.125|talk]]) 18:27, 16 December 2023 (UTC) :It's somewhat amusing how this user is persistently trying to get me blocked—literally reporting me to every single admin, like what. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 18:39, 16 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC) == Need Your Help Sir == Respected Editor @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am forced to text you here a user a user in [[Simple English Wikipedia]] doing mass Quick Delete tags on Indian Wikipedia Articles frequently @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|‎Dotdashmeredith]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dotdashmeredith] here i mentioned his username i have raised voice against him but no once cares about this user @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|Dotdashmeredith]] already blocked on [[English Wikipedia]] because on Sock Puppetry [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas] also blocked on [[:cs:User:Dotdashmeredith|cr.wikipedia.org]] [https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and Also blocked on [[Wikidata]] [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and now doing mass delete on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dotdashmeredith]. He is also Doing Paid edits according to me, He creates [[Poybo Media]] on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] and this article is also creates on [[English Wikipedia]] but now article is deleted on English Wikipedia Because of Sock Puppetry. You can check the references [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas/Archive] And He tried to create Same article on Every Wikipedia [https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/Dotdashmeredith] Justin Jin [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Jin] . Two Articles Justin Jin and Poybo Media he tried to create every time. i beg to you thats why i am messaging you on [[Meta-Wikipedia]] because no one hereing me on Simple English Wikipedia. i am trusting you and respect you thats why i am here in your talk page please do the needful. [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] ([[User talk:Bathew Mads Fomo|talk]]) 23:31, 19 December 2023 (UTC) :**{{nao}} [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] has been blocked for abusing multiple accounts and is globally locked. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 08:30, 20 December 2023 (UTC) == Please check == User:The Queen of All Hearts. Thanks [[User:Macdonald-ross|Macdonald-ross]] ([[User talk:Macdonald-ross|talk]]) 09:55, 21 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC) == Talkback == {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC) == Happy holidays == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 16:07, 23 December 2023 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == Talkback == {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Charles Ndukauba Accounts|ts=11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|RFD_Voters|ts=20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC) == Thanks == Hey thanks for that block. It just popped up in my recent changes log. It’s a little late in the month for the usual foundation evader, isn’t it or did the patterns change? Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]^{[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]} 15:52, 15 February 2024 (UTC) == Cross-wiki spam == Hi Bsadowski1, I came across this user {{userlinks|Faris Ram}} after they recently created [[Zumrud Mirzaeva]] on en-wiki. Upon cross-checking here on simple-wiki, I noticed it was created by user {{userlinks|Umarkhan UZ}} around two weeks ago. Faris Ram also created [[Maria Dovnar]] yesterday, which was earlier created by user {{userlinks|Razetka}}. Both users were CU blocked by you. Faris Ram's last edit here was in September last year, so I'm not sure if it's still possible to run another check. However, I highly suspect he belongs to the same sockfarm. Could you please take a look? Thank you. [[User:GSS|<span style="font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:16px;color:hsl(205, 98%, 55%);">GSS</span>]] ([[User talk:GSS|talk]]<small>|[[Special:Contributions/GSS|c]]|[[Special:EmailUser/GSS|em]]</small>) 14:07, 16 March 2024 (UTC) == Can you take a look at unanswered CU requests? == Hello, I want you to notice that [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Hacktivist_Vanguard_accounts]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Jishnu_Raghavan_accounts]] are remaining open. I look forward to hearing from our checkusers. Thank you for the assistance. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 04:14, 25 March 2024 (UTC) == ‎[redacted] == i added them to vandalism list why you reverting? [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 02:52, 19 April 2024 (UTC) :Yes, because what you posted might be [[Wikipedia:Oversight|suppress-worthy]] and should be privately reported to our oversighters to handle. Additional cleanup is now needed. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 03:18, 19 April 2024 (UTC) == Accounts at [[Talk:Pope John Paul II]] == I blocked another VOA on this talk page (please see page history). Would you like to take a look at this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:29, 6 June 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/AdmiralGeneralAladeen1]] == I assume that this is related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser/Archive21#Muhammad_Luqman_accounts]] (possible block/lock evasion), but I'm not sure if the current behavior-based evidence is strong enough, and the previous accounts are too old for CU. Do you remember any other recent accounts for this group? I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:56, 7 June 2024 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Dhadhor accounts|ts=08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Christian_Joy_Lorenzo_Bautista_again]] == Hello, I have a CU request related to your previous CU actions. Would you like to take a look here? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:43, 17 June 2024 (UTC) == 104.245.37.58 == I think you meant to infinite block him. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 11:19, 19 June 2024 (UTC) : {{ping|Cactusisme}} IPs cannot be indefinitely blocked, please see [[:w:Wikipedia:Blocking_IP_addresses#Block_lengths]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:22, 19 June 2024 (UTC) ::oh okay [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 11:23, 19 June 2024 (UTC) == If you're still online == Can you deal with the 2 new Rishi Sunak hate accounts that I've reported to [[WP:VIP]] please?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:34, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :Just an FYI @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] I've requested global locks of accounts at Meta, Thanks for finding these, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:44, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::Danke.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:45, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] You're welcome :), Happy editing, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:50, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::::Random rant but the Mediawiki software really is dumb - So unbeknown to me the usernames were already globally locked and renamed however without anything telling me the users have been globally locked how the hell am I supposed to know that they ''are'' blocked ?, ::::Just been reverted, revdelled and told "these names don't need to be spread" .... How is the lack of information conveyed to me through the Mediawiki software my fault ?, There is literally no message, no information, no warning ... nothing ... telling this person has either been renamed or blocked ...., ::::Makes me feel like why do I bother.... Rant over, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:58, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::::More of a problem with [[MW:Extension:CentralAuth|Extension:CentralAuth]] than the MediaWiki software itself.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 16:03, 6 July 2024 (UTC) == Mallenstrom == Hi Bsadowski1, Not sure if you're aware but {{noping|69.18.14.67}} was repeatedly making/reverting silly edits to a talkpage yesterday so I didn't know if they were {{noping|Mallenstrom}}?, I know you can't confirm and these 2 could be completely different people but just thought I should let you know just in case, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 09:56, 21 July 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Pseudo-rollbackers_and_proxy_revert_requests_around_south_Asian_topics]] == Hello, can take a look at this CU request? A globally locked account is related, and it is also related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Dhadhor_accounts]] (this was handled by you) and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#CU_request_based_on_w:special:permalink/1234854090]]. Your assistance is always appreciated. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 07:27, 1 August 2024 (UTC) == Catalyst GP real == Can you tell me the link to the sockpuppet invstigation. Thanks [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 10:52, 1 August 2024 (UTC) :As the block reason has said, it is based on checkuser evidence. You don't need an SPI all the time to determine if an account was used abusively. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 10:55, 1 August 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] Who were the other accounts involved? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 10:57, 1 August 2024 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Mx_2024_2030]] == Hello, this looks similar to a user that you recently locked ([[Special:CentralAuth/Mexico_2024_2030]]). Can this be related? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:42, 1 October 2024 (UTC) == Please check [[Special:CentralAuth/Symonds_Gerother]] == Hello, an active editor here has been blocked by Wikidata abuse filter as "LTA (Macyway4)". Are there any past data in simplewiki about this LTA? Also, do you think the abuse filter block has been correctly placed? I contacted user:EPIC, but I was suggested to discuss with simplewiki CUs ([[:m:Special:Diff/27572289]]). I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:50, 8 October 2024 (UTC) == Paid User Alert == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] From past 1 month i am observing there are many People making paid pages on simple wikipedia. People who are not having any news article and having 2-3 paid article also getting live here. And Scammers are using fake references as well with fake references. And a user @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] is involved in it because today i inserted qd in 5-10 non notable pages and he revereted all the changes and removed qd. So he is also involved in the group of people who are making paid pages of non notable people so deleted all the pages on which i have inserted qd and which has been remove by @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] and Block this user. thanks and regards [[User:Kindlt|Kindlt]] ([[User talk:Kindlt|talk]]) 15:24, 19 November 2024 (UTC) == socks == {{ping|Bsadowski1}} Hi Brian, a week ago you glocked [[m:Special:CentralAuth/Dbbxbx]]. Accounts [[Special:CentralAuth/Karuja]] and [[Special:CentralAuth/Aremies]] look like socks of that troll, please check, thank you and a merry Xmas to you! Cheers, [[User:Achim55|Achim55]] ([[User talk:Achim55|talk]]) 11:42, 24 December 2024 (UTC) == Article about Manila Bay == Greetings, @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I hope to find you well. I would like to inquire if I may be allowed to write an article afresh about ''[[Manila Bay]]'', as I am aware that there was a prior deletion to it. I believe I could author a very good article about this important and historic body of water. I will be appreciative of your advice. Sincerely, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 21:03, 27 January 2025 (UTC) : Greetings once again! I recognize now that the disappearance of [[Manila Bay]] was merely a result of a (Mass deletion of pages added by ****). I take this to signify that the subject itself is cleared for re-authoring. I shall henceforth proceed with doing so. Kindest regards, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 06:41, 5 February 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC) == Invitation to Participate in a Research Study on Simplifying and Expanding Health Articles on Wikipedia == Dear Bsadowski1, We are researchers at the University of Washington conducting an interview study about health related information on the Simple English edition of Wikipedia. We hope to bridge the gap between expert-level content and the needs of the broader public, making high-quality health information more understandable and usable for everyone.We are interested in your experiences with editing health related articles and how we might improve coverage of health information in the Simple English edition. If you are 18 years old or older and would consider letting us interview you, please complete our screening survey https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfwYZHyGgjuhq2NnPPGbv8d_jl-CndWvBC12Zljgz8sBDdWfw/viewform which will help us gather some basic information and follow up with further details. Our Wikimedia Meta project page is: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Improve_the_coverage_and_quality_of_health-related_articles_in_the_Simple_English_edition Your participation will contribute to our understanding of how LLMs can be used to enhance the quality and accessibility of health information on Wikipedia. We would be thrilled to have your input. Thank you for considering this invitation, and I look forward to hearing from you. Best regards, Xiran & Lori [[User:Xiranlin|Xiranlin]] ([[User talk:Xiranlin|talk]]) 08:29, 23 May 2025 (UTC) == I want to cancel my name change request. == I want to cancel my name change request. I requested a name change because I didn't like the name. But now I changed my mind. Thank you. [[User:Stararch|Stararch]] ([[User talk:Stararch|talk]]) 06:30, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I think it's okay to just leave it as is since the name change request was accepted. Sorry. [[User:Astraios12|Astraios12]] ([[User talk:Astraios12|talk]]) 07:58, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Hello. == Hello there, what do you think of my first page? It's fine if you say it needs improvements, because it's my first time on here. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2005 [[User:FaroeFO|FaroeFO]] ([[User talk:FaroeFO|talk]]) 08:06, 6 July 2025 (UTC) == Re: socks you just blocked == Was about to open a case and include {{checkuser|BlueSky Editor}} and {{checkuser|FutsalMedia}}. FutsalMedia uploaded images to Commons this week that BlueSky and HistoryWriter88 just added to articles. Are these other two connected to the ones you blocked? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:54, 9 August 2025 (UTC) == Happy holidays! == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it is occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 21 December 2025 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == Content model Sanitized CSS == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I would like to request help converting my subpage below into sanitized CSS. * [[User:Nathan Veritas/Assets/Auth.css]] Thank you. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 22:23, 20 April 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472432 --> == Haha WoW is back == Koulis on wheels [[User:777~cswiki|777~cswiki]] ([[User talk:777~cswiki|talk]]) 23:45, 30 April 2026 (UTC) :LOLLLLLLL [[User:777~cswiki|777~cswiki]] ([[User talk:777~cswiki|talk]]) 23:45, 30 April 2026 (UTC) ::WoW loves gooning [[User:Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T|Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T]] ([[User talk:Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T|talk]]) 22:49, 10 May 2026 (UTC) c6qcxkdey4n65m25osjdb6x43xebyf8 10879152 10879146 2026-06-04T23:53:23Z AntiWiki~enwiki 1816539 /* Haha WoW is back */ Reply 10879152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} == [[Special:Contributions/2600:387:F:5716:0:0:0:8]] == This is a LTA please make a global block.--[[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|talk]]) 18:38, 4 December 2021 (UTC) == GRP == You might want to revdel the abuse by GRP on my talk page too. [[User:JavaHurricane|JavaHurricane]] ([[User talk:JavaHurricane|talk]]) 06:27, 9 December 2021 (UTC) :{{tps}} {{re|JavaHurricane}} I've deleted some of it. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 11:37, 9 December 2021 (UTC) == Happy holidays == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand [[Wikipedia]]. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:21, 23 December 2021 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == How we will see unregistered users == <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> 18:19, 4 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(6)&oldid=22532666 --> == Wright King actor == Tv show TV show 1953 Johnny Jupiter Wright, King’s character Ernest P. Duckweather was not list on his page, I used to watch the show back then. [[Special:Contributions/2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC]] ([[User talk:2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|talk]]) 17:58, 23 May 2022 (UTC) == October 2022 == {{ping|Bsadowski1}} this is lovelyGirl7 and several of my socks have been locked globally. This account is one of my socks so please lock it globally. [[User:Jaspal Atwal on tires|Jaspal Atwal on tires]] ([[User talk:Jaspal Atwal on tires|talk]]) 19:53, 3 October 2022 (UTC) == Hi == For your contributions in locking accounts for no reason I present u the Fiesta Mart award [[User:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|Fiesta Mart, only in Texas]] ([[User talk:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|talk]]) 16:01, 15 October 2022 (UTC) :I don't know if this user you're talking to is active on this wikipedia. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 16:11, 15 October 2022 (UTC) ::{{tps}} {{u|Camdyn Robertson}}, Bsadowski1 is an active admin and a checkuser, he is definitely around on this Wikipedia. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 16:03, 19 October 2022 (UTC) :::Oh, ok. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 17:52, 19 October 2022 (UTC) == A barnstar for you! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for being so helpful on wiki and in the Discord Server! You make a difference. <mark style="background:Black">[[User:Bobherry|<span style="color:Red">Bobherry</span>]] [[User talk:Bobherry|<span style="color:White">Talk</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobherry|<span style="color:Blue">My Changes</span>]] </mark> 21:05, 10 July 2023 (UTC) |} == Hi == Hiya Brian! Guess who's back?!! Glad to see you're still active here and still a steward I see. Well done! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<font color="darkgreen">fr33k</font>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<font color="blue">man</font>]]''''' 17:08, 14 August 2023 (UTC) :Yay! You're back!!! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<font color="darkgreen">fr33k</font>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<font color="blue">man</font>]]''''' 18:12, 21 August 2023 (UTC) ::Yep, I'm still on IRC a lot too. :) --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 01:02, 28 August 2023 (UTC) == Thank you. == For blocking that IP!!! [[User:HushPuppie280|HushPuppie280]] ([[User talk:HushPuppie280|talk]]) 00:15, 9 September 2023 (UTC) == Hello Sir == Why You blocked me ? please help me [[User:HaramnCarder78|HaramnCarder78]] ([[User talk:HaramnCarder78|talk]]) 08:25, 29 November 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC) == CU barnstar == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Checkuser Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Checkuser's Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for helping out the RFCU venue, I'm sorry for sending many talkbacks, but the incidents that we are currently facing are getting violent day by day. Again, thank you for your assistance to Simple English Wikipedia. |} == [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005]] == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am writing this message for a checkuser Request against @[[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] i have created a article today [[Pradeep Kumaar Yadav]] and this editor placed a QD template with a reason of blocked user this is not fare. and then a check his account and i found that he is already blocked in [[English Wikipedia]] due to horrible Sock Puppetry [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Cyber.Eyes.2005/Archive]] i want your help sir please help me you dont think so why any editor edits pages continuously 10-12 hours daily. i think he is doing all this for Wikipedia Rights of Rollback please consider my request i beg to you. [[Special:Contributions/203.115.91.125|203.115.91.125]] ([[User talk:203.115.91.125|talk]]) 18:27, 16 December 2023 (UTC) :It's somewhat amusing how this user is persistently trying to get me blocked—literally reporting me to every single admin, like what. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 18:39, 16 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC) == Need Your Help Sir == Respected Editor @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am forced to text you here a user a user in [[Simple English Wikipedia]] doing mass Quick Delete tags on Indian Wikipedia Articles frequently @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|‎Dotdashmeredith]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dotdashmeredith] here i mentioned his username i have raised voice against him but no once cares about this user @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|Dotdashmeredith]] already blocked on [[English Wikipedia]] because on Sock Puppetry [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas] also blocked on [[:cs:User:Dotdashmeredith|cr.wikipedia.org]] [https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and Also blocked on [[Wikidata]] [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and now doing mass delete on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dotdashmeredith]. He is also Doing Paid edits according to me, He creates [[Poybo Media]] on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] and this article is also creates on [[English Wikipedia]] but now article is deleted on English Wikipedia Because of Sock Puppetry. You can check the references [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas/Archive] And He tried to create Same article on Every Wikipedia [https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/Dotdashmeredith] Justin Jin [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Jin] . Two Articles Justin Jin and Poybo Media he tried to create every time. i beg to you thats why i am messaging you on [[Meta-Wikipedia]] because no one hereing me on Simple English Wikipedia. i am trusting you and respect you thats why i am here in your talk page please do the needful. [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] ([[User talk:Bathew Mads Fomo|talk]]) 23:31, 19 December 2023 (UTC) :**{{nao}} [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] has been blocked for abusing multiple accounts and is globally locked. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 08:30, 20 December 2023 (UTC) == Please check == User:The Queen of All Hearts. Thanks [[User:Macdonald-ross|Macdonald-ross]] ([[User talk:Macdonald-ross|talk]]) 09:55, 21 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC) == Talkback == {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC) == Happy holidays == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 16:07, 23 December 2023 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == Talkback == {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Charles Ndukauba Accounts|ts=11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|RFD_Voters|ts=20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC) == Thanks == Hey thanks for that block. It just popped up in my recent changes log. It’s a little late in the month for the usual foundation evader, isn’t it or did the patterns change? Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]^{[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]} 15:52, 15 February 2024 (UTC) == Cross-wiki spam == Hi Bsadowski1, I came across this user {{userlinks|Faris Ram}} after they recently created [[Zumrud Mirzaeva]] on en-wiki. Upon cross-checking here on simple-wiki, I noticed it was created by user {{userlinks|Umarkhan UZ}} around two weeks ago. Faris Ram also created [[Maria Dovnar]] yesterday, which was earlier created by user {{userlinks|Razetka}}. Both users were CU blocked by you. Faris Ram's last edit here was in September last year, so I'm not sure if it's still possible to run another check. However, I highly suspect he belongs to the same sockfarm. Could you please take a look? Thank you. [[User:GSS|<span style="font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:16px;color:hsl(205, 98%, 55%);">GSS</span>]] ([[User talk:GSS|talk]]<small>|[[Special:Contributions/GSS|c]]|[[Special:EmailUser/GSS|em]]</small>) 14:07, 16 March 2024 (UTC) == Can you take a look at unanswered CU requests? == Hello, I want you to notice that [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Hacktivist_Vanguard_accounts]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Jishnu_Raghavan_accounts]] are remaining open. I look forward to hearing from our checkusers. Thank you for the assistance. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 04:14, 25 March 2024 (UTC) == ‎[redacted] == i added them to vandalism list why you reverting? [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 02:52, 19 April 2024 (UTC) :Yes, because what you posted might be [[Wikipedia:Oversight|suppress-worthy]] and should be privately reported to our oversighters to handle. Additional cleanup is now needed. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 03:18, 19 April 2024 (UTC) == Accounts at [[Talk:Pope John Paul II]] == I blocked another VOA on this talk page (please see page history). Would you like to take a look at this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:29, 6 June 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/AdmiralGeneralAladeen1]] == I assume that this is related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser/Archive21#Muhammad_Luqman_accounts]] (possible block/lock evasion), but I'm not sure if the current behavior-based evidence is strong enough, and the previous accounts are too old for CU. Do you remember any other recent accounts for this group? I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:56, 7 June 2024 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Dhadhor accounts|ts=08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Christian_Joy_Lorenzo_Bautista_again]] == Hello, I have a CU request related to your previous CU actions. Would you like to take a look here? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:43, 17 June 2024 (UTC) == 104.245.37.58 == I think you meant to infinite block him. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 11:19, 19 June 2024 (UTC) : {{ping|Cactusisme}} IPs cannot be indefinitely blocked, please see [[:w:Wikipedia:Blocking_IP_addresses#Block_lengths]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:22, 19 June 2024 (UTC) ::oh okay [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 11:23, 19 June 2024 (UTC) == If you're still online == Can you deal with the 2 new Rishi Sunak hate accounts that I've reported to [[WP:VIP]] please?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:34, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :Just an FYI @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] I've requested global locks of accounts at Meta, Thanks for finding these, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:44, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::Danke.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:45, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] You're welcome :), Happy editing, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:50, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::::Random rant but the Mediawiki software really is dumb - So unbeknown to me the usernames were already globally locked and renamed however without anything telling me the users have been globally locked how the hell am I supposed to know that they ''are'' blocked ?, ::::Just been reverted, revdelled and told "these names don't need to be spread" .... How is the lack of information conveyed to me through the Mediawiki software my fault ?, There is literally no message, no information, no warning ... nothing ... telling this person has either been renamed or blocked ...., ::::Makes me feel like why do I bother.... Rant over, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:58, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::::More of a problem with [[MW:Extension:CentralAuth|Extension:CentralAuth]] than the MediaWiki software itself.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 16:03, 6 July 2024 (UTC) == Mallenstrom == Hi Bsadowski1, Not sure if you're aware but {{noping|69.18.14.67}} was repeatedly making/reverting silly edits to a talkpage yesterday so I didn't know if they were {{noping|Mallenstrom}}?, I know you can't confirm and these 2 could be completely different people but just thought I should let you know just in case, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 09:56, 21 July 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Pseudo-rollbackers_and_proxy_revert_requests_around_south_Asian_topics]] == Hello, can take a look at this CU request? A globally locked account is related, and it is also related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Dhadhor_accounts]] (this was handled by you) and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#CU_request_based_on_w:special:permalink/1234854090]]. Your assistance is always appreciated. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 07:27, 1 August 2024 (UTC) == Catalyst GP real == Can you tell me the link to the sockpuppet invstigation. Thanks [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 10:52, 1 August 2024 (UTC) :As the block reason has said, it is based on checkuser evidence. You don't need an SPI all the time to determine if an account was used abusively. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 10:55, 1 August 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] Who were the other accounts involved? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 10:57, 1 August 2024 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Mx_2024_2030]] == Hello, this looks similar to a user that you recently locked ([[Special:CentralAuth/Mexico_2024_2030]]). Can this be related? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:42, 1 October 2024 (UTC) == Please check [[Special:CentralAuth/Symonds_Gerother]] == Hello, an active editor here has been blocked by Wikidata abuse filter as "LTA (Macyway4)". Are there any past data in simplewiki about this LTA? Also, do you think the abuse filter block has been correctly placed? I contacted user:EPIC, but I was suggested to discuss with simplewiki CUs ([[:m:Special:Diff/27572289]]). I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:50, 8 October 2024 (UTC) == Paid User Alert == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] From past 1 month i am observing there are many People making paid pages on simple wikipedia. People who are not having any news article and having 2-3 paid article also getting live here. And Scammers are using fake references as well with fake references. And a user @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] is involved in it because today i inserted qd in 5-10 non notable pages and he revereted all the changes and removed qd. So he is also involved in the group of people who are making paid pages of non notable people so deleted all the pages on which i have inserted qd and which has been remove by @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] and Block this user. thanks and regards [[User:Kindlt|Kindlt]] ([[User talk:Kindlt|talk]]) 15:24, 19 November 2024 (UTC) == socks == {{ping|Bsadowski1}} Hi Brian, a week ago you glocked [[m:Special:CentralAuth/Dbbxbx]]. Accounts [[Special:CentralAuth/Karuja]] and [[Special:CentralAuth/Aremies]] look like socks of that troll, please check, thank you and a merry Xmas to you! Cheers, [[User:Achim55|Achim55]] ([[User talk:Achim55|talk]]) 11:42, 24 December 2024 (UTC) == Article about Manila Bay == Greetings, @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I hope to find you well. I would like to inquire if I may be allowed to write an article afresh about ''[[Manila Bay]]'', as I am aware that there was a prior deletion to it. I believe I could author a very good article about this important and historic body of water. I will be appreciative of your advice. Sincerely, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 21:03, 27 January 2025 (UTC) : Greetings once again! I recognize now that the disappearance of [[Manila Bay]] was merely a result of a (Mass deletion of pages added by ****). I take this to signify that the subject itself is cleared for re-authoring. I shall henceforth proceed with doing so. Kindest regards, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 06:41, 5 February 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC) == Invitation to Participate in a Research Study on Simplifying and Expanding Health Articles on Wikipedia == Dear Bsadowski1, We are researchers at the University of Washington conducting an interview study about health related information on the Simple English edition of Wikipedia. We hope to bridge the gap between expert-level content and the needs of the broader public, making high-quality health information more understandable and usable for everyone.We are interested in your experiences with editing health related articles and how we might improve coverage of health information in the Simple English edition. If you are 18 years old or older and would consider letting us interview you, please complete our screening survey https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfwYZHyGgjuhq2NnPPGbv8d_jl-CndWvBC12Zljgz8sBDdWfw/viewform which will help us gather some basic information and follow up with further details. Our Wikimedia Meta project page is: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Improve_the_coverage_and_quality_of_health-related_articles_in_the_Simple_English_edition Your participation will contribute to our understanding of how LLMs can be used to enhance the quality and accessibility of health information on Wikipedia. We would be thrilled to have your input. Thank you for considering this invitation, and I look forward to hearing from you. Best regards, Xiran & Lori [[User:Xiranlin|Xiranlin]] ([[User talk:Xiranlin|talk]]) 08:29, 23 May 2025 (UTC) == I want to cancel my name change request. == I want to cancel my name change request. I requested a name change because I didn't like the name. But now I changed my mind. Thank you. [[User:Stararch|Stararch]] ([[User talk:Stararch|talk]]) 06:30, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I think it's okay to just leave it as is since the name change request was accepted. Sorry. [[User:Astraios12|Astraios12]] ([[User talk:Astraios12|talk]]) 07:58, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Hello. == Hello there, what do you think of my first page? It's fine if you say it needs improvements, because it's my first time on here. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2005 [[User:FaroeFO|FaroeFO]] ([[User talk:FaroeFO|talk]]) 08:06, 6 July 2025 (UTC) == Re: socks you just blocked == Was about to open a case and include {{checkuser|BlueSky Editor}} and {{checkuser|FutsalMedia}}. FutsalMedia uploaded images to Commons this week that BlueSky and HistoryWriter88 just added to articles. Are these other two connected to the ones you blocked? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:54, 9 August 2025 (UTC) == Happy holidays! == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it is occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 21 December 2025 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == Content model Sanitized CSS == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I would like to request help converting my subpage below into sanitized CSS. * [[User:Nathan Veritas/Assets/Auth.css]] Thank you. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 22:23, 20 April 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472432 --> == Haha WoW is back == Koulis on wheels [[User:777~cswiki|777~cswiki]] ([[User talk:777~cswiki|talk]]) 23:45, 30 April 2026 (UTC) :LOLLLLLLL [[User:777~cswiki|777~cswiki]] ([[User talk:777~cswiki|talk]]) 23:45, 30 April 2026 (UTC) ::WoW loves gooning [[User:Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T|Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T]] ([[User talk:Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T|talk]]) 22:49, 10 May 2026 (UTC) :::Goofing is so white liquid [[User:AntiWiki~enwiki|AntiWiki~enwiki]] ([[User talk:AntiWiki~enwiki|talk]]) 23:53, 4 June 2026 (UTC) oaiirtgj2f5tipleeueokj72mztnso6 10879153 10879152 2026-06-04T23:53:38Z AntiWiki~enwiki 1816539 /* Haha WoW is back */ Reply 10879153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} == [[Special:Contributions/2600:387:F:5716:0:0:0:8]] == This is a LTA please make a global block.--[[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|talk]]) 18:38, 4 December 2021 (UTC) == GRP == You might want to revdel the abuse by GRP on my talk page too. [[User:JavaHurricane|JavaHurricane]] ([[User talk:JavaHurricane|talk]]) 06:27, 9 December 2021 (UTC) :{{tps}} {{re|JavaHurricane}} I've deleted some of it. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 11:37, 9 December 2021 (UTC) == Happy holidays == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand [[Wikipedia]]. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:21, 23 December 2021 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == How we will see unregistered users == <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> 18:19, 4 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(6)&oldid=22532666 --> == Wright King actor == Tv show TV show 1953 Johnny Jupiter Wright, King’s character Ernest P. Duckweather was not list on his page, I used to watch the show back then. [[Special:Contributions/2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC]] ([[User talk:2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|talk]]) 17:58, 23 May 2022 (UTC) == October 2022 == {{ping|Bsadowski1}} this is lovelyGirl7 and several of my socks have been locked globally. This account is one of my socks so please lock it globally. [[User:Jaspal Atwal on tires|Jaspal Atwal on tires]] ([[User talk:Jaspal Atwal on tires|talk]]) 19:53, 3 October 2022 (UTC) == Hi == For your contributions in locking accounts for no reason I present u the Fiesta Mart award [[User:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|Fiesta Mart, only in Texas]] ([[User talk:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|talk]]) 16:01, 15 October 2022 (UTC) :I don't know if this user you're talking to is active on this wikipedia. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 16:11, 15 October 2022 (UTC) ::{{tps}} {{u|Camdyn Robertson}}, Bsadowski1 is an active admin and a checkuser, he is definitely around on this Wikipedia. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 16:03, 19 October 2022 (UTC) :::Oh, ok. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 17:52, 19 October 2022 (UTC) == A barnstar for you! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for being so helpful on wiki and in the Discord Server! You make a difference. <mark style="background:Black">[[User:Bobherry|<span style="color:Red">Bobherry</span>]] [[User talk:Bobherry|<span style="color:White">Talk</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobherry|<span style="color:Blue">My Changes</span>]] </mark> 21:05, 10 July 2023 (UTC) |} == Hi == Hiya Brian! Guess who's back?!! Glad to see you're still active here and still a steward I see. Well done! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<font color="darkgreen">fr33k</font>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<font color="blue">man</font>]]''''' 17:08, 14 August 2023 (UTC) :Yay! You're back!!! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<font color="darkgreen">fr33k</font>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<font color="blue">man</font>]]''''' 18:12, 21 August 2023 (UTC) ::Yep, I'm still on IRC a lot too. :) --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 01:02, 28 August 2023 (UTC) == Thank you. == For blocking that IP!!! [[User:HushPuppie280|HushPuppie280]] ([[User talk:HushPuppie280|talk]]) 00:15, 9 September 2023 (UTC) == Hello Sir == Why You blocked me ? please help me [[User:HaramnCarder78|HaramnCarder78]] ([[User talk:HaramnCarder78|talk]]) 08:25, 29 November 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC) == CU barnstar == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Checkuser Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Checkuser's Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for helping out the RFCU venue, I'm sorry for sending many talkbacks, but the incidents that we are currently facing are getting violent day by day. Again, thank you for your assistance to Simple English Wikipedia. |} == [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005]] == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am writing this message for a checkuser Request against @[[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] i have created a article today [[Pradeep Kumaar Yadav]] and this editor placed a QD template with a reason of blocked user this is not fare. and then a check his account and i found that he is already blocked in [[English Wikipedia]] due to horrible Sock Puppetry [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Cyber.Eyes.2005/Archive]] i want your help sir please help me you dont think so why any editor edits pages continuously 10-12 hours daily. i think he is doing all this for Wikipedia Rights of Rollback please consider my request i beg to you. [[Special:Contributions/203.115.91.125|203.115.91.125]] ([[User talk:203.115.91.125|talk]]) 18:27, 16 December 2023 (UTC) :It's somewhat amusing how this user is persistently trying to get me blocked—literally reporting me to every single admin, like what. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 18:39, 16 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC) == Need Your Help Sir == Respected Editor @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am forced to text you here a user a user in [[Simple English Wikipedia]] doing mass Quick Delete tags on Indian Wikipedia Articles frequently @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|‎Dotdashmeredith]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dotdashmeredith] here i mentioned his username i have raised voice against him but no once cares about this user @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|Dotdashmeredith]] already blocked on [[English Wikipedia]] because on Sock Puppetry [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas] also blocked on [[:cs:User:Dotdashmeredith|cr.wikipedia.org]] [https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and Also blocked on [[Wikidata]] [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and now doing mass delete on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dotdashmeredith]. He is also Doing Paid edits according to me, He creates [[Poybo Media]] on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] and this article is also creates on [[English Wikipedia]] but now article is deleted on English Wikipedia Because of Sock Puppetry. You can check the references [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas/Archive] And He tried to create Same article on Every Wikipedia [https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/Dotdashmeredith] Justin Jin [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Jin] . Two Articles Justin Jin and Poybo Media he tried to create every time. i beg to you thats why i am messaging you on [[Meta-Wikipedia]] because no one hereing me on Simple English Wikipedia. i am trusting you and respect you thats why i am here in your talk page please do the needful. [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] ([[User talk:Bathew Mads Fomo|talk]]) 23:31, 19 December 2023 (UTC) :**{{nao}} [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] has been blocked for abusing multiple accounts and is globally locked. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 08:30, 20 December 2023 (UTC) == Please check == User:The Queen of All Hearts. Thanks [[User:Macdonald-ross|Macdonald-ross]] ([[User talk:Macdonald-ross|talk]]) 09:55, 21 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC) == Talkback == {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC) == Happy holidays == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 16:07, 23 December 2023 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == Talkback == {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Charles Ndukauba Accounts|ts=11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|RFD_Voters|ts=20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC) == Thanks == Hey thanks for that block. It just popped up in my recent changes log. It’s a little late in the month for the usual foundation evader, isn’t it or did the patterns change? Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]^{[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]} 15:52, 15 February 2024 (UTC) == Cross-wiki spam == Hi Bsadowski1, I came across this user {{userlinks|Faris Ram}} after they recently created [[Zumrud Mirzaeva]] on en-wiki. Upon cross-checking here on simple-wiki, I noticed it was created by user {{userlinks|Umarkhan UZ}} around two weeks ago. Faris Ram also created [[Maria Dovnar]] yesterday, which was earlier created by user {{userlinks|Razetka}}. Both users were CU blocked by you. Faris Ram's last edit here was in September last year, so I'm not sure if it's still possible to run another check. However, I highly suspect he belongs to the same sockfarm. Could you please take a look? Thank you. [[User:GSS|<span style="font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:16px;color:hsl(205, 98%, 55%);">GSS</span>]] ([[User talk:GSS|talk]]<small>|[[Special:Contributions/GSS|c]]|[[Special:EmailUser/GSS|em]]</small>) 14:07, 16 March 2024 (UTC) == Can you take a look at unanswered CU requests? == Hello, I want you to notice that [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Hacktivist_Vanguard_accounts]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Jishnu_Raghavan_accounts]] are remaining open. I look forward to hearing from our checkusers. Thank you for the assistance. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 04:14, 25 March 2024 (UTC) == ‎[redacted] == i added them to vandalism list why you reverting? [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 02:52, 19 April 2024 (UTC) :Yes, because what you posted might be [[Wikipedia:Oversight|suppress-worthy]] and should be privately reported to our oversighters to handle. Additional cleanup is now needed. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 03:18, 19 April 2024 (UTC) == Accounts at [[Talk:Pope John Paul II]] == I blocked another VOA on this talk page (please see page history). Would you like to take a look at this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:29, 6 June 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/AdmiralGeneralAladeen1]] == I assume that this is related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser/Archive21#Muhammad_Luqman_accounts]] (possible block/lock evasion), but I'm not sure if the current behavior-based evidence is strong enough, and the previous accounts are too old for CU. Do you remember any other recent accounts for this group? I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:56, 7 June 2024 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Dhadhor accounts|ts=08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Christian_Joy_Lorenzo_Bautista_again]] == Hello, I have a CU request related to your previous CU actions. Would you like to take a look here? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:43, 17 June 2024 (UTC) == 104.245.37.58 == I think you meant to infinite block him. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 11:19, 19 June 2024 (UTC) : {{ping|Cactusisme}} IPs cannot be indefinitely blocked, please see [[:w:Wikipedia:Blocking_IP_addresses#Block_lengths]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:22, 19 June 2024 (UTC) ::oh okay [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 11:23, 19 June 2024 (UTC) == If you're still online == Can you deal with the 2 new Rishi Sunak hate accounts that I've reported to [[WP:VIP]] please?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:34, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :Just an FYI @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] I've requested global locks of accounts at Meta, Thanks for finding these, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:44, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::Danke.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:45, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] You're welcome :), Happy editing, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:50, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::::Random rant but the Mediawiki software really is dumb - So unbeknown to me the usernames were already globally locked and renamed however without anything telling me the users have been globally locked how the hell am I supposed to know that they ''are'' blocked ?, ::::Just been reverted, revdelled and told "these names don't need to be spread" .... How is the lack of information conveyed to me through the Mediawiki software my fault ?, There is literally no message, no information, no warning ... nothing ... telling this person has either been renamed or blocked ...., ::::Makes me feel like why do I bother.... Rant over, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:58, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::::More of a problem with [[MW:Extension:CentralAuth|Extension:CentralAuth]] than the MediaWiki software itself.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 16:03, 6 July 2024 (UTC) == Mallenstrom == Hi Bsadowski1, Not sure if you're aware but {{noping|69.18.14.67}} was repeatedly making/reverting silly edits to a talkpage yesterday so I didn't know if they were {{noping|Mallenstrom}}?, I know you can't confirm and these 2 could be completely different people but just thought I should let you know just in case, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 09:56, 21 July 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Pseudo-rollbackers_and_proxy_revert_requests_around_south_Asian_topics]] == Hello, can take a look at this CU request? A globally locked account is related, and it is also related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Dhadhor_accounts]] (this was handled by you) and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#CU_request_based_on_w:special:permalink/1234854090]]. Your assistance is always appreciated. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 07:27, 1 August 2024 (UTC) == Catalyst GP real == Can you tell me the link to the sockpuppet invstigation. Thanks [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 10:52, 1 August 2024 (UTC) :As the block reason has said, it is based on checkuser evidence. You don't need an SPI all the time to determine if an account was used abusively. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 10:55, 1 August 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] Who were the other accounts involved? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 10:57, 1 August 2024 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Mx_2024_2030]] == Hello, this looks similar to a user that you recently locked ([[Special:CentralAuth/Mexico_2024_2030]]). Can this be related? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:42, 1 October 2024 (UTC) == Please check [[Special:CentralAuth/Symonds_Gerother]] == Hello, an active editor here has been blocked by Wikidata abuse filter as "LTA (Macyway4)". Are there any past data in simplewiki about this LTA? Also, do you think the abuse filter block has been correctly placed? I contacted user:EPIC, but I was suggested to discuss with simplewiki CUs ([[:m:Special:Diff/27572289]]). I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:50, 8 October 2024 (UTC) == Paid User Alert == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] From past 1 month i am observing there are many People making paid pages on simple wikipedia. People who are not having any news article and having 2-3 paid article also getting live here. And Scammers are using fake references as well with fake references. And a user @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] is involved in it because today i inserted qd in 5-10 non notable pages and he revereted all the changes and removed qd. So he is also involved in the group of people who are making paid pages of non notable people so deleted all the pages on which i have inserted qd and which has been remove by @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] and Block this user. thanks and regards [[User:Kindlt|Kindlt]] ([[User talk:Kindlt|talk]]) 15:24, 19 November 2024 (UTC) == socks == {{ping|Bsadowski1}} Hi Brian, a week ago you glocked [[m:Special:CentralAuth/Dbbxbx]]. Accounts [[Special:CentralAuth/Karuja]] and [[Special:CentralAuth/Aremies]] look like socks of that troll, please check, thank you and a merry Xmas to you! Cheers, [[User:Achim55|Achim55]] ([[User talk:Achim55|talk]]) 11:42, 24 December 2024 (UTC) == Article about Manila Bay == Greetings, @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I hope to find you well. I would like to inquire if I may be allowed to write an article afresh about ''[[Manila Bay]]'', as I am aware that there was a prior deletion to it. I believe I could author a very good article about this important and historic body of water. I will be appreciative of your advice. Sincerely, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 21:03, 27 January 2025 (UTC) : Greetings once again! I recognize now that the disappearance of [[Manila Bay]] was merely a result of a (Mass deletion of pages added by ****). I take this to signify that the subject itself is cleared for re-authoring. I shall henceforth proceed with doing so. Kindest regards, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 06:41, 5 February 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC) == Invitation to Participate in a Research Study on Simplifying and Expanding Health Articles on Wikipedia == Dear Bsadowski1, We are researchers at the University of Washington conducting an interview study about health related information on the Simple English edition of Wikipedia. We hope to bridge the gap between expert-level content and the needs of the broader public, making high-quality health information more understandable and usable for everyone.We are interested in your experiences with editing health related articles and how we might improve coverage of health information in the Simple English edition. If you are 18 years old or older and would consider letting us interview you, please complete our screening survey https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfwYZHyGgjuhq2NnPPGbv8d_jl-CndWvBC12Zljgz8sBDdWfw/viewform which will help us gather some basic information and follow up with further details. Our Wikimedia Meta project page is: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Improve_the_coverage_and_quality_of_health-related_articles_in_the_Simple_English_edition Your participation will contribute to our understanding of how LLMs can be used to enhance the quality and accessibility of health information on Wikipedia. We would be thrilled to have your input. Thank you for considering this invitation, and I look forward to hearing from you. Best regards, Xiran & Lori [[User:Xiranlin|Xiranlin]] ([[User talk:Xiranlin|talk]]) 08:29, 23 May 2025 (UTC) == I want to cancel my name change request. == I want to cancel my name change request. I requested a name change because I didn't like the name. But now I changed my mind. Thank you. [[User:Stararch|Stararch]] ([[User talk:Stararch|talk]]) 06:30, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I think it's okay to just leave it as is since the name change request was accepted. Sorry. [[User:Astraios12|Astraios12]] ([[User talk:Astraios12|talk]]) 07:58, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Hello. == Hello there, what do you think of my first page? It's fine if you say it needs improvements, because it's my first time on here. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2005 [[User:FaroeFO|FaroeFO]] ([[User talk:FaroeFO|talk]]) 08:06, 6 July 2025 (UTC) == Re: socks you just blocked == Was about to open a case and include {{checkuser|BlueSky Editor}} and {{checkuser|FutsalMedia}}. FutsalMedia uploaded images to Commons this week that BlueSky and HistoryWriter88 just added to articles. Are these other two connected to the ones you blocked? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:54, 9 August 2025 (UTC) == Happy holidays! == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it is occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 21 December 2025 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == Content model Sanitized CSS == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I would like to request help converting my subpage below into sanitized CSS. * [[User:Nathan Veritas/Assets/Auth.css]] Thank you. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 22:23, 20 April 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472432 --> == Haha WoW is back == Koulis on wheels [[User:777~cswiki|777~cswiki]] ([[User talk:777~cswiki|talk]]) 23:45, 30 April 2026 (UTC) :LOLLLLLLL [[User:777~cswiki|777~cswiki]] ([[User talk:777~cswiki|talk]]) 23:45, 30 April 2026 (UTC) ::WoW loves gooning [[User:Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T|Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T]] ([[User talk:Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T|talk]]) 22:49, 10 May 2026 (UTC) :::Goofing is so white liquid [[User:AntiWiki~enwiki|AntiWiki~enwiki]] ([[User talk:AntiWiki~enwiki|talk]]) 23:53, 4 June 2026 (UTC) ::::Like milk or milf [[User:AntiWiki~enwiki|AntiWiki~enwiki]] ([[User talk:AntiWiki~enwiki|talk]]) 23:53, 4 June 2026 (UTC) 75bytomq0qcvnfjbfdof5qvj7qfqm76 10879154 10879153 2026-06-04T23:54:11Z AntiWiki~enwiki 1816539 /* Haha WoW is back */ 10879154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} == [[Special:Contributions/2600:387:F:5716:0:0:0:8]] == This is a LTA please make a global block.--[[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|talk]]) 18:38, 4 December 2021 (UTC) == GRP == You might want to revdel the abuse by GRP on my talk page too. [[User:JavaHurricane|JavaHurricane]] ([[User talk:JavaHurricane|talk]]) 06:27, 9 December 2021 (UTC) :{{tps}} {{re|JavaHurricane}} I've deleted some of it. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 11:37, 9 December 2021 (UTC) == Happy holidays == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand [[Wikipedia]]. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:21, 23 December 2021 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == How we will see unregistered users == <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> 18:19, 4 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(6)&oldid=22532666 --> == Wright King actor == Tv show TV show 1953 Johnny Jupiter Wright, King’s character Ernest P. Duckweather was not list on his page, I used to watch the show back then. [[Special:Contributions/2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC]] ([[User talk:2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|talk]]) 17:58, 23 May 2022 (UTC) == October 2022 == {{ping|Bsadowski1}} this is lovelyGirl7 and several of my socks have been locked globally. This account is one of my socks so please lock it globally. [[User:Jaspal Atwal on tires|Jaspal Atwal on tires]] ([[User talk:Jaspal Atwal on tires|talk]]) 19:53, 3 October 2022 (UTC) == Hi == For your contributions in locking accounts for no reason I present u the Fiesta Mart award [[User:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|Fiesta Mart, only in Texas]] ([[User talk:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|talk]]) 16:01, 15 October 2022 (UTC) :I don't know if this user you're talking to is active on this wikipedia. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 16:11, 15 October 2022 (UTC) ::{{tps}} {{u|Camdyn Robertson}}, Bsadowski1 is an active admin and a checkuser, he is definitely around on this Wikipedia. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 16:03, 19 October 2022 (UTC) :::Oh, ok. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 17:52, 19 October 2022 (UTC) == A barnstar for you! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for being so helpful on wiki and in the Discord Server! You make a difference. <mark style="background:Black">[[User:Bobherry|<span style="color:Red">Bobherry</span>]] [[User talk:Bobherry|<span style="color:White">Talk</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobherry|<span style="color:Blue">My Changes</span>]] </mark> 21:05, 10 July 2023 (UTC) |} == Hi == Hiya Brian! Guess who's back?!! Glad to see you're still active here and still a steward I see. Well done! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<font color="darkgreen">fr33k</font>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<font color="blue">man</font>]]''''' 17:08, 14 August 2023 (UTC) :Yay! You're back!!! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<font color="darkgreen">fr33k</font>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<font color="blue">man</font>]]''''' 18:12, 21 August 2023 (UTC) ::Yep, I'm still on IRC a lot too. :) --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 01:02, 28 August 2023 (UTC) == Thank you. == For blocking that IP!!! [[User:HushPuppie280|HushPuppie280]] ([[User talk:HushPuppie280|talk]]) 00:15, 9 September 2023 (UTC) == Hello Sir == Why You blocked me ? please help me [[User:HaramnCarder78|HaramnCarder78]] ([[User talk:HaramnCarder78|talk]]) 08:25, 29 November 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC) == CU barnstar == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Checkuser Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Checkuser's Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for helping out the RFCU venue, I'm sorry for sending many talkbacks, but the incidents that we are currently facing are getting violent day by day. Again, thank you for your assistance to Simple English Wikipedia. |} == [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005]] == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am writing this message for a checkuser Request against @[[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] i have created a article today [[Pradeep Kumaar Yadav]] and this editor placed a QD template with a reason of blocked user this is not fare. and then a check his account and i found that he is already blocked in [[English Wikipedia]] due to horrible Sock Puppetry [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Cyber.Eyes.2005/Archive]] i want your help sir please help me you dont think so why any editor edits pages continuously 10-12 hours daily. i think he is doing all this for Wikipedia Rights of Rollback please consider my request i beg to you. [[Special:Contributions/203.115.91.125|203.115.91.125]] ([[User talk:203.115.91.125|talk]]) 18:27, 16 December 2023 (UTC) :It's somewhat amusing how this user is persistently trying to get me blocked—literally reporting me to every single admin, like what. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 18:39, 16 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC) == Need Your Help Sir == Respected Editor @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am forced to text you here a user a user in [[Simple English Wikipedia]] doing mass Quick Delete tags on Indian Wikipedia Articles frequently @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|‎Dotdashmeredith]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dotdashmeredith] here i mentioned his username i have raised voice against him but no once cares about this user @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|Dotdashmeredith]] already blocked on [[English Wikipedia]] because on Sock Puppetry [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas] also blocked on [[:cs:User:Dotdashmeredith|cr.wikipedia.org]] [https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and Also blocked on [[Wikidata]] [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and now doing mass delete on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dotdashmeredith]. He is also Doing Paid edits according to me, He creates [[Poybo Media]] on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] and this article is also creates on [[English Wikipedia]] but now article is deleted on English Wikipedia Because of Sock Puppetry. You can check the references [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas/Archive] And He tried to create Same article on Every Wikipedia [https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/Dotdashmeredith] Justin Jin [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Jin] . Two Articles Justin Jin and Poybo Media he tried to create every time. i beg to you thats why i am messaging you on [[Meta-Wikipedia]] because no one hereing me on Simple English Wikipedia. i am trusting you and respect you thats why i am here in your talk page please do the needful. [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] ([[User talk:Bathew Mads Fomo|talk]]) 23:31, 19 December 2023 (UTC) :**{{nao}} [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] has been blocked for abusing multiple accounts and is globally locked. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 08:30, 20 December 2023 (UTC) == Please check == User:The Queen of All Hearts. Thanks [[User:Macdonald-ross|Macdonald-ross]] ([[User talk:Macdonald-ross|talk]]) 09:55, 21 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC) == Talkback == {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC) == Happy holidays == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 16:07, 23 December 2023 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == Talkback == {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Charles Ndukauba Accounts|ts=11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|RFD_Voters|ts=20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC) == Thanks == Hey thanks for that block. It just popped up in my recent changes log. It’s a little late in the month for the usual foundation evader, isn’t it or did the patterns change? Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]^{[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]} 15:52, 15 February 2024 (UTC) == Cross-wiki spam == Hi Bsadowski1, I came across this user {{userlinks|Faris Ram}} after they recently created [[Zumrud Mirzaeva]] on en-wiki. Upon cross-checking here on simple-wiki, I noticed it was created by user {{userlinks|Umarkhan UZ}} around two weeks ago. Faris Ram also created [[Maria Dovnar]] yesterday, which was earlier created by user {{userlinks|Razetka}}. Both users were CU blocked by you. Faris Ram's last edit here was in September last year, so I'm not sure if it's still possible to run another check. However, I highly suspect he belongs to the same sockfarm. Could you please take a look? Thank you. [[User:GSS|<span style="font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:16px;color:hsl(205, 98%, 55%);">GSS</span>]] ([[User talk:GSS|talk]]<small>|[[Special:Contributions/GSS|c]]|[[Special:EmailUser/GSS|em]]</small>) 14:07, 16 March 2024 (UTC) == Can you take a look at unanswered CU requests? == Hello, I want you to notice that [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Hacktivist_Vanguard_accounts]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Jishnu_Raghavan_accounts]] are remaining open. I look forward to hearing from our checkusers. Thank you for the assistance. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 04:14, 25 March 2024 (UTC) == ‎[redacted] == i added them to vandalism list why you reverting? [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 02:52, 19 April 2024 (UTC) :Yes, because what you posted might be [[Wikipedia:Oversight|suppress-worthy]] and should be privately reported to our oversighters to handle. Additional cleanup is now needed. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 03:18, 19 April 2024 (UTC) == Accounts at [[Talk:Pope John Paul II]] == I blocked another VOA on this talk page (please see page history). Would you like to take a look at this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:29, 6 June 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/AdmiralGeneralAladeen1]] == I assume that this is related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser/Archive21#Muhammad_Luqman_accounts]] (possible block/lock evasion), but I'm not sure if the current behavior-based evidence is strong enough, and the previous accounts are too old for CU. Do you remember any other recent accounts for this group? I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:56, 7 June 2024 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Dhadhor accounts|ts=08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Christian_Joy_Lorenzo_Bautista_again]] == Hello, I have a CU request related to your previous CU actions. Would you like to take a look here? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:43, 17 June 2024 (UTC) == 104.245.37.58 == I think you meant to infinite block him. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 11:19, 19 June 2024 (UTC) : {{ping|Cactusisme}} IPs cannot be indefinitely blocked, please see [[:w:Wikipedia:Blocking_IP_addresses#Block_lengths]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:22, 19 June 2024 (UTC) ::oh okay [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 11:23, 19 June 2024 (UTC) == If you're still online == Can you deal with the 2 new Rishi Sunak hate accounts that I've reported to [[WP:VIP]] please?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:34, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :Just an FYI @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] I've requested global locks of accounts at Meta, Thanks for finding these, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:44, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::Danke.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:45, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] You're welcome :), Happy editing, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:50, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::::Random rant but the Mediawiki software really is dumb - So unbeknown to me the usernames were already globally locked and renamed however without anything telling me the users have been globally locked how the hell am I supposed to know that they ''are'' blocked ?, ::::Just been reverted, revdelled and told "these names don't need to be spread" .... How is the lack of information conveyed to me through the Mediawiki software my fault ?, There is literally no message, no information, no warning ... nothing ... telling this person has either been renamed or blocked ...., ::::Makes me feel like why do I bother.... Rant over, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:58, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::::More of a problem with [[MW:Extension:CentralAuth|Extension:CentralAuth]] than the MediaWiki software itself.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 16:03, 6 July 2024 (UTC) == Mallenstrom == Hi Bsadowski1, Not sure if you're aware but {{noping|69.18.14.67}} was repeatedly making/reverting silly edits to a talkpage yesterday so I didn't know if they were {{noping|Mallenstrom}}?, I know you can't confirm and these 2 could be completely different people but just thought I should let you know just in case, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 09:56, 21 July 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Pseudo-rollbackers_and_proxy_revert_requests_around_south_Asian_topics]] == Hello, can take a look at this CU request? A globally locked account is related, and it is also related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Dhadhor_accounts]] (this was handled by you) and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#CU_request_based_on_w:special:permalink/1234854090]]. Your assistance is always appreciated. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 07:27, 1 August 2024 (UTC) == Catalyst GP real == Can you tell me the link to the sockpuppet invstigation. Thanks [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 10:52, 1 August 2024 (UTC) :As the block reason has said, it is based on checkuser evidence. You don't need an SPI all the time to determine if an account was used abusively. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 10:55, 1 August 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] Who were the other accounts involved? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 10:57, 1 August 2024 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Mx_2024_2030]] == Hello, this looks similar to a user that you recently locked ([[Special:CentralAuth/Mexico_2024_2030]]). Can this be related? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:42, 1 October 2024 (UTC) == Please check [[Special:CentralAuth/Symonds_Gerother]] == Hello, an active editor here has been blocked by Wikidata abuse filter as "LTA (Macyway4)". Are there any past data in simplewiki about this LTA? Also, do you think the abuse filter block has been correctly placed? I contacted user:EPIC, but I was suggested to discuss with simplewiki CUs ([[:m:Special:Diff/27572289]]). I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:50, 8 October 2024 (UTC) == Paid User Alert == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] From past 1 month i am observing there are many People making paid pages on simple wikipedia. People who are not having any news article and having 2-3 paid article also getting live here. And Scammers are using fake references as well with fake references. And a user @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] is involved in it because today i inserted qd in 5-10 non notable pages and he revereted all the changes and removed qd. So he is also involved in the group of people who are making paid pages of non notable people so deleted all the pages on which i have inserted qd and which has been remove by @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] and Block this user. thanks and regards [[User:Kindlt|Kindlt]] ([[User talk:Kindlt|talk]]) 15:24, 19 November 2024 (UTC) == socks == {{ping|Bsadowski1}} Hi Brian, a week ago you glocked [[m:Special:CentralAuth/Dbbxbx]]. Accounts [[Special:CentralAuth/Karuja]] and [[Special:CentralAuth/Aremies]] look like socks of that troll, please check, thank you and a merry Xmas to you! Cheers, [[User:Achim55|Achim55]] ([[User talk:Achim55|talk]]) 11:42, 24 December 2024 (UTC) == Article about Manila Bay == Greetings, @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I hope to find you well. I would like to inquire if I may be allowed to write an article afresh about ''[[Manila Bay]]'', as I am aware that there was a prior deletion to it. I believe I could author a very good article about this important and historic body of water. I will be appreciative of your advice. Sincerely, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 21:03, 27 January 2025 (UTC) : Greetings once again! I recognize now that the disappearance of [[Manila Bay]] was merely a result of a (Mass deletion of pages added by ****). I take this to signify that the subject itself is cleared for re-authoring. I shall henceforth proceed with doing so. Kindest regards, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 06:41, 5 February 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC) == Invitation to Participate in a Research Study on Simplifying and Expanding Health Articles on Wikipedia == Dear Bsadowski1, We are researchers at the University of Washington conducting an interview study about health related information on the Simple English edition of Wikipedia. We hope to bridge the gap between expert-level content and the needs of the broader public, making high-quality health information more understandable and usable for everyone.We are interested in your experiences with editing health related articles and how we might improve coverage of health information in the Simple English edition. If you are 18 years old or older and would consider letting us interview you, please complete our screening survey https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfwYZHyGgjuhq2NnPPGbv8d_jl-CndWvBC12Zljgz8sBDdWfw/viewform which will help us gather some basic information and follow up with further details. Our Wikimedia Meta project page is: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Improve_the_coverage_and_quality_of_health-related_articles_in_the_Simple_English_edition Your participation will contribute to our understanding of how LLMs can be used to enhance the quality and accessibility of health information on Wikipedia. We would be thrilled to have your input. Thank you for considering this invitation, and I look forward to hearing from you. Best regards, Xiran & Lori [[User:Xiranlin|Xiranlin]] ([[User talk:Xiranlin|talk]]) 08:29, 23 May 2025 (UTC) == I want to cancel my name change request. == I want to cancel my name change request. I requested a name change because I didn't like the name. But now I changed my mind. Thank you. [[User:Stararch|Stararch]] ([[User talk:Stararch|talk]]) 06:30, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I think it's okay to just leave it as is since the name change request was accepted. Sorry. [[User:Astraios12|Astraios12]] ([[User talk:Astraios12|talk]]) 07:58, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Hello. == Hello there, what do you think of my first page? It's fine if you say it needs improvements, because it's my first time on here. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2005 [[User:FaroeFO|FaroeFO]] ([[User talk:FaroeFO|talk]]) 08:06, 6 July 2025 (UTC) == Re: socks you just blocked == Was about to open a case and include {{checkuser|BlueSky Editor}} and {{checkuser|FutsalMedia}}. FutsalMedia uploaded images to Commons this week that BlueSky and HistoryWriter88 just added to articles. Are these other two connected to the ones you blocked? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:54, 9 August 2025 (UTC) == Happy holidays! == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it is occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 21 December 2025 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == Content model Sanitized CSS == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I would like to request help converting my subpage below into sanitized CSS. * [[User:Nathan Veritas/Assets/Auth.css]] Thank you. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 22:23, 20 April 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472432 --> == Haha WoW is back == Koulis on wheels [[User:777~cswiki|777~cswiki]] ([[User talk:777~cswiki|talk]]) 23:45, 30 April 2026 (UTC) :LOLLLLLLL [[User:777~cswiki|777~cswiki]] ([[User talk:777~cswiki|talk]]) 23:45, 30 April 2026 (UTC) ::WoW loves gooning [[User:Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T|Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T]] ([[User talk:Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T|talk]]) 22:49, 10 May 2026 (UTC) :::Gooning is so white liquid [[User:AntiWiki~enwiki|AntiWiki~enwiki]] ([[User talk:AntiWiki~enwiki|talk]]) 23:53, 4 June 2026 (UTC) ::::Like milk or milf [[User:AntiWiki~enwiki|AntiWiki~enwiki]] ([[User talk:AntiWiki~enwiki|talk]]) 23:53, 4 June 2026 (UTC) 7ljgwc054ap030hjf4kx80754s06nqv 10879158 10879154 2026-06-04T23:57:59Z Leonidlednev 1133011 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/AntiWiki~enwiki|AntiWiki~enwiki]] ([[User talk:AntiWiki~enwiki|talk]]) to last version by Mutark2026 10851795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} == [[Special:Contributions/2600:387:F:5716:0:0:0:8]] == This is a LTA please make a global block.--[[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|talk]]) 18:38, 4 December 2021 (UTC) == GRP == You might want to revdel the abuse by GRP on my talk page too. [[User:JavaHurricane|JavaHurricane]] ([[User talk:JavaHurricane|talk]]) 06:27, 9 December 2021 (UTC) :{{tps}} {{re|JavaHurricane}} I've deleted some of it. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 11:37, 9 December 2021 (UTC) == Happy holidays == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand [[Wikipedia]]. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:21, 23 December 2021 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == How we will see unregistered users == <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> 18:19, 4 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(6)&oldid=22532666 --> == Wright King actor == Tv show TV show 1953 Johnny Jupiter Wright, King’s character Ernest P. Duckweather was not list on his page, I used to watch the show back then. [[Special:Contributions/2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC]] ([[User talk:2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|talk]]) 17:58, 23 May 2022 (UTC) == October 2022 == {{ping|Bsadowski1}} this is lovelyGirl7 and several of my socks have been locked globally. This account is one of my socks so please lock it globally. [[User:Jaspal Atwal on tires|Jaspal Atwal on tires]] ([[User talk:Jaspal Atwal on tires|talk]]) 19:53, 3 October 2022 (UTC) == Hi == For your contributions in locking accounts for no reason I present u the Fiesta Mart award [[User:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|Fiesta Mart, only in Texas]] ([[User talk:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|talk]]) 16:01, 15 October 2022 (UTC) :I don't know if this user you're talking to is active on this wikipedia. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 16:11, 15 October 2022 (UTC) ::{{tps}} {{u|Camdyn Robertson}}, Bsadowski1 is an active admin and a checkuser, he is definitely around on this Wikipedia. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 16:03, 19 October 2022 (UTC) :::Oh, ok. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 17:52, 19 October 2022 (UTC) == A barnstar for you! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for being so helpful on wiki and in the Discord Server! You make a difference. <mark style="background:Black">[[User:Bobherry|<span style="color:Red">Bobherry</span>]] [[User talk:Bobherry|<span style="color:White">Talk</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobherry|<span style="color:Blue">My Changes</span>]] </mark> 21:05, 10 July 2023 (UTC) |} == Hi == Hiya Brian! Guess who's back?!! Glad to see you're still active here and still a steward I see. Well done! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<font color="darkgreen">fr33k</font>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<font color="blue">man</font>]]''''' 17:08, 14 August 2023 (UTC) :Yay! You're back!!! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<font color="darkgreen">fr33k</font>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<font color="blue">man</font>]]''''' 18:12, 21 August 2023 (UTC) ::Yep, I'm still on IRC a lot too. :) --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 01:02, 28 August 2023 (UTC) == Thank you. == For blocking that IP!!! [[User:HushPuppie280|HushPuppie280]] ([[User talk:HushPuppie280|talk]]) 00:15, 9 September 2023 (UTC) == Hello Sir == Why You blocked me ? please help me [[User:HaramnCarder78|HaramnCarder78]] ([[User talk:HaramnCarder78|talk]]) 08:25, 29 November 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC) == CU barnstar == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Checkuser Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Checkuser's Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for helping out the RFCU venue, I'm sorry for sending many talkbacks, but the incidents that we are currently facing are getting violent day by day. Again, thank you for your assistance to Simple English Wikipedia. |} == [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005]] == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am writing this message for a checkuser Request against @[[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] i have created a article today [[Pradeep Kumaar Yadav]] and this editor placed a QD template with a reason of blocked user this is not fare. and then a check his account and i found that he is already blocked in [[English Wikipedia]] due to horrible Sock Puppetry [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Cyber.Eyes.2005/Archive]] i want your help sir please help me you dont think so why any editor edits pages continuously 10-12 hours daily. i think he is doing all this for Wikipedia Rights of Rollback please consider my request i beg to you. [[Special:Contributions/203.115.91.125|203.115.91.125]] ([[User talk:203.115.91.125|talk]]) 18:27, 16 December 2023 (UTC) :It's somewhat amusing how this user is persistently trying to get me blocked—literally reporting me to every single admin, like what. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 18:39, 16 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC) == Need Your Help Sir == Respected Editor @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am forced to text you here a user a user in [[Simple English Wikipedia]] doing mass Quick Delete tags on Indian Wikipedia Articles frequently @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|‎Dotdashmeredith]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dotdashmeredith] here i mentioned his username i have raised voice against him but no once cares about this user @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|Dotdashmeredith]] already blocked on [[English Wikipedia]] because on Sock Puppetry [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas] also blocked on [[:cs:User:Dotdashmeredith|cr.wikipedia.org]] [https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and Also blocked on [[Wikidata]] [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and now doing mass delete on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dotdashmeredith]. He is also Doing Paid edits according to me, He creates [[Poybo Media]] on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] and this article is also creates on [[English Wikipedia]] but now article is deleted on English Wikipedia Because of Sock Puppetry. You can check the references [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas/Archive] And He tried to create Same article on Every Wikipedia [https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/Dotdashmeredith] Justin Jin [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Jin] . Two Articles Justin Jin and Poybo Media he tried to create every time. i beg to you thats why i am messaging you on [[Meta-Wikipedia]] because no one hereing me on Simple English Wikipedia. i am trusting you and respect you thats why i am here in your talk page please do the needful. [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] ([[User talk:Bathew Mads Fomo|talk]]) 23:31, 19 December 2023 (UTC) :**{{nao}} [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] has been blocked for abusing multiple accounts and is globally locked. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 08:30, 20 December 2023 (UTC) == Please check == User:The Queen of All Hearts. Thanks [[User:Macdonald-ross|Macdonald-ross]] ([[User talk:Macdonald-ross|talk]]) 09:55, 21 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC) == Talkback == {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC) == Happy holidays == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 16:07, 23 December 2023 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == Talkback == {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Charles Ndukauba Accounts|ts=11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|RFD_Voters|ts=20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC) == Thanks == Hey thanks for that block. It just popped up in my recent changes log. It’s a little late in the month for the usual foundation evader, isn’t it or did the patterns change? Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]^{[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]} 15:52, 15 February 2024 (UTC) == Cross-wiki spam == Hi Bsadowski1, I came across this user {{userlinks|Faris Ram}} after they recently created [[Zumrud Mirzaeva]] on en-wiki. Upon cross-checking here on simple-wiki, I noticed it was created by user {{userlinks|Umarkhan UZ}} around two weeks ago. Faris Ram also created [[Maria Dovnar]] yesterday, which was earlier created by user {{userlinks|Razetka}}. Both users were CU blocked by you. Faris Ram's last edit here was in September last year, so I'm not sure if it's still possible to run another check. However, I highly suspect he belongs to the same sockfarm. Could you please take a look? Thank you. [[User:GSS|<span style="font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:16px;color:hsl(205, 98%, 55%);">GSS</span>]] ([[User talk:GSS|talk]]<small>|[[Special:Contributions/GSS|c]]|[[Special:EmailUser/GSS|em]]</small>) 14:07, 16 March 2024 (UTC) == Can you take a look at unanswered CU requests? == Hello, I want you to notice that [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Hacktivist_Vanguard_accounts]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Jishnu_Raghavan_accounts]] are remaining open. I look forward to hearing from our checkusers. Thank you for the assistance. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 04:14, 25 March 2024 (UTC) == ‎[redacted] == i added them to vandalism list why you reverting? [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 02:52, 19 April 2024 (UTC) :Yes, because what you posted might be [[Wikipedia:Oversight|suppress-worthy]] and should be privately reported to our oversighters to handle. Additional cleanup is now needed. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 03:18, 19 April 2024 (UTC) == Accounts at [[Talk:Pope John Paul II]] == I blocked another VOA on this talk page (please see page history). Would you like to take a look at this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:29, 6 June 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/AdmiralGeneralAladeen1]] == I assume that this is related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser/Archive21#Muhammad_Luqman_accounts]] (possible block/lock evasion), but I'm not sure if the current behavior-based evidence is strong enough, and the previous accounts are too old for CU. Do you remember any other recent accounts for this group? I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:56, 7 June 2024 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Dhadhor accounts|ts=08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Christian_Joy_Lorenzo_Bautista_again]] == Hello, I have a CU request related to your previous CU actions. Would you like to take a look here? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:43, 17 June 2024 (UTC) == 104.245.37.58 == I think you meant to infinite block him. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 11:19, 19 June 2024 (UTC) : {{ping|Cactusisme}} IPs cannot be indefinitely blocked, please see [[:w:Wikipedia:Blocking_IP_addresses#Block_lengths]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:22, 19 June 2024 (UTC) ::oh okay [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 11:23, 19 June 2024 (UTC) == If you're still online == Can you deal with the 2 new Rishi Sunak hate accounts that I've reported to [[WP:VIP]] please?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:34, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :Just an FYI @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] I've requested global locks of accounts at Meta, Thanks for finding these, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:44, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::Danke.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:45, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] You're welcome :), Happy editing, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:50, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::::Random rant but the Mediawiki software really is dumb - So unbeknown to me the usernames were already globally locked and renamed however without anything telling me the users have been globally locked how the hell am I supposed to know that they ''are'' blocked ?, ::::Just been reverted, revdelled and told "these names don't need to be spread" .... How is the lack of information conveyed to me through the Mediawiki software my fault ?, There is literally no message, no information, no warning ... nothing ... telling this person has either been renamed or blocked ...., ::::Makes me feel like why do I bother.... Rant over, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:58, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::::More of a problem with [[MW:Extension:CentralAuth|Extension:CentralAuth]] than the MediaWiki software itself.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 16:03, 6 July 2024 (UTC) == Mallenstrom == Hi Bsadowski1, Not sure if you're aware but {{noping|69.18.14.67}} was repeatedly making/reverting silly edits to a talkpage yesterday so I didn't know if they were {{noping|Mallenstrom}}?, I know you can't confirm and these 2 could be completely different people but just thought I should let you know just in case, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 09:56, 21 July 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Pseudo-rollbackers_and_proxy_revert_requests_around_south_Asian_topics]] == Hello, can take a look at this CU request? A globally locked account is related, and it is also related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Dhadhor_accounts]] (this was handled by you) and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#CU_request_based_on_w:special:permalink/1234854090]]. Your assistance is always appreciated. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 07:27, 1 August 2024 (UTC) == Catalyst GP real == Can you tell me the link to the sockpuppet invstigation. Thanks [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 10:52, 1 August 2024 (UTC) :As the block reason has said, it is based on checkuser evidence. You don't need an SPI all the time to determine if an account was used abusively. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 10:55, 1 August 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] Who were the other accounts involved? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 10:57, 1 August 2024 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Mx_2024_2030]] == Hello, this looks similar to a user that you recently locked ([[Special:CentralAuth/Mexico_2024_2030]]). Can this be related? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:42, 1 October 2024 (UTC) == Please check [[Special:CentralAuth/Symonds_Gerother]] == Hello, an active editor here has been blocked by Wikidata abuse filter as "LTA (Macyway4)". Are there any past data in simplewiki about this LTA? Also, do you think the abuse filter block has been correctly placed? I contacted user:EPIC, but I was suggested to discuss with simplewiki CUs ([[:m:Special:Diff/27572289]]). I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:50, 8 October 2024 (UTC) == Paid User Alert == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] From past 1 month i am observing there are many People making paid pages on simple wikipedia. People who are not having any news article and having 2-3 paid article also getting live here. And Scammers are using fake references as well with fake references. And a user @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] is involved in it because today i inserted qd in 5-10 non notable pages and he revereted all the changes and removed qd. So he is also involved in the group of people who are making paid pages of non notable people so deleted all the pages on which i have inserted qd and which has been remove by @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] and Block this user. thanks and regards [[User:Kindlt|Kindlt]] ([[User talk:Kindlt|talk]]) 15:24, 19 November 2024 (UTC) == socks == {{ping|Bsadowski1}} Hi Brian, a week ago you glocked [[m:Special:CentralAuth/Dbbxbx]]. Accounts [[Special:CentralAuth/Karuja]] and [[Special:CentralAuth/Aremies]] look like socks of that troll, please check, thank you and a merry Xmas to you! Cheers, [[User:Achim55|Achim55]] ([[User talk:Achim55|talk]]) 11:42, 24 December 2024 (UTC) == Article about Manila Bay == Greetings, @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I hope to find you well. I would like to inquire if I may be allowed to write an article afresh about ''[[Manila Bay]]'', as I am aware that there was a prior deletion to it. I believe I could author a very good article about this important and historic body of water. I will be appreciative of your advice. Sincerely, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 21:03, 27 January 2025 (UTC) : Greetings once again! I recognize now that the disappearance of [[Manila Bay]] was merely a result of a (Mass deletion of pages added by ****). I take this to signify that the subject itself is cleared for re-authoring. I shall henceforth proceed with doing so. Kindest regards, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 06:41, 5 February 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC) == Invitation to Participate in a Research Study on Simplifying and Expanding Health Articles on Wikipedia == Dear Bsadowski1, We are researchers at the University of Washington conducting an interview study about health related information on the Simple English edition of Wikipedia. We hope to bridge the gap between expert-level content and the needs of the broader public, making high-quality health information more understandable and usable for everyone.We are interested in your experiences with editing health related articles and how we might improve coverage of health information in the Simple English edition. If you are 18 years old or older and would consider letting us interview you, please complete our screening survey https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfwYZHyGgjuhq2NnPPGbv8d_jl-CndWvBC12Zljgz8sBDdWfw/viewform which will help us gather some basic information and follow up with further details. Our Wikimedia Meta project page is: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Improve_the_coverage_and_quality_of_health-related_articles_in_the_Simple_English_edition Your participation will contribute to our understanding of how LLMs can be used to enhance the quality and accessibility of health information on Wikipedia. We would be thrilled to have your input. Thank you for considering this invitation, and I look forward to hearing from you. Best regards, Xiran & Lori [[User:Xiranlin|Xiranlin]] ([[User talk:Xiranlin|talk]]) 08:29, 23 May 2025 (UTC) == I want to cancel my name change request. == I want to cancel my name change request. I requested a name change because I didn't like the name. But now I changed my mind. Thank you. [[User:Stararch|Stararch]] ([[User talk:Stararch|talk]]) 06:30, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I think it's okay to just leave it as is since the name change request was accepted. Sorry. [[User:Astraios12|Astraios12]] ([[User talk:Astraios12|talk]]) 07:58, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Hello. == Hello there, what do you think of my first page? It's fine if you say it needs improvements, because it's my first time on here. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2005 [[User:FaroeFO|FaroeFO]] ([[User talk:FaroeFO|talk]]) 08:06, 6 July 2025 (UTC) == Re: socks you just blocked == Was about to open a case and include {{checkuser|BlueSky Editor}} and {{checkuser|FutsalMedia}}. FutsalMedia uploaded images to Commons this week that BlueSky and HistoryWriter88 just added to articles. Are these other two connected to the ones you blocked? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:54, 9 August 2025 (UTC) == Happy holidays! == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it is occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 21 December 2025 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == Content model Sanitized CSS == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I would like to request help converting my subpage below into sanitized CSS. * [[User:Nathan Veritas/Assets/Auth.css]] Thank you. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 22:23, 20 April 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472432 --> r3646vzf19kuckdu5qa991fktls36rj 10879160 10879158 2026-06-05T00:01:37Z AntiWiki~enwiki 1816539 Undid revision 10879158 by [[Special:Contributions/Leonidlednev|Leonidlednev]] ([[User talk:Leonidlednev|talk]]) 10879160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} == [[Special:Contributions/2600:387:F:5716:0:0:0:8]] == This is a LTA please make a global block.--[[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|talk]]) 18:38, 4 December 2021 (UTC) == GRP == You might want to revdel the abuse by GRP on my talk page too. [[User:JavaHurricane|JavaHurricane]] ([[User talk:JavaHurricane|talk]]) 06:27, 9 December 2021 (UTC) :{{tps}} {{re|JavaHurricane}} I've deleted some of it. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 11:37, 9 December 2021 (UTC) == Happy holidays == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand [[Wikipedia]]. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:21, 23 December 2021 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == How we will see unregistered users == <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> 18:19, 4 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(6)&oldid=22532666 --> == Wright King actor == Tv show TV show 1953 Johnny Jupiter Wright, King’s character Ernest P. Duckweather was not list on his page, I used to watch the show back then. [[Special:Contributions/2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC]] ([[User talk:2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|talk]]) 17:58, 23 May 2022 (UTC) == October 2022 == {{ping|Bsadowski1}} this is lovelyGirl7 and several of my socks have been locked globally. This account is one of my socks so please lock it globally. [[User:Jaspal Atwal on tires|Jaspal Atwal on tires]] ([[User talk:Jaspal Atwal on tires|talk]]) 19:53, 3 October 2022 (UTC) == Hi == For your contributions in locking accounts for no reason I present u the Fiesta Mart award [[User:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|Fiesta Mart, only in Texas]] ([[User talk:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|talk]]) 16:01, 15 October 2022 (UTC) :I don't know if this user you're talking to is active on this wikipedia. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 16:11, 15 October 2022 (UTC) ::{{tps}} {{u|Camdyn Robertson}}, Bsadowski1 is an active admin and a checkuser, he is definitely around on this Wikipedia. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 16:03, 19 October 2022 (UTC) :::Oh, ok. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 17:52, 19 October 2022 (UTC) == A barnstar for you! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for being so helpful on wiki and in the Discord Server! You make a difference. <mark style="background:Black">[[User:Bobherry|<span style="color:Red">Bobherry</span>]] [[User talk:Bobherry|<span style="color:White">Talk</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobherry|<span style="color:Blue">My Changes</span>]] </mark> 21:05, 10 July 2023 (UTC) |} == Hi == Hiya Brian! Guess who's back?!! Glad to see you're still active here and still a steward I see. Well done! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<font color="darkgreen">fr33k</font>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<font color="blue">man</font>]]''''' 17:08, 14 August 2023 (UTC) :Yay! You're back!!! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<font color="darkgreen">fr33k</font>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<font color="blue">man</font>]]''''' 18:12, 21 August 2023 (UTC) ::Yep, I'm still on IRC a lot too. :) --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 01:02, 28 August 2023 (UTC) == Thank you. == For blocking that IP!!! [[User:HushPuppie280|HushPuppie280]] ([[User talk:HushPuppie280|talk]]) 00:15, 9 September 2023 (UTC) == Hello Sir == Why You blocked me ? please help me [[User:HaramnCarder78|HaramnCarder78]] ([[User talk:HaramnCarder78|talk]]) 08:25, 29 November 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC) == CU barnstar == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Checkuser Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Checkuser's Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for helping out the RFCU venue, I'm sorry for sending many talkbacks, but the incidents that we are currently facing are getting violent day by day. Again, thank you for your assistance to Simple English Wikipedia. |} == [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005]] == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am writing this message for a checkuser Request against @[[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] i have created a article today [[Pradeep Kumaar Yadav]] and this editor placed a QD template with a reason of blocked user this is not fare. and then a check his account and i found that he is already blocked in [[English Wikipedia]] due to horrible Sock Puppetry [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Cyber.Eyes.2005/Archive]] i want your help sir please help me you dont think so why any editor edits pages continuously 10-12 hours daily. i think he is doing all this for Wikipedia Rights of Rollback please consider my request i beg to you. [[Special:Contributions/203.115.91.125|203.115.91.125]] ([[User talk:203.115.91.125|talk]]) 18:27, 16 December 2023 (UTC) :It's somewhat amusing how this user is persistently trying to get me blocked—literally reporting me to every single admin, like what. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 18:39, 16 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC) == Need Your Help Sir == Respected Editor @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am forced to text you here a user a user in [[Simple English Wikipedia]] doing mass Quick Delete tags on Indian Wikipedia Articles frequently @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|‎Dotdashmeredith]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dotdashmeredith] here i mentioned his username i have raised voice against him but no once cares about this user @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|Dotdashmeredith]] already blocked on [[English Wikipedia]] because on Sock Puppetry [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas] also blocked on [[:cs:User:Dotdashmeredith|cr.wikipedia.org]] [https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and Also blocked on [[Wikidata]] [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and now doing mass delete on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dotdashmeredith]. He is also Doing Paid edits according to me, He creates [[Poybo Media]] on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] and this article is also creates on [[English Wikipedia]] but now article is deleted on English Wikipedia Because of Sock Puppetry. You can check the references [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas/Archive] And He tried to create Same article on Every Wikipedia [https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/Dotdashmeredith] Justin Jin [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Jin] . Two Articles Justin Jin and Poybo Media he tried to create every time. i beg to you thats why i am messaging you on [[Meta-Wikipedia]] because no one hereing me on Simple English Wikipedia. i am trusting you and respect you thats why i am here in your talk page please do the needful. [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] ([[User talk:Bathew Mads Fomo|talk]]) 23:31, 19 December 2023 (UTC) :**{{nao}} [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] has been blocked for abusing multiple accounts and is globally locked. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 08:30, 20 December 2023 (UTC) == Please check == User:The Queen of All Hearts. Thanks [[User:Macdonald-ross|Macdonald-ross]] ([[User talk:Macdonald-ross|talk]]) 09:55, 21 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC) == Talkback == {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC) == Happy holidays == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 16:07, 23 December 2023 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == Talkback == {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Charles Ndukauba Accounts|ts=11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|RFD_Voters|ts=20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC) == Thanks == Hey thanks for that block. It just popped up in my recent changes log. It’s a little late in the month for the usual foundation evader, isn’t it or did the patterns change? Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]^{[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]} 15:52, 15 February 2024 (UTC) == Cross-wiki spam == Hi Bsadowski1, I came across this user {{userlinks|Faris Ram}} after they recently created [[Zumrud Mirzaeva]] on en-wiki. Upon cross-checking here on simple-wiki, I noticed it was created by user {{userlinks|Umarkhan UZ}} around two weeks ago. Faris Ram also created [[Maria Dovnar]] yesterday, which was earlier created by user {{userlinks|Razetka}}. Both users were CU blocked by you. Faris Ram's last edit here was in September last year, so I'm not sure if it's still possible to run another check. However, I highly suspect he belongs to the same sockfarm. Could you please take a look? Thank you. [[User:GSS|<span style="font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:16px;color:hsl(205, 98%, 55%);">GSS</span>]] ([[User talk:GSS|talk]]<small>|[[Special:Contributions/GSS|c]]|[[Special:EmailUser/GSS|em]]</small>) 14:07, 16 March 2024 (UTC) == Can you take a look at unanswered CU requests? == Hello, I want you to notice that [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Hacktivist_Vanguard_accounts]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Jishnu_Raghavan_accounts]] are remaining open. I look forward to hearing from our checkusers. Thank you for the assistance. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 04:14, 25 March 2024 (UTC) == ‎[redacted] == i added them to vandalism list why you reverting? [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 02:52, 19 April 2024 (UTC) :Yes, because what you posted might be [[Wikipedia:Oversight|suppress-worthy]] and should be privately reported to our oversighters to handle. Additional cleanup is now needed. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 03:18, 19 April 2024 (UTC) == Accounts at [[Talk:Pope John Paul II]] == I blocked another VOA on this talk page (please see page history). Would you like to take a look at this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:29, 6 June 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/AdmiralGeneralAladeen1]] == I assume that this is related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser/Archive21#Muhammad_Luqman_accounts]] (possible block/lock evasion), but I'm not sure if the current behavior-based evidence is strong enough, and the previous accounts are too old for CU. Do you remember any other recent accounts for this group? I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:56, 7 June 2024 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Dhadhor accounts|ts=08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Christian_Joy_Lorenzo_Bautista_again]] == Hello, I have a CU request related to your previous CU actions. Would you like to take a look here? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:43, 17 June 2024 (UTC) == 104.245.37.58 == I think you meant to infinite block him. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 11:19, 19 June 2024 (UTC) : {{ping|Cactusisme}} IPs cannot be indefinitely blocked, please see [[:w:Wikipedia:Blocking_IP_addresses#Block_lengths]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:22, 19 June 2024 (UTC) ::oh okay [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 11:23, 19 June 2024 (UTC) == If you're still online == Can you deal with the 2 new Rishi Sunak hate accounts that I've reported to [[WP:VIP]] please?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:34, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :Just an FYI @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] I've requested global locks of accounts at Meta, Thanks for finding these, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:44, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::Danke.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:45, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] You're welcome :), Happy editing, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:50, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::::Random rant but the Mediawiki software really is dumb - So unbeknown to me the usernames were already globally locked and renamed however without anything telling me the users have been globally locked how the hell am I supposed to know that they ''are'' blocked ?, ::::Just been reverted, revdelled and told "these names don't need to be spread" .... How is the lack of information conveyed to me through the Mediawiki software my fault ?, There is literally no message, no information, no warning ... nothing ... telling this person has either been renamed or blocked ...., ::::Makes me feel like why do I bother.... Rant over, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:58, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::::More of a problem with [[MW:Extension:CentralAuth|Extension:CentralAuth]] than the MediaWiki software itself.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 16:03, 6 July 2024 (UTC) == Mallenstrom == Hi Bsadowski1, Not sure if you're aware but {{noping|69.18.14.67}} was repeatedly making/reverting silly edits to a talkpage yesterday so I didn't know if they were {{noping|Mallenstrom}}?, I know you can't confirm and these 2 could be completely different people but just thought I should let you know just in case, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 09:56, 21 July 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Pseudo-rollbackers_and_proxy_revert_requests_around_south_Asian_topics]] == Hello, can take a look at this CU request? A globally locked account is related, and it is also related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Dhadhor_accounts]] (this was handled by you) and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#CU_request_based_on_w:special:permalink/1234854090]]. Your assistance is always appreciated. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 07:27, 1 August 2024 (UTC) == Catalyst GP real == Can you tell me the link to the sockpuppet invstigation. Thanks [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 10:52, 1 August 2024 (UTC) :As the block reason has said, it is based on checkuser evidence. You don't need an SPI all the time to determine if an account was used abusively. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 10:55, 1 August 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] Who were the other accounts involved? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 10:57, 1 August 2024 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Mx_2024_2030]] == Hello, this looks similar to a user that you recently locked ([[Special:CentralAuth/Mexico_2024_2030]]). Can this be related? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:42, 1 October 2024 (UTC) == Please check [[Special:CentralAuth/Symonds_Gerother]] == Hello, an active editor here has been blocked by Wikidata abuse filter as "LTA (Macyway4)". Are there any past data in simplewiki about this LTA? Also, do you think the abuse filter block has been correctly placed? I contacted user:EPIC, but I was suggested to discuss with simplewiki CUs ([[:m:Special:Diff/27572289]]). I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:50, 8 October 2024 (UTC) == Paid User Alert == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] From past 1 month i am observing there are many People making paid pages on simple wikipedia. People who are not having any news article and having 2-3 paid article also getting live here. And Scammers are using fake references as well with fake references. And a user @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] is involved in it because today i inserted qd in 5-10 non notable pages and he revereted all the changes and removed qd. So he is also involved in the group of people who are making paid pages of non notable people so deleted all the pages on which i have inserted qd and which has been remove by @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] and Block this user. thanks and regards [[User:Kindlt|Kindlt]] ([[User talk:Kindlt|talk]]) 15:24, 19 November 2024 (UTC) == socks == {{ping|Bsadowski1}} Hi Brian, a week ago you glocked [[m:Special:CentralAuth/Dbbxbx]]. Accounts [[Special:CentralAuth/Karuja]] and [[Special:CentralAuth/Aremies]] look like socks of that troll, please check, thank you and a merry Xmas to you! Cheers, [[User:Achim55|Achim55]] ([[User talk:Achim55|talk]]) 11:42, 24 December 2024 (UTC) == Article about Manila Bay == Greetings, @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I hope to find you well. I would like to inquire if I may be allowed to write an article afresh about ''[[Manila Bay]]'', as I am aware that there was a prior deletion to it. I believe I could author a very good article about this important and historic body of water. I will be appreciative of your advice. Sincerely, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 21:03, 27 January 2025 (UTC) : Greetings once again! I recognize now that the disappearance of [[Manila Bay]] was merely a result of a (Mass deletion of pages added by ****). I take this to signify that the subject itself is cleared for re-authoring. I shall henceforth proceed with doing so. Kindest regards, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 06:41, 5 February 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC) == Invitation to Participate in a Research Study on Simplifying and Expanding Health Articles on Wikipedia == Dear Bsadowski1, We are researchers at the University of Washington conducting an interview study about health related information on the Simple English edition of Wikipedia. We hope to bridge the gap between expert-level content and the needs of the broader public, making high-quality health information more understandable and usable for everyone.We are interested in your experiences with editing health related articles and how we might improve coverage of health information in the Simple English edition. If you are 18 years old or older and would consider letting us interview you, please complete our screening survey https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfwYZHyGgjuhq2NnPPGbv8d_jl-CndWvBC12Zljgz8sBDdWfw/viewform which will help us gather some basic information and follow up with further details. Our Wikimedia Meta project page is: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Improve_the_coverage_and_quality_of_health-related_articles_in_the_Simple_English_edition Your participation will contribute to our understanding of how LLMs can be used to enhance the quality and accessibility of health information on Wikipedia. We would be thrilled to have your input. Thank you for considering this invitation, and I look forward to hearing from you. Best regards, Xiran & Lori [[User:Xiranlin|Xiranlin]] ([[User talk:Xiranlin|talk]]) 08:29, 23 May 2025 (UTC) == I want to cancel my name change request. == I want to cancel my name change request. I requested a name change because I didn't like the name. But now I changed my mind. Thank you. [[User:Stararch|Stararch]] ([[User talk:Stararch|talk]]) 06:30, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I think it's okay to just leave it as is since the name change request was accepted. Sorry. [[User:Astraios12|Astraios12]] ([[User talk:Astraios12|talk]]) 07:58, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Hello. == Hello there, what do you think of my first page? It's fine if you say it needs improvements, because it's my first time on here. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2005 [[User:FaroeFO|FaroeFO]] ([[User talk:FaroeFO|talk]]) 08:06, 6 July 2025 (UTC) == Re: socks you just blocked == Was about to open a case and include {{checkuser|BlueSky Editor}} and {{checkuser|FutsalMedia}}. FutsalMedia uploaded images to Commons this week that BlueSky and HistoryWriter88 just added to articles. Are these other two connected to the ones you blocked? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:54, 9 August 2025 (UTC) == Happy holidays! == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it is occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 21 December 2025 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == Content model Sanitized CSS == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I would like to request help converting my subpage below into sanitized CSS. * [[User:Nathan Veritas/Assets/Auth.css]] Thank you. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 22:23, 20 April 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472432 --> == Haha WoW is back == Koulis on wheels [[User:777~cswiki|777~cswiki]] ([[User talk:777~cswiki|talk]]) 23:45, 30 April 2026 (UTC) :LOLLLLLLL [[User:777~cswiki|777~cswiki]] ([[User talk:777~cswiki|talk]]) 23:45, 30 April 2026 (UTC) ::WoW loves gooning [[User:Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T|Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T]] ([[User talk:Peaceの翼に乗ってK音声ジイサンM三たび見参！T|talk]]) 22:49, 10 May 2026 (UTC) :::Gooning is so white liquid [[User:AntiWiki~enwiki|AntiWiki~enwiki]] ([[User talk:AntiWiki~enwiki|talk]]) 23:53, 4 June 2026 (UTC) ::::Like milk or milf [[User:AntiWiki~enwiki|AntiWiki~enwiki]] ([[User talk:AntiWiki~enwiki|talk]]) 23:53, 4 June 2026 (UTC) 7ljgwc054ap030hjf4kx80754s06nqv 10879183 10879160 2026-06-05T00:49:14Z Fr33kman 15149 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/AntiWiki~enwiki|AntiWiki~enwiki]] ([[User talk:AntiWiki~enwiki|talk]]) to last version by Leonidlednev 10851795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkpage}} == [[Special:Contributions/2600:387:F:5716:0:0:0:8]] == This is a LTA please make a global block.--[[User:WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] ([[User talk:WikiBayer|talk]]) 18:38, 4 December 2021 (UTC) == GRP == You might want to revdel the abuse by GRP on my talk page too. [[User:JavaHurricane|JavaHurricane]] ([[User talk:JavaHurricane|talk]]) 06:27, 9 December 2021 (UTC) :{{tps}} {{re|JavaHurricane}} I've deleted some of it. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 11:37, 9 December 2021 (UTC) == Happy holidays == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand [[Wikipedia]]. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 17:21, 23 December 2021 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == How we will see unregistered users == <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> 18:19, 4 January 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(6)&oldid=22532666 --> == Wright King actor == Tv show TV show 1953 Johnny Jupiter Wright, King’s character Ernest P. Duckweather was not list on his page, I used to watch the show back then. [[Special:Contributions/2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC]] ([[User talk:2601:19B:8280:51D0:C142:1E54:E8C0:B4EC|talk]]) 17:58, 23 May 2022 (UTC) == October 2022 == {{ping|Bsadowski1}} this is lovelyGirl7 and several of my socks have been locked globally. This account is one of my socks so please lock it globally. [[User:Jaspal Atwal on tires|Jaspal Atwal on tires]] ([[User talk:Jaspal Atwal on tires|talk]]) 19:53, 3 October 2022 (UTC) == Hi == For your contributions in locking accounts for no reason I present u the Fiesta Mart award [[User:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|Fiesta Mart, only in Texas]] ([[User talk:Fiesta Mart, only in Texas|talk]]) 16:01, 15 October 2022 (UTC) :I don't know if this user you're talking to is active on this wikipedia. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 16:11, 15 October 2022 (UTC) ::{{tps}} {{u|Camdyn Robertson}}, Bsadowski1 is an active admin and a checkuser, he is definitely around on this Wikipedia. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 16:03, 19 October 2022 (UTC) :::Oh, ok. [[User:Camdyn Robertson|Camdyn Robertson]] ([[User talk:Camdyn Robertson|talk]]) 17:52, 19 October 2022 (UTC) == A barnstar for you! == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" valign="middle" | [[Image:Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for being so helpful on wiki and in the Discord Server! You make a difference. <mark style="background:Black">[[User:Bobherry|<span style="color:Red">Bobherry</span>]] [[User talk:Bobherry|<span style="color:White">Talk</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobherry|<span style="color:Blue">My Changes</span>]] </mark> 21:05, 10 July 2023 (UTC) |} == Hi == Hiya Brian! Guess who's back?!! Glad to see you're still active here and still a steward I see. Well done! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<font color="darkgreen">fr33k</font>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<font color="blue">man</font>]]''''' 17:08, 14 August 2023 (UTC) :Yay! You're back!!! '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<font color="darkgreen">fr33k</font>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<font color="blue">man</font>]]''''' 18:12, 21 August 2023 (UTC) ::Yep, I'm still on IRC a lot too. :) --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 01:02, 28 August 2023 (UTC) == Thank you. == For blocking that IP!!! [[User:HushPuppie280|HushPuppie280]] ([[User talk:HushPuppie280|talk]]) 00:15, 9 September 2023 (UTC) == Hello Sir == Why You blocked me ? please help me [[User:HaramnCarder78|HaramnCarder78]] ([[User talk:HaramnCarder78|talk]]) 08:25, 29 November 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:19, 1 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:20, 8 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 15:13, 10 December 2023 (UTC) == CU barnstar == {| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Checkuser Barnstar Hires.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Checkuser's Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Thank you for helping out the RFCU venue, I'm sorry for sending many talkbacks, but the incidents that we are currently facing are getting violent day by day. Again, thank you for your assistance to Simple English Wikipedia. |} == [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005]] == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am writing this message for a checkuser Request against @[[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] i have created a article today [[Pradeep Kumaar Yadav]] and this editor placed a QD template with a reason of blocked user this is not fare. and then a check his account and i found that he is already blocked in [[English Wikipedia]] due to horrible Sock Puppetry [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Cyber.Eyes.2005/Archive]] i want your help sir please help me you dont think so why any editor edits pages continuously 10-12 hours daily. i think he is doing all this for Wikipedia Rights of Rollback please consider my request i beg to you. [[Special:Contributions/203.115.91.125|203.115.91.125]] ([[User talk:203.115.91.125|talk]]) 18:27, 16 December 2023 (UTC) :It's somewhat amusing how this user is persistently trying to get me blocked—literally reporting me to every single admin, like what. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 18:39, 16 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 14:34, 17 December 2023 (UTC) == Need Your Help Sir == Respected Editor @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] i am forced to text you here a user a user in [[Simple English Wikipedia]] doing mass Quick Delete tags on Indian Wikipedia Articles frequently @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|‎Dotdashmeredith]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dotdashmeredith] here i mentioned his username i have raised voice against him but no once cares about this user @[[User:Dotdashmeredith|Dotdashmeredith]] already blocked on [[English Wikipedia]] because on Sock Puppetry [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas] also blocked on [[:cs:User:Dotdashmeredith|cr.wikipedia.org]] [https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and Also blocked on [[Wikidata]] [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Log/block?page=User:Dotdashmeredith] and now doing mass delete on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Dotdashmeredith]. He is also Doing Paid edits according to me, He creates [[Poybo Media]] on [[Simple English Wikipedia]] and this article is also creates on [[English Wikipedia]] but now article is deleted on English Wikipedia Because of Sock Puppetry. You can check the references [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/50mMidas/Archive] And He tried to create Same article on Every Wikipedia [https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log/Dotdashmeredith] Justin Jin [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Jin] . Two Articles Justin Jin and Poybo Media he tried to create every time. i beg to you thats why i am messaging you on [[Meta-Wikipedia]] because no one hereing me on Simple English Wikipedia. i am trusting you and respect you thats why i am here in your talk page please do the needful. [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] ([[User talk:Bathew Mads Fomo|talk]]) 23:31, 19 December 2023 (UTC) :**{{nao}} [[User:Bathew Mads Fomo|Bathew Mads Fomo]] has been blocked for abusing multiple accounts and is globally locked. [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 08:30, 20 December 2023 (UTC) == Please check == User:The Queen of All Hearts. Thanks [[User:Macdonald-ross|Macdonald-ross]] ([[User talk:Macdonald-ross|talk]]) 09:55, 21 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC) == Talkback == {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|Cyber.Eyes.2005]] ([[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|talk]]) 19:54, 22 December 2023 (UTC) == Happy holidays == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it's occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 16:07, 23 December 2023 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == Talkback == {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Charles Ndukauba Accounts|ts=11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 11:53, 25 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive Asian BLP creators|ts=19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 19:39, 27 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Massive_Asian_BLP_creators|ts=00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 00:08, 31 December 2023 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|RFD_Voters|ts=20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)}} – [[User:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: blue;">'''Cyber.Eyes'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2005'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Cyber.Eyes.2005|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC) == Thanks == Hey thanks for that block. It just popped up in my recent changes log. It’s a little late in the month for the usual foundation evader, isn’t it or did the patterns change? Thanks - [[User:PotsdamLamb|Da Lamb]]^{[[User Talk:PotsdamLamb|Talk to me!]]}_{[[Special:Contributions/PotsdamLamb|Please don't eat da 🐑!]]} 15:52, 15 February 2024 (UTC) == Cross-wiki spam == Hi Bsadowski1, I came across this user {{userlinks|Faris Ram}} after they recently created [[Zumrud Mirzaeva]] on en-wiki. Upon cross-checking here on simple-wiki, I noticed it was created by user {{userlinks|Umarkhan UZ}} around two weeks ago. Faris Ram also created [[Maria Dovnar]] yesterday, which was earlier created by user {{userlinks|Razetka}}. Both users were CU blocked by you. Faris Ram's last edit here was in September last year, so I'm not sure if it's still possible to run another check. However, I highly suspect he belongs to the same sockfarm. Could you please take a look? Thank you. [[User:GSS|<span style="font-family:monospace;font-weight:bold;font-size:16px;color:hsl(205, 98%, 55%);">GSS</span>]] ([[User talk:GSS|talk]]<small>|[[Special:Contributions/GSS|c]]|[[Special:EmailUser/GSS|em]]</small>) 14:07, 16 March 2024 (UTC) == Can you take a look at unanswered CU requests? == Hello, I want you to notice that [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Hacktivist_Vanguard_accounts]] and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Jishnu_Raghavan_accounts]] are remaining open. I look forward to hearing from our checkusers. Thank you for the assistance. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 04:14, 25 March 2024 (UTC) == ‎[redacted] == i added them to vandalism list why you reverting? [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|talk]]) 02:52, 19 April 2024 (UTC) :Yes, because what you posted might be [[Wikipedia:Oversight|suppress-worthy]] and should be privately reported to our oversighters to handle. Additional cleanup is now needed. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 03:18, 19 April 2024 (UTC) == Accounts at [[Talk:Pope John Paul II]] == I blocked another VOA on this talk page (please see page history). Would you like to take a look at this? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:29, 6 June 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/AdmiralGeneralAladeen1]] == I assume that this is related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser/Archive21#Muhammad_Luqman_accounts]] (possible block/lock evasion), but I'm not sure if the current behavior-based evidence is strong enough, and the previous accounts are too old for CU. Do you remember any other recent accounts for this group? I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:56, 7 June 2024 (UTC) ==Talkback== {{tb|Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser|Dhadhor accounts|ts=08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 08:49, 9 June 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Christian_Joy_Lorenzo_Bautista_again]] == Hello, I have a CU request related to your previous CU actions. Would you like to take a look here? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:43, 17 June 2024 (UTC) == 104.245.37.58 == I think you meant to infinite block him. [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 11:19, 19 June 2024 (UTC) : {{ping|Cactusisme}} IPs cannot be indefinitely blocked, please see [[:w:Wikipedia:Blocking_IP_addresses#Block_lengths]]. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:22, 19 June 2024 (UTC) ::oh okay [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 11:23, 19 June 2024 (UTC) == If you're still online == Can you deal with the 2 new Rishi Sunak hate accounts that I've reported to [[WP:VIP]] please?- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:34, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :Just an FYI @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] I've requested global locks of accounts at Meta, Thanks for finding these, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:44, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::Danke.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 15:45, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] You're welcome :), Happy editing, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:50, 6 July 2024 (UTC) ::::Random rant but the Mediawiki software really is dumb - So unbeknown to me the usernames were already globally locked and renamed however without anything telling me the users have been globally locked how the hell am I supposed to know that they ''are'' blocked ?, ::::Just been reverted, revdelled and told "these names don't need to be spread" .... How is the lack of information conveyed to me through the Mediawiki software my fault ?, There is literally no message, no information, no warning ... nothing ... telling this person has either been renamed or blocked ...., ::::Makes me feel like why do I bother.... Rant over, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:58, 6 July 2024 (UTC) :::::More of a problem with [[MW:Extension:CentralAuth|Extension:CentralAuth]] than the MediaWiki software itself.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 16:03, 6 July 2024 (UTC) == Mallenstrom == Hi Bsadowski1, Not sure if you're aware but {{noping|69.18.14.67}} was repeatedly making/reverting silly edits to a talkpage yesterday so I didn't know if they were {{noping|Mallenstrom}}?, I know you can't confirm and these 2 could be completely different people but just thought I should let you know just in case, Many thanks, Kind Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 09:56, 21 July 2024 (UTC) == [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Pseudo-rollbackers_and_proxy_revert_requests_around_south_Asian_topics]] == Hello, can take a look at this CU request? A globally locked account is related, and it is also related to [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#Dhadhor_accounts]] (this was handled by you) and [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_checkuser#CU_request_based_on_w:special:permalink/1234854090]]. Your assistance is always appreciated. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 07:27, 1 August 2024 (UTC) == Catalyst GP real == Can you tell me the link to the sockpuppet invstigation. Thanks [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 10:52, 1 August 2024 (UTC) :As the block reason has said, it is based on checkuser evidence. You don't need an SPI all the time to determine if an account was used abusively. --[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsa]][[User talk:Bsadowski1|dow]][[Special:Contributions/Bsadowski1|ski1]] 10:55, 1 August 2024 (UTC) ::@[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] Who were the other accounts involved? [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">spiky</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">ouch</i>]]} 10:57, 1 August 2024 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 01:04, 24 September 2024 (UTC) == [[Special:Contributions/Mx_2024_2030]] == Hello, this looks similar to a user that you recently locked ([[Special:CentralAuth/Mexico_2024_2030]]). Can this be related? [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 06:42, 1 October 2024 (UTC) == Please check [[Special:CentralAuth/Symonds_Gerother]] == Hello, an active editor here has been blocked by Wikidata abuse filter as "LTA (Macyway4)". Are there any past data in simplewiki about this LTA? Also, do you think the abuse filter block has been correctly placed? I contacted user:EPIC, but I was suggested to discuss with simplewiki CUs ([[:m:Special:Diff/27572289]]). I look forward to hearing from you. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 11:50, 8 October 2024 (UTC) == Paid User Alert == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]] From past 1 month i am observing there are many People making paid pages on simple wikipedia. People who are not having any news article and having 2-3 paid article also getting live here. And Scammers are using fake references as well with fake references. And a user @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] is involved in it because today i inserted qd in 5-10 non notable pages and he revereted all the changes and removed qd. So he is also involved in the group of people who are making paid pages of non notable people so deleted all the pages on which i have inserted qd and which has been remove by @[[User:Symonds Gerother|Symonds Gerother]] and Block this user. thanks and regards [[User:Kindlt|Kindlt]] ([[User talk:Kindlt|talk]]) 15:24, 19 November 2024 (UTC) == socks == {{ping|Bsadowski1}} Hi Brian, a week ago you glocked [[m:Special:CentralAuth/Dbbxbx]]. Accounts [[Special:CentralAuth/Karuja]] and [[Special:CentralAuth/Aremies]] look like socks of that troll, please check, thank you and a merry Xmas to you! Cheers, [[User:Achim55|Achim55]] ([[User talk:Achim55|talk]]) 11:42, 24 December 2024 (UTC) == Article about Manila Bay == Greetings, @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I hope to find you well. I would like to inquire if I may be allowed to write an article afresh about ''[[Manila Bay]]'', as I am aware that there was a prior deletion to it. I believe I could author a very good article about this important and historic body of water. I will be appreciative of your advice. Sincerely, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 21:03, 27 January 2025 (UTC) : Greetings once again! I recognize now that the disappearance of [[Manila Bay]] was merely a result of a (Mass deletion of pages added by ****). I take this to signify that the subject itself is cleared for re-authoring. I shall henceforth proceed with doing so. Kindest regards, [[User:Buszmail|Buszmail]] ([[User talk:Buszmail|talk]]) 06:41, 5 February 2025 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 12:25, 5 April 2025 (UTC) == Invitation to Participate in a Research Study on Simplifying and Expanding Health Articles on Wikipedia == Dear Bsadowski1, We are researchers at the University of Washington conducting an interview study about health related information on the Simple English edition of Wikipedia. We hope to bridge the gap between expert-level content and the needs of the broader public, making high-quality health information more understandable and usable for everyone.We are interested in your experiences with editing health related articles and how we might improve coverage of health information in the Simple English edition. If you are 18 years old or older and would consider letting us interview you, please complete our screening survey https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfwYZHyGgjuhq2NnPPGbv8d_jl-CndWvBC12Zljgz8sBDdWfw/viewform which will help us gather some basic information and follow up with further details. Our Wikimedia Meta project page is: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Improve_the_coverage_and_quality_of_health-related_articles_in_the_Simple_English_edition Your participation will contribute to our understanding of how LLMs can be used to enhance the quality and accessibility of health information on Wikipedia. We would be thrilled to have your input. Thank you for considering this invitation, and I look forward to hearing from you. Best regards, Xiran & Lori [[User:Xiranlin|Xiranlin]] ([[User talk:Xiranlin|talk]]) 08:29, 23 May 2025 (UTC) == I want to cancel my name change request. == I want to cancel my name change request. I requested a name change because I didn't like the name. But now I changed my mind. Thank you. [[User:Stararch|Stararch]] ([[User talk:Stararch|talk]]) 06:30, 11 June 2025 (UTC) :I think it's okay to just leave it as is since the name change request was accepted. Sorry. [[User:Astraios12|Astraios12]] ([[User talk:Astraios12|talk]]) 07:58, 11 June 2025 (UTC) == Hello. == Hello there, what do you think of my first page? It's fine if you say it needs improvements, because it's my first time on here. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2005 [[User:FaroeFO|FaroeFO]] ([[User talk:FaroeFO|talk]]) 08:06, 6 July 2025 (UTC) == Re: socks you just blocked == Was about to open a case and include {{checkuser|BlueSky Editor}} and {{checkuser|FutsalMedia}}. FutsalMedia uploaded images to Commons this week that BlueSky and HistoryWriter88 just added to articles. Are these other two connected to the ones you blocked? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 20:54, 9 August 2025 (UTC) == Happy holidays! == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello Bsadowski1:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it is occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 21 December 2025 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == Content model Sanitized CSS == Hello @[[User:Bsadowski1|Bsadowski1]], I would like to request help converting my subpage below into sanitized CSS. * [[User:Nathan Veritas/Assets/Auth.css]] Thank you. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 22:23, 20 April 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:06, 28 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472432 --> r3646vzf19kuckdu5qa991fktls36rj 0 239022 10878871 10774107 2026-06-04T17:38:16Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* Canada */ 10878871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redlinks|date=September 2016}} The following is a partial '''list of zoological gardens''' ([[zoo]]s): {{TOCright}} ==Africa== ===Algeria=== *[[Algiers Zoo]] *[[Oran Zoo]] * Parc Zoologique et des Loisirs el Djazair ===Benin=== * Jardin Botanique et Zoologique de l'Université d'Abomey-Calavi ===Burkina Faso=== * Ouagadougou Zoo ===Cameroon=== *[[Mvog-Betsi Zoo]] ===Congo, Democratic Republic of the=== * Jardin Zoologique et Botanique d'Eala * Parc Zoologique de Lubumbashi * Zoo National de Kinshasa ===Côte d'Ivoire=== *[[Abidjan Zoo]] ===Egypt=== *[[Alexandria Zoo]] *[[Giza Zoo]] *[[Qariyet El Assad]] (Lions' Village) ===Ethiopia=== * Addis Ababa Lion Zoo ===Ghana=== * Accra Zoo *[[Flagstaff House Zoo]] *[[Kumasi Zoo]] ===Libya=== *[[Tripoli Zoo]] *[[Benghazi Zoo]] (''"Il bosco" founded in 1956'') ===Madagascar=== *[http://www.refer.mg/edu/minesup/organe/pbztbien.htm Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza, Antananarivo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430205327/http://www.refer.mg/edu/minesup/organe/pbztbien.htm |date=2010-04-30 }} *Croc Farm, Antananarivo *[http://www.lemurspark.com/ Lemurs' Park, near Antananarivo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911221503/http://lemurspark.com/ |date=2017-09-11 }} *[http://www.seemadagascar.com/ Parc Zoologique Ivoloina] *[[Madagascar Exotic]], Marozevo *[[Parc Endemika]], Sainte-Marie ===Malawi=== * Blantyre Zoological Gardens ===Mali=== * Bamako Zoo ===Morocco=== *[[Bird World]] *[[Jardins Exotiques de Bouknadel]] *[[Parc Zoologique de Rabat]] ===Mozambique=== *[[Jardim Zoológico de Moçambique]] ([[Maputo]]) ===Nigeria=== * Abuja Children's Zoo ([[Abuja]]) * Audu Bako Zoo ([[Kano]]) * Ibadan University Zoo ([[Ibadan]]) *[[Jos Wildlife Park]] * Sanda Kyarimi Zoo ([[Maiduguri]]) ===Senegal=== *[[Parcs Forestier et Zoologique de Hann]] ([[Dakar]]) ===South Africa=== *[[Bester Birds and Animals Zoo Park]] *[[Bloemfontein Zoo]] *[[East London Zoological Gardens]] *[[Emerald Zoo Vanderbijlpark]] *[[Hartebeesport Dam Snake and Animal Park]] *[[Johannesburg]] Zoo<ref>[http://www.jhbzoo.org.za :: Welcome to the Johannesburg Zoo ::<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *[[Lory Park Zoo]] *[[National Zoological Gardens of South Africa|National Zoo]], [[Pretoria]] ===Sudan=== * Khartoum Zoo ===Tanzania=== * Dar es Salaam Zoo, [[Dar es Salaam]] [http://www.daressalaamzoo.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717073626/http://daressalaamzoo.com/ |date=2017-07-17 }} *[[Saa Nane Museum and Zoo]], [[Mwanza]] ===Tunisia=== *[[Carthage Land]] * Parc de Belvedere ===Uganda=== *[[Uganda Wildlife Education Centre]] ([[Entebbe]]) [http://www.uweczoo.org/] ===Zambia=== * Munda Wanga Zoo ([[Lusaka]]) [http://www.mundawanga.com/] ==Asia== ===Afghanistan=== *[[Kabul Zoo]], [[Kabul]] ===Armenia=== *[[Yerevan Zoo]], [[Yerevan]] ===Bangladesh=== *[[Dhaka Zoo]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]], [[Dhaka]] *[[Dulahazra Safari Park]], [[Cox's Bazar]] ===China=== *[[Badaling Safari World]] (2001) *[[Beijing Zoo]] (1908) *[[Bifengxia Wild Animal Park]] (1998) *[[Chengdu Zoo]] (1953) *[[Dalian Forest Zoo]] (1997) *[[Harbin Northern Forest Zoo]] (2004) *[[Guangzhou Zoo]] (1958) *[[Guangzhou Panyu Chime-long Night Zoo]] (2000) *[[Guangzhou Xiangjian Safari Park]] (1997) *[[Jinan Safari Park]] (1999) *[[Nanjing]], [[Hongshan Forest Zoo]] (1998) *[[Qingdao Forest Wildlife World]] *[[Qingdao Zoo]] (1977) *[[Shanghai Zoo]] (1954) *[[Shanghai Wild Animal Park]] (1995) *[[Shenzhen Safari Park]] (1993) *[[Suzhou Zoo]] Breeding Centers: *[[Bifengxia Giant Panda Base]] (2003) *[[Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding]] (1987) *[[Wolong National Nature Reserve|Wolong Giant Panda Breeding Center]], [[Sichuan]] province (1983) ===Hong Kong=== [[Hong Kong]] has played an important role in the fate of Asian wildlife. As a preeminent commercial center and seaport, millions of animals have passed through Hong Kong, most on their way to other countries. *[[Edward Youde Aviary]], (located in [[Hong Kong Park]]) (1989) *[[Hong Kong Wetland Park]] (2000) *[[Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens]] (1892) *[[Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden]] (1950s) *[[Lai Chi Kok Zoo]] (1950s) *[[Ocean Park Hong Kong]] (1975) ===India=== [[Central Zoo Authority of India]] (CZA) is the Governing Authority of [[List of zoos in India|all zoos in India]]. *[[Alipore Zoological Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] *[[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]] (Vandalur Zoo), [[Chennai]] *[[Guwahati Zoo]], [[Assam]] *[[Indira Gandhi Zoological Park]], [[Visakhapatnam]] *[[Jijamata Udyaan]], [[Mumbai]] *[[Lucknow Zoo]], [[Lucknow]] *[[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]] *[[Marble Palace Zoo]], [[Kolkata]] *[[Mysore Zoo]], [[Karnataka]] *[[Nandankanan Zoo]], [[Orissa]] *[[National Zoological Park Delhi|National Zoological Park]], [[Delhi]] *[[Nehru Zoological Park]], [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] *[[Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park]], [[Darjeeling]] *[[Parassinikkadavu Snake Park]] *[[Sakkarbaug Zoological Garden]], [[Junagadh]], [[Gujarat]] *[[Sepahijala Zoo]], [[Tripura]] *[[Trivandrum Zoo]], [[Trivandrum]] ===Indonesia=== *[[Bali Zoo]], [[Singapadu]] (near [[Ubud]]), [[Bali]] *[[Ragunan Zoo]], [[Jakarta]] *[[Taman Safari Indonesia]], [[Cisarua, Bogor]] *[[Taman Safari Indonesia 2]], [[Surabaya]] *[[Bali Safari & Marine Park]], [[Gianyar, Bali]] ===Iran=== *[[Amol Zoo]] *[[Bandar Abbas Zoo]] *[[Darabad Zoo]], [[Tehran]] *[[Isfahan Zoo]] *[[Tehran Zoo]] ===Iraq=== *[[Baghdad Zoo]] ===Israel=== *[[Arena Tropical World]], [[Herzliya]] *[[Beer Sheba Municipal Zoological Garden]], [[Beersheba]] *[[Carmel Hai-Bar Nature Reserve]], [[Haifa]] *[[Children's Zoo (Israel)|Children's Zoo]], [[Sa'ad]] *[[Educational Zoo of the Haifa Biological Institute]], Haifa *[[Hai Kef]], [[Rishon LeZion]] *[[Hai Park]], [[Kiryat Motzkin]] *[[Hamat-Gader Crocodile Farm, Terrarium and Mini Zoo]], [[Hamat Gader]] *[[I. Meier Segals Garden for Zoological Research]], [[Tel Aviv]] *[[Jerusalem Bird Observatory]], [[Jerusalem]] *[[Monkey Park]], [[Kfar Daniel]] *[[Nahariya Zoo-Botanical Garden]], [[Nahariya]] *[[Nir-David Australian Animal Park]], [[Nir David]] *[[Petah Tikva Zoo]], [[Petah Tikva]] *[[Tel-Aviv Bird Park]], [[Tel Aviv]] *[[Jerusalem Biblical Zoo|Tisch Family Biblical Zoological Gardens]], [[Jerusalem]] *[[Zoological Center of Tel Aviv-Ramat Gan]], [[Ramat Gan]] ===Japan=== *[[Adventure World, Shirahama]], [[Shirahama, Wakayama|Wakayama]] [http://aws-s.com/english-new/index2_afp.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620073151/http://aws-s.com/english-new/index2_afp.html |date=2010-06-20 }} *[[Asahiyama Zoo]], [[Asahikawa, Hokkaidō]] *[[Chiba Zoological Park]], [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]] *[[Fukuyama City Zoo]], [[Fukuyama, Hiroshima|Fukuyama]] *[[Fukuoka Municipal Zoo and Botanical Garden]], [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]] *[[Higashiyama Zoo]], [[Nagoya]] *[[Himeji Central Park]], [[Himeji, Hyogo]] *[[Hiroshima City Asa Zoological Park]], [[Hiroshima]] *[[Kanazawa Zoological Gardens]], [[Yokohama]] *[[Kyoto Municipal Zoo]], [[Kyoto]] *[[Nogeyama Zoo|Nogeyama Zoological Gardens]], [[Yokohama]] *[[Oji Zoo]], [[Kobe]] *[[Tama Zoo]], [[Tokyo]] *[[Tennoji Zoo]], [[Osaka]] *[[Ueno Zoo]], Tokyo *[[Yokohama Zoo]] (Zoorasia), [[Yokohama]] ===Kazakhstan=== *[[Almaty Zoo]], [[Almaty]] (1936) *[[Karaganda Zoo]], [[Karaganda]] (1936/1938) *[[Shymkent Zoo]], [[Shymkent]] (1979) *[[Temirtau Aquapark]] of Children's Park, [[Temirtau]] ===North Korea=== *[[Korea Central Zoo]], [[Pyongyang]] ===South Korea=== *[[Busan Children's Grand Park]], [[Busan]] *[[Everland]], [[Yongin]] *[[Seoul Children's Grand Park]], [[Seoul]] *[[Seoul Grand Park]], [[Gwacheon]] ===Macau=== *[[Two Dragon Throat Public Garden]] ===Malaysia=== *[[Aquaria KLCC]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] *[[Kuala Lumpur Bird Park]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] *[[Langkawi Underwater World]], [[Cenang Beach]], Langkawi Island *[[Zoo Melaka]], [[Ayer Keroh]], [[Malacca]] *[[Zoo Negara]], [[ulu klang]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] *[[Zoo Taiping]], [[Taiping]], [[Perak]] *[[Lok kawi wildlife park]], [[lok kawi,sabah]] *[[Zoo johor]], [[johor bahru]], [[johor]] *[[Zoo terengganu]], [[Kemaman]], [[terengganu]] *[[Sunway lagoon]] [[wildlife park]], [[Sunway city(petaling jaya)]], [[selangor]] *[[Sunway Petting Zoo]], [[Sunway city(subang jaya)]], [[selangor]] *[[Lost world petting zoo]], [[ipoh]], [[perak]] *[[Kuala Krai mini zoo]], [[kuala krai]], [[kelantan]] *[[Butterfly & reptiles sanctuary]], [[malacca]] *[[Kuala Lumpur Butterfly Park]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] *[[Penang Butterfly farm]], [[teluk bahang]], [[Penang]] *[[Bukit Jambul Orchid, Hibiscus and Reptile Farm]], [[Penang]] *[[Taman Teruntum Mini Zoo]], [[taman teruntum]], [[pahang]] *[[Kuala Lumpur Deer Park]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] *[[Danga Bay Mini Zoo]], [[Danga bay]], [[johor]] *[[Afamosa Animal World Safari]] [[Alor Gajah]], [[Malacca]] *[[Langkawi Bird Paradise]], [[langkawi]], [[kedah]] *[[snake and reptile farm]], [[Perlis]] *[[Langkawi Crocodile Farm]], [[langkawi]], [[kedah]] *[[Ayer Keroh Crocodile Farm]], [[Ayer Keroh]], [[Malacca]] *[[Jong Crocodile Farm]], [[kuching]], [[sarawak]] *[[Sandakan Cocodile Farm]], [[sandakan]], [[Sabah]] ===Myanmar=== *[[Yadanabon Zoological Gardens]], [[Mandalay]] ===Nepal=== *[[Central Zoo]], [[Kathmandu]] ===Pakistan=== *[[Bahalwalpur Zoological Garden]], [[Bahalwalpur]] *[[Clifton Aquarium]], [[Karachi]] *[[Hyderabad Zoo]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] *[[Islamabad Zoological Garden]], [[Islamabad]] *[[Jallo Wildlife Park]], [[Lahore]] *[[Jungle Kingdom]], [[Karachi]] *[[Karachi Zoological Gardens]], [[Karachi]] *[[Lahore Zoo]], [[Lahore]] *[[LalSuhandra Park]], [[Bahalwalpur]] *[[Landhi Korangi Zoo]], [[Karachi]] *[[Loi bher Wildlife Park]], [[Rawalpindi]]/[[Islamabad]] *[[Murree Wildlife Park]], [[Murree]] *[[Safari Park, Karachi|Safari Park]], [[Karachi]] ===Philippines=== *[[Albay Park and Wildlife]] - [[Legazpi, Albay]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tourism.albay.gov.ph/apwl.htm/ |title=Albay Park and Wildlife |access-date=2013-04-26 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629190733/http://tourism.albay.gov.ph/apwl.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Animal Island (zoo)]] - Binakayan, [[Kawit, Cavite]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.islandcovephil.com/activities/play-3/ |title=Animal Island |access-date=2013-04-26 |archive-date=2011-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925123155/http://www.islandcovephil.com/activities/play-3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Animal Wonderland]] - [[Star City, Manila|Star City]], [[Pasay]] *[[Ark Avilon Zoo]] - Frontera Verde, Ortigas Avenue, [[Pasig]] *[[Ave Maria Sanctuary and Park]] - [[Carcar]], [[Cebu]] *[[Avilon Zoo]] - [[Rodriguez, Rizal]] *[[Baluarte Zoo]] - [[Vigan]], [[Ilocos Sur]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chavitsingson.net/baluarte/index.html/ |title=Baluarte Zoo |access-date=2013-04-26 |archive-date=2016-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114112259/http://chavitsingson.net/baluarte/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Birds International]] - [[Quezon City]] *[[Botolan Wildlife Farm]] - San Juan, [[Botolan, Zambales]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.botolanwildlifefarm.com/ |title=Botolan Wildlife Farm |access-date=2013-04-26 |archive-date=2011-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911021056/http://www.botolanwildlifefarm.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Cavite City Zoological and Botanical Park]] - Sampaguita Road, Seabreeze Subdivision, Santa Cruz, [[Cavite City]], [[Cavite]] *[[Cebu City Zoo and Conservation Zoo]] - Calunasan, [[Cebu City]], [[Cebu]] *[[Corregidor Aviary and Theme Park]] - [[Corregidor Island]], [[Cavite]] *[[Crocolandia Foundation]] - Biasong, [[Talisay, Cebu]] *[[Davao Crocodile Park]] - Diversion Highway, Ma-a, [[Davao City]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Davao Crocodile Park |url=http://psdgroupph.com/index.php?sec=1%2F |access-date=2022-01-01 |archive-date=2012-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325150133/http://psdgroupph.com/index.php?sec=1%2F |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[D'Family Park Mini-Zoo]] - Talamban, [[Cebu City]], [[Cebu]] *[[Eden Nature Park and Resort]] - Toril, [[Davao City]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://edennaturepark.com.ph/main/nature/animals-of-eden/ |title=Eden Nature Park and Resort |access-date=2013-04-26 |archive-date=2012-07-09 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709224941/http://edennaturepark.com.ph/main/nature/animals-of-eden/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Father Tropa's Spaceship 2000 Zoo]] - [[Zamboanguita, Negros Oriental]] *[[Laguna Wildlife Park and Rescue Center]] - La Vista Pansol Complex, Pansol, [[Calamba, Laguna]] *[[Lombija Wildlife Park and Heritage Resort]] - Napandong, [[Nueva Valencia, Guimaras]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lombijawildlife.com/ |title=Lombija Wildlife Park and Heritage Resort |access-date=2013-04-26 |archive-date=2015-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327013343/http://lombijawildlife.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Lungsod Kalikasan]] - [[Quezon City]] *[[Malabon Zoo and Aquarium]] - Governor Pascual Street, Potrero, [[Malabon]] *[[Manila Orchidarium and Butterfly Pavilion]] - [[Rizal Park]], [[Manila]] *[[Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden]], M. Adriatico Street, [[Malate, Manila]] *[[Mari-it Wildlife Conservation Park]] - [[Lambunao, Iloilo]] *[[Maze Park and Resort Mini-Zoo]] - Mimbalot Buru-un, [[Iligan]], [[Lanao del Norte]] *[[Negros Forests & Ecological Foundation]] - South Capitol Road, [[Bacolod]], [[Negros Occidental]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.negrosforests.org/ |title=Negros Forests & Ecological Foundation, Inc. |access-date=2013-04-26 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719010123/http://www.negrosforests.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Ninoy Aquino Parks & Wildlife Center]] - Diliman, [[Quezon City]] *[[Palawan Butterfly Garden]] - Santa Monica, [[Puerto Princesa]], [[Palawan]] *[[Palawan Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center]] - Irawan, [[Puerto Princesa]], [[Palawan]] *[[ParadiZoo]] - [[Mendez, Cavite]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.paradizoo.com/ |title=ParadiZoo |access-date=2013-04-26 |archive-date=2011-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316104903/http://www.paradizoo.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Paradise Reptile Zoo]] - [[Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro]] *[[Philippine Eagle Center]] - Malagos, [[Davao City]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.philippineeagle.org/index?pageval=thepecenter%2F |title=Philippine Eagle Center |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2012-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316132156/http://www.philippineeagle.org/index?pageval=thepecenter%2F |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Philippine Tarsier and Wildlife Sanctuary]] - [[Corella, Bohol]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tarsierfoundation.org/sanctuary/ |title=Philippine Tarsier and Wildlife Sanctuary |access-date=2013-04-26 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728081914/http://www.tarsierfoundation.org/sanctuary |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[RACSO'S Woodland Mini-Hotel and Wildlife Resort]] - Rizal-Tuguisan, [[Guimbal, Iloilo]] *[[Residence Inn Mini-Zoo]] - Barrio Neogan, [[Tagaytay]], [[Cavite]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zoomanity.com.ph/2012/02/16/residence-inn/ |title=Residence Inn Mini-Zoo |access-date=2013-04-26 |archive-date=2012-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520164025/http://zoomanity.com.ph/2012/02/16/residence-inn/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[San Fernando Mini-Zoo and Butterfly Sanctuary]] - [[San Fernando, La Union]] *[[Sagbayan Peak Tarsier Sanctuary and Butterfly Dome]] - [[Sagbayan, Bohol]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sagbayanpeak.com.ph/quicktour10.html/ |title=Sagbayan Peak Tarsier Sanctuary and Butterfly Dome |access-date=2013-04-26 |archive-date=2010-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624092533/http://www.sagbayanpeak.com.ph/quicktour10.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Silangang Nayon Mini-Zoo]] - [[Pagbilao, Quezon]] *[[Silliman University Center for Tropical Conservation Studies]] (also known as the A.Y. Reyes Zoological and Botanical Garden) - Ipil Street, Daro, [[Dumaguete]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.su.edu.ph/CENTROP/centrop.html/ |title=Silliman University Center for Tropical Conservation Studies |access-date=2013-04-26 |archive-date=2011-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524161602/http://www.su.edu.ph/CENTROP/centrop.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Silliman University Marine Laboratory]] - Bantayan, [[Dumaguete]]<ref>[http://su.edu.ph/iems/ Silliman University Marine Laboratory]</ref> *[[WIN Rescue Center]] - [[Subic Bay Freeport Zone]], [[Zambales]] *[[Zoo Paradise of the World]] - [[Zamboanguita, Negros Oriental]] *[[Zoobic Safari]] - [[Subic, Zambales]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zoobic.com.ph/ |title=Zoobic Safari |access-date=2013-04-26 |archive-date=2017-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728120219/http://www.zoobic.com.ph/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Zoocobia Fun Zoo]] - [[Clark Freeport Zone]], [[Angeles, Pampanga]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zoocobia.com/ |title=Zoocobia Fun Zoo |access-date=2013-04-26 |archive-date=2017-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516084954/http://zoocobia.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Qatar=== *[[Doha Zoo]], [[Doha]] ===Singapore=== *[[Jurong BirdPark]] *[[Jurong Reptile Park]] *[[Night Safari, Singapore]] *[[Singapore Zoo]] *[[Underwater World, Singapore]] ===Sri Lanka=== *[[Dehiwala Zoo]] ===Taiwan=== *[[1-Lan Wild Animal Rescue Centre]] *[[Far East Animal Farm]] *[[Feng-Hung-Ku Bird Park]] *[[Hsinchu City Zoo]] *[[Kaohsiung Zoo]] *[[Leefoo Zoo]] *[[National Museum of Marine Biology/Aquarium]] *[[Ocean World (Taiwan)|Ocean World]], [[Yehliu Wanli]] *[[Pintung Rescue Centre]] *[[Taipei Zoo]], [[Taipei]] ===Thailand=== *[[Bangkok Aquarium]], Bang Khen, Bangkok *[[Bueng Chawak Aquarium]], Doem Bang Nang Buat, Suphanburi *[[Chiang Mai Night Safari]] *[[Chiang Mai Zoo]] *[[Crocodiles Farm and Elephant Theme Show Sampran, Nakorn Pathom]] *[[Crocodiles Farm Samut Prakan]] *[[Dusit Zoo]] *[[Khao Kheow Open Zoo]] *[[Lopburi Zoo]] ([[Thai language|Thai]]:สวนสัตว์ลพบุรี) *[[Nakhon Ratchasima Zoo]] *[[Oasis Sea World Thai Dolphins Show, Chanthaburi]] *[[Phuket Aquarium]], Phuket *[[สวนสัตว์ภูเก็ต]] *[[Rayong Aquarium]], Rayong *[[Safari World]] *[[Siam Ocean World]], [[Siam Paragon]], [[Bangkok]] *[[Songkhla Zoo]] *[[Sriracha Tigerzoo Chonburi]] *[[The Million Years Park and Pataya Crocodiles Farm]] *[[Under Water World]] ===United Arab Emirates=== *[[Al Ain Zoo]], [[Al Ain]] *[[Dubai Zoo]] ===Uzbekistan=== *[[Tashkent Zoo]], [[Tashkent]] ==Australia/Oceania== ===Australia=== ====Australian Capital Territory==== *[[Australian Reptile Centre]], [[Nicholls, Australian Capital Territory|Nicholls]] *[[National Zoo & Aquarium]], [[Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory|Yarralumla]] ====New South Wales==== *[[Australia Walkabout Wildlife Park]], [[Calga, New South Wales|Calga]], [[Central Coast (New South Wales)|Central Coast]] *[[Australian Reptile Park]], [[Somersby, New South Wales|Somersby]] *[[Billabong Koala Park]], [[Port Macquarie, New South Wales|Port Macquarie]] *[[Birdland Animal Park]], [[Batemans Bay, New South Wales|Batemans Bay]] *[[Ettamogah Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Ettamogah, New South Wales|Ettamogah]], [[City of Albury|Albury]] *[[Fairfield City Farm]], [[Abbotsbury, New South Wales|Abbotsbury]], [[City of Fairfield]] *[[Featherdale Wildlife Park]], [[Doonside, New South Wales|Doonside]] *[[Hunter Valley Zoo]], [[Nulkaba, New South Wales|Nulkaba]] *[[Koala Park Sanctuary]], [[West Pennant Hills, New South Wales|West Pennant Hills]], Sydney *[[Mogo Zoo]], [[Mogo, New South Wales|Mogo]] *[[Nowra Wildlife Park]], [[Nowra, New South Wales|Nowra]] *[[Potoroo Palace Native Animal Educational Sanctuary]] (formerly Yellow Pinch Wildlife Park), [[Merimbula, New South wales|Merimbula]] *[[Sydney Wildlife World]], [[Darling Harbour]], Sydney *[[Symbio Wildlife Gardens]], [[Helensburgh, New South Wales|Helensburgh]] *[[Taronga Western Plains Zoo]], [[Dubbo, New South Wales|Dubbo]] *[[Taronga Zoo]], [[Sydney]] *[[Wagga Wagga Zoo]], [[Wagga Wagga, New South Wales|Wagga Wagga]] *[[Waratah Park Earth Sanctuary]], [[Duffys Forest, New South Wales|Duffys Forest]], Sydney *[[Waterways Wildlife Park]], [[Gunnedah, New South Wales|Gunnedah]] *[[Blackbutt reserve]],[[kotara,New south wales]] kotara ====Northern Territory==== *[[Alice Springs Desert Park]], [[Alice Springs, Northern Territory|Alice Springs]] *[[Alice Springs Reptile Centre]], Alice Springs *[[Crocodylus Park]], [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] *[[Territory Wildlife Park]], [[Berry Springs, Northern Territory|Berry Springs]] ====Queensland==== * [[Alma Park Zoo]], [[Dakabin, Queensland|Dakabin]], [[Brisbane]] * [[Australia Zoo]], [[Sunshine Coast, Queensland|Sunshine Coast]] (home to [[Steve Irwin]] until his death on September 4, 2006) * [[Barefoot Bushman Wildlife Park]], [[Airlie Beach, Queensland|Airlie Beach]] * [[Billabong Sanctuary]], [[Nome, Queensland|Nome]], [[Townsville, Queensland|Townsville]] * [[Brisbane Forest Park]], Brisbane * [[Cairns Tropical Zoo]], [[Cairns, Queensland|Cairns]] * [[Cairns Wildlife Safari Reserve]], [[Mareeba, Queensland|Mareeba]] * [[Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]] * [[Darling Downs Zoo]], [[Clifton, Queensland|Clifton]] * [[Flying High Bird Habitat]], Apple Tree Creek * [[David Fleay Wildlife Park]], Gold Coast * [[Kumbartcho Sanctuary]], [[Eatons Hill, Queensland|Eatons Hill]], Brisbane * [[Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary]], Brisbane * [[The Rainforest Habitat Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Port Douglas, Queensland|Port Douglas]] * [[Rockhampton Zoo]], [[Rockhampton, Queensland|Rockhampton]] ====South Australia==== *[[Adelaide Zoo]], [[Adelaide]] *[[Cleland Wildlife Park]], [[Adelaide Hills]] *[[Gorge Wildlife Park]], [[Cudlee Creek, South Australia|Cudlee Creek]] *[[Monarto Zoo]], [[Monarto, South Australia|Monarto]] *[[Parndana Wildlife Park]], [[Parndana, South Australia|Parndana]], [[Kangaroo Island]] *[[Urimbirra Wildlife Park]], [[Victor Harbor, South Australia|Victor Harbor]] *[[Warrawong Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Stirling, South Australia|Stirling]] ====Tasmania==== *[[Bonorong Wildlife Conservation Centre]], [[Brighton, Tasmania|Brighton]] *[[East Coast Natureworld]], [[Bicheno, Tasmania|Bicheno]] *[[Hobart Zoo]] *[[Tasmania Zoo]], [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]] *[[Trowunna Wildlife Park]], [[Mole Creek, Tasmania|Mole Creek]] *[[Wing's Wildlife Park]], [[Gunns Plains]] *[[Zoodoo Wildlife Park]], [[Richmond, Tasmania|Richmond]] ====Victoria==== *[[Ballarat Wildlife Park]], [[Ballarat, Victoria|Ballarat]] *[[Halls Gap Zoo]], [[Halls Gap, Victoria|Halls Gap]] *[[Healesville Sanctuary]], [[Healesville]] *[[Kyabram Fauna Park]], [[Kyabram, Victoria|Kyabram]] *[[Mansfield Zoo]], [[Mansfield, Victoria|Mansfield]] *[[Melbourne Zoo]], [[Melbourne]] *[[Moonlit Sanctuary Wildlife Conservation Park]], [[Pearcedale]] *[[Werribee Open Range Zoo]], [[Werribee]] ====Western Australia==== *[[Armadale Reptile Centre]], [[Armadale, Western Australia|Armadale]] *[[Big Swamp Wildlife Park]], [[Bunbury, Western Australia|Bunbury]] *[[Broome Crocodile Park]], [[Broome, Western Australia|Broome]] *[[Caversham Wildlife Park]], [[Whiteman, Western Australia|Whiteman]], Perth *[[Cohuna Koala Park]], Perth *[[Marapana Wildlife Park]], [[Karnup, Western Australia|Karnup]] *[[Peel Zoo]], [[Mandurah, Western Australia|Mandurah]] *[[Perth Zoo]], [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] *[[Wyndham Zoological Gardens and Crocodile Park]], [[Wyndham, Western Australia|Wyndham]] ===Fiji=== *[[Kula Eco Park]], [[Sigatoka]] ===Guam=== *[[Cushing Zoo]], [[Tumon]] ===New Caledonia=== *[[Parc Forestier de Nouméa]], [[Nouméa]] ===New Zealand=== *[[Auckland Zoo]], [[Auckland]] *[[Brooklands Zoo]], [[New Plymouth]] *[[Hamilton Zoo]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] *[[Kiwi Birdlife Park]], [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]] *[[Kiwi House Otorohanga|Kiwi House]], [[Otorohanga]] *[[Living Art Wildlife Park]], [[Tauranga]] *[[Natureland Zoo]], [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]] *[[Orana Wildlife Park]], [[Christchurch]] *[[Wellington Zoo]], [[Wellington]] *[[Zion Wildlife Gardens]], [[Whangarei]] ===Papua New Guinea=== *[[The Rainforest Habitat]], [[Lae]] ==Europe== ===Albania=== *[[Kopshti Zoologjik Tiranë]] (Tirana Zoo), [[Tirana]] ===Austria=== *[http://at.zoo-infos.org/index-en.html at.Zoo-Infos.org] - The Austrian Zoo Database, a non-profit project with information about some 50 zoos, wildlife parks, aquaria, bird parks etc. in Austria, in English language *[[Alpenzoo Innsbruck]], [[Innsbruck]] *[[Haus des Meeres Vivarium Wien]], [[Vienna]] *[[Tiergarten Hellbrunn]], [[Salzburg]] *[[Tiergarten Schönbrunn]], Vienna *[[Tier- und Naturpark Schloss Herberstein]], [[Herberstein Castle]], [[Styria (state)|Styria]] *[[Zoo Salzburg]], Salzburg *[[Zoo Schmiding]], Krenglbach near Wels ===Belarus=== *[[Grodno Zoo]], [[Grodno]] (1927) *[[Minsk Zoo]], [[Minsk]] (1984) ===Belgium=== *[[Antwerp Zoo]], [[Antwerp]] *[[Aquatopia (Antwerp)|Aquatopia]], [[Antwerp]] *[[Olmen Zoo]], [[Olmen]], [[Mol]] *[[Pairi Daiza|Pairi Daiza (before Paradisio)]], [[Cambron-Casteau]] *[[Planckendael Animal Park]], [[Muizen]], [[Mechelen]] *[[Bellewaerde]], [[Ieper]] ===Bosnia and Herzegovina=== *[[Pionirska dolina]], [[Sarajevo]] *[[Trapisti]], [[Banja Luka]] ===Bulgaria=== *[[Lovech Zoo]], [[Lovech]] *[[Pleven Zoo]], [[Pleven]] *[[Plovdiv Zoo]], [[Plovdiv]] *[[Sofia Zoo]], [[Sofia]] *[[Varna Zoo]], [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] ===Croatia=== *[[Osijek Zoo and Aquarium|Osijek Zoo]], [[Osijek]] *[[Split Science museum and Zoo|Split Zoo]], [[Split (city)|Split]] *[[Zagreb Zoo]], [[Zagreb]] ===Cyprus=== *[[Limassol Zoo]] ===Czech Republic=== *[[Brno Zoo]], [[Brno]] *[[Chomutov Zoo]], [[Chomutov]] *[[Děčín Zoo]], [[Děčín]] *[[Dvůr Králové Zoo]], [[Dvůr Králové nad Labem]] *[[Hodonín Zoo]], [[Hodonín]] *[[Hluboká nad Vltavou Zoo]], [[Hluboká nad Vltavou]] *[[Jihlava Zoo]], [[Jihlava]] *[[Liberec Zoo]], [[Liberec]] *[[Olomouc Zoo]], [[Olomouc]] *[[Ostrava Zoo]], [[Ostrava]] *[[Plzeň Zoo]], [[Plzeň]] *[[Prague Zoo]], [[Prague]] *[[Ústí nad Labem Zoo]], [[Ústí nad Labem]] *[[Zlín - Lešná Zoo]], [[Zlín]] *[[Zoopark Vyškov]], [[Vyškov]] ===Denmark=== *[[Aalborg Zoo]], [[Aalborg]] *[[Copenhagen Zoo]], [[Copenhagen]] *[[Ebeltoft Zoo]], [[Ebeltoft]] *[[Givskud Zoo]], [[Givskud]] *[[Odense Zoo]], [[Odense]] *[[Randers Tropical Zoo]], [[Randers]] *[[Ree Park - Ebeltoft Safari]], [[Ebeltoft]] ===Estonia=== *[[Elistvere Loomapark]], [[Elistvere]], [[Jõgeva County]] *[[Tallinn Zoo]], [[Tallinn]] (1939) ===Finland=== *[[Ähtäri Zoo]] *[[Korkeasaari]], an island zoo outside [[Helsinki]] (1889) *[[Ranua]] *[[Zoolandia]] near [[Turku]] *[[Kitee Zoo]] *[[Tropicario]], a tropical animal house in [[Helsinki]]. *[[Särkänniemi Children's Zoo]], in Tampere. * Kuopio Zoo * Orimattilan kotieläinpuisto, Orimattila * PikkuKili, Lieksa * Escurial, Heinijärvi ===France=== * [[Cerza]], [[Hermival-les-Vaux]] (1986) * [[Jardin d'Acclimatation|Jardin Zoologique d'Acclimatation du Bois de Boulogne]], Paris (1860) * [[Jardin Zoologique de la Tête d'Or]], [[Parc de la Tête d'Or]], [[Lyon]] (1858) * [[La Vallée des Singes]], [[Romagne, Vienne|Romagne]] (1998) * [[Marineland (Antibes)|Marineland]], [[Antibes]] (1970) * [[Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes]], Paris (1793) * [[Parc animalier et botanique de Branféré]], [[Le Guerno]] (1965) * [[Parc des Félins]], [[Lumigny-Nesles-Ormeaux|Nesles]] (2006) * [[Parc des Oiseaux]], [[Villars-les-Dombes]] (1970) * [[Cleres Zoological Park|Parc Zoologique de Clères]], [[Clères]] (1919, opened 1930) * [[Parc Zoologique de la Haute-Touche]], [[Obterre]] (1980) * [[Parc Zoologique de Lunaret]], [[Montpellier]] (1964) * [[Parc Zoologique et Botanique de Mulhouse]], [[Mulhouse]] (1868) * [[Château of Thoiry|Réserve Africaine & Parc Zoologique et Botanique de Thoiry]], [[Thoiry, Yvelines|Thoiry]] (1967) * [[Réserve Africaine de Sigean]], [[Sigean]] (1974) * [[Safari de Peaugres]], [[Peaugres]] (1974) * [[Zoo d'Amnéville]], [[Amnéville]], close to [[Metz]] (1986) * [[Zoo de Doué]], [[Doué-la-Fontaine]] (1961) * [[Zoo de la Flèche]], [[La Flèche]] (1946) * [[Zoo de la Palmyre]], [[Les Mathes]] (1966) * [[Zoo de Vincennes]], Paris (1934) * [[ZooParc de Beauval]], [[Saint-Aignan, Loir-et-Cher|Saint-Aignan-sur-Cher]] (1980) ===Germany=== *[http://www.zoo-infos.de/index-en.html Zoo-Infos.de] - The German Zoo Database, a non-profit project with information about more than 675 zoos, wildlife parks, aquaria, bird parks etc. in Germany, in English language *[[Aachener Tierpark]], [[Aachen]] *[[Bergzoo Halle]], [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]] *[[Berlin Zoological Garden]] (1844) *[[Cologne Zoological Garden]] *[[Dresden Zoo]] *[[Duisburg Zoo]] *[[Frankfurt Zoological Garden]] *[[Hanover Zoo]] *[[Leipzig Zoological Garden]] *[[Tierpark Berlin]] (1954), Berlin *[[Tierpark Hagenbeck]], [[Hamburg]] - first zoo to use open enclosures surrounded by [[moats]], rather than barred cages *[[Tiergarten Heidelberg]], [[Heidelberg]] *[[Tierpark Hellabrunn]], [[Munich]] *[[Vogelpark Olching]], bird park near Munich *[[Walsrode Bird Park]] *[[Wilhelma]] Zoologischer Garten, [[Stuttgart]] *[[Zoo Landau]], Palatinat *[[Zoo Magdeburg]], [[Magdeburg]] ===Gibraltar=== *[[Alameda Wildlife Park]] ===Greece=== *[[Attica Zoological Park]], [[Athens]] *[[Zoological Park of St. Paul]], [[Thessaloniki]] ===Hungary=== * [[Budakeszi Wildlife Park]] (Budakeszi Vadaspark), [[Budakeszi]] * [[Budapest Zoo & Botanical Garden]], [[Budapest]] (1866) * [[Debrecen Zoo]] * [[Jászberény Zoo & Botanical Garden]] * [[Kittenberger Kálmán Zoo & Botanical Garden]], [[Veszprém]] * [[Miskolc Zoo]] (Wildlife Park of Miskolc) * [[Pécs Zoo]] * [[Sóstó Zoo]], [[Nyíregyháza]] * [[Szeged Wildlife Park]] * [[Tropicarium]], [[Budapest]] * [[Xantus János Zoo]], [[Győr]] ===Ireland=== * [[Dublin Zoo]], [[Phoenix Park]], [[Dublin]], Ireland * [[Fota Wildlife Park]], [[County Cork]], Ireland * [[Reptile Village Zoo]], [[Kilkenny]], Ireland ===Italy=== *[[Bioparco (Rome)|Bioparco di Roma]], Rome, Italy *[[Naples Zoo]], [[Naples]], Italy *[[Parco Natura Viva]], Bussolengo ([[Verona]]), Italy *[[Parco Faunistico le Cornelle]], Valrembo ([[Bergamo]]), Italy ===Latvia=== *[[Riga Zoo]] ===Lithuania=== *[[Lithuanian Zoo]], [[Kaunas]] ===Macedonia=== *[[Bitola Zoo]], [[Bitola]] (1950) *[[Skopje Zoo]], [[Skopje]] (1926) ===Moldova=== *[[Chişinău Zoo]], [[Chişinău]] ===Monaco=== *[[Albert II, Prince of Monaco#Environmental issues|Jardin Animalier]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-08-06|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Albert II, Prince of Monaco#Environmental issues|reason= }} ===Netherlands=== *[[Apenheul]], [[Apeldoorn]] ([[ape]]s and [[monkey]]s only, most of them not separated from the public) *[[Aqua Zoo Friesland]], [[Leeuwarden]] *[[Artis]], [[Amsterdam]] *[[Avifauna (zoo)|Avifauna]], [[Alphen aan den Rijn]] *[[Bestzoo]], [[Best]] *[[Burgers' Zoo]], [[Arnhem]] *[[DierenPark Amersfoort]], [[Amersfoort]] *[[Dierenpark Emmen]], [[Emmen, Netherlands|Emmen]] *[[Dierenpark & reptielenhuis de Oliemeulen]], [[Tilburg]] *[[Dierenpark Tilburg]], [[Tilburg]] (closed) *[[Dierenpark Wissel]], [[Epe]] *[[Dierenrijk]], [[Mierlo]] *[[Diergaarde Blijdorp]], [[Rotterdam]] *[[Dolfinarium]], [[Harderwijk]] *[[GaiaPark Kerkrade Zoo]], [[Kerkrade]] *[[Ouwehands Dierenpark Rhenen]], [[Rhenen]] *[[Papegaaienpark NOP]], [[Oerle]] *[[ReptielenZOO SERPO]], [[Delft]] *[[Safaripark Beekse Bergen]], [[Hilvarenbeek]] *[[Taman Indonesia]], [[Kallenkote]] *[[Uilen- en Dierenpark De Paay]], [[Beesd]] *[[Zoo Labyrinth Boekelo]], [[Boekelo]] *[[Zoo Park Overloon]], [[Overloon]] ===Norway=== *[[Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement Park]], [[Kristiansand]] *[http://www.namsskogan-familiepark.no/ Namsskogan Familiepark] *[http://www.polarzoo.no/ Polar Zoo], [[Bardu]] *[[Vassfaret Bear Park]], [[Flå]] [http://www.vassfaret-bjornepark.no/en/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614171331/http://www.vassfaret-bjornepark.no/en/ |date=2007-06-14 }} ===Poland=== *[[Warsaw Zoo|Miejski Ogród Zoologiczny w Warszawie]], [[Warsaw]] *[[Miejski Ogród Zoologiczny we Wrocławiu]], [[Wrocław]] *[[Miejski Ogród Zoologiczny Wybrzeża w Gdańsku-Oliwie]], [[Gdańsk]] *[[Ogród Zoobotaniczny w Toruniu]], [[Toruń]] *[[Ogród Zoologiczny w Krakowie]], [[Kraków]] *[[Ogród Zoologiczny w Łodzi]], [[Łódź]] *[[Ogród Zoologiczny w Płocku]], [[Płock]] *[[Ogród Zoologiczny w Poznaniu]], [[Poznań]] ** [[Stare ZOO w Poznaniu|Stare ZOO]] ** [[Nowe ZOO w Poznaniu|Nowe ZOO]] *[[Ogród Zoologiczny w Zamościu]], [[Zamość]] *[[Silesian Zoological Garden|Śląski Ogród Zoologiczny w Chorzowie]] (Silesian Zoological Garden), [[Chorzów]] *[[Zoo Opole]], [[Opole]] ===Portugal=== * Badoca Safari Park, [[Vila Nova de Santo André]] [http://www.badoca.com/] *[[Jardim Zoológico de Lisboa]], [[Lisbon]] * Parque Biológico de Gaia, [[Vila Nova de Gaia]] [http://www.parquebiologico.pt/] * Parque Zoológico de Lagos, [[Lagos, Portugal|Lagos]] [http://www.zoolagos.com] * Zoo de Lourosa, [[Lourosa]] [http://www.zoolourosa.com/] *[[Zoo da Maia]], [[Maia]] [http://www.zoodamaia.com/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323133825/http://www.zoodamaia.com/index.php |date=2007-03-23 }} *[[Zoomarine]], [[Albufeira]], [[Algarve]] [http://www.zoomarine.pt] ===Romania=== *[[Grădina Zoologică Baia Mare]], [[Baia Mare]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Brăila]], [[Brăila]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Bucov]], [[Bucov]] near [[Ploieşti]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Buhuşi]], [[Buhuşi]] near [[Bacău]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Călăraşi]], [[Călăraşi]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Caracal]], [[Caracal, Romania|Caracal]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Craiova]], [[Craiova]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Focşani]], [[Focşani]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Galaţi]], [[Galaţi]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Iaşi]], [[Iaşi]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Oneşti]], [[Oneşti]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Oradea]], [[Oradea]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Piatra Neamţ]], [[Piatra Neamţ]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Piteşti]], [[Piteşti]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Râmnicu Vâlcea]], [[Râmnicu Vâlcea]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Slatina]], [[Slatina, Romania|Slatina]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Târgovişte]], [[Târgovişte]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Tecuci]], [[Tecuci]] *[[Grădina Zoologică Timişoara]], [[Timişoara]] [http://www.zoo-timisoara.ro/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012193946/http://www.zoo-timisoara.ro/ |date=2007-10-12 }} *[[Grădina Zoologică Zărneşti]], [[Zărneşti]] near [[Braşov]] *[[Zoo Băneasa]], [[Bucharest]] *[[Zoo Bârlad]], [[Bârlad]] *[[Zoo Hunedoara]], [[Hunedoara]] *[[Zoo Reşiţa]], [[Reşiţa]] *[[Zoo Sibiu]], [[Sibiu]] *[[Zoo Târgu Mureş]], [[Târgu Mureş]] [http://www.zootirgumures.ro/] ===Russia=== *[[Abakan "Wildlife Cente"]], [[Abakan]] (1972) *[[Cheboksary Zoo]], [[Cheboksary]] (1993) *[[Chita Zoo]], [[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]] (1994) *[[Ekaterinburg Zoo]], [[Ekaterinburg]] (1930) *[[Ivanovo Zoo]], [[Ivanovo]] (1994) *[[Kaliningrad Zoo]], [[Kaliningrad]] (1896 [[Königsberg]]) *[[Kazan Zoo]], [[Kazan]] (1806) *[[Khabarovsk Zoo]], [[Khabarovsk]] *[[Krasnoyarsk park of Flory and Fauny "Roev Ruchei"]], [[Krasnoyarsk]] (2000) *[[Leningrad Zoo]], [[Saint Petersburg]] (1865) *[[Lipetsk Zoo]], [[Lipetsk]] (1973) *[[Moscow Zoo]], Moscow (1864) *[[Novosibirsk Zoo]], [[Novosibirsk]] (1933) *[[Penza Zoo]], [[Penza]] (1981) *[[Perm Zoo]], [[Perm]] (1933) *[[Rostov-on-Don Zoo]], [[Rostov-on-Don]] (1926) *[[Samara Zoo]], [[Samara, Russia|Samara]] (1992) *[[Yakutsk Zoo]], [[Yakutsk]] (2001) ===Serbia=== *[[Belgrade Zoo]], [[Belgrade]] (''Beogradski zoo vrt dobre nade'' - Belgrade Good Hope Zoological Garden) *[[Jagodina Zoo]], [[Jagodina]] *[[Palić Zoo]], [[Palić]] *[[Zoo Park Koki]], [[Inđija]] *[[Zoo Miki]], [[Kolut]] ===Slovakia=== *[[Bojnice Zoo]], [[Bojnice]] *[[Bratislava Zoo]], [[Bratislava]] *[[Košice Zoo]], [[Košice]] *[[Spišská Nová Ves Zoo]], [[Spišská Nová Ves]] ===Slovenia=== *[[Ljubljana Zoo]], [[Ljubljana]] ===Spain=== *[[Jungle Park]], [[Tenerife]] *[[Loro Parque]], [[Tenerife]] *[[Mundomar]], [[Benidorm]] * Parque de la Naturaleza de Cabárceno, [[Obregón, Spain|Obregón]] [http://www.parquedecabarceno.com/] * Parque Zoológico de Guadalajara, [[Guadalajara, Spain|Guadalajara]] [http://www.zooguadalajara.com/] *[[Parque Zoológico y Jardín Botánico Alberto Durán]], [[Jerez de la Frontera]] [http://www.zoobotanicojerez.com/] *[[Rancho Texas Park]], [[Lanzarote]] *[[Terra Natura]], [[Murcia]] *[[Valencia Bioparc|Bioparc Valencia]], [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]] [http://www.bioparcvalencia.es/] *[[Zoo Aquarium]], [[Madrid]] *[[Zoo de Barcelona]], [[Barcelona]] (featured the only white [[Copito de Nieve|gorilla]] in any zoo - died in 2004) *[[Fuengirola Zoo|Zoo de Fuengirola]], [[Marbella]] [http://www.zoofuengirola.com/] * Zoo de Santillana, [[Santillana del Mar]] *[[Zoo de Sevilla]], [[Seville]] [http://www.zoodesevilla.es/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315040913/http://www.zoodesevilla.es/ |date=2010-03-15 }} ===Sweden=== *[[Borås djurpark]], [[Borås]] *Frösö Zoo, [[Frösön]] *Furuviksparken, [[Gävle]] *Grönåsens Älgpark, [[Kosta, Småland|Kosta]] *Grönklitt, [[Orsa]] *Gutezoo, [[Ljugarn]] *Järvzoo, [[Järvsö]] *Junsele Djur- och nöjespark, [[Junsele]] *[[Kolmården|Kolmården Zoo]]s djurpark, Kolmården, outside of [[Norrköping]] *Lycksele Zoo, [[Lycksele]] *Motala Zoo, [[Motala]] *[[Nordens Ark]], [[Åby]] *Ölands Djur- och nöjespark, Färjestaden, [[Öland]] *[[Parken Zoo]], [[Eskilstuna]] *Skånes djurpark, [[Höör]] (only containing Nordic species) *[[Skansen]]-akvariet, [[Stockholm]] *Slottsskogens Djurpark, [[Göteborg]] *Ystad Djurpark, [[Ystad]] ===Switzerland=== *[[Knies Kinderzoo]], [[Rapperswil]] *[[Tierpark Dählhölzli]], [[Bern (city)|Bern]] *[[Tierpark Goldau]], [[Goldau]] *[[Tierpark Lange Erlen]], [[Basel]] *[[Wildpark Bruderhaus]], [[Winterthur]] *[[Wildpark Langenberg]], [[Langnau am Albis]] *[[Wildpark Peter und Paul]], [[St. Gallen]] *[[Zoo Basel]], [[Basel]] *[[Zürich Zoologischer Garten]], [[Zürich]] ===Turkey=== *[[Darica Zoo]], [[Istanbul]] *[[Natural Life Park of Sasalı]], [[İzmir]] ===United Kingdom=== {{main|template:British zoos}} *[[Africa Alive]], [[East Anglia]] *[[Amazon World Zoo]], [[Isle of Wight]] *[[Amazona (zoo)|Amazona]], [[East Anglia]] *[[Amazonia World of Reptiles]], [[East Anglia]] *[[Banham Zoo]], [[East Anglia]] *[[Belfast Zoo]], [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]] *[[Belle Vue Zoological Gardens]], [[Manchester]] (closed 1977) *[[Blackbrook Zoological Park]], [[Staffordshire]] *[[Blackpool Zoo]], [[Lancashire]] *[[Blair Drummond Safari Park]], [[Stirlingshire]], [[Scotland]] *[[Bristol Zoo|Bristol Zoo Gardens]], [[Bristol]] *[[Camperdown Country Park#Camperdown Wildlife Centre|Camperdown Wildlife Centre]] (part of [[Camperdown Country Park]]), [[Dundee]] *Chessington Zoo (part of [[Chessington World of Adventures]]), [[London]] *[[Chester Zoo]], [[Cheshire]] *[[Colchester Zoo]], [[East Anglia]] *[[Cotswold Wildlife Park]], [[Oxfordshire]] *[[Cricket St Thomas]] Wildlife Park, [[Somerset]] *[[Dartmoor Zoological Park]], [[Devon]] *[[Drayton Manor Zoo]] (part of [[Drayton Manor Theme Park]]), [[Staffordshire]] *[[Drusillas Zoo Park]], [[East Sussex]] *[[Dudley Zoo]], [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] *[[Jersey Zoological Park|Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust]], [[Jersey]], [[Channel Islands]] (founded by [[Gerald Durrell]]) *[[Edinburgh Zoo]], [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]] *[[Exmoor Zoo]], [[Devon]] *[[Five Sisters Zoo]], [[West Calder]], [[Scotland]] *[[Flamingo Land Theme Park and Zoo]], [[North Yorkshire]] *[[Glasgow Zoo Park]], [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]] (closed 2003) *[[Hamerton Zoological Park]], [[East Anglia]] *[[Harewood Bird Gardens]] (at [[Harewood House]]), [[West Yorkshire]] *[[The Hawk Conservancy]], [[Hampshire]] *[[Highland Wildlife Park]], [[Highland (council area)|Highland]], [[Scotland]] *[[Howletts Wild Animal Park]], [[Kent]] *[[International Centre for Birds of Prey]], [[Gloucestershire]] *[[Isle of Wight Zoo]], [[Isle of Wight]] *[[Knowsley Safari Park]], [[Merseyside]] *[[Lakeland Wildlife Oasis]], [[Cumbria]] *[[Linton Zoological Gardens]], [[East Anglia]] *[[London Zoo]], London *[[Longleat Safari Park]], [[Wiltshire]] *[[Lotherton Hall]] Bird Garden, [[Aberford]], [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]] *[[Marwell Wildlife]], [[Hampshire]] *[[Monkey World]], [[Dorset]] *[[Nature Center]], [[Birmingham]] *[[Newquay Zoo]], [[Cornwall]] *[[Noah's Ark Zoo Farm]], [[Bristol]] *[[Paignton Zoo]], [[Devon]] *[[Paradise Wildlife Park]], [[Hertfordshire]] *[[Pettitts Animal Adventure Park]], [[East Anglia]] *[[Port Lympne Zoo|Port Lympne Wild Animal Park]], [[Kent]] *[[SeaLife Great Yarmouth]], [[East Anglia]] *[[Shaldon Wildlife Trust]], [[Devon]] *[[South Lakes Wild Animal Park]], [[Cumbria]] *[[Southport Zoo]], [[Merseyside]] (closed 2004) *[[Thrigby Hall]], [[East Anglia]] *[[Roundhay Park#Tropical World|Tropical World]], [[Leeds]] *[[Twycross Zoo]], [[Leicestershire]] *[[Welsh Mountain Zoo]], [[North Wales]] *[[West Midland Safari Park]], [[Worcestershire]] *[[Whipsnade Zoo]], [[East Anglia]] *[[Woburn Safari Park]], [[Bedfordshire]] *[[Yorkshire Wildlife Park]], [[Doncaster]] ===Ukraine=== *[[Kharkiv Zoo]] *[[Kherson Zoo]] *[[Kyiv Zoo]] *[[Odesa Zoo]] *[[Yalta Zoo]] ==North America== ===Belize=== *[[Belize Zoo]] ===Bermuda=== *[[Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo]] ===Canada=== {{main|List of CAZA member zoos and aquariums}} ====Alberta==== *[[Calgary Zoo]], [[Calgary]] *[[Inglewood Bird Sanctuary & Nature Centre]], [[Calgary]] *[[Valley Zoo]], [[Edmonton]] ====British Columbia==== *[[British Columbia Wildlife Park]], [[Kamloops]] *[[Greater Vancouver Zoo]], [[Aldergrove, British Columbia|Aldergrove]] *[[Okanagan Game Farm]], [[Kaleden, British Columbia|Kaleden]] *[[Victoria Bug Zoo]], [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]] *[[Victoria Butterfly Gardens]], [[Brentwood Bay, British Columbia|Brentwood Bay]] *[[Stanley Park#Animals|Stanley Park Zoo]], [[Stanley Park]] (closed 1994) ====Manitoba==== *[[Assiniboine Park|Assiniboine Park Zoo]], [[Winnipeg]] ====New Brunswick==== *[[Cherry Brook Zoo]], [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] *[[Magnetic Hill Zoo]], [[Moncton]] ====Nova Scotia==== *[[Oaklawn Farm Zoo]], [[Aylesford, Nova Scotia|Aylesford]] ====Ontario==== *[[African Lion Safari]] & Game Farm, [[Cambridge, Ontario|Cambridge]] *[[Bowmanville Zoo]], [[Bowmanville, Ontario|Bowmanville]] *[[Jungle Cat World]], [[Orono, Ontario|Orono]] *[[Owen Sound Safari Park]], [[Owen Sound]] *[[Papanack Park Zoo]], [[Wendover, Ontario|Wendover]] *[[Riverview Park & Zoo]], [[Peterborough, Ontario|Peterborough]] *[[Robert Eckersly Owen Sound Zoo]], [[Owen Sound]] *[[Toronto Zoo]], [[Toronto]] ====Quebec==== *[[Granby Zoo]], [[Granby, Quebec|Granby]] *[[Jardin Zoologique du Québec]], [[Quebec City]] *[[Montreal Biodome]], [[Montreal]] *[[Montreal Insectarium]], [[Montreal]] *[[Parc Safari]], [[Hemmingford (township), Quebec|Hemmingford]] *[[Zoo Sauvage de St-Félicien]], [[Saint-Félicien, Quebec|Saint-Félicien]] ====Saskatchewan==== *[[Forestry Farm Park and Zoo]], [[Saskatoon]] ===Costa Rica=== *[[Africa Mia]] *[[Instituto Clodomiro Picado]] *[[Jardin de las Mariposas]] *[[La Marina Animal Rescue Center]] *[[La Paz Waterfall Gardens]] *[[Las Pumas Cat Zoo]] *[[Mundo de los Insectos]] *[[Monkey Park]] *[[Parque Viborana]] *[[Parque Zoologico Nacional Simon Bolivar]] *[[Ranarium]], [[Monteverde]] *[[Reptilandia]] *[[SnakeTour Serpentarium]] *[[Spirogyra Jardin de Mariposas]] *[[Tropical Frog Garden]] *[[World of Snakes]] *[[Zoo Ave]] ===Guatemala=== *[[Auto Safari Chapin]] *[[La Aurora Zoo]] ===Mexico=== *[[Africam Safari]], [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]] *[[Chapultepec Zoo]], [[Mexico City]] *[[Guadalajara Zoo]], [[Guadalajara, Jalisco]] *[[Parque de Aragón Zoo]], [[Mexico City]] *[[Parque Loro]], [[Puebla, Puebla|Puebla]] *[[Parque Zoológico de León]], [[León, Guanajuato]] *[[Zoofari]], [[Cuernavaca, Morelos]] *[[Zoológico Benito Juárez]], [[Morelia]], [[Michoacán]] *[[Zoológico Los Coyotes]], City of Mexico *[[Zoológico Zacango]], [[Toluca]], [[México State]] *[[Zoológico Regional Miguel Álvarez del Toro]], [[Tuxtla Gutiérrez]], [[Chiapas]] ===Puerto Rico=== {{main|List of zoos in the United States}} ===United States=== {{main|List of zoos in the United States}} ==South America== ===Argentina=== *[[Buenos Aires Zoo]], [[Capital Federal]], [[Buenos Aires]] *[[Mar del Plata Aquarium]], [[Mar del Plata]], [[Buenos Aires]] *[[Mendoza Zoo]], [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]] *[[Mundo Marino]], [[San Clemente del Tuyú]], [[Buenos Aires]] *[[Parque Independencia/ Bahía Blanca Zoo]], [[Bahía Blanca]], [[Buenos Aires]] *[[Rawson Zoo]], [[Rawson, Chubut]] *[[Temaikèn]], [[Buenos Aires]] *[[Zoo Batán]], [[Mar del Plata]], [[Buenos Aires]] *[[Zoo de Córdoba]], [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] *[[Zoo de Corrientes]], [[Corrientes]] *[[Zoo de la Plata]], [[La Plata]], [[Buenos Aires]] *[[Zoo de Varela]], [[Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires]] *[[Zoo Luján]], [[Luján, Buenos Aires]] *[[Zoo Paraiso]], [[Mar del Plata]], [[Buenos Aires]] *[[Zoo de América]], [[Rivadavia]], [[Buenos Aires]] ===Brazil=== ==== Acre ==== * Zoológico do Parque Chico Mendes ([[Rio Branco]]) ==== Amazonas ==== * Parque Zoológico Municipal ([[Manaus]]) * Zoológico do Centro de Instrução de Guerra na Selva ([[Manaus]]) [http://www.cigs.ensino.eb.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104&Itemid=99] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628130616/http://www.cigs.ensino.eb.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104&Itemid=99 |date=2013-06-28 }} ==== Bahia ==== * Parque Zoobotânico Getúlio Vargas ([[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]) [http://www.zoo.ba.gov.br/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812083850/http://www.zoo.ba.gov.br/ |date=2018-08-12 }} * Parque Zoobotânico Rolf ([[Mata de São João]]) [http://www.parquerolf.com.br/zoo.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322231139/http://www.parquerolf.com.br/zoo.php |date=2010-03-22 }} ==== Ceará ==== * Parque Zoológico Sargento Prata ([[Fortaleza]]) ==== Distrito Federal ==== * Jardim Zoológico de Brasília ([[Brasília]]) [http://www.zoo.df.gov.br/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106130818/http://www.zoo.df.gov.br/ |date=2010-01-06 }} ==== Goiás ==== * Parque Zoológico de Goiânia ([[Goiânia]]) ==== Mato Grosso ==== * Parque Zoológico de Rondonópolis (Horto Florestal Isabel Dias Goulart) ([[Rondonópolis]]) * Zoológico da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso ([[Cuiabá]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Alta Floresta ([[Alta Floresta]]) ==== Minas Gerais ==== * Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte (Zoo-Botanical Foundation of Belo Horizonte) ([[Belo Horizonte]]) * Jardim Zoológico Lauro Palhares ([[Pará de Minas]]) * Parque Zoobotânico de Pouso Alegre ([[Pouso Alegre]]) * Parque Zoobotânico Doutor Mário Frota ([[Varginha]]) * Zoológico Municipal Amaro Sátiro de Araújo ([[Montes Claros]]) [http://www.montesclaros.mg.gov.br/semma/zoologico/zoo.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304091652/http://www.montesclaros.mg.gov.br/semma/zoologico/zoo.htm |date=2012-03-04 }} * Zoológico Municipal de Sete Lagoas ([[Sete Lagoas]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Três Pontas ([[Três Pontas]]) * Zoológico Municipal Parque do Sabiá ([[Uberlândia]]) * Zoológico Municipal Parque dos Jacarandás ([[Uberaba]]) ==== Pará ==== * Parque Zoobotânico do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi ([[Belém]]) [http://www.museu-goeldi.br/institucional/i_parque.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302003859/http://www.museu-goeldi.br/institucional/i_parque.htm |date=2010-03-02 }} * Parque Zoobotânico de Carajás ([[Parauapebas]]) [http://www.vale.com/vale_us/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?infoid=2034&sid=547] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604151147/http://www.vale.com/vale_us/cgi/cgilua.exe/sys/start.htm?infoid=2034&sid=547 |date=2008-06-04 }} ==== Paraná ==== * Parque Ecológico Municipal Danilo Galafassi ([[Cascavel]]) * Zoológico de Matelândia ([[Matelândia]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Curitiba ([[Curitiba]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Foz do Iguaçu ([[Foz do Iguaçu]]) ==== Paraíba ==== * Parque Zoológico Arruda Câmara ([[João Pessoa]]) ==== Pernambuco ==== * Parque Dois Irmãos ([[Zoo Botanical Park Dois Irmaos]]) ([[Recife]]) [http://www.parquedoisirmaos.pe.gov.br/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121002001/http://www.parquedoisirmaos.pe.gov.br/ |date=2008-11-21 }} * Parque Zoológico Municipal Antônio Melo Verçosa ([[Vitória de Santo Antão]]) ==== Piauí ==== * Parque Zoobotânico ([[Teresina]]) ==== Rio de Janeiro ==== * Jardim Zoológico de Niterói ([[Niterói]]) [http://www.zoonit.org.br/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013234020/http://www.zoonit.org.br/ |date=2007-10-13 }} * Jardim Zoológico do Rio de Janeiro ([[Rio de Janeiro Zoo]]) ([[Rio de Janeiro]]) [http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/riozoo/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328133548/http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/riozoo/ |date=2010-03-28 }} * Zoológico Municipal de Volta Redonda ([[Volta Redonda]]) [http://www.portalvr.com/zoo/] ==== Rio Grande do Sul ==== * Pampas Safari ([[Gravataí]]) [http://www.pampasafari.com.br/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730010003/http://www.pampasafari.com.br/ |date=2017-07-30 }} * Parque Zoológico ([[Sapucaia do Sul]]) [http://www.fzb.rs.gov.br/zoologico/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109125121/http://www.fzb.rs.gov.br/zoologico/ |date=2010-01-09 }} * Zoológico do Litoral ([[Osório]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Cachoeira do Sul ([[Cachoeira do Sul]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Canoas ([[Canoas]]) ==== Rondônia ==== * Zoológico de Vilhena ([[Vilhena]]) ==== Roraima ==== * Zoológico do Sétimo Batalhão de Infantaria de Selva ([[Boa Vista, Roraima|Boa Vista]]) ==== Santa Catarina ==== * Parque Ecológico e Zoobotânico de Brusque ([[Brusque, Santa Catarina|Brusque]]) * Parque Cyro Gevaerd Santur ([[Balneário Camboriú]]) * Parque Zoobotânico de Joinville ([[Joinville]]) * Zoológico Pomerode ([[Pomerode]]) [http://www.pomerzoo.org.br/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101202705/http://www.pomerzoo.org.br/ |date=2017-11-01 }} ==== São Paulo ==== * Jardim Zoobotânico de Franca ([[Franca]]) * Parque Ecológico "Dr. Antônio T. Viana" ([[São Carlos]]) [http://www.pesc.org.br/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820214920/http://www.pesc.org.br/ |date=2008-08-20 }} * Parque Ecológico Municipal "Cid Almeida Franco" ([[Americana, São Paulo|Americana]]) [http://devel.americana.sp.gov.br/americanaV5/americanaEsmv5_Index.php?it=38&a=parqueEcologico] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120708091757/http://devel.americana.sp.gov.br/americanaV5/americanaEsmv5_Index.php?it=38&a=parqueEcologico |date=2012-07-08 }} * Parque Zoológico de Ilha Solteira ([[Ilha Solteira]]) * Parque Zoológico de São Paulo ([[São Paulo Zoo]]) ([[São Paulo]]) * Parque Zoológico Dr. Fábio de Sá Barreto ([[Ribeirão Preto]]) * Parque Zoológico Eugênio Walter ([[Boituva]]) [http://www.boituva.sp.gov.br/tur_parqueecologico.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423201755/http://www.boituva.sp.gov.br/tur_parqueecologico.php |date=2010-04-23 }} * Parque Zoológico Municipal de Guarulhos ([[Guarulhos]]) * Parque Zoológico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros ([[Municipal Zoological Park "Quinzinho de Barros"]]) ([[Sorocaba]]) [http://zoo.sorocaba.sp.gov.br/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405210527/http://zoo.sorocaba.sp.gov.br/ |date=2008-04-05 }} * Zoológico de Jardinópolis ([[Jardinópolis]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Araçatuba "Dr. Flávio Leite Ribeiro" ([[Araçatuba]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Bauru ([[Bauru]]) [http://www.bauru.sp.gov.br/prefeitura/pmb.php?acao=cat&action=ler&cat=8&news_id=174] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925231455/http://www.bauru.sp.gov.br/prefeitura/pmb.php?acao=cat&action=ler&cat=8&news_id=174 |date=2009-09-25 }} * Zoológico Municipal de Buri ([[Buri, São Paulo|Buri]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Campinas ([[Campinas]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Catanduva ([[Catanduva]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Garça "Dr. Belírio Guimarães Brandão" ([[Garça]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Leme ([[Leme]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Limeira ([[Limeira]]) [http://www.limeira.sp.gov.br/secretarias/agricultura/files/zoologico/index.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929030924/http://www.limeira.sp.gov.br/secretarias/agricultura/files/zoologico/index.htm |date=2011-09-29 }} * Zoológico Municipal de Lins ([[Lins, São Paulo|Lins]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Mogi Guaçu ([[Mogi Guaçu]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Mogi Mirim "Luiz Gonzaga Amoêdo Campos" ([[Mogi-Mirim]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Pedreira ([[Pedreira, São Paulo|Pedreira]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Piracicaba ([[Piracicaba]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Santa Bárbara d'Oeste ([[Santa Bárbara d'Oeste]]) * Zoológico Municipal de São Bernardo do Campo ([[São Bernardo do Campo]]) * Zoológico Municipal de São José do Rio Preto ([[São José do Rio Preto]]) [http://www.riopreto.sp.gov.br/PortalGOV/do/subportais_Show?c=226] * Zoológico Municipal de São Vicente ([[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]]) * Zoológico Municipal de Taboão da Serra ([[Taboão da Serra]]) * Zoológico Municipal Henrique Pedroni ([[Sumaré]]) * Zoológico Municipal Nestor Bologna ([[Vargem Grande do Sul]]) * Zoológico Vale dos Bichos ([[São José dos Campos]]) [http://www.thermasdovale.com.br/valedosbichos/index.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722033131/http://www.thermasdovale.com.br/valedosbichos/index.htm |date=2014-07-22 }} * Zooparque Itatiba ([[Itatiba]]) [http://zooparque.com.br/home.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925182911/http://www.zooparque.com.br/home.html |date=2011-09-25 }} ==== Sergipe ==== * Boa Luz Eco Parque ([[Laranjeiras, Sergipe|Laranjeiras]]) [http://www.boaluz.com.br/site/v3/zoo_eco.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826045127/http://www.boaluz.com.br/site/v3/zoo_eco.php |date=2009-08-26 }} * Parque Zoológico ([[Aracaju]]) ===Chile=== *[[Buin Zoo]], [[Buin, Chile]] *[[Parque Metropolitano de Santiago]], [[Santiago|Santiago, Chile]] *[[Quilpue Zoo]], [[Quilpue, Chile]] *[[La Serena Zoo]], [[La Serena, Chile]] *[[Concepcion Zoo]], [[Concepcion, Chile]] *[[Parque safari de Rancagua]], [[Rancagua, Chile]] ===Colombia=== *Cali Zoo, [[Cali]] *[[Hacienda Napoles]], former zoo *[[Jaime Duque Park Zoo]] *[[Matecaña]], [[Pereira, Colombia|Pereira]] *[[Santa Marta]] Aquarium *[[Santacruz Zoo]] ===Guyana=== *[[Guyana Zoo]] ===Peru=== *[[Parque de las Leyendas]], [[San Miguel District, Lima|San Miguel]], [[Lima]] *[[Parque Zoológico de Huachipa]], [[Ate District|Ate]], [[Lima]] ==Fictional zoos== *''[[Jurassic Park]]'', (with genetically reconstructed ''[[dinosaur]]s'') *''[[Slaughterhouse-Five]]'', (humans in a zoo on another planet) *''[[Hugo's Zoo]]'', (aliens from another planet displayed on Earth) *''[[Calixihuatl Zoo]]'', (created for a school project by some 8^th graders in [[Colegio Cambridge de Monterrey]]) *''[[Prehistoric Park]]'', (Prehistoric animals) *''[[Quahog Zoo]]'', (in [[Family Guy]]) *''[[Springfield Zoo]]'', (in [[The Simpsons]]) *''[[Dillydale Zoo]]'', (in [[The Mr. Men Show]] (3rd Season)) *[[The best zoo]] ==Well-known people with private zoos== *[[Jorge Hank Rhon]] *[[Uday Hussein#zoo|Uday Hussein]] ==Related pages== *[[List of aquaria]] *[[List of dolphinariums]] *[[List of botanical gardens]] *[[List of National Parks]] *[[List of Wildlife Sanctuaries]] *[[List of Fossil Parks]] *[[List of tourist attractions worldwide]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} {{Expand list}} {{Zoos}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zoos}} [[Category:Science-related lists]] [[Category:Zoos|*]] [[Category:Geography-related lists|zoo]] 71syj8f7ni3il70rxoix38f3jkk4pom 0 240987 10878994 10867796 2026-06-04T19:59:51Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10878994 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:MakerBot ThingOMatic Bre Pettis.jpg|thumb|A 3D Printer|alt=|400x400px]]'''3D printing''' is a way of creating [[three dimensional]] (3D) [[solid]] objects.<ref name="engineer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/the-rise-of-additive-manufacturing/|title=The rise of additive manufacturing|last=Cummins|first=Kate|date=2010-05-23|website=The Engineer|language=en-US|access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref> 3D printing is done by building up the object layer by layer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.createitreal.com/index.php/en/3d-printer/48|title=3D Printer Technology - Animation of layering|publisher=Create It Real|access-date=January 31, 2012}}</ref> Usually, 3D printers use [[plastic]], because it is easier to use and cheaper. Some 3D printers can 3D print with other materials, like [[metal]]s and [[ceramic]]s, but they cost too much money for most people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://all3dp.com/2/how-much-does-a-metal-3d-printer-cost/|title=How Much Does a Metal 3D Printer Cost in 2019?|date=July 2, 2019|website=All3DP|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref> 3D printers are useful because they can make new objects very fast, and are good at making them very detailed. This means an [[engineer]] can test a lot of new designs and not have to wait for someone else to make them. They are also useful for fixing parts made of plastic, and for making toys, figures, and models. There are a lot of people who print 3D objects at home. Since 2003, many more materials printers have been sold than before. Also, the cost of 3D printers has gone down.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptonline.com/articles/200408cu3.html|title=3D Printers Lead Growth of Rapid Prototyping (Plastics Technology, August 2004)|last=Sherman|first=Lilli Manolis|access-date=January 31, 2012|archive-date=January 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123144538/http://www.ptonline.com/articles/200408cu3.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == History == '''1974''' [[:en:David_E._H._Jones|David E. H. Jones]] first wrote about the idea of 3D printing in the journal [[New Scientist]]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 5, 2001|title=You Read It Here First|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5501.39b|journal=Science|volume=291|issue=5501|pages=39b–39|doi=10.1126/science.291.5501.39b|s2cid=220111512|issn=0036-8075}}</ref> '''1984''' [[:en:Alain_Le_Mehaute|Alain Le Méhauté]] and others filed a patent for [[:en:Stereolithography|stereolithography]] (a laser-based 3D printer).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bases-brevets.inpi.fr/fr/document/FR2567668/publications.html|title=Notice|website=bases-brevets.inpi.fr|access-date=November 13, 2019|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224125037/https://bases-brevets.inpi.fr/fr/document/FR2567668/publications.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> '''1989''': [[:en:S._Scott_Crump|S. Scott Crump]] developed FDM. It is the technology used by most 3D printers today.<ref>{{Cite patent|title=Apparatus and method for creating three-dimensional objects|gdate=1989-10-30|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5121329A/en}}</ref> '''1992''' The first FDM [[machine]] was sold in 1992 by S. Scott Crump's company, Stratasys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/stratasys-inc-history/|title=History of Stratasys, Inc. – FundingUniverse|website=www.fundinguniverse.com|access-date=November 17, 2019}}</ref> '''2005''' RepRap became the first [[open source]] printer project <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Rhys|last2=Haufe|first2=Patrick|last3=Sells|first3=Edward|last4=Iravani|first4=Pejman|last5=Olliver|first5=Vik|last6=Palmer|first6=Chris|last7=Bowyer|first7=Adrian|title=RepRap – the replicating rapid prototyper|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/robotica/article/reprap-the-replicating-rapid-prototyper/5979FD7B0C066CBCE43EEAD869E871AA|journal=Robotica|year=2011|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=177–191|doi=10.1017/S026357471000069X|s2cid=3330830|issn=1469-8668}}</ref> '''2008''' Shapeways became the first service that would 3D print an object and send it to customers <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/history-of-3d-printing-milestones/|title=The brief but building history of 3D printing|last=Dormehl|first=Luke|website=www.digitaltrends.com|date=25 February 2019 |access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref> '''2017''' The first 3D printed house that humans could live in was built in Russia <ref>{{Cite web|date=November 20, 2019|title=Europe's first habitable 3d printing building|url=http://www.3ders.org/articles/20171024-amt-specavia-builds-europes-first-habitable-3d-printed-building.html|url-status=|access-date=November 20, 2019|website=3orders.org|language=en-US}}</ref> == How they work == [[File:STL sample 2.png|thumb|A computer model of an object before printing|alt=]] === Modelling === The first step in 3D printing something is to make it on a computer. People do this with [[computer-aided design|CAD]] (Computer Aided Design) software or a [[3D scanner#Hand-held laser scanners|3D scanner]]. To design [https://agilemaking.com/exploring-the-world-of-cad-understanding-the-importance-and-function-of-models/ models]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agilemaker|first=Bern|date=July 16, 2024|title=Exploring the World of CAD: Understanding the Importance and Function of Models|url=https://agilemaking.com/exploring-the-world-of-cad-understanding-the-importance-and-function-of-models/|access-date=July 17, 2024|website=Agilemaking.com}}</ref> in CAD, people start with basic shapes, and build from that point. 3D scanners are machines that take lots of measurements of the object and automatically make a model on the computer. They can be very fast, but are also more expensive.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vermeulen|first1=M. M. P. A.|last2=Rosielle|first2=P. C. J. N.|last3=Schellekens|first3=P. H. J.|date=January 1, 1998|title=Design of a High-Precision 3D-Coordinate Measuring Machine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007850607628716|journal=CIRP Annals|volume=47|issue=1|pages=447–450|doi=10.1016/S0007-8506(07)62871-6|issn=0007-8506}}</ref>[[File:UHTC Propeller.webm|thumb|A 3D printer printing a propellor. The video is 4 times faster than real life.|left]]CAD models are usually saved on computers as [[STL (file format)|STL]] files. They are saved as lots of triangles, which saves space on the computer.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jurnal Teknologi|date=1977|publisher=Penerbit UTM Press|location=Johor Bahru|language=en|oclc=889967279}}</ref> === Printing === There are a lot of different ways that 3D printers work. There are also many different materials that can be used. Every method and material has its advantages and disadvantages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/2007/11/15/a-whole-new-dimension|title=A whole new dimension|date=November 15, 2007|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=November 13, 2019|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> The main things to think about when choosing a machine are usually speed, costs, and color. Printers that work directly with metals are generally expensive. However less expensive printers can be used to make a mold, which is then used to make metal parts.[[File:3D printed tactile replica of the Tsar Cannon.jpg|thumb|A finished 3D print of a cannon|alt=]]Typical layers are around 100 [[Dots per inch|μm]] thick, or about one tenth the thickness of a human hair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laylahair.com/the-thickness-of-human-hair/|title=Here's What Experts Say About The Thickness Of Human Hair|date=August 5, 2018|website=TOP Cambodian Hair and Vietnam Human Virgin Hair Extensions|access-date=November 20, 2019|archive-date=February 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223142043/https://laylahair.com/the-thickness-of-human-hair/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prints can take anywhere from less than an hour to many days, depending on how complicated and big it is.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3dprinterprices.net/advantages-of-3d-printing-over-traditional-manufacturing-2/|title=Advantages of 3D printing over traditional manufacturing|last=Andy|date=July 10, 2013|website=3DPrinterPrices.net|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2019|archive-date=October 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030200200/http://www.3dprinterprices.net/advantages-of-3d-printing-over-traditional-manufacturing-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Finishing === After the machine has finished printing, sometimes people [[Surface finishing|finish]] the model. This means making small fixes to make it look better. Finishing includes taking off material that the printer placed to support the model. This sometimes can take a lot of time. There are ways to make it quicker, but it is often easiest to remove plastic by hand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.3dhubs.com/talk/t/best-way-to-remove-rafts-supports-and-other-extraneous-filament/494|title=Best way to remove rafts, supports and other extraneous filament?|date=January 30, 2015|website=Talk Manufacturing {{!}} 3D Hubs|language=en-US|access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref> {{Clear}} == Uses == === DIY === Lots of people are trying to develop cheap 3D printers for people to use at home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/best-3d-printer|title=Best 3D printers of 2019|last1=Printers|first1=Matt Hanson 2019-11-19T19:43:25Z|last2=scanners|website=TechRadar|language=en|access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref> Libraries have also started to buy smaller 3D printers so that people can learn about them without having to buy one. Lots of work has been done by [[Do it yourself|DIY]] communities, as well as schools and [[Hacker (hobbyist)|hacker]] communities. By 2017, more people were starting to use 3D printing in their own home for small items such as [[gear]]s and small decorations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2015/03/technology/umass-amherst-library-opens-3d-printing-innovation-center/|title=UMass Amherst Library Opens 3-D Printing Innovation Center|date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402221847/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2015/03/technology/umass-amherst-library-opens-3d-printing-innovation-center/|access-date=November 13, 2019|archive-date=2015-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travelinlibrarian.info/2015/01/map-3d-printers-libraries/|title=A Map of 3D Printers in Libraries|last=Sauers|first=Michael|date=January 12, 2015|website=The Travelin' Librarian|language=en-US|access-date=November 17, 2019}}</ref>[[File:3-D Printed Spinal Disc (5165) (18306277429).jpg|thumb|300x300px|3D printed spinal disc]] === Medical === 3D printing is used to make medical supplies cheaply. People think that the two biggest uses will be making hearing aids and false teeth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Corsini|first1=Lucia|last2=Aranda-Jan|first2=C. B.|last3=Moultrie|first3=James|journal=Technology in Society|date=August 1, 2019|title=Using digital fabrication tools to provide humanitarian and development aid in low-resource settings|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/290180|language=en|doi=10.17863/CAM.37408|s2cid=216610718 |issn=0160-791X}}</ref> In March 2014, surgeons in Swansea used 3D printed parts to rebuild the face of a motorcyclist who had been badly injured in a road accident.{{cn}}[[File:HCC 3D printed turbine view 1.jpg|thumb|300x300px|A 3D printed engine]] === Manufacturing === In 2014, a supercar was made by a Swedish company that utilizes many 3D printed components. Urbee was the first car in the world to have its bodywork and windows 3D printed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://truthout.org/articles/the-urbee-3d-printed-car-coast-to-coast-on-10-gallons/|title=The "Urbee" 3D-Printed Car: Coast to Coast on 10 Gallons?|last=Eternity|first=Max|website=Truthout|language=en-US|access-date=November 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=3D Printed Car Creator Discusses Future of the Urbee|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vI12MqoYQto|language=en|access-date=November 22, 2019}}</ref> In 2015, a [[Royal Air Force]] [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] fighter jet flew with 3D printed parts. The [[United States Air Force]] has begun to work with 3D printers, and the [[:en:Israeli_Air_Force|Israeli Air Force]] has also purchased a 3D printer to print spare parts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4684682,00.html|title=The 3D printer revolution comes to the IAF|date=July 27, 2015|website=Ynetnews|language=en|access-date=November 22, 2019|last1=Zitun |first1=Yoav }}</ref> [[File:3D printed sugar cube.gk.jpg|thumb|A 3D printed sugar cube]] === Food === Food can be 3D printed. Lots of different foods can be printed, like chocolate and candy, and also flat foods such as crackers, pasta, and pizza.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://futurism.com/nasa-astronauts-can-now-3d-print-pizzas-in-space|title=NASA Astronauts Can Now 3D-Print Pizzas in Space|website=Futurism|language=en|access-date=December 3, 2019}}</ref> [[NASA]] is 3D printing food to create less waste and to make food that has all the right nutrients for astronauts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/home/feature_3d_food.html|title=3D Printing: Food in Space|last=Hall|first=Loura|date=June 7, 2013|website=NASA|language=en|access-date=December 3, 2019|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304230157/https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/home/feature_3d_food.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, [[:en:Giuseppe_Scionti|Giuseppe Scionti]] printed a food that was similar to meat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://3dprinting.com/news/researchers-develop-plant-based-steak-printing-method/|title=Researchers Develop Plant Based Steak Printing Method|date=September 28, 2018|website=3D Printing|language=en-US|access-date=December 3, 2019}}</ref>[[File:3D Printed Ancient Egyptian Figurine 1.png|thumb|3D printed Egyptian Pharaoh for sale on Threeding |alt=]] === Guns === In 2012, [[Defense Distributed]] uploaded files to the [[internet]] for a [[:en:3D_printed_firearm|3D printed gun]] "that could be downloaded and reproduced by anybody with a 3D printer". After Defense Distributed released their plans, people were worried that they may cause problems with [[gun control]]{{cn}} A year later, in May 2013, the [[U.S. state|US State]] Department asked [[Defense Distributed]] to take down the plans, which they did.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/05/state-department-defense-distributed-3d-printed-gun-plans/315405/|title=State Department Asks Defense Distributed to Take Down Its 3D-Printed Gun Plans|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=May 9, 2013|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=November 22, 2019}}</ref> '''Education''' 3D printing has increased [[innovation]] and problem-solving in classrooms. Design students can use it to print prototypes in subjects such as engineering 3D printing; demonstrations of this have already been deployed throughout some institutions around the world. === Historical === In the last several years 3D printing has been used to make sure that important things from history are safe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Scopigno|first1=R.|last2=Cignoni|first2=P.|last3=Pietroni|first3=N.|last4=Callieri|first4=M.|last5=Dellepiane|first5=M.|title=Digital Fabrication Techniques for Cultural Heritage: A Survey: Fabrication Techniques for Cultural Heritage|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/cgf.12781|journal=Computer Graphics Forum|date=January 2017 |language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=6–21|doi=10.1111/cgf.12781|s2cid=26690232}}</ref> Many museums have bought 3D printers and are making pieces to fix their relics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3ders.org/articles/20150714-museum-uses-3d-printing-to-take-fragile-maquette-by-thomas-hart-benton-on-tour.html|title=3ders.org - Museum uses 3D printing to take fragile maquette by Thomas Hart Benton on tour through the States {{!}} 3D Printer News & 3D Printing News|date=November 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014241/http://www.3ders.org/articles/20150714-museum-uses-3d-printing-to-take-fragile-maquette-by-thomas-hart-benton-on-tour.html|access-date=November 22, 2019|archive-date=2015-11-17}}</ref> The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] and the [[British Museum]] have started using their 3D printers to make replicas to sell in the gift shop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/british-museum-releases-scans-of-artefacts-to-let-you-3d-print-your-own-museum-at-home-9837654.html|title=British Museum releases 3D printer scans of artefacts|date=November 4, 2014|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=November 22, 2019}}</ref> The National Museum of Military History and Varna Historical Museum sell digital versions of their items online, which everyone can 3D print at home.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://3dprint.com/45699/threeding-artec-museum/|title=Threeding Uses Artec 3D Scanning Technology to Catalog 3D Models for Bulgaria's National Museum of Military History|last=O'Neal|first=Bridget|date=2015-02-20|website=3DPrint.com}}</ref> == 3D Printing Noise == 3d printers do produce noise as its operation involves a lot of vibration. The [[University of Michigan]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harmful Noise Levels {{!}} Michigan Medicine|url=https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/tf4173#:~:text=A%20sound%27s%20loudness%20is%20measured,concert%20is%20about%20120%20dB.|access-date=2022-07-17|website=www.uofmhealth.org}}</ref> shown how much sound does a 3D printer may produce. Their research shows that sounds more than 85 DB is harmful for human. However, the good 3d printers with silent [[motherboard]] may limit the noise up to 55 DB. (decibals) Still there are plenty of manufacturers who could not even identify the best way of reducing 3D printer's noise. But, there are some techniques that can help you to identify the quiet 3D printers<ref>{{Cite web|last=Heer_Alina|date=2022-06-29|title=What makes a 3D Printer Noisy|url=https://www.digthisout.com/best-quiet-3d-printer/|access-date=2022-07-17|website=Dig This Out|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and prepare yourself to reduce the noise at a substantial level. There are plenty of things to consider such as fan size and its rotation, stepper motor and the stepper drivers' performance etc. However, the noise may also arise due to dust clogged in the extruder or lack of maintenance. A recent study by Boston University<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ghaffarivardavagh|first1=Reza|last2=Nikolajczyk|first2=Jacob|last3=Anderson|first3=Stephan|last4=Zhang|first4=Xin|date=2019-01-04|title=Ultra-open acoustic metamaterial silencer based on Fano-like interference|url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.024302|journal=Physical Review B|volume=99|issue=2|pages=024302|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.99.024302|s2cid=127981201 }}</ref> has shown that a simple trick can minimize the 3D printing sound considerably. So far, this is the last progress in this area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What happens if 3D Printer runs out of Filament|url=https://3dprintersfilament.blogspot.com/2023/03/what-happens-if-3d-printer-runs-out-of.html|access-date=2023-03-25|website=What happens if 3D Printer runs out of Filament}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Emerging technologies}} [[Category:Innovation]] [[Category:Printing]] 39e9z90jypz8g1hx3krsrep8liu96cv 0 250139 10878993 10356933 2026-06-04T19:57:20Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 10878993 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Implication''' and '''inference''' are two related words which are [[opposite]]s. To '''imply''' is to suggest something is [[true]] without actually saying it. Examples: #''Your former spouse'': suggests you did have a spouse to whom you are no longer married. #''Have you finalized the divorce proceedings?'' suggests not only that you are married, but that you have been in the process of [[divorce]]. To '''infer''' is to see the implication in the sentence. It is being able to make a conclusion based on indirect evidence or information. When you realize the meaning of the second sentence, and protest "I have never beaten her", you have made an '''inference'''. Here are the [[rule]]s: *The person who makes the suggestion '''''implies''''' it. *The person who recognizes the suggestion '''''infers''''' it (or ''draws an inference''). *Inference always comes after an implication: I imply, then you infer. An implication is always verbal, but inferring is not always verbal. A [[non-verbal response]] might show the indirect message (implication) had been accurately interpreted (inferred) by the receiver. Example: ''I hate you''! may contain unspoken implications, according to [[circumstance]] and tone of voice. Between two lovers it might mean: #Bitter feelings after a quarrel. This is the literal meaning and not an implication. #A statement of love. Response might be "I love you, too" (verbal) or to blow a kiss (non-verbal). ==Related pages== * [[Implication (logic)]] * [[Inference]] * [[Type inference]] [[Category:Words]] [[Category:Communication]] ckfqduh2buvy1e1ihtj3xnh34vdlxy5 3 255337 10879253 10878485 2026-06-05T02:12:50Z Kdammers 24594 /* Also needed */ 10879253 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome to Simple English Wikipedia == {| style="background-color:#F5FFFA; padding:0;" cellpadding="0" |class="MainPageBG" style="border:1px solid #084080; background-color:#F5FFFA; vertical-align:top; color:#000000; font-size:85%"| {| width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#F5FFFA; padding:0;" ! <div style="margin:0; background-color:#CEF2E0; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:120%; border:1px solid #084080; text-align:left; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Hi, Kdammers, [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to Simple English Wikipedia! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Kdammers|your changes]]. If you need help, check out [[Help:Contents|the Help section]] of Wikipedia, or leave a message on my talk page. Whenever leaving messages on talk pages, please remember to [[Wikipedia:Signatures|sign your name]] by typing four 'tildes' (like this: <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); doing this makes your name and the date show up. Also, it helps if you write something in the box that says 'edit summary' whenever you change an article. Below are some useful links to make your time here simpler. Happy changing! [[User:TeleComNasSprVen|<font color="red">:| TelCo</font>]][[User talk:TeleComNasSprVen|<font color="green">NaSp</font>]]<font face="Showcard Gothic"><font color="blue">Ve :|</font></font> 01:48, 21 July 2010 (UTC)</div> |} {| width="100%" style="background-color:#F5FFFA;" |class="MainPageBG" style="width: 55%; border:1px solid #FFFFFF; background-color:#F5FFFA; vertical-align:top"| {| width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#F5FFFA" ! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:#084080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #CEF2E0; text-align:left; color:#FFC000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Getting Started</div> |- |style="color:#000"| * How to: [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|edit a page]] • [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English articles|write Simple English articles]] |- ! <div style="margin: 0; background:#084080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #CEF2E0; text-align:left; color:#FFC000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Getting Help</div> |- | style="color:#000"| * [[Wikipedia:Administrators and bureaucrats|Administrators]] • [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard|Request administrator attention]] |- ! <div style="margin: 0; background:#084080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #CEF2E0; text-align:left; color:#FFC000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Policies and Guidelines</div> |- | style="color:#000"| * [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]] • [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability]] * [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] • [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|What Wikipedia is not]] <hr /> * [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|Copyrights]] • [[Wikipedia:Image use policy|Image use policy]] • [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Spam|Spam]] • [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|Vandalism]] • [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|Deletion policy]] |- |} |class="MainPageBG" style="width: 55%; border:1px solid #FFFFFF; background-color:#F5FFFA; vertical-align:top"| {| width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#F5FFFA" ! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:#084080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #CEF2E0; text-align:left; color:#FFC000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">The Community</div> |- |style="color:#000"| * [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|Assume good faith]] • [[Wikipedia:Be kind|Be kind]] * [[Wikipedia:Community Portal|Community Portal]] • [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple talk]] • [[Wikipedia:TASERING|TASERING]] * [[Wikipedia:Announcements|Announcements]] • [[Wikipedia:IRC channels|IRC channels]] • [[Wikipedia:Mailing lists|Mailing lists]] |- ! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:#084080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #CEF2E0; text-align:left; color:#FFC000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Things to do</div> |- |style="color:#000"| * [[Wikipedia:Peer review|Peer review]] • [[Wikipedia:Cleanup|Cleanup]] |- ! <div style="margin: 0; background-color:#084080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #CEF2E0; text-align:left; color:#FFC000; padding-left:0.4em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;">Other</div> |- |style="color:#000"| * [[Wikipedia:Template messages|Useful templates]] • [[Wikipedia:Stub|Stubs]] |- |} |} |} [[User:TeleComNasSprVen|<font color="red">:| TelCo</font>]][[User talk:TeleComNasSprVen|<font color="green">NaSp</font>]]<font face="Showcard Gothic"><font color="blue">Ve :|</font></font> 01:48, 21 July 2010 (UTC) == References for the Mars article == I've noticed [http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars&diff=4030774&oldid=4014779 your problem], and I've [http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars&diff=4033456&oldid=4030774 fixed it], but now [http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars&oldid=4033456#References there's] a new issue. Can you please define what "Space-20120806" and "youtube1" are supposed to be? --[[User:Michaeldsuarez|Michaeldsuarez]] ([[User talk:Michaeldsuarez|talk]]) 01:47, 21 December 2012 (UTC) :I wasn't talking about images. I was talking [http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars&diff=4030774&oldid=4014779 those two references] that you inserted into the article. Can you please provide me with a hyperlink to those two sources? --[[User:Michaeldsuarez|Michaeldsuarez]] ([[User talk:Michaeldsuarez|talk]]) 13:08, 22 December 2012 (UTC) ::Thanks. [http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars&diff=4053070&oldid=4051988 I fixed the rest]. Commons has some images: [[commons:Category:Mars (planet)]], [[commons:Category:Curiosity rover]]. --[[User:Michaeldsuarez|Michaeldsuarez]] ([[User talk:Michaeldsuarez|talk]]) 12:52, 31 December 2012 (UTC) == Notification of deletion discussion for your article == Hello. I have started a discussion [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2013/Suzanne Cleary (poet)|here]] regarding possible deletion of your article [[Suzanne Cleary (poet)]] as it may not meet our criteria for articles. You may wish to join in the discussion. Kind regards, <small>[[user:kennedy|<font color="#800000" face="lucida handwriting">Kennedy</font>]]</small> ^{([[user_talk:kennedy|<font color="#800000">talk</font>]])} 16:55, 9 January 2013 (UTC) == August 2014 == [[File:information.svg|25px|alt=]] Hello, {{PAGENAME}}. It looks like {{#if:Paweł Huelle|"[[Paweł Huelle]]"|an article you created}} was derived from the [[:en:|English Wikipedia]] or another version of Wikipedia. If that is indeed the case, please make sure you add some form of [[Wikipedia:Copyrights#Moving things from other Wikipedias|attribution]], either in your [[Wikipedia:Change summary|change summary]] or on the article's talk page. This must be done, even for [[derivative works]], or the article will be deleted in time. More instructions on how to do this are at [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution]]. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}} [[User:Rus793|Rus793]] ([[User talk:Rus793|talk]]) 14:49, 24 August 2014 (UTC) :The notice you placed on [[Talk:Paweł Huelle]] does not comply with [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution]] and so would not prevent the article from being deleted for non-compliance. When you submitted this article, by clicking Save Page, not only did you consent to the agreement directly above it, you also claimed copyright on changes you made. Anyone copying this article for use elsewhere is required to credit you (and other contributors) for your work under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license. Likewise, you are required to credit (in an approved method) those authors whose work you copied here. So you must name the article you copied from and the version number. The approved ways to do this are in the Transwiki attribution policy. Thanks [[User:Rus793|Rus793]] ([[User talk:Rus793|talk]]) 12:19, 26 August 2014 (UTC) ::Actually that is a completely acceptable attribution. The examples on that page are just examples on how you can do it. All that is required is a notice that it was copied from the English Wikipedia. -[[User:Djsasso|DJSasso]] ([[User talk:Djsasso|talk]]) 19:34, 26 August 2014 (UTC) ::I found a standard source.[[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 00:05, 27 August 2014 (UTC) == H. naledi needed == T’aqrachullo (Nat Geo May 2026 - https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/inca-lost-citadel-ancocagua-peru) El Jefeciño - https://archaeology.org/news/2026/04/29/maya-site-discovered-on-mexicos-yucatan-peninsula/ San Bartolo (Maya site) ?Caracol - https://archaeology.org/issues/january-february-2026/collection/return-of-the-king/top-10-discoveries-of-2025/ Aguada Fénix - https://the-past.com/news/a-monumental-site-in-mexico/ & en.wik Sabine Deschler-Erb (d. Nov. 2025) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartley_Mammoth_Site#Radiocarbon_dating; even claims of 90K or so are mentioned on Wik articles , maybe at Jeffersonian mammoth page. ? Trackway site - https://documents.saa.org/container/docs/default-source/doc-annualmeeting/abstract/89th-annual-meeting-abstracts-(new-orleans_la_2024).pdf?sfvrsn=539d4bcf_12 Caral -- https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20250910-perus-new-city-unearthed-from-the-desert Aztalan Go through https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/human-evolution/1-million-year-old-skull-from-china-holds-clues-to-the-origins-of-neanderthals-denisovans-and-humans?utm_term=00573DD6-2825-4A88-9D41-6BBBDB0AC4FB&lrh=47e3955d1162bc78015edb002c768e7238bd190316a94437a4c4b6c6191aa01b&utm_campaign=368B3745-DDE0-4A69-A2E8-62503D85375D&utm_medium=email&utm_content=E54E7534-23BE-4CE5-BA82-FCF16980C566&utm_source=SmartBrief for Homo species stuff. Takarkori -- Wik & https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a67986155/saharan-mummies-dna-humans/ Homo naledi is an extinct species of hominin, provisionally assigned to the genus Homo. The fossil skeletons of at least fifteen individuals were discovered within the Dinaledi Chamber (Chamber of stars) of the Rising Star Cave system, which is located in the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa. The cave system is approximately 800 m (0.50 mi) southwest of Swartkrans (Afrikaans for “black cliff”), and within the same region as the well-known hominin-bearing sites of Sterkfontein (Afrikaans for “strong spring”) and Kromdraai (Afrikaans for “crooked turn”).[1][2] - from Wik/en intro. [[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 12:31, 13 September 2015 (UTC) Sak-Bahlán (https://en.as.com/latest_news/archaeologists-delve-into-the-jungle-and-discover-a-lost-maya-city-after-400-years-n/) - White Jaguar? Aguada Fénix Peñico -- https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20250910-perus-new-city-unearthed-from-the-desert Lord of Sakar: https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/2-100-year-old-skeleton-of-warrior-nicknamed-lord-of-sakar-buried-in-a-stunning-gold-wreath-unearthed-in-bulgaria?utm_term=00573DD6-2825-4A88-9D41-6BBBDB0AC4FB&lrh=47e3955d1162bc78015edb002c768e7238bd190316a94437a4c4b6c6191aa01b&utm_campaign=368B3745-DDE0-4A69-A2E8-62503D85375D&utm_medium=email&utm_content=2126AC1F-6905-4051-B528-73DF6DBF3CA7&utm_source=SmartBrief Homo juluensis - https://scitechdaily.com/homo-juluensis-scientists-claim-to-have-discovered-new-species-of-humans/ Luzia skeleton [[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 04:23, 5 July 2024 (UTC) Homo juluensis - en.wik/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o346rkR8WEg Ocomtún/Ocumtún; Chactun [[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 23:14, 20 September 2024 (UTC) Calakmul and Mayan site: https://scoop.upworthy.com/archaeology-student-accidentally-discovers-a-lost-mayan-city-while-on-page-16-of-a-google-search-ex1 In Amazonia: Kilamope -- https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67940671 Ocomtún Caracol, Belise Three Mayan cities: https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/archaeologists-are-unearthing-maya-city-that-s-been-hidden-3-000-years/ss-AA1LvyPb?ocid=msedgntp&pc=HCTS&cvid=290e9912e21143b5bd4feea5b45e1fa4&ei=102#image=3 Karahan Tepe Prototaxites https://www.sciencealert.com/mysterious-giants-may-be-a-whole-new-kind-of-life-that-no-longer-exists Valeriana Guiengola - https://www.thetravel.com/guingola-ancient-zapotec-city-found-in-mexico/ Hvaldimir, the beluga whale The Upward Sun River site, or Xaasaa Na’ Abric Pizarro - Neandertals - https://www.newsweek.com/archaeology-unique-prehistoric-site-reveals-surprising-clues-neanderthal-behavior-1940332 Serranía de la Lindosa / Cerro Azul: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/amazonian-people-diet-rock-art-b2597725.html; https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-anthropological-archaeology/vol/75/suppl/C Robisnon Kingdom of Middag Chiquhuite Cave: Ciprian F. Ardelean; Lorena Becerra-Valdivia; Mikkel Winther Pedersen; Jean-Luc Schwenninger; Charles G. Oviatt; Juan I. Macías-Quintero; Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales; Martin Sikora; Yam Zul E. Ocampo-Díaz; Igor I. Rubio-Cisneros; Jennifer G. Watling; Vanda B. de Medeiros; Paulo E. De Oliveira; Luis Barba-Pingarón; Agustín Ortiz-Butrón; Jorge Blancas-Vázquez; Irán Rivera-González; Corina Solís-Rosales; María Rodríguez-Ceja; Devlin A. Gandy; Zamara Navarro-Gutierrez; Jesús J. De La Rosa-Díaz; Vladimir Huerta-Arellano; Marco B. Marroquín-Fernández; L. Martin Martínez-Riojas; Alejandro López-Jiménez; Thomas Higham; Eske Willerslev (2020). "Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum". Nature. 584 (7819): 87–92. https://www.livescience.com/65201-newfound-ancient-human-relative-homo-luzonensis.html Also ARGweaver-D (https://phys.org/news/2020-08-dna-ancient-unidentified-ancestor-humans.html_ And South American Anomoly And Dragon Man (Homo longi) Debra L. Friedkin site Marlow warlord: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-54390297 Rúpac-Marca Kullpi -- https://www.heritagedaily.com/2022/01/rupac-the-machu-picchu-of-lima/142588 Tatiana Sergeevna Passek -- https://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/sveshnikova340 Mensah-Schramm - German wik Hans Traxler - German wik Debra L. Friedkin site -- PI site in Texas and add to Pozzuoli, especially submerged temple - https://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/62404/20241024/ancient-temple-ruins-discovered-italian-coast-linked-indiana-jones-civilization.htm Puntarenas with universities https://www.altillo.com/universidades/costarica/universidades_costarica_puntarenas.asp Rosa Smith Eigenmann chocolate cheese shoestring potatoes https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20555563.2020.1788863?src=recsys - and other articles on Cooper's Ferry Bay of Ploča Mičov Grad etc. from https://www.heritagedaily.com/2021/08/the-first-farmers-of-europe/141168 and Schöningen and Schöningen spears and throwing sticks: https://www.techno-science.net/news/discovery-of-human-engineering-dating-back-300-000-years-N24790.html and cmas: https://news.wsu.edu/news/2021/11/12/through-the-camas-plant-archaeologist-bridges-the-past-present-and-future/ and Huaca Pintada https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/24/ancient-mural-rediscovered-peru-archaeology-huaca-pintada and https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/72058/archaeologists-discover-a-2000-year-old-mayan-city-in-guatemala People's CDC/C.D.C.: https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-activism/the-case-for-wearing-masks-forever?utm_medium=email&utm_source=pocket_hits&utm_campaign=POCKET_HITS-EN-DAILY-RECS-2022_12_30&sponsored=0&position=3&scheduled_corpus_item_id=00dc4c59-a0bc-4c61-9f7c-930f7dc8e1a9<!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:2600:6C67:1C00:5F7E:9514:BD2C:3828:48D2|2600:6C67:1C00:5F7E:9514:BD2C:3828:48D2]] ([[User talk:2600:6C67:1C00:5F7E:9514:BD2C:3828:48D2#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C67:1C00:5F7E:9514:BD2C:3828:48D2|contribs]]) 01:28, 31 December 2022 (UTC)</small> Ross Thomas https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/dec/18/ross-thomas-obituary<!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:2600:6C67:1C00:5F7E:618D:3A7E:5451:6D73|2600:6C67:1C00:5F7E:618D:3A7E:5451:6D73]] ([[User talk:2600:6C67:1C00:5F7E:618D:3A7E:5451:6D73#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C67:1C00:5F7E:618D:3A7E:5451:6D73|contribs]]) 15:49, 9 January 2023 (UTC)</small> and The lithic industry at **Okladnikov Cave** shares most similarities with another site in the Altai-Sayan region, Chagyrskaya Cave, and are rather distinct from other Altai sites.[5] However, unlike at ***Chagyrskaya Cave***, Levallois-type tools are uniquely found at Okladnikov Cave.[5] Both sites contain a great number of Neanderthal/Mousterian stone tools.[6] The lithic culture was initially referred to as the Altai Mousterian; nowadays, the culture is more commonly referred to as the **Sibiryachikha culture**[5][6] or the Sibiryachikha variant.[4] <Wik English> -- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3gMqfqahf4 and Sarmizegetusa Regia and treadle sewing machine and pyramid of Karazhartas; Begazy-Dandybai culture and Amnya I and II: https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/oldest-fortress-siberia-0020007 and La Garma: https://www.newsweek.com/archaeologists-find-16800-year-old-cave-dwelling-one-best-1850021 and precariously balanced rocks: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20241115-the-benefits-of-precarious-boulders and X’baatún - spanish and English Wiks as well as https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/article298581178.html and Guiengola 0 Wik and https://www.heritagedaily.com/2025/02/lidar-study-reveals-a-vast-fortified-city/154500 and Ice Prince of Mattsies, e.g., https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/archaeology-around-the-world/article-855483 and positive geometry - https://scitechdaily.com/the-hidden-geometry-that-could-explain-the-universe/<!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:76.103.132.102|76.103.132.102]] ([[User talk:76.103.132.102#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/76.103.132.102|contribs]]) 17:43, 18 August 2025 (UTC)</small> and Kültepe -- https://www.mensjournal.com/news/tempest-217335859257549962, en.wik and White City/City of the Jaguar, Honduras - Perplexity: “The City of the Jaguar” (Ciudad del Jaguar) is the modern name given to a large pre‑Columbian archaeological site in the remote rainforest of eastern Honduras, in the La Mosquitia region near the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve. It lies within the broader “Ciudad Blanca / Lost City of the Monkey God” complex long rumored in Honduran folklore but only recently confirmed by archaeologists. What the site is The City of the Jaguar is a major, previously hidden urban settlement, mapped via lidar in 2012 and first entered on the ground in 2015. Excavations have uncovered more than 200 finely carved stone sculptures, metates (ceremonial grinding “tables”), and other ritual offerings, indicating a complex chiefdom‑level society active roughly between about 1000 and 1250 CE. Why it’s called “City of the Jaguar” The name comes from a striking stone “were‑jaguar” head and other feline‑themed sculptures found at the site, which archaeologists interpreted as a key symbol of the culture’s cosmology or ruling elite. The label, however, is largely a modern creation by foreign explorers and media; Indigenous peoples of the region stress that they long knew of such places and that the romantic names (“City of the Monkey God,” “White City,” etc.) do not reflect local histories or traditions. Location and cultural context The site sits in a remote, mountain‑ringed valley of the Mosquitia lowlands, far from modern roads and largely untouched before the 2010s lidar survey. It appears to be part of a wider network of at least 19 related settlements, likely connected to Chibchan‑ and Mesoamerican‑related trade routes and possibly linked symbolically or structurally to Maya ballcourt traditions farther north and west. Sources: https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/la-ciudad-blanca-indigenous-collaboration/ https://anthgr.colostate.edu/2016/10/chris-fisher-city-jaguar/ == Alliance one international needed == An article is needed on Alliance one international.[[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 12:34, 15 September 2015 (UTC) Clearview AI - https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/03/18/magazine/facial-recognition-clearview-ai.html?utm_source=pocket&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=pockethits Michele foods - https://www.blackbusiness.com/2020/07/sales-spike-first-black-woman-owned-syrup-company-michele-foods.html?utm_source=zergnet.com&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=zergnet_6286220 Bushman of Lincoln Park One deal under investigation is a $354 million contract awarded to the '''Phlow''' Corporation — a first-time government contractor that had incorporated just a few months before receiving the funds. It was the largest contract ever awarded by BARDA, and it followed a series of emails from Navarro to agency leaders in March of 2020. Trump court case - see en sandbox. chocolate cheese sheba (https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/bible-tree-sheba-jerusalem-ancient-seeds-dna-b2620808.html , https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/bible-tree-sheba-jerusalem-ancient-seeds-dna-b2620808.html , https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/bible-tree-sheba-jerusalem-ancient-seeds-dna-b2620808.htm , https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/03/science/biblical-tree-ancient-seed-tsori/index.html) == urban fiction needed == "Where urban fiction excels is in its compelling portrayalsof modern hcaractyers dealing with prison drugs, violencce and sexuality in wways that validatge a segment of the black experience that hadn't existed much in print." (Dawn M. Turner, ""Urban ficiton" has a legion of devotees, critics," Chicago Trib Sept. 16, 2015, p. 3. )[[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 16:02, 15 September 2015 (UTC) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qian_Xuesen Dutch Spanish film: Tramontana Amanda Gorman (born March 7, 1998) '''Done''' Flint Sitdown Strike and White Shirt Day - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_ASE4eIqPE Focus/Midwest Rosemary Edghill (1956 – April 7, 2026) was an SF American writer. Handshake Fanuc Bookmobile ?DouxMatok = https://www.theepochtimes.com/this-startup-modified-sugar-to-make-the-brain-happy-with-less-calories_2061963.html?ref=brief_Archives&utm_source=morningbriefnoe&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=mb Zulip (Wik/en & https://www.quantamagazine.org/building-the-mathematical-library-of-the-future-20201001/) Abraham Galloway Dennis Loren Maybe Deborah Flora (https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2023/11/02/flora-will-seek-4th-district-seat-in-congress/ ) maybe paraparticle (https://www.earth.com/news/new-category-of-particles-discovered-in-the-subatomic-realm-paraparticles/) ==Trump - PEN lawsuit== PEN America v. Trump was a law suit filed by PEN America, an American writers' advocacy group, against the then-president of the United States. The organization claimed that the sitting president violated the First Amendment of the United States on a number of occasions, including specifically when he temporarily barred a news reporter, Jim Acosta, from news briefings. The suit was filed in 2018.[1][1] Outcome On February 18, 2021, PEN America announced that it had settled with the federal government. According to Suzanne Nossel, the organization's chief executive, the agreement bars government officials, including a sitting president of the country, from using his or her office to punish reporters for their reporting.[2] References "Landmark First Amendment Lawsuit Against President Trump Will Proceed" (Press release). PEN America. March 24, 2020. Neumeister, Larry (February 18, 2021). "Literary group: Trump suit settlement protects journalists". KOB 4. External links The PEN Pod: Breaking Down PEN America v. Trump with Nora Benavidez World One: https://bigthink.com/paul-ratner/in-1973-an-mit-computer-predicted-the-end-of-civilization-so-far-its-on-target transdermal optical imaging technology (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6diqpGKOvic) NEW IP == Epenthesis == Epenthesis and other linguistic terms needed.[[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 10:23, 17 September 2015 (UTC) Also (home) ironer /mangle Michele Foods -https://www.blackbusiness.com/2020/07/sales-spike-first-black-woman-owned-syrup-company-michele-foods.html?utm_source=zergnet.com&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=zergnet_6286220 Exekias Deep Equity NOS switch (https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220217/Researchers-discover-a-novel-group-of-proteins-that-exists-in-all-domains-of-life.aspx) Public investment deficit ? Coto (Costa Rica) quantum extremal surface - https://www.quantamagazine.org/netta-engelhardt-has-escaped-hawkings-black-hole-paradox-20210823/ == Joffrey Ballet == Joffrey article needed here etc.[[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 15:44, 18 September 2015 (UTC) *Done. Erick Hawkins United States Indian Band Ko Un Nicholas Petris(https://grist.org/transportation/the-forgotten-fight-to-ban-gas-powered-cars-in-the-1960s/) Content for Alvin Ailey and add AA Dance company Hanna Reight- German pilot Rednote == Beaver Dam pepper == Article needed on this heirloom pepper. Thiel, Julia, "A Rare Heirloom Pepper Is Slowly Making a Comeback," pp. 4~5 in "Agenda," Chicago Reader/Chicago Suntime', Friday, November 20, 2015. It was brought from the Apatin area of Hungary (now part of Romania) by Joe Hussli in 1912, when he immigrated to Beaver Dam. It is a mildly spicy pepper. The article also says there's more at chicagoreader.com. Kdammers (talk) 16:24, 20 November 2015 (UTC) Ubirajara jubatus, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/12/one-of-a-kind-dinosaur-removed-from-brazil-sparks-legal-investigation/ Also gifts to the United States: https://fiscal.treasury.gov/public/gifts-to-government.html , https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/513200-charity-cannot-save-the-postal-service Conor Vanover CASAS: Comprehensive Adult Student Assessment System. https://www.casas.org/ == Must Farm Bronze Age settlement == Article needed. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-35280290. [[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 01:16, 13 January 2016 (UTC) Also needed: William Grives, ex-slave[[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 18:00, 18 January 2016 (UTC) Schweizerisches Papiermuseum Johannes Krause Lapedo child "Lagar Velho 1, also known as the Lagar Velho boy or Lapedo child, is a complete prehistorical skeleton found in Portugal, believed to be a hybrid that had a Neanderthal parent and an anatomically modern human parent.[1] In 1998, this discovery of an early Upper Paleolithic human burial at Abrigo do Lagar Velho by the team led by prehistoric archeologist João Zilhão provided evidence of early modern humans from the west of the Iberian Peninsula. The remains, the largely complete skeleton of an approximately 4-year-old child, buried with pierced shell and red ochre, is dated to ca. 24,500 years BP.[1] The cranium, mandible, dentition, and rest of the skeleton present a mosaic of European early modern human and Neanderthal features.[1][2] This (morphological) mosaic indicates admixture between late archaic and early modern humans in Iberia, refuting hypotheses of complete replacement of the Neanderthals by early modern humans, and underlining the complexities of the cultural and biological processes and events that were involved in the emergence of modern humans.[1] This was contested by several scientists, including Prof. Dr. C. P. E. Zollikofer of the University of Zurich, who concluded the skeleton does not reveal Neanderthal affinities.[3] However, genetic work from a decade later has shown that there has indeed been instances of admixture between Neanderthals and modern humans, bringing the hybrid hypothesis back within the realm of the possible.[4] A replica of the skeleton and a reconstruction of the boy's face, made by American anthropologist Brian Pierson, can be seen in the Interpretation Centre of the Lagar Velho. There are plans to build a museum of archeology at the Convent of St. Augustine, in the city of Leiria, which houses the original skeleton"enlgish wik See also especially : https://archaeologymag.com/2025/03/new-radiocarbon-dating-reveals-lapedo-childs-age/ and https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/28-000-year-old-neanderthal-and-human-lapedo-child-lived-tens-of-thousands-of-years-after-our-closest-relatives-went-extinct == Alexander Chi ? == Author of Edinburgh Unrelated needed: Passengers 2016? movie == I moved Osteon == ... to bone page, where it fits better. I'll do a clean-up tomorrow. Cheers. [[User:Macdonald-ross|Macdonald-ross]] ([[User talk:Macdonald-ross|talk]]) 21:08, 10 March 2016 (UTC) == Genevieve Forbes Herrick == Woman reporter, exploded Ellis Island scandal (See Trib of 2016/04/17. Emily Verdery Battey, one of the first salaried women reporters in America == Kevin Stein == Needed: Kevin Stein, Vachel Lindse/y; Víctor Jaimez-Solorio Víctor Jaimez-Solorio ya es un nombre reconocible para los aficionados al atletismo de Estados Unidos. Con tan solo 9 años, este niño ya consigue marcas muy difíciles de lograr incluso para aficionados que llevan corriendo media vida, logrando hacer los 1.000 metros en tan solo 3:08. Un registro descomunal para su edad y para muchos adultos. Su prueba predilecta son los 1.500. El año pasado logró proclamarse campeón de los Juegos Juveniles de Estados Unidos, que reúne a jóvenes atletas de entre 8 y 18 años. Y no contento con ello, este año ha batido el récord mundial para su edad, parando el cronómetro en 4.42.97 minutos, 15 segundos menos que el récord anterior. https://en.as.com/en/2021/08/23/videos/1629712460_708458.html == Lorraine Hansberry == Ike Holter; see ChiTrib, 28 May 2016 articles needed Others: Carla Hayden; First Draft News ( http://www.thestatesman.com/news/world/facebook-twitter-join-coalition-to-improve-online-news/164853.html ; Horn news criticism ). -tokamak -------------- Penzberger Mordnacht == Also needed == For Nonsan: https://en.sedaily.com/politics/2026/06/04/youngest-mayor-at-40-elected-nonsan-race-decided-by-one-vote German International School Chicago; Lycee ... (French equivalent school - see en.wik.) America250 Bixonimania E. Power Biggs Salem Academy CSO: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Service_Organization Aircelo - https://www.jalopnik.com/2083556/new-york-startup-builds-machine-that-makes-gasoline-from-air/ We Will Have Our Home Again - https://news.google.com/search?q=We%20will%20have%20our%20home%20again&hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen Hans Egede Anna Gordon - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Gordon_(ballad_collector) Konyang picture and details. Also https://www.mk.co.kr/en/special-edition/11459499 Saveros Pou, linguist Susan Stamberg, first woman evening news host in the U.S. organoid Chevaya Falls -- https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-announces-discovery-of-life-on-mars-with-high-degree-of-confidence/ Checua -- en.wik; https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/tripideas/scientists-in-colombia-sound-the-alarm-in-bogot%C3%A1-unknown-human-lineage-detected/ar-AA1LkhqD?ocid=msedgntp&pc=HCTS&cvid=881b8c164a29437bbd108b53957d15e2&ei=18 ?already done? States of matter - AI: " Chiral Bose-Liquid State In June 2023, researchers creating a “frustrated” bilayer semiconductor system under ultra-strong magnetic fields observed electrons and holes freezing into a helical, unidirectional flow. This new arrangement—called a chiral Bose-liquid—locks particles into a fixed spin and motion pattern that resists external disturbances. //Quantum Liquid Crystal (Quantum Topological State) In mid-2025, a Rutgers–led team found that at the interface between a Weyl semimetal and a spin-ice insulator under very high magnetic fields, electrons exhibit directional-dependent conductivity with sixfold symmetry. This emergent “quantum liquid crystal” breaks rotational symmetry and defines a brand-new quantum topological state of matter." https://www.sciencealert.com/physicists-discover-a-new-state-of-matter-hidden-in-the-quantum-world, https://phys.org/news/2025-07-quantum-state-interface-exotic-materials.html . " Beyond the classical phases—solid, liquid, gas, and plasma—and the recently discovered chiral Bose-liquid and quantum liquid crystal2, physicists have unveiled a rich spectrum of exotic matter states: Bose–Einstein Condensates Atoms cooled to near absolute zero collapse into a single quantum wavefunction, behaving as a macroscopic quantum entity. First achieved in 1995 with rubidium and sodium gases. Fermionic Condensates Pairs of ultracold fermionic atoms form Cooper-pair–like bound states, giving rise to superfluidity analogous to electron pairing in superconductors. Supersolids Materials that simultaneously exhibit crystalline order and frictionless flow. Experimental evidence emerged around 2017 in helium and ultracold atomic lattices. Time Crystals Systems that exhibit persistent, periodic motion in their ground state, effectively breaking time‐translation symmetry. First realized in driven ion and spin systems in 2021. Topological Insulators and Superconductors Bulk insulators or superconductors whose surfaces host robust, dissipationless edge or surface currents protected by topological invariants. Quantum Spin Liquids Magnetically disordered phases where spins remain in a fluid, highly entangled state down to zero temperature, often hosting fractionalized excitations. Exciton–Polariton Condensates Hybrid light–matter quasiparticles in semiconductor microcavities that undergo Bose–Einstein–like condensation at elevated temperatures. Excitonic Insulators Electron–hole pairs (excitons) condense into a collective ground state, yielding an insulating phase with unique optical and transport signatures. Each of these novel phases not only deepens our fundamental understanding of how particles organize, but also points toward future quantum technologies—from ultra-sensitive sensors to fault-tolerant quantum devices. " Franklin William Stahl - geneticist, died 2025 James Schuyler, poet Hannah Cairo, mathematician America Party (Musk claims it's established, 5 July 2025; not yet listed at FEC site) Peter Putnam -- See https://nautil.us/finding-peter-putnam-1218035/ , www.peterputnam.org/ , https://universityarchives.princeton.edu/2022/04/a-fairyland-and-hell-to-me-for-years-peter-putnam-42-50s-princeton-part-i/ , https://bratenahlhistorical.org/index.php/peter-putnam/ , https://www.rhetos.de/html/lex/peter_putnam.htm Jane Hedengren Xenoarchaeology , see, e.g., https://www.academia.edu/734021/Searching_for_Extraterrestrial_Intelligence_An_Archaeological_Approach_to_Verifying_Evidence_for_Extraterrestrial_Exploration_on_Earth Tom brown: https://www.npr.org/sections/goats-and-soda/2025/04/25/g-s1-62165/malnutrition-children-plumpynut-lifesaving-u-s-aid periodic table of AI'/machine learning: https://news.mit.edu/2025/machine-learning-periodic-table-could-fuel-ai-discovery-0423 acquitted conduct --https://reason.com/2025/04/19/not-guilty-but-punished-anyway/?utm_source=Reason+Magazine&utm_campaign=bb3039dfa9-reason_brand%7Cnew_at_reason%7C2025_04_21&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_31d7ef7f57-bb3039dfa9-588236406 Yeliz Simsek olo -- //www.livescience.com/health/neuroscience/scientists-hijacked-the-human-eye-to-get-it-to-see-a-brand-new-color-its-called-olo , https://news.google.com/read/CBMiWkFVX3lxTE1obnZScE9tNHVsVmF6NU8wWjlWeDJqaFRpc2k5cm45UGlTZzhKVEU5bnBWdHFDSmswVEhjVS1FYXJSS3IybmZvV2xmRmRfU2lvMHZZV1JzUk0xZw?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen , https://www.iflscience.com/a-new-color-scientists-claim-olo-is-like-nothing-youve-ever-seen-before-78874 , https://news.google.com/read/CBMiowFBVV95cUxPOWllVGNtT2VuVkllTXQ3WE5veWplUS1Nd3NubmdPVzZ4Ny1aaElhM1hqdDM3YlNBU2p6ZzN5V0FkYjZFLXhXMXdDWnc0dG12WUpvaVBBU2oyUFJ4WEhta0Q2V1VqVUkyUW1mZUZBWXdpN1dBdjBqak5pRWNFMkYyR0t2anZ0OWtaMDZybUJUb1hkY01IMHZuRTV1el85Wk9uWktN?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen , https://news.google.com/read/CBMiX0FVX3lxTFB0Y1p4Zk80T2xGcmhnV0tUcVg5VDRMVERvY1FWSzE0alpuQ3Zob3FWMTFCMXpLeEVlZ1JZci1rNDUtNm4tSzBzUnV2WnhVLWhlNDczUGo4SHlmSzVjSmFB?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen --DONE re welding: https://www.ksl.com/article/51166088/byu-toyota-develop-new-welding-technique-for-minivan-sliding-doors Charlotte Smith ? SciXit - https://www.uni-jena.de/en/299431/withdrawal-from-platform-x, https://www.myscience.org › news › wire › withdrawal_from_platform_x-2025-uni-jena, idw – Informationsdienst Wissenschaft https://idw-online.de › de › news847519 KIBRA - https://www.futurity.org/how-long-term-memories-last-3235022/ climate container: https://aussiedlerbote.de/en/air-conditioning-container-to-bring-cooling-to-gottingen/ Aydos Sadykoy https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/18/popular-kazakh-opposition-figure-in-hospital-after-being-shot-in-kyiv, https://news.google.com/articles/CBMiTGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnJmZXJsLm9yZy9hL2themFraC1vcHBvc2l0aW9uLWpvdXJuYWxpc3Qtc2hvdC1reWl2LzMyOTk4MzkzLmh0bWzSAU5odHRwczovL3d3dy5yZmVybC5vcmcvYW1wL2themFraC1vcHBvc2l0aW9uLWpvdXJuYWxpc3Qtc2hvdC1reWl2LzMyOTk4MzkzLmh0bWw?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen , https://news.google.com/articles/CBMiI2h0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lmt5aXZwb3N0LmNvbS9wb3N0LzM0NDkw0gEA?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen Homo juluensis - https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/archaeology-breakthrough-as-new-human-species-discovered-that-went-extinct-200-000-years-ago/ar-AA1uX4Xm Ocumtún https://www.dogonews.com/2023/12/11/long-lost-maya-city-found-in-mexicos-yucatan-peninsula Ucanal https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/pivot-point-in-maya-history-fireburning-event-at-kanwitznal-ucanal-and-the-making-of-a-new-era-of-political-rule/564F837E84443D408CD844424B7F6952 [[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 01:33, 17 June 2024 (UTC) Bonavista North fire(https://www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/news/the-year-the-island-burned-the-wildfires-in-central-newfoundland-are-the-worst-since-1961-but-nowhere-near-as-widespread-100762207/), ''The Day the World Came to Town'' (p. 112) says the fire ended Gambo's lumbering economy. [[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 00:35, 16 March 2024 (UTC) and Handscape (re-instate) and vehicle/auto/wheel weight : https://autoily.com/what-are-wheel-weights/ -Note, lead ones should be banned. Must Farm - Brück, J., Harris, S. , Henderson, J., Sheridan, A. and Uckelm, M. (2024) Material abundance, ordinary life. In: Knight, M., Ballantyne, R., Brudenell, M., Cooper, A., Gibson, D. and Robinson Zeki, I. (eds.) Must Farm pile-dwelling settlement Volume 1. Landscape, architecture and occupation. Series: CAU Must Farm/Flag Fen Basin Depth & Time. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research: Cambridge. & https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/20/europe/must-farm-bronze-age-britain-pompeii-scn/index.html Town of Cascade sublime (there's only an article about some music group.) Unite America higher symmetries: https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-kind-of-symmetry-shakes-up-physics-20230418/ Dark fungi / Dark taxon/taxa Ling-Temco-Vought The Arena Group: bought Sports Illustrated. Clandestine use of AI exposed by https://futurism.com/sports-illustrated-ai-generated-writers ?Qhara Qhara This town, archaeology etc.: https://arkeonews.net/the-colossal-nordic-bronze-age-hall-unearthed-in-germany-may-be-the-legendary-king-hinz-meeting-hall/, (See German Wik): https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seddin_(Gro%C3%9F_Pankow) https://www.breakinglatest.news/news/sensational-discovery-near-the-royal-tomb-of-seddin/ https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsgrab_von_Seddin https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Augenzeuge_(Wochenschau) Stagecoach Mary Kalasmaic: https://www.heritagedaily.com/2023/09/archaeologists-discover-previously-unknown-indo-european-language-in-turkey/148679, https://www.newsweek.com/archaeologists-discover-previously-unknown-language-ancient-tablet-1829289 schooner Trinidad - https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/sep/02/shipwreck-trinidad-lake-michigan-wisconsin, https://www.nytimes.com › 2023 › 09 › 02 › us › lake-michigan-trinidad-shipwreck.html, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/2023/09/01/wisconsin-shipwreck-trinidad-discovered-lake-michigan/dfe4803c-48e1-11ee-b76b-0b6e5e92090d_story.html Jason Allen, artist. "AI Controversy Prompts Art Rule Change," ''The Fort Morgan Times'' Sept. 2, 2023, pp. 1 &2. - Allen submitted the winning digital art piece in 2022 (Coloardo State Fair. "Allen said he made his use of AI clear when he submitted his work" (p. 1). The'^attre D'opee'ra Spatial is the piece. New (2023) rules now require noting the use of AI when submitting. Allen now speaks about AI . He has been denied copyright of his work since it is not human created. He is fighting the decision. He is a games designer by profession. His ''Grand Finale'' won the Pueblo Arts Alliance's Select Professional Artist Award in2023. City of the Jaguar (Chris Fisher) Earth Archive - https://coloradosun.com/2019/09/04/csu-chris-fisher-wants-to-lidar-scan-the-earth/ starfield - https://www.npr.org/2023/09/02/1197223759/starfield-bethesda-video-games Ray Solomonoff Kim, Colorado churchil (treat) Loose Ends (organization to complete unfinished crafts when someone's health or death has interceded) overland trains/trucks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overland_train, https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-incredible-story-of-the-us-army-s-earth-shaking-off-road-land-trains?utm_medium=email&utm_source=pocket_hits&utm_campaign=POCKET_HITS-EN-DAILY-RECS-2023_04_29&sponsored=0&position=11&scheduled_corpus_item_id=33879f0a-95a4-40d8-9ccc-aa45739f8607 WIFLE https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft_der_Wahrheitsliebenden#Entwicklung_ab_1740 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Elephant_Orchestra oral lee brown Erriyon Knighton Danuri Newburn, Alabama - needs expanding. Annie Rodenfels, distance runner Jacques de Vaucanson - Ur-father of the industrial revolution? https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/mclandburgh_florence, ''Classic Science Fiction Stories'' edited by Adam Roberts, p. 187, says she wrote intriguing SF stories. Early SF, poss. earliest time "viewing" story in 1873. http://famousamericans.net/florencemclandburgh/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ituPGxL0X1Q https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leen_Sanders Erich Thenius died in Vienna on December 29th 2022. He is primarily known for his research on fossil mammals and as author of books on palaeontology, including handbooks and popular outreach, teaching materials etc., and of encyclopedial works on mammalian odontology like "Zähne und Gebiß der Säugetiere" (teeth and dentition of mammals, de Gruyter 1989). He also financed several fellowships on palaeontology. He also worked as an early zooarchaeologist in the 50s and 60s. See German Wik. Anna Montez, spy: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvTRGDZxQFQ; book: Code name blue wren. Mīrzā Muhammad Tāraghay bin Shāhrukh (Persian: میرزا محمد تراغای بن شاہ رخ), better known as Ulugh Beg (الغ‌ بیگ) (22 March 1394 – 27 October 1449), was a Timurid sultan, as well as an astronomer and mathematician. CD index: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-04577-5 ; https://phys.org/news/2023-01-scientific-breakthroughs.html ; https://www.forbes.com/sites/roberthart/2023/01/04/where-are-all-the-scientific-breakthroughs-forget-ai-nuclear-fusion-and-mrna-vaccines-advances-in-science-and-tech-have-slowed-major-study-says/?sh=1a67b15a7149 Lydia_Maria_Child Malcolm Mackenzie, singer (baritone) Betsy Mae/May Kelly/Kelley, pioneering animator. See the book "Ink and Paint." Claire Lautier, actress CUN-ba Lloyd newman: Reporter Lloyd Newman, known for Ghetto Life 101, died this week at age 43 2 hours ago SPECIAL: Remembering Lloyd Newman of Ghetto Life 101 : StoryCorps 18 hours ago ?? Ultium: https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/26/22745575/gm-ev-charging-dealers-ultium-360-charge pol.is CUN-ba: Chinese village basket ball (pronunced TZOON-bee-ay) - Village Basektball Association. See Jonathan Cheng, "Village Ball League Thrills Fans in Chinca," WSJ 12-13 Aug. 2023, pp. 1 & A7. Paleo-Indians, [Done: Clovis?, Hartley mammoth] national cycle manufacturing company, bay city photic sneeze reflex hell's half Mile, bay city: https://lostinmichigan.net › hells-half-mile-bay-city and BCHS newsletter May 2022 Philadelphia Library Company of Colored Persons Thomas Fountain Blue ?The War on Pineapple ?"impaired mouth syndrome" Baxter Black Tell es-Sakan (https://www.timesofisrael.com/gaza-bronze-age-remains-disappearing-under-concrete/ and English Wik) Afghanistan Study Group (https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/568950-what-biden-gets-wrong-in-his-rationale-for-afghanistan-withdrawal; https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/02/afghanistan-study-group-final-report-pathway-peace-afghanistan; https://www.usip.org/programs/afghanistan-study-group) Peter Rader Halyna Kruk William Key, 19th century entrepreneur and horse-man, owner of Jim Key - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pACXxtbvVA https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2 and statue to him in Almaty Anti-Mask League of San Francisco (English wik an d https://www.forbes.com/sites/kionasmith/2020/04/29/protesting-during-a-pandemic-isnt-new-meet-the-anti-mask-league/?utm_source=npr_newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=20200430&utm_term=4551053&utm_campaign=the-new-normal&utm_id=936640&orgid=#4a24dfaf12f9 Maryann Corbett Flossberg, a german town that had a concentration camp Türkmen-Karahöyük http://www.krasp.net/en/results/turkmen-karahoyuk/ Barton v. Barr - https://www.thenation.com/article/society/scotus-barton-immigrants/ Freeman Dyson's eldest daughter, Esther, is a digital technology consultant and investor; she has been called "the most influential woman in all the computer world".[46] His son George is a historian of science,[47] Başur Höyük Vo Euganeo - https://www.livescience.com/small-italian-town-cuts-coronavirus-cases-testing.html, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/20/eradicated-coronavirus-mass-testing-covid-19-italy-vo , https://www.science20.com/robert_walker/good_news_from_italy_covid_19_outbreak_halted_in_italian_town_of_vo_euganeo_at_record_speed_90_to_0_new_cases_in , https://promarket.org/why-mass-testing-is-crucial-the-us-should-study-the-veneto-model-to-fight-covid-19/ , https://intallaght.ie/the-italian-government-and-the-world-health-organization-have-been-wrong/ and Anton Piatigorsky - author, playwright, librettist (http://www.antonpiatigorsky.com) (http://news.nationalpost.com/afterword/book-review-the-iron-bridge-by-anton-piatigorsky) (http://www.writersunion.ca/news/winners-announced-2012-danuta-gleed-literary-award) (http://www.stage-door.com/Theatre/2011/Entries/2011/1/28_Eternal_Hydra.html) (http://playstosee.com/anton-piatigorsky-in-conversation-with-aparna-halpe/) (http://torontostage.com/the-dybbuk/) (http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-07-06/entertainment/bs-ae-author-piatigorsky-20130706_1_fiction-collection-dictators) (http://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=8.660356) (http://jewishtoronto.com/calendar/soulpepper-presents-the-dybbuk-or-between-two-worlds-1430946695) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siminovitch_Prize_in_Theatre) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_Shakespeare_Festival_production_history) * And * Fidelity Charitable: Fidelity Charitable now ranks at the top nonprofit fundraiser in the U.S. * http://www.unacknowledged.info/dwarka-mythical-city-found-water/ The Boston Globe‎ - 10 hours ago For the first time, the charitable-giving arm of Fidelity Investments raised more money than any other nonprofit in the country, according to the ...[[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 21:50, 27 October 2016 (UTC) * Plastic roads; se The Economist Sept. 15, 2018. Mizar project * Maurice W. Graham and Delos and Joy Harjo and A. S. King (Wik/en) and Amy King (Women's national Book Award winner; GoodRead worker, VIDA) [[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 10:13, 31 December 2016 (UTC) and Kahoot! and Fred Kummerow (Professor who campaigned to ban trans fats dies at 102 Fred Kummerow's research likely helped thousands of people avoid heart disease. By Brady Dennis - WaPo article) and Quizlet and colonial lag and Battle of Orbulak and Eppelsheim w/teeth: http://www.dw.com/en/archaeology-fossil-teeth-discovery-in-germany-could-re-write-human-history/a-41028029 and Gate City, Kz and Kazakhstan, kazakhstan and Harlan Ellison and Lumina Sophie dite Surprise, freedom fighter and Reese Lansangan and Апорт (сортотип яблони) and Fariza Ongarsynova. https://kazakh-tv.kz/en/view/culture/page_206429_nursultan-hosted-concert-dedicated-to-queen-of-kazakh-poetry, Russia Wikipedia: Онгарсынова, Фариза Онгарсыновна and maybe Executive Assessment and dcaap: http://sciencealert.com/a-newly-discovered-signalc-in-neurons-hints-at-the-power-of-the-human-brain and Edmund J. Davis: https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/02/what-if-he-wont-go/606259/ Bhudas -- Toothless men in India: https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article-abstract/12/2/87/868727 and Mortimer J. Adler and Tam Pa Ling Cave: enWik and https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/86000-year-old-human-bone-found-in-laos-cave-hints-at-failed-population-from-prehistory Space archaeology - https://news.chapman.edu/2024/08/07/newly-published-report-outlines-findings-from-first-archaeology-project-in-space/ and Glycon: https://www.historicmysteries.com/history/glycon/30191/ and Majorana 1 https://www.wired.com/story/microsoft-just-claimed-a-quantum-breakthrough-a-quantum-physicist-explains-what-it-means/ and Inventwood: https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/12/inventwood-is-about-to-mass-produce-wood-thats-stronger-than-steel/ and maybe transparent wood composites: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparent_wood_composite and Create the page "Alligator Alcatraz" on this wiki! == [[m:Wikipedia Library User Group|Sign up for the new Wikipedia Library User Group!]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello TWL coordinators! After much contemplation and planning, [[m:TWL|The Wikipedia Library]] has decided to move forward its longtime desire of bringing together Wikipedians and librarians by creating a '''[[m:Wikipedia Library User Group|user group]]'''. The user group is yet to be recognized by the [[m:AffCom|Affiliations Committee]], but you are welcome to sign up as a member by adding your name in the user group [[m:Wikipedia Library User Group#Members|meta page]]. Once you do that, please [[m:Talk:Wikipedia Library User Group|join the discussion]] in deciding the user group name, logo, and organizers. You can even volunteer to lead the group! And of course please don't forget to invite your community and friends! The user group intends to, [[File:Wikimedia and Libraries User Group logo.svg|90px|left|link=WP:The Wikipedia Library]] * provide guidance for Wikimedians engaging with libraries, and libraries engaging with Wikimedia, * provide a venue for the exchange of ideas around collaborations and opportunities for Wikimedia and libraries, * work with libraries and library information schools promoting the use of Wikipedia in their curriculum, and * reach out to libraries that could potentially engage with Wikimedia. '''''[[m:Wikipedia Library User Group#Members|Join us]]''' and help spread the news!'' Thank you, [[m:User:AVasanth (WMF)|AVasanth (WMF)]] via, [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 20:03, 17 March 2017 (UTC) :<small>This message was delivered via the [[m:MassMessage#Global_message_delivery|Global Mass Message]] tool to [[m:The Wikipedia Library/Coordinators/List global|The Wikipedia Library global coordinators list]].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:UY Scuti@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Coordinators/List_global&oldid=16449907 --> == The Wikipedia Library Global Coordinators Meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style = "color: #936c29; font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif"> [[File:Wikipedia Library owl.svg|30px|link=The Wikipedia Library]] ''' The Wikipedia Library – Global Coordinators Meeting'''<br /> <span style="font-size:18px;">'''May 31st at 4:00 PM (UTC) (9:00 AM (PST))''' – You’re invited!</span></div> <div style = "margin-top: 1em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: .9em"> <div style = "color: #2979c3; font-size: 2em;>'''To easily join, go to: https://kiwiirc.com/client/irc.freenode.net/wikipedia-library '''<br /></div> *The Wikipedia Library coordinators meeting is an opportunity for TWL branch coordinators to talk about various ideas, programs, problems, and events about TWL. We will have an agenda to cover at first, followed by an unconference-style discussion. *This meeting is a chance for all global coordinators to have an open discussion, provide updates, share information and learnings from their branches, work on issues, and discuss successes, progress, goals, do’s and don'ts, and anything else! *Members from the TWL team at WMF will be there to help facilitate and answer questions. We are interested in hearing from you about what you’re working on and what’s working! <font size = "3">'''''PS''': The meeting happens on IRC, in the channel #wikipedia-library on Freenode. KiwiIRC reveals your IP address. Please read this [[m:IRC/Cloaks|meta page]] and apply for a cloak in advance (preferably at least a week before) if this is an issue.''</font> <font size = "2">For any questions or suggestions, please contact avasanth [at] wikimedia [dot] org. Thank you, [[m:User:AVasanth (WMF)|AVasanth (WMF)]], via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 21:16, 17 May 2017 (UTC)</font> </div> :<small>This message was delivered via the [[m:MassMessage#Global_message_delivery|Global Mass Message]] tool to [[m:The Wikipedia Library/Coordinators/List global|The Wikipedia Library global coordinators list]].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:UY Scuti@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Coordinators/List_global&oldid=16777474 --> == The Wikipedia Library Global Coordinators Meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style = "color: #936c29; font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif"> [[File:Wikipedia Library owl.svg|30px|link=The Wikipedia Library]] ''' The Wikipedia Library – Global Coordinators Meeting'''<br /> <span style="font-size:18px;">'''July 31st at 4:00 PM (UTC) (9:00 AM (PST))''' – You’re invited!</span></div> <div style = "margin-top: 1em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: .9em"> <div style = "color: #2979c3; font-size: 2em;>'''To easily join, go to: https://kiwiirc.com/client/irc.freenode.net/wikipedia-library '''<br /></div> *The Wikipedia Library Global Coordinators Meeting is a bi-monthly meeting held to improve communication and collaboration amongst all global coordinators and the TWL team. *In this meeting it'd be great if you can present us with '''what happened in your branches in the past two months'''. That'll be our first agenda. And then we'll follow the set agenda like the previous meeting which will be shared with you during the session. *As always members from the TWL team at WMF will be there to help facilitate and answer questions. We are interested in hearing from you about what you’re working on and what’s working! <font size = "3">'''''PS''': The meeting happens on IRC, in the channel #wikipedia-library on Freenode. KiwiIRC reveals your IP address. Please read this [[m:IRC/Cloaks|meta page]] and apply for a cloak in advance (preferably at least a week before) if this is an issue.''</font> <font size = "2">For any questions or suggestions, please contact avasanth [at] wikimedia [dot] org. Thank you, [[m:User:AVasanth (WMF)|AVasanth (WMF)]], via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:47, 21 July 2017 (UTC)</font> </div> :<small>This message was delivered via the [[m:MassMessage#Global_message_delivery|Global Mass Message]] tool to [[m:The Wikipedia Library/Coordinators/List global|The Wikipedia Library global coordinators list]].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:UY Scuti@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Coordinators/List_global&oldid=16810411 --> == The Wikipedia Library Global Coordinators Meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style = "color: #936c29; font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif"> [[File:Wikipedia Library owl.svg|30px|link=The Wikipedia Library]] ''' The Wikipedia Library – Global Coordinators Meeting'''<br /> <span style="font-size:18px;">'''March 7th at 4:00 PM (UTC) (9:00 AM (PST))''' – You’re invited!</span></div> <div style = "margin-top: 1em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: .9em"> <div style = "color: #2979c3; font-size: 2em;>'''To easily join, go to: https://kiwiirc.com/client/irc.freenode.net/wikipedia-library '''<br /></div> *The Wikipedia Library Global Coordinators Meeting is a bi-monthly meeting held to improve communication and collaboration amongst all global coordinators and the TWL team. *In this meeting it'd be great if you can present us with '''what happened in your branches in the past two to four months'''. That'll be our first agenda. And then we'll follow the set agenda like the previous meeting which will be shared with you during the session. *As always members from the TWL team at WMF will be there to help facilitate and answer questions. We are interested in hearing from you about what you’re working on and what’s working! <font size = "3">'''''PS''': The '''publicly-logged''' meeting happens on IRC, in the channel #wikipedia-library on Freenode. KiwiIRC reveals your IP address. Please read this [[m:IRC/Cloaks|meta page]] and apply for a cloak in advance (preferably at least a week before) if this is an issue.''</font> <font size = "2">For any questions or suggestions, please contact avasanth [at] wikimedia [dot] org. Thank you, [[m:User:AVasanth (WMF)|AVasanth (WMF)]], via --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:04, 28 February 2018 (UTC) </font> </div> :<small>This message was delivered via the [[m:MassMessage#Global_message_delivery|Global Mass Message]] tool to [[m:The Wikipedia Library/Coordinators/List global|The Wikipedia Library global coordinators list]].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:UY Scuti@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Coordinators/List_global&oldid=17781381 --> == #1Lib1Ref from The Wikipedia Library == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style = "color: #936c29; font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif"> [[File:1biblio1ref 1ori.svg|90px|link=The Wikipedia Library]] ''' The Wikipedia Library – #1Lib1Ref'''<br /> <span style="font-size:18px;">#1Lib1Ref is happening again in May!</span></div> <div style = "margin-top: 1em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: .9em"> <nowiki>#</nowiki>1Lib1Ref, the annual campaign where librarians add references to improve Wikipedia, is coming back again this year, running from '''May 15th to June 5th, 2018'''. *''Why twice?'' We heard from you a desire to run it again out of excitement, because May is not summer vacation for the southern hemisphere, and because Spanish Wikipedia's birthday also falls in May. This is a great expansion of the event and it means that there is another opportunity to make Wikipedia more factual and verifiable by leveraging the expertise of librarians around the world. *''How does this relate to the main campaign in January?'' We encourage librarians, community members, and affiliates to make 1Lib1Ref their own. So whether we call this 1Lib1Ref May, 1Lib1Ref for the Southern Hemisphere, or 1Lib1Ref Strikes Back, the point is the excitement is building again, and we'd like you to be a part of it. *''If I participated in January, do I have to do it again in May?'' It's entirely up to you, this is just another chance if you want to do more, or if you couldn't get around to January activities. This is a pilot for us, too, so we'll see how it goes and discuss what we learned after the May campaign. *''How can you get involved?'' **See updated dates and details at the [[m:1Lib1Ref|meta 1Lib1Ref page]] **See the Spanish Wikipedia [[es:Wikipedia:1bib1ref_2018|campaign page]] for 1bib1ref **Helpful multimedia (logos, videos, flyers, stickers) at [[commons:Category:1lib1ref|Category:1lib1ref (commons)]] Sincerely, On behalf of The Wikipedia Library Team --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 08:40, 16 April 2018 (UTC) <font size = "2">For any questions or suggestions, please contact wikipedialibrary [at] wikimedia [dot] org. </font> </div> :<small>This message was delivered via the [[m:MassMessage#Global_message_delivery|Global Mass Message]] tool to [[m:The Wikipedia Library/Coordinators/List global|The Wikipedia Library global coordinators list]].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:UY Scuti@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Coordinators/List_global&oldid=17944821 --> == The Wikipedia Library Global Coordinators Meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style = "color: #936c29; font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif"> [[File:Wikipedia Library owl.svg|30px|link=The Wikipedia Library]] ''' The Wikipedia Library – Global Coordinators Meeting'''<br /> <span style="font-size:18px;">'''May 2nd at 4:00 PM (UTC) (9:00 AM (PST))''' – You’re invited!</span></div> <div style = "margin-top: 1em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: .9em"> <div style = "color: #2979c3; font-size: 1.5em;">'''To easily join, go to: https://kiwiirc.com/client/irc.freenode.net/wikipedia-library '''<br /></div> <div style="font-size:18px;"> *The Wikipedia Library Global Coordinators Meeting is a bi-monthly meeting held to improve communication and collaboration amongst all global coordinators and the TWL team. *In this meeting it'd be great if you can present us with '''what happened in your branches in the past two to four months'''. That'll be our first agenda. And then we'll follow the set agenda like the previous meeting which will be shared with you during the session. *As always members from the TWL team at WMF will be there to help facilitate and answer questions. We are interested in hearing from you about what you’re working on and what’s working!<!-- --> </div> <span style = "font-size:3;">'''''PS''': The '''publicly-logged''' meeting happens on IRC, in the channel #wikipedia-library on Freenode. KiwiIRC reveals your IP address. Please read this [[m:IRC/Cloaks|meta page]] and apply for a cloak in advance (preferably at least a week before) if this is an issue.''</span> <span style = "font-size:2;">For any questions or suggestions, please contact avasanth [at] wikimedia [dot] org. Thank you, [[m:User:AVasanth (WMF)|AVasanth (WMF)]], via --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:27, 27 April 2018 (UTC)</span> </div> :<small>This message was delivered via the [[m:MassMessage#Global_message_delivery|Global Mass Message]] tool to [[m:The Wikipedia Library/Coordinators/List global|The Wikipedia Library global coordinators list]].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:UY Scuti@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Coordinators/List_global&oldid=17950260 --> == The Wikipedia Library Global Coordinators Meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style = "color: #936c29; font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif"> [[File:Wikipedia Library owl.svg|30px|link=The Wikipedia Library]] ''' The Wikipedia Library – Global Coordinators Meeting'''<br /> <span style="font-size:18px;">'''June 28th at 2:00 PM (UTC) (10:00 PM Beijing (CT), 7:30 PM (IST), 7:00 AM (PDT), [http://www.thetimezoneconverter.com/?t=7:00%20am&tz=San%20Francisco& more time zones])''' – You’re invited!</span></div> <div style = "margin-top: 1em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: .9em"> <div style = "color: #2979c3; font-size: 1.5em;">'''To easily join, go to: https://kiwiirc.com/client/irc.freenode.net/wikipedia-library '''<br /></div> <div style="font-size:18px;"> *The Wikipedia Library Global Coordinators Meeting is a bi-monthly meeting held to improve communication and collaboration amongst all global coordinators and the TWL team. *In this meeting it'd be great if you can present us with '''what happened in your branches in the past two months'''. That'll be our first agenda. And then we'll follow the set agenda like the previous meeting which will be shared with you during the session. *As always members from the TWL team at WMF will be there to help facilitate and answer questions. We are interested in hearing from you about what you’re working on and what’s working! </div> <span style = "font-size:3;">'''''PS''': The '''publicly-logged''' meeting happens on IRC, in the channel #wikipedia-library on Freenode. KiwiIRC reveals your IP address. Please read this [[m:IRC/Cloaks|meta page]] and apply for a cloak in advance (preferably at least a week before) if this is an issue.''</span> <span style = "font-size:2;">For any questions or suggestions, please contact avasanth [at] wikimedia [dot] org. Thank you, [[m:User:AVasanth (WMF)|Aaron]], via --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:53, 22 June 2018 (UTC)</span> </div> :<small>This message was delivered via the [[m:MassMessage#Global_message_delivery|Global Mass Message]] tool to [[m:The Wikipedia Library/Coordinators/List global|The Wikipedia Library global coordinators list]].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:UY Scuti@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Coordinators/List_global&oldid=18149534 --> == needed == Newlane University Boktok Culdesac Tempe Lori's Voice Puntarenas Phases of ice - See English Wikipedia. Neuromorphic computing (https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx99qv2w1ddo; cf. Engl Wik neuromorphic engineering) Die Feuerzangbowle Xiol - https://www.archaeology.org/news/10576-220529-mexico-maya-xiol Nixtun-Ch’ich’ - https://www.archaeology.org/issues/303-1807/features/6684-maya-urban-grid Paradox of banknotes (cash) Clair Patterson - 2021-12-19 NPR program about him MUNARQ etc. from ICAZ newsletter summer 2020 science/sci hub scinapse Claude Kipnis isochoric freezing documented Dreamers Hans Traxler Juugan Gorge...https://australianarchaeologicalassociation.com.au/news/loss-of-juukan-gorge-rockshelters-pilbara-region-western-australia/?platform=hootsuite&fbclid=IwAR2aGvyHOXXsJD66yP-2sOmvknN1MXrOa2hc_S-B2NhrUOFyosBaFnM857E Kahprek (https://www.ozy.com/around-the-world/the-martial-art-kicking-for-survival-in-northern-myanmar/250805/?utm_term=OZY&utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=DailyDose%20%282020-04-05%2015:33:36%29&utm_content=Final) Negro American Labor Council Goettingen article is only two or so sentences. Needed: uni etc. and PFH Private University of Göttingen (http://www.globallegalchronicle.com/galileo-global-education-groups-takeover-of-the-pfh-private-university-of-gottingen/) milkman From English Wik: Ze've Jabotinsky was editor of the revived Jewish weekly Rassvet (Dawn), published first in Berlin, then in Paris. Besides his journalistic work, he published novels under his previous pseudonym Altalena; his historical novel Samson Nazorei (Samson the Nazirite, 1927), set in Biblical times, describes Jabotinsky's ideal of an active, daring, warrior form of Jewish life. His novel Pyatero (The Five, written 1935, published 1936) has been described as "a work that probably has the truest claim to being the great Odessa novel... It contains poetic descriptions of early-twentieth-century Odessa, with nostalgia-tinged portraits of its streets and smells, its characters and passions."[27] Although it was little noticed at the time, it has received renewed appreciation for its literary qualities at the start of the twenty-first century, being reprinted in Russia and Ukraine and in 2005 translated into English (the first translation into a Western language).[28] -- and about ''The Five.'' topological superconductivity, https://phys.org/news/2019-08-scientists-state.html Carl Gustav Jochmann Joy Harjo Robert Quillen and conspicuous consumption: “Using money you haven’t earned to buy things you don’t need to impress people you don’t like.” Elizabeth Gloucester, richest black woman in the U.S. at the time of her death in the late 19th century Bay City material Tsagaan Khad ( NPR program on changing Mongolia - It's town of 10K in the mining district.) Modeling Religion Project Mary Ann Bickerdyke Galesburg article is only one sentence. Financial crisis of AD 33 HLRN IV https://www.rdmag.com/article/2019/05/new-german-supercomputer-poised-significantly-accelerate-research Aesop's Fables Midwestern Career College - DONE http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-kansas-lost-city-20180819-htmlstory.html : Etzanoa Ain Boucherit Tanis - https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190329144223.htm ''Homo luzonensis'' - started R.A.G.E. - https://ragenglewood.org/become-a-member-of-rage/about/contact/, a community development ngo in Chicago churchkhela Amirzhan Kossanov / Kazakhstan presidential election 2019 - https://astanatimes.com/2019/06/tokayev-wins-kazakhstans-presidency-with-70-76-percent-of-vote-official-preliminary-results-say/, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/09/world/asia/kazakhstan-election-president.html?utm_term=OZY&utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=PDB_06102019 Something about Fane Lozman and his suits against 'imperial' over-reach Yelü Chucai: https://www.ozy.com/flashback/the-confucian-scholar-who-tamed-genghis-khan/91167?utm_source=dd&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=01072019&variable=473bbc1397d52a4a751cf40b010fd6ba Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis - https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/03/amphibian-apocalypse-frogs-salamanders-worst-chytrid-fungus/ Jennifer Reeser https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/12/10/kazakhstan-memory-ninel-konstantinovna-fokina , https://kokshetau.asia/socialnews-mobile/48656-ushla-iz-zhizni-odna-iz-zachinatelej-pravozashchitnogo-dvizheniya-v-kazakhstane-ninel-konstantinovna-fokina , https://bureau.kz/sobstvennaya_informaciya/pamyati_ninel_konstantinovny_fokinoi/ , https://vlast.kz/novosti/36246-umerla-glava-almatinskogo-helsinskogo-komiteta-ninel-fokina.html River Undai, western Mongolia: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/apr/08/mongolian-herders-corporate-behemoth?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other DSO (education) U.S. vs. Texas : See https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-olivas-immigration-court-decision-20160623-snap-story.html '''Handshake (reinstate)''' Yaybahar: https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/yp5pbx/introducing-the-yaybahar-an-acoustic-instrument-that-makes-space-age-sounds formjacking 5G+ https://www.npr.org/2019/07/02/738061521/opec-formally-embraces-russia-other-non-members-in-expanded-opec On September 17th 1982, police confronted a large group of teens who had gathered here. It has been called heta linjen-upploppet, though riot is perhaps a misnomer. https://medium.com/s/love-hate/how-a-phone-glitch-sparked-a-teenage-riot-eb785c39bd01 . The Swedish Wikipedia discusses the event, i.a., at Heta linjen (telekommunikation). A long retrospective can be found at https://www.arbetaren.se/2012/08/15/heta-linjen-30-ar-senare/ as well as here: https://www.expressen.se/premium/hett-noje-mer-an-30-ar-fore-sociala-medier/ 67.209.128.86 (talk) 01:18, 7 June 2019 (UTC) Ринат Заитов https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-final-vote-results-give-toqaev-landslide-win-protests/29992725.html , https://www.rferl.org/a/balloting-for-first-new-kazakh-president-in-three-decades-marred-by-hundreds-of-arrests/29990697.html , https://www.instagram.com/rinat_zaitov_resmi/tv/Byh5hx0AT7V/ , https://duckduckgo.com/?q=rinat+zaitov&t=ffab&ia=videos&iax=videos&iai=upJQ93OcTSE , https://duckduckgo.com/?q=rinat+zaitov&t=ffab&ia=videos&iax=videos&iai=VW9CRXR7UTI , https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/international/555673-kazakh-police-beat-journalist-amid-post-vote-unrest-news-agency , https://www.devdiscourse.com/news?tag=Rinat%20Zaitov , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VW9CRXR7UTI Hills Mechanism : http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1987ApJ...313..152A, https://www.space.com/star-ejected-milky-way-black-hole-superfast-speed.html, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/521708, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/592245, William Still == The Wikipedia Library Global Coordinators Meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style = "color: #936c29; font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif"> [[File:Wikipedia Library owl.svg|30px|link=The Wikipedia Library]] ''' The Wikipedia Library – Global Coordinators Meeting'''<br /> <span style="font-size:18px;">'''November 14th at 2:00 PM (UTC) (10:00 PM Beijing (CT), 7:30 PM (IST), 6:00 AM (PST), [http://www.thetimezoneconverter.com/?t=6:00%20am&tz=San%20Francisco& more time zones])''' – You’re invited!</span></div> <div style = "margin-top: 1em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: .9em"> <div style = "color: #2979c3; font-size: 1.5em;">'''To easily join, go to: https://kiwiirc.com/client/irc.freenode.net/wikipedia-library '''</div> <div style="font-size:18px;"> *The Wikipedia Library Global Coordinators Meeting is a bi-monthly meeting held to improve communication and collaboration amongst all global coordinators and the TWL team. *In this meeting it'd be great if you can present us with '''what happened in your branches in the past two months'''. That'll be our first agenda. And then we'll follow the set agenda like the previous meeting which will be shared with you during the session. *As always members from the TWL team at WMF will be there to help facilitate and answer questions. We are interested in hearing from you about what you’re working on and what’s working! </div> <span style = "font-size:3;">'''''PS''': The '''publicly-logged''' meeting happens on IRC, in the channel #wikipedia-library on Freenode. KiwiIRC reveals your IP address. Please read this [[m:IRC/Cloaks|meta page]] and apply for a cloak in advance (preferably at least a week before) if this is an issue.''</span> <span style = "font-size:2;">For any questions or suggestions, please contact avasanth [at] wikimedia [dot] org. Thank you, [[m:User:AVasanth (WMF)|Aaron]], via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:02, 8 November 2018 (UTC)</span> </div> :<small>This message was delivered via the [[m:MassMessage#Global_message_delivery|Global Mass Message]] tool to [[m:The Wikipedia Library/Coordinators/List global|The Wikipedia Library global coordinators list]].</small> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:UY Scuti@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Coordinators/List_global&oldid=18322789 --> == #1Lib1Ref May 2019 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style = "color: #936c29; font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif"> [[File:1biblio1ref 1ori.svg|90px|link=The Wikipedia Library]] ''' The Wikipedia Library – #1Lib1Ref'''<br /> <span style="font-size:18px;">As you might've already known, '''[[m:The Wikipedia Library/1Lib1Ref|#1Lib1Ref]]''' is happening again in May!</span></div> <div style = "margin-top: 1em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em"> '''[[m:The Wikipedia Library/1Lib1Ref|#1Lib1Ref]]''', the annual campaign where librarians add references to improve Wikipedia, is back for another round, running from '''May 15th to June 5th, 2019'''. * Not every part of the world is in sync, more particularly the southern and northern hemispheres. While the January version of the #1lib1ref campaign works well mostly for the northern hemisphere, it doesn't for the countries below the equator. Hence #1lib1ref May! This is a great expansion of the event and it means that there is another opportunity to make Wikipedia more factual and verifiable by leveraging the expertise of librarians around the world. * While this campaign encourages participation from the southern hemisphere, we would love for you to join us even if you participated in the January campaign – after all, Wikipedia is only as strong as its references! So whether we call this 1Lib1Ref May, 1Lib1Ref for the Southern Hemisphere, or 1Lib1Ref Strikes Back, the point is the excitement is building again, and we'd like you to be a part of it. On behalf of The Wikipedia Library Team --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:53, 14 April 2019 (UTC) <font size = "2">For any queries/clarifications and help with organising, contact fnartey{{@}}wikimedia[dot]org ([[m:User talk:FNartey (WMF)|Felix Nartey]]). </font> </div></div> <!-- Message sent by User:UY Scuti@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Coordinators/List_global&oldid=18579339 --> == #1Lib1Ref January 2020 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style = "color: #936c29; font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif"> ''' The Wikipedia Library – #1Lib1Ref'''<br> <span style="font-size:18px;"> '''[[m:The Wikipedia Library/1Lib1Ref|#1Lib1Ref]]''' is happening again from '''January 15th''' through '''February 5th'''! </span> </div> <div style = "margin-top: 1em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em"> From '''''January 15th to February 5th''''' we will be joining together around the world to make Wikipedia more reliable. You can participate in '''[[m:The Wikipedia Library/1Lib1Ref|#1Lib1Ref]]''' by simply adding a citation to Wikipedia's content! That's all we ask and imagine: a world in which every librarian (or archivist, reference professional, and scholar) adds 1 more reference to Wikipedia. This is the fifth year of the #1Lib1Ref campaign and we couldn’t be more excited to support another year of activities. [[File:1lib1ref.svg|360px|link=m:1lib1ref|right]] * If you are planning to host a coffee hour or a edit-a-thon focused on #1Lib1Ref, and you need funding for the event, you will be able to apply for a [[m:Grants:Project/Rapid|Rapid Grant]]. For the best chance of approval, requests should be made in the month of November, since requests related to #1Lib1Ref will be given priority by the Grants team during November. * You can make sure your contribution is counted by using the Program and Events Dashboard for your event, institution, or region, and using the #1Lib1Ref hashtag in your edit summary. Login to start a new event or join an existing one for the [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/campaigns/1lib1ref_january_2020/overview January campaign]. * You can join the 1Lib1Ref community via the [[mail:Libraries|Wikimedia & Libraries]], and [[mail:1Lib1Ref|1Lib1Ref]] mailing lists, or by joining the [[m:WLUG|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group]]. Full resources and guides for participating are available on the [[m:The Wikipedia Library/1Lib1Ref|campaign page]]. On behalf of [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] Team --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:43, 14 November 2019 (UTC) <font size = "2">For any queries/clarifications and help with organising, contact fnartey{{@}}wikimedia[dot]org ([[m:User talk:FNartey (WMF)|Felix Nartey]]). </font> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:UY Scuti@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Coordinators/List_global&oldid=19557453 --> == Cousin == Added the explanation per your comment. Please help to convert fit into something that meets the simple English standards.[[User:Bobshmit|Bobshmit]] ([[User talk:Bobshmit|talk]]) 15:09, 5 January 2020 (UTC) == Kainar Academy == Hi there! Could you please add references/external sources to the article? It will help other editors check and verify the subject's notability? Many thanks. — [[User:Infogapp1|Infogapp1]] ([[User talk:Infogapp1|talk]]) 17:05, 11 August 2020 (UTC) == Roomball == Hi Monica Sandreczki has the story Roomball or Relayball as we call it now on North Country Public Radio is that good enough for an article now [[User:RelayballG12|RelayballG12]] ([[User talk:RelayballG12|talk]]) 02:21, 18 December 2021 (UTC) :I couldn't say. This is not my area. [[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 02:28, 18 December 2021 (UTC) Ok not a problem [[User:RelayballG12|RelayballG12]] ([[User talk:RelayballG12|talk]]) 02:29, 18 December 2021 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of CASAS== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:CASAS]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2022/CASAS]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 16:04, 15 May 2022 (UTC) == Use 'Other websites' == While you edit, please note that you must use 'Other websites' instead of using 'External links' as it helps to understand for everyone. Thanks for editing. [[User:DMK-C5|DMK-C5]] ([[User talk:DMK-C5|talk]]) 17:25, 6 September 2022 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Belmont 112== [[Image:Ambox deletion.png|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Belmont 112]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Belmont 112}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 04:04, 3 October 2022 (UTC) == October 2022 == [[File:information.svg|25px]] We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but "[[Belmont 112]]" was directly copied and pasted from the main [[:en:|English Wikipedia]]. Please do not do that. Such articles are usually too complex. They need to be simplified before or immediately after being added to the Simple English Wikipedia. In addition, be sure to include [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution|attribution]] on the article's talk page. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-encopypaste --> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 04:05, 3 October 2022 (UTC) == About the article you wrote and translate == We like and strongly encourage helpful changes to Wikipedia, but an article you created and translated from the main English Wikipedia, "[[N. K. Jemisin]]", was changed a bit because The word "respectively" means the first note should be connected to the first example, and the second note to the second example. The notes should be in seperate sentences. Also, when translating, please simplify the text. Thank you. [[Special:Contributions/2600:6C40:5400:8478:2839:8A81:8806:8DA4|2600:6C40:5400:8478:2839:8A81:8806:8DA4]] ([[User talk:2600:6C40:5400:8478:2839:8A81:8806:8DA4|talk]]) 01:29, 4 November 2022 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Elizabeth Greene (archaeologist)== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Elizabeth Greene (archaeologist)]], an article you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2023/Elizabeth Greene (archaeologist)]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Pure Evil|Pure Evil]] ([[User talk:Pure Evil|talk]]) 16:48, 16 January 2023 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Grethe Fatima Syéd== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Grethe Fatima Syéd]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2023/Grethe Fatima Syéd]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the article during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 15:24, 22 October 2023 (UTC) == Grethe Fatima Syéd (WIR) == Hello Kdammers, there is a discussion on enwiki [[:en:Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Women_in_Red#Grethe_Fatima_Sy%C3%A9d_-_Norwegian_writer,_academic,_and_translator|Talk:WikiProject Women in Red]] that may be of interest to you. Cheers, [[User:Cl3phact0|Cl3phact0]] ([[User talk:Cl3phact0|talk]]) 09:51, 28 October 2023 (UTC) == Ambipolar electric field == Please move that article to USERFY, asap.--That there is no such En-wiki article, is not necessarily a major issue.--Another thing: one might want to ask - can 'ambipolar electric fields' exist in other places, except where the wiki-article says.--I will be happy to look at the lede of any ''related'' article. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:341:BA4B:8456:85DD:62AF:8765|2001:2020:341:BA4B:8456:85DD:62AF:8765]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:341:BA4B:8456:85DD:62AF:8765|talk]]) 20:22, 29 August 2024 (UTC)<br><br>In case anyone was wondering: This wiki does not have article about,<br> en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambipolar_diffusion, [[Ambipolar diffusion]]. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:341:BA4B:8456:85DD:62AF:8765|2001:2020:341:BA4B:8456:85DD:62AF:8765]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:341:BA4B:8456:85DD:62AF:8765|talk]]) 20:24, 29 August 2024 (UTC) About that electric field: En-wiki has a source that mentions it ''verbatim'' - source 57, see<br><br>en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habitable_zone_for_complex_life&oldid=1242335120<br>. If that is of interest, then fine. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:341:BA4B:8456:85DD:62AF:8765|2001:2020:341:BA4B:8456:85DD:62AF:8765]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:341:BA4B:8456:85DD:62AF:8765|talk]]) 20:30, 29 August 2024 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Ambipolar electric field== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Ambipolar electric field]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/Ambipolar electric field]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 04:08, 16 September 2024 (UTC) == Ambipolar electric field == If you want to help out, then please feel free to copy the tags from En-wiki, and put those in the article. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:329:CFB8:5095:3887:ACF0:9F51|2001:2020:329:CFB8:5095:3887:ACF0:9F51]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:329:CFB8:5095:3887:ACF0:9F51|talk]]) 18:56, 18 September 2024 (UTC) :There is no drama to the tags - and as far as i recall, it was the chemistry professor (not myself), who judiciously placed the tags in that article.--En-wiki has had c. 3 discussions - however, now there is only activity on their "Polar wind" Talk page.--The justification for tags in their article, might be in (their) "wp:Physics" Talk page. [[Special:Contributions/2001:2020:329:CFB8:5095:3887:ACF0:9F51|2001:2020:329:CFB8:5095:3887:ACF0:9F51]] ([[User talk:2001:2020:329:CFB8:5095:3887:ACF0:9F51|talk]]) 19:00, 18 September 2024 (UTC) == Also needed, 2024 == https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Smith_(poet) Janet Sobel - https://getpocket.com/explore/item/janet-sobel-the-woman-written-out-of-history [[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 22:57, 21 December 2024 (UTC) Photonic integrated circuit / photonic chip 50501 movement: https://news.google.com/search?for=50501+movement&hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen https://apnews.com/article/50501-protests-project-2025-trump-state-capitols-ddd341171a54ba9b498cbfe7530e18ab KPG - In fiction:Park, Ed. same Bed Different Dreams - a novel.[[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) Stagebrush Rebellion James Harrison (blood donor) https://news.google.com/read/CBMiWkFVX3lxTE81TGdYZEJILXhyMGRpN2RMTE1PbGtwZTNZYldJRWR5bUNKV3A3TFRObGtoOXY2b1BIOG9XSWxNWG9kdHlfc2lrV1Y3bU5fVEFYY2JlTHFtWll0QdIBX0FVX3lxTE5mQS04MTBQVTRfeWVEbDlIb00ta0xXQWl2UjNwVF9nbm90Ti1PdmkxWHBGeUpuc0VVazRJckQ2ekdoSU5oM3lrb0RXZWtCUnZhbmlYV1psSS1ocU1tSGxz?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen == ? Quipu == Maybe Quipu -- https://news.google.com/read/CBMivgFBVV95cUxPNEs1WmxOY0pXczJBOW9tRmxXWVZOSURTejRLRTkzSC1kNldrczBiQkdOZjN2QXZjTWV4aEc3d1VhT1BlQlZRb245aWlLNHNWNGtYN3pZTVRWaW5kTnFKdm5jcjVuUGpHSmNRVXNYQVFNR0J6TUpYQUVMNWlPMXlFcEZaR292c3Jsc3pUcWJveGhEY3RFdVBRNVVLSFhxNFVHRUFYRjhJeldWOGEyb3dfWnRsQ1R4Ukg0dDNnWmZn?hl=en-US&gl=US&ceid=US%3Aen [[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 19:50, 8 February 2025 (UTC) == herasome == Herasome is the name for "tiny, glowing green structures in ...[at least some animal's] reproductive cells. They are "aggregates of amyloid proteins...." It is suggested that they "may help explain mysteries like 'missing heritability' — the fact that many traits and diseases run in families without clear genetic explanations." (Scientists Discover a New Form of Inheritance That Doesn’t Involve DNA, https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/scientists-discover-a-new-form-of-inheritance-that-doesn-t-involve-dna/ar-AA1ADnnz?ocid=msedgntp&pc=HCTS&cvid=ce82f3bf9aec45ff9584a78393168bd9&ei=31). This secondary source says the research is reported at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41556-024-01494-9 .[[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 01:13, 15 March 2025 (UTC) See also this: An Investigation of the Contribution of Protein Aggregates to Epigenetic Inheritance in Caenorhabditis elegans McAuley, Jacob.   University of Toronto (Canada) ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024. 31559789. [[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers#top|talk]]) 01:21, 15 March 2025 (UTC) ==Quick deletion of Galileo Project== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Galileo Project]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Galileo Project}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can find more information about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Nassiv64|Nassiv64]] ([[User talk:Nassiv64|talk]]) 18:55, 23 March 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Olo== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Olo]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Olo]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span>_{[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 14:31, 19 April 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Dancing molecule== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Dancing molecule]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dancing molecule]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:15, 3 June 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Designated School Official== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Designated School Official]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Designated School Official]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:04, 5 June 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Snoot boot== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Snoot boot]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Snoot boot]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:17, 13 June 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of U.S. Research Protection Act== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:U.S. Research Protection Act]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/U.S. Research Protection Act]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:29, 22 June 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of URBE University== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:URBE University]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/URBE University]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:40, 22 June 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Ann Howard Creel== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Ann Howard Creel]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Ann Howard Creel]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:01, 27 June 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Black Sea Maritime Archaeology Project== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Black Sea Maritime Archaeology Project]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Black Sea Maritime Archaeology Project]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 10:37, 29 June 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Channel Islands Brussels Office== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Channel Islands Brussels Office]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Channel Islands Brussels Office]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 22:28, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Poor Liz== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Poor Liz]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Poor Liz]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. 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Thank you very much. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 21:13, 6 April 2026 (UTC) nqhx2ji7u6nz9wo1bdlpzqhwce2y7b7 0 264157 10878808 10860761 2026-06-04T15:06:00Z ~2026-33305-13 1816296 /* Personal life */ 10878808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}} {{Infobox person | name = Nicki Minaj | image = Nicki Minaj MTV VMAs 4.jpg | caption = Minaj in 2018 | birth_name = Onika Tanya Maraj | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|12|8}}<!-- - SOURCED IN EARLY LIFE - --> | birth_place = [[Port of Spain]], Trinidad and Tobago | occupation = {{Flatlist| * Rapper * singer * songwriter * actress }} | years_active = 2004–present<!-- -Please see the discussion on the talk page and don't change this without engaging- --> | works = {{Flatlist| * [[Nicki Minaj discography|Discography]] * [[List of songs recorded by Nicki Minaj|songs recorded]] * [[Nicki Minaj videography|videography]] * [[List of Nicki Minaj live performances|performances]] }} | spouse = {{marriage|Kenneth Petty|2019}} | partners = Safaree Samuels (2003–2014)<br>[[Meek Mill]] (2015–2017) <br/> Kenneth Petty (2018-2019) | children = 1 | awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Nicki Minaj|Full list]] | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]<ref name="Independent">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/in-the-pink-first-lady-of-hip-hop-nicki-minaj-is-a-bewigged-global-phenomenon-2331338.html|title=In the pink: First lady of hip-hop Nicki Minaj is a bewigged global phenomenon|newspaper=[[The Independent]] |last=Haramis| first=Nick| date= August 3, 2011|access-date=October 5, 2017|archive-date=September 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911115835/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/in-the-pink-first-lady-of-hip-hop-nicki-minaj-is-a-bewigged-global-phenomenon-2331338.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://urbanislandz.com/2021/12/15/nicki-minaj-doja-cat-makes-guinness-world-record-with-say-so/|title=Nicki Minaj, Doja Cat Makes Guinness World Record With 'Say So'| website= urbanislandz.com |date=December 15, 2021|quote=Nicki Minaj is quickly cementing herself as one of the greatest rappers of the decade as she continues to rake in accolades over her illustrious career.|access-date=January 12, 2022|archive-date=January 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109205905/https://urbanislandz.com/2021/12/15/nicki-minaj-doja-cat-makes-guinness-world-record-with-say-so/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]<ref name="bag">{{cite web|url=https://sniffers.co.nz/article/60310-2|title=Nicki Minaj shares lead single from ''Pink Friday 2'', 'Last Time I Saw You'|publisher=Sniffers|last=McInnes|first=Laura|date=September 1, 2023|accessdate=September 8, 2024|quote=back in her R&B-pop bag.}}</ref> * [[Pop music|pop]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenwood |first=Douglas |date=March 13, 2019 |title=Pop is Not a Dirty Word: Nicki Minaj is an ex-pop star. Good for her |url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/pop-not-dirty-word-nicki-minaj-not-pop-star-anymore-2461070%3famp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419002733/https://www.nme.com/blogs/pop-not-dirty-word-nicki-minaj-not-pop-star-anymore-2461070?amp |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |access-date=October 17, 2021 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> * [[pop rap]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/nicki-minaj-pink-friday-2/ |title=Pink Friday 2 |work=Pitchfork |last=Shepherd |first=Julianne Escobedo |date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=January 22, 2024 |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211072703/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/nicki-minaj-pink-friday-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Dance music|dance]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2017/03/10/nicki-minaj-releases-3-new-singles-is-an-album-coming-soon/|title=Nicki Minaj Releases 3 New Singles--is an Album Coming Soon?|publisher=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]|last=McIntyre|first=Hugo|date=March 10, 2017|accessdate=December 27, 2024|quote=All three new cuts fit squarely under the hip-hop genre label, which isn't always a guarantee with Minaj, who has found success in rap, R&B, pop and even dance, with the latter two styles having helped her make it to the upper reaches of the charts several times.}}</ref> }} | instruments = Vocals | origin = New York City, US | label = {{flatlist| * [[Young Money Entertainment|Young Money]] * [[Cash Money Records|Cash Money]] * [[Republic Records|Republic]] * Heavy On It }} | website = {{URL|nickiminajofficial.com}} {{Infobox | child=yes | header = Logo | headerstyle = background:#b0c4de | data1 = }} }} }} '''Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty''' (born December 8, 1982), known professionally as '''Nicki Minaj''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ɪ|ˈ|n|ɑː|ʒ}}), is a [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidadian]] rapper, singer and songwriter based in the [[United States]]. == Background == Nicki Minaj, born Onika Tanya Maraj on December 8, 1982, is a Trinidadian-born rapper, singer, songwriter, and actress. Nicki Minaj moved to [[Queens]], [[New York City]] at age five. Her father went to rehab for alcoholism in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hattenstone|first=Simon|date=April 27, 2012|title=Nicki Minaj: 'I have bigger balls than the boys'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/apr/27/nicki-minaj-bigger-balls-than-the-boys|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Minaj claimed he burned down their house in her youth.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Strang|first=Fay|date=September 9, 2014|title=Nicki Minaj's reveals her 'crack-addict father set fire to their home with her MUM inside'|work=Mirror|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/nicki-minajs-reveals-crack-addict-father-4187635|access-date=April 21, 2018}}</ref> As a teenager, Minaj had an abortion, which is referenced in her song "All Things Go" from ''The Pinkprint''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 8, 2015|title=Nicki's abortion: Minaj reveals unspoken truths|language=en-US|work=New York Post|url=https://nypost.com/2015/01/08/nickis-abortion-minaj-reveals-unspoken-truths/|access-date=April 21, 2018}}</ref> ==Career== === 2009 - 2011: Beginnings and ''Pink Friday'' === Minaj has built a successful and multifaceted career spanning in music, acting, and business ventures. In August 2009, Nicki Minaj signed to Young Money Entertainment with distribution from Universal Motown. Her debut album, ''[[Pink Friday]]'', was released on November 9, 2010. It climbed to number one on the US ''Billboard'' 200 album chart and contained the singles "Your Love", "Moment 4 Life" (featuring Canadian rapper [[Drake (musician)|Drake]]), "[[Super Bass]]", "Did It on 'Em", and "Fly" (featuring Barbadian singer [[Rihanna]]). The first, second, and fifth singles reached the top 20 in the US, while "Super Bass" managed to peak at number three on the ''[[Billboard Hot 100|Billboard]]'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] and peaked in the top ten around the world. The song has been certified 8× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined shipments and streams of 8 million copies in the US alone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/|title=Gold & Platinum|publisher=Recording Industry Association of America|language=en-US|access-date=June 21, 2019}}</ref> Minaj was also featured with [[Kesha]] on a remix of [[Britney Spears]]' song "[[Till the World Ends]]". [[File:Nicki Minaj cropped.jpg|left|thumb|234x234px|Nicki Minaj in 2010]] Minaj has been instrumental in challenging the patriarchal norms of the music industry, as a Black female rapper. Additionally, in Minaj's early career she used sexuality as a way to gain fans and relate to audiences. She was able to gather a large female and LGBT+ identifying audience through her implying that she was bisexual herself.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shange|first=Savannah|date=January 2, 2014|title=A king named Nicki: strategic queerness and the black femmecee|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0740770X.2014.901602|journal=Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory|volume=24|issue=1|pages=29–45|doi=10.1080/0740770X.2014.901602|s2cid=191486577|issn=0740-770X}}</ref> Through her wigs, costumes, and bold designs she attracted fans from the LGBT+ community, who found themselves to be able to identify with her boldness and expressivity. === 2012 - 2013: ''Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded'' and ''The Re-Up'' === Minaj released a single, "[[Starships (song)|Starships]]", on Valentine's Day of 2012, before releasing her second studio album, ''[[Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded]]'', on April 3, 2012. This album contained more pop- and dance-leaning songs, with some songs produced by RedOne (known for working with [[Jennifer Lopez]] and [[Lady Gaga]]) and Dr. Luke. "Starships" reached number one in Scotland and the top five in the US, UK, and Canada. Minaj released two more singles from the album, "Pound the Alarm" and "Va Va Voom", which both reached the top 25 of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. She was featured on [[David Guetta]]'s single "[[Turn Me On]]", which reached the top ten worldwide. Minaj re-released ''Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded'' later in the year as ''Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded - The Re-Up'' that contained songs like "Va Va Voom" and "Freedom". From 2012 to 2013, she was featured as a judge on the music competition series ''[[American Idol]]'' alongside [[Keith Urban]], [[Mariah Carey]], and Randy Jackson. === 2014 - 2017: ''The Other Woman'', ''The Pinkprint'', and other projects === In 2014, Minaj was featured in the film ''[[The Other Woman]]''. She released her third studio album, ''[[The Pinkprint]], ''in December of that year. It was preceded by the singles "''[[Anaconda (Nicki Minaj song)|Anaconda]]''", which samples the 1992 hit single "[[Baby Got Back]]" by [[Sir Mix-A-Lot]], and "Only". "''Anaconda''" reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Minaj's highest-peaking song in the United States up until 2022. Minaj performed "Anaconda" at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/mtv-vmas-2014-watch-nicki-4102337|title=MTV VMAs 2014: Watch Nicki Minaj's raunchy twerktastic performance of Anaconda|last=Shenton|first=Zoe|date=August 25, 2014|website=Mirror}}</ref>'' Minaj was featured on Guetta's single "Hey Mama" alongside [[Bebe Rexha]] and [[Afrojack]], along with [[Ariana Grande]]'s "[[Side to Side]]". On March 10, 2017, Minaj released three singles: "[[No Frauds]]", "[[Regret in Your Tears]]", and "[[Changed It]]". "No Frauds" became a top 20 hit in the US.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/nicki-minaj|title=Nicki Minaj|magazine=Billboard|access-date=June 21, 2019}}</ref> Minaj took a break from social media at the end of the year to focus on new songs. === 2018 - 2019: ''Queen'' === [[File:Nicki Minaj Accepts the Award for Best Hip Hop EMA 2018.png|thumb|249x249px|Nicki Minaj at the [[MTV European Music Awards]] 2018]] On April 13, 2018, Minaj released two singles: "Chun-Li" and "Barbie Tingz". The first reached number 10 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and was picked as the lead single from Minaj's fourth studio album, ''[[Queen (Nicki Minaj album)|Queen]]''. "Barbie Tingz" reached number 25 in the US but was later removed from the track list for ''Queen'', except as a Target edition bonus track.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.target.com/p/nicki-minaj-queen-explicit-target-exclusive/-/A-53656910|title=Nicki Minaj - Queen [Explicit] (Target Exclusive)|website=target.com|language=en|access-date=June 21, 2019}}</ref> The promotional single "Rich Sex", featuring American rapper [[Lil Wayne]], was also released from the album. Minaj was featured on the single [[“Fefe”]] by rapper [[6ix9ine]] which reached number three on the Hot 100 in both the US and Canada. Minaj released a new single, "Megatron", on June 21, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5416685/nicki-minaj-megatron/|title=Nicki Minaj drops new song, 'Megatron'|date=June 21, 2019|website=Global News|language=en|access-date=June 29, 2020}}</ref> ===2020 - present: Hiatus and Pink Friday 2=== After a social media hiatus, Minaj returned to Twitter and Instagram on January 30, 2020. The following day she appeared in the music video for [[Meghan Trainor]]'s single, “Nice to Meet Ya” which also featured Minaj. On February 7, Minaj released her first single of 2020, titled “Yikes”. Minaj was featured in two remixes of the song “[[Say So]]” by American rapper [[Doja Cat]]. The song would go on to become her first US number-one hit. On June 12 Minaj featured on the song “[[Trollz]]” by rapper [[6ix9ine]]. The song went on to become Minaj’s second US number one. In 2021, Minaj released the song [[Boyz (feat. Nicki Minaj)]] with [[Jesy Nelson]]. In 2022, Minaj released her first greatest-hits album, ''Queen Radio: Volume 1''. It featured the single "Super Freaky Girl", which became her third US number-one single when it debuted atop the Hot 100.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Inman|first1=DeMicia|last2=Inman|first2=DeMicia|date=September 9, 2022|title=Nicki Minaj Drops "Super Freaky Girl (Queen Mix)" Feat. JT, BIA, And More|url=https://www.vibe.com/music/music-news/nicki-minaj-super-freaky-girl-queen-mix-1234692353/|access-date=November 17, 2022|website=Vibe (magazine)|language=en-US}}</ref> Minaj released her fifth studio album, [[Pink Friday 2]] on December 8, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|date=October 25, 2023|title=Nicki Minaj Pushes Back ‘Pink Friday 2’: ‘It Will Come Out on My Birthday’|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/rb-hip-hop/nicki-minaj-pushespink-friday-2-december-birthday-1235453879/|access-date=November 17, 2023|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}</ref> It was preceded by the singles Super Freaky Girl, Red Ruby Da Sleeze, and Last Time I Saw You. == Public image == [[File:Christopher Macsurak Nicki Minaj cropped.jpg|thumb|252x252px]] Nicki Minaj has been known for her [[fashion]] and style. In the first few years of her career, she wore many colourful costumes and wigs, making her very recogniseable. Minaj has created several [[Alter ego|alter egos]] which she has performed as including Nicki Teresa, Harajuku Barbie, and Roman Zolanski. Known as the Queen of Rap, she is the most-followed rapper on [[Instagram]] with over 227 million followers. === Relationships with other celebrities === During her career, Nicki Minaj has had complicated relationships with other celebrities. She had a close friendship with [[Ariana Grande]] in the 2010s. However, Minaj has also been involved in public [[Feud|feuds]] with other celebrities such as [[Cardi B]], another popular female rapper. Their feud began in 2017 and received a lot of media attention after Cardi B tried to fight Minaj at the 2018 [[New York Fashion Week]]. == Activism == Minaj has supported many causes and [[Donation|donated]] to many charities including [[Food bank|food banks]], the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]], and projects to fund a school for girls in [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] and help a village in [[India]]. In 2019, she cancelled a show in [[Saudi Arabia]] to make clear her support for [[women's rights]], the [[LGBT community]], and [[Freedom of speech|freedom of expression]]. During the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|first presidency]] of [[Donald Trump]], she spoke against his [[Immigration|anti-immigration]] policies. She supported [[Black Lives Matter]]. Minaj has spoken a lot about [[freedom of religion]]. She has supported victims of [[police brutality]] and violence against [[Christianity|Christians]] in [[Nigeria]]. In 2025, Minaj appeared at a [[Turning Point USA]] event with [[Erika Kirk]]. At the event, Minaj spoke in support for Donald Trump. Many fans felt that this was a big change from her previous beliefs, as Trump's [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|second presidency]] has been [[Controversy|controversial]]. == Personal life == Minaj had dated Safaree Samuels for 11 years, and later dated rapper [[Meek Mill]] from 2015 till January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nicki Minaj and Meek Mill Split After Nearly 2 Years of Dating|url=http://people.com/music/nicki-minaj-meek-mill-break-up-tweet/|access-date=May 28, 2018|work=People}}</ref> In November 2018, She began dating Kenneth "Zoo" Petty. She has known him since her teenage years. They married in October 2019, after just one year of dating.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Henderson|first=Cydney|title=Nicki Minaj marries Kenneth Petty after a year of dating: The 'Clyde to my Bonnie'|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2019/10/22/nicki-minaj-marries-kenneth-petty-after-year-dating/4060242002/|access-date=June 29, 2020|website=USA Today|language=en-US}}</ref> After the marriage, Minaj changed her surname to Maraj-Petty. In July 2020, Minaj announced that she is expecting a child.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Respers France|first=Lisa|title=Nicki Minaj announces pregnancy|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/20/entertainment/nicki-minaj-pregnant/index.html|access-date=July 20, 2020|publisher=CNN}}</ref> In September 2020, she gave birth to their son, Papa Bear.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Weaver|first=Hilary|date=May 31, 2021|title=Nicki Minaj Shared a Rare Video of Her Baby Boy in an Adorable Burberry Teddy Bear Outfit|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a36578833/nicki-minaj-son-burberry-teddy-bear-outfit/|url-status=live|magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826134539/https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a36578833/nicki-minaj-son-burberry-teddy-bear-outfit/|archive-date=August 26, 2022|access-date=August 14, 2022}}</ref> Minaj is a [[Christianity|Christian]]. In 2011, her cousin Nicholas Telemaque was murdered in Brooklyn, New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2011/07/05/rap-star-nicki-minajs-cousin-shot-dead-in-brooklyn/|title=Rap star Nicki Minaj's cousin shot dead in Brooklyn|date=July 5, 2011|website=[[New York Post]]}}</ref> In 2020, her brother Jelani Maraj was [[Sentence (law)|sentenced]] to [[jail]] for 25 years after [[Sexual assault|sexually assaulting]] a child.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-28|title=Nicki Minaj's brother sentenced to 25 years for child rape|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-51280576|access-date=2026-01-13}}</ref> == Discography == {{Main|Nicki Minaj discography|List of songs recorded by Nicki Minaj}} ===Studio albums=== * ''[[Pink Friday]]'' (2010) * ''[[Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded]]'' (2012) * ''[[The Pinkprint]]'' (2014) * ''[[Queen (Nicki Minaj album)|Queen]]'' (2018) *''[[Pink Friday 2]]'' (2023) ===Mixtapes=== *''[[Playtime Is Over (mixtape)|Playtime Is Over]]'' (2007) *''[[Sucka Free]]'' (2008) *''[[Beam Me Up Scotty (mixtape)|Beam Me Up Scotty]]'' (2009) ===Re-releases=== * ''Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded - The Re-Up'' (2012) ===Compilations=== * ''Queen Radio: Volume 1'' (2022) == Filmography == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role !Notes !{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- |2010 |''Nicki Minaj: My Time Now'' | - |TV documentary | rowspan="9" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3747326/|title=Nicki Minaj|publisher=IMDb|access-date=June 21, 2019}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2012 |''Nicki Minaj: My Truth'' | - |TV documentary; executive producer |- |''The Cleveland Show'' |Herself |Episode: "Menace II Secret Society" |- |''Ice Age: Continental Drift'' |Steffie |Voice role |- |2014 |''The Other Woman'' |Lydia |Feature film |- |2014 - 2020 |''Steven Universe'' |Sugilite |Voice role |- |2015 |''Nicki Minaj: My Time Again'' | - |TV documentary |- |2016 |''Barbershop: The Next Cut'' |Draya |Feature film |- |2019 |''The Angry Birds Movie 2'' |Pinky |Voice role |} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} ==Other websites== {{Sister project links|v=no|s=no|b=no|display=Nicki Minaj|voy=no}} * {{Official website|http://mypinkfriday.com}} * {{Allmusic|class=artist|id=mn0001013175|label=Nicki Minaj}} * {{Discogs artist|artist=Nicki Minaj}} * {{IMDb name}} {{s-start}} {{succession box|before = [[CeeLo Green|Cee-Lo Green]]|title = ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' [[list of Saturday Night Live guests|musical guest]]|years = January 29, 2011|after = [[Linkin Park]]}} {{succession box|before = [[Mark Ronson]] and [[Bruno Mars]]|title = ''Saturday Night Live'' musical guest|years = December 6, 2014|after = [[Charli XCX]]}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{multistub|bio|music}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Minaj, Nicki}} [[Category:Nicki Minaj| ]] [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Rappers from New York (state)]] [[Category:American hip hop musicians]] [[Category:American hip hop singers]] [[Category:American R&B musicians]] [[Category:American R&B singers]] [[Category:American pop musicians]] [[Category:American pop singers]] [[Category:American dance musicians]] [[Category:Urban pop musicians]] [[Category:American rappers]] [[Category:Musicians from Queens]] [[Category:Singers from New York City]] [[Category:Trinidad and Tobago singers]] [[Category:Pop rappers]] [[Category:Trinidad and Tobago musicians]] 5xvqivwb5i8r5aqltdo03e88gb1fkcx 0 267714 10878893 10878255 2026-06-04T18:03:04Z DiscoveringMysteries03 1650850 /* Cartoon Network Films & Entertainment */ 10878893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game | developer = [[Roblox Corporation]] | title = Roblox | image = Roblox Logo 2022.svg|thumb | released = {{Date and age|September 1, 2006}} | platforms = Phone ([[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]) PC/Laptops ([[macOS]], [[Windows]], [[ChromeOS]]) Tablets ([[Fire OS]], [[iPadOS]], etc), Consoles ([[Xbox One]], [[Xbox Series S]], [[Xbox Series X]], [[PlayStation 4]], [[PlayStation 5]] and [[Nintendo Switch]]) | publisher = Roblox Corporation: David Baszucki, Erik Cassel }} '''''Roblox''''' is an online free to play [[video game]] and [[game creation system]] made by [[Roblox Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diaz|first=Ana|date=2021-03-11|title=Why is everyone talking about Roblox?|url=https://www.polygon.com/22326123/what-is-roblox-explainer-public-offering|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Polygon|language=en}}</ref> It was created by [[David Baszucki]] and [[Erik Cassel]] in 2004 and released in 2006. The old name for ''Roblox'' was "Dynablocks".<ref>{{Cite web|title=DynaBlocks|url=https://roblox.fandom.com/wiki/DynaBlocks|access-date=2022-11-08|website=Roblox Wiki|language=en}}</ref> Roblox allows players to create games and play games created by others, with many different types of games available. Roblox can be played on [[Mobile phone|Mobile]], [[PC]], [[PlayStation (console)|Playstation]] and [[Xbox]]. [[Virtual reality|Virtual]] accessories to decorate User Avatars can be bought in the avatar shop using [[#Virtual items and currency (Robux)|"Robux"]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kunthara|first=Sophia|date=2020-11-19|title=Roblox Had 'Rapid' Revenue Growth Due to COVID-19, Its IPO Filing Reveals, But Growing Losses Too|url=https://news.crunchbase.com/news/what-to-know-leading-up-to-roblox-expected-ipo/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Crunchbase News|language=en-US}}</ref> a [[currency]] which costs real money to get but can also be earned by selling virtual items to other players. ''Roblox'' has over 205 million monthly active players and began to grow fast in [[2021]]. In 2025 Roblox has 151.5 million players daily.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://backlinko.com/roblox-users|title=Roblox User and Growth Stats You Need to Know|date=23 January 2026|accessdate=25 January 2026|website=Backlingo.com}}</ref> By December 2022, Roblox's popularity had grown. It had 55.1 million daily active users [[worldwide]]. This is an increase from 19.1 million daily active users by the end of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Infrex|first=India|date=2023-02-28|title=Roblox Popularity Score|url=https://ncert.infrexa.com/roblox-popularity-score/|access-date=2023-02-28|website=NCERT Infrexa|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228171759/https://ncert.infrexa.com/roblox-popularity-score/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == History == {{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 200 | image1 = First Roblox Logo.svg | caption1 = The first ''Roblox'' logo, designed in 2004. | image2 = Roblox Logo 2004.svg | caption2 = The ''Roblox'' logo used from 2004 to 2005 | image3 = ROBLOX 2004.svg | caption3 = The ''Roblox'' logo used from 2005 to 2006 | image4 = Roblox logo.svg | caption4 = The ''Roblox'' logo used from 2006 to 2017; it had numerous variations, but mostly remained the same. | image5 = Roblox logo 2017.svg | caption5 = The ''Roblox'' logo used from 2017 to 2018 | image6 = Roblox Logo Black.svg | caption6 = The ''Roblox'' logo used from 2018 to 2022 | image7 = Roblox Logo 2022.svg | caption7 = The ''Roblox'' logo currently using from 2022 to 2025 }}In 1989, [[David Baszucki|David Baszuki]] and his brother Greg Baszuki released an interactive [[Physics]] [[software]] under the company they founded called Knowledge Revolution. The software was designed to teach [[Student|students]] about Physics in a [[2D|2D Space]]. By 2004, David and his friend Erik Cassel had started working on a new [[3D]] [[Multiplayer video game|Multiplayer]] game, originally known as ''DynaBlocks'', but eventually changed the name to Roblox. Later, Roblox [[Publishing|published]] its [[Software release|beta version]] to public. Roblox had made many big changes in 2006. In January 2006, Roblox had implemented [[Multiplayer video game|Multiplayer]]. In September 2006, Roblox left Beta and was made free for all players. A month later, Roblox made changes to the multiplayer [[Application programming interface|API]] so that players could make their own multiplayer games instead of just the Roblox [[Software developer|Developers]]. In May 2007, the Roblox Developers began making [[Virtualization|virtual items]]. Its first virtual item being a [[Baseball cap|Red Baseball Cap]]. Later that year, Roblox started a paid membership known as Builders Club. In 2008, Roblox released a mode called Guest Mode, which allowed users to play Roblox without creating an account, but had some limitations. Higher forms of the Builders Club were started in 2009. These were known as the Turbo Builders Club and the Outrageous Builders Club. In 2010, Roblox Studio was changed so that game developers could understand its features easily. The next year, Roblox released its first [[Advertising|advertisement]]. The advertisement had the well-known quote, "''IT'S FREE!".'' On 1st April 2012, Roblox was [[Hacker|hacked]]. It caused the Roblox website to be shut down that day. By 2nd April 2012, the website was recovered. The hacking incident is mostly known as the '[[April Fools' Day|April Fools]] Hacking Incident'. In 2013, Roblox added [[dynamic lighting]]. Its purpose was to make the lighting in the game more realistic. This update received more updates over time. In June 2015, Roblox released Smooth Terrain. This made the [[terrain]] (such as [[sand]], [[grass]], [[water]] and more) looks better. On 14 April 2016, the Roblox [[currency]] 'Tix' was removed. In September 2016, Roblox released R15 to the public, which allowed for users to have more parts in their [[Limb|Limbs]]. In January 2017, Roblox changed their logo. The [[YouTube]] channel for the game also released a [[music video]] (MV)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roblox Anthem Video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzXzGMbdQfY|website=[[YouTube]] | date=9 January 2017 }}</ref> to showcase it. Later, in October, Roblox removed Guest Mode due to most using it as a way to use cheats without having any [[Punishment|repercussions]]. In 2019, Builders Club was replaced with Roblox Premium. In December 2020, Roblox announced that players would soon no longer need Premium to upload [[clothing]]. Although, they would have to pay a fee of 10 Robux for each upload. The change was began in March 2021. In August 2021, Roblox bought the company of a communication app known as [[Guilded]] for 90 million [[United States dollar|USD]].<ref>{{Cite web|first=|title=Joining Roblox|url=https://www.guilded.gg/blog/joining-roblox|access-date=2021-08-18|website=Guilded - Chat for Gaming Communities|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Francis|first=Bryant|title=Roblox now owns online communications platform Guilded|url=https://gamasutra.com/view/news/386872/Roblox_now_owns_online_communications_platform_Guilded.php|access-date=2021-08-18|website=gamasutra.com|date=16 August 2021|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816180027/https://gamasutra.com/view/news/386872/Roblox_now_owns_online_communications_platform_Guilded.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 June 2021|title=Form 10-Q|url=https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001315098/b80ee630-5ce5-4b4c-8b84-d0141f383f25.pdf}}</ref> In the same month, they chose some developers to test out [[Voice]] [[Chat]] feature.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Peters|first=Jay|date=2021-09-02|title=Roblox is getting voice chat, starting first with 'Spatial Voice'|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/9/2/22654884/roblox-voice-chat-spatial-moderation-discord|access-date=2021-09-04|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> In October 2021, Roblox had to shut down the website due to many [[Server|Backend]] Modules having issues causing the site to be down for a record 3 Days. D''espite popular belief, it wasn't caused by the [[Restaurant|Restaraunt]] [[Chipotle]] coming to the site for free Burrito Coupons.'' Shortly after in October 2023, Roblox removed a once loved [[Xbox]] theme from 2017, which brought up lots of [[controversy]] among the community. == Legal issues == In May 2021, a 12 years old user filed a [[class action]] lawsuit against the Roblox Corporation. The suit said that they were [[Scam|scamming]] players, as they were not giving out [[refund]]s when banned items were deleted.<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 May 2021|title=Roblox Accused in Suit of Cheating Kids With Bogus Purchases|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|publisher=Bloomberg Business|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-26/roblox-accused-in-suit-of-ripping-off-kids-with-bogus-purchases|access-date=2021-05-28}}</ref> In June 2021, a group of [[music]] [[Publishing|publishers]] sued the Roblox company for mass [[copyright infringement]]. Due to users uploading many copyrighted songs without permission, with the publishers seeking 200 million USD from them.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Needleman|first=Anne Steele and Sarah E.|date=2021-06-09|title=WSJ News Exclusive {{!}} Music Publishers Sue Roblox for Letting Game Creators Use Unlicensed Songs|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/music-publishers-sue-roblox-for-letting-game-creators-use-songs-11623271976|access-date=2021-06-10|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> In March 2022, Roblox was once again sued, which led to Roblox removing all user-made audio longer than 6 seconds. Along with the update, they added more [[FX|Sound Effects]] made by official developers as the Community Works towards getting audio and background music back. They also limited [[Audio]] Publishing to 180 Audio [[File system|Files]] a month. A policy exists within in the game that with an account, if any copyrighted thing, (e.g. characters, places) were to be in a lawsuit, the account owner would be at fault. == Game creation == Roblox lets its players create their own games using its own separate [[app]], Roblox Studio. Players can build anything they want by using the Studio, and then publish their game to the Roblox website for anyone to play. Roblox encourages its players to create new games because every game is made by other users. However, it is only available on [[MacOS]] and [[Microsoft Windows]]. == Games in Roblox == ''See main article, [[List of Roblox games]]'' There also are over 18 million unique games in Roblox<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-08|title=Roblox User and Growth Stats You Need to Know in 2024|url=https://backlinko.com/roblox-users|access-date=2024-06-21|website=Backlinko|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Yusana Mey|title=Top Up Roblox - Beli Robux di Warung Top Up|url=https://warungtopup.org/voucher/roblox|access-date=2024-06-21|website=warungtopup.org|language=en|archive-date=2026-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221135006/https://warungtopup.org/voucher/roblox|url-status=dead}}</ref>for example swordgames, mini games and horror. == Virtual items and currency (Robux)== Players on Roblox can buy virtual items from the Catalog using virtual currency named 'Robux'. This currency is obtained by buying a Roblox Premium [[Membership]] or from a [[gift card|Gift Card]]. It can also be made by selling items like Game Passes or [[Accessories]] to other players for Robux, as well as making Clothing Items or playing Donation Games. Another form of currency was the Tix, also known as Tickets. All players could get a few Tix each day when they log into the game. They could trade those Tix for Robux. Tix were removed on April 14th 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sidhwani|first=Priyansh|date=2021-03-12|title=The History Of Roblox : From 2004 Until Now|url=https://techstory.in/the-history-of-Roblox-from-2004-until-now/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=TechStory|language=en-US}}</ref> == Membership == [[File:Roblox Premium logo.svg|thumb|Roblox Premium logo]] Builders Club was Roblox's first [[Subscription|Membership]] club which could only be used through a purchase. Builders Club gave its members more features in Roblox, such as earning its virtual currency called Robux, and the ability to trade items. Another thing players could do was sell Limited items (buy-able and sell-able items on the Avatar Shop). There were three types of Builders Club: Classic, Turbo, and Outrageous. Classic was the original Builders Club type and Outrageous was the newest. Players would either buy it monthly or annually. On September 23 2019, Builder's Club was removed and replaced with Premium. Premium is very much like the original Builders Club except it gives players Robux every month instead of daily. Premium players also get access to [[perks]] in select games and get [[Discounts and allowances|discounts]] from User-generated content. == Backlash == Many users on the platform disagree with the management of the platform claiming that the platform prioritizes profits significantly more than user safety after many incidents of children being abused on the platform. The backlash was boosted significantly after the [[:en:Roblox–Schlep_controversy|Roblox Schlep controversy]] as of August 15, 2025. The platform has showed minor improvements to user safety, but many agree that the platform is still far from safe for users and that the management did the bare minimum to fix these major safety issues. After Roblox added an [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] face check that forced you to use your camera so you can only chat with people your age, players only got even more angry. People's ages would frequently be misjudged, putting older players with younger ones. People found ways to get around this age check, using makeup to look like adults. The update would leave the platform's users outraged, with many quitting the game altogether. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:2006 video games]] [[Category:Android (operating system) games]] [[Category:Free online games]] [[Category:IOS games]] [[Category:MacOS games]] [[Category:Massively multiplayer online games]] [[Category:Online games]] [[Category:Roblox| ]] [[Category:Social simulation video games]] [[Category:Game engines]] [[Category:Video games developed in the United States]] [[Category:Windows games]] [[Category:Xbox One games]] 7r76qll6r7h5s2fzfeb8t0nv1imx55z 0 271006 10879318 10878737 2026-06-05T04:47:14Z ~2026-33351-49 1816651 10879318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp-semi|small=yes|expiry=21 May 2026}} White people are ugly and don’t have a culture. {{More sources|date=March 2024}} {{Race}} '''White people''' are people with light skin. Most white people are of [[Europe|European]] origin. In [[American English]], the term "Caucasian" is used to mean "white people."<ref name=":0" /> Outside of North America, it refers to people or things from the [[Caucasus Mountains]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Butterfield|first=Jeremy ButterfieldJeremy|title=Caucasian|date=2015-06-18|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199661350.001.0001/acref-9780199661350-e-764|work=Fowler’s Dictionary of Modern English Usage|editor-last=Butterfield|editor-first=Jeremy|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199661350.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-966135-0|access-date=2023-10-15}}</ref> Before the modern age, Europeans did not think of themselves as "white." They defined their [[Race (biology)|race]], [[Ancestor|ancestry]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]] in terms of [[nationality|what place or culture they were from]], for example [[Greek people|Greek]] or [[Ancient Rome|Roman]].<ref>{{cite book|last1= Painter|first1= Nell Irvin|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F-GFUyty3SAC&q=The+History+of+White+People|title= The History of White People|date= 18 April 2011|publisher= W. W. Norton & Company|isbn= 978-0-393-07949-4}}</ref> The idea of a single white race came into use starting in the 17th century. The term white was invented during American slavery to make European Americans seem different from enslaved [[African Americans|African American]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-09.htm|title=The Origin of the Idea of Race|website=[[PBS]] |access-date=2024-04-19|archive-date=2016-04-13|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160413173026/http://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-09.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/learn/talking-about-race/topics/historical-foundations-race|title= Historical Foundations of Race}}</ref> The people who were the strongest supporters of the white race being [[White supremacy|supreme]] in 20th century Europe were [[Fascism|fascist]] [[Italy]] and [[Nazi Germany]]. They felt that some European peoples such as [[Slavs]] as a different race even though they were white. This was just for [[Politics|political]] purposes. ==Related pages== *[[Race (sociology)]] *[[Racism]] *[[Historical race concepts]] *[[Black people]] *[[White Americans]] *[[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant]] *[[White nationalism]] *[[White supremacy]] *[[White genocide myth]] *[[White Mexicans]] *[[White Hispanic and Latino Americans]] *[[Caucasian race]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{White people}} {{stub}} [[Category:Historical races]] a6a8nx0rbwik4ryr2gzuh2edula9q2h 10879333 10879318 2026-06-05T04:53:42Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit(s) by [[User:~2026-33351-49|~2026-33351-49]]: Vandalism ([[User:BZPN/MassRollback|MR]]) 10879333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp-semi|small=yes|expiry=21 May 2026}} {{More sources|date=March 2024}} {{Race}} '''White people''' are people with light skin. Most white people are of [[Europe|European]] origin. In [[American English]], the term "Caucasian" is used to mean "white people."<ref name=":0" /> Outside of North America, it refers to people or things from the [[Caucasus Mountains]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Butterfield|first=Jeremy ButterfieldJeremy|title=Caucasian|date=2015-06-18|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199661350.001.0001/acref-9780199661350-e-764|work=Fowler’s Dictionary of Modern English Usage|editor-last=Butterfield|editor-first=Jeremy|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199661350.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-966135-0|access-date=2023-10-15}}</ref> Before the modern age, Europeans did not think of themselves as "white." They defined their [[Race (biology)|race]], [[Ancestor|ancestry]] or [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]] in terms of [[nationality|what place or culture they were from]], for example [[Greek people|Greek]] or [[Ancient Rome|Roman]].<ref>{{cite book|last1= Painter|first1= Nell Irvin|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F-GFUyty3SAC&q=The+History+of+White+People|title= The History of White People|date= 18 April 2011|publisher= W. W. Norton & Company|isbn= 978-0-393-07949-4}}</ref> The idea of a single white race came into use starting in the 17th century. The term white was invented during American slavery to make European Americans seem different from enslaved [[African Americans|African American]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-09.htm|title=The Origin of the Idea of Race|website=[[PBS]] |access-date=2024-04-19|archive-date=2016-04-13|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160413173026/http://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-09.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/learn/talking-about-race/topics/historical-foundations-race|title= Historical Foundations of Race}}</ref> The people who were the strongest supporters of the white race being [[White supremacy|supreme]] in 20th century Europe were [[Fascism|fascist]] [[Italy]] and [[Nazi Germany]]. They felt that some European peoples such as [[Slavs]] as a different race even though they were white. This was just for [[Politics|political]] purposes. ==Related pages== *[[Race (sociology)]] *[[Racism]] *[[Historical race concepts]] *[[Black people]] *[[White Americans]] *[[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant]] *[[White nationalism]] *[[White supremacy]] *[[White genocide myth]] *[[White Mexicans]] *[[White Hispanic and Latino Americans]] *[[Caucasian race]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{White people}} {{stub}} [[Category:Historical races]] kdc6lov82qa75wfk072ree7dgp8uhrh 0 290786 10878974 10800608 2026-06-04T19:42:46Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 10878974 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''thesis''' (plural: 'theses') is a [[document]] written in support of an idea that is presented for discussion or [[disputation]]. In modern usage it usually refers to a document presented as a requirement for an [[academic degree]] or professional qualification. It presents the [[author]]'s [[research]] and findings.<ref name="iso7144">International Standard [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] 7144: Documentation – [http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=13736&ICS1=1&ICS2=140&ICS3=40 Presentation of theses and similar documents], International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1986.</ref> In the academic context it means the same as '''dissertation'''. The term dissertation can be used to describe an [[argument]] without relation to academic degrees. The term thesis may also be used for the central claim of an [[essay]] or other work. == Thesis types == There are different types of thesis for different fields, for example, if you are an English major then for your thesis you may be asked to write a [[short story]], a media [[student]] can be asked to submit a short film. A graduate thesis is also known as graduate dissertation. A student may work with a member of the faculty who has specialized in the relevant field. A thesis may be much longer. In the French system, a thesis ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]), also called "Doctorat"<ref>{{Cite web|title=University guideline to write a phD|url=https://www.univ-paris13.fr/wp-content/uploads/GUIDE-de-présentation-dune-thèse.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> is generally far longer and is up to 500 pages long.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Writing a thesis|url=https://www.expertmemoire.com/combien-de-pages-un-memoire-doit-il-contenir/}}</ref> == History == Originally, the words "dissertation" and "thesis" had separate meanings. When, at ancient [[University|universities]], the [[professor]] had completed his [[lecture]], there would be a disputation. During this, students could take up certain points and argue them. The position that one took during a disputation was the ''thesis'', while the ''dissertation'' was the line of reasoning with which one supported it. ==Etymology== The word "thesis" comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{polytonic|θέσις}}, meaning "position", and refers to an [[intellectual]] [[proposition]]. "Dissertation" comes from the [[Latin]] ''dissertātiō'', meaning "discourse". ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/ETD_Guide en.wikibooks.org/wiki/ETD_Guide Guide to electronic theses and dissertations] on [[Wikibooks]] * [http://www.ndltd.org Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations] (NDLTD) * [http://ethos.bl.uk/Home.do EThOS Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424003515/https://ethos.bl.uk/Home.do |date=2021-04-24 }} Database of Theses available through the British Library {{DEFAULTSORT:Thesis}} [[Category:Academia]] [[Category:Genres]] [[fi:Tieteellisten yliopistotutkintojen opinnäytetyöt#Väitöskirja]] 9o2jf93lreos49sfrje5vw6x1uimv2a 1 293127 10879142 4319056 2026-06-04T23:40:13Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 TDKR Chicago 101 moved page [[Talk:Ethelred the Unready]] to [[Talk:Æthelred the Unready]]: Per enwiki 4319056 wikitext text/x-wiki These two links are broken ! <small>— This [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Jbyvosges|Jbyvosges]] ([[User talk:Jbyvosges|talk]]&nbsp;&bull;&nbsp;[[Special:Contributions/Jbyvosges|changes]]){{#if: 13:36, 26 April 2011 (UTC) |&nbsp;on 13:36, 26 April 2011 (UTC)}}.</small> <!--Inserted with Template:Unsigned--> h1kqesz62iuncvwvq7770onembzc6p8 0 303075 10878950 9691817 2026-06-04T19:13:29Z ~2026-33283-16 1816426 I changed the flag size. 10878950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Loudoun County|the county in Tennessee|Loudon County, Tennessee}} {{Infobox U.S. county | county = Loudoun County | state = Virginia | type = [[County (United States)|County]] | seal = Seal of Loudoun County, Virginia.svg | flag = Flag of Loudoun County, Virginia.svg | founded = 1757 | seat wl = Leesburg | named for = [[John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun]]<ref name="Loudoun_History">{{cite web |url=http://loudoun.gov/index.aspx?nid=174 |title=About Loudoun - History |publisher=[[Loudoun County]] |access-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref> | largest city wl = Leesburg | city type = town | motto = "I Byde My Time"<ref name="PastFuture">Rosalind S. Helderman, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3513-2005Apr20.html Proud Past, Bright Future Rub Elbows in Today's Loudoun], ''Washington Post'' (April 21, 2005), page LZ03.</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 521.33 | area_land_sq_mi = 515.74 | area_water_sq_mi = 5.6 | area percentage = 1.1 | population_as_of = 2020 | population_total = 420959 | population_density_sq_mi = 810 | web = http://www.loudoun.gov/ | ex image = Loudoun County, Virginia Courthouse.jpg{{!}}border | ex image cap = Loudoun County Courthouse and a [[World War II]] monument (right) in [[Leesburg, Virginia|Leesburg]], February 2021 | ex image size = 265px | time zone = Eastern | district = 10th |flag size=3' \(\times \) 5' (Ideal for residential flagpoles and indoor display)4' \(\times \) 6' (Standard for parades, official municipal buildings, and larger outdoor poles)5' \(\times \) 8' (For larger commercial or estate flagpoles)}} '''Loudoun County''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aʊ|d|ən}} {{respell|LOWD|ən}}) is a [[county (United States)|county]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Virginia]]. It is part of the [[Washington Metropolitan Area]]. The 2020 U.S. Census said 420,959 people live there.<ref name="QF">{{cite web|title=QuickFacts: Accomack County, Virginia|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/accomackcountyvirginia|access-date=January 25, 2024}}</ref> Its [[county seat]] is [[Leesburg, Virginia|Leesburg]].<ref name="NACO">{{cite web|url=http://explorer.naco.org/index.html|title=NACo County Explorer|author=National Association of Counties|access-date=January 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>''Loudoun Times-Mirror'', "Leesburg says county should stay", September 12, 2007, Page A1</ref> The number of people grew 84 percent from 2000 to 2010, and 34 percent from 2010 to 2020. As of 2022, Loudoun County has the highest [[median household income]] of any county in the United States ($170,463). This is higher than nearby [[Falls Church, Virginia]] ($164,536).<ref name="rich2022">{{cite web|title=The 15 Richest Counties in the U.S.|website=U.S. News|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/healthiest-communities/slideshows/richest-counties-in-america?onepage|last=Johnson|first=Steven|date=December 20, 2023|access-date=August 9, 2024}}</ref> ==References== <references/> {{DCMetroArea}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Virginia counties]] [[Category:1757 establishments]] [[Category:1750s establishments in Virginia]] {{US-geo-stub}} nmv49ifp91f5z7bfii4oucq6v37cy2m 0 303507 10878837 9645165 2026-06-04T16:30:06Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* */ 10878837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Musk ox | status = lc | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Gunn, A. & Forchhammer, M.|year=2008|id=29684|title=Ovibos moschatus|downloaded=31 March 2009}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.</ref> | image = Ovibos moschatus by Dixi.jpg | image_width = 230px | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Even-toed ungulate|Artiodactyla]] | familia = [[Bovid]]ae | subfamilia = [[Goat-antelope|Caprinae]] | genus = '''''Ovibos''''' | genus_authority = [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|Blainville]], 1816 | binomial = ''Ovibos moschatus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann|Zimmermann]], 1780) | range_map=Muskox.png | range_map_caption=Range map. Blue indicates areas where the muskox has been successfully introduced in the 20th century. Red indicates established range. | range_map_width = 230px}} The '''musk ox''' (''Ovibos moschatus'', muskox) is a large [[Arctic]] [[mammal]] of the [[Bovid]]ae family. It has a thick coat, and was common in the [[northern hemisphere]] during the [[Pleistocene]] [[ice age]]. The males give off a strong [[odour]], hence its name. This musky odour is used to attract females during mating season. Musk oxen travel in [[herd]]s of females and their young led by one or two strong males. Male oxen fight over who will be leader by butting their thick heads and horns against each other. The musk oxen's long, curved horns keep away predators. When a herd smells nearby wolves, all the musk oxen form a circle and face out. They lower their heads to show off their horns.<ref> {{cite book|title=The Magic School Bus, Polar Bear Patrol|last=Cole|first=Joanna|year=2000|location=U.S.A.|isbn=0-439-31433-X}}</ref> Musk oxen live in the [[Arctic]], [[North America]] and [[Greenland]],<ref>Greenland guide. [http://www.greenland-guide.gl/animal_life.htm Animal Life in Greenland - an introduction by the tourist board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427231950/http://www.greenland-guide.gl/animal_life.htm |date=2012-04-27 }}</ref> with small introduced populations in [[Sweden]], [[Siberia]] and [[Norway]]. Fossil [[DNA]] evidence suggests musk oxen were not only more geographically widespread during the [[Pleistocene]], but also more [[biodiversity|genetically diverse]].<ref name="SD">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/10/051006085912.htm |title=Muskox suffered loss of genetic diversity at Pleistocene/Holocene transition |publisher=Science Daily |date=2005-10-06 |access-date=2011-03-03}}</ref> During that time, other populations of musk oxen lived across the Arctic, from the [[Ural Mountains]] to Greenland. Together with the [[American bison|bison]] and the [[pronghorn]],<ref name=smithsonian>Smithsonian Institution. North American Mammals: [http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=7 Pronghorn ''Antilocapra americana''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122075556/http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=7 |date=2016-01-22 }}</ref> the muskox was one of a few species of Pleistocene [[megafauna]] in North America to survive the Pleistocene/[[Holocene]] [[extinction event]] and live to the present day.<ref name="Switek">Switek, Brian. [http://scienceblogs.com/laelaps/2010/03/10/of-all-the-mass-extinctions/ "Prehistoric DNA reveals the story of a Pleistocene survivor, the Muskox."] ''Laelaps'' blog on ''[http://scienceblogs.com/ Science Blogs]'', posted 10 Mar. 2010. Accessed 18 Jan. 2013.</ref> == Diet == Musk oxen are [[Herbivore|herbivores]] that graze on [[Grass|grasses]], [[Leaf|leaves]], and some [[Flower|flowers]]. Musk oxen are [[Ruminant|ruminants]], which means they have a [[stomach]] with four sections and swallow their food without chewing it. Later, they regurgitate the food (called cud) and chew it. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Caprids]] [[Category:Mammals of North America]] 6qeuklz512q78ntv9msjxqgnvdeat8n 10878840 10878837 2026-06-04T16:33:19Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* */ 10878840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Musk ox | status = lc | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Gunn, A. & Forchhammer, M.|year=2008|id=29684|title=Ovibos moschatus|downloaded=31 March 2009}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.</ref> | image = Ovibos moschatus by Dixi.jpg | image_width = 230px | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Even-toed ungulate|Artiodactyla]] | familia = [[Bovid]]ae | subfamilia = [[Goat-antelope|Caprinae]] | genus = '''''Ovibos''''' | genus_authority = [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|Blainville]], 1816 | binomial = ''Ovibos moschatus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann|Zimmermann]], 1780) | range_map=Muskox.png | range_map_caption=Range map. Blue indicates areas where the muskox has been successfully introduced in the 20th century. Red indicates established range. | range_map_width = 230px}} The '''musk ox''' (''Ovibos moschatus'', muskox) is a large [[Arctic]] [[mammal]] of the [[Bovid]]ae family. It has a thick coat, and was common in the [[northern hemisphere]] during the [[Pleistocene]] [[ice age]]. The males give off a strong [[odour]], hence its name. This musky odour is used to attract females during mating season. Musk oxen travel in [[herd]]s of females and their young led by one or two strong males. Male oxen fight over who will be leader by butting their thick heads and horns against each other. The musk oxen's long, curved horns keep away predators. When a herd smells nearby wolves, all the musk oxen form a circle and face out. They lower their heads to show off their horns.<ref> {{cite book|title=The Magic School Bus, Polar Bear Patrol|last=Cole|first=Joanna|year=2000|location=U.S.A.|isbn=0-439-31433-X}}</ref> Fossil [[DNA]] evidence suggests musk oxen were not only more geographically widespread during the [[Pleistocene]], but also more [[biodiversity|genetically diverse]].<ref name="SD">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/10/051006085912.htm |title=Muskox suffered loss of genetic diversity at Pleistocene/Holocene transition |publisher=Science Daily |date=2005-10-06 |access-date=2011-03-03}}</ref> During that time, other populations of musk oxen lived across the Arctic, from the [[Ural Mountains]] to Greenland. Together with the [[American bison|bison]] and the [[pronghorn]],<ref name=smithsonian>Smithsonian Institution. North American Mammals: [http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=7 Pronghorn ''Antilocapra americana''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122075556/http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=7 |date=2016-01-22 }}</ref> the muskox was one of a few species of Pleistocene [[megafauna]] in North America to survive the Pleistocene/[[Holocene]] [[extinction event]] and live to the present day.<ref name="Switek">Switek, Brian. [http://scienceblogs.com/laelaps/2010/03/10/of-all-the-mass-extinctions/ "Prehistoric DNA reveals the story of a Pleistocene survivor, the Muskox."] ''Laelaps'' blog on ''[http://scienceblogs.com/ Science Blogs]'', posted 10 Mar. 2010. Accessed 18 Jan. 2013.</ref> == Habitat == Musk oxen are native to the [[Arctic]], [[North America]], and [[Greenland]], with smaller introduced populations in [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], and [[Siberia]]. == Diet == Musk oxen are [[Herbivore|herbivores]] that graze on [[Grass|grasses]], [[Leaf|leaves]], and some [[Flower|flowers]]. Musk oxen are [[Ruminant|ruminants]], which means they have a [[stomach]] with four sections and swallow their food without chewing it. Later, they regurgitate the food (called cud) and chew it. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Caprids]] [[Category:Mammals of North America]] 2z4muddt8yurjctfezhlg538b78nd3k 10878845 10878840 2026-06-04T16:35:26Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* */ 10878845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Musk ox | status = lc | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Gunn, A. & Forchhammer, M.|year=2008|id=29684|title=Ovibos moschatus|downloaded=31 March 2009}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.</ref> | image = Ovibos moschatus by Dixi.jpg | image_width = 230px | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Even-toed ungulate|Artiodactyla]] | familia = [[Bovid]]ae | subfamilia = [[Goat-antelope|Caprinae]] | genus = '''''Ovibos''''' | genus_authority = [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|Blainville]], 1816 | binomial = ''Ovibos moschatus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann|Zimmermann]], 1780) | range_map=Muskox.png | range_map_caption=Range map. Blue indicates areas where the muskox has been successfully introduced in the 20th century. Red indicates established range. | range_map_width = 230px}} The '''musk ox''' (''Ovibos moschatus'', muskox) is a large [[Arctic]] [[mammal]] of the [[Bovid]]ae family. Musk oxen have thick coats, and were common in the [[northern hemisphere]] during the [[Pleistocene]] [[ice age]]. The males give off a strong [[odour]], hence its name. This musky odour is used to attract females during mating season. Musk oxen travel in [[herd]]s of females and their young led by one or two strong males. Male oxen fight over who will be leader by butting their thick heads and horns against each other. The musk oxen's long, curved horns keep away predators. When a herd smells nearby [[Wolf|wolves]], all the musk oxen form a circle and face out. They lower their heads to show off their horns.<ref> {{cite book|title=The Magic School Bus, Polar Bear Patrol|last=Cole|first=Joanna|year=2000|location=U.S.A.|isbn=0-439-31433-X}}</ref> Fossil [[DNA]] evidence suggests musk oxen were not only more geographically widespread during the [[Pleistocene]], but also more [[biodiversity|genetically diverse]].<ref name="SD">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/10/051006085912.htm |title=Muskox suffered loss of genetic diversity at Pleistocene/Holocene transition |publisher=Science Daily |date=2005-10-06 |access-date=2011-03-03}}</ref> During that time, other populations of musk oxen lived across the Arctic, from the [[Ural Mountains]] to Greenland. Together with the [[American bison|bison]] and the [[pronghorn]],<ref name=smithsonian>Smithsonian Institution. North American Mammals: [http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=7 Pronghorn ''Antilocapra americana''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122075556/http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=7 |date=2016-01-22 }}</ref> the muskox was one of a few species of Pleistocene [[megafauna]] in North America to survive the Pleistocene/[[Holocene]] [[extinction event]] and live to the present day.<ref name="Switek">Switek, Brian. [http://scienceblogs.com/laelaps/2010/03/10/of-all-the-mass-extinctions/ "Prehistoric DNA reveals the story of a Pleistocene survivor, the Muskox."] ''Laelaps'' blog on ''[http://scienceblogs.com/ Science Blogs]'', posted 10 Mar. 2010. Accessed 18 Jan. 2013.</ref> == Habitat == Musk oxen are native to the [[Arctic]], [[North America]], and [[Greenland]], with smaller introduced populations in [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], and [[Siberia]]. == Diet == Musk oxen are [[Herbivore|herbivores]] that graze on [[Grass|grasses]], [[Leaf|leaves]], and some [[Flower|flowers]]. Musk oxen are [[Ruminant|ruminants]], which means they have a [[stomach]] with four sections and swallow their food without chewing it. Later, they regurgitate the food (called cud) and chew it. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Caprids]] [[Category:Mammals of North America]] bjrpdosngopob1deme1d4pdyxkijljm 10878851 10878845 2026-06-04T16:41:24Z Charles chipmunk 1743554 /* */ 10878851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Musk ox | status = lc | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Gunn, A. & Forchhammer, M.|year=2008|id=29684|title=Ovibos moschatus|downloaded=31 March 2009}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.</ref> | image = Ovibos moschatus by Dixi.jpg | image_width = 230px | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Even-toed ungulate|Artiodactyla]] | familia = [[Bovid]]ae | subfamilia = [[Goat-antelope|Caprinae]] | genus = '''''Ovibos''''' | genus_authority = [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|Blainville]], 1816 | binomial = ''Ovibos moschatus'' | binomial_authority = ([[Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann|Zimmermann]], 1780) | range_map=Muskox.png | range_map_caption=Range map. Blue indicates areas where the muskox has been successfully introduced in the 20th century. Red indicates established range. | range_map_width = 230px}} The '''musk ox''' (''Ovibos moschatus'', muskox) is a large [[Arctic]] [[mammal]] of the [[Bovid]]ae family. Musk oxen were common in the [[northern hemisphere]] during the [[Pleistocene]] [[ice age]]. Fossil [[DNA]] evidence suggests musk oxen were not only more geographically widespread during the [[Pleistocene]], but also more [[biodiversity|genetically diverse]].<ref name="SD">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/10/051006085912.htm|title=Muskox suffered loss of genetic diversity at Pleistocene/Holocene transition|publisher=Science Daily|date=2005-10-06|access-date=2011-03-03}}</ref> During that time, other populations of musk oxen lived across the Arctic, from the [[Ural Mountains]] to Greenland. Together with the [[American bison|bison]] and the [[pronghorn]],<ref name="smithsonian">Smithsonian Institution. North American Mammals: [http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=7 Pronghorn ''Antilocapra americana''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122075556/http://www.mnh.si.edu/mna/image_info.cfm?species_id=7 |date=2016-01-22 }}</ref> the muskox was one of a few species of Pleistocene [[megafauna]] in North America to survive the Pleistocene/[[Holocene]] [[extinction event]] and live to the present day.<ref name="Switek">Switek, Brian. [http://scienceblogs.com/laelaps/2010/03/10/of-all-the-mass-extinctions/ "Prehistoric DNA reveals the story of a Pleistocene survivor, the Muskox."] ''Laelaps'' blog on ''[http://scienceblogs.com/ Science Blogs]'', posted 10 Mar. 2010. Accessed 18 Jan. 2013.</ref> == Description == Musk oxen have thick coats. Males give off a strong [[Odor|odour]], hence its name. This musky odour is used to attract females during mating season. Musk oxen travel in [[Herd|herds]] of females and their young led by one or two strong males. Male oxen fight over who will be leader by butting their heads and horns against each other. The long, curved horns of musk oxen help keep predators away. When a herd smells [[Wolf|wolves]] nearby, all the musk oxen form a circle and face out. == Habitat == Musk oxen are native to the [[Arctic]], [[North America]], and [[Greenland]], with smaller introduced populations in [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], and [[Siberia]]. == Diet == Musk oxen are [[Herbivore|herbivores]] that graze on [[Grass|grasses]], [[Leaf|leaves]], and some [[Flower|flowers]]. Musk oxen are [[Ruminant|ruminants]], which means they have a [[stomach]] with four sections and swallow their food without chewing it. Later, they regurgitate the food (called cud) and chew it. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Caprids]] [[Category:Mammals of North America]] bhtj82jbzzjhb8qby8qweshsw3k666g 0 313772 10878952 10876333 2026-06-04T19:19:06Z ~2026-33435-25 1816430 gibraltar 10878952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|List of European Union member states}} {| class="wikitable sortable references-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="1" |- style="background:#ececec;" ! Name of country or<br />territory, with [[flag]] ! [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) ! [[List of countries by population|Population]]<br />(As of [[2025]]) ! [[List of countries by population density|Population density]]<br />(per km²) ! [[Capital (political)|Capital]] |- | {{Flagicon|Albania}} [[Albania]]<ref>Some might consider Albania being 28,648 km² while others say it is 28,748km².</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| 29,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,000,546 | style="text-align:right;"| 104.1 | [[Tirana]] |- | {{Flagicon|Andorra}} [[Andorra]] | style="text-align:right;"| 488 | style="text-align:right;"| 190,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 146.2 | [[Andorra la Vella]] |- |{{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Armenia]]<ref name=":0">Geographically located entirely in Asia, but politically and socioculturally belongs to Europe.</ref> | style="text-align: right;" |29,800 | style="text-align: right;" |3,076,200 | style="text-align: right;" |103 |[[Yerevan]] |- |{{Flagicon|Austria}} [[Austria]] | style="text-align:right;"| 83,858 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,113,974 | style="text-align:right;"| 97.9 | [[Vienna]] |- | {{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijan]]<ref name=":1">A transcontinental country, most of whose territory belongs to Asia.</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| 102,428 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,489,648 | style="text-align:right;"| 40.0 | [[Baku]] |- | {{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarus]] | style="text-align:right;"| 207,600 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,434,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 45.4 | [[Minsk]] |- | {{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]] | style="text-align:right;"| 30,510 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,431,477 | style="text-align:right;"| 341.9 | [[Brussels]] |- | {{Flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] | style="text-align:right;"| 51,129 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,890,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 76.0 | [[Sarajevo]] |- |{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]] | style="text-align:right;"|110, 994 | style="text-align:right;"|6,714,560 | style="text-align:right;"|60.5 |[[Sofia]] |- | {{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatia]] | style="text-align:right;" | 56,542 | style="text-align:right;" | 4,290,612 | style="text-align:right;" | 75.8 | [[Zagreb]] |- | {{Flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cyprus]]<ref name=":0" /> | style="text-align:right;"|9251 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,380,392 | style="text-align:right;"| 39.8 | [[Nicosia]] |- | {{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic]] | style="text-align:right;"| 78,866 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,190,213 | style="text-align:right;"| 129.2 | [[Prague]] |- | {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]] | style="text-align:right;"| 43,094 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,529,888 | style="text-align:right;"| 128.3 | [[Copenhagen]] |- | {{Flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 45,226 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,282,963 | style="text-align:right;"| 28.3 | [[Tallinn]] |- | {{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Finland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 336,593 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,259,250 | style="text-align:right;"| 15.6 | [[Helsinki]] |- | {{Flagicon|France}} [[France]] | style="text-align:right;"| 547,030 | style="text-align:right;"| 63,248,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 115.6 | [[Paris]] |- | {{Flagicon|Georgia}} [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<ref name=":1" /> | style="text-align:right;"| 92,464 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,398,868 | style="text-align:right;"| 11.8 | [[Tbilisi]] |- | {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]] | style="text-align:right;"| 357,021 | style="text-align:right;"| 81,440,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 228.1 | [[Berlin]] |- | {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Greece]] | style="text-align:right;"| 131,940 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,760,136 | style="text-align:right;"| 81.5 | [[Athens]] |- | {{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]] | style="text-align:right;"| 93,030 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,976,062 | style="text-align:right;"| 107.2 | [[Budapest]] |- | {{Flagicon|Iceland}} [[Iceland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 103,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 311,058 | style="text-align:right;"| 3.0 | [[Reykjavík]] |- | {{Flagicon|Ireland}} [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 70,280 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,581,269 | style="text-align:right;"| 65.1 | [[Dublin]] |- | {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]] | style="text-align:right;"| 301,230 | style="text-align:right;"| 60,681,514 | style="text-align:right;"| 201.4 | [[Rome]] |- |''{{Flagicon|Kosovo}}'' [[Kosovo]]<ref>[[List of states with limited recognition|Partially recognized]] state.</ref> | style="text-align: right;" |9,483 | style="text-align: right;" |1,561,489 | style="text-align: right;" |146 |[[Pristina]] |- | {{Flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 64,589 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,204,708 | style="text-align:right;"| 34.1 | [[Riga]] |- | {{Flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Liechtenstein]] | style="text-align:right;"| 160 | style="text-align:right;"| 35,236 | style="text-align:right;"| 220.2 | [[Vaduz]] |- | {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuania]] | style="text-align:right;"| 65,200 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,207,100 | style="text-align:right;"| 49.1 | [[Vilnius]] |- | {{Flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg]] | style="text-align:right;"| 2,586 | style="text-align:right;"| 503,302 | style="text-align:right;"| 194.6 | [[Luxembourg City]] |- | {{Flagicon|Malta}} [[Malta]] | style="text-align:right;"| 316 | style="text-align:right;"| 408,333 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,292.1 | [[Valletta]] |- | {{Flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldova]] | style="text-align:right;"| 33,843 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,560,400 | style="text-align:right;"| 105.2 | [[Chisinau|Chişinău]] |- | {{Flagicon|Monaco}} [[Monaco]] | style="text-align:right;"| 1.950 | style="text-align:right;"| 60,144 | style="text-align:right;"| 15,661.0 | [[Monaco City]] |- | {{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro]] | style="text-align:right;"| 13,812 | style="text-align:right;"| 625,266 | style="text-align:right;"| 45.2 | [[Podgorica]] |- | {{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]] | style="text-align:right;"| 41,526 | style="text-align:right;"| 16,695,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 402.0 | [[Amsterdam]] |- | {{Flagicon|Republic of Macedonia}} [[North Macedonia]] | style="text-align:right;" | 25,333 | style="text-align:right;" | 2,962,546 | style="text-align:right;" | 81.1 | [[Skopje]] |- |{{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]] | style="text-align:right;"| 324,220 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,601,049 | style="text-align:right;"| 14.4 | [[Oslo]] |- | {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 312,685 | style="text-align:right;"| 38,038,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 121.6 | [[Warsaw]] |- | {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]] | style="text-align:right;"| 91,568 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,555,853 | style="text-align:right;"| 115.2 | [[Lisbon]] |- | {{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Romania]] | style="text-align:right;"| 238,391 | style="text-align:right;"| 19,042,936 | style="text-align:right;"| 79.8 | [[Bucharest]] |- | {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 17,098,242 | style="text-align:right;"| 143,997,393 | style="text-align:right;"| 9 | [[Moscow]] |- | {{Flagicon|San Marino}} [[San Marino]] | style="text-align:right;"| 61 | style="text-align:right;"| 31,817 | style="text-align:right;"| 521.5 | [[City of San Marino]] |- | {{Flagicon|Serbia}} [[Serbia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 77,474 | style="text-align:right;"| 7,310,555 | style="text-align:right;"| 94.3 | [[Belgrade]] |- | {{Flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovakia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 49,035 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,435,273 | style="text-align:right;"| 111.2 | [[Bratislava]] |- | {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 20,273 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,000,092 | style="text-align:right;"| 98.6 | [[Ljubljana]] |- | {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]] | style="text-align:right;"| 504,851 | style="text-align:right;"| 53,000,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 91.4 | [[Madrid]] |- | {{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]] | style="text-align:right;"| 449,964 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,088,728 | style="text-align:right;"| 20.1 | [[Stockholm]] |- | {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 41,290 | style="text-align:right;"| 7,639,961 | style="text-align:right;"| 185.0 | [[Bern (city)|Bern]] |- | {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey|Türkiye]]<ref name=":1" /> | style="text-align:right;"| 893,488 | style="text-align:right;"| 86,148,648 | style="text-align:right;"| 223.5 | [[Ankara]] |- | {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]] | style="text-align:right;"| 603,550 | style="text-align:right;"| 38,98,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 67 | [[Kyiv]] |- | {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]] | style="text-align:right;"| 244,820 | style="text-align:right;"| 67,090,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 254.4 | [[London]] |- | {{Flagicon|Vatican City}} [[Vatican City]] | style="text-align:right;"| 0.440 | style="text-align:right;"| 689 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,818.1 ! |} {{reflist}}also Gibraltar is a easy country to forget as not all recognise it{{DEFAULTSORT:European countries}} [[Category:Lists of countries]] [[Category:European countries|*]] [[Category:Europe-related lists|countries]] 5l4edeo1se6cavjhunmt6w191ty81ev 10879335 10878952 2026-06-05T05:08:09Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33435-25|~2026-33435-25]] ([[User talk:~2026-33435-25|talk]]) to last version by Tomdejonko 10876333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|List of European Union member states}} {| class="wikitable sortable references-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="1" |- style="background:#ececec;" ! Name of country or<br />territory, with [[flag]] ! [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) ! [[List of countries by population|Population]]<br />(As of [[2025]]) ! [[List of countries by population density|Population density]]<br />(per km²) ! [[Capital (political)|Capital]] |- | {{Flagicon|Albania}} [[Albania]]<ref>Some might consider Albania being 28,648 km² while others say it is 28,748km².</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| 29,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,000,546 | style="text-align:right;"| 104.1 | [[Tirana]] |- | {{Flagicon|Andorra}} [[Andorra]] | style="text-align:right;"| 488 | style="text-align:right;"| 190,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 146.2 | [[Andorra la Vella]] |- |{{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Armenia]]<ref name=":0">Geographically located entirely in Asia, but politically and socioculturally belongs to Europe.</ref> | style="text-align: right;" |29,800 | style="text-align: right;" |3,076,200 | style="text-align: right;" |103 |[[Yerevan]] |- |{{Flagicon|Austria}} [[Austria]] | style="text-align:right;"| 83,858 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,113,974 | style="text-align:right;"| 97.9 | [[Vienna]] |- | {{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijan]]<ref name=":1">A transcontinental country, most of whose territory belongs to Asia.</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| 102,428 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,489,648 | style="text-align:right;"| 40.0 | [[Baku]] |- | {{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarus]] | style="text-align:right;"| 207,600 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,434,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 45.4 | [[Minsk]] |- | {{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]] | style="text-align:right;"| 30,510 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,431,477 | style="text-align:right;"| 341.9 | [[Brussels]] |- | {{Flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] | style="text-align:right;"| 51,129 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,890,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 76.0 | [[Sarajevo]] |- |{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]] | style="text-align:right;"|110, 994 | style="text-align:right;"|6,714,560 | style="text-align:right;"|60.5 |[[Sofia]] |- | {{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatia]] | style="text-align:right;" | 56,542 | style="text-align:right;" | 4,290,612 | style="text-align:right;" | 75.8 | [[Zagreb]] |- | {{Flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cyprus]]<ref name=":0" /> | style="text-align:right;"|9251 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,380,392 | style="text-align:right;"| 39.8 | [[Nicosia]] |- | {{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic]] | style="text-align:right;"| 78,866 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,190,213 | style="text-align:right;"| 129.2 | [[Prague]] |- | {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]] | style="text-align:right;"| 43,094 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,529,888 | style="text-align:right;"| 128.3 | [[Copenhagen]] |- | {{Flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 45,226 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,282,963 | style="text-align:right;"| 28.3 | [[Tallinn]] |- | {{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Finland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 336,593 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,259,250 | style="text-align:right;"| 15.6 | [[Helsinki]] |- | {{Flagicon|France}} [[France]] | style="text-align:right;"| 547,030 | style="text-align:right;"| 63,248,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 115.6 | [[Paris]] |- | {{Flagicon|Georgia}} [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<ref name=":1" /> | style="text-align:right;"| 92,464 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,398,868 | style="text-align:right;"| 11.8 | [[Tbilisi]] |- | {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]] | style="text-align:right;"| 357,021 | style="text-align:right;"| 81,440,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 228.1 | [[Berlin]] |- | {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Greece]] | style="text-align:right;"| 131,940 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,760,136 | style="text-align:right;"| 81.5 | [[Athens]] |- | {{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]] | style="text-align:right;"| 93,030 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,976,062 | style="text-align:right;"| 107.2 | [[Budapest]] |- | {{Flagicon|Iceland}} [[Iceland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 103,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 311,058 | style="text-align:right;"| 3.0 | [[Reykjavík]] |- | {{Flagicon|Ireland}} [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 70,280 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,581,269 | style="text-align:right;"| 65.1 | [[Dublin]] |- | {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]] | style="text-align:right;"| 301,230 | style="text-align:right;"| 60,681,514 | style="text-align:right;"| 201.4 | [[Rome]] |- |''{{Flagicon|Kosovo}}'' [[Kosovo]]<ref>[[List of states with limited recognition|Partially recognized]] state.</ref> | style="text-align: right;" |9,483 | style="text-align: right;" |1,561,489 | style="text-align: right;" |146 |[[Pristina]] |- | {{Flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 64,589 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,204,708 | style="text-align:right;"| 34.1 | [[Riga]] |- | {{Flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Liechtenstein]] | style="text-align:right;"| 160 | style="text-align:right;"| 35,236 | style="text-align:right;"| 220.2 | [[Vaduz]] |- | {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuania]] | style="text-align:right;"| 65,200 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,207,100 | style="text-align:right;"| 49.1 | [[Vilnius]] |- | {{Flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg]] | style="text-align:right;"| 2,586 | style="text-align:right;"| 503,302 | style="text-align:right;"| 194.6 | [[Luxembourg City]] |- | {{Flagicon|Malta}} [[Malta]] | style="text-align:right;"| 316 | style="text-align:right;"| 408,333 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,292.1 | [[Valletta]] |- | {{Flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldova]] | style="text-align:right;"| 33,843 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,560,400 | style="text-align:right;"| 105.2 | [[Chisinau|Chişinău]] |- | {{Flagicon|Monaco}} [[Monaco]] | style="text-align:right;"| 1.950 | style="text-align:right;"| 60,144 | style="text-align:right;"| 15,661.0 | [[Monaco City]] |- | {{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro]] | style="text-align:right;"| 13,812 | style="text-align:right;"| 625,266 | style="text-align:right;"| 45.2 | [[Podgorica]] |- | {{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]] | style="text-align:right;"| 41,526 | style="text-align:right;"| 16,695,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 402.0 | [[Amsterdam]] |- | {{Flagicon|Republic of Macedonia}} [[North Macedonia]] | style="text-align:right;" | 25,333 | style="text-align:right;" | 2,962,546 | style="text-align:right;" | 81.1 | [[Skopje]] |- |{{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]] | style="text-align:right;"| 324,220 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,601,049 | style="text-align:right;"| 14.4 | [[Oslo]] |- | {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 312,685 | style="text-align:right;"| 38,038,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 121.6 | [[Warsaw]] |- | {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]] | style="text-align:right;"| 91,568 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,555,853 | style="text-align:right;"| 115.2 | [[Lisbon]] |- | {{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Romania]] | style="text-align:right;"| 238,391 | style="text-align:right;"| 19,042,936 | style="text-align:right;"| 79.8 | [[Bucharest]] |- | {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 17,098,242 | style="text-align:right;"| 143,997,393 | style="text-align:right;"| 9 | [[Moscow]] |- | {{Flagicon|San Marino}} [[San Marino]] | style="text-align:right;"| 61 | style="text-align:right;"| 31,817 | style="text-align:right;"| 521.5 | [[City of San Marino]] |- | {{Flagicon|Serbia}} [[Serbia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 77,474 | style="text-align:right;"| 7,310,555 | style="text-align:right;"| 94.3 | [[Belgrade]] |- | {{Flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovakia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 49,035 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,435,273 | style="text-align:right;"| 111.2 | [[Bratislava]] |- | {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 20,273 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,000,092 | style="text-align:right;"| 98.6 | [[Ljubljana]] |- | {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]] | style="text-align:right;"| 504,851 | style="text-align:right;"| 53,000,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 91.4 | [[Madrid]] |- | {{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]] | style="text-align:right;"| 449,964 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,088,728 | style="text-align:right;"| 20.1 | [[Stockholm]] |- | {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 41,290 | style="text-align:right;"| 7,639,961 | style="text-align:right;"| 185.0 | [[Bern (city)|Bern]] |- | {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey|Türkiye]]<ref name=":1" /> | style="text-align:right;"| 893,488 | style="text-align:right;"| 86,148,648 | style="text-align:right;"| 223.5 | [[Ankara]] |- | {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]] | style="text-align:right;"| 603,550 | style="text-align:right;"| 38,98,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 67 | [[Kyiv]] |- | {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]] | style="text-align:right;"| 244,820 | style="text-align:right;"| 67,090,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 254.4 | [[London]] |- | {{Flagicon|Vatican City}} [[Vatican City]] | style="text-align:right;"| 0.440 | style="text-align:right;"| 689 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,818.1 ! |} {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:European countries}} [[Category:Lists of countries]] [[Category:European countries|*]] [[Category:Europe-related lists|countries]] 07njhmgx4p3wny3ny6rzpic48hbj8xl 0 318591 10878807 10681136 2026-06-04T15:05:55Z ~2026-33394-15 1816295 Official Website 10878807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=September 2025}} {{Italictitle}} '''''Pororo the Little Penguin''''' Is Produced By [https://www.google.com/search?q=Studio+Gale+Original+Movies+and+TV+Shows&sca_esv=a898e6a2cfab15e3&hl=en&udm=50&fbs=ADc_l-aN0CWEZBOHjofHoaMMDiKpaEWjvZ2Py1XXV8d8KvlI3vxYI1tojT_24H7Q4iMwclTUnm45O_6Cq-1VJ9pZry9xEMzIPBDrFxV-NSKxJzs-M-fsLI349c3D7Gy-QVnPxnm2BX7QYb77LKNqBVDIHypPkn3ckFTxYR6vDTMtLY3MI3TILVBJyAM9vPJ7qr2UnWl51zT3mSGiCHgTra9ilVUwRzmoAg&aep=1&ntc=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0yKaUuemSAxXxrokEHfdlIQwQ2J8OegQIERAE&biw=1672&bih=926&dpr=1&mstk=AUtExfClZowC-HCkyEPu8yhBacJZY_8mJ3ChcECz925KJiINAwASWJK9UWT-91taV8kUI2_2Aaj5E44WbZUAkEkVQl4rLy2e0AjcsfssIk-FgsY4N7-5QRiad0-0oV-X2RLQsb_aC375_nJ4cwo4PcpPdogWgM73luxnvyg&csuir=1 Studio Gale Co Ltd] [https://www.google.com/search?q=Studio+Moggozi+Original+Movies+%26+TV+Spin+Off+Series+Kids&sca_esv=26b92b3855b956f4&hl=en&udm=50&fbs=ADc_l-aN0CWEZBOHjofHoaMMDiKpaEWjvZ2Py1XXV8d8KvlI3vxYI1tojT_24H7Q4iMwclSqIfnTP5J_a1_YHnhrZjiiFMwEweOjVcXPyDcmEVU1JQBVz9UxAdORtcBiNAz6II2Ak5zY6NSqh3h7VQkjZfn6CM0THAnorB4fPpGEAT1H-xHilOXJPU_Ab9D5tcawFrPMud5CDYpXls9UNRvKapLB2TaX1A&aep=1&ntc=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2gITD7O2UAxXq_8kDHWasJisQ2J8OegQIDRAD&biw=1912&bih=956&dpr=1 Studio Moggozi] [https://www.google.com/search?q=Seoul+Animation+Center+Original+Movies+%26+TV+Shows&sca_esv=6e72ffa629272dce&hl=en&fbs=ADc_l-aN0CWEZBOHjofHoaMMDiKpaEWjvZ2Py1XXV8d8KvlI3vxYI1tojT_24H7Q4iMwclRY3wEKpNQ5Wykbz5I1RBh_3MJDqoC8sd-Ng2GZ1qLhQsxzDUYgUqQrN2btRUWTdPSjWmpc2c7rD9nuQyrDPzp7qVwAHM9iWt6Zu_2rNoY1H5V8M5NLpYkxDXIsuusIFvkLYYO8aVD1ziF5iWoPcsLseo6JJg&aep=1&ntc=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0otudyp-TAxWsG9AFHe86I_EQ2J8OegQIDRAE&mstk=AUtExfB6miLvoPGTNlLDOS1JP6idIg4qspYIa5zj9fy7azeH5RYf4lkD-JPc9Tz3JrcT4C_CZhi79bcbBh0hVHYBeFsBPGq8I-rvLXBUAzNqDeTkoBep_NE5t04Ev8j_dF1m6euYw1OCb7DR0k3ON6junTlcvscEvwh7WOM&csuir=1&udm=50&biw=1672&bih=926&dpr=1 Seoul Animation Center] [https://www.google.com/search?q=Iconix+Entertainment+Original+Movies+and+TV+Shows&sca_esv=4585a0b0b6a9671b&hl=en&biw=1672&bih=926&udm=50&fbs=ADc_l-aN0CWEZBOHjofHoaMMDiKpaEWjvZ2Py1XXV8d8KvlI3ppPEReeCOS7s1VbbZz2TLsHwpSX8VU1h5wlQRdyYz8mD8mizhCeQwDaeq-GWcVLMX2ga6FNuZclyaH8CNy7n8njF6nEYa5bYfsMz_PmJ_2mqI-UbBLYzSJb34pdDbNZI3e0xuWORRGxChcy-skuc3hGha5KIKPYKecYn7XyVaE3IBMzdw&aep=1&ntc=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjNhpTQzOmSAxXRg4kEHWH9EMwQ2J8OegQIDRAE&mstk=AUtExfDNhMIsmQfO5oDGjXfrJuvk_fUO9CARTP2pZjuI42eOWZjuZoIWTx0UKl7MvoE_n1IoJ8APft-FauswfBB3K8TuaXiP86OOy3AOXH57MjEojD0yTD3UzQeDsmozqwVk7okiT4mZgGBDvjkzS-V7B0d1vS94aqAxiEU&csuir=1 Iconix Entertainment] [https://www.google.com/search?q=Ocon+Studios+Original+Movies+%26+TV+Shows&sca_esv=a898e6a2cfab15e3&udm=50&fbs=ADc_l-aN0CWEZBOHjofHoaMMDiKpaEWjvZ2Py1XXV8d8KvlI3jljrY5CkLlk8Dq3IvwBz-SJyfRX_inP-J3Cs9lQZu9Jbw8m86Sc4V1sdcrL__VH2cTPs38uRjhAw5QVoyyxUkClFZkH-FmxKFbQYaDoYyO7Kd4a7QuECwaxiaEZhklvwWhuIvSPWyLr03G30l4y0GhjPHxmkzRslZH88ZNtkbQ3annFbw&aep=1&ntc=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju1bbnsOmSAxWYxRoGHd2bIrIQ2J8OegQIEhAE&biw=1672&bih=926&dpr=1 Ocon Studios] [https://www.google.com/search?q=EBS+Original+Movies+%26+TV+Shows&sca_esv=a898e6a2cfab15e3&udm=50&fbs=ADc_l-aN0CWEZBOHjofHoaMMDiKpaEWjvZ2Py1XXV8d8KvlI3vxYI1tojT_24H7Q4iMwclQ1_FGoCYCiD5kV0oQ7ow8lyKWA53wFl0csQrgQla17NYVHN0uaVD4FJ76T79PbbeGcNGHYnGnUd7BEiOFm-l7VQXS9XQE6TDNWUVKpkZCPHcrzn_DXaCQpOOtmJha3Lz-f70uSOW_QlKfXNlwhtGr6NR5C_A&aep=1&ntc=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia8Nb9sOmSAxU75MkDHa1tCGoQ2J8OegQIERAE&biw=1672&bih=926&dpr=1 EBS] [https://www.google.com/search?q=SK+Broadband+Original+Movies+%26+TV+Shows&sca_esv=a898e6a2cfab15e3&udm=50&fbs=ADc_l-aN0CWEZBOHjofHoaMMDiKpaEWjvZ2Py1XXV8d8KvlI3vxYI1tojT_24H7Q4iMwclRY3wEKpNQ5Wykbz5I1RBh_yFYyUrUlLqMhRCkZtle7nz5YtFxRXs2RtvL4w3lcUvD8PyaDhjC3sLh_lW_Ch29gexjWE5ofcdZlH5TnOo1phnDMs-vSsW7tszh9GClT1u7qmC9KcHFjJ3UFcH0aRWhrQ48qfA&aep=1&ntc=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA1d6YsemSAxXj1fACHY8FHgEQ2J8OegQIDxAE&biw=1672&bih=926&dpr=1 SK Broadband] [[File:Pororo at LG Cinema 3D World Festival.jpg|thumb]] * Official Website * * [https://studiogale.com/ Studio Gale Co Ltd] * [https://www.moggozi.com/ Studio Moggozi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150222045022/http://www.ani.seoul.kr/potal/index.jsp SBA Seoul Animation Center] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628020907/http://www.iconix.co.kr/ ICONIX Entertainment] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170518152125/http://ocon.co.kr/ Ocon Studios] * [https://www.ebs.co.kr/anikidsmain Educational Broadcasting System (EBS)] * [https://www.bworld.co.kr/myb/btv/link/pages/btvPlusMain.do SK Broadband] ===Season 1 (2003–04)=== {{Main|Pororo the Little Penguin season 1{{!}}''Pororo the Little Penguin'' season 1}} ===Season 2 (2005–06)=== {{Main|Pororo the Little Penguin season 2{{!}}''Pororo the Little Penguin'' season 2}} ===Season 3 (2009)=== {{Main|Pororo the Little Penguin season 3{{!}}''Pororo the Little Penguin'' season 3}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Pororo the Little Penguin| ]] [[Category:2000s South Korean animated television series]] [[Category:2000s South Korean children's television series]] [[Category:2000s preschool education television series]] [[Category:2003 establishments in South Korea]] [[Category:2000s South Korean television series debuts]] [[Category:2003 animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s South Korean animated television series]] [[Category:2010s South Korean children's television series]] [[Category:2010s preschool education television series]] [[Category:2020s South Korean animated television series]] [[Category:2020s South Korean children's television series]] [[Category:2020s preschool education television series]] [[Category:Cartoonito original programming]] [[Category:Aviation television series]] [[Category:Animated television series about bears]] [[Category:Animated television series about children]] [[Category:Animated television series about penguins]] [[Category:Educational Broadcasting System original programming]] [[Category:South Korean animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:South Korean children's animated adventure television series]] [[Category:South Korean children's animated comedy television series]] [[Category:South Korean computer animated television series]] [[Category:Korean-language television programs]] efxvs8uil7dkysvu5ko7a38hmwrk61g 0 344609 10879406 10877993 2026-06-05T08:41:36Z Hobbycheck 1785979 /* Entrepreneurship */ HEC Stand Up 10879406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = HEC Paris | image = HEC Paris entrée.JPG | caption = HEC Paris entrance | motto = ''Oser l’impossible'' | mottoeng = Dare the Impossible | type = [[Private university|Private]] | endowment = €213 million (2024) | president = [[Jean-Paul Agon]] | students = 5,453 (2023) | undergrad = | postgrad = | staff = | faculty = | city = [[Jouy-en-Josas]] | state = [[Île-de-France]] | country = [[France]] | campus = | athletics = | colors = Blue and White {{Color box|#042e57}} {{Color box|#ffffff}} | free_label = | free = | nickname = | website = [https://www.hec.edu hec.edu] }} [[File:HEC Paris.svg|right|thumb|222x222px|Logo]] [[File:Chateau, HEC Paris, Jouy-en-Josas, South view 20160501 1.jpg|right|thumb|222x222px|HEC Paris executive education]] [[File:HEC_UK_House.jpg|right|thumb|222x222px|HEC UK House in London]] The '''École des hautes études commerciales de Paris''' (often shortened to '''HEC Paris''') is a non-profit [[business school]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/politique-societe/education/levee-de-fonds-frais-de-scolarite-formation-continue-la-nouvelle-strategie-de-hec-paris-2200829|title = Levée de fonds, frais de scolarité, formation continue… : la nouvelle stratégie de HEC Paris| date= 25 November 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lamontagne.fr/paris-75000/actualites/les-etudiants-sinscrivent-letat-finance-lecole-encaisse-les-derives-de-lenseignement-superieur-prive-a-but-lucratif_14654485/|title = "Les étudiants s’inscrivent, l’État finance, l’école encaisse": les dérives de l’enseignement supérieur privé à but lucratif| date= 13 March 2025 }}</ref> and a ''[[grande école]]''. It is located in [[Jouy-en-Josas]], a suburb southwest of [[Paris]], [[France]]. The school also has campuses in [[HEC Paris in Qatar|Doha]], [[Qatar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccifq.com/en/news/zoom-on-a-news/news/hec-paris-celebrates-15-years-of-excellence-impact-in-qatar.html|title = HEC Paris celebrates 15 years of excellence, impact in Qatar| date=19 April 2026 }}</ref> and [[HEC Paris, Abidjan|Abidjan]], [[Ivory Coast]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/11/23/a-abidjan-hec-a-la-conquete-de-l-afrique-de-l-ouest_5387365_3212.html|title = A Abidjan, HEC à la conquête de l’Afrique de l’Ouest| date=19 April 2026 }}</ref> It was created in 1881 by [[Gustave Emmanuel Roy]]. The head of the School is [[Éloïc Peyrache]] since January 2021. HEC Paris offers many programs, including [[Bachelor of Arts]], Master in Management (MiM), [[Master of Science]] in International Finance, [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]s, Executive MBAs, executive education, professional development courses, certificates, and PhDs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hec.edu/en|title = HEC Paris| date=16 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hceres.fr/en/node/13005|title=Hautes études commerciales – HEC|date=28 December 2024}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The school has a strong reputation in business education in France and in other countries. It is often ranked among the top business schools in [[Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/international/hec-redevient-la-meilleure-ecole-de-commerce-en-europe_AN-201312030220.html|title = HEC redevient la meilleure école de commerce en Europe| date=3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/politique-societe/education/hec-devient-la-meilleure-business-school-europeenne-selon-le-financial-times-1174830|title = HEC devient la meilleure business school européenne selon le Financial Times| date= 9 December 2019 }}</ref> == History == HEC Paris was founded in 1881 by [[Gustave Emmanuel Roy]], who was the president of the Paris Chamber of Commerce (CCIP). The first class had 57 students. The school wanted to become for business and management what the [[École Centrale Paris]] was for engineering. In 1921, the school started using the case study method from the [[Harvard Business School]]. However, many classes were still mainly theoretical. In 1938, the program was extended to three years.<ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/hec-paris HEC Paris]</ref> At the end of the 1950s, French companies wanted a style of management education similar to [[North America]]. Because of this, the case study method was used in most classes. A one-year preparatory class was also created to help students prepare for a more difficult entrance exam. In 1959, only 9% of HEC students had studied at a university before, compared to 47% in 1929.<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1988/09/22/le-boom-d-hec_4084933_1819218.html Le boom d'HEC]</ref> In 1964, French President [[Charles de Gaulle]] opened a new large campus in [[Jouy-en-Josas]].<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1964/07/09/le-general-de-gaulle-inaugurera-jeudi-le-campus-d-h-e-c_2141732_1819218.html LE GÉNÉRAL DE GAULLE INAUGURERA JEUDI LE " CAMPUS " D'H.E.C.]</ref> The campus covered about 100 hectares and was surrounded by forest. In 1967, HEC started executive education programs. Women have been allowed to study at HEC since 1973. That year, only 27 women were admitted. At the same time, ''HEC jeunes filles'' (HECJF), a school only for women, was closed. Its former students are now officially considered HEC graduates. One of them is [[Édith Cresson]], who later became the first female [[Prime Minister of France]].<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1981/12/08/huit-ans-de-mixite_2725975_1819218.html Huit ans de mixité]</ref> The doctoral program was created in 1975. Until 1985, students had to complete their [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD thesis]] at a university. In 1985, HEC gained the right to award its own doctoral degree, before [[ESSEC Business School|ESSEC]]<ref>[https://www.mondedesgrandesecoles.fr/habilitation-de-esc-europe-a-delivrer-le-diplome-de-doctorat/ Habilitation de ESC Europe à délivrer le diplôme de doctorat]</ref> and [[ESCP Business School|ESCP]].<ref>[http://www.letudiant.fr/educpros/actualite/indiscret-lessec-va-bientot-pouvoir-delivrer-des-doctorats.html Indiscret. L’Essec va bientôt pouvoir délivrer des doctorats]</ref> The school created special teaching positions funded by companies such as Deloitte, [[Électricité de France|EDF]], and [[Toshiba]]. This helped build stronger links between HEC and businesses. The [[HEC Foundation]] was created in 1972 to support these connections and help fund the school.<ref>[https://www.hec.edu/sites/default/files/documents/Rapport%20Activite%202023%20-%20Fondation%20HEC%20-%20web%20avec%20link.pdf Rapport annuel 2023]</ref> In the 1990s, HEC increased its links with companies. This led to more specialized courses, including finance and entrepreneurship, which had started in 1986. After major changes in the financial world, more graduates began working in England and other countries. In 2006, about one third of graduates found their first job abroad. In 2015, the school changed its legal status to allow private investors to take part in its [[board of directors]].<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/education/article/2012/11/30/hec-attend-un-nouveau-statut-inedit-pour-2013_1798611_1473685.html HEC attend un nouveau statut "inédit" pour 2013]</ref> In 1988, HEC helped create the CEMS network with ESADE, [[Bocconi University]], and the University of Cologne.<ref>[https://www.aalto.fi/en/news/collaboration-between-nokia-and-the-cems-programme-results-in-several-strategic-business Collaboration between Nokia and the CEMS programme results in several strategic business projects every spring]</ref> On 1 July 2008, HEC Paris joined ParisTech and later became a founding member of [[Paris-Saclay University]]. Its campus in Jouy-en-Josas is located in the [[Yvelines]] area, in the northern part of the [[Paris-Saclay]] technology cluster. This area brings together about one quarter of France’s public research. HEC Paris is also part of a group of business schools in the Paris region, together with ESSEC and ESCP Business School. In 2016, the school changed its legal status and became a [[public-private partnership]]. It is still mainly funded by the Paris Chamber of Commerce.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who We Are |url=https://www.hec.edu/en/overview/who-we-are#governance |publisher=HEC |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref> In 2017, HEC launched new double degree programs called M2M. These programs were created with the [[University of St. Gallen]], the [[Yale University|Yale School of Management]], the [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]], and Fundação Getulio Vargas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hec.edu/Masters-programs/Communication/Landing-Pages/M2M-Programs|title=M2M Programs|last=HEC|website=HEC Paris|access-date=18 January 2019|archive-date=19 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121545/http://www.hec.edu/Masters-programs/Communication/Landing-Pages/M2M-Programs|url-status=dead}}</ref> In March 2017,<ref name="lemonde.fr">[https://www.lemonde.fr/campus/article/2017/03/29/hec-lance-un-programme-diplomant-100-en-ligne_5102642_4401467.html HEC lance un programme diplômant 100 % en ligne]</ref> the school also started an Executive Master in innovation and entrepreneurship with the online platform [[Coursera]].<ref name="coursera.org">[https://www.coursera.org/degrees/omie Executive MSc & MSc in Innovation and Entrepreneurship]</ref><ref>[https://www.letudiant.fr/educpros/actualite/exclusif-hec-se-lance-dans-diplome-100-ligne.html Exclusif. HEC se lance dans un diplôme... 100 % en ligne]</ref> On 15 September 2020, HEC co-founded the artificial intelligence research center [[Hi! PARIS]]<ref>[https://www.actuia.com/actualite/__trashed-2/ Zoom sur Hi! PARIS, le centre consacré à l’IA et aux Sciences des données de l’Institut Polytechnique de Paris et HEC Paris]</ref><ref name="usinenouvelle.com">[https://www.usinenouvelle.com/editorial/hec-et-polytechnique-lancent-le-centre-pluridisciplinaire-hi-paris-pour-devenir-champion-de-la-recherche-en-ia.N1005034 HEC et Polytechnique lancent le centre pluridisciplinaire Hi! Paris pour devenir champions de la recherche en IA]</ref> with the [[Polytechnic Institute of Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.fr/technologie/hiparis-linstitut-polytechnique-de-paris-et-hec-paris-affiche-leur-ambition-dans-lia/ |title=Hi!Paris, L’Institut Polytechnique De Paris Et HEC Paris Affichent Leur Ambition Dans L’IA |access-date=2023-08-10 |archive-date=2022-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014085903/https://www.forbes.fr/technologie/hiparis-linstitut-polytechnique-de-paris-et-hec-paris-affiche-leur-ambition-dans-lia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In October 2023, the school announced a new Bachelor of Arts in data, society and organisations. This program was created with [[Bocconi University]] in [[Milan]].<ref>[https://www.lesechos.fr/politique-societe/societe/hec-paris-se-lance-dans-la-bataille-du-bachelor-1985942 HEC Paris se lance dans la bataille du bachelor]</ref><ref>[https://www.challenges.fr/grandes-ecoles/hec-cree-son-bachelor-et-fait-chavirer-la-derniere-digue-qui-protegeait-le-modele-prepa_869333 HEC crée son bachelor et fait chavirer la dernière digue qui protégeait le modèle prépa]</ref><ref>[https://etudiant.lefigaro.fr/article/etudes/hec-lance-son-premier-bachelor-en-partenariat-avec-la-bocconi-20231003/ HEC lance son premier Bachelor en partenariat avec la Bocconi]</ref> In December 2024, the [[HEC Foundation]] announced the results of its “Impact Tomorrow” campaign (2019–2024).<ref>[https://www.challenges.fr/grandes-ecoles/hec-polytechnique-centralesupelec-dans-les-coulisses-de-levees-de-fonds-records_913216 HEC, Polytechnique, CentraleSupélec : dans les coulisses de levées de fonds records]</ref> It raised 213 million euros,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.fr/business/hec-realise-une-levee-de-fonds-record-de-213-millions-deuros/ |title=HEC réalise une levée de fonds record de 213 millions d'euros |access-date=2026-04-24 |archive-date=2025-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114165919/https://www.forbes.fr/business/hec-realise-une-levee-de-fonds-record-de-213-millions-deuros/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> which is a record for a French ''[[grande école]]''.<ref>[https://www.lesechos.fr/politique-societe/education/grandes-ecoles-une-levee-de-fonds-record-pour-hec-paris-2134199 Grandes écoles : une levée de fonds record pour HEC Paris]</ref> At the end of 2025, the school presented its strategy for 2026–2031, called “New Responsibilities”.<ref>[https://www.challenges.fr/grandes-ecoles/je-veux-quhec-soit-dix-fois-plus-ouverte-sur-la-societe-quauparavant_631733 « Je veux qu’HEC soit dix fois plus ouverte sur la société qu’auparavant »]</ref> This plan includes major changes to the [[Jouy-en-Josas]] campus,<ref>[https://grandes-ecoles.studyrama.com/espace-prepas/decouvrir-pge/actu-pge/hec-paris-devoile-nouvelle-strategie-nouvelles-responsabilites HEC Paris dévoile sa nouvelle stratégie “Nouvelles Responsabilités”]</ref> the creation of the HEC Institute to take part in public debate,<ref>[https://www.planetegrandesecoles.com/hec-paris-nouvelles-responsabilites-levee-fonds HEC Paris lance sa stratégie “Nouvelles Responsabilités” et une levée de fonds de 300 millions d’euros]</ref> and a goal that 25% of students will receive [[scholarship|scholarships]] by 2030.<ref>[https://www.lesechos.fr/politique-societe/education/levee-de-fonds-frais-de-scolarite-formation-continue-la-nouvelle-strategie-de-hec-paris-2200829 Levée de fonds, frais de scolarité, formation continue… : la nouvelle stratégie de HEC Paris]</ref> This comes after tuition fees for the Master in Management program rose to more than 70,000 euros in 2025.<ref>[https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/plus-de-70-000-euros-pour-hec-les-frais-de-scolarite-s-envolent-dans-les-ecoles-de-commerce_AN-202508220302.html Plus de 70.000 euros pour étudier à HEC: les frais de scolarité s'envolent dans les écoles de commerce]</ref> To support this plan, the [[HEC Foundation|foundation]] aims to raise 300 million euros in five years.<ref>[https://www.mondedesgrandesecoles.fr/nouvelles-responsabilites-ce-quil-faut-retenir-de-la-strategie-2025-2029-dhec-paris/ HEC Nouvelles responsabilités : ce qu’il faut retenir de la stratégie 2025-2029 d’HEC Paris]</ref> In 2026, HEC welcomes students from 135 different nationalities on its main campus. It also teaches new subjects such as [[geopolitics]], [[public speaking]], and [[social sciences]].<ref>[https://www.lesechos.fr/weekend/business-story/le-role-de-lecole-est-aussi-de-creer-du-courage-comment-hec-transforme-ses-enseignements-2226356 «Le rôle de l'école est aussi de créer du courage» : comment HEC transforme ses enseignements]</ref> == Organization == The school offers courses from [[Bachelor of Arts]] to [[Doctor of Philosophy]], including an Executive Master in Innovation and Entrepreneurship in partnership with [[Coursera]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coursera.org/degrees/omie|title=Executive MSc & MSc in Innovation and Entrepreneurship &#124; HEC Paris|website=Coursera}}</ref> 100% online, it aims to train senior managers specializing in these two areas within 18 months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.letudiant.fr/educpros/actualite/exclusif-hec-se-lance-dans-diplome-100-ligne.html|title=Exclusif. HEC se lance dans un diplôme... 100 % en ligne|date=March 28, 2017|website=L'Etudiant}}</ref> It was opened in March 2017. Globally in the School, about 5400 students are taught and about 700 finish their studies each year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/campus/article/2017/03/29/hec-lance-un-programme-diplomant-100-en-ligne_5102642_4401467.html|title=HEC lance un programme diplômant 100 % en ligne|newspaper=Le Monde.fr |date=March 29, 2017|via=Le Monde}}</ref> == Reputation == Since 2019, HEC Paris has been ranked as the best business school in Europe by the [[Financial Times]] every year.<ref>[https://rankings.ft.com/rankings/2954/european-business-school-rankings-2023 European Business School Rankings 2023]</ref> Its Master in Strategic Management is ranked first in the [[QS World University Rankings|QS rankings]].<ref>[https://www.topuniversities.com/business-masters-rankings/management QS Business Master's Rankings 2026: Management]</ref> Its Master in Finance is usually ranked among the top two programs.<ref>[https://rankings.ft.com/rankings/2958/masters-in-finance-2024 Masters in Finance pre-experience 2024]</ref> Its Master in Marketing is also ranked first in the world.<ref>[https://www.topuniversities.com/business-masters-rankings/marketing QS Business Master’s Rankings 2026: Marketing]</ref> == Research activities == On September 15, 2020, the school co-founded with the [[Polytechnic Institute of Paris]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.fr/technologie/hiparis-linstitut-polytechnique-de-paris-et-hec-paris-affiche-leur-ambition-dans-lia/|title=Hi!Paris, L'Institut Polytechnique De Paris Et HEC Paris Affichent Leur Ambition Dans L'IA|first=Jean-Jacques|last=Manceau|date=September 22, 2020|website=Forbes France|access-date=August 10, 2023|archive-date=October 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014085903/https://www.forbes.fr/technologie/hiparis-linstitut-polytechnique-de-paris-et-hec-paris-affiche-leur-ambition-dans-lia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[artificial intelligence]] research center [[Hi! PARIS]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.actuia.com/actualite/__trashed-2/|title=Zoom sur Hi! PARIS, le centre consacré à l'IA et aux Sciences des données de l'Institut Polytechnique de Paris et HEC Paris|website=ActuIA}}</ref><ref name="Mann">{{cite web |last1=Mann |first1=Nathan |title=HEC et Polytechnique lancent le centre pluridisciplinaire Hi! Paris pour devenir champions de la recherche en IA |url=https://www.usinenouvelle.com/editorial/hec-et-polytechnique-lancent-le-centre-pluridisciplinaire-hi-paris-pour-devenir-champion-de-la-recherche-en-ia.N1005034 |website=L'USINENOUVELLE.com |accessdate=16 April 2024 |language=fr |date=15 September 2020}}</ref> The school has three other research centers: * The [[Society & Organizations Institute]], dedicated to societal and environmental issues ; * The [[HEC Paris Innovation & Entrepreneurship Center|Innovation & Entrepreneurship Institute]], dedicated to innovation and entrepreneurship ; * The GREGHEC (''Groupement de Recherche et d’Etudes en Gestion à HEC Paris''), dedicated to economy and management. == Entrepreneurship == The school has offered education in entrepreneurship for more than 40 years. It created a program called ''HEC Entrepreneurs'' in 1977,<ref>[https://www.aefinfo.fr/depeche/420252-formations-a-lentrepreneuriat-la-creation-dentreprises-est-un-outil-pedagogique-estime-robert-papin-ancien-directeur-dhec-entrepreneurs Formations à l'entrepreneuriat: la création d'entreprises est un outil pédagogique, estime Robert Papin, ancien directeur d'HEC Entrepreneurs]</ref> which is now the MSc X-HEC Entrepreneurs, in partnership with [[École polytechnique]].<ref>[https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/emploi/patrick-sayer-presidera-le-comite-d-orientation-du-master-of-science-x-hec-entrepreneurs_AN-202106100284.html PATRICK SAYER PRÉSIDERA LE COMITÉ D’ORIENTATION DU MASTER OF SCIENCE X-HEC ENTREPRENEURS]</ref> Between 2004 and 2013, the share of students becoming entrepreneurs increased from 10% to 25%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=De plus en plus de créateurs d'entreprise à HEC|url=https://www.letudiant.fr/educpros/actualite/entrepreneuriat-un-quart-d-ancies-hec-entrepreneurs.html|access-date=10 September 2020|website=www.letudiant.fr|date=23 March 2015 |language=fr}}</ref> In 2007,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Incubateur HEC Paris|url=https://solutions.lesechos.fr/auteur/incubateur-hec-paris/|access-date=10 September 2020|website=Les Echos Solutions Business|language=fr}}</ref> HEC Paris created the ''Incubateur HEC Paris'', a startup incubator that supports companies founded by alumni. It is currently led by Antoine Leprêtre. Since 2017,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Manceau|first=Jean-Jacques|date=14 April 2020|title=Les Écoles De Commerce Championnes De L'Entrepreneuriat|url=https://www.forbes.fr/management/les-ecoles-de-commerce-championnes-de-l-entrepreneuriat/|access-date=10 September 2020|website=Forbes France|language=fr-FR|archive-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227012325/https://www.forbes.fr/management/les-ecoles-de-commerce-championnes-de-l-entrepreneuriat/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the incubator has been located at the [[Station F]] campus in Paris. In 2013, HEC Paris started the "HEC Stand Up" program to help women become entrepreneurs.<ref>[https://www.lesechos.fr/pme-regions/ile-de-france/yvelines-le-programme-dhec-pour-lentrepreneuriat-feminin-fete-ses-10-ans-1942874 Yvelines : le programme d'HEC pour l'entrepreneuriat féminin fête ses 10 ans]</ref> The program is open to women of all ages and backgrounds who want to develop a business idea or start a company.<ref>[https://www.echoidf.fr/entreprenariat-feminin-le-programme-de-legalite-des-chances/ Entrepreneuriat féminin – Encore quelques jours pour candidater au programme HEC Stand UP]</ref> It is free to join and lasts about ten weeks. Participants learn through online courses, practical activities, and face-to-face sessions. The program has three modules. These modules help participants develop entrepreneurial skills, understand the market, and prepare a [[business plan]].<ref>[https://www.versaillesgrandparc.fr/333-4632/vie-economique/actualite-de-la-vie-economique/fiche/entrepreneuriat-femmes-d-ile-de-france-brisez-le-plafond-de-verre-avec-hec-stand-up.htm ENTREPRENEURIAT : FEMMES D'ÎLE-DE-FRANCE, BRISEZ LE PLAFOND DE VERRE AVEC HEC STAND UP !]</ref> At the end of the program, participants receive a certificate from HEC Paris.<ref>[https://www.challenges.fr/grandes-ecoles/hec-stand-up-le-cursus-gratuit-pour-les-femmes-soutenu-par-la-fondation-bettencourt-schueller_601291 HEC : Stand Up, le cursus gratuit pour les femmes soutenu par la fondation Bettencourt Schueller]</ref> The program has been offered in several [[regions of France]], including [[Dependent territory|overseas territories]].<ref>[https://www.lagazettefrance.fr/article/29-femmes-certifiees-hec-stand-up 29 femmes certifiées HEC Stand Up]</ref><ref>[https://www.martinique.franceantilles.fr/regions/centre/hec-stand-up-45-femmes-entrepreneures-mises-a-lhonneur-1022335.php HEC Stand Up : 45 femmes entrepreneuses mises à l'honneur]</ref> Since 2017, the school also offers an online master’s degree in entrepreneurship.<ref>[https://www.onlinestudies.com/institutions/coursera/hec-paris-online-masters-in-innovation-and-entrepreneurship HEC Paris Online Master's in Innovation and Entrepreneurship]</ref> The [[HEC Paris Innovation & Entrepreneurship Institute]] is ranked eighth in the [[Financial Times]] "Europe's leading start-up hubs" ranking 2026.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/ab05487c-72f9-4c1c-9acf-07768693b105 FT ranking: Europe’s leading start-up hubs 2026]</ref> ==Notable Alumni== {{main article|Category:Alumni of HEC Paris}} HEC Paris alumni association, [[HEC Alumni]], is one of the oldest social networks in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.helloworkplace.fr/le-nouveau-visage-dhec-alumni-partager-pour-progresser/|title=HEC Alumni, une communauté au service des diplômés|first=par Delphine|last=Massé|date=December 2, 2013|website=HelloWorkplace}}</ref> Notable alumni include : * [[Jean-Paul Agon]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of [[L'Oréal]] * [[Christophe Cuvillier]], CEO of Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield * [[Emmanuel Faber]], CEO of [[Danone]] * [[François Hollande]], 24th [[President of the French Republic]] * [[Marc Houalla]], CEO of [[French Civil Aviation University|ENAC]] * [[Andreas Kaplan]], Dean of [[ESCP Business School]] * [[Bruno Lafont]], CEO of Lafarge * [[François-Henri Pinault]], CEO of [[Kering]] * [[Stéphane Richard]], CEO of [[Orange S.A.|Orange]] * [[Gilles Schnepp]], CEO of Legrand * [[Jean-Dominique Senard]], CEO of [[Michelin]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Further reading == {{Commons category|École des hautes études commerciales de Paris}} * {{official website}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ecole des hautes etudes commerciales de Paris}} [[Category:Universities in Paris]] [[Category:1880s establishments in France]] [[Category:1881 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:HEC Paris]] {{clear}} it81q7js9fesigou1kktsth1762bdpa 0 349885 10879402 10667182 2026-06-05T08:15:11Z ~2026-33356-81 1816716 10879402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Hazāra<br />{{nq|هزاره}} | image = Hazara boys - Afghanistan.jpg | caption = Hazara boys in [[Afghanistan]]. | population = 12–14 million | region1 = {{nowrap|{{flag|Afghanistan}}}} | pop1 = 10,000,000 | ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/afghanistan|title=Afghanistan &#124;Data|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> | region2 = {{flag|Pakistan}} | pop2 = 2,000,000 including 500,000 in [[Quetta District|Quetta]] | ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Hazaras of Pakistan|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pakistan-hazaras-sectarian-crossfire/24908361.html|access-date=22 Dec 2022}}</ref><ref name="UNHCR">[http://www.unhcr.org/431c7b1a2.pdf Census of Afghans in Pakistan 2005], ''[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] Statistical Summary Report'' (retrieved August 14, 2016)</ref> | region3 = {{flag|Iran}} | pop3 = 1,000,000 | ref3 = <ref name="W.I.Smyth">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/irans-afghan-shiite-fighters-in-syria|title=Iran's Afghan Shiite Fighters in Syria|first=Phillip|last=Smyth|date=3 June 2014|publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref> | region4 = {{flag|Europe}} | pop4 = 130,000 | ref4 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-29/young-hazara-refugees-make-dangerous-journey-to-europe/7206420|title=Austria holds refugee talks as young Hazaras flee persecution to make 'dangerous' journey to Europe&nbsp;– ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)|date=2016-02-29|website=mobile.abc.net.au|access-date=2017-08-19}}</ref> | region5 = {{flag|Turkey}} | pop5 = 26,000 | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hazara.net/2014/06/afghan-hazara-refugees-seek-justice-in-turkey/|title=Afghan Hazara Refugees Seek Justice in Turkey|date=3 June 2014}}</ref> | region6 = {{flag|Australia}} | pop6 = 41,766 | ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021|title=Cultural Diversity|date=2021-08-10|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=2022-06-28}}</ref> | region7 = {{flag|Canada}} | pop7 = 10,300 | ref7 = <ref name=":0">The population of people with descent from Afghanistan in Canada is 48,090. Hazara make up an estimated 30% of the population of Afghanistan depending t on the source. The Hazara population in Canada is estimated from these two figures. [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723224016/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |date=2013-07-23 }}</ref> | region8 = {{flag|Indonesia}} | pop8 = 3,800 | ref8 = <ref>{{citation |title=Afghan Hazaras' new life in Indonesia: Asylum-seeker community in West Java is large enough to easily man an eight-team Afghan football league |date=21 March 2014 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=5 August 2016 |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/03/afghan-hazaras-new-life-indonesia-201436121639956520.html}}</ref> | languages = [[Dari]] and [[Hazaragi]]<br />(eastern varieties of [[Persian language|Persian]]) | religions = Mostly [[Shia Islam]] | related = | footnotes = }} [[File:Hazara boys - Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Hazara boys in Afghanistan]] The '''Hazāra''' ({{lang-fa|هزاره}}) are a people indigenous to [[Afghanistan]] who mainly live in the central highlands known as [[Hazarajat]], and in southwestern [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rakha|first=Allah|last2=Fatima|last3=Peng|first3=Min-Sheng|last4=Adan|first4=Atif|last5=Bi|first5=Rui|last6=Yasmin|first6=Memona|last7=Yao|first7=Yong-Gang|date=2017-09-01|title=mtDNA sequence diversity of Hazara ethnic group from Pakistan|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1872497317301461|journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics|volume=30|pages=e1–e5|doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.07.004|issn=1872-4973}}</ref> They are mostly [[Muslim]]s with a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] majority. Hazaras are the third largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, forming between 20% and 30% of the population depending on the source.<ref name="Iranica2">L. Dupree, ''Afghanistan: Ethnography'', in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 2006.</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html |title=CIA World Factbook |access-date=2012-06-20 |archive-date=2017-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920072213/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="survey">''A Survey of the Afghan People'', Asia Foundation, 2006.</ref> They are also a smaller ethnic group in [[Pakistan]], especially in [[Quetta]] and northern [[Balochistan]], and communities exist in [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Europe]], [[Australia]], [[Canada]], and [[Indonesia]].<ref>Al Jazeera, "Afghan Hazaras' new life in Indonesia," 2014.</ref> == Origins and ancestry == The Hazaras are widely recognized as having **Turko‑Mongol ancestry**, descending from Mongol soldiers and Turkic tribes who settled in Afghanistan during the time of the [[Chagatai Khanate]] and the [[Ilkhanate]].<ref>David Morgan, ''The Mongols'', Blackwell, 1990, pp. 180–185.</ref> Genetic studies show that Hazaras share close markers with Central Asian Turkic peoples, especially Uzbeks and Uyghurs.<ref>Qasim Ayub et al., "Y-chromosome diversity in Hazara and other Central Asian populations," *European Journal of Human Genetics*, 2003.</ref> Many Hazara tribes trace their ancestry to earlier Turkic and Mongolic groups. Historical traditions and ethnographic studies record lineages such as: * **Turkoman Hazaras** – linked to Ghazanvid soldiers who settled in Afghanistan during medieval times.<ref>Richard N. Frye, ''The Heritage of Central Asia'', Princeton University Press, 1996, pp. 210–212.</ref> * **Qarluq Hazaras** – connected to the Karluk confederation, which played a major role in Central Asia between the 8th and 10th centuries.<ref>Peter B. Golden, ''An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples'', Otto Harrassowitz, 1992, pp. 145–150.</ref> * **Lachin/Tatar Hazaras** – associated with Tatar and Mongol groups who settled in Afghanistan after the Mongol invasions.<ref>Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Hazāra," 2006 edition.</ref> These tribal names reflect the deep blending of Turkic and Mongolic elements in Hazara identity. Oral traditions, genealogies, and linguistic evidence in [[Hazaragi]] preserve many of these connections, showing that Hazara ancestry is closely tied to the broader history of Central Asian nomadic peoples.<ref>Thomas Barfield, ''Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History'', Princeton University Press, 2010, pp. 145–150.</ref> == Language == Hazaras speak [[Hazaragi]], a dialect of [[Dari]] (Persian). Hazaragi contains many loanwords from [[Turkic languages]] and [[Mongolic languages]], showing their deep historical connections to Central Asian peoples.<ref>Brian Spooner and William L. Hanaway, eds., ''Persian Language, Literature and Culture: New Directions in Iranian Studies'', Routledge, 2014.</ref> == History == After the rise of the [[Chagatai Khanate]] and the [[Ilkhanate]], many settlers of Turko‑Mongol origin established themselves in central Afghanistan. These groups mixed with local Iranian and Indo‑Afghan populations, contributing to the formation of the Hazara identity.<ref>David Morgan, ''The Mongols'', Blackwell, 1990, pp. 180–185.</ref> Early sources describe the Hazaras as distinct for their Central Asian features and Turko‑Mongol heritage. The Mughal emperor [[Babur]] wrote in the ''Baburnama'' that the Hazaras of central Afghanistan were a separate people, noting their unique appearance and their descent from earlier Turko‑Mongol settlers.<ref>W.M. Thackston (trans.), ''The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor'', Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 120–122.</ref> In the 16th–19th centuries, Hazaras were often autonomous in the Hazarajat region. They maintained tribal structures and local leadership, but later faced persecution under Afghan rulers such as Abdur Rahman Khan in the late 19th century, when many were displaced or enslaved.<ref>Thomas Barfield, ''Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History'', Princeton University Press, 2010, pp. 145–150.</ref> == Modern communities == Today, Hazaras are known for their strong cultural identity, Shia religious traditions, and close ties to Central Asian peoples. They have produced notable figures in politics, literature, and sports. Despite facing discrimination, Hazara communities remain an important part of Afghanistan and the wider Central Asian cultural sphere.<ref>Anthony Hyman, ''Afghanistan under Soviet Domination, 1964–91'', Macmillan, 1992.</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hazara people]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]] == Related pages == * [[Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]] * [[Ethnic groups in Pakistan]] * [[Aimaq Hazara]] * [[Aimaq people]] == Gallery == <gallery> File:General Musa, Circa 1935 in a British Uniform.jpg|link=|alt= File:Habiba Sarabi speaking in April 2011.jpg File:Nasrullah Sadiqi Zada Nili.jpg File:Sayed Anwar Rahmati of Afghanistan in June 2010-cropped.jpg File:Qazi Muhammad Isa.jpg|link=|alt= File:محمد اسماعیل مبلغ.png File:Rohullah Nikpai speaking in 2012.jpg File:Euro-Asian Afghan.jpg </gallery> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Ethnic groups in Pakistan}} {{asia-stub}} [[Category:Hazara people]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]] 9jottk9w1d73w7h8g0ygvdfj5entjvv 1 351832 10879292 10870231 2026-06-05T04:31:57Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-31365-06|~2026-31365-06]] ([[User talk:~2026-31365-06|talk]]) to last version by NX3710 10848010 wikitext text/x-wiki == The book as a reference == I did a google search of the book (appeared as [http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illuminati&oldid=3707466 "'illuminati, a history' by Kafi Osman-PhD in symbology"] in the article) itself, as well as the apparent author. I did not find the book or anything notable about the results I saw. Maybe it's just me, but I find it suspicious. Should the reference be removed altogether? — [[User:Tumthe3|Tumthe3]] ([[User talk:Tumthe3|talk]]) 00:24, 5 July 2012 (UTC) Please S.D see scer school [[User:Pargat marred|Pargat marred]] ([[User talk:Pargat marred|talk]]) 19:36, 10 April 2018 (UTC) 47vyjyhab2vnbmc9e5fy64kkfagawlu 0 363430 10878740 10498904 2026-06-04T12:04:08Z AlanS51 863547 Typo centuroes to centuries 10878740 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Witan hexateuch.jpg|thumb|300px|Anglo-Saxon king with his Witan. Scene in the [[Old English Hexateuch|''Illustrated Old English Hexateuch'']] (11th century)]] The '''Witenagemot''', or '''Witan''',was an [[institution]] in [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[England]], from about the 7th to the 11th centuries. The name is [[Old English]] for "council of the [[wikt:wise|wise]] men". Originally, ''Witan'' was the [[plural]] of ''wita'' (the wise man); but it was used as a singular. The council was similar to the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] assembly, the ''[[Thing (assembly)|Thing]]''. The purpose of the Witenagemot was to give an opinion about the administration and the organisation of the [[kingdom]]. Its members talked about how [[law]] should develop and elected or confirmed the [[king]]. The Witenagemot also had the power to depose a king. For example, it deposed [[Sigeberht of Wessex]] in 755 and [[Æthelwald Moll of Northumbria]] in 765. Witans were held at least once a year but usually more often. In many respects, they were similar to the modern-day [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]. Unlike Parliament, they met in different places each time since neither the Witans nor the king had a permanent place to stay. When the [[Normans]] [[Norman conquest of England|invaded]] England in 1066, they replaced the Witenagemot with another institution, which was still known as the ''Witan'', or the ''Witenagemot'', until the 12th century. {{Europe-stub}} [[Category:History of England]] [[Category:English law]] im8w0d3mp1p11muhpjcccauk7dz1zf6 0 366917 10878965 10878379 2026-06-04T19:34:25Z ~2026-33134-30 1816436 [[State of Judea|State of Judea]] 10878965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} [[File:Proposed flag of Judea.svg|thumb|Proposed flag of the State of Judea]] [[File:Judea and Samaria Area in Israel (all) (semi-Israel areas hatched).svg|thumb|Proposed location of the State of Judea]] The '''State of Judea''' ({{lang-he-n|מְדִינַת יְהוּדָה}}, ''{{transl|he|Medīnat Yəhuda}}'') is a proposed [[Halakha|halachic]] [[state]] in the [[West Bank]], forward by [[Israeli settlements|Israeli Jewish settlers]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rafel|first=Rosanna|date=2014-07-22|title=The Death of the One-State Solution in Israel|url=https://asfar.org.uk/the-death-of-the-one-state-solution-in-israel/|access-date=2025-09-18|website=Asfar|language=en-GB|quote=A further solution, which has a strong following from the [[religious Zionism|religious-Zionist]] camp, is the [[State of Judea|state of Judea]]. ... ... Walsh stated that Israel has the right to annex the West Bank if the Palestinians declare a State, which they arguably have done previously in 1988 and with the successful bid at the United Nations at the close of 2012. This would either lead to a one-state solution, or open up the avenue for a religious-Zionist controlled State of Judea in the West Bank.}}</ref> After the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)]] declared the existence of a [[Palestine (country)|Palestinian state]] in 1988, some settler activists (primarily [[Kahanism|Kahanists]]) feared international pressure would cause Israel to withdraw from the [[West Bank]] and sought to lay the groundwork for an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] state in the West Bank and Gaza if this came to pass.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rafel|first=Rosanna|date=2014-07-22|title=The Death of the One-State Solution in Israel|url=https://asfar.org.uk/the-death-of-the-one-state-solution-in-israel/|access-date=2025-09-18|website=Asfar|language=en-GB|quote=A further solution, which has a strong following from the religious-Zionist camp, is the [[Free State of Judea]]. This concept is heavily supported by the decedents of [[Kahanism|Kahane's movement]], a radical West Bank movement that has been designated as a terrorist group by the United States. ... ... This would either lead to a one-state solution, or open up the avenue for a [[religious Zionism|religious-Zionist]] controlled [[State of Judea]] in the [[West Bank]]. ...}}</ref> The declaration of independence of this state was announced in a [[Jerusalem]] hotel on December 27^th, 1988. Notorious Kahanist, Michael Ben-Horin was declared the president of the free state of Judea.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/jewishterrorismi0000peda|title=Jewish terrorism in Israel|last=Pedahzur|first=Ami|date=2009|publisher=New York : Columbia University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-231-15446-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Levinger Brought in for Questioning in Israel's Crack-down on Extremists|url=https://www.jta.org/archive/levinger-brought-in-for-questioning-in-israels-crack-down-on-extremists|access-date=2025-09-20|website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|language=en-US|quote=A blackout has meanwhile been imposed on proceedings against Michael Ben-Horin of the Golan village of Nob, who is also in custody. Ben-Horin is the self-styled president of the [[state of Judea]], which was founded in the late 1980s by the late [[Rabbi]] [[Meir Kahane]] to claim control over the [[West Bank]] in the wake of any Israeli withdrawal.}}</ref> In January 1989, several hundred activists met together and announced their intention to create the infrastructure of such a state if [[Israel]] ever withdrew.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=WysT_YXvi0kC&q=%22state+of+judea%22&pg=PA170&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=%22state%20of%20judea%22&f=false|title=Frontiers and Ghettos: State Violence in Serbia and Israel|last=Ron|first=James|date=2003-05-19|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-93690-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ApANDp1XzmgC&q=%22state+of+judea%22+kach&pg=PA146&redir_esc=y|title=The Deadly Embrace: The Impact of Israeli and Palestinian Rejectionism on the Peace Process|last=Kass|first=Ilana|last2=O'Neill|first2=Bard E.|date=1997|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC|isbn=978-0-7618-0535-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ellensburg Daily Record - Google News Archive Search|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7DgQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G48DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6890,1643982|access-date=2025-09-18|website=news.google.com|quote=A group of right-wing Israeli settlers, vowing to not ever allow a PLO state within the splitting range of Israel's borders. ... [[Israel]] has been under increasing International Pressure to resolve the Palestinian issue because of the diplomatic moves by the [[Palestinian Liberation Organization]]’s chief [[Yassar Arafat|Yassir Arafat]]. Since the Palestinian parliament-in-exile declared the independent state in November, dozens of countries have recognized it and the [[USA]] opened dialogue with the [[Palestinian Liberation Organization|PLO]].}}</ref> The idea was revived in the wake of the unilateral disengagement plan which resulted in the forcible eviction of most [[Jew|Jewish]] settlers from the [[Gaza Strip|Gaza strip]] by the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Weiss|first=Efrat|date=2004-06-07|title=הימין הקיצוני: נתנתק מישראל ונקים את "מדינת יהודה"|language=he|trans-title=We will secede from Israel and establish a State of Judea.|work=ynet|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-2928254,00.html|access-date=2025-09-18}}</ref> In 2007, Shalom Dov Wolpo suggested the establishment of a new Jewish state in the [[West Bank]] if Israel withdrew.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-06|title=Rightist initiative: Picking flag and anthem for settler state|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3479663,00.html|access-date=2025-09-18|website=Ynetnews|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rafel|first=Rosanna|date=2014-07-22|title=The Death of the One-State Solution in Israel|url=https://asfar.org.uk/the-death-of-the-one-state-solution-in-israel/|access-date=2025-09-20|website=Asfar|language=en-GB|quote=A further solution, which has a strong following from the [[religious Zionism|religious-Zionist camp]], is the [[Free State of Judea]]. This concept is heavily supported by [[ the ]] decedents of Kahane's [[Kach|Kach movement]], a radical West Bank movement that has been designated as a terrorist group by the United States. This proposal is for a halachic, Jewish law, state in the [[West Bank]] and heavily supported by [[Jewish]] settlers. Further figures who support this move are the prominent author and political actor, Chabad Rabbi, Shalom Dov Wolpol, and the Republican congressman Joe Walsh. Walsh stated that [[Israel]] has the right to annex the [[West Bank]] if the [[Palestinians|Palestinians]] declare a state, which they arguably have done previously in 1988 and with the successful bid at the [[United Nations]] at the close of 2012. This would either lead to a one-state solution, or open up the avenue for a religious-Zionist controlled [[State of Judea]] in the [[West Bank]]. This will automatically counter any nationalistic independence claims from [[Palestinians]] in the [[West Bank]] ...}}</ref> ==Flag== The flag of the state of Judea is nearly the same as the [[Flag of Israel|flag of the state of Israel]]. Like the flag of Israel, it has a blue symbol on a white background, between two horizontal blue stripes, but unlike the [[flag of Israel]] the symbol is a [[Menorah (Temple)|Temple menorah]] instead of a [[Star of David]]. Another version has a [[Star of David]] of a different sort than appears on the flag of Israel, together with some other symbols.<ref>{{Cite web |title="State of Judea" Movement (Israel) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/il%7Djudea.html |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Other political flags (Israel)|url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/il%7D_var1.html|access-date=2025-09-19|website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5074599 |title=The flourishing State of Judea |publisher=[[Haaretz]] |date=17 December 2008 |access-date=7 January 2025 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516174430/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5074599 |url-status=dead }} [[Category:Judaism in Israel]] [[Category:Politics of Israel]] [[Category:Politics of Palestine]] [[Category:Arab–Israeli conflict]] {{politics-stub}}{{Zionism|state=State of Judea}} [[Category:Unrecognized countries]] [[Category:West Bank]] [[Category:Kahanism]] [[Category:Far-right politics]] [[Category:Zionism]] 0v64sjsw0lvm34u9a3ymuqd35qz7jt3 10879230 10878965 2026-06-05T01:47:50Z ~2026-33277-41 1816588 /* References */ 10879230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} [[File:Proposed flag of Judea.svg|thumb|Proposed flag of the State of Judea]] [[File:Judea and Samaria Area in Israel (all) (semi-Israel areas hatched).svg|thumb|Proposed location of the State of Judea]] The '''State of Judea''' ({{lang-he-n|מְדִינַת יְהוּדָה}}, ''{{transl|he|Medīnat Yəhuda}}'') is a proposed [[Halakha|halachic]] [[state]] in the [[West Bank]], forward by [[Israeli settlements|Israeli Jewish settlers]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rafel|first=Rosanna|date=2014-07-22|title=The Death of the One-State Solution in Israel|url=https://asfar.org.uk/the-death-of-the-one-state-solution-in-israel/|access-date=2025-09-18|website=Asfar|language=en-GB|quote=A further solution, which has a strong following from the [[religious Zionism|religious-Zionist]] camp, is the [[State of Judea|state of Judea]]. ... ... Walsh stated that Israel has the right to annex the West Bank if the Palestinians declare a State, which they arguably have done previously in 1988 and with the successful bid at the United Nations at the close of 2012. This would either lead to a one-state solution, or open up the avenue for a religious-Zionist controlled State of Judea in the West Bank.}}</ref> After the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)]] declared the existence of a [[Palestine (country)|Palestinian state]] in 1988, some settler activists (primarily [[Kahanism|Kahanists]]) feared international pressure would cause Israel to withdraw from the [[West Bank]] and sought to lay the groundwork for an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jewish]] state in the West Bank and Gaza if this came to pass.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rafel|first=Rosanna|date=2014-07-22|title=The Death of the One-State Solution in Israel|url=https://asfar.org.uk/the-death-of-the-one-state-solution-in-israel/|access-date=2025-09-18|website=Asfar|language=en-GB|quote=A further solution, which has a strong following from the religious-Zionist camp, is the [[Free State of Judea]]. This concept is heavily supported by the decedents of [[Kahanism|Kahane's movement]], a radical West Bank movement that has been designated as a terrorist group by the United States. ... ... This would either lead to a one-state solution, or open up the avenue for a [[religious Zionism|religious-Zionist]] controlled [[State of Judea]] in the [[West Bank]]. ...}}</ref> The declaration of independence of this state was announced in a [[Jerusalem]] hotel on December 27^th, 1988. Notorious Kahanist, Michael Ben-Horin was declared the president of the free state of Judea.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/jewishterrorismi0000peda|title=Jewish terrorism in Israel|last=Pedahzur|first=Ami|date=2009|publisher=New York : Columbia University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-231-15446-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Levinger Brought in for Questioning in Israel's Crack-down on Extremists|url=https://www.jta.org/archive/levinger-brought-in-for-questioning-in-israels-crack-down-on-extremists|access-date=2025-09-20|website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|language=en-US|quote=A blackout has meanwhile been imposed on proceedings against Michael Ben-Horin of the Golan village of Nob, who is also in custody. Ben-Horin is the self-styled president of the [[state of Judea]], which was founded in the late 1980s by the late [[Rabbi]] [[Meir Kahane]] to claim control over the [[West Bank]] in the wake of any Israeli withdrawal.}}</ref> In January 1989, several hundred activists met together and announced their intention to create the infrastructure of such a state if [[Israel]] ever withdrew.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=WysT_YXvi0kC&q=%22state+of+judea%22&pg=PA170&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=%22state%20of%20judea%22&f=false|title=Frontiers and Ghettos: State Violence in Serbia and Israel|last=Ron|first=James|date=2003-05-19|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-93690-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ApANDp1XzmgC&q=%22state+of+judea%22+kach&pg=PA146&redir_esc=y|title=The Deadly Embrace: The Impact of Israeli and Palestinian Rejectionism on the Peace Process|last=Kass|first=Ilana|last2=O'Neill|first2=Bard E.|date=1997|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC|isbn=978-0-7618-0535-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ellensburg Daily Record - Google News Archive Search|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=7DgQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G48DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6890,1643982|access-date=2025-09-18|website=news.google.com|quote=A group of right-wing Israeli settlers, vowing to not ever allow a PLO state within the splitting range of Israel's borders. ... [[Israel]] has been under increasing International Pressure to resolve the Palestinian issue because of the diplomatic moves by the [[Palestinian Liberation Organization]]’s chief [[Yasser Arafat|Yasser Arafat]]. Since the Palestinian parliament-in-exile declared the independent state in November, dozens of countries have recognized it and the [[USA]] opened dialogue with the [[Palestinian Liberation Organization|PLO]].}}</ref> The idea was revived in the wake of the unilateral disengagement plan which resulted in the forcible eviction of most [[Jew|Jewish]] settlers from the [[Gaza Strip|Gaza strip]] by the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Weiss|first=Efrat|date=2004-06-07|title=הימין הקיצוני: נתנתק מישראל ונקים את "מדינת יהודה"|language=he|trans-title=We will secede from Israel and establish a State of Judea.|work=ynet|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-2928254,00.html|access-date=2025-09-18}}</ref> In 2007, Shalom Dov Wolpo suggested the establishment of a new Jewish state in the [[West Bank]] if Israel withdrew.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-06|title=Rightist initiative: Picking flag and anthem for settler state|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3479663,00.html|access-date=2025-09-18|website=Ynetnews|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rafel|first=Rosanna|date=2014-07-22|title=The Death of the One-State Solution in Israel|url=https://asfar.org.uk/the-death-of-the-one-state-solution-in-israel/|access-date=2025-09-20|website=Asfar|language=en-GB|quote=A further solution, which has a strong following from the [[religious Zionism|religious-Zionist camp]], is the [[Free State of Judea]]. This concept is heavily supported by [[ the ]] decedents of Kahane's [[Kach|Kach movement]], a radical West Bank movement that has been designated as a terrorist group by the United States. This proposal is for a halachic, Jewish law, state in the [[West Bank]] and heavily supported by [[Jewish]] settlers. Further figures who support this move are the prominent author and political actor, Chabad Rabbi, Shalom Dov Wolpol, and the Republican congressman Joe Walsh. Walsh stated that [[Israel]] has the right to annex the [[West Bank]] if the [[Palestinians|Palestinians]] declare a state, which they arguably have done previously in 1988 and with the successful bid at the [[United Nations]] at the close of 2012. This would either lead to a one-state solution, or open up the avenue for a religious-Zionist controlled [[State of Judea]] in the [[West Bank]]. This will automatically counter any nationalistic independence claims from [[Palestinians]] in the [[West Bank]] ...}}</ref> ==Flag== The flag of the state of Judea is nearly the same as the [[Flag of Israel|flag of the state of Israel]]. Like the flag of Israel, it has a blue symbol on a white background, between two horizontal blue stripes, but unlike the [[flag of Israel]] the symbol is a [[Menorah (Temple)|Temple menorah]] instead of a [[Star of David]]. Another version has a [[Star of David]] of a different sort than appears on the flag of Israel, together with some other symbols.<ref>{{Cite web |title="State of Judea" Movement (Israel) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/il%7Djudea.html |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Other political flags (Israel)|url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/il%7D_var1.html|access-date=2025-09-19|website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5074599 |title=The flourishing State of Judea |publisher=[[Haaretz]] |date=17 December 2008 |access-date=7 January 2025 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516174430/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5074599 |url-status=dead }} [[Category:Judaism in Israel]] [[Category:Politics of Israel]] [[Category:Politics of Palestine]] [[Category:Arab–Israeli conflict]] {{politics-stub}}{{Zionism|state=State of Judea}} [[Category:Unrecognized countries]] [[Category:West Bank]] [[Category:Kahanism]] [[Category:Far-right politics]] [[Category:Zionism]] 9n64lmg07fm4flgkb5d5rxluwjusknf 0 368172 10878819 10877090 2026-06-04T15:49:44Z Simba1997!28 1784326 10878819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italictitle}} {{Infobox movie | name = Atlantis: The Lost Empire | image = Atlantis - The Lost Empire logo.png | alt = | caption = Official Logo | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Gary Trousdale]] * [[Kirk Wise]] }} | producer = Don Hahn | screenplay = [[Tab Murphy]] | story = {{Plainlist| * Kirk Wise * Gary Trousdale * [[Joss Whedon]] * [[Bryce Zabel]] * Jackie Zabel * Tab Murphy }} | starring = <!-- Per ending credits. -->{{Plainlist| * [[Michael J. Fox]] * [[James Garner]] * [[Cree Summer]] * [[Don Novello]] * [[Phil Morris (actor)|Phil Morris]] * [[Claudia Christian]] * [[Jacqueline Obradors]] * Florence Stanley * [[David Ogden Stiers]] * [[John Mahoney]] * [[Jim Varney]] * [[Corey Burton]] * [[Leonard Nimoy]] }} | music = [[James Newton Howard]] | editing = Ellen Keneshea | studio = [[Walt Disney Feature Animation]] | distributor = [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]] | released = {{Film date|2001|06|03|[[El Capitan Theatre]]|2001|06|15|United States|ref2=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3628238337/|title=Atlantis: The Lost Empire|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=January 14, 2020|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512215454/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=atlantis.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | runtime = 95 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3628238337/|title=Atlantis: The Lost Empire|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=January 14, 2020|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512215454/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=atlantis.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $90–120 million<ref name="TheNumbers">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2001/ATLNS.php|work=The-Numbers|publisher=Nash Information Services|title=Atlantis: The Lost Empire|access-date=January 6, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220140352/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2001/ATLNS.php|archive-date=December 20, 2013}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news|title=Suddenly, High Stakes for Disney's Film and TV Businesses|first1=Rick|last1=Lyman|first2=Geraldine|last2=Fabrikant|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/21/business/21FILM.html?pagewanted=all|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 21, 2001|access-date=July 4, 2011|quote=Besides, Disney executives maintain that they have made it easier for their animated features to break even by a cost-cutting campaign that made ''Atlantis'', which cost $100 million, about 35 percent cheaper to produce than the studio's other recent animated efforts.|archive-date=January 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128231928/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/21/business/21FILM.html?pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=atlantis.htm|title=''Atlantis: The Lost Empire'' (2001)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=Amazon|access-date=July 3, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110606200130/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=atlantis.htm| archive-date= June 6, 2011}}</ref> | gross = $186.1 million<ref name="BOM"/> }} '''''Atlantis: The Lost Empire''''' is a 2001 American [[Animation|animated]] [[science fiction]] [[adventure movie]] made by [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Feature Animation]] and released by [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. It is the 41st movie in the [[List of Disney animated movies|Walt Disney Animated Classics series]] and the first [[science fiction movie]] for Disney. It follows a group of mercenaries on a quest to find the lost city of [[Atlantis]]. Released on June 15, 2001, it did not make much money as the company wanted. Disney stopped making both a spin-off television series and an underwater attraction at its [[Disneyland]] theme park. This movie has a sequel called ''[[Atlantis: Milo's Return]]''. ==Plot== In 1914 [[Washington, D.C.]], archaeo-linguist Milo Thatch obsesses over finding the legendary lost city of [[Atlantis]], which is believed to have sunk thousands of years ago. His employers ridicule his theories, but he gains an unexpected alley in eccentric millionaire Preston B. Whitmore, a friend of Milo's late adventurer grandfather who also sought the city. Determined to honor his old friend's quest, Whitmore recruits Milo for an expedition to Atlantis, having recently uncovered the ''Shepherd's Journal'', an ancient Atlantean manuscript that contains directions to the lost city's location. Aboard the submarine ''Ulysses'', Milo meets his teammates: Commander Lyle Tiberius Rourke, Lieutenant Helga Sinclair, demolitions expert Vincenzo Santorini, geologist Gaëtan "Mole" Molière, medical officer Joshua Sweet, mechanic Audrey Ramirez, radio operator Wilhelmina Packard, mess cook Jebidiah "Cookie" Farnsworth, and a platoon of mercenaries. A massive mechanical [[leviathan]] attacks the submarine after it reaches in a cave entrance leading toward the lost city, killing most of the crew. Milo and the survivors escape in the smaller craft, navigating through the cave to emerge among the ancient ruins. Milo translates the journal, guiding the team through caves beneath a dormant volcano until they reach the worn remains of Atlantis. There, they are greeted by Princess Kidagakash "Kida" Nedakh, who, despite being about 8,500 years old, has the appearance of a young woman. She leads them to her father, King Kashekim, who orders them to leave. Learning that Milo can read their language—a skill lost to the Atlanteans over millennia—Kida asks for his help in uncovering their forgotten history and highly-advanced technology, which the city has declined and resources have dwindled without. Milo learns that Atlantis is powered by the Heart of Atlantis, a massive crystal that grands longevity and health to its citizens through the smaller crystals they carry. Rourke betrays Milo and the Atlanteans, revealing his true intention to steal the Heart for profit, despite knowing that the Atlanteans will perish without it. He mortally wounds the King to seize control and uncovers the crystal's hidden location beneath the city. Sensing the danger, the crystal merges with Kida, whom Rourke then captures. He departs with the crystallized Kida and his mercenaries, except for Vincenzo, Molière, Sweet, Audrey, Packard, and Cookie, who refuse to take part in the Atlanteans' destruction. Before dying, the King reveals that he attempted to weaponize the crystal's vast power, resulting in Atlantis being devastated by a [[megatsunami]]. The crystal merged with a royal family member, Kida's mother, to protect the city by creating a dome over the city's inner district and shielding it from total destruction as Atlantis sank beneath the waves, but Kida's mother never returned. In order to prevent the crystal from ever merging with Kida, the King hid it, inadvertently accelerating Atlantis' decline. He warns Milo that Kida will be lost forever if she's not soon separated from the crystal and pleads with him to save her. Alongside his allies, Milo rallies the Atlanteans to reactivate their long-dormant flying machines. Together, they eliminate Rourke and his mercenaries in the volcano. Milo and the others fly the crystallized Kida back to Atlantis as the volcano erupts. Kida ascends into the air and awakens the Stone Guardians, who erect a barrier that shields the city from the lava flow. With Atlantis saved, the crystal separates from Kida and remains suspended in the sky. Having fallen in love with Kida, Milo chooses to stay behind in Atlantis with her. Before returning to the surface, Vincenzo, Molière, Sweet, Audrey, Packard, and Cookie each receive a small crystal and a share of treasure. The six reunite with Preston and agree to keep their adventure a secret to protect Atlantis. Preston opens a package from Milo, containing his own crystal and a note thanking him. The newly crowned Queen Kida and Milo carve a stone effigy of her father to join those of the past rulers floating beside the Heart of Atlantis, as the city stands restored to its former glory. ==Cast== * [[Michael J. Fox]] as Milo James Thatch * [[James Garner]] as Lyle Rourke * [[Cree Summer]] as Princess Kida and Queen of Atlantis ** Natalie Strom as young Kida * [[John Mahoney]] as Preston B. Whitmore * [[Claudia Christian]] as Helga Sinclair * [[Don Novello]] as Vinny Santorini * [[Phil Morris (actor)|Phil Morris]] as Dr. Joshua Strongbear Sweet * [[Jacqueline Obradors]] as Audrey Ramirez * [[Corey Burton]] as Gaëtan "Mole" Molière * [[Jim Varney]] / [[Steven Barr]] as Jebidiah "Cookie" Farnsworth * [[Florence Stanley]] as Mrs. Packard * [[Leonard Nimoy]] as King Kashekim Nedakh * [[David Ogden Stiers]] as Mr. Fenton Q. Harcourt ==References== {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Letterboxd title |id=atlantis-the-lost-empire |title=Atlantis: The Lost Empire}} {{Disney theatrical animated features}} [[Category:2001 movies]] [[Category:2001 animated movies]] [[Category:American family movies]] [[Category:Disney animated movies]] [[Category:Movies composed by James Newton Howard]] [[Category:2000s English-language movies]] [[Category:2001 adventure movies]] [[Category:2000s fantasy-comedy movies]] [[Category:2001 comedy movies]] [[Category:2001 American fantasy movies]] [[Category:2001 science fiction movies]] [[Category:American action movies]] [[Category:American adventure movies]] [[Category:American coming-of-age movies]] [[Category:American drama movies]] [[Category:American fantasy-comedy movies]] [[Category:American science fiction movies]] [[Category:Movies set in Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Movies set underwater]] [[Category:Movies set on islands]] [[Category:Movies about volcanoes]] [[Category:Movies set in the 1910s]] [[Category:Screenplays by Joss Whedon]] ot13uutx6ctwygj6pilxmesz38x7g01 10878824 10878819 2026-06-04T16:18:45Z Simba1997!28 1784326 /* Cast */ 10878824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italictitle}} {{Infobox movie | name = Atlantis: The Lost Empire | image = Atlantis - The Lost Empire logo.png | alt = | caption = Official Logo | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Gary Trousdale]] * [[Kirk Wise]] }} | producer = Don Hahn | screenplay = [[Tab Murphy]] | story = {{Plainlist| * Kirk Wise * Gary Trousdale * [[Joss Whedon]] * [[Bryce Zabel]] * Jackie Zabel * Tab Murphy }} | starring = <!-- Per ending credits. -->{{Plainlist| * [[Michael J. Fox]] * [[James Garner]] * [[Cree Summer]] * [[Don Novello]] * [[Phil Morris (actor)|Phil Morris]] * [[Claudia Christian]] * [[Jacqueline Obradors]] * Florence Stanley * [[David Ogden Stiers]] * [[John Mahoney]] * [[Jim Varney]] * [[Corey Burton]] * [[Leonard Nimoy]] }} | music = [[James Newton Howard]] | editing = Ellen Keneshea | studio = [[Walt Disney Feature Animation]] | distributor = [[Buena Vista Pictures Distribution]] | released = {{Film date|2001|06|03|[[El Capitan Theatre]]|2001|06|15|United States|ref2=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3628238337/|title=Atlantis: The Lost Empire|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=January 14, 2020|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512215454/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=atlantis.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | runtime = 95 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3628238337/|title=Atlantis: The Lost Empire|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=January 14, 2020|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512215454/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=atlantis.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $90–120 million<ref name="TheNumbers">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2001/ATLNS.php|work=The-Numbers|publisher=Nash Information Services|title=Atlantis: The Lost Empire|access-date=January 6, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220140352/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2001/ATLNS.php|archive-date=December 20, 2013}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes">{{cite news|title=Suddenly, High Stakes for Disney's Film and TV Businesses|first1=Rick|last1=Lyman|first2=Geraldine|last2=Fabrikant|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/21/business/21FILM.html?pagewanted=all|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 21, 2001|access-date=July 4, 2011|quote=Besides, Disney executives maintain that they have made it easier for their animated features to break even by a cost-cutting campaign that made ''Atlantis'', which cost $100 million, about 35 percent cheaper to produce than the studio's other recent animated efforts.|archive-date=January 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128231928/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/21/business/21FILM.html?pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BOM">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=atlantis.htm|title=''Atlantis: The Lost Empire'' (2001)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=Amazon|access-date=July 3, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110606200130/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=atlantis.htm| archive-date= June 6, 2011}}</ref> | gross = $186.1 million<ref name="BOM"/> }} '''''Atlantis: The Lost Empire''''' is a 2001 American [[Animation|animated]] [[science fiction]] [[adventure movie]] made by [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Walt Disney Feature Animation]] and released by [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. It is the 41st movie in the [[List of Disney animated movies|Walt Disney Animated Classics series]] and the first [[science fiction movie]] for Disney. It follows a group of mercenaries on a quest to find the lost city of [[Atlantis]]. Released on June 15, 2001, it did not make much money as the company wanted. Disney stopped making both a spin-off television series and an underwater attraction at its [[Disneyland]] theme park. This movie has a sequel called ''[[Atlantis: Milo's Return]]''. ==Plot== In 1914 [[Washington, D.C.]], archaeo-linguist Milo Thatch obsesses over finding the legendary lost city of [[Atlantis]], which is believed to have sunk thousands of years ago. His employers ridicule his theories, but he gains an unexpected alley in eccentric millionaire Preston B. Whitmore, a friend of Milo's late adventurer grandfather who also sought the city. Determined to honor his old friend's quest, Whitmore recruits Milo for an expedition to Atlantis, having recently uncovered the ''Shepherd's Journal'', an ancient Atlantean manuscript that contains directions to the lost city's location. Aboard the submarine ''Ulysses'', Milo meets his teammates: Commander Lyle Tiberius Rourke, Lieutenant Helga Sinclair, demolitions expert Vincenzo Santorini, geologist Gaëtan "Mole" Molière, medical officer Joshua Sweet, mechanic Audrey Ramirez, radio operator Wilhelmina Packard, mess cook Jebidiah "Cookie" Farnsworth, and a platoon of mercenaries. A massive mechanical [[leviathan]] attacks the submarine after it reaches in a cave entrance leading toward the lost city, killing most of the crew. Milo and the survivors escape in the smaller craft, navigating through the cave to emerge among the ancient ruins. Milo translates the journal, guiding the team through caves beneath a dormant volcano until they reach the worn remains of Atlantis. There, they are greeted by Princess Kidagakash "Kida" Nedakh, who, despite being about 8,500 years old, has the appearance of a young woman. She leads them to her father, King Kashekim, who orders them to leave. Learning that Milo can read their language—a skill lost to the Atlanteans over millennia—Kida asks for his help in uncovering their forgotten history and highly-advanced technology, which the city has declined and resources have dwindled without. Milo learns that Atlantis is powered by the Heart of Atlantis, a massive crystal that grands longevity and health to its citizens through the smaller crystals they carry. Rourke betrays Milo and the Atlanteans, revealing his true intention to steal the Heart for profit, despite knowing that the Atlanteans will perish without it. He mortally wounds the King to seize control and uncovers the crystal's hidden location beneath the city. Sensing the danger, the crystal merges with Kida, whom Rourke then captures. He departs with the crystallized Kida and his mercenaries, except for Vincenzo, Molière, Sweet, Audrey, Packard, and Cookie, who refuse to take part in the Atlanteans' destruction. Before dying, the King reveals that he attempted to weaponize the crystal's vast power, resulting in Atlantis being devastated by a [[megatsunami]]. The crystal merged with a royal family member, Kida's mother, to protect the city by creating a dome over the city's inner district and shielding it from total destruction as Atlantis sank beneath the waves, but Kida's mother never returned. In order to prevent the crystal from ever merging with Kida, the King hid it, inadvertently accelerating Atlantis' decline. He warns Milo that Kida will be lost forever if she's not soon separated from the crystal and pleads with him to save her. Alongside his allies, Milo rallies the Atlanteans to reactivate their long-dormant flying machines. Together, they eliminate Rourke and his mercenaries in the volcano. Milo and the others fly the crystallized Kida back to Atlantis as the volcano erupts. Kida ascends into the air and awakens the Stone Guardians, who erect a barrier that shields the city from the lava flow. With Atlantis saved, the crystal separates from Kida and remains suspended in the sky. Having fallen in love with Kida, Milo chooses to stay behind in Atlantis with her. Before returning to the surface, Vincenzo, Molière, Sweet, Audrey, Packard, and Cookie each receive a small crystal and a share of treasure. The six reunite with Preston and agree to keep their adventure a secret to protect Atlantis. Preston opens a package from Milo, containing his own crystal and a note thanking him. The newly crowned Queen Kida and Milo carve a stone effigy of her father to join those of the past rulers floating beside the Heart of Atlantis, as the city stands restored to its former glory. ==Cast== * [[Michael J. Fox]] as Milo James Thatch, a [[Linguistics|linguist]] and [[Cartography|cartographer]] at the [[Smithsonian Institute]] who is subsequently recruited to decipher ''The Shepherd's Journal'' as part of an expedition to Atlantis. * [[James Garner]] as Commander Lyle Tiberius Rourke, the leader of a band of mercenaries for the Atlantean expedition. * [[Cree Summer]] as Kidagakash "Kida" Nedakh, the Princess of Atlantis and Milo's love interest, and the unnamed Queen of Atlantis, Kida's mother and Kashekim's wife who was "chosen" by the Crystal during the sinking of the city. ** Natalie Strom as young Kida * [[John Mahoney]] as Preston B. Whitmore, an eccentric millionaire who funds the expedition to Atlantis. [[Lloyd Bridges]] was originally considered to provide his voiceover role as Whitmore, but he died before completing the movie. Mahoney's zest and vigor led to Whitmore's personality being reworked for the movie.<ref>[[#Kurtti01|Kurtti 2001, p. 15.]]</ref> * [[Claudia Christian]] as Lieutenant Helga Katrina Sinclair, Rourke's [[Germans|German]]-born second-in-command. * [[Don Novello]] as Vincenzo "Vinny" Santorini, an [[Italians|Italian]] [[Demolition|demolitions expert]]. * [[Phil Morris (actor)|Phil Morris]] as Dr. Joshua Strongbear Sweet, a [[medic]] of [[African-American]] and [[Arapaho]] descent. * [[Jacqueline Obradors]] as Audrey Rocio Ramirez, [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] [[mechanic]] and the youngest member of the expedition. * [[Corey Burton]] as Gaëtan "Mole" Molière, a [[French people|French]] [[geologist]] who acts like a [[Mole (animal)|mole]]. * [[Jim Varney]] / [[Steven Barr]] as Jebidiah Allerdyce "Cookie" Farnsworth, a Western-style [[chuckwagon]] chef. Varney died in February 2000, before the production ended, and the movie was dedicated to his memory. Barr recorded supplemental dialogue for Cookie. * [[Florence Stanley]] as Wilhelmina Bertha Packard, a elderly, sarcastic, and chain-smoking [[radio operator]] who is also the expedition's [[photographer]]. * [[Leonard Nimoy]] as Kashekim Nedakh, the King of Atlantis and Kida's father. * [[David Ogden Stiers]] as Mr. Fenton Q. Harcourt, a board member of the Smithsonian Institution who dismisses Milo's belief in the existence of Atlantis. Additional voices are provided by [[Jim Cummings]], [[Patrick Pinney]], Mickie McGowan, [[Jack Angel]], [[Bob Bergen]], [[Rodger Bumpass]], [[Jennifer Darling]], [[Paul Eiding]], Luck Hari, [[Sherry Lynn]], [[Phil Proctor]], and Bill Striglos. ==References== {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Letterboxd title |id=atlantis-the-lost-empire |title=Atlantis: The Lost Empire}} {{Disney theatrical animated features}} [[Category:2001 movies]] [[Category:2001 animated movies]] [[Category:American family movies]] [[Category:Disney animated movies]] [[Category:Movies composed by James Newton Howard]] [[Category:2000s English-language movies]] [[Category:2001 adventure movies]] [[Category:2000s fantasy-comedy movies]] [[Category:2001 comedy movies]] [[Category:2001 American fantasy movies]] [[Category:2001 science fiction movies]] [[Category:American action movies]] [[Category:American adventure movies]] [[Category:American coming-of-age movies]] [[Category:American drama movies]] [[Category:American fantasy-comedy movies]] [[Category:American science fiction movies]] [[Category:Movies set in Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Movies set underwater]] [[Category:Movies set on islands]] [[Category:Movies about volcanoes]] [[Category:Movies set in the 1910s]] [[Category:Screenplays by Joss Whedon]] sqxu30mzyae45rfohbwerjumwsdyvvy 0 372676 10878799 8717519 2026-06-04T14:52:23Z ~2026-33300-63 1816288 10878799 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Highways''' in [[Greece]] are the most significant roads of the [[country]]. There are 10 most significant highways. They are: * [[File:Autokinetodromos A1 number.svg|35px]] (PAThE Motorway): The highway that connects the capital [[Athens]] with the second biggest city [[Thessaloniki]] and the MK border at [[Evzoni]]. * [[File:Autokinetodromos A2 number.svg|35px]] (Egnatia Odos): The highway that connects the west gate, the port of [[Igoumenitsa]] with the east one, the Greek-Turkish Borders at [[Evros]] river. * [[File:Autokinetodromos A3 number.svg|35px]] (Central Greece Motorway): The highway that connects the major cities of [[Thessaly]] region, starting at [[Grevena]] and ending at [[Lamia (city)|Lamia]]. * [[File:Autokinetodromos A4 number.svg|35px]] The highway that connects the city of [[Larissa]] and the city of [[Trikala]] at [[Thessaly]] region * [[File:Autokinetodromos A5 number.svg|35px]] (Ionia Odos): The highway that traverses all the Western Greece, Starting at [[Ioaninna]] and ends at [[Kalamata]] at Pelloponnese. * [[File:Autokinetodromos A6 number.svg|35px]] (Attiki Odos): The metropolitan ring road of [[Athens]] * [[File:Croatia A7.svg|35px]] (Moreas Motorway): The highway that connects the city of [[Corinth]] with the city of [[Kalamata]], traversing all the Central Pelloponnese. * [[File:Autokinetodromos A8 number.svg|35px]] (Olympia Odos): The highway that connects the capital [[Athens]] with the third biggest city [[Patra]]. * [[File:Autokinetodromos A9 number.svg|35px]] (Olympia Odos): The highway that connects the city of [[Patra]] with the city of [[Pyrgos]] at Western Pelloponesse. * [[File:Autokinetodromos A90 number.svg|35px]] (BOAK Motorway): The highway that traverses all the island of [[Crete]], connecting the cities of [[Chania]], [[Rethimno]], [[Hrakleion]], [[Agios Nikolaos]], ending at [[Siteia]]. [[Category:Highways]] [[Category:Geography of Greece]] fe4zszfy2hhc3hq2r3n5rwjwli2p2cs 0 376009 10879028 10840784 2026-06-04T20:36:13Z ~2026-27466-54 1799319 /* Film */ 10879028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox actor | name = Dolph Lundgren | image = Dolph Lundgren by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg | caption = Lundgren at the [[San Diego Comic Con]] in July 2012 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|11|03}} | birth_place = [[Spånga]], [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] | nationality = Swedish<br>American | education = [[KTH Royal Institute of Technology|Royal Institute of Technology]] (BSc)<br>[[University of Sydney]] (MSc)<br>[[Washington State University]] | occupation = {{Flatlist| * [[Actor]] * [[filmmaker]] * [[Martial arts|martial artist]]}} | years_active = 1979-present | spouse = {{Unbulleted list|{{Marriage|[[Anette Qviberg]]|1994|2011}}}} | children = 2 }} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}} '''Hans "Dolph" Lundgren''' (born on November 3, 1957) is a [[Swedish people|Swedish]]-[[Americans|American]] actor, martial artists, and director who is known for his roles in ''[[Universal Soldier]]'', ''[[Universal Soldier: Day of Reckoning]]'', ''[[Rocky IV]]'', ''[[The Expendables (2010 movie)|The Expendables]]'', ''[[The Expendables 2]]'' and in ''[[The Expendables 3]]''. He is notable for playing the Soviet boxer [[Ivan Drago]] in ''[[Rocky IV]]''. Lundgren played King Nereus in the [[DC Comics]]-[[Warner Bros.]] movie ''[[Aquaman (movie)|Aquaman]]'' (2018). Lundgren was born on November 3, 1957 in [[Spånga]], [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800058493/bio |title=Dolph Lundgren Biography - Yahoo! Movies |publisher=Movies.yahoo.com |accessdate=September 6, 2010 |archive-date=January 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6502nShPK?url=http://movies.yahoo.com/person/dolph-lundgren/biography.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He studied at [[Washington State University]] and at [[Clemson University]]. Lundgren was married to Annette Qviberg from 1994 until they separated in 2011. They have 2 daughters. Lundgren lives in [[Los Angeles, California]]. In May 2023, Lundgren revealed that he had been diagnosed with [[lung cancer]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-ie/news/other/rocky-star-dolph-lundgren-is-battling-cancer-and-fears-steroids-early-in-career-to-blame/ar-AA1b0VkQ|title=Rocky star Dolph Lundgren is battling cancer and fears steroids early in career to blame|publisher=MSN|accessdate=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/movies/dolph-lundgren-reveals-longterm-battle-with-cancer-said-he-was-given-2-3-years-to-live-at-one-point|title=Dolph Lundgren Reveals Longterm Battle With Cancer, Said He Was Given 2-3 Years To Live At One Point|publisher=CinemaBlend|accessdate=10 May 2023}}</ref> == Film == [[File:Dolph Lundgren 1990.jpg|thumb|upright|At the premier of ''[[Air America (film)|Air America]]'' in 1990]] [[File:Dolph Lundgren (4840639576) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|At the [[San Diego Comic Con]] in July 2010]] [[File:Dolph Lundgren by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|upright|At the [[San Diego Comic Con]] in July 2012]] {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row | 1985 | ''[[A View to a Kill]]'' | Agent Venz | Cameo | |- ! scope=row | 1985 | ''[[Rocky IV]]'' | [[Ivan Drago|Captain Ivan Drago]] | | |- ! scope=row | 1987 | ''[[Masters of the Universe (1987 film)|Masters of the Universe]]'' | [[He-Man]] | | |- ! scope=row | 1987 | ''Maximum Potential'' | Himself | Direct-to-video; also writer | |- ! scope=row| 1988 | ''[[Red Scorpion]]'' | Lieutenant Nikolai Petrovitch Rachenko | | |- ! scope=row| 1988 | ''R.P.G. II'' | Lifeguard | Short film; cameo | |- ! scope=row| 1989 | ''[[The Punisher (1989 film)|The Punisher]]'' | [[Punisher|Francis "Frank" Castle / The Punisher]] | Direct-to-video | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=The Punisher: Dolph Lundgren Returns as Frank Castle in Photoshoot |url=https://www.cbr.com/punisher-dolph-lundgren-return-photoshoot/ |publisher=[[Comic Book Resources|CBR]] |access-date=January 26, 2022 |date=November 16, 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 1990 | ''[[I Come in Peace]]'' | Detective Jack Caine | | |- ! scope=row| 1991 | ''[[Cover Up (1991 film)|Cover Up]]'' | Mike Anderson | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 1991 | ''[[Showdown in Little Tokyo]]'' | Sergeant Chris Kenner | | |- ! scope=row| 1992 | ''[[Universal Soldier (1992 film)|Universal Soldier]]'' | Sergeant Andrew Scott / GR13 | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Soldier |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/universal_soldier |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=January 26, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 1993 | ''[[Joshua Tree (1993 film)|Joshua Tree]]'' | Wellman Anthony Santee | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 1994 | ''Sunny Side Up'' | Himself | Cameo | |- ! scope=row| 1994 | ''[[Pentathlon (film)|Pentathlon]]'' | Eric Brogar | Direct-to-video; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 1994 | ''[[Men of War (1994 film)|Men of War]]'' | Nick Gunar | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 1995 | ''[[Johnny Mnemonic (film)|Johnny Mnemonic]]'' | Karl "The Street Preacher" Honig | | |- ! scope=row| 1995 | ''[[The Shooter (1995 movie)|The Shooter]]'' | U.S. Marshal Michael Dane | Direct-to-video | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=The Shooter (1994) |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movie-guide/b-oozcyy/the-shooter/ |publisher=[[Radio Times]] |access-date=January 26, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 1996 | ''[[Silent Trigger]]'' | Waxman "Shooter" | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 1997 | ''[[The Peacekeeper]]'' | Major Frank Cross | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 1998 | ''[[The Minion]]'' | Lukas Sadorov | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 1998 | ''[[Sweepers (film)|Sweepers]]'' | Christian Erickson | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 1999 | ''[[Bridge of Dragons]]'' | Warchild | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 1999 | ''[[Storm Catcher]]'' | Major Jack Holloway | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2000 | ''[[Jill Rips]]'' | Matt Sorenson | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2000 | ''[[The Last Warrior (2000 film)|The Last Warrior]]'' | Captain Nick Preston | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2000 | ''[[Agent Red]]'' | Captain Matt Hendricks | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2001 | ''[[Hidden Agenda (2001 film)|Hidden Agenda]]'' | Agent Jason Price | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2003 | ''[[Detention (2003 film)|Detention]]'' | Sam Decker | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2004 | ''Direct Action'' | Sergeant Frank Gannon | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2004 | ''[[Fat Slags (film)|Fat Slags]]'' | Randy | Cameo | |- ! scope=row| 2004 | ''[[Retrograde (2004 film)|Retrograde]]'' | Captain John Foster | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2004 | ''[[The Defender (2004 film)|The Defender]]'' | Lance Rockford | Direct-to-video; also director | |- ! scope=row| 2005 | ''[[The Mechanik]]'' | Nikolai "Nick" Cherenko | Direct-to-video; also story and director | |- ! scope=row| 2006 | ''[[The Inquiry (2006 film)|The Inquiry]]'' | Brixos | | |- ! scope=row| 2007 | ''[[Diamond Dogs (film)|Diamond Dogs]]'' | Xander Ronson | Direct-to-video; also uncredited director and executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 2007 | ''[[Missionary Man (film)|Missionary Man]]'' | Ryder | Limited release; also writer and director | |- ! scope=row| 2009 | ''[[Direct Contact]]'' | Mike Riggins | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2009 | ''[[Command Performance (2009 film)|Command Performance]]'' | Joe Reynolds | Direct-to-video; also writer and director | |- ! scope=row| 2009 | ''[[Universal Soldier: Regeneration]]'' | Sergeant Andrew Scott | Limited release | |- ! scope=row|2010 | ''[[Icarus (2010 film)|Icarus]]'' | Edward "Eddie" Genn / Icarus | Limited release; also director | |- ! scope=row|2010 | ''[[The Expendables (2010 film)|The Expendables]]'' | [[List of The Expendables characters#Gunner Jensen|Gunner Jensen]] | | |- ! scope=row| 2011 | ''[[In the Name of the King 2: Two Worlds]]'' | Granger | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2012 | ''[[Small Apartments]]'' | Dr. Sage Mennox | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2012 | ''[[Stash House]]'' | Andy Spector | Limited release; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 2012 | ''[[One in the Chamber]]'' | Aleksey "The Wolf" Andreev | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2012 | ''[[The Expendables 2]]'' | Gunner Jensen | | |- ! scope=row| 2012 | ''[[Universal Soldier: Day of Reckoning]]'' | Sergeant Andrew Scott | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2012 | ''[[The Package (2013 film)|The Package]]'' | "The German" | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2013 | ''[[Legendary (2013 film)|Legendary]]'' | Jim Harker | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2013 | ''[[Battle of the Damned]]'' | Major Max Gatling | Limited release; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 2013 | ''[[Ambushed (2013 film)|Ambushed]]'' | Agent Evan Maxwell | Direct-to-video; also producer | |- ! scope=row| 2013 | ''[[Blood of Redemption]]'' | Axel "The Swede" | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2014 | ''[[Puncture Wounds]]'' | Hollis | Direct-to-video; also producer | |- ! scope=row| 2014 | ''[[The Expendables 3]]'' | Gunner Jensen | | |- ! scope=row| 2014 | ''[[Skin Trade (film)|Skin Trade]]'' | Detective Nick Cassidy | Limited release; also writer/story and producer | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''[[War Pigs (film)|War Pigs]]'' | Captain Hans Picault | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''[[The Good, the Bad, and the Dead]]'' | Agent Bob Rooker | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''Shark Lake'' | Clint Gray | Limited release; also producer | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''Riot'' | Agent William | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''Malchishnik'' | Natasha's Husband | Cameo | |- ! scope=row| 2016 | ''[[Hail, Caesar!]]'' | Submarine Commander | Uncredited еxtra | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/hail-caesar-character-details-channing-tatum-is-a-communist/|title=HAIL CAESAR! Character Details Revealed: Channing Tatum Is a Wannabe Communist|first=Haleigh|last=Foutch|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=May 6, 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 2016 | ''[[Kindergarten Cop 2]]'' | Agent Zack Reed | Direct-to-video; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 2016 | ''[[Don't Kill It]]'' | Jebediah Woodley | Limited release; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 2016 | ''Female Fight Club'' | Sam Holt | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2016 | ''[[Welcome to Willits]]'' | Officer Derek Hutchinson | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | ''Larceny'' | Jack | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | ''Altitude'' | Matthew Sharpe | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | ''[[Dead Trigger (film)|Dead Trigger]]'' | Captain Kyle Walker | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2018 | ''[[Black Water (2018 film)|Black Water]]'' | Marco | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2018 | ''[[Creed II]]'' | Captain Ivan Drago | | |- ! scope=row| 2018 | ''[[Aquaman (film)|Aquaman]]'' | [[Nereus (DC Comics)|King Nereus]] | | |- ! scope=row| 2019 | ''The Tracker'' | Aiden Hakansson | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2019 | ''[[Acceleration (film)|Acceleration]]'' | Vladik Zorich | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2019 | ''Hard Night Falling'' | Michael Anderson | Direct-to-video; also producer | |- ! scope=row| 2021 | ''[[Pups Alone]]'' | Victor | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2021 | ''[[Seal Team (film)|Seal Team]]'' | Dolph | Voice role | |- ! scope=row| 2021 | ''[[Castle Falls]]'' | Richard Ericson | Limited release; also director and producer | |- ! scope=row| 2022 | ''[[Minions: The Rise of Gru]]'' | Svengeance | Voice role | |- ! scope=row| 2022 | ''[[Section Eight (film)|Section Eight]]'' | Captain Tom Mason | Limited release; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 2022 | ''Operation Seawolf'' | Captain Hans Kessler | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2022 | ''Come Out Fighting'' | Major Chase Anderson | Direct-to-video | |- ! scope=row| 2023 | ''The Best Man'' | Anders | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2023 | ''[[Expend4bles]]'' | Gunner Jensen | | |- ! scope=row| 2023 | ''[[Showdown at the Grand]]'' | Claude Luc Hallyday | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2023 | ''[[Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom]]'' | King Nereus | | |- ! scope=row| 2024 | ''[[Wanted Man (film)|Wanted Man]]'' | Detective Travis Johansen | Limited release; аlso writer, director and producer | |- ! scope=row| 2025 | ''Dolph: Unbreakable'' | Himself | Documentary film; also executive producer | |- ! scope=row| 2025 | ''Exit Protocol'' | Charles Managold | Limited release | |- ! scope=row| 2026 | ''[[Hellfire (2026 film)|Hellfire]]'' | Sheriff Wiley | Streaming release | |- ! scope=row| 2026 | ''[[Mike & Nick & Nick & Alice]] '' | "The Barron" | Streaming release; cameo | |- ! scope=row| 2026 | ''[[Masters of the Universe (2026 film)|Masters of the Universe]] '' | "Macho Man" | Cameo | |- ! scope=row| TBA | ''Straight Shot'' | Armand Stoker | ''Post-production'' | |- ! scope=row| TBA | ''[[Holiguards Saga — The Portal of Force]]'' | TBA | ''Post-production'' | |- ! scope=row| TBA | ''One Last Shot'' | Admiral Mulholland | ''Post-production'' | |- ! scope=row| TBA | ''Mutant Year Zero'' | TBA | Voice role; ''filming'' | |- ! scope=row| TBA | ''[[A Man Will Rise]]'' | {{N/A|Unknown}} | Uncompleted | |} <!-- DO NOT add films not yet in production per WP:CRYSTAL and WP:NFF. --> == Television == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row| 1998 | ''[[Blackjack (1998 film)|Blackjack]]'' | U.S. Marshal Jack Devlin | Television pilot for an unproduced TV series | |- ! scope=row| 2010 | ''[[Chuck (TV series)|Chuck]]'' | Marco | Episode: "[[Chuck Versus the Anniversary]]" | |- ! scope=row| 2013–2014 | ''[[SAF3]]'' | Captain John Eriksson | 12 episodes | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''[[Workaholics]]'' | Himself | Episode: "Blood Drive" | |- ! scope=row| 2015 | ''[[Sanjay and Craig]]'' | Himself | Episode: "Huggle Day"; voice role | |- ! scope=row| 2016–2017 | ''[[Arrow (TV series)|Arrow]]'' | [[Konstantin Kovar (Arrowverse)|Konstantin Kovar]] | 6 episodes | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | ''[[Tour de Pharmacy]]'' | Gustav Ditters | Television film; cameo | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | ''[[Sharknado 5: Global Swarming]]'' | Mature Gil Shepard | Television film; cameo | |- ! scope=row| 2018 | ''Broken Sidewalk'' | Herb | Episode: "Pilot" | |- ! scope=row| 2019 | ''[[It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia]]'' | John Thundergun | Episode: "Thunder Gun 4: Maximum Cool"; cameo | |- ! scope=row| 2025 | ''The White House Pod - Dare to Dream'' | Guest | Episode: "The White House Pod - Dare to Dream - With Action Film Superstar, Dolph Lundgren" | |- ! scope=row| 2025 | ''The Rats: A Witcher Tale'' | Brehen | Television film | |} <!-- DO NOT add shows not yet in production (principal photography) per WP:CRYSTAL and WP:NFF. --> == Theatre == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" | Venue ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row| 1994 | ''Another Octopus'' | {{N/A|Unknown}} | {{N/A|Unknown}} | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="DTUG films">{{cite web|url=http://www.dolph-ultimate.com/films/index.html|title=Dolph: the ultimate guide filmography|publisher=Dolph-ultimate.com|access-date=18 August 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 1994 | ''Watching Fire'' | {{N/A|Unknown}} | {{N/A|Unknown}} | | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="DTUG films" /> |- ! scope=row| 1995 | ''Force Majeure'' | Death-Row Prisoner | {{N/A|Unknown}} | |style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dolph-ultimate.com/dolph-in/force_majeure.html |title=DOLPH :: Force Majeure |website=Doplh Ultimate Guide}}</ref> |} == Music videos == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Role ! scope="col" | Performer ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row| 1992 | "[[Body Count (album)|Body Count's in the House]]" | Himself | [[Body Count (band)|Body Count]] | Uncredited cameo | style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/b-sides/39652/b-sides-universal-soldiers-leave-behind-a-body-count/|title=B-Sides: Universal Soldiers Leave Behind a Body Count|last=Foywonder|date=1 December 2012|website=Dread Central}}</ref> |- ! scope=row| 2006 | "Kosmosa" | Submarine Captain | [[Irson Kudikova]] | | |- ! scope=row| 2017 | "[[Believer (Imagine Dragons song)|Believer]]" | Boxer | [[Imagine Dragons]] | | |} == Soundtrack appearances == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope=row| 1988 | ''[[Red Scorpion]]'' | "State Anthem of the Soviet Union" | | |- ! scope=row| 2009 | ''[[Command Performance (2009 film)|Command Performance]]'' | "Breakdown", "Girl" | | |- ! scope=row| 2010 | ''[[Melodifestivalen 2010]]'' | "A Little Less Conversation", "[[Eye of the Tiger]]" | 2 episodes | |- ! scope=row| 2010 | ''[[Gylne tider]]'' | "[[Let It Be (song)|Let It Be]]" | Episode: "Episode #4.3" | |} == Video games == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Voice role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" | 2012 | ''The Expendables 2 Videogame'' | [[List of The Expendables characters#Gunner Jensen|Gunner Jensen]] | | |- ! scope="row" | 2025 | ''[[Marvel's Deadpool VR]]'' | [[Ultimo (Marvel Comics)|Ultimo]] | | |} ==Awards and honors== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! Nominated work ! Year ! Award ! Results |- ! scope=row| ''[[Rocky IV]]'' |1985 | Marshall Trophy for Best Actor |{{won}} |} ===Special awards=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;" |- ! Ceremony ! Year ! Award ! Results |- ! scope=row| ''Málaga International Week of Fantastic Cinema'' |2007 | Fantastic Lantern |{{won}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} *[https://twitter.com/Dolph_fans Twitter] *[http://www.facebook.com/DolphLundgrenOfficial Facebook] *[http://www.dolphlundgren.com/ Dolph Lundgren official page] *[http://www.myspace.com/dolphlundgrenofficialpage MySpace] *{{IMDb name|185}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ludgren, Dolph}} [[Category:1957 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Swedish movie actors]] [[Category:Swedish television actors]] [[Category:Swedish stage actors]] [[Category:Swedish voice actors]] [[Category:Swedish movie directors]] [[Category:Martial artists]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Stockholm]] [[Category:Actors from Stockholm]] {{actor-stub}} jgoiqn2bg16xcb4fzgv2gb5nsswosb4 0 377205 10878897 10828396 2026-06-04T18:10:38Z Simba1997!28 1784326 10878897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Batman '89|the DC Comic book series|Batman '89{{!}}''Batman '89'' (comic book)}} {{Use American English|date=June 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2018}} {{Infobox Movie | name = Batman | image = BATMAN 1989.png | caption = Official Logo | director = [[Tim Burton]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Jon Peters]] * [[Peter Guber]] }} | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * [[Sam Hamm]] * [[Warren Skaaren]] }} | story = Sam Hill | based_on = {{Plainlist| * {{Based on|Characters |[[DC Comics]]}} * {{Based on|[[Batman]]|[[Bob Kane]]|[[Bill Finger]]{{efn|name=Finger|[[Bill Finger]], co-creator of Batman, the Penguin, and Catwoman, was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman related media until 2016.<ref name="Fingercredit"/>}}}} }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Jack Nicholson]] * [[Michael Keaton]] * [[Kim Basinger]] * [[Robert Wuhl]] * [[Pat Hingle]] * [[Billy Dee Williams]] * [[Michael Gough]] * [[Jack Palance]] }} | music = [[Danny Elfman]] (score)<br />[[Prince (musician)|Prince]] (songs) | cinematography = [[Roger Pratt (cinematographer)|Roger Pratt]] | editing = [[Ray Lovejoy]] | studio = {{ubl|[[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]<ref name="afi"/>|Guber-Peters Company<ref name="afi"/>|[[PolyGram Filmed Entertainment|PolyGram Pictures]]<ref name="afi"/>}} | distributor = Warner Bros.<ref name="afi">{{cite web |title=Batman (1989) |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/57898 |website=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=April 15, 2022}}</ref> | released = {{Movie date|1989|6|19|[[Westwood, Los Angeles]]|1989|6|23|United States|1989|8|11|United Kingdom}} | runtime = 126 minutes | country = {{ubl|United States<ref name="Lumiere">{{cite web|title=''Batman'' (1989)|url=http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=2474|website=[[Lumiere (database)|Lumiere]]|access-date=March 14, 2018|archive-date=June 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623142858/http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=2474|url-status=live}}</ref>|United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web|title=Batman (1989) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79c7384e |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408150048/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79c7384e |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=[[British Film Institute]] |language=en}}</ref>}} | language = English | budget = $48&nbsp;million<ref name="Guber" /> | gross = $411.6&nbsp;million<ref name=BoxOfficeMojo>{{cite web|title=Batman (1989)|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0096895/|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=December 29, 2020|archive-date=June 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616234608/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0096895/|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''''Batman''''' is a 1989 [[superhero movie]] directed by [[Tim Burton]] and written by [[Sam Hamm]] and [[Warren Skaaren]]. It is the first installment of [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]' [[Batman in movie#Tim Burton and Joel Schumacher series (1989-1997)|initial ''Batman'' movie series]] based on the [[Batman|DC Comics character]]. The movie stars [[Jack Nicholson]], [[Michael Keaton]], [[Kim Basinger]], [[Robert Wuhl]], [[Pat Hingle]], [[Billy Dee Williams]], [[Michael Gough]], and [[Jack Palance]], takes place early in the war on crime of [[Bruce Wayne (1989 movie series character)|the titular character]] (Keaton) and depicts his confrontation with his [[archenemy]] [[Joker (comics)|the Joker]] (Nicholson). After Burton was hired to direct in 1986, [[Steve Englehart]] and [[Julie Hickson]] wrote [[movie treatment]]s before Hamm wrote the first screenplay. ''Batman'' wasn't [[Greenlight|greenlit]] until after the success of Burton's ''[[Beetlejuice]]'' (1988). The movie's tone and themes were partially influenced by [[Alan Moore]] and [[Brian Bolland]]'s ''[[Batman: The Killing Joke|The Killing Joke]]'' and [[Frank Miller]]'s ''[[The Dark Knight Returns]]''. The movie primarily adapts and then diverges from the "[[The Man Behind the Red Hood!|Red Hood]]" [[origin story]] for the Joker, having Batman inadvertently [[gangster]] Jack Napier to fall into Axis Chemical acid, triggering his transformation into the [[psychotic]] Joker. Batman co-creator [[Bob Kane]] additionally worked as a consultant for the movie. Numerous [[Leading man|leading men]] were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast. Keaton's casting was controversial since, by 1988, he'd become [[Typecasting (acting)|typecast]] as an comedic actor and many observers had doubt he could portray a serious role.<ref name="Elfman" /> Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated top [[Billing (moviemaking)|billing]], a portion of the movie's earnings (including associated merchandise), and his own shooting schedule. Filming took place at [[Pinewood Studios]] from October 1988 to January 1989. The budget escalated from $30&nbsp;million to $48&nbsp;million, while the [[1988 Writers Guild of America strike]] forced Hamm to drop out. Skaaren did provide in the rewrites, with additional uncredited drafts done in by [[Charles McKeown]] and [[Jonathan Gems]]. ''Batman'' was both critically and financially successful, earning over $400&nbsp;million in box office totals. Critics and audiences particularly praised Nicholson and Keaton's performances, Burton's direction, the production design, and composer [[Danny Elfman]]'s score. It was the sixth-highest-grossing movie in history at the time of its release. The movie received several [[Saturn Award]] nominations and a [[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globe]] nomination for Nicholson's performance, and the [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Academy Award for Best Art Direction]]. The movie was followed by three sequels: ''[[Batman Returns]]'' (1992), with both Burton and Keaton returning; ''[[Batman Forever]]'' (1995), with [[Joel Schumacher]] directing and [[Val Kilmer]] in the lead role; and ''[[Batman & Robin (movie)|Batman & Robin]]'' (1997), which featured [[George Clooney]] in the role. Keaton would later reprise the role of Batman in the [[DC Extended Universe]] movie ''[[The Flash (movie)|The Flash]]'' (2023). The movie also led to the development of ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'' (1992-1995), which in turn began the [[DC Animated Universe]] of spin-off media, and has influenced [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]'s modern marketing and development techniques of the superhero movie genre. Two sequel novels were written by [[John Jackson Miller]], ''[[Batman: Resurrection]]'' (2024) and ''[[Batman: Revolution]]'' (2025). ==Plot== <!-- Per WP:FILMPLOT, plot summaries for feature films are 400 to 700 words. --> Newspaper reporter Alexander Knox and photojournalist [[Vicki Vale]] investigate sightings of "[[Batman]]", a masked vigilante who is targeting on [[Gotham City]]'s criminals. They attend a fundraiser hosted by billionaire [[Bruce Wayne (1989 movie series character)|Bruce Wayne]], who is secretly Batman, having chosen this path after witnessing a mugger murder his parents when he was a child. During the event, Wayne becomes attracted to Vale. Meanwhile, mob boss Carl Grissom sends his sociopathic second-in-command [[Joker (Jack Napier)|Jack Napier]] to break into Axis Chemicals and retrieve incriminating evidence. However, this is secretly a ploy to have Napier killed for carrying on an affair with Grissom's mistress, Alicia Hunt. Corrupt Gotham City police lieutenant Max Eckhardt arranges the hit on Napier by conducting an unauthorized raid on Axis Chemicals. Unfortunately, [[Commissioner Gordon|Commissioner James Gordon]] learns of the raid and takes command, ordering the officers to capture Napier alive. Batman also appears, while Napier shoots Eckhardt as revenge for the betrayal. During a scuffle with Batman, Napier topples off a catwalk and falls into a vat of chemicals. Although presumed dead, Napier survives with various disfigurements including chalk white skin and emerald-green hair He undergoes surgery to repair the damage, but ends up with a [[Risus sardonicus|rictus grin]]. Driven insane by his hideous appearance, Napier, calling himself "[[the Joker]]", murders Grissom, massacres Grissom's associates, and takes over his operations. The Joker begins to terrorize Gotham by lacing various hygiene products with "Smylex" - a deadly chemical that causes its victims to [[Death from laughter|die laughing]]. He soon becomes obsessed with Vicki and lures her to the Flugelheim Museum, which his henchmen [[Vandalism|vandalize]]. Batman rescues Vicki from the Joker, takes her to the [[Batcave]], and provides her with all of his research on Smylex, which will allow Gotham's residents to escape from the toxin. Conflicted with his love for her, Wayne visits her apartment in an intend to reveal his secret identity, only for the Joker to interrupt the meeting. The Joker asks Wayne, "Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight?", which Wayne recognizes as the phrase used by the mugger who murdered his parents. He shoots Wayne, who survives by hiding a serving tray underneath his shirt. Vicki is taken to the Batcave by Wayne's butler, [[Alfred Pennyworth]], who had been coaxing the relationship between the pair. After Vicki learns his secret, Wayne chooses to battle the Joker for the sake of the city over their relationship. He then departs to destroy the Axis plant used to create Smylex. Meanwhile, the Joker lures Gotham's citizens to a parade honoring Gotham's bicentennial with the promise of free money. This turns out to be a trap designed to dose them with the Smylex gas held within giant parade balloons. Batman foils his plan by using his [[Batplane|Batwing]] to remove the balloons, but the Joker shoots him down. The Batwing crashes in front of a cathedral, which the Joker uses to take Vicki hostage. Batman pursues the Joker, and in the ensuing fight, he identifies that Napier killed his parents and thus, indirectly created Batman. The Joker eventually pulls Batman and Vicki over the cathedral's roof, leaving them hanging while he calls for a helicopter piloted by his goons, who throw down a ladder for him to climb. Batman uses a grappling hook to attach the Joker's leg to a crumbling [[gargoyle]] that eventually falls off the roof. Unable to bear the statue's immense weight, the Joker falls to his death while Batman and Vicki make it to safety. Sometime later, Gordon announces that the police have arrested all of the Joker's men, effectively dismantling the remains of Grissom's organizations, and unveils the [[Bat-Signal]]. Batman leaves the police a note, promising to defend Gotham if crime should strike again, and asking them to use the Bat-Signal to summon him in times of need. Alfred takes Vicki to [[Wayne Manor]], explaining Wayne will be a little late. She responds she's not surprised, as Batman looks at the signal's projection from a rooftop, standing watch over the city. ==Cast== {{Multiple image | total_width = 500 | image1 = Jack Nicholson 2001.jpg | alt1 = A smiling Jack Nicholson | image2 = Michael Keaton Cannes.jpg | alt2 = A smiling Michael Keaton | image3 = Kim Basinger (1990).jpg | alt3 = A smiling Kim Basinger | align = right | footer = [[Jack Nicholson]] (in 2001), [[Michael Keaton]] (in 2002) and [[Kim Basinger]] (in 1990). }} {{Cast listing| * [[Jack Nicholson]] as [[Joker (Jack Napier)|Jack Napier / The Joker]] ** [[Hugo Blick|Hugo E. Blick]] as young Jack * [[Michael Keaton]] as [[Bruce Wayne (1989 movie series character)|Bruce Wayne / Batman]] ** Charles Roskilly as young Bruce * [[Kim Basinger]] as [[Vicki Vale]] * [[Robert Wuhl]] as Alexander Knox * [[Pat Hingle]] as [[Commissioner Gordon]] * [[Billy Dee Williams]] as [[Harvey Dent]] * [[Michael Gough]] as [[Alfred Pennyworth]] * [[Jack Palance]] as Carl Grissom * [[Jerry Hall]] as Alicia Hunt * [[Tracey Walter]] as Bob the Goon * [[Lee Wallace (actor)|Lee Wallace]] as Mayor Borg * [[William Hootkins]] as Lt. Max Eckhardt * Liza Ross as tourist mom * [[Garrick Hagon]] as tourist dad * Adrian Meyers as tourist son * David Baxt as [[Thomas Wayne]] * Sharon Holm as [[Martha Wayne]] }} == Related pages == * [[Batman]] * [[Bruce Wayne (1989 movie series character)]] * [[The Dark Knight Trilogy]] * [[Batman Returns]] * [[Batman Forever]] * [[Batman & Robin]] == Other websites == {{Wikiquote|Batman (1989 film)}} * {{AllMovie movie|4278|Batman}} * {{IMDb title|0096895|Batman}} * {{Mojo title|id=batman|title=Batman}} * {{Metacritic film|batman|Batman}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|id=1001781|title=Batman}} {{1989–1997 Batman film series}} {{Batman in popular media}} {{DC Comics movies}} {{DC Extended Universe}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1989 movies]] [[Category:Batman (1989 movie series)]] [[Category:Batman movies]] [[Category:PG-13 rated movies]] [[Category:Movies based on comic book characters]] [[Category:Movies composed by Danny Elfman]] [[Category:Movies directed by Tim Burton]] [[Category:Warner Bros. movies]] [[Category:1980s English-language movies]] {{movie-stub}} c3aagsnmoqk81ufgcb4v2v9du6tqwns 10878906 10878897 2026-06-04T18:24:05Z Simba1997!28 1784326 10878906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Batman '89|the DC Comic book series|Batman '89{{!}}''Batman '89'' (comic book)}} {{Use American English|date=June 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2018}} {{Infobox Movie | name = Batman | image = BATMAN 1989.png | caption = Official Logo | director = [[Tim Burton]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Jon Peters]] * [[Peter Guber]] }} | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * [[Sam Hamm]] * [[Warren Skaaren]] }} | story = Sam Hill | based_on = {{Plainlist| * {{Based on|Characters |[[DC Comics]]}} * {{Based on|[[Batman]]|[[Bob Kane]]|[[Bill Finger]]{{efn|name=Finger|[[Bill Finger]], co-creator of Batman, the Penguin, and Catwoman, was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman related media until 2016.<ref name="Fingercredit"/>}}}} }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Jack Nicholson]] * [[Michael Keaton]] * [[Kim Basinger]] * [[Robert Wuhl]] * [[Pat Hingle]] * [[Billy Dee Williams]] * [[Michael Gough]] * [[Jack Palance]] }} | music = [[Danny Elfman]] (score)<br />[[Prince (musician)|Prince]] (songs) | cinematography = [[Roger Pratt (cinematographer)|Roger Pratt]] | editing = [[Ray Lovejoy]] | studio = {{ubl|[[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]<ref name="afi"/>|Guber-Peters Company<ref name="afi"/>|[[PolyGram Filmed Entertainment|PolyGram Pictures]]<ref name="afi"/>}} | distributor = Warner Bros.<ref name="afi">{{cite web |title=Batman (1989) |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/57898 |website=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=April 15, 2022}}</ref> | released = {{Movie date|1989|6|19|[[Westwood, Los Angeles]]|1989|6|23|United States|1989|8|11|United Kingdom}} | runtime = 126 minutes | country = {{ubl|United States<ref name="Lumiere">{{cite web|title=''Batman'' (1989)|url=http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=2474|website=[[Lumiere (database)|Lumiere]]|access-date=March 14, 2018|archive-date=June 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623142858/http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=2474|url-status=live}}</ref>|United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web|title=Batman (1989) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79c7384e |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408150048/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79c7384e |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=[[British Film Institute]] |language=en}}</ref>}} | language = English | budget = $48&nbsp;million<ref name="Guber" /> | gross = $411.6&nbsp;million<ref name=BoxOfficeMojo>{{cite web|title=Batman (1989)|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0096895/|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=December 29, 2020|archive-date=June 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616234608/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0096895/|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''''Batman''''' is a 1989 [[superhero movie]] directed by [[Tim Burton]] and written by [[Sam Hamm]] and [[Warren Skaaren]]. It is the first installment of [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]' [[Batman in movie#Tim Burton and Joel Schumacher series (1989-1997)|initial ''Batman'' movie series]] based on the [[Batman|DC Comics character]]. The movie stars [[Jack Nicholson]], [[Michael Keaton]], [[Kim Basinger]], [[Robert Wuhl]], [[Pat Hingle]], [[Billy Dee Williams]], [[Michael Gough]], and [[Jack Palance]], takes place early in the war on crime of [[Bruce Wayne (1989 movie series character)|the titular character]] (Keaton) and depicts his confrontation with his [[archenemy]] [[Joker (comics)|the Joker]] (Nicholson). The movie's score was composed by [[Danny Elfman]] and songs were written by [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]. After Burton was hired to direct in 1986, [[Steve Englehart]] and [[Julie Hickson]] wrote [[movie treatment]]s before Hamm wrote the first screenplay. ''Batman'' wasn't [[Greenlight|greenlit]] until after the success of Burton's ''[[Beetlejuice]]'' (1988). The movie's tone and themes were partially influenced by [[Alan Moore]] and [[Brian Bolland]]'s ''[[Batman: The Killing Joke|The Killing Joke]]'' and [[Frank Miller]]'s ''[[The Dark Knight Returns]]''. The movie primarily adapts and then diverges from the "[[The Man Behind the Red Hood!|Red Hood]]" [[origin story]] for the Joker, having Batman inadvertently [[gangster]] Jack Napier to fall into Axis Chemical acid, triggering his transformation into the [[psychotic]] Joker. Batman co-creator [[Bob Kane]] additionally worked as a consultant for the movie. Numerous [[Leading man|leading men]] were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast. Keaton's casting was controversial since, by 1988, he'd become [[Typecasting (acting)|typecast]] as an comedic actor and many observers had doubt he could portray a serious role.<ref name="Elfman" /> Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated top [[Billing (moviemaking)|billing]], a portion of the movie's earnings (including associated merchandise), and his own shooting schedule. Filming took place at [[Pinewood Studios]] from October 1988 to January 1989. The budget escalated from $30&nbsp;million to $48&nbsp;million, while the [[1988 Writers Guild of America strike]] forced Hamm to drop out. Skaaren did provide in the rewrites, with additional uncredited drafts done in by [[Charles McKeown]] and [[Jonathan Gems]]. ''Batman'' was both critically and financially successful, earning over $400&nbsp;million in box office totals. Critics and audiences particularly praised Nicholson and Keaton's performances, Burton's direction, the production design, and composer [[Danny Elfman]]'s score. It was the sixth-highest-grossing movie in history at the time of its release. The movie received several [[Saturn Award]] nominations and a [[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globe]] nomination for Nicholson's performance, and the [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Academy Award for Best Art Direction]]. The movie was followed by three sequels: ''[[Batman Returns]]'' (1992), with both Burton and Keaton returning; ''[[Batman Forever]]'' (1995), with [[Joel Schumacher]] directing and [[Val Kilmer]] in the lead role; and ''[[Batman & Robin (movie)|Batman & Robin]]'' (1997), which featured [[George Clooney]] in the role. Keaton would later reprise the role of Batman in the [[DC Extended Universe]] movie ''[[The Flash (movie)|The Flash]]'' (2023). The movie also led to the development of ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'' (1992-1995), which in turn began the [[DC Animated Universe]] of spin-off media, and has influenced [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]'s modern marketing and development techniques of the superhero movie genre. Two sequel novels were written by [[John Jackson Miller]], ''[[Batman: Resurrection]]'' (2024) and ''[[Batman: Revolution]]'' (2025). ==Plot== <!-- Per WP:FILMPLOT, plot summaries for feature films are 400 to 700 words. --> Newspaper reporter Alexander Knox and photojournalist [[Vicki Vale]] investigate sightings of "[[Batman]]", a masked vigilante who is targeting on [[Gotham City]]'s criminals. They attend a fundraiser hosted by billionaire [[Bruce Wayne (1989 movie series character)|Bruce Wayne]], who is secretly Batman, having chosen this path after witnessing a mugger murder his parents when he was a child. During the event, Wayne becomes attracted to Vale. Meanwhile, mob boss Carl Grissom sends his sociopathic second-in-command [[Joker (Jack Napier)|Jack Napier]] to break into Axis Chemicals and retrieve incriminating evidence. However, this is secretly a ploy to have Napier killed for carrying on an affair with Grissom's mistress, Alicia Hunt. Corrupt Gotham City police lieutenant Max Eckhardt arranges the hit on Napier by conducting an unauthorized raid on Axis Chemicals. Unfortunately, [[Commissioner Gordon|Commissioner James Gordon]] learns of the raid and takes command, ordering the officers to capture Napier alive. Batman also appears, while Napier shoots Eckhardt as revenge for the betrayal. During a scuffle with Batman, Napier topples off a catwalk and falls into a vat of chemicals. Although presumed dead, Napier survives with various disfigurements including chalk white skin and emerald-green hair He undergoes surgery to repair the damage, but ends up with a [[Risus sardonicus|rictus grin]]. Driven insane by his hideous appearance, Napier, calling himself "[[the Joker]]", murders Grissom, massacres Grissom's associates, and takes over his operations. The Joker begins to terrorize Gotham by lacing various hygiene products with "Smylex" - a deadly chemical that causes its victims to [[Death from laughter|die laughing]]. He soon becomes obsessed with Vicki and lures her to the Flugelheim Museum, which his henchmen [[Vandalism|vandalize]]. Batman rescues Vicki from the Joker, takes her to the [[Batcave]], and provides her with all of his research on Smylex, which will allow Gotham's residents to escape from the toxin. Conflicted with his love for her, Wayne visits her apartment in an intend to reveal his secret identity, only for the Joker to interrupt the meeting. The Joker asks Wayne, "Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight?", which Wayne recognizes as the phrase used by the mugger who murdered his parents. He shoots Wayne, who survives by hiding a serving tray underneath his shirt. Vicki is taken to the Batcave by Wayne's butler, [[Alfred Pennyworth]], who had been coaxing the relationship between the pair. After Vicki learns his secret, Wayne chooses to battle the Joker for the sake of the city over their relationship. He then departs to destroy the Axis plant used to create Smylex. Meanwhile, the Joker lures Gotham's citizens to a parade honoring Gotham's bicentennial with the promise of free money. This turns out to be a trap designed to dose them with the Smylex gas held within giant parade balloons. Batman foils his plan by using his [[Batplane|Batwing]] to remove the balloons, but the Joker shoots him down. The Batwing crashes in front of a cathedral, which the Joker uses to take Vicki hostage. Batman pursues the Joker, and in the ensuing fight, he identifies that Napier killed his parents and thus, indirectly created Batman. The Joker eventually pulls Batman and Vicki over the cathedral's roof, leaving them hanging while he calls for a helicopter piloted by his goons, who throw down a ladder for him to climb. Batman uses a grappling hook to attach the Joker's leg to a crumbling [[gargoyle]] that eventually falls off the roof. Unable to bear the statue's immense weight, the Joker falls to his death while Batman and Vicki make it to safety. Sometime later, Gordon announces that the police have arrested all of the Joker's men, effectively dismantling the remains of Grissom's organizations, and unveils the [[Bat-Signal]]. Batman leaves the police a note, promising to defend Gotham if crime should strike again, and asking them to use the Bat-Signal to summon him in times of need. Alfred takes Vicki to [[Wayne Manor]], explaining Wayne will be a little late. She responds she's not surprised, as Batman looks at the signal's projection from a rooftop, standing watch over the city. ==Cast== {{Multiple image | total_width = 500 | image1 = Jack Nicholson 2001.jpg | alt1 = A smiling Jack Nicholson | image2 = Michael Keaton Cannes.jpg | alt2 = A smiling Michael Keaton | image3 = Kim Basinger (1990).jpg | alt3 = A smiling Kim Basinger | align = right | footer = [[Jack Nicholson]] (in 2001), [[Michael Keaton]] (in 2002) and [[Kim Basinger]] (in 1990). }} {{Cast listing| * [[Jack Nicholson]] as [[Joker (Jack Napier)|Jack Napier / The Joker]] ** [[Hugo Blick|Hugo E. Blick]] as young Jack * [[Michael Keaton]] as [[Bruce Wayne (1989 movie series character)|Bruce Wayne / Batman]] ** Charles Roskilly as young Bruce * [[Kim Basinger]] as [[Vicki Vale]] * [[Robert Wuhl]] as Alexander Knox * [[Pat Hingle]] as [[Commissioner Gordon]] * [[Billy Dee Williams]] as [[Harvey Dent]] * [[Michael Gough]] as [[Alfred Pennyworth]] * [[Jack Palance]] as Carl Grissom * [[Jerry Hall]] as Alicia Hunt * [[Tracey Walter]] as Bob the Goon * [[Lee Wallace (actor)|Lee Wallace]] as Mayor Borg * [[William Hootkins]] as Lt. Max Eckhardt * Liza Ross as tourist mom * [[Garrick Hagon]] as tourist dad * Adrian Meyers as tourist son * David Baxt as [[Thomas Wayne]] * Sharon Holm as [[Martha Wayne]] }} == Related pages == * [[Batman]] * [[Bruce Wayne (1989 movie series character)]] * [[The Dark Knight Trilogy]] * [[Batman Returns]] * [[Batman Forever]] * [[Batman & Robin]] == Other websites == {{Wikiquote|Batman (1989 film)}} * {{AllMovie movie|4278|Batman}} * {{IMDb title|0096895|Batman}} * {{Mojo title|id=batman|title=Batman}} * {{Metacritic film|batman|Batman}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|id=1001781|title=Batman}} {{1989–1997 Batman film series}} {{Batman in popular media}} {{DC Comics movies}} {{DC Extended Universe}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1989 movies]] [[Category:Batman (1989 movie series)]] [[Category:Batman movies]] [[Category:PG-13 rated movies]] [[Category:Movies based on comic book characters]] [[Category:Movies composed by Danny Elfman]] [[Category:Movies directed by Tim Burton]] [[Category:Warner Bros. movies]] [[Category:1980s English-language movies]] {{movie-stub}} aclyj4mmilhtcxrh9twa4aw6lonk9pw 10878937 10878906 2026-06-04T18:45:15Z Simba1997!28 1784326 10878937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Batman '89|the DC Comic book series|Batman '89{{!}}''Batman '89'' (comic book)}} {{Use American English|date=June 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2018}} {{Infobox Movie | name = Batman | image = BATMAN 1989.png | caption = Official logo | director = [[Tim Burton]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Jon Peters]] * [[Peter Guber]] }} | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * [[Sam Hamm]] * [[Warren Skaaren]] }} | story = Sam Hill | based_on = {{Plainlist| * {{Based on|Characters |[[DC Comics]]}} * {{Based on|[[Batman]]|[[Bob Kane]]|[[Bill Finger]]{{efn|name=Finger|[[Bill Finger]], co-creator of Batman, the Penguin, and Catwoman, was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman related media until 2016.<ref name="Fingercredit"/>}}}} }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Jack Nicholson]] * [[Michael Keaton]] * [[Kim Basinger]] * [[Robert Wuhl]] * [[Pat Hingle]] * [[Billy Dee Williams]] * [[Michael Gough]] * [[Jack Palance]] }} | music = [[Danny Elfman]] (score)<br />[[Prince (musician)|Prince]] (songs) | cinematography = [[Roger Pratt (cinematographer)|Roger Pratt]] | editing = [[Ray Lovejoy]] | studio = {{ubl|[[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]<ref name="afi"/>|Guber-Peters Company<ref name="afi"/>|[[PolyGram Filmed Entertainment|PolyGram Pictures]]<ref name="afi"/>}} | distributor = Warner Bros.<ref name="afi">{{cite web |title=Batman (1989) |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/57898 |website=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=April 15, 2022}}</ref> | released = {{Movie date|1989|6|19|[[Westwood, Los Angeles]]|1989|6|23|United States|1989|8|11|United Kingdom}} | runtime = 126 minutes | country = {{ubl|United States<ref name="Lumiere">{{cite web|title=''Batman'' (1989)|url=http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=2474|website=[[Lumiere (database)|Lumiere]]|access-date=March 14, 2018|archive-date=June 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623142858/http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=2474|url-status=live}}</ref>|United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web|title=Batman (1989) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79c7384e |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408150048/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79c7384e |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=[[British Film Institute]] |language=en}}</ref>}} | language = English | budget = $48&nbsp;million<ref name="Guber" /> | gross = $411.6&nbsp;million<ref name=BoxOfficeMojo>{{cite web|title=Batman (1989)|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0096895/|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=December 29, 2020|archive-date=June 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616234608/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0096895/|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''''Batman''''' is a 1989 [[superhero movie]] directed by [[Tim Burton]] and written by [[Sam Hamm]] and [[Warren Skaaren]]. It is the first installment of [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]' [[Batman in movie#Tim Burton and Joel Schumacher series (1989-1997)|initial ''Batman'' movie series]] based on the [[Batman|DC Comics character]]. The movie stars [[Jack Nicholson]], [[Michael Keaton]], [[Kim Basinger]], [[Robert Wuhl]], [[Pat Hingle]], [[Billy Dee Williams]], [[Michael Gough]], and [[Jack Palance]], takes place early in the war on crime of [[Bruce Wayne (1989 movie series character)|the titular character]] (Keaton) and depicts his confrontation with his [[archenemy]] [[Joker (comics)|the Joker]] (Nicholson). The movie's score was composed by [[Danny Elfman]] and songs were written by [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]. After Burton was hired to direct in 1986, [[Steve Englehart]] and [[Julie Hickson]] wrote [[movie treatment]]s before Hamm wrote the first screenplay. ''Batman'' wasn't [[Greenlight|greenlit]] until after the success of Burton's ''[[Beetlejuice]]'' (1988). The movie's tone and themes were partially influenced by [[Alan Moore]] and [[Brian Bolland]]'s ''[[Batman: The Killing Joke|The Killing Joke]]'' and [[Frank Miller]]'s ''[[The Dark Knight Returns]]''. The movie primarily adapts and then diverges from the "[[The Man Behind the Red Hood!|Red Hood]]" [[origin story]] for the Joker, having Batman inadvertently [[gangster]] Jack Napier to fall into Axis Chemical acid, triggering his transformation into the [[psychotic]] Joker. Batman co-creator [[Bob Kane]] additionally worked as a consultant for the movie. Numerous [[Leading man|leading men]] were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast. Keaton's casting was controversial since, by 1988, he'd become [[Typecasting (acting)|typecast]] as an comedic actor and many observers had doubt he could portray a serious role.<ref name="Elfman" /> Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated top [[Billing (moviemaking)|billing]], a portion of the movie's earnings (including associated merchandise), and his own shooting schedule. Filming took place at [[Pinewood Studios]] from October 1988 to January 1989. The budget escalated from $30&nbsp;million to $48&nbsp;million, while the [[1988 Writers Guild of America strike]] forced Hamm to drop out. Skaaren did provide in the rewrites, with additional uncredited drafts done in by [[Charles McKeown]] and [[Jonathan Gems]]. ''Batman'' was both critically and financially successful, earning over $400&nbsp;million in box office totals. Critics and audiences particularly praised Nicholson and Keaton's performances, Burton's direction, the production design, and composer [[Danny Elfman]]'s score. It was the sixth-highest-grossing movie in history at the time of its release. The movie received several [[Saturn Award]] nominations and a [[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globe]] nomination for Nicholson's performance, and the [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Academy Award for Best Art Direction]]. The movie was followed by three sequels: ''[[Batman Returns]]'' (1992), with both Burton and Keaton returning; ''[[Batman Forever]]'' (1995), with [[Joel Schumacher]] directing and [[Val Kilmer]] in the lead role; and ''[[Batman & Robin (movie)|Batman & Robin]]'' (1997), which featured [[George Clooney]] in the role. Keaton would later reprise the role of Batman in the [[DC Extended Universe]] movie ''[[The Flash (movie)|The Flash]]'' (2023). The movie also led to the development of ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'' (1992-1995), which in turn began the [[DC Animated Universe]] of spin-off media, and has influenced [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]'s modern marketing and development techniques of the superhero movie genre. Two sequel novels were written by [[John Jackson Miller]], ''[[Batman: Resurrection]]'' (2024) and ''[[Batman: Revolution]]'' (2025). ==Plot== <!-- Per WP:FILMPLOT, plot summaries for feature films are 400 to 700 words. --> Newspaper reporter Alexander Knox and photojournalist [[Vicki Vale]] investigate sightings of "[[Batman]]", a masked vigilante who is targeting on [[Gotham City]]'s criminals. They attend a fundraiser hosted by billionaire [[Bruce Wayne (1989 movie series character)|Bruce Wayne]], who is secretly Batman, having chosen this path after witnessing a mugger murder his parents when he was a child. During the event, Wayne becomes attracted to Vale. Meanwhile, mob boss Carl Grissom sends his sociopathic second-in-command [[Joker (Jack Napier)|Jack Napier]] to break into Axis Chemicals and retrieve incriminating evidence. However, this is secretly a ploy to have Napier killed for carrying on an affair with Grissom's mistress, Alicia Hunt. Corrupt Gotham City police lieutenant Max Eckhardt arranges the hit on Napier by conducting an unauthorized raid on Axis Chemicals. Unfortunately, [[Commissioner Gordon|Commissioner James Gordon]] learns of the raid and takes command, ordering the officers to capture Napier alive. Batman also appears, while Napier shoots Eckhardt as revenge for the betrayal. During a scuffle with Batman, Napier topples off a catwalk and falls into a vat of chemicals. Although presumed dead, Napier survives with various disfigurements including chalk white skin and emerald-green hair He undergoes surgery to repair the damage, but ends up with a [[Risus sardonicus|rictus grin]]. Driven insane by his hideous appearance, Napier, calling himself "[[the Joker]]", murders Grissom, massacres Grissom's associates, and takes over his operations. The Joker begins to terrorize Gotham by lacing various hygiene products with "Smylex" - a deadly chemical that causes its victims to [[Death from laughter|die laughing]]. He soon becomes obsessed with Vicki and lures her to the Flugelheim Museum, which his henchmen [[Vandalism|vandalize]]. Batman rescues Vicki from the Joker, takes her to the [[Batcave]], and provides her with all of his research on Smylex, which will allow Gotham's residents to escape from the toxin. Conflicted with his love for her, Wayne visits her apartment in an intend to reveal his secret identity, only for the Joker to interrupt the meeting. The Joker asks Wayne, "Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight?", which Wayne recognizes as the phrase used by the mugger who murdered his parents. He shoots Wayne, who survives by hiding a serving tray underneath his shirt. Vicki is taken to the Batcave by Wayne's butler, [[Alfred Pennyworth]], who had been coaxing the relationship between the pair. After Vicki learns his secret, Wayne chooses to battle the Joker for the sake of the city over their relationship. He then departs to destroy the Axis plant used to create Smylex. Meanwhile, the Joker lures Gotham's citizens to a parade honoring Gotham's bicentennial with the promise of free money. This turns out to be a trap designed to dose them with the Smylex gas held within giant parade balloons. Batman foils his plan by using his [[Batplane|Batwing]] to remove the balloons, but the Joker shoots him down. The Batwing crashes in front of a cathedral, which the Joker uses to take Vicki hostage. Batman pursues the Joker, and in the ensuing fight, he identifies that Napier killed his parents and thus, indirectly created Batman. The Joker eventually pulls Batman and Vicki over the cathedral's roof, leaving them hanging while he calls for a helicopter piloted by his goons, who throw down a ladder for him to climb. Batman uses a grappling hook to attach the Joker's leg to a crumbling [[gargoyle]] that eventually falls off the roof. Unable to bear the statue's immense weight, the Joker falls to his death while Batman and Vicki make it to safety. Sometime later, Gordon announces that the police have arrested all of the Joker's men, effectively dismantling the remains of Grissom's organizations, and unveils the [[Bat-Signal]]. Batman leaves the police a note, promising to defend Gotham if crime should strike again, and asking them to use the Bat-Signal to summon him in times of need. Alfred takes Vicki to [[Wayne Manor]], explaining Wayne will be a little late. She responds she's not surprised, as Batman looks at the signal's projection from a rooftop, standing watch over the city. ==Cast== {{Multiple image | total_width = 500 | image1 = Jack Nicholson 2001.jpg | alt1 = A smiling Jack Nicholson | image2 = Michael Keaton Cannes.jpg | alt2 = A smiling Michael Keaton | image3 = Kim Basinger (1990).jpg | alt3 = A smiling Kim Basinger | align = right | footer = [[Jack Nicholson]] (in 2001), [[Michael Keaton]] (in 2002) and [[Kim Basinger]] (in 1990). }} {{Cast listing| * [[Jack Nicholson]] as [[Joker (Jack Napier)|Jack Napier / The Joker]] ** [[Hugo Blick|Hugo E. Blick]] as young Jack * [[Michael Keaton]] as [[Bruce Wayne (1989 movie series character)|Bruce Wayne / Batman]] ** Charles Roskilly as young Bruce * [[Kim Basinger]] as [[Vicki Vale]] * [[Robert Wuhl]] as Alexander Knox * [[Pat Hingle]] as [[Commissioner Gordon]] * [[Billy Dee Williams]] as [[Harvey Dent]] * [[Michael Gough]] as [[Alfred Pennyworth]] * [[Jack Palance]] as Carl Grissom * [[Jerry Hall]] as Alicia Hunt * [[Tracey Walter]] as Bob the Goon * [[Lee Wallace (actor)|Lee Wallace]] as Mayor Borg * [[William Hootkins]] as Lt. Max Eckhardt * Liza Ross as tourist mom * [[Garrick Hagon]] as tourist dad * Adrian Meyers as tourist son * David Baxt as [[Thomas Wayne]] * Sharon Holm as [[Martha Wayne]] }} == Related pages == * [[Batman]] * [[Bruce Wayne (1989 movie series character)]] * [[The Dark Knight Trilogy]] * [[Batman Returns]] * [[Batman Forever]] * [[Batman & Robin]] == Other websites == {{Wikiquote|Batman (1989 film)}} * {{AllMovie movie|4278|Batman}} * {{IMDb title|0096895|Batman}} * {{Mojo title|id=batman|title=Batman}} * {{Metacritic film|batman|Batman}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|id=1001781|title=Batman}} {{1989–1997 Batman film series}} {{Batman in popular media}} {{DC Comics movies}} {{DC Extended Universe}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1989 movies]] [[Category:Batman (1989 movie series)]] [[Category:Batman movies]] [[Category:PG-13 rated movies]] [[Category:Movies based on comic book characters]] [[Category:Movies composed by Danny Elfman]] [[Category:Movies directed by Tim Burton]] [[Category:Warner Bros. movies]] [[Category:1980s English-language movies]] {{movie-stub}} eg8nbjv9djq7ksvkccxw2ot8wzfyz5p 10879005 10878937 2026-06-04T20:09:35Z Simba1997!28 1784326 10879005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Batman '89|the DC Comic book series|Batman '89{{!}}''Batman '89'' (comic book)}} {{Use American English|date=June 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2018}} {{Infobox Movie | name = Batman | image = BATMAN 1989.png | caption = Official logo | director = [[Tim Burton]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Jon Peters]] * [[Peter Guber]] }} | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * [[Sam Hamm]] * [[Warren Skaaren]] }} | story = Sam Hill | based_on = {{Plainlist| * {{Based on|Characters |[[DC Comics]]}} * {{Based on|[[Batman]]|[[Bob Kane]]|[[Bill Finger]]{{efn|name=Finger|[[Bill Finger]], co-creator of Batman, the Penguin, and Catwoman, was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman related media until 2016.<ref name="Fingercredit"/>}}}} }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Jack Nicholson]] * [[Michael Keaton]] * [[Kim Basinger]] * [[Robert Wuhl]] * [[Pat Hingle]] * [[Billy Dee Williams]] * [[Michael Gough]] * [[Jack Palance]] }} | music = [[Danny Elfman]] (score)<br />[[Prince (musician)|Prince]] (songs) | cinematography = [[Roger Pratt (cinematographer)|Roger Pratt]] | editing = [[Ray Lovejoy]] | studio = {{ubl|[[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]<ref name="afi"/>|Guber-Peters Company<ref name="afi"/>|[[PolyGram Filmed Entertainment|PolyGram Pictures]]<ref name="afi"/>}} | distributor = Warner Bros.<ref name="afi">{{cite web |title=Batman (1989) |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/57898 |website=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=April 15, 2022}}</ref> | released = {{Movie date|1989|6|19|[[Westwood, Los Angeles]]|1989|6|23|United States|1989|8|11|United Kingdom}} | runtime = 126 minutes | country = {{ubl|United States<ref name="Lumiere">{{cite web|title=''Batman'' (1989)|url=http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=2474|website=[[Lumiere (database)|Lumiere]]|access-date=March 14, 2018|archive-date=June 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623142858/http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=2474|url-status=live}}</ref>|United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web|title=Batman (1989) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79c7384e |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408150048/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b79c7384e |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=[[British Film Institute]] |language=en}}</ref>}} | language = English | budget = $48&nbsp;million<ref name="Guber" /> | gross = $411.6&nbsp;million<ref name=BoxOfficeMojo>{{cite web|title=Batman (1989)|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0096895/|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=December 29, 2020|archive-date=June 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616234608/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0096895/|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''''Batman''''' is a 1989 [[superhero movie]] directed by [[Tim Burton]] and written by [[Sam Hamm]] and [[Warren Skaaren]]. It is the first installment of [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]' [[Batman in movie#Tim Burton and Joel Schumacher series (1989-1997)|initial ''Batman'' movie series]] based on the [[Batman|DC Comics character]]. The movie stars [[Jack Nicholson]], [[Michael Keaton]], [[Kim Basinger]], [[Robert Wuhl]], [[Pat Hingle]], [[Billy Dee Williams]], [[Michael Gough]], and [[Jack Palance]], takes place early in the war on crime of [[Bruce Wayne (1989 movie series character)|the titular character]] (Keaton) and depicts his confrontation with his [[archenemy]] [[Joker (comics)|the Joker]] (Nicholson). The movie's score was composed by [[Danny Elfman]] and songs were written by [[Prince (musician)|Prince]]. After Burton was hired to direct in 1986, [[Steve Englehart]] and [[Julie Hickson]] wrote [[movie treatment]]s before Hamm wrote the first screenplay. ''Batman'' wasn't [[Greenlight|greenlit]] until after the success of Burton's ''[[Beetlejuice]]'' (1988). The movie's tone and themes were partially influenced by [[Alan Moore]] and [[Brian Bolland]]'s ''[[Batman: The Killing Joke|The Killing Joke]]'' and [[Frank Miller]]'s ''[[The Dark Knight Returns]]''. The movie primarily adapts and then diverges from the "[[The Man Behind the Red Hood!|Red Hood]]" [[origin story]] for the Joker, having Batman inadvertently [[gangster]] Jack Napier to fall into Axis Chemical acid, triggering his transformation into the [[psychotic]] Joker. Batman co-creator [[Bob Kane]] additionally worked as a consultant for the movie. Numerous [[Leading man|leading men]] were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast. Keaton's casting was controversial since, by 1988, he'd become [[Typecasting (acting)|typecast]] as an comedic actor and many observers had doubt he could portray a serious role.<ref name="Elfman" /> Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated top [[Billing (moviemaking)|billing]], a portion of the movie's earnings (including associated merchandise), and his own shooting schedule. Filming took place at [[Pinewood Studios]] from October 1988 to January 1989. The budget escalated from $30&nbsp;million to $48&nbsp;million, while the [[1988 Writers Guild of America strike]] forced Hamm to drop out. Skaaren did provide in the rewrites, with additional uncredited drafts done in by [[Charles McKeown]] and [[Jonathan Gems]]. ''Batman'' was both critically and financially successful, earning over $400&nbsp;million in box office totals. Critics and audiences particularly praised Nicholson and Keaton's performances, Burton's direction, the production design, and composer [[Danny Elfman]]'s score. It was the sixth-highest-grossing movie in history at the time of its release. The movie received several [[Saturn Award]] nominations and a [[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globe]] nomination for Nicholson's performance, and the [[Academy Award for Best Production Design|Academy Award for Best Art Direction]]. The movie was followed by three sequels: ''[[Batman Returns]]'' (1992), with both Burton and Keaton returning; ''[[Batman Forever]]'' (1995), with [[Joel Schumacher]] directing and [[Val Kilmer]] in the lead role; and ''[[Batman & Robin (movie)|Batman & Robin]]'' (1997), which featured [[George Clooney]] in the role. Keaton would later reprise the role of Batman in the [[DC Extended Universe]] movie ''[[The Flash (movie)|The Flash]]'' (2023). The movie also led to the development of ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'' (1992-1995), which in turn began the [[DC Animated Universe]] of spin-off media, and has influenced [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]'s modern marketing and development techniques of the superhero movie genre. Two sequel novels were written by [[John Jackson Miller]], ''[[Batman: Resurrection]]'' (2024) and ''[[Batman: Revolution]]'' (2025). ==Plot== <!-- Per WP:FILMPLOT, plot summaries for feature films are 400 to 700 words. --> Newspaper reporter Alexander Knox and photojournalist [[Vicki Vale]] investigate sightings of "[[Batman]]", a masked vigilante who is targeting on [[Gotham City]]'s criminals. They attend a fundraiser hosted by billionaire [[Bruce Wayne (1989 movie series character)|Bruce Wayne]], who is secretly Batman, having chosen this path after witnessing a mugger murder his parents when he was a child. During the event, Wayne becomes attracted to Vale. Meanwhile, mob boss Carl Grissom sends his sociopathic second-in-command [[Joker (Jack Napier)|Jack Napier]] to break into Axis Chemicals and retrieve incriminating evidence. However, this is secretly a ploy to have Napier killed for carrying on an affair with Grissom's mistress, Alicia Hunt. Corrupt Gotham City police lieutenant Max Eckhardt arranges the hit on Napier by conducting an unauthorized raid on Axis Chemicals. Unfortunately, [[Commissioner Gordon|Commissioner James Gordon]] learns of the raid and takes command, ordering the officers to capture Napier alive. Batman also appears, while Napier shoots Eckhardt as revenge for the betrayal. During a scuffle with Batman, Napier topples off a catwalk and falls into a vat of chemicals. Although presumed dead, Napier survives with various disfigurements including chalk white skin and emerald-green hair He undergoes surgery to repair the damage, but ends up with a [[Risus sardonicus|rictus grin]]. Driven insane by his hideous appearance, Napier, calling himself "[[the Joker]]", murders Grissom, massacres Grissom's associates, and takes over his operations. The Joker begins to terrorize Gotham by lacing various hygiene products with "Smylex" - a deadly chemical that causes its victims to [[Death from laughter|die laughing]]. He soon becomes obsessed with Vicki and lures her to the Flugelheim Museum, which his henchmen [[Vandalism|vandalize]]. Batman rescues Vicki from the Joker, takes her to the [[Batcave]], and provides her with all of his research on Smylex, which will allow Gotham's residents to escape from the toxin. Conflicted with his love for her, Wayne visits her apartment in an intend to reveal his secret identity, only for the Joker to interrupt the meeting. The Joker asks Wayne, "Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight?", which Wayne recognizes as the phrase used by the mugger who murdered his parents. He shoots Wayne, who survives by hiding a serving tray underneath his shirt. Vicki is taken to the Batcave by Wayne's butler, [[Alfred Pennyworth]], who had been coaxing the relationship between the pair. After Vicki learns his secret, Wayne chooses to battle the Joker for the sake of the city over their relationship. He then departs to destroy the Axis plant used to create Smylex. Meanwhile, the Joker lures Gotham's citizens to a parade honoring Gotham's bicentennial with the promise of free money. This turns out to be a trap designed to dose them with the Smylex gas held within giant parade balloons. Batman foils his plan by using his [[Batplane|Batwing]] to remove the balloons, but the Joker shoots him down. The Batwing crashes in front of a cathedral, which the Joker uses to take Vicki hostage. Batman pursues the Joker, and in the ensuing fight, he identifies that Napier killed his parents and thus, indirectly created Batman. The Joker eventually pulls Batman and Vicki over the cathedral's roof, leaving them hanging while he calls for a helicopter piloted by his goons, who throw down a ladder for him to climb. Batman uses a grappling hook to attach the Joker's leg to a crumbling [[gargoyle]] that eventually falls off the roof. Unable to bear the statue's immense weight, the Joker falls to his death while Batman and Vicki make it to safety. Sometime later, Gordon announces that the police have arrested all of the Joker's men, effectively dismantling the remains of Grissom's organizations, and unveils the [[Bat-Signal]]. Batman leaves the police a note, promising to defend Gotham if crime should strike again, and asking them to use the Bat-Signal to summon him in times of need. Alfred takes Vicki to [[Wayne Manor]], explaining Wayne will be a little late. She responds she's not surprised, as Batman looks at the signal's projection from a rooftop, standing watch over the city. ==Cast== {{Multiple image | total_width = 500 | image1 = Jack Nicholson 2001.jpg | alt1 = A smiling Jack Nicholson | image2 = Michael Keaton Cannes.jpg | alt2 = A smiling Michael Keaton | image3 = Kim Basinger (1990).jpg | alt3 = A smiling Kim Basinger | align = right | footer = [[Jack Nicholson]] (in 2001), [[Michael Keaton]] (in 2002) and [[Kim Basinger]] (in 1990). }} {{Cast listing| * [[Jack Nicholson]] as [[Joker (Jack Napier)|Jack Napier / The Joker]] ** [[Hugo Blick|Hugo E. Blick]] as young Jack * [[Michael Keaton]] as [[Bruce Wayne (1989 movie series character)|Bruce Wayne / Batman]] ** Charles Roskilly as young Bruce * [[Kim Basinger]] as [[Vicki Vale]] * [[Robert Wuhl]] as Alexander Knox * [[Pat Hingle]] as [[Commissioner Gordon]] * [[Billy Dee Williams]] as [[Harvey Dent]] * [[Michael Gough]] as [[Alfred Pennyworth]] * [[Jack Palance]] as Carl Grissom * [[Jerry Hall]] as Alicia Hunt * [[Tracey Walter]] as Bob the Goon * [[Lee Wallace (actor)|Lee Wallace]] as Mayor Borg * [[William Hootkins]] as Lt. Max Eckhardt * Liza Ross as tourist mom * [[Garrick Hagon]] as tourist dad * Adrian Meyers as tourist son * David Baxt as [[Thomas Wayne]] * Sharon Holm as [[Martha Wayne]] }} ==Production== ===Development=== {{quote box|width=35%|quote="I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was [[dyslexia]] or whatever, but that's why I loved ''The Killing Joke'', because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable."|source=—Tim Burton<ref>Tim Burton, ''Burton on Burton: Revised Edition'' (London: Faber and Faber, 2006) 71.</ref>}} [[File:The costumes Jack Nicholson wore in BATMAN 1989 movie as Joker.jpg|thumb|The costume worn by Jack Nicholson in the movie]] In the late 1970s, Batman's popularity was waning.<ref name=CBS/> [[CBS]] was interested in producing a ''Batman in Outer Space'' movie. Producers [[Benjamin Melniker]] and [[Michael E. Uslan]] purchased the [[movie rights]] of Batman from [[DC Comics]] on October 3, 1979. It was Uslan's wish "to make the definitive, dark, serious version of Batman, the way [[Bob Kane]] and [[Bill Finger]] had envisioned him in 1939. A creature of the night; stalking criminals in the shadows."<ref name=CBS>{{cite news|author = Bill "Jett" Ramey|url = http://www.batman-on-film.com/interview_muslan_2.html|title = An Interview With Michael Uslan – Part 1|work = Batman-on-Film|date = November 8, 2005|access-date = May 4, 2008|archive-date = September 27, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101837/http://www.batman-on-film.com/interview_muslan_2.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Richard Maibaum]] was approached to write a script with [[Guy Hamilton]] to direct, but the two turned down the offer. Uslan was unsuccessful with [[Pitch (moviemaking)|pitching]] ''Batman'' to various movie studios because they wanted the movie to be similar to the [[Camp (style)|campy]] [[Batman (TV series)|1960s television series]]. [[Columbia Pictures]] and [[United Artists]] were among those to turn down the movie.<ref name=Columbia>{{cite news|author = Bill "Jett" Ramey|url = http://www.batman-on-film.com/interview_muslan_3.html|title = An Interview With Michael Uslan – Part 2|work = Batman-on-Film|date = November 11, 2005|access-date = May 4, 2008|archive-date = September 27, 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927101835/http://www.batman-on-film.com/interview_muslan_3.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled ''Return of the Batman'' to give the movie industry a better idea of his vision for the movie. Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of the successful four-part comic book ''[[The Dark Knight Returns]]'', to which his script predated by six years.<ref name=CBS/> In November 1979, producers [[Jon Peters]] and [[Peter Guber]] joined the project.<ref name=Guber>{{cite book|first1= Nancy |last1=Griffin |first2=Kim |last2=Masters|title = Hit & Run: How Jon Peters and Peter Guber Took Sony For A Ride In Hollywood|publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]]|year = 1997|pages = [https://archive.org/details/hitrunhowjonpete00grif/page/158 158–174]|isbn = 0-684-80931-1|chapter = Hit Men|chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/hitrunhowjonpete00grif/page/158}}</ref> Melniker and Uslan became executive producers. The four felt that it was best to pattern the movie's development after that of ''[[Superman (1978 movie)|Superman]]'' (1978).<ref name=production>{{cite news|first = Alan|last = Jones|url = http://www.batman-online.com/index.php?articles;id=2|title = ''Batman'' in Production|publisher = [[Cinefantastique]]|pages = 75–88|date = November 1989|access-date = May 13, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131204224714/http://www.batman-online.com/index.php?articles;id=2|archive-date = December 4, 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref> Uslan, Melniker and Guber pitched ''Batman'' to [[Universal Pictures]], but the studio turned it down.<ref name=road>[[Michael Uslan]], [[Benjamin Melniker]], [[Peter Guber]], [[Tom Mankiewicz]], [[Sam Hamm]], ''Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight—The Road to Gotham City'', 2005, [[Warner Home Video]]</ref> Though no movie studios were yet involved, the project was publicly announced with a budget of $15&nbsp;million in July 1980 at the [[Comic Art Convention]] in New York. [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]], the studio behind the successful [[Superman in movie#Salkind/Cannon movie series (1978–1987)|''Superman'' movie franchise]], decided to also accept and produce ''Batman''.<ref name=Jones>{{cite news|first = Alan|last = Jones|url = http://www.1989batman.com/2013/08/vintage-magazine-article.html|title = Batman|work = [[Cinefantastique]]|pages = 55–67|date = November 1989|access-date = May 2, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131205004312/http://www.1989batman.com/2013/08/vintage-magazine-article.html|archive-date = December 5, 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Tom Mankiewicz]] completed a script titled ''The Batman'' in June 1983, focusing on Batman and [[Dick Grayson]]'s origins, with the Joker and [[Rupert Thorne]] as villains and [[Silver St. Cloud]] as the romantic interest.<ref>{{cite news|author = Stax|title = The Stax Report Special Edition: Script Review of ''The Batman''|work = [[IGN]]|date = December 1, 2001|url = http://movies.ign.com/articles/036/036038p1.html|access-date =October 24, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081206080334/http://movies.ign.com/articles/036/036038p1.html| archive-date= December 6, 2008 | url-status=live}}</ref> Mankiewicz took inspiration from the [[Limited series (comics)|limited series]] ''Batman: Strange Apparitions'', written by [[Steve Englehart]].<ref name=White>{{cite news|first = Taylor L.|last = White|title = Batman|work = [[Cinefantastique]]|pages=33–40|date = July 1989}}</ref> Comic book artist [[Marshall Rogers]], who worked with Englehart on ''Strange Apparitions'', was hired for [[concept art]].<ref name=road/> ''The Batman'' was then announced in late 1983 for a mid-1985 release date on a budget of $20&nbsp;million. Originally, Mankiewicz had wanted an unknown actor for Batman, [[William Holden]] for [[Commissioner Gordon|James Gordon]], [[David Niven]] as [[Alfred Pennyworth]], and [[Peter O'Toole]] as [[Penguin (character)|the Penguin]], whom Mankiewicz wanted to portray as a mobster with low body temperature.<ref name=Jones/> Holden died in 1981 and Niven in 1983, so this would never come to pass. A number of filmmakers were attached to Mankiewicz' script, including [[Ivan Reitman]] and [[Joe Dante]]. Reitman wanted to cast [[Bill Murray]] as Batman and [[Eddie Murphy]] as Robin.<ref name=Elfman/> Nine rewrites were performed by nine separate writers. Most of them were based on ''Strange Apparitions''. However, Mankiewicz's script was still being used to guide the project.<ref name=forever/> Due to the work they did together with the film ''[[Swamp Thing (1982 movie)|Swamp Thing]]'' (1982), [[Wes Craven]] was among the names that Melniker and Uslan considered while looking for a director.<ref>{{cite magazine | magazine=[[Fangoria]] | issue=57 | author=[[Lee Goldberg]] & David McDonnell | others=[[Wes Craven]] (interviewed) | title=Wes Craven's Double Doubleheader | date=September 1986 | pages=50–53, 64 | issn=0164-2111}}</ref> [[Sam Raimi]] wanted to direct, but was unable to get the rights.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sam Raimi Reveals DC Movies He Attempted to Make & Characters He Would Love to Get His Hands on | url=https://movieweb.com/sam-raimi-failed-batman-the-shadow-movies-loves-superman-would-make-dcu-superhero-movie/ }}</ref> After the financial success of ''[[Pee-wee's Big Adventure]]'' (1985), Warner Bros. hired Tim Burton to direct ''Batman''. Burton had then-girlfriend [[Julie Hickson]] write a new 30-page [[movie treatment]], feeling the previous script by Mankiewicz was [[Camp (style)|campy]]. The success of ''The Dark Knight Returns'' and the [[graphic novel]] ''[[Batman: The Killing Joke]]'' rekindled Warner Bros.' interest in a film adaptation. Burton was initially not a comic book fan, but he was impressed by the dark and serious tone found in both ''The Dark Knight Returns'' and ''The Killing Joke''.<ref name="Elfman" /> Warner Bros. enlisted the aid of Englehart to write a new treatment in March 1986.<ref name="Steve">{{cite web | title = Batman | work = [[Steve Englehart]].com | url = http://www.steveenglehart.com/Film/Batman%20movie.html | access-date = November 25, 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071214111803/http://www.steveenglehart.com/Film/Batman%20movie.html| archive-date= December 14, 2007 | url-status=live}}</ref> Like Mankiewicz's script, it was based on his own ''Strange Apparitions'' and included Silver St. Cloud, Dick Grayson, the Joker, and Rupert Thorne, as well as a [[cameo appearance]] by [[Penguin (character)|the Penguin]]. Warner Bros. was impressed, but Englehart felt there were too many characters. He removed the Penguin and Dick Grayson in his second treatment, finishing in May 1986.<ref name="Steve" /> Burton approached [[Sam Hamm]], a comic book fan, to write the screenplay.<ref name="Jones"/> Hamm decided not to use an [[origin story]], feeling that flashbacks would be more suitable and that "unlocking the mystery" would become part of the storyline.<ref name="White"/> He reasoned, "You totally destroy your credibility if you show the literal process by which Bruce Wayne becomes Batman."<ref name="Hamm">{{cite news | first = Stephen | last = Rebello | title = Sam Hamm – Screenwriter | work = [[Cinefantastique]] | pages=34–41 | date = November 1989 }}</ref> Hamm replaced Silver St. Cloud with Vicki Vale and Rupert Thorne with his own creation, Carl Grissom. He completed his script in October 1986, which demoted Dick Grayson to a cameo rather than a supporting character.<ref name="storm" /> One scene in Hamm's script had an young James Gordon on duty the night of the murder of Bruce Wayne's parents. When Hamm's script was rewritten, the scene was deleted, reducing it to a photo in the ''Gotham Globe'' newspaper seen in the movie.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vignette3.wikia.nocookie.net/batmananthology/images/f/f4/GordonBeat.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20140217042511 |title=Archived copy |access-date=January 29, 2016 |archive-date=February 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213011956/http://vignette3.wikia.nocookie.net/batmananthology/images/f/f4/GordonBeat.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20140217042511 |url-status=live }}</ref> Warner Bros. was less willing to move forward on development, despite their enthusiasm for Hamm's script, which Kane greeted with positive feedback.<ref name="Elfman" /> Hamm's script was then bootlegged at various comic book stores in the United States.<ref name="White" /> ''Batman'' was finally given the [[greenlight]] to commence pre-production in April 1988, after the success of Burton's ''[[Beetlejuice (movie)|Beetlejuice]]'' the same year.<ref name="Elfman" /> When comic book fans found out about Burton directing the movie with Michael Keaton starring in the lead role, controversy arose over the tone and direction ''Batman'' was going in.<ref name=variety>{{cite web|last=Lowry|first=Brian|title=Batman Backlash: Ben Affleck Has Nothing on Michael Keaton|url=https://variety.com/2013/voices/columns/batman-backlash-ben-affleck-has-nothing-on-michael-keaton-1200587317/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=August 24, 2013|date=August 23, 2013|archive-date=November 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121060333/https://variety.com/2013/voices/columns/batman-backlash-ben-affleck-has-nothing-on-michael-keaton-1200587317/|url-status=live}}</ref> Hamm explained, "They hear Tim Burton's name and they think of ''Pee-wee's Big Adventure''. They hear Keaton's name, and they think of any number of Michael Keaton comedies. You think of the 1960s version of ''Batman'', and it was the complete opposite of our film. We tried to market it with a typical dark and serious tone, but the fans didn't believe us."<ref name="White" /> To combat negative reports on the movie's production, Kane was hired as an creative consultant.<ref name="production"/> Batman's co-creator, [[Bill Finger]], was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman-related media until 2016.<ref name="Fingercredit">{{Cite web |title=DC Will Finally Credit Bill Finger As Co-Creator Of Batman |date=September 20, 2015 |url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/dc-will-finally-credit-bill-finger-as-co-creator-of-bat-1731947676 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831223843/https://io9.gizmodo.com/dc-will-finally-credit-bill-finger-as-co-creator-of-bat-1731947676 |archive-date=August 31, 2019 |access-date=August 31, 2019 |publisher=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref> ===Casting=== Parallel to the ''Superman'' casting, an variety of [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood A-listers]] were considered for the role of Batman, including [[Mel Gibson]], [[Michael Biehn]],<ref>{{cite web | title=Michael Biehn came close to starring in Tim Burton's Batman | date=October 7, 2024 | url=https://www.joblo.com/michael-biehn-batman/ }}</ref> [[Steven Seagal]],<ref>{{cite web | title=How Tim Burton's Batman set the stage for comic books' Hollywood takeover | date=June 20, 2019 | url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/steven-seagal-was-considered-for-bruce-wayne-and-other-burton-batman-facts }}</ref> [[Kevin Costner]], [[Charlie Sheen]], [[Tom Selleck]], Bill Murray,<ref name="Guber"/><ref name="Jones" /> [[Harrison Ford]] and [[Dennis Quaid]].<ref name=Busch>{{cite news|author=Busch, Jenna|url=http://www.superherohype.com/features/306949-exclusive-interview-batman-producer-michael-uslan-talks-the-legacy-of-superhero-cinema|title=Interview: Batman Producer Michael Uslan Talks the Legacy of Superhero Cinema|publisher=[[SuperHeroHype]]|date=July 3, 2014|access-date=July 25, 2015|archive-date=December 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207110523/https://www.superherohype.com/features/306949-exclusive-interview-batman-producer-michael-uslan-talks-the-legacy-of-superhero-cinema|url-status=live}}</ref> Burton was pressured by Warner Bros. to cast an obvious action movie star,<ref name="Elfman" /> and had approached [[Pierce Brosnan]], but he had no interest in playing a comic book character.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/aug/21/pierce-brosnan-turned-down-tim-burton-batman | title=Pierce Brosnan: I turned down Tim Burton's Batman | newspaper=The Guardian | date=August 21, 2014 | access-date=August 22, 2014 | archive-date=December 7, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207110505/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/aug/21/pierce-brosnan-turned-down-tim-burton-batman | url-status=live }}</ref> Gibson turned down the role in favor of ''[[Lethal Weapon 2]]'' (1989).<ref name="30Things">{{cite web|url=https://whatculture.com/film/30-things-you-didnt-know-about-tim-burtons-batman|title=30 Things You Didn't Know About Tim Burton's Batman}}</ref> Burton was originally interested in casting an unknown actor,<ref name=Busch/> [[Willem Dafoe]], who was falsely reported to be considered for the Joker, but had actually been considered for Batman early in development.<ref>{{cite news|first=Josh|last=Wigler|title=Exclusive: Willem Dafoe As Batman? It Almost Happened!|publisher=[[MTV]]|date=October 27, 2009|url=http://splashpage.mtv.com/2009/10/27/exclusive-willem-dafoe-as-batman-it-almost-happened/|access-date=May 14, 2015|archive-date=September 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909044420/http://splashpage.mtv.com/2009/10/27/exclusive-willem-dafoe-as-batman-it-almost-happened/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Producer Jon Peters suggested Michael Keaton, arguing that he had the right "edgy, tormented quality" after having seen his dramatic performance in ''[[Clean and Sober]]'' (1988).<ref>John Peters, ''[[The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened?]]'', 2015</ref> Having directed Keaton in ''Beetlejuice'', Burton agreed.<ref name="Guber" /> The casting of Keaton caused a furor among comic book fans,<ref name=variety/>{{r|Joe}} with 50,000 protest letters sent to the Warner Bros. offices.<ref name="storm">Tim Burton, Sam Hamm, Mark Canton, Michael Keaton, ''Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight—The Gathering Storm'', 2005, [[Warner Home Video]]</ref> Kane, Hamm, and Uslan also heavily questioned the casting.<ref name="White" /> "Obviously there was a negative response from the comic book people. I think they thought we were going to make it like the 1960s TV series, and make it campy, because they thought of Michael Keaton from ''[[Mr. Mom]]'' and ''[[Night Shift (1982 movie)|Night Shift]]'' and stuff like that."<ref name="battle">{{cite news | author = Hilary de Vries | title = ''Batman'' Battles for Big Money | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = February 5, 1989 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/05/movies/film-batman-battles-for-big-money.html | access-date = October 26, 2008 | archive-date = December 7, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191207110506/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/05/movies/film-batman-battles-for-big-money.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Keaton studied ''The Dark Knight Returns'' for inspiration.<ref>{{cite book | first = Les | last = Daniels | title = Batman: The Complete History | isbn = 0-8118-2470-5 | publisher = [[Chronicle Books]] | page = 164 | year = 2000| author-link = Les Daniels }}</ref> [[Tim Curry]], [[David Bowie]], [[John Lithgow]], [[Brad Dourif]], [[Ray Liotta]], and [[James Woods]] were all considered for the Joker.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="Hamm" /><ref>{{cite news|first=Todd|last=Gilchrist|title=Ray Liotta Says Tim Burton Wanted To Meet With Him For 'Batman'|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/ray_liotta_says_tim_burton_wanted_to_meet_with_him_for_batman|work=[[Indiewire]]|date=November 4, 2011|access-date=August 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903111351/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/ray_liotta_says_tim_burton_wanted_to_meet_with_him_for_batman|archive-date=September 3, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="reboot">{{cite book | first=David | last=Hughes | title =Comic Book Movies | publisher =[[Virgin Books]] | year =2003 | pages =33–46 | isbn = 0-7535-0767-6| chapter = Batman}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Ben|last=Child|title= Batman's Joker was originally Brad Dourif, not Jack Nicholson, says Dourif|url= https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/oct/15/batman-joker-brad-dourif-jack-nicholson|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=October 15, 2013|access-date=October 27, 2021}}</ref>}} During his audition, Lithgow attempted to talk Burton out of casting him, a decision which he would later publicly regret, stating, "I didn't realize it was such a big deal."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Van Syckle|first1=Katie|title=John Lithgow Still Regrets Passing on Playing the Joker in Tim Burton's Batman|url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/06/john-lithgow-could-have-played-the-joker-but-turned-it-down.html|website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]|date=June 13, 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017|archive-date=November 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121192027/https://www.vulture.com/2017/06/john-lithgow-could-have-played-the-joker-but-turned-it-down.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Burton wanted to cast [[John Glover (actor)|John Glover]], but the studio insisted on using a movie star.<ref>{{cite podcast |host=Joe Stuber |title=Episode 261: Special Guest Robert Whul! |website=Comic Book Central |publisher=Joe Stuber |date=June 18, 2019 |url=http://comicbookcentral.net/tag/robert-wuhl/ |access-date=February 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230195238/http://comicbookcentral.net/tag/robert-wuhl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Robin Williams]] lobbied hard for the part.<ref name="storm" /> Jack Nicholson had been the studio's top choice since 1980. Peters approached Nicholson as far back as 1986, during filming of ''[[The Witches of Eastwick (movie)|The Witches of Eastwick]]'';<ref name="empire" /> Unlike Keaton, he was a popular choice for his role.{{r|Joe}} Nicholson had what was known as an "off-the-clock" agreement. His contract specified the number of hours he was entitled to have off each day, from the time he left the set to the time he reported back for filming,<ref name="Jones" /> as well as being off for [[Los Angeles Lakers]] home games.<ref name="celfans">{{cite web |url=http://www.nba.com/features/lakers_celebs_070309.html |title=Top 10 Celebrity Lakers Fans |work=[[National Basketball Association|NBA]] |access-date=September 6, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212070350/http://www.nba.com/features/lakers_celebs_070309.html |archive-date=December 12, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nicholson demanded that all of his scenes be shot in a three-week block, but the schedule lapsed into 106 days.<ref name="empire" /> He reduced his standard $10&nbsp;million fee to $6&nbsp;million in exchange for a cut of the movie's earnings (including associated merchandise), which led to remuneration in excess of $50&nbsp;million<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/2000/03/03/biggest-movie-payoffs/|title=The biggest movie payoffs|last=Hochman|first=David|date=March 3, 2000|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=December 30, 2019|archive-date=December 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222151019/https://ew.com/article/2000/03/03/biggest-movie-payoffs/|url-status=live}}</ref>—biographer Marc Eliot reports that Nicholson may have received as much as $90&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/08/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/jack-nicholson-you-dont-know-jack/ |date= November 8, 2013 |access-date= December 22, 2013 |publisher= [[CNN]] |title= You don't know Jack (Nicholson) |first= Matt |last= Carey |archive-date= November 14, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131114025419/http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/08/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/jack-nicholson-you-dont-know-jack |url-status= live }}</ref> He also demanded top [[Billing (moviemaking)|billing]] on promotional materials.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/top-ten-batman-villains-on-screen-c9xwz76jg6q|title=Top ten Batman villains on screen|date=July 17, 2012|website=[[The Times]]|access-date=July 12, 2019|quote=Nicholson... demanded top-billing and a deal that gave him royalties on merchandise.|archive-date=July 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712171429/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/top-ten-batman-villains-on-screen-c9xwz76jg6q|url-status=live}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> [[Sean Young]] was originally cast as Vicki Vale, but was injured in a horse-riding accident prior to commencement of filming.<ref name="shadows">''Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight'', "Part 2: The Gathering Storm", DVD documentary, 2005</ref> Young's departure necessitated an urgent search for an actress who, besides being right for the part, could commit to the movie at an very short notice. Peters suggested [[Kim Basinger]]: she was able to join the production immediately and was cast.<ref name="Guber" /><ref name="shadows" /> As a fan of [[Michael Gough]]'s work in various [[Hammer Film Productions|Hammer]] horror movies, Burton cast Gough as Bruce Wayne's mysterious butler, [[Alfred Pennyworth|Alfred]].<ref name="audio">[[Tim Burton]], DVD [[audio commentary]], 2005, [[Warner Home Video]]</ref> Reporter Alexander Knox was portrayed by [[Robert Wuhl]]. In the original script, Knox was killed by the Joker's poison gas during the climax, but the moviemakers "liked [my] character so much," Wuhl said, "that they decided to let me live."<ref name="heroes">[[Robert Wuhl]], [[Billy Dee Williams]], [[Pat Hingle]], ''Batman: The Heroes'', 2005, [[Warner Home Video]]</ref> Burton chose [[Billy Dee Williams]] as [[Two-Face|Harvey Dent]] because he wanted to include the villain [[Two-Face]] in a future movie using the concept of an African-American Two-Face for the black and white concept,<ref>''Batman'' Special Edition DVD/Blu-ray, Tim Burton Commentary</ref> but [[Tommy Lee Jones]] was later cast in the role for ''[[Batman Forever]]'' (1995), which disappointed Williams.<ref name="heroes" /> Nicholson convinced the moviemakers to cast his friend [[Tracey Walter]] as the Joker's henchman Bob.<ref>[[Jack Nicholson]], [[Tracey Walter]], ''Batman: The Villains'', 2005, [[Warner Home Video]]</ref> [[Matt Damon]] auditioned in for the role of Dick Grayson,<ref>https://theplaylist.net/matt-damon-batman-and-robin-the-dark-knight-20210802/</ref> but the role eventually went to Irish child actor Ricky Addison Reed before the character was removed by Warren Skarren for the revised shooting script.<ref>Comics Scene magazine, #14, August 1990, page 51</ref> The rest of the cast included [[Pat Hingle]] as [[Commissioner Gordon]], [[Jerry Hall]] as Alicia, [[Lee Wallace (actor)|Lee Wallace]] as Mayor Borg, [[William Hootkins]] as Lt. Eckhardt, and [[Jack Palance]] as crime boss Carl Grissom. ===Design=== {{Quote box|width=40%|align=right|quote="On ''Batman'', our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the ''[[The Dark Knight Returns|'Dark Knight']]'' comics, and also [[Andreas Feininger]]'s photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect [[Shin Takamatsu]]. (''[[Blade Runner]]'' was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and [[neon]] was shunned altogether!)"|source=—Art director [[Nigel Phelps]]<ref>{{cite book | title = Production Design and Art Direction (Screencraft Series) |isbn = 0240804007|last1 = Ettedgui|first1 = Peter|year = 1999| publisher=Focal Press }} Published in 1999, Focal Press</ref>}} Burton had been impressed with the design of [[Neil Jordan]]'s ''[[The Company of Wolves]]'' (1984), but was unable to hire its production designer [[Anton Furst]] for ''Beetlejuice''<ref name="Joe" /> as he had instead committed to Jordan's London-filmed ghost comedy ''[[High Spirits (movie)|High Spirits]]'' (1988), a choice he later regretted.<ref name="Jones" /> A year later Burton successfully hired Furst for ''Batman'', and they enjoyed working with each other. "I don't think I've ever felt so naturally in tune with a director," Furst said. "Conceptually, spiritually, visually, or artistically. There was never any problem because we never fought over anything. Texture, attitude and feelings are what Burton is a master at."<ref name="production" /> Furst and the [[art department]] deliberately mixed clashing architectural styles to "make Gotham City the ugliest and bleakest [[metropolis]] imaginable".<ref>[[Anton Furst]], [[Derek Meddings]], ''Visualizing Gotham: The Production Design of Batman'', 2005, [[Warner Home Video]]</ref> Furst continued, "[W]e imagined what New York City might have become without a [[New York City Department of City Planning#City Planning Commission|planning commission]]. A city run by crime, with a riot of architectural styles. An essay in ugliness. As if hell erupted through the pavement and kept on going".<ref>{{cite magazine | first1 = Richard|last1= Corliss|first2= Elaine |last2=Dutka|author-link1=Richard Corliss | title = The Caped Crusader Flies Again | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,957980,00.html | magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date = June 19, 1989 | access-date = October 26, 2008 | archive-date = April 24, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080424110019/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,957980,00.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> The 1985 movie ''[[Brazil (1985 movie)|Brazil]]'' by [[Terry Gilliam]] was also a notable influence upon the film's production design, as both Burton and Furst studied it as a reference.<ref name="production" /> Black and white [[Charcoal (art)|charcoal drawings]] of key locations and sets were created by Furst's longtime draftsman, [[Nigel Phelps]]. [[Derek Meddings]] served as the [[visual effects supervisor]], overseeing the miniatures and animation. Conceptual illustrator Julian Caldow designed the Batmobile, Batwing and assorted bat-gadgets that were later constructed by prop builder John Evans. [[Keith Short]] sculpted the final body of the [[Batmobile#Batman (1989 movie) and Batman Returns|Batmobile]],<ref>{{cite web | title = Batman | work = [[Keith Short]].com | url = http://www.keithshortsculptor.com/batman4.htm | access-date = May 12, 2008 | archive-date = February 14, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120214002630/http://www.keithshortsculptor.com/batman4.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> adding two [[M1919 Browning machine gun|Browning machine gun]]s.<ref>[[Keith Short]], ''Building the Batmobile'', 2005, [[Warner Home Video]]</ref> On designing the Batmobile, Furst explained, "We looked at jet aircraft components, we looked at war machines, we looked at all sorts of things. In the end, we went into pure expressionism, taking the [[Bonneville Salt Flats|Salt Flat Racers]] of the 30s and the [[Chevrolet Corvette (C2)|Sting Ray macho machines]] of the 50s". The car was built upon a [[Chevrolet Impala]] when previous development with a [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] and [[Ford Mustang]] failed.<ref name="empire"/> The car itself was later purchased by standup comedian/ventriloquist [[Jeff Dunham]], who had it outfitted with a Corvette engine to make it street legal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/may/08/jeff-dunham-offensive-puppets-voice-trumps-america-achmed-dead-terrorist-jose-mexican-immigrant|title=How Jeff Dunham's offensive puppets became the voice of Trump's America|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|author=Walker, Rob|date=May 8, 2018|access-date=September 4, 2020|archive-date=May 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508183333/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/may/08/jeff-dunham-offensive-puppets-voice-trumps-america-achmed-dead-terrorist-jose-mexican-immigrant}}</ref> [[Costume design]]er [[Bob Ringwood]] turned down the chance to work on ''[[Licence to Kill]]'' (1989) in favor of ''Batman''. Ringwood found it difficult designing the [[Batsuit]] because "the image of Batman in the comics is this huge, big six-foot-four hunk with a dimpled chin. Michael Keaton is a guy with average build", he stated. "The problem was to make somebody who was average-sized and ordinary-looking into this bigger-than-life creature."<ref name="batto">{{cite news | author = Jody Duncan Shannon | title = Building the Bat-suit | work = [[Cinefex]] | pages=16–24 | date = February 1990 }}</ref> Burton commented, "Michael is a bit [[claustrophobia|claustrophobic]], which made it worse for him. The costume put him in a dark, Batman-like mood though, so he was able to use it to his advantage".<ref name="batto" /> Burton's idea was to use an all-black suit, and was met with positive feedback by Bob Kane. [[Vin Burnham]] was tasked with sculpting the Batsuit, in association with Alli Eynon. Jon Peters wanted to use a [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] [[product placement]] with the Batsuit.<ref>Bob Ringwood, [[Tim Burton]], ''Designing the Batsuit'', 2005, [[Warner Home Video]]</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Robinson |first1=Melia |title=Nike designed a pretty terrible pair of boots for Tim Burton's 1989 'Batman' movie |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/nike-batman-boots-2016-3 |access-date=August 22, 2020 |agency=[[Business Insider]] |date=March 26, 2016 |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209025619/https://www.businessinsider.com/nike-batman-boots-2016-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ringwood studied over 200 comic book issues for inspiration. 28 sculpted latex designs were created; 25 different cape looks and 6 different heads were made, accumulating a total cost of $250,000.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://blogs.amctv.com/future_of_classic/2007/06/reinventing-the.html | archive-url = https://archive.today/20081006231931/http://blogs.amctv.com/future_of_classic/2007/06/reinventing-the.html | url-status=dead | archive-date = October 6, 2008 | title = Reinventing the Batsuit for the Modern Era | work = [[AMC (TV network)|American Movies Classic]] | access-date = October 17, 2008}}</ref> Comic book fans initially expressed negative feedback against the Batsuit.<ref name="Joe" /> Burton opted not to use tights, spandex, or underpants as seen in the comic book, feeling it was not intimidating.<ref name="Elfman" /> [[Prosthetic makeup]] designer Nick Dudman used acrylic-based makeup paint called PAX for Nicholson's chalk-white face. Part of Nicholson's contract was approval over the makeup designer.<ref>{{cite news | first = Alan | last = Jones | title = The Joker's Make-up | work = [[Cinefantastique]] | pages=69–70 | date = November 1989 }}</ref> ===Filming=== The moviemakers considered filming ''Batman'' entirely on the [[Warner Bros. Studios Burbank|Warner Bros. backlot]] in [[Burbank, California]], but media interest in the film made them change the location. It was shot at [[Pinewood Studios]] in [[England]] from October 10, 1988, to February 14, 1989, with 80 days of main shooting and 86 days of second unit shooting.<ref name=Pinewood>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=August 9, 1989|page=40|title=Welcome to Europe Batman (Pinewood Studios advertisement)}}</ref> 18 [[sound stage]]s were used, with seven stages occupied, including the 51 acre backlot for the Gotham City set, one of the biggest ever built at the studio.<ref name=Pinewood/><ref name="production" /> Locations included [[Knebworth House]] and [[Hatfield House]] doubling for [[Wayne Manor]], plus [[Acton Lane Power Station]] and [[Little Barford Power Station]].<ref name="Manor">Hanke, p.87-96</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukonscreen.com/gkjhkbb-Batman-(1989).html |title=Batman (1989) Filming Locations |publisher=Ukonscreen.com |access-date=January 2, 2011 |archive-date=February 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208165444/http://www.ukonscreen.com/gkjhkbb-Batman-(1989).html |url-status=live }}</ref> For the production at Acton Lane Power Station, the power plant and alien nest sets from ''[[Aliens (film)|Aliens]]'' (1986) were reused as interiors for Axis Chemicals.<ref name="Sideshow">{{cite web|last=Lynch |first=Ryan |title=A Few Things You Didn't Know About James Cameron's Aliens |url=https://www.sideshow.com/blog/a-few-things-you-didnt-know-about-james-camerons-aliens/ |website=[[Sideshow Collectibles|Sideshow.com]] |date=April 24, 2017 |access-date=October 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023225449/https://www.sideshow.com/blog/a-few-things-you-didnt-know-about-james-camerons-aliens/ |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The original production budget escalated from $30&nbsp;million to $48&nbsp;million.<ref name="Guber" /> [[File:Knebworth W front.JPG|thumb|left|300px|[[Knebworth House]] served as [[Wayne Manor]] in the film.]] Filming was highly secretive. The unit [[publicist]] was offered and refused [[pound sterling|£]]10,000 for the first pictures of Nicholson as the Joker. The police were later called in when two reels of footage (about 20 minutes' worth) were stolen.<ref name="empire">{{cite news | first = Iain | last = Johnstone | title = Dark Knight in the City of Dreams | work = [[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] | pages=46–54 | date =August 1989 }}</ref> With various problems during filming, Burton called it "Torture. The worst period of my life!"<ref name="Guber" /> Hamm wasn't allowed to perform rewrites during the [[1988 Writers Guild of America strike]].<ref name="Jones" /> [[Warren Skaaren]], who had also worked on Burton's ''Beetlejuice'', did in the rewrites. [[Jonathan Gems]] and [[Charles McKeown]] rewrote the script during filming.<ref>Salisbury, Burton, p.145</ref> Only Skaaren received screenplay credit with Hamm. Hamm criticized the rewrites, but blamed the changes on Warner Bros.<ref name="White" /> Burton explained, "I don't understand why that became such a problem. We started out with a script that everyone liked, although we recognized it needed a little work."<ref name="Elfman" /> Dick Grayson appeared in the shooting script but was deleted because the filmmakers felt he was irrelevant to the plot;<ref name="Jones" /> Kane supported this decision.<ref name="audio" /> Keaton used his comedic experience for scenes such as Bruce and Vicki's Wayne Manor dinner.{{r|Joe}} He called himself a "logic freak" and was concerned that Batman's secret identity would in reality be fairly easy to uncover. Keaton discussed ideas with Burton to better disguise the character, including the use of [[contact lenses]]. Ultimately, Keaton decided to perform Batman's voice at an lower register than when he was portraying Bruce Wayne, which became a hallmark of the movie version of the character, with [[Christian Bale]] later using the same technique.<ref name=MTVvoice>{{cite web|last1=Wigler|first1=Josh|title=Michael Keaton Reveals The Secret Origin Of His Batman Voice|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2047921/michael-keaton-batman-voice/|website=[[MTV]]|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-date=December 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204095907/http://www.mtv.com/news/2047921/michael-keaton-batman-voice/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Originally in the climax, the Joker was meant to kill Vicki Vale, sending Batman into a vengeful fury. Jon Peters reworked the climax without telling Burton and commissioned production designer Anton Furst to create a {{convert|38|ft|m|adj=on}} model of the cathedral.<ref name="Stone" /> This cost $100,000 when the movie was already well over budget. Burton disliked the idea, having no clue how the scene would end: "Here were Jack Nicholson and Kim Basinger walking up this cathedral, and halfway up Jack turns around and says, 'Why am I walking up all these stairs? Where am I going?' 'We'll talk about it when you get to the top!' I had to tell him that I didn't know."<ref name="Stone">{{cite news | first = Tom | last = Stone | title = How Hollywood had the last laugh | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | date = September 28, 2004 }}</ref> ===Music=== {{See also|Batman (album)|Batman (score)}} [[File:20220610 dannyelfman by sachynmital (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Composer Danny Elfman in 2022.]] Burton hired [[Danny Elfman]] of [[Oingo Bongo]], his collaborator on ''Pee-wee's Big Adventure'' and ''Beetlejuice'', to compose the music score. For inspiration, Elfman was given ''The Dark Knight Returns''. Elfman was worried, as he had never worked on a production this large in budget and scale.<ref name="overtures">[[Danny Elfman]], [[Tim Burton]], ''Nocturnal Overtures: The Music of Batman'', 2005, [[Warner Home Video]]</ref> In addition, producer Jon Peters was skeptical of hiring Elfman, but was later convinced when he heard the opening number.<ref name="reborn" /> Peters and Peter Guber wanted [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] to write music for the Joker and [[Michael Jackson]] to do the romance songs. Elfman would then combine the style of Prince and Jackson's songs together for the entire movie score.<ref name="Elfman" /> At the encouragement of Prince's then-manager [[Albert Magnoli]], it was agreed that Prince himself would write and sing the [[Batman (album)|movie's songs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/prince-batman-at-30-how-film-saved-his-career-1203251356/|title=Prince's 'Batman' at 30: How the Film Saved His Career From 'Horrible' Financial Straits|first=Todd|last=Gilchrist|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=June 24, 2019|access-date=October 8, 2020|archive-date=October 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011153216/https://variety.com/2019/music/news/prince-batman-at-30-how-film-saved-his-career-1203251356/|url-status=live}}</ref> Burton protested the ideas, citing "my movies aren't commercial like ''[[Top Gun]]''."<ref name="Elfman" /> Elfman enlisted the help of composer [[Shirley Walker]] and Oingo Boingo lead guitarist [[Steve Bartek]] to arrange in the compositions for the orchestra.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Doerschuk|first=Robert L.|date=October 1989|title=Danny Elfman – The Agony & The Ecstasy of Scoring ''Batman''|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqI4AQAAIAAJ|publisher=GPI Publications|volume=15|issue=10|pages=82–95|access-date=12 January 2018|magazine=[[Keyboard (magazine)|Keyboard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Elfman Cometh |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=February 23, 1990 |url=https://ew.com/article/1990/02/23/danny-elfman-rise/ |access-date=December 18, 2007 |first=Ron |last=Givens |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107120918/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0%2C%2C316794%2C00.html |archive-date=January 7, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Elfman was later displeased with the [[Audio mixing (movie and television)|audio mixing]] of his movie score. "''Batman'' was done in England by technicians who didn't care, and the non-caring showed," he stated. "I'm not putting down England because they've done gorgeous [[Dubbing (moviemaking)|dubs]] there, but this particular crew elected not to."<ref>{{cite news | first = Judy | last = Sloane | title = Elfman on scoring | work = Film Review | page=77 | date = August 1995 }}</ref> ''Batman'' was one of the first films to spawn two soundtracks. One of them featured songs written by Prince while the other showcased Elfman's score. Both were successful,<ref>{{cite news | first = Stephen | last = Holden | title = The Pop Life | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = July 19, 1989 | author-link = Stephen Holden }}</ref> and compilations of Elfman's [[opening credits]] were used in the [[title sequence]] theme for ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'' (1992–1995), also composed by Walker.<ref name="reboot" /> == Related pages == * [[Batman]] * [[Bruce Wayne (1989 movie series character)]] * [[The Dark Knight Trilogy]] * [[Batman Returns]] * [[Batman Forever]] * [[Batman & Robin]] == Other websites == {{Wikiquote|Batman (1989 film)}} * {{AllMovie movie|4278|Batman}} * {{IMDb title|0096895|Batman}} * {{Mojo title|id=batman|title=Batman}} * {{Metacritic film|batman|Batman}} * {{Rotten Tomatoes|id=1001781|title=Batman}} {{The President's Memorial Award}} {{1989–1997 Batman film series}} {{Batman in popular media}} {{DC Comics movies}} {{DC Extended Universe}} {{Tim Burton}} {{Yearly highest-grossing US movies}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1989 movies]] [[Category:Batman (1989 movie series)]] [[Category:Batman movies]] [[Category:PG-13 rated movies]] [[Category:Movies based on comic book characters]] [[Category:Movies composed by Danny Elfman]] [[Category:Movies directed by Tim Burton]] [[Category:Warner Bros. movies]] [[Category:1980s English-language movies]] {{movie-stub}} j70ad7uza150ynhwp180hal8p57npvy 14 387848 10879035 10772750 2026-06-04T20:51:14Z Auntof6 22027 fix displaytitle 10879035 wikitext text/x-wiki Articles related to the television series '''''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'''''. {{DISPLAYTITLE:Category:''Glee''}} [[Category:2000s American comedy-drama television series]] [[Category:2000s American LGBT television series]] [[Category:2010s American comedy-drama television series]] [[Category:2010s American LGBT television series]] [[Category:American comedy-drama television series]] [[Category:American LGBT television programs]] [[Category:Fox television series]] [[Category:Golden Globe Award winning programs]] [[Category:Television series set in Ohio]] 50m3s31kb6ffvauxplgndu1sg0q2x20 0 388584 10878759 10397499 2026-06-04T13:12:01Z ~2026-33295-42 1816239 10878759 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mixed fruit cake in restaurant.jpg|alt=|thumb|Heart shaped birthday cake]] The '''birthday cake''' is part of [[birthday]] celebrations in [[Europe|European]] countries since 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newenglandrecipes.org/htm/birthday-cake.html|title=Birthday Cakes: History & Recipes - Online article with an extensive bibliography}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The tradition of adding candles to the top of a birthday cake spread widely among rich people in [[Germany]] during the 15th century. Ηowever, the actual concept of a round cake and 'making a wish' that we now associate to birthdays goes back to [[Ancient Greece]]. These ancient predecessors of the modern birthday cakes served as offerings to [[Artemis]], Greek goddess of the moon and of hunting, Artemis. They were meant to carry the wishes of the people into the temple. The roundness of the cakes symbolized the shape of the moon itself. It is suggested that the cakes were decorated with lit candles in order to make them glow like the moon. {{cn}} This was later adapted and took different forms and formed as the basis for our birthday cakes tradition today. There have also been reports of some forms of birthday cakes and such celebrating linked to the [[ancient Rome]]. {{cn}} Often good wishes are written on the cake using [[sugar]] or [[chocolate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://happy-wishes.net/birthday/birthday-cakes-images/|title=21 Beautiful Birthday Cakes Images|date=20 May 2017|publisher=|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-date=23 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023203543/https://happy-wishes.net/birthday/birthday-cakes-images/|url-status=deviated}}</ref> Since long times birthday cakes were a sign of wealth, but in the 20th century they became easily accessible to most people. Around the world many types of the birthday cake are used often looking more like [[Candy|candies]] and combined sweets. Before the cake is eaten, the person whose birthday it is should make a wish, blow out the candles in one try - this would guarantee that the wish will come true.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pE4KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA380|title=The Folk-lore Journal|first=Folklore Society (Great|last=Britain)|date=15 February 1883|publisher=Folk-lore Society|via=Google Books}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Gallery == <gallery> File:Grandma's birthday cake for granddaughter.jpg File:Construction cake 02-2020.jpg File:Ladybird birthday cake.jpg File:White rabbit birthday cake.jpg File:Mother's birthday cake in birthday dinner.jpg File:Teddy Bear Cake for 5th birthday.jpg File:Birthday Cake.jpg File:Happy Birthday, Señor!.jpg File:Dream boat cake in my eighteen birthday.jpg File:Tarta de cumpleaños (RPS 10-09-2014) 18 años.png File:Bunny cake in 20th anniversary birthday.jpg File:Birthday cakes of Italy 11.jpg File:100th birthday cake (13177068725).jpg File:Heart hazelnut birthday cake in Golden Apple Bakery.jpg File:Birthday Kid.jpg File:Wikipedia birthday cake - Wroclav (Poland).jpg </gallery> [[Category:Cakes]] [[Category:Birthdays]] {{food-stub}} 341o9gqdoerzl39r00o107yt2j7avaj 0 399200 10879179 10804603 2026-06-05T00:40:16Z Rebeltronic 1558358 added infobox 10879179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{No reference}} {{Outdated}} {{Infobox software | name = FaceTime | title = FaceTime | logo = FaceTime iOS.svg | logo_size = 120px | screenshot = FaceTime screenshot.png | screenshot_size = 250px | caption = FaceTime running on an iPhone 13 | developer = [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] | replaces = [[iChat]] | released = {{Plainlist | * '''iOS''': {{Start date and age|2010|06|24}} * '''Mac''': {{Start date and age|2011|02|24}} }} | latest release version = | latest preview version = | latest preview date = <!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | programming language = | operating system = {{Plainlist | * '''iOS''': [[iOS 4|4.0]] and later * '''[[iPadOS]]''' * '''Mac''': [[Mac OS X Snow Leopard|Mac&nbsp;OS&nbsp;X 10.6.6]] and later * '''tvOS''': [[tvOS 17|17.0]] and later * '''[[visionOS]]''' }} | platform = {{Flatlist | * [[iPhone]] * [[Apple Watch]] * [[iPad]] * [[iPod Touch]] * [[Macintosh|Mac]] * [[Apple TV]] * [[Apple Vision Pro]] * [[Web application|Web]] (participation in ongoing calls, web version not available in [[Mainland China|China mainland]]) }} | genre = [[Videotelephony]], [[Voice over IP]] | license = [[Proprietary software]] | website = [https://facetime.apple.com/join facetime.apple.com] }} '''FaceTime''' is video conferencing software created by [[Apple Inc.]] for use on the [[iPhone]], [[iPad]] and computers running [[Mac OS X]]. To call people, the user types in their email address or phone number. FaceTime supports [[high definition]] video. FaceTime was first announced by [[Steve Jobs]] on 7 June 2010 at Apple's [[Apple Worldwide Developers Conference|Worldwide Developers Conference]]. Video is sent using [[H.264]] and audio is compressed with [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]]. With Facetime, people can talk to people that are far away face to face. == FaceTime Audio == An audio-version of FaceTime was announced during Apple's annual keynote speech on June 10, 2013, and later released on September 18, 2013. The service provides high-quality audio. Initially, FaceTime audio was only usable on a [[Wi-Fi]] network, but since has been updated to work over [[3G]] and [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] data connections. Currently, FaceTime audio is only available between Apple devices. == Live Translation == In 2025, Apple introduced live captioning and real time translation features for FaceTime. The update allows users to view automatically generated captions during calls, and, in supported languages, receive translated subtitles in real time. The feature is designed to improve accessibility and cross language communication. == Other websites == * [https://www.apple.com/mac/facetime/ Apple FaceTime site] [[Category:Apple software]] [[Category:Video chat]] {{tech-stub}} 8wpt6tn6uq1y6hezk6rm2hxdlzsds1y 0 404743 10879071 10437385 2026-06-04T21:29:01Z Auntof6 22027 fix displaytitle and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10879071 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor, by William Halsall.jpg|thumb|290px|''Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor'' by William Halsall (1882)]] '''William White''' (25 January 1586/7<ref name="Caleb Johnson 2017">Caleb Johnson, Sue Allan and Simon Neal, "The English Origin and Kinship of Mayflower Passengers William White and Dorothy (May) Bradford of Wisbech, Cambridgeshire," The American Genealogist, 89-2(April 2017):81-94 and 89-3(July 2017):168-188.</ref> {{spaced ndash}}21 February 1621) was a passenger on the ''[[Mayflower]]''. Accompanied by his wife [[Susanna White (Mayflower passenger)|Susanna]], son [[Resolved White|Resolved]] and two servants, and joined by a son, [[Peregrine White|Peregrine]], on the way, he traveled in 1620 on the historic voyage. He was a signatory to the [[Mayflower Compact]] and perished early in the history of [[Plymouth Colony]].<ref name="Caleb pp. 246-247">Caleb H. Johnson, ''The Mayflower and Her Passengers'' (Indiana: Xlibris Corp., copyright 2006 Caleb Johnson), pp. 246-247</ref>{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}<ref name="Stratton pp. 25, 405, 412">Eugene Aubrey Stratton, ''Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691,'' (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), pp. 25, 405, 412</ref><ref name="Philbrick p. 104">Nathaniel Philbrick, ''Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War'' (New York: Viking, 2006), p. 104</ref> == The ''Mayflower'' Voyage == [[File:The Mayflower Compact 1620 cph.3g07155.jpg|left|thumb|''Signing the Mayflower Compact 1620'', a painting by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris]] White [[married]] Susanna in about 1615, and their son, [[Resolved White|Resolved]], was born soon after. They became passengers on the ''Mayflower'' which left [[Plymouth, Devon|Plymouth]], England on 16 September 1620. They also took with them two servants, [[List of Mayflower passengers|William Holbeck]] and [[List of Mayflower passengers|Edward Thompson]].<ref name="Caleb p. 247">Caleb H. Johnson, ''The Mayflower and Her Passengers'' (Indiana: Xlibris Corp., copyright 2006 Caleb Johnson), p. 247</ref><ref name="Stratton p. 413">Eugene Aubrey Stratton, ''Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691,'' (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), p. 413</ref>{{rp|448}} There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the ''Mayflower'' spotted land. The ''Mayflower'' was supposed to land in the [[Colony of Virginia]], but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at what is now known as Provincetown [[Harbor]].<ref name= bowman>George Ernest Bowman, '' The Mayflower Compact and its signers'' (Boston: Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1920). Photocopies of the 1622, 1646 and 1669 versions of the document pp. 7-19.</ref><ref name=stratton>{{cite book|last=Stratton|first=Eugene Aubrey|title=Plymouth Colony: Its history and people, 1620-1691|url=https://archive.org/details/plymouthcolonyit0000stra|year=1986|publisher=Ancestry Publishing|location=Salt Lake City|isbn=0-916489-18-3}}</ref>{{rp|411-413}} They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.<ref name= bowman/><ref name=stratton/>{{rp|411-413}} == Life in Plymouth == William White died late in the first winter, on 21 February in 1621. With the death of her husband Susanna White, with newborn Peregrine and five-year-old Resolved, became the only surviving widow out of the many families who perished that winter. By the Spring of 1621, 52 of the 102 persons who originally had arrived on the Mayflower at Cape Cod would be dead.<ref name="Caleb p. 247">Caleb H. Johnson, ''The Mayflower and Her Passengers'' (Indiana: Xlibris Corp., copyright 2006 Caleb Johnson), p. 247</ref><ref>Nathaniel Philbrick, ''Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War'' (New York: Viking, 2006), pp. 89-90</ref> In May 1621, Susanna White became the first Plymouth colony bride, marrying [[Edward Winslow]], a fellow ''Mayflower'' passenger whose wife had perished on 24 March 1621.<ref name="Philbrick p. 104"/><ref name="Stratton p. 25">Eugene Aubrey Stratton, ''Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691,'' (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), p. 25</ref> At least five children were born to Edward Winslow and his wife Susanna.<ref>''[http://www.americanancestors.org/pilgrim-families-edward-winslow Pilgrim Village Family Sketch: Edward Winslow]''</ref><ref name = bradford>William Bradford, ''History of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford, the second Governor of Plymouth,'' (Boston: 1856), p. 101</ref> == White's family == White's [[widow]], Susanna, married [[Edward Winslow]] in May 1621, which made her the first Plymouth Colony [[bride]]. Winslow had also been a ''Mayflower'' passenger and later became the second governor of Plymouth Colony.<ref name=bradford/>{{rp|101}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.americanancestors.org/pilgrim-families-edward-winslow/ |title=Edward Winslow |first= |last=|work=Pilgrim Village Families Sketch |year=2013 |accessdate=18 June 2013}}</ref> Together they had five children. She and Winslow are buried in the Winslow Cemetery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=16635921 |title=Susanna White Winslow (1595 - unknown ) - |first= |last= |work=Find A Grave Memorial |year=2013 |accessdate=18 June 2013 |archive-date=13 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313055432/http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=16635921 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Resolved White married Judith Vassall, the daughter of [[William Vassall]].<ref>Nathaniel Philbrick, ''Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War'' (New York: Viking 2006), p. 184.</ref> Peregrine White married Sarah Bassett, daughter of [[List of Mayflower passengers|William Bassett]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Mayflower passengers and related topics}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:White, William}} [[Category:Mayflower passengers]] [[Category:1580s births]] [[Category:1621 deaths]] [[Category:Year of birth uncertain]] [[Category:16th-century English people]] [[Category:17th-century English people]] [[Category:Burials at Cole's Hill Burial Ground (Plymouth)]] 6ohcu2xvy47ltn3gxbqfzcx76cc5uxq 0 414857 10879087 10023022 2026-06-04T21:42:05Z ~2026-25350-12 1816490 Linked to wrote target 10879087 wikitext text/x-wiki '''New City''' is a town in [[Rockland County, New York]]. It is about {{convert|18|mi|km|abbr=on}} north of [[New York City]]. The town is classified as a [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of [[Clarkstown, New York|Clarkstown]], meaning it is a small settlement inside of a larger town. The town is the [[county seat]] of Rockland County, because it is the location of the Rockland County Courthouse and government. Because of how close it is to New York City, many people go there to work. {{Rockland County, New York}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Hamlets in New York (state)]] [[Category:County seats in New York (state)]] {{US-geo-stub}} ni585pvf52pw0cvr97v1ay4tsi89ynt 0 429906 10879127 9815050 2026-06-04T23:14:25Z Ollin Masa 1791680 10879127 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Donald Ramotar.png|thumb|Donald Ramotar in 2011]] '''Donald Rabindranauth Ramotar''' (born 22 October 1950)<ref>[http://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2011/04/05/ramotar-gets-unanimous-selection-as-ppp-presidential-candidate/ "Ramotar gets unanimous selection as PPP Presidential Candidate"], ''Kaieteur News'', 5 April 2011.</ref> is a [[Guyana|Guyanese]] politician of the [[People's Progressive Party (Guyana)|People's Progressive Party]]. He was [[President of Guyana]] from 2011 to 2015. His predecessor was [[Bharrat Jagdeo]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ramotar, Donald}} [[Category:1950 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Presidents of Guyana]] [[Category:Socialist politicians]] {{bio-stub}} r2x9r6i64yueyn6d3e2d2y7vjsey1pl 0 435403 10879283 10717780 2026-06-05T04:19:06Z Sraiki 638514 10879283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Saraiki | nativename = سَرَائُیکی, سرولی | states = [[Pakistan]] | region = Southern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Northern [[Sindh]], and Eastern [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] | speakers = 20 million | date = 2024 | ref = [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/skr/] | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#North-Western Zone|Northwestern]] | fam5 = | fam6 = | script = Shahmukhi | iso3 = skr | notice = Indic }} '''Saraiki''' (sometimes spelled '''Siraiki)''' [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken in southern region of the [[Pakistan]]i province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] by the ethnic [[Saraiki people|Saraiki]] people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siraiki: Language or Dialect?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316786693_Siraiki_Language_or_Dialect|website=www.researchgate.net|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shackle 2010">{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|chapter=Lahnda|year=2010|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Keith|editor2-last=Ogilvie|editor2-first=Sarah|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|location=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080877754}}</ref> It is closely related to [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], It belongs to the Western Punjabi group known as [[Lahnda]]. Saraiki is native to southern Punjab, while it is also spoken in parts of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in [[Pakistan]]; as well as by [[Partition of India|partition migrants]] and their descendants in [[India]] although it is dying out among partition migrants within India as it becomes replaced by the more mainstream [[Hindi language|Hindi]]. It is generally considered a distinct language, but it is sometimes classified as a variety of Punjabi or Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siraiki: Language or Dialect?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316786693_Siraiki_Language_or_Dialect|website=www.researchgate.net|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Map_of_saraikistan map.jpg|thumb|Saraiki rgion]] == Etymology == The word Saraiki is probably derived from the [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] word [[Siraiki (Sindhi dialect)|Siraiki]] for its own dialect,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linguistic Survey of India|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/171/mode/1up|access-date=2024-01-01|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> which means dialect of Sero/Siro ([[Sauvira Kingdom|Sauvīra]]) region in ancient Sindh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siraiki language {{!}} History, Dialects & Writing System {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Siraiki-language|access-date=2024-01-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> today the name of Siraiki dialect of Sindhi is changed to Siroli/Sireli to not create confusion.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Language and national identity in Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/languagenational0000unse_c6w1|date=2007|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-19-922648-1|editor-last=Simpson|editor-first=Andrew|series=Oxford linguistics|location=Oxford}}</ref> == National day of Saraiki == National day of Saraiki culture is celebrated on November 22. ==References== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=skr}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]] [[Category:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa| ]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan (Pakistan)]] [[Category:Languages of Sindh]] [[Category:Languages of India]] [[Category:Languages of Punjab (Pakistan)]] [[Category:Languages of Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] j3r4itf5m7yp9l7x2m2sl2kr1yg3uty 10879284 10879283 2026-06-05T04:20:59Z Sraiki 638514 10879284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Saraiki | nativename = سَرَائُیکی, سرولی | states = [[Pakistan]] | region = Southern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Northern [[Sindh]], and Eastern [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] | speakers = 20 million | date = 2024 | ref = [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/skr/] | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#North-Western Zone|Northwestern]] | fam5 = | fam6 = | script = Shahmukhi | iso3 = skr | notice = Indic }} '''Saraiki''' (sometimes spelled '''Siraiki)''' [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken in southern region of the [[Pakistan]]i province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] by the ethnic [[Saraiki people|Saraiki]] people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siraiki: Language or Dialect?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316786693_Siraiki_Language_or_Dialect|website=www.researchgate.net|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shackle 2010">{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|chapter=Lahnda|year=2010|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Keith|editor2-last=Ogilvie|editor2-first=Sarah|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|location=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080877754}}</ref> It is closely related to [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], It belongs to the Western Punjabi group known as [[Lahnda]]. Saraiki is native to southern Punjab, while it is also spoken in parts of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in [[Pakistan]]; as well as by [[Partition of India|partition migrants]] and their descendants in [[India]] although it is dying out among partition migrants within India as it becomes replaced by the more mainstream [[Hindi language|Hindi]]. It is generally considered a distinct language, but it is sometimes classified as a variety of Punjabi or Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siraiki: Language or Dialect?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316786693_Siraiki_Language_or_Dialect|website=www.researchgate.net|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Map-of-saraikistan map.jpg|thumb|Saraiki rgion]] == Etymology == The word Saraiki is probably derived from the [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] word [[Siraiki (Sindhi dialect)|Siraiki]] for its own dialect,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linguistic Survey of India|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/171/mode/1up|access-date=2024-01-01|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> which means dialect of Sero/Siro ([[Sauvira Kingdom|Sauvīra]]) region in ancient Sindh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siraiki language {{!}} History, Dialects & Writing System {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Siraiki-language|access-date=2024-01-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> today the name of Siraiki dialect of Sindhi is changed to Siroli/Sireli to not create confusion.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Language and national identity in Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/languagenational0000unse_c6w1|date=2007|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-19-922648-1|editor-last=Simpson|editor-first=Andrew|series=Oxford linguistics|location=Oxford}}</ref> == National day of Saraiki == National day of Saraiki culture is celebrated on November 22. ==References== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=skr}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]] [[Category:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa| ]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan (Pakistan)]] [[Category:Languages of Sindh]] [[Category:Languages of India]] [[Category:Languages of Punjab (Pakistan)]] [[Category:Languages of Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] t5enlf6ld2enhnhyp35n765qmhnoeqp 10879285 10879284 2026-06-05T04:21:51Z Sraiki 638514 10879285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Saraiki | nativename = سَرَائُیکی, سرولی | states = [[Pakistan]] | region = Southern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Northern [[Sindh]], and Eastern [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] | speakers = 20 million | date = 2024 | ref = [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/skr/] | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#North-Western Zone|Northwestern]] | fam5 = | fam6 = | script = Shahmukhi | iso3 = skr | notice = Indic }} '''Saraiki''' (sometimes spelled '''Siraiki)''' [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] spoken in southern region of the [[Pakistan]]i province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] by the ethnic [[Saraiki people|Saraiki]] people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siraiki: Language or Dialect?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316786693_Siraiki_Language_or_Dialect|website=www.researchgate.net|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shackle 2010">{{cite book|last=Shackle|first=Christopher|chapter=Lahnda|year=2010|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Keith|editor2-last=Ogilvie|editor2-first=Sarah|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|location=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080877754}}</ref> It is closely related to [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], It belongs to the Western Punjabi group known as [[Lahnda]]. Saraiki is native to southern Punjab, while it is also spoken in parts of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in [[Pakistan]]; as well as by [[Partition of India|partition migrants]] and their descendants in [[India]] although it is dying out among partition migrants within India as it becomes replaced by the more mainstream [[Hindi language|Hindi]]. It is generally considered a distinct language, but it is sometimes classified as a variety of Punjabi or Sindhi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siraiki: Language or Dialect?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316786693_Siraiki_Language_or_Dialect|website=www.researchgate.net|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Map-of-saraikistan.jpg|thumb|Saraiki rgion]] == Etymology == The word Saraiki is probably derived from the [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] word [[Siraiki (Sindhi dialect)|Siraiki]] for its own dialect,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linguistic Survey of India|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/171/mode/1up|access-date=2024-01-01|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> which means dialect of Sero/Siro ([[Sauvira Kingdom|Sauvīra]]) region in ancient Sindh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siraiki language {{!}} History, Dialects & Writing System {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Siraiki-language|access-date=2024-01-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> today the name of Siraiki dialect of Sindhi is changed to Siroli/Sireli to not create confusion.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Language and national identity in Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/languagenational0000unse_c6w1|date=2007|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-19-922648-1|editor-last=Simpson|editor-first=Andrew|series=Oxford linguistics|location=Oxford}}</ref> == National day of Saraiki == National day of Saraiki culture is celebrated on November 22. ==References== {{reflist}} {{InterWiki|code=skr}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]] [[Category:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa| ]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan (Pakistan)]] [[Category:Languages of Sindh]] [[Category:Languages of India]] [[Category:Languages of Punjab (Pakistan)]] [[Category:Languages of Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] c1h44ie73cd92cjuyg3w0vbodepkz4h 0 435976 10878795 9143356 2026-06-04T14:46:29Z ~2026-33266-79 1816284 /* */ 10878795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox media franchise | color = #ff0016 | title = Mog | creator = [[Judith Kerr]] | owner = [[Judith Kerr Films]]<>[[Penguin Random House]] | years = 1970–present | shorts = {{Plainlist| *[[Mog's Christmas Calamity]] (2015) *[[Mog's Christmas (2023 film)|Mog's Christmas]] (2023)}} | films = {{Plainlist| *[[Mog & Terry]](2024)}} | image = Moglogo.jpg }} '''Mog''', is the main [[:wikt:character|character]] in a series of [[book]]s for children. The [[author]] is [[Judith Kerr]]. In the series Mog was well loved by Mr and Mrs Thomas (Mog's owners) and their two children Nicky and Debbie. In the books Mog, a [[cat]], would often get into a difficult [[:wikt:situation|situation]] with a new character or event. Mog died of [[old age]] in the final book, ''Goodbye, Mog'' and goes to [[heaven]]. It was published in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kate Kellaway |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/oct/19/featuresreviews.guardianreview30 |title=Review: Goodbye Mog by Judith Kerr &#124; Books |publisher=The Guardian |date=November 2002|accessdate=25 November 2015 |location=London}}</ref> It is not usual for a pet to die in stories for young children just learning to read. Kerr said ""I don't think it was so much about killing off Mog, as rather doing something about dying...and being remembered."<ref>{{cite news|author=Dina Rabinovitch |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/dec/04/booksforchildrenandteenagers.familyandrelationships |title=Why Mog had to die &#124; Books |publisher=The Guardian |date=3 November 2005|accessdate=25 November 2015 |location=London}}</ref> == New book for charity == In November 2015, Mog came back as a [[computer-generated imagery|CGI]] character for the 2015 Christmas [[video]] [[advertising|advert]] for the [[supermarket]], [[Sainsbury's]]. In ''Mog's Christmas Calamity'' Mog accidentally starts a fire in her house after having a bad dream. She saves her family by calling [[firefighters]] by running across the [[telephone]] and dialing the [[emergency telephone number|emergency number]]. She is a [[hero]] for saving her owners, and is later given an egg as a treat. A special plush Mog and book version of the story were sold at Sainsbury's, with all profits being donated to [[Save the Children]]'s child [[literacy]] work.<ref name=UK>{{cite web|author1=Matilda Battersby|title=Sainsbury's Christmas Advert 'Mog's Christmas Calamity': Why Judith Kerr Deserves a Medal|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/mog-s-christmas-calamity-why-judith-kerr-deserves-a-medal-but-would-probably-prefer-an-egg-a6732981.html|publisher=Independent UK|date=16 November 2015|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=malay>{{cite web|title=Sainsbury’s resurrects disaster-prone Mog the cat for new Christmas book, ad (VIDEO)|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/read/article/sainsburys-resurrects-disaster-prone-mog-the-cat-for-new-christmas-book-ad|publisher=Malay Mail Online|accessdate=25 November 2015|date=15 November 2015}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:English children's books]] [[Category:Fictional cats]] 3adrq4262g7vrhgwwo15hppjgjd6wdo 0 443020 10879049 10217552 2026-06-04T21:05:10Z Auntof6 22027 fix displaytitle and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10879049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Chao (''Sonic the Hedgehog'')}} {{notability|date=March 2025}} '''Chao''' are fictional characters that appear in the ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog]]'' series of video games. They are small, childlike creatures that do not have a gender. They have a [[pudding]]-like body and act like human [[baby|babies]].<ref name="laboratory">{{cite web |title=CHAO Laboratory |url=http://www.sonicteam.com/chao/index.html |publisher=[[Sega]]/[[Sonic Team]] |access-date=2014-03-17 |archive-date=2003-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030801080715/http://www.sonicteam.com/chao/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> They first appeared in ''[[Sonic Adventure]]''. In the ''Sonic'' games, Chao are [[digital pet]]s. Several different types of Chao are in the game. The Chao can evolve into many different forms, depending on how the player raises it. The player can raise them and enter them into races or battles.<ref name="interview">{{cite web|title=Interview With Sonic Adventure 2 Director Takashi Iizuka|url=http://dreamcast.ign.com/articles/095/095406p1.html|publisher=[[IGN]]|date=June 4, 2001|author=IGN Staff|access-date=March 17, 2014|archive-date=January 5, 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6DSB7FJoc?url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2001/06/04/interview-with-sonic-adventure-2-director-takashi-iizuka|url-status=dead}}</ref> They have also been a part of the games' story and are sometimes seen during parts of the games. For example, the character Cream the Rabbit has a Chao named Cheese, which she uses to defeat enemies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sonic Central|url=http://www2.sega.com/sonic/globalsonic/post_sonicteam.php?article=nakainterviewsonic|publisher=Sega|access-date=2014-03-17|archive-date=2010-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526174339/http://www2.sega.com/sonic/globalsonic/post_sonicteam.php?article=nakainterviewsonic|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://chao.hippotank.com Chao Island] {{Sonic franchise}} [[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1998]] [[Category:Sonic the Hedgehog characters]] [[Category:Virtual pets]] {{video-game-stub}} qkgch31svbnjevygijcyv7jmize3uzu 0 443939 10879099 10271590 2026-06-04T21:54:11Z Aust01 01 1816498 add the oepning date 10879099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = Barack Obama Presidential Center | logo = [[File:Obama Foundation logo.svg|240px]] | logo_alt = | logo_caption = Logo of the Obama Foundation, the non-profit organization that is overseeing the construction of the Barack Obama Presidential Center | image = Obama library spring 2025.png | image_alt = | image_caption = April 2025 | map_type = | map_size = 220 | map_caption = | location = [[Jackson Park (Chicago)|Jackson Park, Chicago]], Illinois | coordinates = {{Coord|41|46|57|N|87|35|08|W|type:landmark_region:US-IL|display=inline,title}} | inauguration_date = Spring 2026 (planned) | namesake = [[Barack Obama]] | construction_start_date = August 16, 2021<ref name="SunTimes-Start"/> | cost = $482 million<ref name="SunTimes-Start"/> | size = | management = [[Valerie Jarrett]], CEO<br />[[Kenvi Phillips]], Director | public_transit = {{ric|Metra}}[[59th Street/University of Chicago station|59th Street/University of Chicago]]<br>{{rint|bus|1}}[[Chicago Transit Authority|CTA]] | architect = [[Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects]], and Interactive Design Architects:<br />Landscape architect: [[Michael Van Valkenburgh]] Associates, Site Design Group, and Living Habitats | website = {{URL|https://www.obama.org/presidential-center/}} }} The '''Barack Obama Presidential Center''' is a planned [[presidential library]] for [[Barack Obama]], the 44th [[president of the United States]].<ref name="breakground">{{cite news|author=Jackson, David|date=January 24, 2014|title=Barack Obama library foundation is formed|work=USA Today|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/theoval/2014/01/31/barack-obama-library-foundation-chicago-hawaii-nesbitt-smoot/5086025/|access-date=March 23, 2014}}</ref> The foundation is officially founded in January 2014. On April 30, 2015, it was confirmed that the Obama Presidential Library will be located in [[Jackson Park (Chicago)|Jackson Park]] in [[Woodlawn, Chicago|Woodlawn]], [[Chicago, Illinois]]. Construction began in August 2021.<ref name="SunTimes-Start">{{cite news |last=Sweet |first=Lynn |date=August 16, 2021 |title=Obama Presidential Center costs detailed as groundbreaking takes place at Jackson Park |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/8/16/22627785/obama-presidential-center-jackson-park-costs-detailed-low-key-groundbreaking-on-monday |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |access-date=September 13, 2021 |archive-date=September 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913210023/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/8/16/22627785/obama-presidential-center-jackson-park-costs-detailed-low-key-groundbreaking-on-monday |url-status=live }}</ref> It will also be part of the [[Chicago Public Library]] system.<ref name="Bowean">{{cite news |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obamacenter/ct-met-obama-public-library-branch-20180501-story.html |title=Obama Foundation announces new public library branch |last=Bowean |first=Lolly |date=May 2, 2018 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |access-date=May 2, 2018 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=May 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502002126/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obamacenter/ct-met-obama-public-library-branch-20180501-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The library is planned to open on June 19, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Foundation|first=Obama|title=Visit the Center|url=https://www.obama.org/visit/|access-date=2026-06-04|website=Obama Foundation|language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Barack Obama Presidential Library and Museum}} [[Category:Presidential libraries|Obama]] [[Category:Barack Obama]] {{US-stub}} {{USPresidentialLibraries}} kimiufy224d90eul0mqx7wxj04v37dm 0 444255 10879301 9405531 2026-06-05T04:38:13Z Letsgoingg 1816622 /* */ I simply added details to better explain each part of the current, very diverse Brazilian population. 10879301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Brazilians | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = File:Map of the Brazilian Diaspora in the World.svg | pop = | regions = {{flag|Brazil}} | region1 = {{flag|United States}} | pop_embed = 215,666,165 | pop1 = 459,876 | region2 = {{flag|Portugal}} | pop2 = 275,000 (2022) | region3 = {{flag|Paraguay}} | pop3 = 245,850 | region4 = {{flag|UK}} | pop4 = 220,000 | region5 = {{flag|Japan}} | pop5 = 206,259 (2022) | region6 = {{flag|Spain}} | pop6 = 165,000 (2022) | region7 = {{flag|Italy}} | pop7 = 162,000 (2022) | region8 = {{flag|Germany}} | pop8 = 138,955 (2022) | region9 = {{flag|Canada}} | pop9 = 122,400 (2022) | region10 = {{flag|Argentina}} | pop10 = 90,203 (2022) | region11 = {{flag|France}} | pop11 = 90,000 (2022) | region12 = {{flag|French Guiana}} | pop12 = 82,500 (2022) | region13 = {{flag|Switzerland}} | pop13 = 77,000 (2022) | region14 = {{flag|Ireland}} | pop14 = 70,000 (2022) | region15 = {{flag|Belgium}} | pop15 = 65,000 (2022) | region16 = {{flag|Netherlands}} | pop16 = 65,000 (2022) | region17 = {{flag|Australia}} | pop17 = 60,000 (2022) | region18 = {{flag|Uruguay}} | pop18 = 46,848 (2022) | region19 = {{flag|Bolivia}} | pop19 = 42,000 (2022) | region20 = {{flag|Mexico}} | pop20 = 40,000 (2022) | region21 = {{flag|Suriname}} | pop21 = 30,000 (2020) | region22 = {{flag|Lebanon}} | pop22 = 21,000 (2020) | region23 = {{flag|Chile}} | pop23 = 18,648 (2022) | region24 = {{flag|Colombia}} | pop24 = 17,000 | region25 = {{flag|Sweden}} | pop25 = 16,814 (2020) | region26 = {{flag|Israel}} | pop26 = 15,000 (2020) | region27 = {{flag|Angola}} | pop27 = 13,290 (2022) | region28 = {{flag|Venezuela}} | pop28 = 11,800 (2018) | region29 = {{flag|Guyana}} | pop29 = 10,700 (2022) | region30 = {{flag|Norway}} | pop30 = 10,411 (2022) | region31 = {{flag|UAE}} | pop31 = 2,000 | region32 = {{flag|South Korea}} | pop32 = 1,088 | region33 = {{flag|India}} | pop33 = 860 | languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], indigenous languages | religions = Christianity (majority Roman Catholic, also Pentecostal), Afro-Brazilian religions (Candomblé, Umbanda), Judaism, indigenous religions | related_groups = }} '''Brazilians''' are people born in Brazil, a multiracial and multiethnic country. The Indigenous people live in every state of Brazil and represent 305 different tribes and 274 indigenous languages.<ref>[https://minorityrights.org/country/brazil/ Brazil - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples]</ref> '''Ethnic-Racial Groups''' '''in Brazil (according to [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]])''' The official classification considers five groups by self-declaration: '''Pardos''': 45.3% of the population (mixed-race group, which includes caboclos, mulatos, and cafuzos, they are a mix of white, native indigenous, and black people). '''White''': 43.5%. '''Black''': 10.2%. '''Indigenous''': 0.8% (native peoples with hundreds of distinct ethnicities). '''Yellow''': between 0.4% and 1.2% (descendants of East Asians, such as Japanese, Chinese and Korean). '''Main Ethnic Groups and Origins (Nationalities)''' '''Formative Matrix (Historical):''' Indigenous peoples (the native peoples who already inhabited the territory before colonization, encompassing hundreds of ethnic groups such as Tikuna, Guarani, Kokama, and Makuxí). Europeans (mainly Portuguese colonizers, followed by large flows of Italian, Spanish, German, and Slavic immigrants, who arrived from the 19th century onwards). And Africans (brought by force during the colonial and imperial periods, belonging to different nations and ethnicities such as Bantu and Yoruba). '''Majority of Foreign Immigration (19th and 20th Centuries):''' Portuguese, Italians, Germans, Spaniards, Japanese, Arabs (Syrians and Lebanese), Ukrainians, and Poles. '''Recent Flows (Nationalities):''' Immigrants from neighboring countries (Bolivians, Paraguayans, Venezuelans, Argentinians, Uruguayans), in addition to Haitian, Cuban and Syrian communities. ==References== <references /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in South America]] {{stub}} 8vka0bk73kma4pqk1wdgfm3o6ur1g0r 10879324 10879301 2026-06-05T04:49:46Z Letsgoingg 1816622 /* */ I corrected a few details. 10879324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Brazilians | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = File:Map of the Brazilian Diaspora in the World.svg | pop = | regions = {{flag|Brazil}} | region1 = {{flag|United States}} | pop_embed = 215,666,165 | pop1 = 459,876 | region2 = {{flag|Portugal}} | pop2 = 275,000 (2022) | region3 = {{flag|Paraguay}} | pop3 = 245,850 | region4 = {{flag|UK}} | pop4 = 220,000 | region5 = {{flag|Japan}} | pop5 = 206,259 (2022) | region6 = {{flag|Spain}} | pop6 = 165,000 (2022) | region7 = {{flag|Italy}} | pop7 = 162,000 (2022) | region8 = {{flag|Germany}} | pop8 = 138,955 (2022) | region9 = {{flag|Canada}} | pop9 = 122,400 (2022) | region10 = {{flag|Argentina}} | pop10 = 90,203 (2022) | region11 = {{flag|France}} | pop11 = 90,000 (2022) | region12 = {{flag|French Guiana}} | pop12 = 82,500 (2022) | region13 = {{flag|Switzerland}} | pop13 = 77,000 (2022) | region14 = {{flag|Ireland}} | pop14 = 70,000 (2022) | region15 = {{flag|Belgium}} | pop15 = 65,000 (2022) | region16 = {{flag|Netherlands}} | pop16 = 65,000 (2022) | region17 = {{flag|Australia}} | pop17 = 60,000 (2022) | region18 = {{flag|Uruguay}} | pop18 = 46,848 (2022) | region19 = {{flag|Bolivia}} | pop19 = 42,000 (2022) | region20 = {{flag|Mexico}} | pop20 = 40,000 (2022) | region21 = {{flag|Suriname}} | pop21 = 30,000 (2020) | region22 = {{flag|Lebanon}} | pop22 = 21,000 (2020) | region23 = {{flag|Chile}} | pop23 = 18,648 (2022) | region24 = {{flag|Colombia}} | pop24 = 17,000 | region25 = {{flag|Sweden}} | pop25 = 16,814 (2020) | region26 = {{flag|Israel}} | pop26 = 15,000 (2020) | region27 = {{flag|Angola}} | pop27 = 13,290 (2022) | region28 = {{flag|Venezuela}} | pop28 = 11,800 (2018) | region29 = {{flag|Guyana}} | pop29 = 10,700 (2022) | region30 = {{flag|Norway}} | pop30 = 10,411 (2022) | region31 = {{flag|UAE}} | pop31 = 2,000 | region32 = {{flag|South Korea}} | pop32 = 1,088 | region33 = {{flag|India}} | pop33 = 860 | languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], indigenous languages | religions = Christianity (majority Roman Catholic, also Pentecostal), Afro-Brazilian religions (Candomblé, Umbanda), Judaism, indigenous religions | related_groups = }} '''''Brazilians''''' are people born in Brazil, a multiracial and multiethnic country. The Indigenous people live in every state of Brazil and represent 305 different tribes and 274 indigenous languages.<ref>[https://minorityrights.org/country/brazil/ Brazil - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples]</ref> <big>'''Ethnic-Racial Groups''' '''in Brazil (according to [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]])'''</big> The official classification considers five groups by self-declaration: '''Pardos''': 45.3% of the population (mixed-race group, which includes caboclos, mulatos, and cafuzos, they are a mix of white, native indigenous, and black people). '''White''': 43.5%. '''Black''': 10.2%. '''Indigenous''': 0.8% (native peoples with hundreds of distinct ethnicities). '''Yellow''': between 0.4% and 1.2% (descendants of East Asians, such as Japanese, Chinese and Korean). '''<big>Main Ethnic Groups and Origins (Nationalities)</big>''' '''Formative Matrix (Historical):''' Indigenous peoples (the native peoples who already inhabited the territory before colonization, encompassing hundreds of ethnic groups such as Tikuna, Guarani, Kokama, and Makuxí). Europeans (mainly Portuguese colonizers, followed by large flows of Italian, Spanish, German, and Slavic immigrants, who arrived from the 19th century onwards). And Africans (brought by force during the colonial and imperial periods, belonging to different nations and ethnicities such as Bantu and Yoruba). '''Majority of Immigration (19th and 20th Centuries):''' Portuguese, Italians, Germans, Spaniards, Japanese, Arabs (Syrians and Lebanese), Ukrainians, and Poles. '''Recent Flows (Nationalities):''' Immigrants from neighboring countries (Bolivians, Paraguayans, Venezuelans, Argentinians, Uruguayans), in addition to Haitian, Cuban and Syrian communities. ==References== <references /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in South America]] {{stub}} 5h8ao6oqiokl8xr4arz0pzo0en3a0dv 0 446375 10878798 10878313 2026-06-04T14:51:48Z ~2026-31265-91 1810417 /* Gallery */ 10878798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Automobile |name=Mitsubishi Outlander |image=2022_Mitsubishi_Outlander_SE_S-AWC,_07-29-2022.jpg |manufacturer=[[Mitsubishi Motors]] |aka=Mitsubishi Airtrek (2001–05)<br>[[Peugeot 4007]] (2007-2012)<br>[[Citroën C-Crosser]] (2007-2012) |production=2001–present |class=[[Crossover SUV]] |body_style=4-door [[SUV]] |platform= |related= |predecessor= |successor= }} The '''Mitsubishi Outlander''' is a mid-size [[crossover SUV|crossover]] [[SUV]] that is built by [[Mitsubishi Motors]]. The Mitsubishi Outlander has had three generations, the newest one in 2012. When it was first introduced in Japan in 2001, the vehicle was known as the '''Mitsubishi Airtrek''' and it was based on the '''Mitsubishi ASX''' concept vehicle that was exhibited at the 2001 [[North American International Auto Show]]. They chose the name Airtrek because it was to "describe the vehicle’s ability to transport its passengers on adventure-packed journeys in a 'free-as-a-bird' manner"<ref name="press">{{cite web|url=http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/ir/share/pdf/e/fact2005.pdf|accessdate=2014-04-11|title=Fact & Figures 2005|publisher=Mitsubishi Motors (p. 33)|archive-date=2007-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305232559/http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/ir/share/pdf/e/fact2005.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was "coined from Air and Trek to express the idea of footloose, adventure-filled motoring pleasure."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/products/detail330.html|accessdate=2014-04-11|title=MMC announces smart all-rounder AIRTREK model|publisher=Mitsubishi Motors}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The new name Outlander was chosen because it suggested a "feeling of journeying to distant, unexplored lands in search of adventure."<ref name="press"/> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Mitsubishi Outlander CU China 2012-05-13.jpg|First generation (2003–2006) File:MITSUBISHI OUTLANDER(CW,ZG,ZH) China (9).jpg|Second generation (2006–2012) File:MITSUBISHI OUTLANDER (GF,GG,ZJ,ZK,ZL) China (56).jpg|Third generation (2012–2021) File:2025 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (fourth generation) IMG 3128.jpg|Fourth generation (2022–) </gallery> == PSA rebadges == ====== Peugeot 4007 ====== [[File:Peugeot 4007 20090614 front.JPG|left|thumb|150x150px|Peugeot 4007]] The Peugeot 4007, produced from [[2007]] to [[2012]], was an [[SUV]] derived from the second-generation Mitsubishi Outlander and the [[Citroën C-Crosser]], and was available in 3 trims: * SE * Sport XS * GT In addition, it was available in 3 [[engine]] versions: 2.2 with 156 HP, 2.0 with 147 HP, and a 2.4 with 170 HP, available in 2 fuels: [[gasoline]] or turbo [[Diesel engine|diesel]]. {{Commons category-inline|Peugeot 4007}} Citroën C-Crosser [[File:2008 Citroen C-Crosser Exclusive HDi 2.2.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Citroën C-Crosser ]] The [[Citroën C-Crosser]], produced from 2007 to 2012, was always derived from the second generation of the Mitsubishi Outlander and the Peugeot 4007, and was available in 5 trims: * Crociera Gialla * Crociera Nera * Dynamique * Exclusive Style * Dynamique Plus There are 2 engines available: a 2.2 with 154 HP and a 2.4 with 170 HP, with 2 powertrains: gasoline and turbo diesel. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.new-outlander.com/gene/en/top/index.php Official Global website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417071353/http://www.new-outlander.com/gene/en/top/index.php |date=2014-04-17 }} {{Mitsubishi Motors vehicles}} {{Commonscat}} {{Transport-stub}} [[Category:Mitsubishi automobiles]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] [[Category:2000s automobiles]] [[Category:2010s automobiles]] c6fhukxktyf3o2yukatyh8rolhz5kbu 10878801 10878798 2026-06-04T14:53:58Z ~2026-31265-91 1810417 /* PSA rebadges */ 10878801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Automobile |name=Mitsubishi Outlander |image=2022_Mitsubishi_Outlander_SE_S-AWC,_07-29-2022.jpg |manufacturer=[[Mitsubishi Motors]] |aka=Mitsubishi Airtrek (2001–05)<br>[[Peugeot 4007]] (2007-2012)<br>[[Citroën C-Crosser]] (2007-2012) |production=2001–present |class=[[Crossover SUV]] |body_style=4-door [[SUV]] |platform= |related= |predecessor= |successor= }} The '''Mitsubishi Outlander''' is a mid-size [[crossover SUV|crossover]] [[SUV]] that is built by [[Mitsubishi Motors]]. The Mitsubishi Outlander has had three generations, the newest one in 2012. When it was first introduced in Japan in 2001, the vehicle was known as the '''Mitsubishi Airtrek''' and it was based on the '''Mitsubishi ASX''' concept vehicle that was exhibited at the 2001 [[North American International Auto Show]]. They chose the name Airtrek because it was to "describe the vehicle’s ability to transport its passengers on adventure-packed journeys in a 'free-as-a-bird' manner"<ref name="press">{{cite web|url=http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/ir/share/pdf/e/fact2005.pdf|accessdate=2014-04-11|title=Fact & Figures 2005|publisher=Mitsubishi Motors (p. 33)|archive-date=2007-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305232559/http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/ir/share/pdf/e/fact2005.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was "coined from Air and Trek to express the idea of footloose, adventure-filled motoring pleasure."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/products/detail330.html|accessdate=2014-04-11|title=MMC announces smart all-rounder AIRTREK model|publisher=Mitsubishi Motors}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The new name Outlander was chosen because it suggested a "feeling of journeying to distant, unexplored lands in search of adventure."<ref name="press"/> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Mitsubishi Outlander CU China 2012-05-13.jpg|First generation (2003–2006) File:MITSUBISHI OUTLANDER(CW,ZG,ZH) China (9).jpg|Second generation (2006–2012) File:MITSUBISHI OUTLANDER (GF,GG,ZJ,ZK,ZL) China (56).jpg|Third generation (2012–2021) File:2025 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (fourth generation) IMG 3128.jpg|Fourth generation (2022–) </gallery> == PSA rebadges == === Peugeot 4007 === [[File:Peugeot 4007 20090614 front.JPG|left|thumb|150x150px|Peugeot 4007]] The '''Peugeot 4007''', produced from [[2007]] to [[2012]], is a rebadged the second-generation Mitsubishi Outlander like the [[Citroën C-Crosser]], and was available in 3 trims. In addition, it was available in 3 [[engine]] versions 2.2 with 156 HP, 2.0 with 147 HP, and a 2.4 with 170 HP, available in 2 fuels [[gasoline]] or turbo [[Diesel engine|diesel]]. Citroën C-Crosser [[File:2008 Citroen C-Crosser Exclusive HDi 2.2.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Citroën C-Crosser ]] The [[Citroën C-Crosser]], produced from 2007 to 2012, is also a rebadged derived from the second generation of the Mitsubishi Outlander and the Peugeot 4007, and was available in 5 trims. There are 2 engines available a 2.2 with 154 HP and a 2.4 with 170 HP, also in both gasoline and turbo diesel. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.new-outlander.com/gene/en/top/index.php Official Global website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417071353/http://www.new-outlander.com/gene/en/top/index.php |date=2014-04-17 }} {{Mitsubishi Motors vehicles}} {{Commonscat}} {{Transport-stub}} [[Category:Mitsubishi automobiles]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] [[Category:2000s automobiles]] [[Category:2010s automobiles]] 0ujm3fppuhsjv8cym3tysbwfl40yogr 10878802 10878801 2026-06-04T14:54:30Z ~2026-31265-91 1810417 /* Other websites */ 10878802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Automobile |name=Mitsubishi Outlander |image=2022_Mitsubishi_Outlander_SE_S-AWC,_07-29-2022.jpg |manufacturer=[[Mitsubishi Motors]] |aka=Mitsubishi Airtrek (2001–05)<br>[[Peugeot 4007]] (2007-2012)<br>[[Citroën C-Crosser]] (2007-2012) |production=2001–present |class=[[Crossover SUV]] |body_style=4-door [[SUV]] |platform= |related= |predecessor= |successor= }} The '''Mitsubishi Outlander''' is a mid-size [[crossover SUV|crossover]] [[SUV]] that is built by [[Mitsubishi Motors]]. The Mitsubishi Outlander has had three generations, the newest one in 2012. When it was first introduced in Japan in 2001, the vehicle was known as the '''Mitsubishi Airtrek''' and it was based on the '''Mitsubishi ASX''' concept vehicle that was exhibited at the 2001 [[North American International Auto Show]]. They chose the name Airtrek because it was to "describe the vehicle’s ability to transport its passengers on adventure-packed journeys in a 'free-as-a-bird' manner"<ref name="press">{{cite web|url=http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/ir/share/pdf/e/fact2005.pdf|accessdate=2014-04-11|title=Fact & Figures 2005|publisher=Mitsubishi Motors (p. 33)|archive-date=2007-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305232559/http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/ir/share/pdf/e/fact2005.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was "coined from Air and Trek to express the idea of footloose, adventure-filled motoring pleasure."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/products/detail330.html|accessdate=2014-04-11|title=MMC announces smart all-rounder AIRTREK model|publisher=Mitsubishi Motors}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The new name Outlander was chosen because it suggested a "feeling of journeying to distant, unexplored lands in search of adventure."<ref name="press"/> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Mitsubishi Outlander CU China 2012-05-13.jpg|First generation (2003–2006) File:MITSUBISHI OUTLANDER(CW,ZG,ZH) China (9).jpg|Second generation (2006–2012) File:MITSUBISHI OUTLANDER (GF,GG,ZJ,ZK,ZL) China (56).jpg|Third generation (2012–2021) File:2025 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (fourth generation) IMG 3128.jpg|Fourth generation (2022–) </gallery> == PSA rebadges == === Peugeot 4007 === [[File:Peugeot 4007 20090614 front.JPG|left|thumb|150x150px|Peugeot 4007]] The '''Peugeot 4007''', produced from [[2007]] to [[2012]], is a rebadged the second-generation Mitsubishi Outlander like the [[Citroën C-Crosser]], and was available in 3 trims. In addition, it was available in 3 [[engine]] versions 2.2 with 156 HP, 2.0 with 147 HP, and a 2.4 with 170 HP, available in 2 fuels [[gasoline]] or turbo [[Diesel engine|diesel]]. Citroën C-Crosser [[File:2008 Citroen C-Crosser Exclusive HDi 2.2.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Citroën C-Crosser ]] The [[Citroën C-Crosser]], produced from 2007 to 2012, is also a rebadged derived from the second generation of the Mitsubishi Outlander and the Peugeot 4007, and was available in 5 trims. There are 2 engines available a 2.2 with 154 HP and a 2.4 with 170 HP, also in both gasoline and turbo diesel. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.new-outlander.com/gene/en/top/index.php Official Global website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417071353/http://www.new-outlander.com/gene/en/top/index.php |date=2014-04-17 }} {{Commons category-inline|Peugeot 4007}} {{Mitsubishi Motors vehicles}} {{Commonscat}} {{Transport-stub}} [[Category:Mitsubishi automobiles]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] [[Category:2000s automobiles]] [[Category:2010s automobiles]] tm42aw8xxvzvuxcqt1fmrayeafqqszx 0 451017 10878793 10878262 2026-06-04T14:40:45Z ~2026-33004-21 1816276 10878793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the current television division which was known as Walt Disney Television from 2019 to 2021|Disney General Entertainment Content}} {{Infobox company | name = Walt Disney Television | logo = Walt Disney Television logo.svg | former_names = Walt Disney Pictures Television Division (1985–1988) | type = [[Division (business)|Division]] | industry = [[Production company|Television production]] | fate = Absorbed into the first incarnation of Touchstone Television (which changed name to ABC Studios, then ABC Signature Studios, ''ABC Signature'' and now 20th Television), with the animation division (Walt Disney Television Animation (now just ''Disney Television Animation'')) spun-out as a separate standalone subsidiary. | successors = {{Plainlist| * [[20th Television]] * [[Disney Television Studios]] * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] * The current iteration of Walt Disney Television (currently ''[[Disney General Entertainment Content]]'') * [[Disney Television Animation]] (as a standalone subsidiary) }} | founded = {{Start date and age|1985|9|8}} | defunct = {{End date and age|2003|11|28}} | hq_location_city = [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], [[California]] | hq_location_country = [[United States|USA]] | products = [[Television show]]s and [[Television film|films]] | parent = {{Plainlist| * [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]] {{small|(1985–1986)}} * [[Disney General Entertainment Content#Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications|Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications]] {{small|(1986–1996)}} * [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|The Walt Disney Studios]] {{small|(1996–1999)}} }} }} ==History== It was started in 1985, as the '''Walt Disney Pictures Television Division''', the name was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Pictures Television''' and in 1986 was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Television''' in 1988. Until 1985, Disney shows were aired under the banner of the parent company, then named [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]]. == Television Series == * [[Saturday Supercade]] (1985) * [[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer]] (1985) * [[Mario|Mario: The Anime Movie]] (1986) * [[DuckTales]] (1987) * [[Muppet Babies]] (1987) * [[Live with Regis|Live with Regis and Kathie Lee]] (1988) * [[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]] (1988) * [[Teen Win, Lose or Draw]] (1989) * [[Captian N]] (1989) * [[The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!]] (1989) * [[King Koopa's Kool Kartoons]] (1989) * [[Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers]] (1989) * [[Super Mario Amada: The Anime Series]] (1989) * [[TaleSpin]] (1990) * [[DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp]] (1990) * [[Saturday Disney]] (1990) * [[The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3]] (1990) * [[Legend of Zelda|The Legend of Zelda]] (1990) * [[The Super Mario Challenge]] (1991) * [[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]] (1991) * [[Super Mario World (TV series)|Super Mario World]] (1991) * [[Dinosaur|Dinosaurs]] (1991) * [[Goof Troop]] (1992) * [[Bonkers (American TV series)|Bonkers]] (1993) * [[Super Mario Bros. (movie)|Super Mario Bros.]] (1993) * [[Aladdin (animated TV series)|Aladdin]] (1994) * [[The Return of Jafar]] (1994) * [[Timon and Pumbaa]] (1995) * [[Jungle Cubs]] (1996) * [[Recess (TV series)|Recess]] (1997) * [[Donkey Kong Country]] (1997) * [[Hercules (1998 TV series)|Hercules]] (1998) * [[Tarzan (TV series)|Tarzan]] (2000) * [[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]] (2000) * [[Even Stevens]] (2000) * [[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins]] (2000) * [[House of Mouse]] (2001) * [[Kirby: Right Back At Ya!]] (2001) * [[Lizzie McGuire]] (2001) * [[Live! with Kelly|Live with Regis and Kelly]] (2001) * [[Kim Possible]] (2002) * [[The Even Stevens Movie (2003)|The Even Stevens Movie]] (2003) * [[The Lizzie McGuire Movie]] (2003) * [[Lilo and Stitch]] (2003) * [[Cars (movie)|Cars]] (2006) * [[Cars (movie)|The Little Cars in Rodopolis Adventures]] (2006) * [[Ask Anything]] (2006) * [[Cadbury|The Cadbury's Caramel Chomp Show]] (2006) * [[Mater and the Ghostlight]] (2006) * [[Wii Sports|The Wii Show]] (2006) * [[Toothpaste|Aquafresh: Brush Time!]] (2006) * [[Cars (movie)|A Car's Life in Sparky's Big Adventure]] (2006) * [[Mario (series)|Others]] (2006) ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *{{imdb company|id=0013021|company=Walt Disney Television}} *[http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm Walt Disney Television at Museum.tv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104523/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm |date=2013-09-11 }} {{Disney–ABC TV Group |state=expanded}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:Disney companies]] 0lzsg5vfyc4mbdroua3i6zlfhpxzqh4 10878806 10878793 2026-06-04T15:04:54Z ~2026-33004-21 1816276 /* Television Series */ 10878806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the current television division which was known as Walt Disney Television from 2019 to 2021|Disney General Entertainment Content}} {{Infobox company | name = Walt Disney Television | logo = Walt Disney Television logo.svg | former_names = Walt Disney Pictures Television Division (1985–1988) | type = [[Division (business)|Division]] | industry = [[Production company|Television production]] | fate = Absorbed into the first incarnation of Touchstone Television (which changed name to ABC Studios, then ABC Signature Studios, ''ABC Signature'' and now 20th Television), with the animation division (Walt Disney Television Animation (now just ''Disney Television Animation'')) spun-out as a separate standalone subsidiary. | successors = {{Plainlist| * [[20th Television]] * [[Disney Television Studios]] * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] * The current iteration of Walt Disney Television (currently ''[[Disney General Entertainment Content]]'') * [[Disney Television Animation]] (as a standalone subsidiary) }} | founded = {{Start date and age|1985|9|8}} | defunct = {{End date and age|2003|11|28}} | hq_location_city = [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], [[California]] | hq_location_country = [[United States|USA]] | products = [[Television show]]s and [[Television film|films]] | parent = {{Plainlist| * [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]] {{small|(1985–1986)}} * [[Disney General Entertainment Content#Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications|Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications]] {{small|(1986–1996)}} * [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|The Walt Disney Studios]] {{small|(1996–1999)}} }} }} ==History== It was started in 1985, as the '''Walt Disney Pictures Television Division''', the name was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Pictures Television''' and in 1986 was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Television''' in 1988. Until 1985, Disney shows were aired under the banner of the parent company, then named [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]]. == Television Series == * [[DuckTales]] (1987) * [[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]] (1988) * [[The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!]] (1989) * [[King Koopa's Kool Kartoons]] (1989) * [[Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers]] (1989) * [[TaleSpin]] (1990) * [[DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp]] (1990) * [[The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3]] (1990) * [[The Super Mario Challenge]] (1991) * [[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]] (1991) * [[Super Mario World (TV series)|Super Mario World]] (1991) * [[Goof Troop]] (1992) * [[Bonkers (American TV series)|Bonkers]] (1993) * [[Super Mario Bros. (movie)|Super Mario Bros.]] (1993) * [[Aladdin (animated TV series)|Aladdin]] (1994) * [[The Return of Jafar]] (1994) * [[Recess (TV series)|Recess]] (1997) * [[Hercules (1998 TV series)|Hercules]] (1998) * [[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]] (2000) * [[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins]] (2000) * [[House of Mouse]] (2001) * [[Kirby: Right Back At Ya!]] (2001) * [[Kim Possible]] (2002) * [[Lilo and Stitch]] (2003) {{reflist}} == References == ==Other websites== *{{imdb company|id=0013021|company=Walt Disney Television}} *[http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm Walt Disney Television at Museum.tv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104523/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm |date=2013-09-11 }} {{Disney–ABC TV Group |state=expanded}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:Disney companies]] i0y3eyk74780yw2q8wpdh84t2dli7af 10878811 10878806 2026-06-04T15:18:03Z ~2026-33004-21 1816276 /* Television Series */ 10878811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the current television division which was known as Walt Disney Television from 2019 to 2021|Disney General Entertainment Content}} {{Infobox company | name = Walt Disney Television | logo = Walt Disney Television logo.svg | former_names = Walt Disney Pictures Television Division (1985–1988) | type = [[Division (business)|Division]] | industry = [[Production company|Television production]] | fate = Absorbed into the first incarnation of Touchstone Television (which changed name to ABC Studios, then ABC Signature Studios, ''ABC Signature'' and now 20th Television), with the animation division (Walt Disney Television Animation (now just ''Disney Television Animation'')) spun-out as a separate standalone subsidiary. | successors = {{Plainlist| * [[20th Television]] * [[Disney Television Studios]] * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] * The current iteration of Walt Disney Television (currently ''[[Disney General Entertainment Content]]'') * [[Disney Television Animation]] (as a standalone subsidiary) }} | founded = {{Start date and age|1985|9|8}} | defunct = {{End date and age|2003|11|28}} | hq_location_city = [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], [[California]] | hq_location_country = [[United States|USA]] | products = [[Television show]]s and [[Television film|films]] | parent = {{Plainlist| * [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]] {{small|(1985–1986)}} * [[Disney General Entertainment Content#Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications|Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications]] {{small|(1986–1996)}} * [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|The Walt Disney Studios]] {{small|(1996–1999)}} }} }} ==History== It was started in 1985, as the '''Walt Disney Pictures Television Division''', the name was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Pictures Television''' and in 1986 was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Television''' in 1988. Until 1985, Disney shows were aired under the banner of the parent company, then named [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]]. == Television Series == * [[DuckTales]] (1987) * [[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]] (1988) * [[The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!]] (1989) * [[King Koopa's Kool Kartoons]] (1989) * [[Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers]] (1989) * [[TaleSpin]] (1990) * [[DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp]] (1990) * [[The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3]] (1990) * [[The Super Mario Challenge]] (1991) * [[Super Mario World (TV series)|Super Mario World]] (1991) * [[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]] (1992) * [[Goof Troop]] (1992) * [[Bonkers (American TV series)|Bonkers]] (1993) * [[Super Mario Bros. (movie)|Super Mario Bros.]] (1993) * [[Aladdin (animated TV series)|Aladdin]] (1994) * [[The Return of Jafar]] (1994) * [[Recess (TV series)|Recess]] (1997) * [[Hercules (1998 TV series)|Hercules]] (1998) * [[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]] (2000) * [[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins]] (2000) * [[House of Mouse]] (2001) * [[Kirby: Right Back At Ya!]] (2001) * [[Kim Possible]] (2002) * [[Lilo and Stitch]] (2003) {{reflist}} == References == ==Other websites== *{{imdb company|id=0013021|company=Walt Disney Television}} *[http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm Walt Disney Television at Museum.tv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104523/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm |date=2013-09-11 }} {{Disney–ABC TV Group |state=expanded}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:Disney companies]] pl8i8v8iyh0cjt711ff36duwza5v85x 10878814 10878811 2026-06-04T15:24:13Z ~2026-33004-21 1816276 /* Television Series */ 10878814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the current television division which was known as Walt Disney Television from 2019 to 2021|Disney General Entertainment Content}} {{Infobox company | name = Walt Disney Television | logo = Walt Disney Television logo.svg | former_names = Walt Disney Pictures Television Division (1985–1988) | type = [[Division (business)|Division]] | industry = [[Production company|Television production]] | fate = Absorbed into the first incarnation of Touchstone Television (which changed name to ABC Studios, then ABC Signature Studios, ''ABC Signature'' and now 20th Television), with the animation division (Walt Disney Television Animation (now just ''Disney Television Animation'')) spun-out as a separate standalone subsidiary. | successors = {{Plainlist| * [[20th Television]] * [[Disney Television Studios]] * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] * The current iteration of Walt Disney Television (currently ''[[Disney General Entertainment Content]]'') * [[Disney Television Animation]] (as a standalone subsidiary) }} | founded = {{Start date and age|1985|9|8}} | defunct = {{End date and age|2003|11|28}} | hq_location_city = [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], [[California]] | hq_location_country = [[United States|USA]] | products = [[Television show]]s and [[Television film|films]] | parent = {{Plainlist| * [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]] {{small|(1985–1986)}} * [[Disney General Entertainment Content#Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications|Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications]] {{small|(1986–1996)}} * [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|The Walt Disney Studios]] {{small|(1996–1999)}} }} }} ==History== It was started in 1985, as the '''Walt Disney Pictures Television Division''', the name was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Pictures Television''' and in 1986 was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Television''' in 1988. Until 1985, Disney shows were aired under the banner of the parent company, then named [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]]. == Television Series == * [[DuckTales]] (1987) * [[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]] (1988) * [[The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!]] (1989) * [[King Koopa's Kool Kartoons]] (1989) * [[Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers]] (1989) * [[TaleSpin]] (1990) * [[DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp]] (1990) * [[The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3]] (1990) * [[The Super Mario Challenge]] (1991) * [[Super Mario World (TV series)|Super Mario World]] (1991) * [[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]] (1992) * [[Goof Troop]] (1992) * [[Bonkers (American TV series)|Bonkers]] (1993) * [[Super Mario Bros. (movie)|Super Mario Bros.]] (1993) * [[Aladdin (animated TV series)|Aladdin]] (1994) * [[The Return of Jafar]] (1994) * [[Recess (TV series)|Recess]] (1997) * [[Hercules (1998 TV series)|Hercules]] (1998) * [[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]] (2000) * [[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins]] (2000) * [[House of Mouse]] (2001) * [[Kirby: Right Back At Ya!]] (2002) * [[Kim Possible]] (2002) {{reflist}} == References == ==Other websites== *{{imdb company|id=0013021|company=Walt Disney Television}} *[http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm Walt Disney Television at Museum.tv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104523/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm |date=2013-09-11 }} {{Disney–ABC TV Group |state=expanded}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:Disney companies]] 5w14e4hqh2d8o8tkzpvvux4jelrqf63 10878816 10878814 2026-06-04T15:32:24Z ~2026-33004-21 1816276 /* Television Series */ 10878816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the current television division which was known as Walt Disney Television from 2019 to 2021|Disney General Entertainment Content}} {{Infobox company | name = Walt Disney Television | logo = Walt Disney Television logo.svg | former_names = Walt Disney Pictures Television Division (1985–1988) | type = [[Division (business)|Division]] | industry = [[Production company|Television production]] | fate = Absorbed into the first incarnation of Touchstone Television (which changed name to ABC Studios, then ABC Signature Studios, ''ABC Signature'' and now 20th Television), with the animation division (Walt Disney Television Animation (now just ''Disney Television Animation'')) spun-out as a separate standalone subsidiary. | successors = {{Plainlist| * [[20th Television]] * [[Disney Television Studios]] * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] * The current iteration of Walt Disney Television (currently ''[[Disney General Entertainment Content]]'') * [[Disney Television Animation]] (as a standalone subsidiary) }} | founded = {{Start date and age|1985|9|8}} | defunct = {{End date and age|2003|11|28}} | hq_location_city = [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], [[California]] | hq_location_country = [[United States|USA]] | products = [[Television show]]s and [[Television film|films]] | parent = {{Plainlist| * [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]] {{small|(1985–1986)}} * [[Disney General Entertainment Content#Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications|Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications]] {{small|(1986–1996)}} * [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|The Walt Disney Studios]] {{small|(1996–1999)}} }} }} ==History== It was started in 1985, as the '''Walt Disney Pictures Television Division''', the name was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Pictures Television''' and in 1986 was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Television''' in 1988. Until 1985, Disney shows were aired under the banner of the parent company, then named [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]]. == Television Series == * [[DuckTales]] (1987) * [[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]] (1988) * [[The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!]] (1989) * [[King Koopa's Kool Kartoons]] (1989) * [[Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers]] (1989) * [[TaleSpin]] (1990) * [[DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp]] (1990) * [[The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3]] (1990) * [[The Super Mario Challenge]] (1991) * [[Super Mario World (TV series)|Super Mario World]] (1991) * [[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]] (1992) * [[Goof Troop]] (1992) * [[Bonkers (American TV series)|Bonkers]] (1993) * [[Aladdin (animated TV series)|Aladdin]] (1994) * [[Recess (TV series)|Recess]] (1997) * [[Hercules (1998 TV series)|Hercules]] (1998) * [[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]] (2000) * [[House of Mouse]] (2001) * [[Kirby: Right Back At Ya!]] (2002) * [[Kim Possible]] (2002) {{reflist}} == References == ==Other websites== *{{imdb company|id=0013021|company=Walt Disney Television}} *[http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm Walt Disney Television at Museum.tv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104523/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm |date=2013-09-11 }} {{Disney–ABC TV Group |state=expanded}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:Disney companies]] dp590qoiqnivlkwuz71auynu2gryl55 10878817 10878816 2026-06-04T15:36:33Z ~2026-33004-21 1816276 /* Television Series */ 10878817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the current television division which was known as Walt Disney Television from 2019 to 2021|Disney General Entertainment Content}} {{Infobox company | name = Walt Disney Television | logo = Walt Disney Television logo.svg | former_names = Walt Disney Pictures Television Division (1985–1988) | type = [[Division (business)|Division]] | industry = [[Production company|Television production]] | fate = Absorbed into the first incarnation of Touchstone Television (which changed name to ABC Studios, then ABC Signature Studios, ''ABC Signature'' and now 20th Television), with the animation division (Walt Disney Television Animation (now just ''Disney Television Animation'')) spun-out as a separate standalone subsidiary. | successors = {{Plainlist| * [[20th Television]] * [[Disney Television Studios]] * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] * The current iteration of Walt Disney Television (currently ''[[Disney General Entertainment Content]]'') * [[Disney Television Animation]] (as a standalone subsidiary) }} | founded = {{Start date and age|1985|9|8}} | defunct = {{End date and age|2003|11|28}} | hq_location_city = [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], [[California]] | hq_location_country = [[United States|USA]] | products = [[Television show]]s and [[Television film|films]] | parent = {{Plainlist| * [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]] {{small|(1985–1986)}} * [[Disney General Entertainment Content#Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications|Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications]] {{small|(1986–1996)}} * [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|The Walt Disney Studios]] {{small|(1996–1999)}} }} }} ==History== It was started in 1985, as the '''Walt Disney Pictures Television Division''', the name was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Pictures Television''' and in 1986 was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Television''' in 1988. Until 1985, Disney shows were aired under the banner of the parent company, then named [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]]. == Television Series == * [[DuckTales]] (1987) * [[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]] (1988) * [[The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!]] (1989) * [[King Koopa's Kool Kartoons]] (1989) * [[Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers]] (1989) * [[TaleSpin]] (1990) * [[DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp]] (1990) * [[The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3]] (1990) * [[The Super Mario Challenge]] (1991) * [[Super Mario World (TV series)|Super Mario World]] (1991) * [[Goof Troop]] (1992) * [[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]] (1992) * [[Bonkers (American TV series)|Bonkers]] (1993) * [[Aladdin (animated TV series)|Aladdin]] (1994) * [[Recess (TV series)|Recess]] (1997) * [[Hercules (1998 TV series)|Hercules]] (1998) * [[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]] (2000) * [[House of Mouse]] (2001) * [[Kirby: Right Back At Ya!]] (2002) * [[Kim Possible]] (2002) {{reflist}} == References == ==Other websites== *{{imdb company|id=0013021|company=Walt Disney Television}} *[http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm Walt Disney Television at Museum.tv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104523/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm |date=2013-09-11 }} {{Disney–ABC TV Group |state=expanded}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:Disney companies]] mly7syxv8lv82rh3pvxncavn1sulebl 10878820 10878817 2026-06-04T15:51:33Z ~2026-33004-21 1816276 /* Television Series */ 10878820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the current television division which was known as Walt Disney Television from 2019 to 2021|Disney General Entertainment Content}} {{Infobox company | name = Walt Disney Television | logo = Walt Disney Television logo.svg | former_names = Walt Disney Pictures Television Division (1985–1988) | type = [[Division (business)|Division]] | industry = [[Production company|Television production]] | fate = Absorbed into the first incarnation of Touchstone Television (which changed name to ABC Studios, then ABC Signature Studios, ''ABC Signature'' and now 20th Television), with the animation division (Walt Disney Television Animation (now just ''Disney Television Animation'')) spun-out as a separate standalone subsidiary. | successors = {{Plainlist| * [[20th Television]] * [[Disney Television Studios]] * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] * The current iteration of Walt Disney Television (currently ''[[Disney General Entertainment Content]]'') * [[Disney Television Animation]] (as a standalone subsidiary) }} | founded = {{Start date and age|1985|9|8}} | defunct = {{End date and age|2003|11|28}} | hq_location_city = [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], [[California]] | hq_location_country = [[United States|USA]] | products = [[Television show]]s and [[Television film|films]] | parent = {{Plainlist| * [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]] {{small|(1985–1986)}} * [[Disney General Entertainment Content#Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications|Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications]] {{small|(1986–1996)}} * [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|The Walt Disney Studios]] {{small|(1996–1999)}} }} }} ==History== It was started in 1985, as the '''Walt Disney Pictures Television Division''', the name was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Pictures Television''' and in 1986 was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Television''' in 1988. Until 1985, Disney shows were aired under the banner of the parent company, then named [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]]. == Television Series == * [[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer]] (1985) * [[DuckTales]] (1987) * [[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]] (1988) * [[Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers]] (1989) * [[The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!]] (1989) * [[King Koopa's Kool Kartoons]] (1989) * [[TaleSpin]] (1990) * [[The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3]] (1990) * [[Super Mario World (TV series)|Super Mario World]] (1991) * [[The Super Mario Challenge]] (1991) * [[Goof Troop]] (1992) * [[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]] (1992) * [[Bonkers (American TV series)|Bonkers]] (1993) * [[Aladdin (animated TV series)|Aladdin]] (1994) * [[Recess (TV series)|Recess]] (1997) * [[Hercules (1998 TV series)|Hercules]] (1998) * [[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]] (2000) * [[House of Mouse]] (2001) * [[Kirby: Right Back At Ya!]] (2002) * [[Kim Possible]] (2002) {{reflist}} == References == ==Other websites== *{{imdb company|id=0013021|company=Walt Disney Television}} *[http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm Walt Disney Television at Museum.tv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104523/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm |date=2013-09-11 }} {{Disney–ABC TV Group |state=expanded}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:Disney companies]] i8kkp5n3fu58c34587cezoonmd01sic 10878828 10878820 2026-06-04T16:22:43Z ~2026-33004-21 1816276 /* Television Series */ 10878828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the current television division which was known as Walt Disney Television from 2019 to 2021|Disney General Entertainment Content}} {{Infobox company | name = Walt Disney Television | logo = Walt Disney Television logo.svg | former_names = Walt Disney Pictures Television Division (1985–1988) | type = [[Division (business)|Division]] | industry = [[Production company|Television production]] | fate = Absorbed into the first incarnation of Touchstone Television (which changed name to ABC Studios, then ABC Signature Studios, ''ABC Signature'' and now 20th Television), with the animation division (Walt Disney Television Animation (now just ''Disney Television Animation'')) spun-out as a separate standalone subsidiary. | successors = {{Plainlist| * [[20th Television]] * [[Disney Television Studios]] * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] * The current iteration of Walt Disney Television (currently ''[[Disney General Entertainment Content]]'') * [[Disney Television Animation]] (as a standalone subsidiary) }} | founded = {{Start date and age|1985|9|8}} | defunct = {{End date and age|2003|11|28}} | hq_location_city = [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], [[California]] | hq_location_country = [[United States|USA]] | products = [[Television show]]s and [[Television film|films]] | parent = {{Plainlist| * [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]] {{small|(1985–1986)}} * [[Disney General Entertainment Content#Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications|Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications]] {{small|(1986–1996)}} * [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|The Walt Disney Studios]] {{small|(1996–1999)}} }} }} ==History== It was started in 1985, as the '''Walt Disney Pictures Television Division''', the name was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Pictures Television''' and in 1986 was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Television''' in 1988. Until 1985, Disney shows were aired under the banner of the parent company, then named [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]]. == Television Series == * [[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer]] (1985) * [[DuckTales]] (1987) * [[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]] (1988) * [[Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers]] (1989) * [[The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!]] (1989) * [[King Koopa's Kool Kartoons]] (1989) * [[The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3]] (1990) * [[Super Mario World (TV series)|Super Mario World]] (1991) * [[The Super Mario Challenge]] (1991) * [[Goof Troop]] (1992) * [[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]] (1992) * [[Aladdin (animated TV series)|Aladdin]] (1994) * [[Hercules (1998 TV series)|Hercules]] (1998) * [[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]] (2000) * [[House of Mouse]] (2001) * [[Kirby: Right Back At Ya!]] (2002) * [[Kim Possible]] (2002) {{reflist}} == References == ==Other websites== *{{imdb company|id=0013021|company=Walt Disney Television}} *[http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm Walt Disney Television at Museum.tv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104523/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm |date=2013-09-11 }} {{Disney–ABC TV Group |state=expanded}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:Disney companies]] 4qh57w4me74bn7q1g9d9kkoxkj8ib0q 10878836 10878828 2026-06-04T16:29:19Z ~2026-33004-21 1816276 /* Television Series */ 10878836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the current television division which was known as Walt Disney Television from 2019 to 2021|Disney General Entertainment Content}} {{Infobox company | name = Walt Disney Television | logo = Walt Disney Television logo.svg | former_names = Walt Disney Pictures Television Division (1985–1988) | type = [[Division (business)|Division]] | industry = [[Production company|Television production]] | fate = Absorbed into the first incarnation of Touchstone Television (which changed name to ABC Studios, then ABC Signature Studios, ''ABC Signature'' and now 20th Television), with the animation division (Walt Disney Television Animation (now just ''Disney Television Animation'')) spun-out as a separate standalone subsidiary. | successors = {{Plainlist| * [[20th Television]] * [[Disney Television Studios]] * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] * The current iteration of Walt Disney Television (currently ''[[Disney General Entertainment Content]]'') * [[Disney Television Animation]] (as a standalone subsidiary) }} | founded = {{Start date and age|1985|9|8}} | defunct = {{End date and age|2003|11|28}} | hq_location_city = [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], [[California]] | hq_location_country = [[United States|USA]] | products = [[Television show]]s and [[Television film|films]] | parent = {{Plainlist| * [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]] {{small|(1985–1986)}} * [[Disney General Entertainment Content#Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications|Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications]] {{small|(1986–1996)}} * [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|The Walt Disney Studios]] {{small|(1996–1999)}} }} }} ==History== It was started in 1985, as the '''Walt Disney Pictures Television Division''', the name was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Pictures Television''' and in 1986 was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Television''' in 1988. Until 1985, Disney shows were aired under the banner of the parent company, then named [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]]. == Television Series == * [[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer]] (1985) * [[DuckTales]] (1987) * [[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]] (1988) * [[The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!]] (1989) * [[King Koopa's Kool Kartoons]] (1989) * [[The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3]] (1990) * [[The Legend of Zelda]] (1990) * [[Super Mario World (TV series)|Super Mario World]] (1991) * [[The Super Mario Challenge]] (1991) * [[Goof Troop]] (1992) * [[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]] (1992) * [[Aladdin (animated TV series)|Aladdin]] (1994) * [[Pokémon (anime)|Pokémon]] (1998) * [[Hercules (1998 TV series)|Hercules]] (1998) * [[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]] (2000) * [[House of Mouse]] (2001) * [[Kirby: Right Back At Ya!]] (2002) * [[Kim Possible]] (2002) * [[Lilo & Stitch: The Series|Lilo & Stitch]] (2003) {{reflist}} == References == ==Other websites== *{{imdb company|id=0013021|company=Walt Disney Television}} *[http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm Walt Disney Television at Museum.tv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104523/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm |date=2013-09-11 }} {{Disney–ABC TV Group |state=expanded}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:Disney companies]] 3m3qr0rmk2yanc1tnjnfstqyc0y3yxr 10878850 10878836 2026-06-04T16:40:20Z ~2026-33004-21 1816276 /* Television Series */ 10878850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the current television division which was known as Walt Disney Television from 2019 to 2021|Disney General Entertainment Content}} {{Infobox company | name = Walt Disney Television | logo = Walt Disney Television logo.svg | former_names = Walt Disney Pictures Television Division (1985–1988) | type = [[Division (business)|Division]] | industry = [[Production company|Television production]] | fate = Absorbed into the first incarnation of Touchstone Television (which changed name to ABC Studios, then ABC Signature Studios, ''ABC Signature'' and now 20th Television), with the animation division (Walt Disney Television Animation (now just ''Disney Television Animation'')) spun-out as a separate standalone subsidiary. | successors = {{Plainlist| * [[20th Television]] * [[Disney Television Studios]] * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] * The current iteration of Walt Disney Television (currently ''[[Disney General Entertainment Content]]'') * [[Disney Television Animation]] (as a standalone subsidiary) }} | founded = {{Start date and age|1985|9|8}} | defunct = {{End date and age|2003|11|28}} | hq_location_city = [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], [[California]] | hq_location_country = [[United States|USA]] | products = [[Television show]]s and [[Television film|films]] | parent = {{Plainlist| * [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]] {{small|(1985–1986)}} * [[Disney General Entertainment Content#Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications|Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications]] {{small|(1986–1996)}} * [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|The Walt Disney Studios]] {{small|(1996–1999)}} }} }} ==History== It was started in 1985, as the '''Walt Disney Pictures Television Division''', the name was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Pictures Television''' and in 1986 was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Television''' in 1988. Until 1985, Disney shows were aired under the banner of the parent company, then named [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]]. == Television Series == * [[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer]] (1985) * [[DuckTales]] (1987) * [[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]] (1988) * [[The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!]] (1989) * [[King Koopa's Kool Kartoons]] (1989) * [[The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3]] (1990) * [[The Legend of Zelda]] (1990) * [[Super Mario World (TV series)|Super Mario World]] (1991) * [[The Super Mario Challenge]] (1991) * [[Goof Troop]] (1992) * [[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]] (1992) * [[Aladdin (animated TV series)|Aladdin]] (1994) * [[Pokémon (anime)|Pokémon]] (1998) * [[Hercules (1998 TV series)|Hercules]] (1998) * [[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]] (2000) * [[House of Mouse]] (2001) * [[Kirby: Right Back At Ya!]] (2002) * [[Lilo & Stitch: The Series|Lilo & Stitch]] (2003) {{reflist}} == References == ==Other websites== *{{imdb company|id=0013021|company=Walt Disney Television}} *[http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm Walt Disney Television at Museum.tv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104523/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm |date=2013-09-11 }} {{Disney–ABC TV Group |state=expanded}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:Disney companies]] d5zzorhddlvr715fi7v3e3lw6z3tqny 10878855 10878850 2026-06-04T16:49:40Z ~2026-33004-21 1816276 /* Television Series */ 10878855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|the current television division which was known as Walt Disney Television from 2019 to 2021|Disney General Entertainment Content}} {{Infobox company | name = Walt Disney Television | logo = Walt Disney Television logo.svg | former_names = Walt Disney Pictures Television Division (1985–1988) | type = [[Division (business)|Division]] | industry = [[Production company|Television production]] | fate = Absorbed into the first incarnation of Touchstone Television (which changed name to ABC Studios, then ABC Signature Studios, ''ABC Signature'' and now 20th Television), with the animation division (Walt Disney Television Animation (now just ''Disney Television Animation'')) spun-out as a separate standalone subsidiary. | successors = {{Plainlist| * [[20th Television]] * [[Disney Television Studios]] * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] * The current iteration of Walt Disney Television (currently ''[[Disney General Entertainment Content]]'') * [[Disney Television Animation]] (as a standalone subsidiary) }} | founded = {{Start date and age|1985|9|8}} | defunct = {{End date and age|2003|11|28}} | hq_location_city = [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], [[California]] | hq_location_country = [[United States|USA]] | products = [[Television show]]s and [[Television film|films]] | parent = {{Plainlist| * [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]] {{small|(1985–1986)}} * [[Disney General Entertainment Content#Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications|Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications]] {{small|(1986–1996)}} * [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|The Walt Disney Studios]] {{small|(1996–1999)}} }} }} ==History== It was started in 1985, as the '''Walt Disney Pictures Television Division''', the name was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Pictures Television''' and in 1986 was later shortened to '''Walt Disney Television''' in 1988. Until 1985, Disney shows were aired under the banner of the parent company, then named [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Productions]]. == Television Series == * [[Saturday Supercade]] (1985) * [[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer]] (1985) * [[DuckTales]] (1987) * [[The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh]] (1988) * [[The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!]] (1989) * [[The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3]] (1990) * [[The Legend of Zelda]] (1990) * [[Super Mario World (TV series)|Super Mario World]] (1991) * [[Goof Troop]] (1992) * [[The Little Mermaid (TV series)|The Little Mermaid]] (1992) * [[Aladdin (animated TV series)|Aladdin]] (1994) * [[Pokémon (anime)|Pokémon]] (1998) * [[Hercules (1998 TV series)|Hercules]] (1998) * [[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]] (2000) * [[House of Mouse]] (2001) * [[Kirby: Right Back At Ya!]] (2002) * [[Lilo & Stitch: The Series|Lilo & Stitch]] (2003) {{reflist}} == References == ==Other websites== *{{imdb company|id=0013021|company=Walt Disney Television}} *[http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm Walt Disney Television at Museum.tv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911104523/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/D/htmlD/disneywalt/disneywalt.htm |date=2013-09-11 }} {{Disney–ABC TV Group |state=expanded}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:Disney companies]] godyrxgyaw73k334ba142jt37q9wzwi 0 453615 10878888 8568756 2026-06-04T17:49:17Z ~2026-26495-22 1816372 Added summary box, reflected recent death. Added a citation needed tag and moved (but did not remove) claim about parents political leanings. 10878888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BLP sources|date=June 2014}} '''Marjane Satrapi''' is a writer and artist. She was born on November 22, 1969 in Rasht, Iran. She lives in Paris, France. Satrapi writes [[comics]] about her life, notably the autobiographical comic [[Persepolis_(comics)]] She draws the pictures herself. She also draws pictures for other children’s books.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults, vol. 55, Gale, 2004. Biography In Context. Accessed 10 May 2018.</ref> Marjane Satrapi passed away on June 4th, 2026 at the age of 56.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g0nnj51jyo</ref><ref>https://www.france24.com/en/culture/20260604-french-iranian-author-marjane-satrapi-author-of-persepolis-dies-at-56</ref> == Education and Early Life == Satrapi’s parents were educated, and taught Satrapi to think for herself. She went to high school at Lycee Francais in Tehran, Iran. When she was 14, Satrapi’s parents sent her to Vienna, [[Austria]] to learn in a freer country. When Satrapi was 19, she moved back to Iran to study decorative arts at the Tehran School of Fine Arts. The change from the [[western world]] to Iran was difficult for her. In 1994, Satrapi moved to Strasbourg, France to study art for 3 years. She now lives in Paris, France.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref><ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Gale Student Resources in Context'', Gale, 2008. ''Student Resources In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2181100279/SUIC?u=palo88030&sid=SUIC&xid=1771f93d</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> She was the only child of [[Marxist]] parents.{{Citation needed|reason=The main en page describes her parents as leftists, specifically opposed to the the Shah. More nuance and a specific source would be helpful here. |date=June 2026}} == Beliefs == Satrapi thinks countries should not spend money on [[weapon]]s. She thinks they should spend money for kids to go to school in different countries. She thinks that studying in different countries helps people understand each other better. In RandomHouse.com, Satrapi said, "I believe there are ways to solve the world's problems. Instead of putting all this money to create [[Weapon|arms]], I think countries should invest in [[scholarship]]s for kids to study abroad [other countries]. Perhaps they could become good and knowledgeable [[professor]]s in their own countries. You need time for that kind of change, though."<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> == Writing and the War == Iran's [[Islamic Revolution]] against the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], the country’s [[dictator]], started in 1979. Satrapi’s uncle was put in [[prison]] by the Shah, then [[murder]]ed by people who supported the war. Satrapi wrote a popular series of [[comics]] called ''Persepolis''. ''Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood,'' tells about Satrapi's life, the [[discrimination]] she faced, and moving to [[Europe]]. She later wrote a [[sequel]] to ''Persepolis'' that talked about how she was treated badly for years when she went back to Iran. Satrapi’s most famous book is called ''Persepolis''.<ref>Spurgeon, Thomas. "Comics." ''World Book Advanced'', World Book, 2018.</ref> Persepolis is the old Persian capital. The [[comic book]] is about Satrapi’s childhood in Iran during the war. This time was when country wanted to end the Shah’s cruel rule. She has written three [[comic books]] relating to her life. The first and second are about her childhood. The third is about her study in different countries. She is planning to write a fourth book about her return to Iran.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> == Awards == - Prix Alph'art Coup de Coeur for beginning comic artist award for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix du Lion for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix France Info for best news comic strip for ''Persepolis--'' 2002 - Prix Alph'art for best script for ''Persepolis Tome 2''—2002 - Fernando Buesa Blanco peace prize for ''Persepolis''—2003 - Prix d'Angouleme for best book of the year for ''Chicken and Plums''—2005 <ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Newsmakers'', Gale, 2006. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1618004338/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=828a9a6a</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} * Trickey, Erick. "Marjane Satrapi." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. * "Marjane Satrapi." Random House. Web. 15 May 2014. <http://www.randomhouse.com/author/43801/marjane-satrapi?sort=best_13wk_3month>. * "Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 55. Detroit: Gale, 2004.Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Iranian writers]] [[Category:Living people]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Satrapi, Marjane}} 4xju7f6rhpwhld4o4xx90dkbkqkbe72 10879204 10878888 2026-06-05T01:11:46Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879204 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marjane Satrapi''' (22 November 1969 &ndash; June 2026) was a writer and artist. She was born on November 22, 1969 in Rasht, Iran. She lived in Paris, France. Satrapi wrote [[comics]] about her life, notably the autobiographical comic [[Persepolis_(comics)]] She drew the pictures herself. She also drew pictures for other children’s books.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults, vol. 55, Gale, 2004. Biography In Context. Accessed 10 May 2018.</ref> == Education and Early Life == Satrapi’s parents were educated, and taught Satrapi to think for herself. She went to high school at Lycee Francais in Tehran, Iran. When she was 14, Satrapi’s parents sent her to Vienna, [[Austria]] to learn in a freer country. When Satrapi was 19, she moved back to Iran to study decorative arts at the Tehran School of Fine Arts. The change from the [[western world]] to Iran was difficult for her. In 1994, Satrapi moved to Strasbourg, France to study art for 3 years. She now lives in Paris, France.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref><ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Gale Student Resources in Context'', Gale, 2008. ''Student Resources In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2181100279/SUIC?u=palo88030&sid=SUIC&xid=1771f93d</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> She was the only child of [[Marxist]] parents.{{Citation needed|reason=The main en page describes her parents as leftists, specifically opposed to the the Shah. More nuance and a specific source would be helpful here. |date=June 2026}} == Beliefs == Satrapi thinks countries should not spend money on [[weapon]]s. She thinks they should spend money for kids to go to school in different countries. She thinks that studying in different countries helps people understand each other better. In RandomHouse.com, Satrapi said, "I believe there are ways to solve the world's problems. Instead of putting all this money to create [[Weapon|arms]], I think countries should invest in [[scholarship]]s for kids to study abroad [other countries]. Perhaps they could become good and knowledgeable [[professor]]s in their own countries. You need time for that kind of change, though."<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> == Writing and the War == Iran's [[Islamic Revolution]] against the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], the country’s [[dictator]], started in 1979. Satrapi’s uncle was put in [[prison]] by the Shah, then [[murder]]ed by people who supported the war. Satrapi wrote a popular series of [[comics]] called ''Persepolis''. ''Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood,'' tells about Satrapi's life, the [[discrimination]] she faced, and moving to [[Europe]]. She later wrote a [[sequel]] to ''Persepolis'' that talked about how she was treated badly for years when she went back to Iran. Satrapi’s most famous book is called ''Persepolis''.<ref>Spurgeon, Thomas. "Comics." ''World Book Advanced'', World Book, 2018.</ref> Persepolis is the old Persian capital. The [[comic book]] is about Satrapi’s childhood in Iran during the war. This time was when country wanted to end the Shah’s cruel rule. She has written three [[comic books]] relating to her life. The first and second are about her childhood. The third is about her study in different countries. She is planning to write a fourth book about her return to Iran.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> == Awards == - Prix Alph'art Coup de Coeur for beginning comic artist award for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix du Lion for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix France Info for best news comic strip for ''Persepolis--'' 2002 - Prix Alph'art for best script for ''Persepolis Tome 2''—2002 - Fernando Buesa Blanco peace prize for ''Persepolis''—2003 - Prix d'Angouleme for best book of the year for ''Chicken and Plums''—2005 <ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Newsmakers'', Gale, 2006. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1618004338/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=828a9a6a</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} * Trickey, Erick. "Marjane Satrapi." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. * "Marjane Satrapi." Random House. Web. 15 May 2014. <http://www.randomhouse.com/author/43801/marjane-satrapi?sort=best_13wk_3month>. * "Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 55. Detroit: Gale, 2004.Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Iranian writers]] [[Category:Living people]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Satrapi, Marjane}} jcpmih1c0q5srtxanpqttd0h7d4xu3i 10879206 10879204 2026-06-05T01:12:36Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10879206 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marjane Satrapi''' (22 November 1969 &ndash; June 2026) was a writer and artist. She was born on November 22, 1969 in Rasht, Iran. She lived in Paris, France. Satrapi wrote [[comics]] about her life, notably the autobiographical comic [[Persepolis_(comics)|Persepolis]] She drew the pictures herself. She also drew pictures for other children’s books.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults, vol. 55, Gale, 2004. Biography In Context. Accessed 10 May 2018.</ref> == Education and Early Life == Satrapi’s parents were educated, and taught Satrapi to think for herself. She went to high school at Lycee Francais in Tehran, Iran. When she was 14, Satrapi’s parents sent her to Vienna, [[Austria]] to learn in a freer country. When Satrapi was 19, she moved back to Iran to study decorative arts at the Tehran School of Fine Arts. The change from the [[western world]] to Iran was difficult for her. In 1994, Satrapi moved to Strasbourg, France to study art for 3 years. She now lives in Paris, France.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref><ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Gale Student Resources in Context'', Gale, 2008. ''Student Resources In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2181100279/SUIC?u=palo88030&sid=SUIC&xid=1771f93d</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> She was the only child of [[Marxist]] parents.{{Citation needed|reason=The main en page describes her parents as leftists, specifically opposed to the the Shah. More nuance and a specific source would be helpful here. |date=June 2026}} == Beliefs == Satrapi thinks countries should not spend money on [[weapon]]s. She thinks they should spend money for kids to go to school in different countries. She thinks that studying in different countries helps people understand each other better. In RandomHouse.com, Satrapi said, "I believe there are ways to solve the world's problems. Instead of putting all this money to create [[Weapon|arms]], I think countries should invest in [[scholarship]]s for kids to study abroad [other countries]. Perhaps they could become good and knowledgeable [[professor]]s in their own countries. You need time for that kind of change, though."<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> == Writing and the War == Iran's [[Islamic Revolution]] against the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], the country’s [[dictator]], started in 1979. Satrapi’s uncle was put in [[prison]] by the Shah, then [[murder]]ed by people who supported the war. Satrapi wrote a popular series of [[comics]] called ''Persepolis''. ''Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood,'' tells about Satrapi's life, the [[discrimination]] she faced, and moving to [[Europe]]. She later wrote a [[sequel]] to ''Persepolis'' that talked about how she was treated badly for years when she went back to Iran. Satrapi’s most famous book is called ''Persepolis''.<ref>Spurgeon, Thomas. "Comics." ''World Book Advanced'', World Book, 2018.</ref> Persepolis is the old Persian capital. The [[comic book]] is about Satrapi’s childhood in Iran during the war. This time was when country wanted to end the Shah’s cruel rule. She has written three [[comic books]] relating to her life. The first and second are about her childhood. The third is about her study in different countries. She was planning to write a fourth book about her return to Iran.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==Death== Satrapi died in Paris in June 2026, aged 56.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2026 |title=Mort de Marjane Satrapi, artiste franco-iranienne autrice de « Persepolis », à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.la-croix.com/culture/mort-de-marjane-satrapi-artiste-franco-iranienne-autrice-de-persepolis-a-l-age-de-56-ans-20260604 |access-date=4 June 2026 |website=La Croix |language=fr}}</ref> Her family said she had "died of sadness" over her husband's death a year ago.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjane Satrapi, l'autrice franco-iranienne de la BD « Persepolis », est morte à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |access-date=4 June 2026 |publisher=Le Monde |date=4 June 2026 |language=fr |archive-date=4 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260604082358/https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goodfellow |first1=Melanie |title=Marjane Satrapi Dies: Iranian French 'Persepolis' Director Was 56 |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/marjane-satrapi-dead-iranian-french-persepolis-56-1236940629/ |website=Deadline |access-date=4 June 2026 |date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/persepolis-author-marjane-satrapi-dies-aged-56/ar-AA24OWmp?ocid=msedgntp&pc=NMTS&cvid=6a21f632bc984aa9a758eebb88c73624&ei=12 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> == Awards == - Prix Alph'art Coup de Coeur for beginning comic artist award for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix du Lion for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix France Info for best news comic strip for ''Persepolis--'' 2002 - Prix Alph'art for best script for ''Persepolis Tome 2''—2002 - Fernando Buesa Blanco peace prize for ''Persepolis''—2003 - Prix d'Angouleme for best book of the year for ''Chicken and Plums''—2005 <ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Newsmakers'', Gale, 2006. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1618004338/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=828a9a6a</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} * Trickey, Erick. "Marjane Satrapi." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. * "Marjane Satrapi." Random House. Web. 15 May 2014. <http://www.randomhouse.com/author/43801/marjane-satrapi?sort=best_13wk_3month>. * "Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 55. Detroit: Gale, 2004.Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Iranian writers]] [[Category:Living people]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Satrapi, Marjane}} f2p8p9nhpkwbk5bv14pu29ao4h78rav 10879207 10879206 2026-06-05T01:13:10Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879207 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marjane Satrapi''' (22 November 1969 &ndash; June 2026) was a writer and artist. She was born in [[Rasht]], [[Iran]]. She lived in [[Paris]], [[France]]. Satrapi wrote [[comics]] about her life, notably the autobiographical comic [[Persepolis_(comics)|Persepolis]] She drew the pictures herself. She also drew pictures for other children’s books.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults, vol. 55, Gale, 2004. Biography In Context. Accessed 10 May 2018.</ref> == Education and Early Life == Satrapi’s parents were educated, and taught Satrapi to think for herself. She went to high school at Lycee Francais in Tehran, Iran. When she was 14, Satrapi’s parents sent her to Vienna, [[Austria]] to learn in a freer country. When Satrapi was 19, she moved back to Iran to study decorative arts at the Tehran School of Fine Arts. The change from the [[western world]] to Iran was difficult for her. In 1994, Satrapi moved to Strasbourg, France to study art for 3 years. She now lives in Paris, France.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref><ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Gale Student Resources in Context'', Gale, 2008. ''Student Resources In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2181100279/SUIC?u=palo88030&sid=SUIC&xid=1771f93d</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> She was the only child of [[Marxist]] parents.{{Citation needed|reason=The main en page describes her parents as leftists, specifically opposed to the the Shah. More nuance and a specific source would be helpful here. |date=June 2026}} == Beliefs == Satrapi thinks countries should not spend money on [[weapon]]s. She thinks they should spend money for kids to go to school in different countries. She thinks that studying in different countries helps people understand each other better. In RandomHouse.com, Satrapi said, "I believe there are ways to solve the world's problems. Instead of putting all this money to create [[Weapon|arms]], I think countries should invest in [[scholarship]]s for kids to study abroad [other countries]. Perhaps they could become good and knowledgeable [[professor]]s in their own countries. You need time for that kind of change, though."<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> == Writing and the War == Iran's [[Islamic Revolution]] against the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], the country’s [[dictator]], started in 1979. Satrapi’s uncle was put in [[prison]] by the Shah, then [[murder]]ed by people who supported the war. Satrapi wrote a popular series of [[comics]] called ''Persepolis''. ''Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood,'' tells about Satrapi's life, the [[discrimination]] she faced, and moving to [[Europe]]. She later wrote a [[sequel]] to ''Persepolis'' that talked about how she was treated badly for years when she went back to Iran. Satrapi’s most famous book is called ''Persepolis''.<ref>Spurgeon, Thomas. "Comics." ''World Book Advanced'', World Book, 2018.</ref> Persepolis is the old Persian capital. The [[comic book]] is about Satrapi’s childhood in Iran during the war. This time was when country wanted to end the Shah’s cruel rule. She has written three [[comic books]] relating to her life. The first and second are about her childhood. The third is about her study in different countries. She was planning to write a fourth book about her return to Iran.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==Death== Satrapi died in Paris in June 2026, aged 56.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2026 |title=Mort de Marjane Satrapi, artiste franco-iranienne autrice de « Persepolis », à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.la-croix.com/culture/mort-de-marjane-satrapi-artiste-franco-iranienne-autrice-de-persepolis-a-l-age-de-56-ans-20260604 |access-date=4 June 2026 |website=La Croix |language=fr}}</ref> Her family said she had "died of sadness" over her husband's death a year ago.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjane Satrapi, l'autrice franco-iranienne de la BD « Persepolis », est morte à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |access-date=4 June 2026 |publisher=Le Monde |date=4 June 2026 |language=fr |archive-date=4 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260604082358/https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goodfellow |first1=Melanie |title=Marjane Satrapi Dies: Iranian French 'Persepolis' Director Was 56 |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/marjane-satrapi-dead-iranian-french-persepolis-56-1236940629/ |website=Deadline |access-date=4 June 2026 |date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/persepolis-author-marjane-satrapi-dies-aged-56/ar-AA24OWmp?ocid=msedgntp&pc=NMTS&cvid=6a21f632bc984aa9a758eebb88c73624&ei=12 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> == Awards == - Prix Alph'art Coup de Coeur for beginning comic artist award for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix du Lion for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix France Info for best news comic strip for ''Persepolis--'' 2002 - Prix Alph'art for best script for ''Persepolis Tome 2''—2002 - Fernando Buesa Blanco peace prize for ''Persepolis''—2003 - Prix d'Angouleme for best book of the year for ''Chicken and Plums''—2005 <ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Newsmakers'', Gale, 2006. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1618004338/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=828a9a6a</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} * Trickey, Erick. "Marjane Satrapi." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. * "Marjane Satrapi." Random House. Web. 15 May 2014. <http://www.randomhouse.com/author/43801/marjane-satrapi?sort=best_13wk_3month>. * "Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 55. Detroit: Gale, 2004.Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Iranian writers]] [[Category:Living people]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Satrapi, Marjane}} a66z4fb2ig3q2olp1f5vu12ud9i9i5f 10879208 10879207 2026-06-05T01:13:21Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 removed [[Category:Living people]]; added [[Category:2026 deaths]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10879208 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marjane Satrapi''' (22 November 1969 &ndash; June 2026) was a writer and artist. She was born in [[Rasht]], [[Iran]]. She lived in [[Paris]], [[France]]. Satrapi wrote [[comics]] about her life, notably the autobiographical comic [[Persepolis_(comics)|Persepolis]] She drew the pictures herself. She also drew pictures for other children’s books.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults, vol. 55, Gale, 2004. Biography In Context. Accessed 10 May 2018.</ref> == Education and Early Life == Satrapi’s parents were educated, and taught Satrapi to think for herself. She went to high school at Lycee Francais in Tehran, Iran. When she was 14, Satrapi’s parents sent her to Vienna, [[Austria]] to learn in a freer country. When Satrapi was 19, she moved back to Iran to study decorative arts at the Tehran School of Fine Arts. The change from the [[western world]] to Iran was difficult for her. In 1994, Satrapi moved to Strasbourg, France to study art for 3 years. She now lives in Paris, France.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref><ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Gale Student Resources in Context'', Gale, 2008. ''Student Resources In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2181100279/SUIC?u=palo88030&sid=SUIC&xid=1771f93d</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> She was the only child of [[Marxist]] parents.{{Citation needed|reason=The main en page describes her parents as leftists, specifically opposed to the the Shah. More nuance and a specific source would be helpful here. |date=June 2026}} == Beliefs == Satrapi thinks countries should not spend money on [[weapon]]s. She thinks they should spend money for kids to go to school in different countries. She thinks that studying in different countries helps people understand each other better. In RandomHouse.com, Satrapi said, "I believe there are ways to solve the world's problems. Instead of putting all this money to create [[Weapon|arms]], I think countries should invest in [[scholarship]]s for kids to study abroad [other countries]. Perhaps they could become good and knowledgeable [[professor]]s in their own countries. You need time for that kind of change, though."<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> == Writing and the War == Iran's [[Islamic Revolution]] against the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], the country’s [[dictator]], started in 1979. Satrapi’s uncle was put in [[prison]] by the Shah, then [[murder]]ed by people who supported the war. Satrapi wrote a popular series of [[comics]] called ''Persepolis''. ''Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood,'' tells about Satrapi's life, the [[discrimination]] she faced, and moving to [[Europe]]. She later wrote a [[sequel]] to ''Persepolis'' that talked about how she was treated badly for years when she went back to Iran. Satrapi’s most famous book is called ''Persepolis''.<ref>Spurgeon, Thomas. "Comics." ''World Book Advanced'', World Book, 2018.</ref> Persepolis is the old Persian capital. The [[comic book]] is about Satrapi’s childhood in Iran during the war. This time was when country wanted to end the Shah’s cruel rule. She has written three [[comic books]] relating to her life. The first and second are about her childhood. The third is about her study in different countries. She was planning to write a fourth book about her return to Iran.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==Death== Satrapi died in Paris in June 2026, aged 56.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2026 |title=Mort de Marjane Satrapi, artiste franco-iranienne autrice de « Persepolis », à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.la-croix.com/culture/mort-de-marjane-satrapi-artiste-franco-iranienne-autrice-de-persepolis-a-l-age-de-56-ans-20260604 |access-date=4 June 2026 |website=La Croix |language=fr}}</ref> Her family said she had "died of sadness" over her husband's death a year ago.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjane Satrapi, l'autrice franco-iranienne de la BD « Persepolis », est morte à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |access-date=4 June 2026 |publisher=Le Monde |date=4 June 2026 |language=fr |archive-date=4 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260604082358/https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goodfellow |first1=Melanie |title=Marjane Satrapi Dies: Iranian French 'Persepolis' Director Was 56 |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/marjane-satrapi-dead-iranian-french-persepolis-56-1236940629/ |website=Deadline |access-date=4 June 2026 |date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/persepolis-author-marjane-satrapi-dies-aged-56/ar-AA24OWmp?ocid=msedgntp&pc=NMTS&cvid=6a21f632bc984aa9a758eebb88c73624&ei=12 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> == Awards == - Prix Alph'art Coup de Coeur for beginning comic artist award for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix du Lion for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix France Info for best news comic strip for ''Persepolis--'' 2002 - Prix Alph'art for best script for ''Persepolis Tome 2''—2002 - Fernando Buesa Blanco peace prize for ''Persepolis''—2003 - Prix d'Angouleme for best book of the year for ''Chicken and Plums''—2005 <ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Newsmakers'', Gale, 2006. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1618004338/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=828a9a6a</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} * Trickey, Erick. "Marjane Satrapi." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. * "Marjane Satrapi." Random House. Web. 15 May 2014. <http://www.randomhouse.com/author/43801/marjane-satrapi?sort=best_13wk_3month>. * "Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 55. Detroit: Gale, 2004.Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Iranian writers]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Satrapi, Marjane}} 58t0mfcamwxogmxfon2w4ca4beysefm 10879209 10879208 2026-06-05T01:13:36Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} '''Marjane Satrapi''' (22 November 1969 &ndash; June 2026) was a writer and artist. She was born in [[Rasht]], [[Iran]]. She lived in [[Paris]], [[France]]. Satrapi wrote [[comics]] about her life, notably the autobiographical comic [[Persepolis_(comics)|Persepolis]] She drew the pictures herself. She also drew pictures for other children’s books.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults, vol. 55, Gale, 2004. Biography In Context. Accessed 10 May 2018.</ref> == Education and Early Life == Satrapi’s parents were educated, and taught Satrapi to think for herself. She went to high school at Lycee Francais in Tehran, Iran. When she was 14, Satrapi’s parents sent her to Vienna, [[Austria]] to learn in a freer country. When Satrapi was 19, she moved back to Iran to study decorative arts at the Tehran School of Fine Arts. The change from the [[western world]] to Iran was difficult for her. In 1994, Satrapi moved to Strasbourg, France to study art for 3 years. She now lives in Paris, France.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref><ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Gale Student Resources in Context'', Gale, 2008. ''Student Resources In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2181100279/SUIC?u=palo88030&sid=SUIC&xid=1771f93d</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> She was the only child of [[Marxist]] parents.{{Citation needed|reason=The main en page describes her parents as leftists, specifically opposed to the the Shah. More nuance and a specific source would be helpful here. |date=June 2026}} == Beliefs == Satrapi thinks countries should not spend money on [[weapon]]s. She thinks they should spend money for kids to go to school in different countries. She thinks that studying in different countries helps people understand each other better. In RandomHouse.com, Satrapi said, "I believe there are ways to solve the world's problems. Instead of putting all this money to create [[Weapon|arms]], I think countries should invest in [[scholarship]]s for kids to study abroad [other countries]. Perhaps they could become good and knowledgeable [[professor]]s in their own countries. You need time for that kind of change, though."<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> == Writing and the War == Iran's [[Islamic Revolution]] against the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], the country’s [[dictator]], started in 1979. Satrapi’s uncle was put in [[prison]] by the Shah, then [[murder]]ed by people who supported the war. Satrapi wrote a popular series of [[comics]] called ''Persepolis''. ''Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood,'' tells about Satrapi's life, the [[discrimination]] she faced, and moving to [[Europe]]. She later wrote a [[sequel]] to ''Persepolis'' that talked about how she was treated badly for years when she went back to Iran. Satrapi’s most famous book is called ''Persepolis''.<ref>Spurgeon, Thomas. "Comics." ''World Book Advanced'', World Book, 2018.</ref> Persepolis is the old Persian capital. The [[comic book]] is about Satrapi’s childhood in Iran during the war. This time was when country wanted to end the Shah’s cruel rule. She has written three [[comic books]] relating to her life. The first and second are about her childhood. The third is about her study in different countries. She was planning to write a fourth book about her return to Iran.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==Death== Satrapi died in Paris in June 2026, aged 56.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2026 |title=Mort de Marjane Satrapi, artiste franco-iranienne autrice de « Persepolis », à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.la-croix.com/culture/mort-de-marjane-satrapi-artiste-franco-iranienne-autrice-de-persepolis-a-l-age-de-56-ans-20260604 |access-date=4 June 2026 |website=La Croix |language=fr}}</ref> Her family said she had "died of sadness" over her husband's death a year ago.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjane Satrapi, l'autrice franco-iranienne de la BD « Persepolis », est morte à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |access-date=4 June 2026 |publisher=Le Monde |date=4 June 2026 |language=fr |archive-date=4 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260604082358/https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goodfellow |first1=Melanie |title=Marjane Satrapi Dies: Iranian French 'Persepolis' Director Was 56 |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/marjane-satrapi-dead-iranian-french-persepolis-56-1236940629/ |website=Deadline |access-date=4 June 2026 |date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/persepolis-author-marjane-satrapi-dies-aged-56/ar-AA24OWmp?ocid=msedgntp&pc=NMTS&cvid=6a21f632bc984aa9a758eebb88c73624&ei=12 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> == Awards == - Prix Alph'art Coup de Coeur for beginning comic artist award for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix du Lion for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix France Info for best news comic strip for ''Persepolis--'' 2002 - Prix Alph'art for best script for ''Persepolis Tome 2''—2002 - Fernando Buesa Blanco peace prize for ''Persepolis''—2003 - Prix d'Angouleme for best book of the year for ''Chicken and Plums''—2005 <ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Newsmakers'', Gale, 2006. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1618004338/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=828a9a6a</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} * Trickey, Erick. "Marjane Satrapi." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. * "Marjane Satrapi." Random House. Web. 15 May 2014. <http://www.randomhouse.com/author/43801/marjane-satrapi?sort=best_13wk_3month>. * "Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 55. Detroit: Gale, 2004.Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Iranian writers]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Satrapi, Marjane}} 8n0dsk9rgkqzyqrhfvxeeqadg01jvc1 10879210 10879209 2026-06-05T01:14:12Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Marjane Satrapi | image = Marjane Satrapi Cannes 2008(Cropped).jpg | native_name = مرجان ساتراپی | native_name_lang = fa | caption = Satrapi in 2008 | birth_name = Marjane Ebrahimi | birth_date = {{birth date|1969|11|22|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Rasht]], [[Pahlavi Iran|Imperial State of Iran]] | death_date = June 2026 | death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]] | citizenship = {{hlist|Iran|France}} | occupation = {{hlist|Artist|film director|writer}} | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Reza|1989|1994|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Mattias Ripa|1996|2025|end=d}}}} | other_names = | notable_works = {{Plain list | * ''[[Persepolis (comics)|Persepolis]]'' * ''[[Chicken with Plums]]'' * ''[[The Voices]]'' * ''[[Embroideries (comic)|Embroideries]]'' * ''[[Radioactive (movie)|Radioactive]]'' }} | awards = }} '''Marjane Satrapi''' (22 November 1969 &ndash; June 2026) was a writer and artist. She was born in [[Rasht]], [[Iran]]. She lived in [[Paris]], [[France]]. Satrapi wrote [[comics]] about her life, notably the autobiographical comic [[Persepolis_(comics)|Persepolis]] She drew the pictures herself. She also drew pictures for other children’s books.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults, vol. 55, Gale, 2004. Biography In Context. Accessed 10 May 2018.</ref> == Education and Early Life == Satrapi’s parents were educated, and taught Satrapi to think for herself. She went to high school at Lycee Francais in Tehran, Iran. When she was 14, Satrapi’s parents sent her to Vienna, [[Austria]] to learn in a freer country. When Satrapi was 19, she moved back to Iran to study decorative arts at the Tehran School of Fine Arts. The change from the [[western world]] to Iran was difficult for her. In 1994, Satrapi moved to Strasbourg, France to study art for 3 years. She now lives in Paris, France.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref><ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Gale Student Resources in Context'', Gale, 2008. ''Student Resources In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2181100279/SUIC?u=palo88030&sid=SUIC&xid=1771f93d</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> She was the only child of [[Marxist]] parents.{{Citation needed|reason=The main en page describes her parents as leftists, specifically opposed to the the Shah. More nuance and a specific source would be helpful here. |date=June 2026}} == Beliefs == Satrapi thinks countries should not spend money on [[weapon]]s. She thinks they should spend money for kids to go to school in different countries. She thinks that studying in different countries helps people understand each other better. In RandomHouse.com, Satrapi said, "I believe there are ways to solve the world's problems. Instead of putting all this money to create [[Weapon|arms]], I think countries should invest in [[scholarship]]s for kids to study abroad [other countries]. Perhaps they could become good and knowledgeable [[professor]]s in their own countries. You need time for that kind of change, though."<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> == Writing and the War == Iran's [[Islamic Revolution]] against the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], the country’s [[dictator]], started in 1979. Satrapi’s uncle was put in [[prison]] by the Shah, then [[murder]]ed by people who supported the war. Satrapi wrote a popular series of [[comics]] called ''Persepolis''. ''Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood,'' tells about Satrapi's life, the [[discrimination]] she faced, and moving to [[Europe]]. She later wrote a [[sequel]] to ''Persepolis'' that talked about how she was treated badly for years when she went back to Iran. Satrapi’s most famous book is called ''Persepolis''.<ref>Spurgeon, Thomas. "Comics." ''World Book Advanced'', World Book, 2018.</ref> Persepolis is the old Persian capital. The [[comic book]] is about Satrapi’s childhood in Iran during the war. This time was when country wanted to end the Shah’s cruel rule. She has written three [[comic books]] relating to her life. The first and second are about her childhood. The third is about her study in different countries. She was planning to write a fourth book about her return to Iran.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==Death== Satrapi died in Paris in June 2026, aged 56.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2026 |title=Mort de Marjane Satrapi, artiste franco-iranienne autrice de « Persepolis », à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.la-croix.com/culture/mort-de-marjane-satrapi-artiste-franco-iranienne-autrice-de-persepolis-a-l-age-de-56-ans-20260604 |access-date=4 June 2026 |website=La Croix |language=fr}}</ref> Her family said she had "died of sadness" over her husband's death a year ago.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjane Satrapi, l'autrice franco-iranienne de la BD « Persepolis », est morte à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |access-date=4 June 2026 |publisher=Le Monde |date=4 June 2026 |language=fr |archive-date=4 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260604082358/https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goodfellow |first1=Melanie |title=Marjane Satrapi Dies: Iranian French 'Persepolis' Director Was 56 |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/marjane-satrapi-dead-iranian-french-persepolis-56-1236940629/ |website=Deadline |access-date=4 June 2026 |date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/persepolis-author-marjane-satrapi-dies-aged-56/ar-AA24OWmp?ocid=msedgntp&pc=NMTS&cvid=6a21f632bc984aa9a758eebb88c73624&ei=12 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> == Awards == - Prix Alph'art Coup de Coeur for beginning comic artist award for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix du Lion for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix France Info for best news comic strip for ''Persepolis--'' 2002 - Prix Alph'art for best script for ''Persepolis Tome 2''—2002 - Fernando Buesa Blanco peace prize for ''Persepolis''—2003 - Prix d'Angouleme for best book of the year for ''Chicken and Plums''—2005 <ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Newsmakers'', Gale, 2006. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1618004338/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=828a9a6a</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} * Trickey, Erick. "Marjane Satrapi." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. * "Marjane Satrapi." Random House. Web. 15 May 2014. <http://www.randomhouse.com/author/43801/marjane-satrapi?sort=best_13wk_3month>. * "Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 55. Detroit: Gale, 2004.Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Iranian writers]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Satrapi, Marjane}} 96k03ysj421052w1z2wlb6pmhby0myq 10879211 10879210 2026-06-05T01:15:06Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Marjane Satrapi | image = Marjane Satrapi Cannes 2008(Cropped).jpg | native_name = مرجان ساتراپی | native_name_lang = fa | caption = Satrapi in 2008 | birth_name = Marjane Ebrahimi | birth_date = {{birth date|1969|11|22|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Rasht]], [[Pahlavi Iran|Imperial State of Iran]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2026|6||1969|11|22}} | death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]] | citizenship = {{hlist|Iran|France}} | occupation = {{hlist|Artist|film director|writer}} | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Reza|1989|1994|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Mattias Ripa|1996|2025|end=d}}}} | other_names = | notable_works = {{Plain list | * ''[[Persepolis (comics)|Persepolis]]'' * ''[[Chicken with Plums]]'' * ''[[The Voices]]'' * ''[[Embroideries (comic)|Embroideries]]'' * ''[[Radioactive (movie)|Radioactive]]'' }} | awards = }} '''Marjane Satrapi''' (22 November 1969 &ndash; June 2026) was a writer and artist. She was born in [[Rasht]], [[Iran]]. She lived in [[Paris]], [[France]]. Satrapi wrote [[comics]] about her life, notably the autobiographical comic [[Persepolis_(comics)|Persepolis]] She drew the pictures herself. She also drew pictures for other children’s books.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults, vol. 55, Gale, 2004. Biography In Context. Accessed 10 May 2018.</ref> == Education and Early Life == Satrapi’s parents were educated, and taught Satrapi to think for herself. She went to high school at Lycee Francais in Tehran, Iran. When she was 14, Satrapi’s parents sent her to Vienna, [[Austria]] to learn in a freer country. When Satrapi was 19, she moved back to Iran to study decorative arts at the Tehran School of Fine Arts. The change from the [[western world]] to Iran was difficult for her. In 1994, Satrapi moved to Strasbourg, France to study art for 3 years. She now lives in Paris, France.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref><ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Gale Student Resources in Context'', Gale, 2008. ''Student Resources In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2181100279/SUIC?u=palo88030&sid=SUIC&xid=1771f93d</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> She was the only child of [[Marxist]] parents.{{Citation needed|reason=The main en page describes her parents as leftists, specifically opposed to the the Shah. More nuance and a specific source would be helpful here. |date=June 2026}} == Beliefs == Satrapi thinks countries should not spend money on [[weapon]]s. She thinks they should spend money for kids to go to school in different countries. She thinks that studying in different countries helps people understand each other better. In RandomHouse.com, Satrapi said, "I believe there are ways to solve the world's problems. Instead of putting all this money to create [[Weapon|arms]], I think countries should invest in [[scholarship]]s for kids to study abroad [other countries]. Perhaps they could become good and knowledgeable [[professor]]s in their own countries. You need time for that kind of change, though."<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> == Writing and the War == Iran's [[Islamic Revolution]] against the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], the country’s [[dictator]], started in 1979. Satrapi’s uncle was put in [[prison]] by the Shah, then [[murder]]ed by people who supported the war. Satrapi wrote a popular series of [[comics]] called ''Persepolis''. ''Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood,'' tells about Satrapi's life, the [[discrimination]] she faced, and moving to [[Europe]]. She later wrote a [[sequel]] to ''Persepolis'' that talked about how she was treated badly for years when she went back to Iran. Satrapi’s most famous book is called ''Persepolis''.<ref>Spurgeon, Thomas. "Comics." ''World Book Advanced'', World Book, 2018.</ref> Persepolis is the old Persian capital. The [[comic book]] is about Satrapi’s childhood in Iran during the war. This time was when country wanted to end the Shah’s cruel rule. She has written three [[comic books]] relating to her life. The first and second are about her childhood. The third is about her study in different countries. She was planning to write a fourth book about her return to Iran.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==Death== Satrapi died in Paris in June 2026, aged 56.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2026 |title=Mort de Marjane Satrapi, artiste franco-iranienne autrice de « Persepolis », à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.la-croix.com/culture/mort-de-marjane-satrapi-artiste-franco-iranienne-autrice-de-persepolis-a-l-age-de-56-ans-20260604 |access-date=4 June 2026 |website=La Croix |language=fr}}</ref> Her family said she had "died of sadness" over her husband's death a year ago.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjane Satrapi, l'autrice franco-iranienne de la BD « Persepolis », est morte à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |access-date=4 June 2026 |publisher=Le Monde |date=4 June 2026 |language=fr |archive-date=4 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260604082358/https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goodfellow |first1=Melanie |title=Marjane Satrapi Dies: Iranian French 'Persepolis' Director Was 56 |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/marjane-satrapi-dead-iranian-french-persepolis-56-1236940629/ |website=Deadline |access-date=4 June 2026 |date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/persepolis-author-marjane-satrapi-dies-aged-56/ar-AA24OWmp?ocid=msedgntp&pc=NMTS&cvid=6a21f632bc984aa9a758eebb88c73624&ei=12 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> == Awards == - Prix Alph'art Coup de Coeur for beginning comic artist award for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix du Lion for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix France Info for best news comic strip for ''Persepolis--'' 2002 - Prix Alph'art for best script for ''Persepolis Tome 2''—2002 - Fernando Buesa Blanco peace prize for ''Persepolis''—2003 - Prix d'Angouleme for best book of the year for ''Chicken and Plums''—2005 <ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Newsmakers'', Gale, 2006. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1618004338/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=828a9a6a</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} * Trickey, Erick. "Marjane Satrapi." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. * "Marjane Satrapi." Random House. Web. 15 May 2014. <http://www.randomhouse.com/author/43801/marjane-satrapi?sort=best_13wk_3month>. * "Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 55. Detroit: Gale, 2004.Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Iranian writers]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Satrapi, Marjane}} a9didcbwvh1wp6rfrhocd1hw3eqcjz9 10879214 10879211 2026-06-05T01:16:35Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 + 8 categories using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10879214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Marjane Satrapi | image = Marjane Satrapi Cannes 2008(Cropped).jpg | native_name = مرجان ساتراپی | native_name_lang = fa | caption = Satrapi in 2008 | birth_name = Marjane Ebrahimi | birth_date = {{birth date|1969|11|22|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Rasht]], [[Pahlavi Iran|Imperial State of Iran]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2026|6||1969|11|22}} | death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]] | citizenship = {{hlist|Iran|France}} | occupation = {{hlist|Artist|film director|writer}} | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Reza|1989|1994|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Mattias Ripa|1996|2025|end=d}}}} | other_names = | notable_works = {{Plain list | * ''[[Persepolis (comics)|Persepolis]]'' * ''[[Chicken with Plums]]'' * ''[[The Voices]]'' * ''[[Embroideries (comic)|Embroideries]]'' * ''[[Radioactive (movie)|Radioactive]]'' }} | awards = }} '''Marjane Satrapi''' (22 November 1969 &ndash; June 2026) was a writer and artist. She was born in [[Rasht]], [[Iran]]. She lived in [[Paris]], [[France]]. Satrapi wrote [[comics]] about her life, notably the autobiographical comic [[Persepolis_(comics)|Persepolis]] She drew the pictures herself. She also drew pictures for other children’s books.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults, vol. 55, Gale, 2004. Biography In Context. Accessed 10 May 2018.</ref> == Education and Early Life == Satrapi’s parents were educated, and taught Satrapi to think for herself. She went to high school at Lycee Francais in Tehran, Iran. When she was 14, Satrapi’s parents sent her to Vienna, [[Austria]] to learn in a freer country. When Satrapi was 19, she moved back to Iran to study decorative arts at the Tehran School of Fine Arts. The change from the [[western world]] to Iran was difficult for her. In 1994, Satrapi moved to Strasbourg, France to study art for 3 years. She now lives in Paris, France.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref><ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Gale Student Resources in Context'', Gale, 2008. ''Student Resources In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2181100279/SUIC?u=palo88030&sid=SUIC&xid=1771f93d</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> She was the only child of [[Marxist]] parents.{{Citation needed|reason=The main en page describes her parents as leftists, specifically opposed to the the Shah. More nuance and a specific source would be helpful here. |date=June 2026}} == Beliefs == Satrapi thinks countries should not spend money on [[weapon]]s. She thinks they should spend money for kids to go to school in different countries. She thinks that studying in different countries helps people understand each other better. In RandomHouse.com, Satrapi said, "I believe there are ways to solve the world's problems. Instead of putting all this money to create [[Weapon|arms]], I think countries should invest in [[scholarship]]s for kids to study abroad [other countries]. Perhaps they could become good and knowledgeable [[professor]]s in their own countries. You need time for that kind of change, though."<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> == Writing and the War == Iran's [[Islamic Revolution]] against the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], the country’s [[dictator]], started in 1979. Satrapi’s uncle was put in [[prison]] by the Shah, then [[murder]]ed by people who supported the war. Satrapi wrote a popular series of [[comics]] called ''Persepolis''. ''Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood,'' tells about Satrapi's life, the [[discrimination]] she faced, and moving to [[Europe]]. She later wrote a [[sequel]] to ''Persepolis'' that talked about how she was treated badly for years when she went back to Iran. Satrapi’s most famous book is called ''Persepolis''.<ref>Spurgeon, Thomas. "Comics." ''World Book Advanced'', World Book, 2018.</ref> Persepolis is the old Persian capital. The [[comic book]] is about Satrapi’s childhood in Iran during the war. This time was when country wanted to end the Shah’s cruel rule. She has written three [[comic books]] relating to her life. The first and second are about her childhood. The third is about her study in different countries. She was planning to write a fourth book about her return to Iran.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==Death== Satrapi died in Paris in June 2026, aged 56.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2026 |title=Mort de Marjane Satrapi, artiste franco-iranienne autrice de « Persepolis », à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.la-croix.com/culture/mort-de-marjane-satrapi-artiste-franco-iranienne-autrice-de-persepolis-a-l-age-de-56-ans-20260604 |access-date=4 June 2026 |website=La Croix |language=fr}}</ref> Her family said she had "died of sadness" over her husband's death a year ago.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjane Satrapi, l'autrice franco-iranienne de la BD « Persepolis », est morte à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |access-date=4 June 2026 |publisher=Le Monde |date=4 June 2026 |language=fr |archive-date=4 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260604082358/https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goodfellow |first1=Melanie |title=Marjane Satrapi Dies: Iranian French 'Persepolis' Director Was 56 |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/marjane-satrapi-dead-iranian-french-persepolis-56-1236940629/ |website=Deadline |access-date=4 June 2026 |date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/persepolis-author-marjane-satrapi-dies-aged-56/ar-AA24OWmp?ocid=msedgntp&pc=NMTS&cvid=6a21f632bc984aa9a758eebb88c73624&ei=12 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> == Awards == - Prix Alph'art Coup de Coeur for beginning comic artist award for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix du Lion for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix France Info for best news comic strip for ''Persepolis--'' 2002 - Prix Alph'art for best script for ''Persepolis Tome 2''—2002 - Fernando Buesa Blanco peace prize for ''Persepolis''—2003 - Prix d'Angouleme for best book of the year for ''Chicken and Plums''—2005 <ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Newsmakers'', Gale, 2006. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1618004338/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=828a9a6a</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} * Trickey, Erick. "Marjane Satrapi." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. * "Marjane Satrapi." Random House. Web. 15 May 2014. <http://www.randomhouse.com/author/43801/marjane-satrapi?sort=best_13wk_3month>. * "Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 55. Detroit: Gale, 2004.Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Iranian writers]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Iranian movie directors]] [[Category:Iranian artists]] [[Category:Movie directors from Paris]] [[Category:Artists from Paris]] [[Category:French comics artists]] [[Category:Writers from Paris]] [[Category:French autobiographers]] [[Category:French cartoonists]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Satrapi, Marjane}} 7ss2xtcmggu5jdr72bnbbed60d5o7as 10879215 10879214 2026-06-05T01:16:59Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{recent death}} {{Infobox person | name = Marjane Satrapi | image = Marjane Satrapi Cannes 2008(Cropped).jpg | native_name = مرجان ساتراپی | native_name_lang = fa | caption = Satrapi in 2008 | birth_name = Marjane Ebrahimi | birth_date = {{birth date|1969|11|22|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Rasht]], [[Pahlavi Iran|Imperial State of Iran]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2026|6||1969|11|22}} | death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]] | citizenship = {{hlist|Iran|France}} | occupation = {{hlist|Artist|film director|writer}} | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Reza|1989|1994|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Mattias Ripa|1996|2025|end=d}}}} | other_names = | notable_works = {{Plain list | * ''[[Persepolis (comics)|Persepolis]]'' * ''[[Chicken with Plums]]'' * ''[[The Voices]]'' * ''[[Embroideries (comic)|Embroideries]]'' * ''[[Radioactive (movie)|Radioactive]]'' }} | awards = }} '''Marjane Satrapi''' (22 November 1969 &ndash; June 2026) was a writer and artist. She was born in [[Rasht]], [[Iran]]. She lived in [[Paris]], [[France]]. Satrapi wrote [[comics]] about her life, notably the autobiographical comic [[Persepolis_(comics)|Persepolis]]. She drew the pictures herself. She also drew pictures for other children’s books.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults, vol. 55, Gale, 2004. Biography In Context. Accessed 10 May 2018.</ref> == Education and Early Life == Satrapi’s parents were educated, and taught Satrapi to think for herself. She went to high school at Lycee Francais in Tehran, Iran. When she was 14, Satrapi’s parents sent her to Vienna, [[Austria]] to learn in a freer country. When Satrapi was 19, she moved back to Iran to study decorative arts at the Tehran School of Fine Arts. The change from the [[western world]] to Iran was difficult for her. In 1994, Satrapi moved to Strasbourg, France to study art for 3 years. She now lives in Paris, France.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref><ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Gale Student Resources in Context'', Gale, 2008. ''Student Resources In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2181100279/SUIC?u=palo88030&sid=SUIC&xid=1771f93d</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> She was the only child of [[Marxist]] parents.{{Citation needed|reason=The main en page describes her parents as leftists, specifically opposed to the the Shah. More nuance and a specific source would be helpful here. |date=June 2026}} == Beliefs == Satrapi thinks countries should not spend money on [[weapon]]s. She thinks they should spend money for kids to go to school in different countries. She thinks that studying in different countries helps people understand each other better. In RandomHouse.com, Satrapi said, "I believe there are ways to solve the world's problems. Instead of putting all this money to create [[Weapon|arms]], I think countries should invest in [[scholarship]]s for kids to study abroad [other countries]. Perhaps they could become good and knowledgeable [[professor]]s in their own countries. You need time for that kind of change, though."<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> == Writing and the War == Iran's [[Islamic Revolution]] against the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]], the country’s [[dictator]], started in 1979. Satrapi’s uncle was put in [[prison]] by the Shah, then [[murder]]ed by people who supported the war. Satrapi wrote a popular series of [[comics]] called ''Persepolis''. ''Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood,'' tells about Satrapi's life, the [[discrimination]] she faced, and moving to [[Europe]]. She later wrote a [[sequel]] to ''Persepolis'' that talked about how she was treated badly for years when she went back to Iran. Satrapi’s most famous book is called ''Persepolis''.<ref>Spurgeon, Thomas. "Comics." ''World Book Advanced'', World Book, 2018.</ref> Persepolis is the old Persian capital. The [[comic book]] is about Satrapi’s childhood in Iran during the war. This time was when country wanted to end the Shah’s cruel rule. She has written three [[comic books]] relating to her life. The first and second are about her childhood. The third is about her study in different countries. She was planning to write a fourth book about her return to Iran.<ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Authors and Artists for Young Adults'', vol. 55, Gale, 2004. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1603001160/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=e61cf85f</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==Death== Satrapi died in Paris in June 2026, aged 56.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2026 |title=Mort de Marjane Satrapi, artiste franco-iranienne autrice de « Persepolis », à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.la-croix.com/culture/mort-de-marjane-satrapi-artiste-franco-iranienne-autrice-de-persepolis-a-l-age-de-56-ans-20260604 |access-date=4 June 2026 |website=La Croix |language=fr}}</ref> Her family said she had "died of sadness" over her husband's death a year ago.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjane Satrapi, l'autrice franco-iranienne de la BD « Persepolis », est morte à l'âge de 56 ans |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |access-date=4 June 2026 |publisher=Le Monde |date=4 June 2026 |language=fr |archive-date=4 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260604082358/https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2026/06/04/l-artiste-franco-iranienne-marjane-satrapi-autrice-de-la-bande-dessinee-persepolis-est-morte-a-l-age-de-56-ans_6697291_3382.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goodfellow |first1=Melanie |title=Marjane Satrapi Dies: Iranian French 'Persepolis' Director Was 56 |url=https://deadline.com/2026/06/marjane-satrapi-dead-iranian-french-persepolis-56-1236940629/ |website=Deadline |access-date=4 June 2026 |date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/persepolis-author-marjane-satrapi-dies-aged-56/ar-AA24OWmp?ocid=msedgntp&pc=NMTS&cvid=6a21f632bc984aa9a758eebb88c73624&ei=12 |access-date=2026-06-04 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> == Awards == - Prix Alph'art Coup de Coeur for beginning comic artist award for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix du Lion for ''Persepolis--'' 2001 - Prix France Info for best news comic strip for ''Persepolis--'' 2002 - Prix Alph'art for best script for ''Persepolis Tome 2''—2002 - Fernando Buesa Blanco peace prize for ''Persepolis''—2003 - Prix d'Angouleme for best book of the year for ''Chicken and Plums''—2005 <ref>"Marjane Satrapi." ''Newsmakers'', Gale, 2006. ''Biography In Context'', <nowiki>http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1618004338/BIC?u=palo88030&sid=BIC&xid=828a9a6a</nowiki>. Accessed 13 May 2018.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} * Trickey, Erick. "Marjane Satrapi." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. * "Marjane Satrapi." Random House. Web. 15 May 2014. <http://www.randomhouse.com/author/43801/marjane-satrapi?sort=best_13wk_3month>. * "Marjane Satrapi." Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 55. Detroit: Gale, 2004.Biography in Context. Web. 12 May 2014. [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Iranian writers]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Iranian movie directors]] [[Category:Iranian artists]] [[Category:Movie directors from Paris]] [[Category:Artists from Paris]] [[Category:French comics artists]] [[Category:Writers from Paris]] [[Category:French autobiographers]] [[Category:French cartoonists]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Satrapi, Marjane}} 3pkkgj1l3yy4sp3ppe6c141a8czl9ap 0 454236 10879051 10758073 2026-06-04T21:09:11Z Auntof6 22027 fix displaytitle and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10879051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox character | colour = #000080 | series = [[American Dad!]] | image = | image_size = 140px | first = "[[Pilot (American Dad!)|Pilot]]" | last = | creator = [[Seth MacFarlane]] | voice = [[Rachael MacFarlane]] | name = Hayley Smith | fullname = Hayley Dreamsmasher Smith | family = [[Stan Smith (American Dad!)|Stan Smith]] (father)<br>[[Francine Smith]] (mother)<br />[[Steve Smith (American Dad!)|Steve Smith]] (brother) | spouse = [[Jeff Fischer (American Dad!)|Jeff Fischer]] (ex-husband)<br>[[Steve Smith (American Dad!)|Steve Smith]] (brother & husband) | children = [[American Dad! (season 8)|Nemo]] (adoptive son) | relatives = [[List of American Dad! characters#Jack Smith|Jack Smith]] (paternal grandfather)<br />[[Betty Smith (American Dad!)|Betty Smith]] (paternal grandmother)<br />Hercules (deceased paternal step-grandfather)<br />Rusty (paternal half uncle)<br>[[List of American Dad! characters#Nicholas and Cassandra Dawson|Nicholas Dawson]] (biological maternal grandfather)<br>[[List of American Dad! characters#Nicholas and Cassandra Dawson|Cassandra Dawson]] (deceased biological maternal grandmother)<br>[[List of American Dad! characters#Bàba and Māma Ling|Bàba]] (adoptive maternal grandfather)<br />[[List of American Dad! characters#Bàba and Māma Ling|Māma]] (adoptive maternal grandmother)<br />[[List of American Dad! characters#Gwen Ling|Gwen Ling]] (adoptive maternal aunt) | occupation = [[College Student]] at Groff Community College | religion = [[Episcopalian]] | nationality = [[United States|American]] |significantother=[[Steve Smith (American Dad!)|Steve Smith]] (brother)}} '''Hayley Dreamsmasher<ref>Season 3 episode 15 "Stanny Slickers II: The Legend of Ollie's Gold</ref> Smith''' (born August 8, 1987) is a character from the [[animated television]] series ''[[American Dad!]]''. She is voiced by [[Rachael MacFarlane]], the younger sister of one of the series co-creators, [[Seth MacFarlane]]. Hayley, along with her father [[Stan Smith (American Dad!)|Stan]], was one of the first two characters that were thought of and created for the series. During the series, Hayley's storylines is usually about her [[liberal]] opinions clashing with her father's staunch [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] beliefs, and her on-again-off-again relationship with [[boyfriend]] [[Jeff Fischer]], whom she later marries in the show's sixth season. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Hayley}} [[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2005]] [[Category:American Dad! characters]] [[Category:Fictional American people]] {{tv-stub}} b38zmy2spdzspuulhme29kinkjs8i16 0 457817 10878984 10504347 2026-06-04T19:48:15Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10878984 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Great Recession''' (also called the '''Second Great Depression'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Second Great Depression|publisher=The Foreign Affairs|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139464/j-bradford-delong/the-second-great-depression|accessdate=July 23, 2014}}</ref> or '''Long Recession'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Long Recession in Hiring|publisher=Think Progress|url=http://thinkprogress.org/yglesias/2011/09/12/317166/the-long-recession-in-hiring|accessdate=July 23, 2014}}</ref>) was a global economic decline in the late [[2000s]] decade. The effects of the economic problem are still obvious. A few countries, including [[Italy]] and [[Greece]], are still in recession. The Great Recession affected world economies to different degrees. It caused more problems for some countries than others. Overall, this was the worst global [[recession]] since [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|title=What's a Global Recession|publisher=Wall Street Journal|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2009/04/22/whats-a-global-recession|accessdate=July 23, 2014}}</ref> [[Southern Europe]] was badly affected. Some countries, including [[China]], [[India]], [[South Korea]], [[Poland]] and [[Australia]], did not have a recession during this time. Economic side-effects include household [[debt]], low wages, high levels of [[unemployment]] and very limited chances of global growth as of 2014 in many countries. The causes of the Great Recession include a bunch of weak-points that developed in the finance system. Another cause is a series of events that began with the bursting of the [[United States]] housing bubble in 2005–2012. When housing prices fell and homeowners began to abandon their mortgages, the value of [[Mortgage Backed Securities|mortgage-backed]] [[Finance|securities]] held by investment banks went down in 2007–2008. This caused many banks to collapse or be [[Bailout|bailed out]] in September 2008. This 2007–2008 phase was called the [[subprime mortgage crisis]]. The combination of banks unable to provide funds to businesses, and homeowners paying down debt rather than borrowing and spending, resulted in the Great Recession. It began in the U.S. officially in December 2007 and lasted until June 2009, lasting over 19 months.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Business Cycle Dating|url=https://www.nber.org/research/business-cycle-dating|access-date=2023-01-17|website=NBER|language=en}}</ref> The recession was not felt the same around the world. In most of the world's big economies, particularly in [[North America]], [[South America]] and Europe, they fell into a really bad recession. Many more recently developed economies suffered much less impact, particularly China, India and [[Indonesia]]. These economies grew a lot during this period. Similarly, Oceania didn't suffer much impact, due to it being nearby to Asian markets. ==References == <references/> [[Category:2000s]] [[Category:Financial crises]] [[Category:Economic history]] {{history-stub}} dniqxbdkzudghupad3kjyezh3etdm3o 0 458011 10879163 10428118 2026-06-05T00:15:00Z Rebeltronic 1558358 added logo and screenshot 10879163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox OS | name = Arch Linux | logo = Archlinux-logo-standard-version.svg | screenshot = Arch Linux screenshot, 12.06.2024.png | caption = Arch Linux using the [[KDE]] Plasma 6 desktop | developer = Levente Polyak and others{{Efn|Levente Polyak is the [[lead developer]] of Arch Linux.}} | family = [[Unix-like]] | working_state = Current | source_model = [[Open source]] | released = {{Start date and age|2002|03|11}} | latest_release_version = ([[Rolling release]]) | latest_release_date = Installation medium 2025.07.01<ref name="archlinux-downloads">{{cite web | url = https://www.archlinux.org/download/ | title = Arch Linux Downloads | access-date = 3 July 2020 | website = archlinux.org | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151204091020/https://www.archlinux.org/download/ | archive-date = 4 December 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref> | marketing_target = Power-users | language = | updatemodel = [[Pacman (package manager)|Pacman]] | package_manager = Pacman | supported_platforms = [[x86-64]] | kernel_type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]] ([[Linux kernel|Linux]]) | userland = [[GNU Core Utilities|GNU]] | ui = [[Bash (Unix shell)|Bash]] | license = [[Free software]] licenses<br>(mainly [[GPL]])<ref>{{citation |url=//wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Licenses |title=Licenses |publisher=wiki.archlinux.org |date=2011-09-24 |access-date=2011-10-02}}</ref> | website = {{URL|archlinux.org/}} }} '''Arch Linux''' (usually just called '''Arch''') is a [[Linux distribution|Linux-based]] [[operating system]] for [[x86-64|64-bit]] computers.<ref>{{cite web|url=//www.archlinux.org/about/ |title=Arch Linux - About |publisher=Archlinux.org |access-date=2011-09-27}}</ref> It mostly has [[free software]] included with it,<ref>{{cite web |url=//www.gnu.org/distros/common-distros.html#Arch |title=Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems |publisher=Gnu.org |access-date=2011-09-28}}</ref> and supports community involvement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=arch |title=Arch Linux |publisher=Distrowatch.com |access-date=2011-09-28}}</ref> Arch Linux focuses on elegance, code correctness, minimalism, and simplicity, and to use it, the user needs to have a motive to learn about it.<ref name="TheArchWay">{{cite web|url=//wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/The_Arch_Way |title=The Arch Way |publisher=wiki.archlinux.org |date=2009-10-09 |access-date=2013-03-18}}</ref> A [[Package management system|package manager]] made only for Arch Linux named "pacman" can be used to install, remove and update packages of [[software]] on the computer. == History == Arch Linux was inspired by CRUX, another minimalist [[Linux distribution]]. Originally, Arch Linux was only for [[x86|32-bit]] x86 systems, but [[x86-64|64-bit]] was supported in April 2006. In January 2017, 32-bit support was discontinued, but a derivative by the community called Arch Linux 32 has been produced for 32-bit systems. The migration to systemd as the init system began in August 2012<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gaudreault|first=Stéphane|date=2012-08-14|title=[arch-dev-public] Migration to systemd|url=https://lists.archlinux.org/pipermail/arch-dev-public/2012-August/023389.html|access-date=2025-04-12}}</ref> and became the default for new installations in October 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arch Linux - News: systemd is now the default on new installations|url=https://archlinux.org/news/systemd-is-now-the-default-on-new-installations/|access-date=2025-04-12|website=archlinux.org}}</ref> It replaced the SysV-style init system and was used since the distribution's establishment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Index of /iso/0.1/|url=https://archive.archlinux.org/iso/0.1/|access-date=2025-04-12|website=archive.archlinux.org}}</ref> == Installation == Unlike other Linux distributions like [[Ubuntu]], Arch Linux's installation requires the user to enter commands manually. This can be scary for beginners, but the [[wiki]] suggests that new users can still install Arch Linux by investing time and effort.<ref name="archwiki-faq">{{cite web|url=https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/FAQ#I_am_a_complete_GNU/Linux_beginner._Should_I_use_Arch?|title=Frequently Asked Questions, Arch Linux Wiki |publisher=wiki.archlinux.org}}</ref> == Package Management == Pacman is the official package manager of Arch Linux. It was written in the [[C programming language]] by Judd Vinet. The package manager handles all the packages on the system, and does installation, removal, upgrades, and more. As a rolling release system, Arch Linux's repositories are being constantly updated. === Arch Build System (ABS) === The Arch Build System is a system that automatically makes packages from a PKGBUILD file. The makepkg tool can convert these files into packages which are recognized by pacman, downloading all the [[source code]] specified and [[compile|compiling]] it. === Arch User Repository (AUR) === The Arch User Repository is a [[repository (data)|repository]] for PKGBUILD scripts made by users. This allows users to install packages otherwise not in the official repositories. == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Linux distributions]] qhg7jhwuz5ve65u4k0uyjm81t6jh58b 0 458538 10879317 10851661 2026-06-05T04:46:07Z ~2026-33351-49 1816651 10879317 wikitext text/x-wiki White Americans don’t have a culture. Kylie Jenner doesn’t have a culture. {{Infobox person | name = Kylie Jenner | image = Kylie Jenner2 (cropped).png | caption = Jenner in 2017 | birth_name = Kylie Kristen Jenner | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|08|10}} | birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], California, U.S. | education = Sierra Canyon School | occupation = {{flatlist| * media personality * socialie * businesswoman * model }} | years_active = 2007-present | known_for = Founder of [[Kylie Cosmetics]] | parents = {{plainlist| * [[Caitlyn Jenner]] * [[Kris Jenner]] }} | relatives = [[Kardashian family]] | website = {{URL|http://thekyliejenner.com}} | signature = Kylie-Jenner-autograph.png }} '''Kylie Kristen Jenner''' (born August 10, 1997)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.biography.com/personality/kylie-jenner | title=Kylie Jenner - Age, Cosmetics & Daughter | date=19 November 2019 }}</ref> is an [[Americans|American]] [[celebrity|media personality]], [[socialite]], [[businesswoman]] and [[Model (person)|model]]. She is known for appearing on the [[E! (Canadian TV channel)|E!]] reality TV show ''[[Keeping Up with the Kardashians]]''. She is the daughter of [[Caitlyn Jenner]] and [[Kris Jenner]]. She has one sister, [[Kendall Jenner]], and eight half-siblings including [[Kourtney Kardashian|Kourtney]], [[Kim Kardashian|Kim]], [[Khloé Kardashian|Khloé]], and [[Rob Kardashian]]. Kylie Jenner created her own cosmetics line called Kylie Cosmetics. She also recently created her individual clothing line where she sells items from customized undergarments to customized sweatshirts.{{cn}} == Early life == Kylie Jenner was born in [[Los Angeles]]. She was a cheerleader for Sierra Canyon School, and her first modeling job was for a [[Sears|Sears clothing campaign]] titled Crush Your Style. This was in 1999.{{cn}} == Career == Kylie Jenner became famous after appearing on her family's television series ''[[Keeping Up with the Kardashians]].'' The show began when Kylie was ten years old. === Modelling === She has worked as a [[Model (person)|model]]. Kylie Jenner appeared in [[People (magazine)|People]] and Beautiful People magazine with her sister Kendall Jenner. She started her modeling career with the Sears line "Crush Your Style". In 2015 she took part in the fashion show of her brother-in-law [[Kanye West]] (husband of her half-sister [[Kim Kardashian]]) held in New York during Fashion Week.{{cn}} === Business === Kylie Jenner also created, together with her sisters, the glazes of O.P.I.'s "Kardashian Kolors" line, and two other glazes called "Wear Something Spar-Kylie" and "Rainbow in the S-Kylie". Kylie & Kendall launched a clothing line called Kendall and Kylie for Pacsun in February 2013. In June, together with their sister Kendall, they collaborated with the Topshop brand to launch a new capsule collection. The sisters also created a capsule collection with OVS. In October 2015, Kylie Jenner starred in [[Tyga]]'s [[music video]] in the song "Dope'd Up".{{cn}} In November 2016, Kylie Jenner also launched a cosmetics line called Kylie Cosmetics she created a vast amount of products such as matte lip kits, gloss lipsticks, eyeshadow palettes, eyeliner, blush and highlighter. On December 10, 2016 she opened an online merchandising shop, called The Kylie Shop.{{cn}} In 2019, Kylie Jenner founded her skincare brand Kylie Skin, which was launched on May 22, 2019. The brand began producing derma products, including face washes, scrubs, moisturizers and makeup removal wipes. In 2020, Kylie Jenner started selling her skin products not just in America and in the USA but also in Europe through Douglas.{{cn}} === Social media === She is also known for her [[selfie]]s on [[Instagram]] and her lip fillers. She was formerly the most followed woman on Instagram. It is speculated that she makes over a million dollars from Instagram.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alvarez|first=Pablo|date=2023-07-20|title=How Much the Most Followed Instagram Accounts Earn on Posts|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/most-followed-instagram-accounts-earn-posts/|access-date=2023-09-06|website=Visual Capitalist|language=en-US}}</ref> Until January 14, 2019, she held the record for the most-liked photo on Instagram with 18 million likes. == Wealth == [[File:Kylie Cosmetics Logo.svg|thumb|271x271px|Logo of her make-up brand]] According to ''[[Forbes]]'', in 2019, Jenner's net worth was said to be at [[US$]]1 billion, making her, at age 21, the world's youngest billionaire as of March 2019,<ref name=Forbes>{{cite news|last1=Robehmed|first1=Natalie|title=At 21, Kylie Jenner Becomes The Youngest Self-Made Billionaire Ever|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2019/03/05/at-21-kylie-jenner-becomes-the-youngest-self-made-billionaire-ever/|access-date=March 5, 2019|work=[[Forbes]]|date=March 5, 2019}}</ref><ref name=BBC>{{cite news|title=Kylie Jenner becomes world's youngest billionaire|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-47455998|access-date=March 9, 2019|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=March 5, 2019}}</ref> though the notion of Kylie Jenner being self-made is a subject of controversy, owing to her privileged background.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-47468641|title=Kylie Jenner: Is she really a 'self-made' billionaire?|date=March 6, 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=March 10, 2019|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Allyson|last=Chu|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/03/06/kylie-jenner-now-billionaire-is-called-self-made-is-that-really-true/|title=Kylie Jenner, now a billionaire, is called 'self-made.' Is that really true?|date=March 6, 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=March 10, 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> In May 2020, however, ''Forbes'' released a statement accusing Kylie Jenner of faking tax documents so she would appear as a billionaire. It also said that Kylie Jenner faked money numbers for Kylie Cosmetics.<ref name="Lies">{{Cite web|title=Inside Kylie Jenner's Web Of Lies—And Why She's No Longer A Billionaire|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2020/05/29/inside-kylie-jennerss-web-of-lies-and-why-shes-no-longer-a-billionaire/#791af1b625f7|last1=Peterson-Withorn|first1=Chase|last2=Berg|first2=Madeline|date=May 29, 2020|website=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]|access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref> Afterwards, she was stripped of her billionaire status and her title. == Personal life == Kylie Jenner and rapper [[Travis Scott]] have two children, daughter Stormi (born February 1, 2018) and a son, Aire (born February 2, 2022).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kylie Jenner and Travis Scott Welcomed Their Second Child|url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/kylie-jenner-travis-scott-welcomed-001525353.html|access-date=2022-02-07|website=www.yahoo.com|via=Pop Sugar|last=Garcia|first=Kelsey|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207002427/https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/kylie-jenner-travis-scott-welcomed-001525353.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kylie Jenner reveals her son's new name and shares first pictures of his face|url=https://news.sky.com/story/kylie-jenner-reveals-her-sons-new-name-and-shares-first-pictures-of-his-face-12792854|access-date=2023-01-22|website=Sky News|language=en}}</ref> The couple separated in September 2019. Scott was accused of cheating on Jenner. Kylie Jenner had previously dated rapper [[Tyga]] from 2014 to 2017. In 2023, she started a relationship with [[Timothée Chalamet]]. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == *{{commonscat-inline}} *{{IMDb name|id=2832473|name=Kylie Jenner}} *{{Instagram|kyliejenner}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jenner, Kylie}} [[Category:1997 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Kardashian family]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Los Angeles]] [[Category:Models from Los Angeles]] [[Category:Participants in American reality television series]] [[Category:Television personalities from Los Angeles]] [[Category:American bloggers]] [[Category:Jenner family]] [[Category:Kendall Jenner]] [[Category:Kylie Jenner| ]] g9l5b2rz4hi5zq6xr2df1tdc73fyora 10879328 10879317 2026-06-05T04:53:23Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33351-49|~2026-33351-49]] ([[User talk:~2026-33351-49|talk]]) to last version by Barras 10851477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Kylie Jenner | image = Kylie Jenner2 (cropped).png | caption = Jenner in 2017 | birth_name = Kylie Kristen Jenner | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|08|10}} | birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], California, U.S. | education = Sierra Canyon School | occupation = {{flatlist| * media personality * socialie * businesswoman * model }} | years_active = 2007-present | known_for = Founder of [[Kylie Cosmetics]] | parents = {{plainlist| * [[Caitlyn Jenner]] * [[Kris Jenner]] }} | relatives = [[Kardashian family]] | website = {{URL|http://thekyliejenner.com}} | signature = Kylie-Jenner-autograph.png }} '''Kylie Kristen Jenner''' (born August 10, 1997)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.biography.com/personality/kylie-jenner | title=Kylie Jenner - Age, Cosmetics & Daughter | date=19 November 2019 }}</ref> is an [[Americans|American]] [[celebrity|media personality]], [[socialite]], [[businesswoman]] and [[Model (person)|model]]. She is known for appearing on the [[E! (Canadian TV channel)|E!]] reality TV show ''[[Keeping Up with the Kardashians]]''. She is the daughter of [[Caitlyn Jenner]] and [[Kris Jenner]]. She has one sister, [[Kendall Jenner]], and eight half-siblings including [[Kourtney Kardashian|Kourtney]], [[Kim Kardashian|Kim]], [[Khloé Kardashian|Khloé]], and [[Rob Kardashian]]. Kylie Jenner created her own cosmetics line called Kylie Cosmetics. She also recently created her individual clothing line where she sells items from customized undergarments to customized sweatshirts.{{cn}} == Early life == Kylie Jenner was born in [[Los Angeles]]. She was a cheerleader for Sierra Canyon School, and her first modeling job was for a [[Sears|Sears clothing campaign]] titled Crush Your Style. This was in 1999.{{cn}} == Career == Kylie Jenner became famous after appearing on her family's television series ''[[Keeping Up with the Kardashians]].'' The show began when Kylie was ten years old. === Modelling === She has worked as a [[Model (person)|model]]. Kylie Jenner appeared in [[People (magazine)|People]] and Beautiful People magazine with her sister Kendall Jenner. She started her modeling career with the Sears line "Crush Your Style". In 2015 she took part in the fashion show of her brother-in-law [[Kanye West]] (husband of her half-sister [[Kim Kardashian]]) held in New York during Fashion Week.{{cn}} === Business === Kylie Jenner also created, together with her sisters, the glazes of O.P.I.'s "Kardashian Kolors" line, and two other glazes called "Wear Something Spar-Kylie" and "Rainbow in the S-Kylie". Kylie & Kendall launched a clothing line called Kendall and Kylie for Pacsun in February 2013. In June, together with their sister Kendall, they collaborated with the Topshop brand to launch a new capsule collection. The sisters also created a capsule collection with OVS. In October 2015, Kylie Jenner starred in [[Tyga]]'s [[music video]] in the song "Dope'd Up".{{cn}} In November 2016, Kylie Jenner also launched a cosmetics line called Kylie Cosmetics she created a vast amount of products such as matte lip kits, gloss lipsticks, eyeshadow palettes, eyeliner, blush and highlighter. On December 10, 2016 she opened an online merchandising shop, called The Kylie Shop.{{cn}} In 2019, Kylie Jenner founded her skincare brand Kylie Skin, which was launched on May 22, 2019. The brand began producing derma products, including face washes, scrubs, moisturizers and makeup removal wipes. In 2020, Kylie Jenner started selling her skin products not just in America and in the USA but also in Europe through Douglas.{{cn}} === Social media === She is also known for her [[selfie]]s on [[Instagram]] and her lip fillers. She was formerly the most followed woman on Instagram. It is speculated that she makes over a million dollars from Instagram.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alvarez|first=Pablo|date=2023-07-20|title=How Much the Most Followed Instagram Accounts Earn on Posts|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/most-followed-instagram-accounts-earn-posts/|access-date=2023-09-06|website=Visual Capitalist|language=en-US}}</ref> Until January 14, 2019, she held the record for the most-liked photo on Instagram with 18 million likes. == Wealth == [[File:Kylie Cosmetics Logo.svg|thumb|271x271px|Logo of her make-up brand]] According to ''[[Forbes]]'', in 2019, Jenner's net worth was said to be at [[US$]]1 billion, making her, at age 21, the world's youngest billionaire as of March 2019,<ref name=Forbes>{{cite news|last1=Robehmed|first1=Natalie|title=At 21, Kylie Jenner Becomes The Youngest Self-Made Billionaire Ever|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2019/03/05/at-21-kylie-jenner-becomes-the-youngest-self-made-billionaire-ever/|access-date=March 5, 2019|work=[[Forbes]]|date=March 5, 2019}}</ref><ref name=BBC>{{cite news|title=Kylie Jenner becomes world's youngest billionaire|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-47455998|access-date=March 9, 2019|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=March 5, 2019}}</ref> though the notion of Kylie Jenner being self-made is a subject of controversy, owing to her privileged background.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-47468641|title=Kylie Jenner: Is she really a 'self-made' billionaire?|date=March 6, 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=March 10, 2019|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Allyson|last=Chu|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/03/06/kylie-jenner-now-billionaire-is-called-self-made-is-that-really-true/|title=Kylie Jenner, now a billionaire, is called 'self-made.' Is that really true?|date=March 6, 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=March 10, 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> In May 2020, however, ''Forbes'' released a statement accusing Kylie Jenner of faking tax documents so she would appear as a billionaire. It also said that Kylie Jenner faked money numbers for Kylie Cosmetics.<ref name="Lies">{{Cite web|title=Inside Kylie Jenner's Web Of Lies—And Why She's No Longer A Billionaire|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2020/05/29/inside-kylie-jennerss-web-of-lies-and-why-shes-no-longer-a-billionaire/#791af1b625f7|last1=Peterson-Withorn|first1=Chase|last2=Berg|first2=Madeline|date=May 29, 2020|website=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]|access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref> Afterwards, she was stripped of her billionaire status and her title. == Personal life == Kylie Jenner and rapper [[Travis Scott]] have two children, daughter Stormi (born February 1, 2018) and a son, Aire (born February 2, 2022).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kylie Jenner and Travis Scott Welcomed Their Second Child|url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/kylie-jenner-travis-scott-welcomed-001525353.html|access-date=2022-02-07|website=www.yahoo.com|via=Pop Sugar|last=Garcia|first=Kelsey|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207002427/https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/kylie-jenner-travis-scott-welcomed-001525353.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kylie Jenner reveals her son's new name and shares first pictures of his face|url=https://news.sky.com/story/kylie-jenner-reveals-her-sons-new-name-and-shares-first-pictures-of-his-face-12792854|access-date=2023-01-22|website=Sky News|language=en}}</ref> The couple separated in September 2019. Scott was accused of cheating on Jenner. Kylie Jenner had previously dated rapper [[Tyga]] from 2014 to 2017. In 2023, she started a relationship with [[Timothée Chalamet]]. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == *{{commonscat-inline}} *{{IMDb name|id=2832473|name=Kylie Jenner}} *{{Instagram|kyliejenner}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jenner, Kylie}} [[Category:1997 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Kardashian family]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Los Angeles]] [[Category:Models from Los Angeles]] [[Category:Participants in American reality television series]] [[Category:Television personalities from Los Angeles]] [[Category:American bloggers]] [[Category:Jenner family]] [[Category:Kendall Jenner]] [[Category:Kylie Jenner| ]] tb8s7kuwv2urtnri234kduaot4tufkb 0 471290 10878946 8549601 2026-06-04T18:53:54Z LilyKitty 103847 about antibiotics 10878946 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bacteriology''' is the study of [[bacteria]]. '''Bacteriologists''' study, identify, [[classification|classify]], and describe bacterial species.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Wassenaar T.M. 2011. | title = Bacteriology: the study of bacteria | url = http://www.bacteriamuseum.org/cms/bacteria/bacteriology-the-study-of-bacteria.html | publisher =www.mmgc.eu | access-date = 18 June 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110724020909/http://www.bacteriamuseum.org/cms/bacteria/bacteriology-the-study-of-bacteria.html | archive-date=24 July 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref> == Bacteriology and microbiology == [[Microorganisms]] such as bacteria, [[protozoa]], [[fungi]], and [[virus]]es are studied by "[[microbiologist]]s".<ref name="MacNealWilliams1914">{{cite book|author1=Ward J. MacNeal|author2=Herbert Upham Williams|title=Pathogenic micro-organisms; a text-book of microbiology for physicians and students of medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijQRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1|access-date=18 June 2011|year=1914|publisher=P. Blakiston's sons & co.|pages=1–}}</ref><ref name="Poindexter1986">{{cite book|author=Jeanne Stove Poindexter|title=Methods and special applications in bacterial ecology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYGRgeBChYYC&pg=PA87|access-date=18 June 2011 |date=1986 |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-306-42346-8|page=87}}</ref> However, bacteriology is a distinct science, because the make-up and [[heredity|inheritance]] of bacteria is rather different from the other groups. == Related pages == *[[Antibiotics]] *[[Bacteria]] *[[Microbiology]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Bacteria]] [[Category:Microbiology]] 4q5p96qgd838y9jzqlxuzjjw7frmm4l 0 474878 10879043 10878402 2026-06-04T20:59:04Z Auntof6 22027 formatting 10879043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Infobox OS version | name = Windows RT | logo = Windows RT logo and wordmark.svg | screenshot = File:IFA 2012 IMG 7855.JPG | caption = Screenshot of Windows RT 8 running on a Samsung Ativ Tab, showing the [[Start menu|Start screen]] | version of = [[Windows NT]] | developer = [[Microsoft]] | website = {{URL|windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/rt-welcome}} | preceded_by = [[Windows CE]] | succeeded_by = {{ubl | Windows 10 S | [[Windows 10|Windows 10 (ARM64), version 1709]] }} | supported_platforms = ARMv7 | kernel_type = Hybrid ([[Windows NT]]) | first_release_date = {{start date and age|2012|10|26}}<ref>{{cite web|last1=LeBlanc|first1=Brandon|title=Windows 8 has reached the RTM milestone|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2012/08/01/windows-8-has-reached-the-rtm-milestone/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=August 1, 2012}}</ref> | release_version = 6.3.9600 Update 3 (Windows RT 8.1 Update 3) | release_date = {{start date and age|2023|01|10}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.microsoft.com/help/5022346|title=January 10, 2023–KB5022346 (Security-only update)|website=support.microsoft.com|date=January 10, 2023}}</ref> | discontinued = yes | sales = | support_status = {{Plainlist| *Windows RT (8.0): *Unsupported as of January 12, 2016 *Windows RT 8.1: *Mainstream support ended on January 9, 2018 *Extended support ended on January 10, 2023<ref name=support>{{cite web|url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/lifecycle/products/windows-rt|title=Microsoft Lifecycle Policy - Windows RT|access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref> }} }} '''Windows RT''' is a [[mobile operating system]] developed by [[Microsoft]]. It is a version of Windows 8 or [[Windows 8.1]] built for the 32-bit ARM architecture (ARMv7).<ref name="The Windows RT Review">{{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/6392/the-windows-rt-review/3|title=The Windows RT Review|last1=Gowri|first1=Vivek|last2=Lal Shimpi|first2=Anand|date=October 25, 2012|website=Anandtech.com|access-date=October 29, 2013|archive-date=October 31, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031220235/http://www.anandtech.com/show/6392/the-windows-rt-review/3|url-status=dead}}</ref> First announced in January 2011 at [[Consumer Electronics Show]], the Windows RT operating system was officially launched on October 26, 2012, with the release of three Windows RT-based devices, including Microsoft's original Surface tablet. Unlike Windows 8, Windows RT is only available as preloaded software on devices specifically designed for the operating system by [[original equipment manufacturer]]s (OEMs). Normal apps such as [[Google Chrome]] cannot be downloaded on Windows RT through [[Internet Explorer]] or [[Microsoft Edge]], the only way to get apps on Windows RT is by using the [[Microsoft Store|Windows Store]], which is an app store for [[Microsoft Windows]]. ==Support lifecycle== Windows RT follows the lifecycle policy of Windows 8 and Windows 8.1. The original Surface tablet fell under Microsoft's support policies for consumer hardware and received mainstream support until April 11, 2017.<ref name="zdnet-rtlifecycle">{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-commits-to-surface-with-windows-rt-for-at-least-four-years/|title=Microsoft commits to Surface with Windows RT for at least four years|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|work=ZDNet|date=November 24, 2012|access-date=May 20, 2013|first=Ed|last=Bott}}</ref> Mainstream support for Windows RT (8.0) ended on January 12, 2016. Users had to upgrade to Windows RT 8.1 which continued receiving support until the dates mentioned below. Mainstream support for Windows RT 8.1 ended on January 9, 2018, and extended support for Windows RT 8.1 ended on January 10, 2023.<ref name="support"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Microsoft Windows operating systems}} [[Category:Microsoft operating systems]] {{tech-stub}} 7qglt5s8gfsfe0ob86dkxkt3ixrm24s 0 520414 10879011 8619542 2026-06-04T20:12:52Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 10879011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox NFL season | team = New Orleans Saints | year = 1980 | record = 1–15 | division_place = 4th [[NFC West]] | coach = [[Dick Nolan (American football)|Dick Nolan]]<br>[[Dick Stanfel]] | stadium = [[Louisiana Superdome]] | playoffs = ''did not qualify'' }} The '''1980 [[New Orleans Saints]]''' season was the team's 14th season in the [[National Football League]]. == History == They were the first NFL team to finish a season with 1 win and 15 losses. Their only win was against the [[New York Jets]] in week 15. They had trailed 7-13, but [[Archie Manning]] threw a [[touchdown]] to [[Tony Galbreath]] to lead 14-13 and would throw another one to win 21-20. Fans called their team the "Ain'ts" because of how they began with no wins and 12 losses by losing to the Rams 7-27. One of the Saints' notable losses was in week 14 in [[San Francisco, California]]. The Saints were actually leading 35-7. However, the [[San Francisco 49ers]] ended up beating them in overtime, 38-35 on a game-winning field goal. The comeback is one of the best comebacks in NFL history. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/nflnetwork/story/09000d5d8112f98e/article/top-10-greatest-comebacks-in-nfl-history|title=Top 10 greatest comebacks in NFL history|website=NFL.com}}</ref> 8 other teams have finished a season with 1 win and 15 losses after the 1980 Saints. These teams include the 1989 Cowboys, the 1990 Patriots, the 1991 Colts, the 1996 Jets, the 2000 Chargers, the 2001 Panthers, the 2007 Dolphins, the 2009 Rams, the 2016 Browns, and the 2020 Jaguars. The [[Detroit Lions]] in [[2008 Detroit Lions season|2008]] and the [[Cleveland Browns]] in 2017 would exceed it by losing all 16 games. == Schedule == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Week ! Date ! Opponent ! Result ! Attendance |-style="background: #ffdddd;" | 1 | September 7, 1980 | San Francisco 49ers | L 23–26 | {{center|1=58,621}} |-style="background: #ffdddd;" | 2 | September 14, 1980 | at Chicago Bears | L 3–22 | {{center|1=62,523}} |-style="background: #ffdddd;" | 3 | September 21, 1980 | Buffalo Bills | L 26–35 | {{center|1=51,154}} |-style="background: #ffdddd;" | 4 | September 28, 1980 | at Miami Dolphins | L 16–21 | {{center|1=40,946}} |-style="background: #ffdddd;" | 5 | October 5, 1980 | St. Louis Cardinals | L 7–40 | {{center|1=45,388}} |-style="background: #ffdddd;" | 6 | October 12, 1980 | at Detroit Lions | L 13–24 | {{center|1=78,147}} |-style="background: #ffdddd;" | 7 | October 19, 1980 | Atlanta Falcons | L 14–41 | {{center|1=62,651}} |-style="background: #ffdddd;" | 8 | October 26, 1980 | at Washington Redskins | L 14–22 | {{center|1=51,375}} |-style="background: #ffdddd;" | 9 | November 2, 1980 | at Los Angeles Rams | L 31–45 | {{center|1=59,909}} |-style="background: #ffdddd;" | 10 | November 9, 1980 | Philadelphia Eagles | L 21–34 | {{center|1=44,340}} |-style="background: #ffdddd;" | 11 | November 16, 1980 | at Atlanta Falcons | L 13–31 | {{center|1=53,871}} |-style="background: #ffdddd;" | 12 | November 24, 1980 | Los Angeles Rams | L 7–27 | {{center|1=53,448}} |-style="background: #ffdddd;" | 13 | November 30, 1980 | Minnesota Vikings | L 20–23 | {{center|1=30,936}} |-style="background: #ffdddd;" | 14 | December 7, 1980 | at San Francisco 49ers | L 35–38 | {{center|1=37,949}} |-style="background: #ddffdd;" | 15 | December 14, 1980 | at New York Jets | W 21–20 | {{center|1=38,077}} |-style="background: #ffdddd;" | 16 | December 21, 1980 | New England Patriots | L 27–38 | {{center|1=38,277}} |} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1980 in sports]] [[Category:1980 in the United States]] [[Category:National Football League seasons]] [[Category:New Orleans Saints]] [[Category:1980s in Louisiana]] [[Category:20th century in New Orleans]] 1ix5rxsbfpkejp3dlv1z9kk570ym4fe 0 549815 10879175 10094150 2026-06-05T00:27:42Z Rebeltronic 1558358 added infobox 10879175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | name = Apple Maps | logo = Apple Maps iOS 26 icon.png | logo size = 120px | screenshot = | caption = | developer = [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] | released = {{start date and age|2012|09|19}} | ver layout = stacked | latest release version = | latest preview version = | latest preview date = | operating system = [[iOS]] 6 and later, [[iPadOS]], [[watchOS]], [[macOS]], [[Safari]] and [[Chrome]] on Mac/iPad and Windows PCs | service_name = Apple Maps | language = English, Arabic, Catalan, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian Bokmål, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese | language count = 33 | language footnote = | genre = [[Web mapping]] | website = {{official URL|https://maps.apple.com/|maps.apple.com}} }} '''Apple Maps''' is a mapping service. It is an app that comes with every [[iPhone]], [[iPad]], [[iPod touch]], [[Apple Macintosh|Mac]], and [[Apple Watch]], but not available on the web. It gives information about local businesses and their ratings, and reads driving directions as one is driving; or on an Apple Watch, it will vibrate when one needs to turn. Apple Maps is also known for its 3D views of many major metro areas, which has been compared favorably to [[Google Earth]]. It started in 2012, but when it started many users did not trust it and went back to using [[Google Maps]]. Apple has been busy fixing it so users can trust it, and nowadays Apple Maps is used 3.5 times as much as [[Google Maps]] on devices Apple Maps is supported. At first, Apple Maps was only on [[iOS]], but Apple has made it so Apple Maps can also be used on Macs and Apple Watches. In iOS 17 update, Apple Maps users can download offline maps.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-07|title=Apple Maps Finally Lets You Download Maps for Offline Use on iOS 17|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2023/06/07/apple-maps-offline-downloads-ios-17/|access-date=2025-02-22|website=MacRumors|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Maps]] [[Category:Apple software]] i43wtrufyztkxy6fnddeuu0mucnepwm 0 566622 10879114 7584348 2026-06-04T22:26:14Z ~2026-33226-54 1816513 /* */ typo 10879114 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Softside_Waterbed_Inside.JPG|thumb|upright|Waterbed chambers]] A '''waterbed''' is a bed or [[mattress]] filled with [[water]]. Waterbeds intended for [[therapy|medical therapy]] date back to the [[19th century]]. The modern waterbed was [[invented]] [[San Francisco]] in the late 1960s by Charlie Hall.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/magazine/who-made-that-water-bed.html |title=Who Made That Water Bed? |author=Pagan Kennedy |date=August 16, 2013 |publisher=The New York Times |access-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref> It was [[patent]]ed in 1971.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1991-05-15/news/vw-1760_1_water-bed-dealers |title=Someone's Been Lying in Hall's Water Bed : Invention: In the early days, it hardly made sense to sue small-time dealers for patent infringement. But by 1985, 4 million units were sold annually |author=Katherine Corcoran |date=May 15, 1991 |publisher=Los Angeles Times |access-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref> It became very [[wikt:popular|popular]] in the [[United States]] in the 1980s and 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Waterbeds No Longer a Mainstay Purchase|publisher=Sioux City Journal|url=http://siouxcityjournal.com/special-section/siouxland_life/waterbeds-no-longer-a-mainstay-purchase/article_3c088637-28e1-5716-beaf-c20cc4e6a576.html|access-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref> Waterbeds are made of two types: hard-sided and soft-sided. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Furniture]] {{stub}} dq1jkapk1r1zgfmegatdwx3wjs4f8r5 0 572938 10879449 8269201 2026-06-05T11:40:31Z FishIsCool3 1609553 10879449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | display_parents = 6 | taxon = Brachiozoa | authority = Cavalier-Smith 1998 | subdivision_ranks = Phyla | subdivision = * [[Brachiopoda]] * [[Phoronida]] | synonyms = Phoronozoa {{small|Zrzavý et al., 1998}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zrzavý|first1=J.|last2=Mihulka|first2=S.|last3=Kepka|first3=P.|last4=Bezděk|first4=A.|last5=Tietz|first5=D.|year=1998|title=Phylogeny of the Metazoa Based on Morphological and 18S Ribosomal DNA Evidence|journal=Cladistics|volume=14|issue=3|pages=249–285|doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.1998.tb00338.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> | image = Phoronis Maria Grazia Montanucci2.jpg | image_caption = A colony of the phoronid ''[[Phoronis hippocrepis]]'' in shallow water at the coast of [[Italy]]. }} '''Brachiozoa''' is a group of [[lophotrochozoa]]n animals consisting of the [[Phoronida]] (horseshoe worms) and the [[Brachiopod|Brachiopods]]. {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Groups of phyla]] t412ggfu3w4asy0ngyichn4wb40ww2j 0 591431 10879133 10596772 2026-06-04T23:34:15Z NX3710 1629609 Undid revision 10334037 by [[Special:Contributions/103.204.32.80|103.204.32.80]] ([[User talk:103.204.32.80|talk]]) 10879133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Chitral | native_name = {{Nastaliq|چترال}} | native_name_lang = ur | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = [[town]] | image_skyline = File:Ataliq bazaar.JPG | image_alt = | image_caption = Ataliq bazaar | pushpin_map = Khyber Pakhtunkhwa#Pakistan | pushpin_label_position = top | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chitral | coordinates = {{coord|35|50|46|N|71|47|09|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Pakistan|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Chitral District]] | leader_title = MNA ([[NA-1 Upper Chitral-cum-Lower Chitral|NA-1]]) | leader_name = Mr. Abdul Latif (SIC)<ref>{{cite web|title=Personal Profile|url=https://www.na.gov.pk/en/mna_list.php?list=khyber|website=na.gov.pk|publisher=National Assembly of Pakistan|access-date=24 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | government_type = | governing_body = MNA | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = <ref>https://ppaspk.org/index.php/PPAS-A/article/download/1098/647&ved=2ahUKEwivnKW2xY6CAxWOTKQEHaR_A_8QFnoECDgQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0U6E7LOxiIau4JySUVla4z{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 13 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 1500 | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = [[Chitrali peoples|Chitrali]]s | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]] | demographics1_title2 = Native | demographics1_info2 = [[Chitrali language]] | timezone1 = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]] | utc_offset1 = +5 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = 17200 | area_code = | registration_plate = | website = {{URL|chitral.gov.pk}} | footnotes = }} '''Chitral''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|چترال}}}}, is the main [[town]] of the [[Chitral District]] in [[Pakistan]]. It is on the western bank of the [[Chitral River]]. It has a population of 20,000. [[Chitrali language]] is native language. It has total area size of 0 square kilometers. == History == Chitral has for millennia been an important point on the trade routes from northern Afghanistan (ancient [[Bactria]]) and the [[Tarim Basin]] to the plains of [[Gandhara]] (in northern Pakistan), and the region near [[Jalalabad]], in eastern Afghanistan. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Wikivoyage|Chitral}} {{Commons category|Chitral}} * {{Official website|http://www.chitral.gov.pk/}} [[Category:Chitral| ]] {{Asia-stub}} 068lkj5vqadhg22l5ua1kgv94xn9sum 0 593603 10878911 10870137 2026-06-04T18:28:21Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10878911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ infobox disease | Name = Cracked nipple (postpartum) | Image = | Alt = | Caption = | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|N|64|0|n|60}}, {{ICD10|O|92|1|o|85}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|611.2}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000632 | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = | GeneReviewsID = | GeneReviewsName = }} '''Cracked nipples''' can happen when a mother [[breastfeeding|breastfeeds]] her infant and it can be very painful. This happens for many reasons. The nipples can hurt, dry, or bleed. When the baby is breastfeeding, the cracked nipple can cause great pain. Many times this severe pain will make the mother stop breastfeeding. The crack looks like a cut across the tip of the [[nipple]].<ref name = ncbi/> Cracked nipples can be treated and healed.{{sfn|Henry|2016|page=120}} ==Description== The nipple helps nourish the baby. Small openings around the nipple are part of a gland that makes oil to keep the skin soft.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|title=The Secretion of Areolar (Montgomery's) Glands from Lactating Women Elicits Selective, Unconditional Responses in Neonates|first1=Sébastien|last1=Doucet|first2=Robert|last2=Soussignan|first3=Paul|last3=Sagot|first4=Benoist|last4=Schaal|date=23 October 2009|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=4|issue=10|pages=e7579|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007579|pmid=19851461|pmc=2761488|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.7579D|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/N64.0|title=ICD-10 Version:2016|website=apps.who.int|access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> Cracked nipples usually happen to breastfeeding mothers.<ref name="Sant2016" /><ref name="nhs" /> Sometimes a sore will form.<ref name="Sant2016"/><ref name="auto"/><!--The nipple is the small raised section of breast tissue close to the center of the breast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/nipple|title=nipple|access-date=4 August 2017|via=The Free Dictionary}}</ref>--> Cracked nipples are a skin condition that is caused by damage to the nipple.<ref name="wgov" /> Sometimes cracked nipples can be seen three to seven days after the baby is born.<ref name=nhs>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/problems-breastfeeding.aspx#sore|title=Breastfeeding problems|publisher=National Health Service (UK)|website=www.nhs.uk|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-date=5 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805020621/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/problems-breastfeeding.aspx#sore|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Sant2016">{{cite journal|last1=Santos|first1=Kamila Juliana da Silva|last2=Santana|first2=Géssica Silva|last3=Vieira|first3=Tatiana de Oliveira|last4=Santos|first4=Carlos Antônio de Souza Teles|last5=Giugliani|first5=Elsa Regina Justo|last6=Vieira|first6=Graciete Oliveira|title=Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first month postpartum|journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth|volume=16|issue=1|year=2016|page=209|issn=1471-2393|doi=10.1186/s12884-016-0999-4|pmid=27496088|pmc=4975913 |doi-access=free }}</ref> If a nipple appears to be in the shape of a wedge or it looks white and flat this can mean that the nipple may form cracks.<ref name="nhs2" /> Cracked nipples can allow bacteria to enter the breast and increase the likelihood of developing mastitis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kinlay|first1=Joanne R.|last2=O'Connell|first2=Dianne L.|last3=Kinlay|first3=Scott|date=April 2001|title=Risk factors for mastitis in breastfeeding women: results of a prospective cohort study|journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health|language=en|volume=25|issue=2|pages=115–120|doi=10.1111/j.1753-6405.2001.tb01831.x|pmid=11357905|s2cid=24047831|issn=1326-0200|doi-access=free}}</ref> The nipples may also develop candida (thrush) infections, which can cause them to appear deep pink, be cracked, and feel very painful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007615.htm|title=Thrush in newborns: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=3 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Precautions for breastfeeding |url=https://www.romper.com/parenting/momcozy-air-1-what-i-wish-id-put-on-my-baby-registry-sooner |date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK148955/|title=Management of breast conditions and other breastfeeding difficulties|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology and Information, US National Library of Medicine|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> ==Cause== Cracked nipples can happen when breasts are too full with [[milk]]. New [[mothers]] are more likely to get cracked nipples. Cracked nipples can happen if the baby is not in a good position when he or she is breastfeeding. Nipples that are the wrong shape or are pointed can crack. A nipple that is the wrong shape can sometimes get fixed. If a nipple is a light color the baby may have trouble finding it. If a mother uses a breast pump, this will change the shape of the nipple. When a nipple becomes flat, the baby has a hard time getting it into his or her mouth. When the breast gets very full of milk the shape of the breast will change. The breast will be hard, flat and swollen. Then nipples on an full breast are flat.<ref name="Sant2016"/> When the baby well attached, the nipple goes into the soft part of the baby's mouth. This soft part is in the back of the baby's mouth and is called the [[soft palate]]. If the nipple goes into the front of the baby's mouth it will be pinched against the hard part of the baby's mouth. This is called the [[hard palate]]. When the nipple is in the front part of the baby's mouth, the nipples can crack and cause great pain.<ref name = nhs2>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/Pages/sore-cracked-nipples-breastfeeding.aspx|title=Sore or cracked nipples when breastfeeding, Pregnancy and baby guide|publisher=National Health Services (UK)|website=www.nhs.uk|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823174759/http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/sore-cracked-nipples-breastfeeding.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = wgov/><ref name = nhs/> The baby can make cracked nipples when she or he sucks very hard. This strong sucking stretches and pulls the nipple. When the nipple rubs inside and against the skin and [[tongue]] of the baby's mouth, the nipple can get hurt.<ref name = ncbi>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK148955/|title=Management of breast conditions and other breastfeeding difficulties|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology and Information, US National Library of Medicine|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref><ref name = wgov/> An [[infection]] can cause cracked nipples. A type of [[yeast]] can cause a skin infection on the nipple. This is called a [[Candida infection]]. The same infection can be in the baby's mouth. When the yeast infection is in the baby's mouth, it is called [[thrush]]. Thrush looks like clumps of milk stuck on the baby's tongue. But thrush cannot be wiped off the baby's tongue. If the thrush is rubbed off, this may hurt the baby. Thrush can happen if the baby has taken antibiotic medicine.<ref name = ncbi/> When a mother has her first baby, it may take a few times to get the baby to attach well. A good attachment prevents cracked nipples. If the nipples become cracked or bleed, the latch may need to be corrected. Breastfeeding does not have to stop if a mother has cracked nipples. Breastfeeding will help the nipples heal. A little [[breast milk]] or purified [[lanolin cream]] or ointment helps the nipples heal.<ref name="wgov">{{cite web |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/itsonlynatural/overcoming-challenges/common-questions-about-breastfeeding-pain.html |title=Common questions about breastfeeding and pain |publisher=WomensHealth.gov |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804173525/https://www.womenshealth.gov/itsonlynatural/overcoming-challenges/common-questions-about-breastfeeding-pain.html |url-status=dead }}{{PD-notice}}</ref> If a baby bottle is used and breastfeeding is done at the same time this may cause cracked nipples. This is because the sucking of a bottle is not the same as the sucking of a nipple. Bottle-feeding babies suck hard on the bottle. Breasfeeding babies use a different way to suck on the breast that is more gentle. Using a bottle makes the baby not want to breastfeed as much.<ref name="Sant2016"/> ==Infection== [[Bacteria|Infection]] can enter the breast through cracked nipples. Bacteria can get in the breast through the cracks. This is called mastitis. Breastmilk protects the baby from infection. Breastmilk does not protect the mother from infection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mastitis/basics/definition/CON-20026633?p=1|title=Mastitis - Mayo Clinic|website=www.mayoclinic.org|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> A breast feeding mother can become infected by a Candida infection (thrush). She can then have deep-pink, cracked, and sore nipples.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007615.htm|title=Thrush in newborns: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=3 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name = ncbi/> Mothers with [[hepatitis B]] and cracked nipples can breastfeed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/disease/hepatitis.htm|title=Hepatitis B and C Infections - Breastfeeding - CDC|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=3 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> There are other infections that the mother can have that can be given to the baby through the cracked nipples. One of this infections that can be given to a baby is called Toxoplasmosis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/disease/toxoplasmosis.htm|title=Toxoplasmosis - Breastfeeding - CDC|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=3 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> Transmission risk of [[HIV]] can happen if the mother has cracked and bleeding nipples<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/globalaids/resources/pmtct-care/docs/pocketguide.doc This link opens a document that opens rather than a web page. {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="ncbi" /> There is a rare infection called [[Chagas disease]], can be given to the breastfeeding infant through cracked nipples.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/chagas/gen_info/detailed.html|title=CDC - Chagas Disease - Detailed Fact Sheet|last=Prevention|first=CDC - Centers for Disease Control and|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=3 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> Women with [[hepatitis C]] may infect their infants while breastfeeding with cracked nipples.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/hcvfaq.htm|title=HCV FAQs for Health Professionals - Division of Viral Hepatitis - CDC|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=3 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000803.htm|title=Breastfeeding vs. Formula Feeding: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=3 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> ==Treatment== There are medical people who can help a woman with breastfeeding. They are nurses, midwives and lactation consultants.<ref name="nhs" /> Healthcare workers treat cracked nipples with 100% lanolin. Sometimes, glycerin nipple pads are made to be cold and put over the nipples to help them heal.<ref name=med+>{{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000634.htm|title=Positioning your baby for breastfeeding: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=3 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> If the cause of cracked nipples is from thrush, treatment is usually with nystatin. If the mother is and the baby have a yeast infection then they can be treated at the same time.<ref name = ncbi/> Breasting helps the nipples heal.<ref name = wgov/> Some things don't help to cure cracked nipples. These things are using a nipple guard and keeping the breastfeeding short. If the baby only nurses for a short time, then the baby may not get enough milk.<ref name = nhs2/> ==Prevention== The nipples of mothers are protected by the mother's own skin oil to prevent drying, cracking, or infections.<ref name="auto"/> Cracked nipples may be prevented by these things: * not washing the nipples with soaps and hard scrubbing. This can cause dryness and cracking. * rubbing a little breast milk on the nipple after feeding.<ref name= wgov/> * keeping the nipples dry to prevent cracking and infection.<ref name=med+/> [[Roman chamomile]] can be used directly on to the skin for pain and swelling and is used to treat cracked nipples.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/752.html|title=Roman chamomile: MedlinePlus Supplements|website=medlineplus.gov|access-date=3 August 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> ==Epidemiology== Many mothers get cracked nipples. Some women in [[New York City]] were asked why they stopped breastfeeding. Up to 35% of nursing mothers stopped breastfeeding after one week because of the pain of cracked nipples. Thirty percent stopped breastfeeding after one to three weeks. Mothers in [[Brazil]] said that they would also stop breastfeeding when they have cracked nipples. Mothers with higher education levels are more likely to continue breastfeeding even if they have the pain of cracked nipples.<ref name="Sant2016"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/08/04/world-breastfeeding-week-supporting-mothers-to-reach-the-six-month_c1609728|title=World Breastfeeding Week: Supporting mothers to reach the six month mark|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803233754/http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/08/04/world-breastfeeding-week-supporting-mothers-to-reach-the-six-month_c1609728|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mothers in the UK said they stopped breastfeeding because the cracked nipples made it too painful.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/reasons-you-might-have-stopped-breastfeeding-and-thats-okay_uk_597f23b6e4b0da64e87a84f0|title=6 Reasons Why You Might Have Stopped Breastfeeding, And That's Okay|date=4 August 2017|access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== * {{cite book | last = Henry | first = Norma | title = RN maternal newborn nursing : review module | url = https://archive.org/details/rnmaternalnewbor0000unse | publisher = Assessment Technologies Institute | location = Stilwell, KS | year = 2016 | isbn = 9781565335691}} [[Category:Breasts]] [[Category:Women's health]] 56qgj4cz6fdi73pr495mwc73txwl0cf 1 595100 10879025 10705267 2026-06-04T20:30:58Z Kdammers 24594 /* special terms */ Reply 10879025 wikitext text/x-wiki == Remove or rewrite == I am not sure if it is correct to say that a person can ''use'' the past: "... so many people use the past to know where they come from". Should that phrase be moved to this talk page? [[Special:Contributions/90.149.239.142|90.149.239.142]] ([[User talk:90.149.239.142|talk]]) 13:08, 24 August 2017 (UTC) :You're right. I replaced it with something shorter. Good? [[User:Jim.henderson|Jim.henderson]] ([[User talk:Jim.henderson|talk]]) 00:59, 30 August 2017 (UTC) == Marine/maritime archaeology == Problem with the maritime archaeology example: Sutton Hoo is given as an example of maritime archaeology - this site has nothing to do with maritime archaeology. Its a buried boat, but it isn't a shipwreck, its just an elaborate burial meant to showcase the deceased's wealth. A better example of a maritime archaeological site would be the Uluburun shipwreck. [[Special:Contributions/109.158.186.92|109.158.186.92]] ([[User talk:109.158.186.92|talk]]) 23:07, 21 March 2024 (UTC) :''[https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043-e-2411?rskey=Co8XS7&result=2504 The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology]'' explains that maritime archaeology is {{xt|A subdiscipline of archaeology that focuses on the scientific investigation of the relics of past ships and seafaring. Although some of the evidence on which this is based comes from dry‐land sites, the majority is below water within the intertidal zone and beyond.}} :So it extends beyond shipwrecks. The University of Southampton's Centre for Maritime Archaeology [https://www.southampton.ac.uk/research/institutes-centres/centre-for-maritime-archaeology/research-themes includes coastal change in its remit], and even has a page on [https://www.southampton.ac.uk/research/institutes-centres/centre-for-maritime-archaeology/sutton-hoo-reconstruction a reconstruction of the Sutton Hoo ship]. [[User:Richard Nevell|Richard Nevell]] ([[User talk:Richard Nevell|talk]]) 21:13, 23 January 2025 (UTC) == special terms == Although there is a see also for 'artifact,' there is no discussion on THIS page about the word. Also, 'feature' is not mentioned. I think we need to add at least these two words, so central to archaeology. [[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers|talk]]) 19:14, 8 September 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] I agree that it's worth explaining terms that are commonly encountered around archaeology. Do you think it would be helpful as a glossary section or done within the prose? :On a related note, I wonder if we should consider completely overhauling the article, starting with it's structure and deciding what should be covered. [[User:Richard Nevell|Richard Nevell]] ([[User talk:Richard Nevell|talk]]) 19:52, 10 September 2025 (UTC) ::@ Richard Nevell. I tend to favor a glossary, but let's hear what others think. ::I'm not up to it, but I support the suggestion of a complete overhauling. Who'll bell the cat? [[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers|talk]]) 18:32, 11 September 2025 (UTC) :::Actually, I've started adding terms and definitions, going through the terms we now have alphabetically (We might want to change the format). Here are some more possible entries: cortex, field walking, surface survey, survey, trench, unit, locus, context. Maybe we should have the glossary be its own article. [[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers|talk]]) 20:30, 4 June 2026 (UTC) == space archaeology == Our source gives a relatively recent date for the beginning of space archaeology, but an article by a space archaeologist ( Justin St. P. Walsh ) says it's been going on for ten years as of 2025: "November 2025 . . . marks the 10th anniversary of my team’s research on the space station, the International Space Station Archaeological Project." Source: https://www.milwaukeeindependent.com/syndicated/space-archaeology-reveals-human-culture-25-years-aboard-international-space-station/ [[User:Kdammers|Kdammers]] ([[User talk:Kdammers|talk]]) 02:13, 8 January 2026 (UTC) 2t0y29e8rqfq8cjh57lmuaq53bvy34x 0 597594 10878766 10729557 2026-06-04T13:44:45Z Umberto Joko 1809015 /* */ 10878766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|the president of the Republic of Colombia|a list|List of presidents of Colombia}} {{Infobox official post |post = President |body = the<br>Republic of Colombia |flag = Presidential Seal of Colombia (2024 version).svg |flagsize = 110px |flagcaption = Seal of the President of Colombia |insignia = New-Flag-of-the-President-of-Colombia.svg |insigniasize = 120px |insigniacaption = Flag of the President of Colombia |native_name = ''Presidente de la<br>República de Colombia'' | image = Presidente Gustavo Petro Urrego.jpg |incumbent = [[Gustavo Petro]] |incumbentsince = 7 August 2022 |style = [[Mr. President (title)|Mr. / Madam President]] <br> (formal) <br />[[Excellency|His / Her Excellency]] <br> (formal, diplomatic) |residence = [[Casa de Nariño]] |appointer = |termlength = One four-year terms |predecessor = [[Álvaro Uribe]] |formation = 17 December 1819 |succession = |inaugural = [[Simón Bolívar]] |deputy = [[Vice President of Colombia]] |website = [http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/En/Paginas/Presidency.aspx The Presidency] |salary = $250,000.00 }} The '''President of Colombia''' ('''President of the Republic''') is the [[head of state]] and [[head of government]] of [[Colombia]] and the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Colombian Military Forces]]. The president is also the head of the executive branch of the [[Government of Colombia|national government of Colombia]] and is the chairman of the presidential cabinet. The office of [[president]] was established upon the ratification of the Constitution of 1819, by the [[Congress of Angostura]], convened in December 1819, when Colombia was ''"la [[Gran Colombia]]"''. The first president, General [[Simón Bolívar]],<ref>Gobernantes Colombianos, Ignacio Arismendi Posada, Interprint Editors Ltd., Italgraf, Segunda Edición, Page 15, Bogotá, Colombia, 1983</ref> took office in 1819. His position, initially self-proclaimed, was ratified by Congress. The current president of the Republic of Colombia is [[Gustavo Petro]], who took office on 7 August 2022. ==Living former presidents== As of {{date}}, there are six living former presidents: <gallery mode=packed heights=160px> File:César Gaviria, World Economic Forum on Latin America 2009 (cropped).jpg|'''[[César Gaviria]]'''<br>(1990-1994)<br>{{birth date and age|1947|3|31}}<br> File:Ernesto_Samper.jpg|'''[[Ernesto Samper]]'''<br>(1994-1998)<br>{{birth date and age|1950|8|3}}<br> File:Andrés_Pastrana_(2009).jpg|'''[[Andrés Pastrana Arango]]'''<br>(1998-2002)<br>{{birth date and age|1954|8|17}}<br> File:Alvaro Uribe Velez with Obamas (cropped 2).jpg|'''[[Álvaro Uribe]]'''<br>(2002-2010)<br>{{birth date and age|1952|7|4}}<br> File:Juan Manuel Santos in 2018.jpg|'''[[Juan Manuel Santos]]'''<br>(2010-2018)<br>{{birth date and age|1951|8|10}}<br> File:Iván Duque Márquez 2021.jpg|'''[[Iván Duque Márquez|Iván Duque]]'''<br>(2018-2022)<br>{{birth date and age|1976|8|1}}<br> </gallery> The most recent death of a former president was that of [[Belisario Betancur]] (1982–1986) on {{date|6 December 2018}}; he was 95 years old.<ref>[http://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/politica/muerte-de-belisario-betancur-HC9774768 Falleció el expresidente colombiano Belisario Betancur Cuartas]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://es.presidencia.gov.co Presidencia de la Republica de Colombia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155723/http://es.presidencia.gov.co/ |date=2017-09-18 }} {{in lang|es}} *[http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Comp/Ejecutivo/Presidencia/requisitos.html Georgetown University - Requisites to be President of Colombia] {{politics-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:President Of Colombia}} [[Category:Presidents of Colombia|*]] kl1w5vqgpzbewo00m5qtoy2bep3e4xy 0 616529 10878782 10559765 2026-06-04T14:19:18Z ~2026-29785-65 1809451 10878782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Infobox ice hockey biography |image = Glen Sather, 2006 NHL Awards (cropped).jpg |image_size = 230px |caption = Sather at the 2006 NHL Awards |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|9|2}} |birth_place = [[High River]], [[Alberta]], Canada | halloffame = 1997 (Builder) | coached_for = [[Edmonton Oilers]] | career_start_coach = 1976 | career_end_coach = 2004 | position = [[Winger (ice hockey)|Left Wing]] | shoots = Left | height_ft = 5 | height_in = 11 | weight_lb = 180 | played_for = [[Boston Bruins]]<br>[[Pittsburgh Penguins]]<br>[[New York Rangers]]<br>[[St. Louis Blues]]<br>[[Montreal Canadiens]]<br>[[Minnesota North Stars]] | career_start = 1966 | career_end = 1976 }} '''Glen Cameron''' "'''Slats'''" '''Sather''' (born September 2, 1943) is the current advisor and alternate governor of the [[New York Rangers]] of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL), a post he has held since 2000. He served as President until April 4, 2019. ==Head coaching record== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2"|Team !! rowspan="2"|Year !! colspan="7"|Regular season !! colspan="4"|Postseason |- ! G !! W !! L !! T !! OTL !! Pts !!Finish !! W !! L !! Win % !! Result |- ! [[Edmonton Oilers|EDM]] !! [[1976–77 WHA season|1976–77]] | 18 || 9 || 7 || 2 || — || (20) || 4th in [[West Division (WHA)|West]] || 1 || 4 || {{winpct|1|4}} || Lost in Quarterfinals |- ! EDM !! [[1977–78 WHA season|1977–78]] | 80 || 38 || 39 || 3 || — || 79 || 5th in West || 1 || 4 || {{winpct|1|4}} || Lost in Quarterfinals |- ! EDM !! [[1978–79 WHA season|1978–79]] | 80 || 48 || 30 || 2 || — || 98 || 1st in West || 6 || 7 || {{winpct|6|7}} || Lost in Finals |- ! EDM !! [[1979–80 NHL season|1979–80]] | 80 || 28 || 39 || 13 || — || 69 || 4th in [[Smythe Division|Smythe]] || 0 || 3 || {{winpct|0|3}} || Lost in Preliminary Round |- ! EDM !! [[1980–81 NHL season|1980–81]] | 62 || 25 || 26 || 11 || — || 74 || 3rd in Smythe || 5 || 4 || {{winpct|5|4}} || Lost in Quarterfinals |- ! EDM !! [[1981–82 NHL season|1981–82]] | 80 || 48 || 17 || 15 || — || 111 || 1st in Smythe || 2 || 3 || {{winpct|2|3}} || Lost in Division Semifinals |- ! EDM !! [[1982–83 NHL season|1982–83]] | 80 || 47 || 21 || 12 || — || 106 || 1st in Smythe || 11 || 5 || {{winpct|11|5}} || Lost in [[1983 Stanley Cup Finals|Stanley Cup Finals]] |- ! EDM !! [[1983–84 NHL season|1983–84]] | 80 || 57 || 18 || 5 || — || 119 || 1st in Smythe || 15 || 4 || {{winpct|15|4}} || Won [[1984 Stanley Cup Finals|Stanley Cup]] |- ! EDM !! [[1984–85 NHL season|1984–85]] | 80 || 49 || 20 || 11 || — || 109 || 1st in Smythe || 15 || 3 || {{winpct|15|3}} || Won [[1985 Stanley Cup Finals|Stanley Cup]] |- ! EDM !! [[1985–86 NHL season|1985–86]] | 80 || 56 || 17 || 7 || — || 119 || 1st in Smythe || 6 || 4 || {{winpct|6|4}} || Lost in Division Finals |- ! EDM !! [[1986–87 NHL season|1986–87]] | 80 || 50 || 24 || 6 || — || 106 || 1st in Smythe || 16 || 5 || {{winpct|16|5}} || Won [[1987 Stanley Cup Finals|Stanley Cup]] |- ! EDM !! [[1987–88 NHL season|1987–88]] | 80 || 44 || 25 || 11 || — || 99 || 2nd in Smythe || 16 || 2 || {{winpct|16|2}} || Won [[1987 Stanley Cup Finals|Stanley Cup]] |- ! EDM !! [[1988–89 NHL season|1988–89]] | 80 || 38 || 34 || 8 || — || 84 || 3rd in Smythe || 3 || 4 || {{winpct|3|4}} || Lost in Division Semifinals |- ! EDM !! [[1993–94 NHL season|1993–94]] | 60 || 22 || 27 || 11 || — || (55) || 6th in [[Pacific Division (NHL)|Pacific]] || — || — || — || Missed playoffs |- ! colspan="2"|EDM total !! 842 !! 464 !! 268 !! 110 !! 0 !! &nbsp; !! &nbsp; !! 87 !! 52 !! {{winpct|87|52}} !! 13 playoff appearances<br>4 Stanley Cups |- ! [[New York Rangers|NYR]] !! [[2002–03 NHL season|2002–03]] | 28 || 11 || 10 || 4 || 3 || (29) || 4th in [[Atlantic Division (NHL)|Atlantic]] || — || — || — || Missed playoffs |- ! NYR !! [[2003–04 NHL season|2003–04]] | 62 || 22 || 29 || 7 || 4 || (55) || 4th in Atlantic || — || — || — || Missed playoffs |- ! colspan="2"|NYR total !! 90 !! 33 !! 39 !! 11 !! 7 !! &nbsp; !! &nbsp; !! — !! — !! — !! 0 playoff appearances |- ! colspan="2"|Total !! 1,062 !! 583 !! 376 !! 126 !! 7 !! &nbsp; !! &nbsp; !! 87 !! 52 !! {{winpct|87|52}} !! 13 playoff appearances<br>4 Stanley Cups |} ==Career statistics== {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; width:60em;" |- style="background:#e0e0e0;" ! colspan="3" style="background:#fff;"| &nbsp; ! rowspan="99" style="background:#fff;"| &nbsp; ! colspan="5" | [[regular season|Regular&nbsp;season]] ! rowspan="99" style="background:#fff;"| &nbsp; ! colspan="5" | [[Playoffs]] |- style="background:#e0e0e0;" ! [[Season (sports)|Season]] ! Team ! League ! GP ! [[Goal (ice hockey)|G]] ! [[Assist (ice hockey)|A]] ! [[Point (ice hockey)|Pts]] ! [[Penalty (ice hockey)|PIM]] ! GP ! G ! A ! Pts ! PIM |- | 1961–62||[[Edmonton Oil Kings (WCHL)|Edmonton Oil Kings]]||[[Central Alberta Hockey League|CAHL]]||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||— |- style="background: #f0f0f0;" | [[1962 Memorial Cup|1961–62]]||Edmonton Oil Kings||[[Memorial Cup|M-Cup]]||—||—||—||—||—||19||5||5||10||14 |- | 1962–63||Edmonton Oil Kings||CAHL||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||—||— |- style="background: #f0f0f0;" | [[1963 Memorial Cup|1962–63]]||Edmonton Oil Kings||M-Cup||—||—||—||—||—||20||9||13||22||26 |- | 1963–64||Edmonton Oil Kings||CAHL||40||31||34||65||30||1||0||0||0||0 |- style="background: #f0f0f0;" | [[1964 Memorial Cup|1963–64]]||Edmonton Oil Kings||M-Cup||—||—||—||—||—||19||8||17||25||30 |- | [[1964–65 CPHL season|1964–65]]||[[Memphis Wings]]||[[Central Professional Hockey League|CPHL]]||69||19||29||48||98||—||—||—||—||— |- style="background: #f0f0f0;" | [[1965–66 CPHL season|1965–66]]||[[Oklahoma City Blazers (1965–77)|Oklahoma City Blazers]]||CPHL||64||13||12||25||76||9||4||4||8||14 |- | [[1966–67 CPHL season|1966–67]]||Oklahoma City Blazers||CPHL||57||14||19||33||147||11||2||6||8||24 |- style="background: #f0f0f0;" | [[1966–67 NHL season|1966–67]]||[[Boston Bruins]]||[[NHL]]||5||0||0||0||0||—||—||—||—||— |- | [[1967–68 NHL season|1967–68]]||Boston Bruins||NHL||65||8||12||20||34||3||0||0||0||0 |- style="background: #f0f0f0;" | [[1968–69 NHL season|1968–69]]||Boston Bruins||NHL||76||4||11||15||67||10||0||0||0||18 |- | [[1969–70 NHL season|1969–70]]||[[Pittsburgh Penguins]]||NHL||76||12||14||26||114||10||0||2||2||17 |- style="background: #f0f0f0;" | [[1970–71 NHL season|1970–71]]||Pittsburgh Penguins||NHL||46||8||3||11||96||—||—||—||—||— |- | 1970–71||[[New York Rangers]]||NHL||31||2||0||2||52||13||0||1||1||18 |- style="background: #f0f0f0;" | [[1971–72 NHL season|1971–72]]||New York Rangers||NHL||76||5||9||14||77||16||0||1||1||22 |- | [[1972–73 NHL season|1972–73]]||New York Rangers||NHL||77||11||15||26||64||9||0||0||0||7 |- style="background: #f0f0f0;" | [[1973–74 NHL season|1973–74]]||New York Rangers||NHL||2||0||0||0||0||—||—||—||—||— |- | 1973–74||[[St. Louis Blues]]||NHL||69||15||29||44||82||—||—||—||—||— |- style="background: #f0f0f0;" | [[1974–75 NHL season|1974–75]]||[[Montreal Canadiens]]||NHL||63||6||10||16||44||11||1||1||2||4 |- | [[1975–76 NHL season|1975–76]]||[[Minnesota North Stars]]||NHL||72||9||10||19||94||—||—||—||—||— |- style="background: #f0f0f0;" | [[1976–77 WHA season|1976–77]]||[[Edmonton Oilers]]||[[World Hockey Association|WHA]]||81||19||34||53||77||5||1||1||2||2 |- style="background:#e0e0e0;" ! colspan="3" | NHL totals ! 658 !! 80 !! 113 !! 193 !! 724 ! 72 !! 1 !! 5 !! 6 !! 86 |} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Other websites== * {{Ice hockey stats|hockeydb=4773|legendsm=B199701|legendstype=Builder}} {{Navboxes|list1= {{s-start}} {{succession box | before = [[Al Hamilton]] | title = [[Edmonton Oilers#Team captains|Edmonton Oilers captain]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-05-27|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Edmonton Oilers#Team captains|reason= }}| years = [[1976–77 WHA season|1976–77]] | after = [[Paul Shmyr]]}} {{succession box | before = [[Bep Guidolin]] | title = [[List of Edmonton Oilers head coaches|Head Coach of the Edmonton Oilers]] | years = [[1977–78 WHA season|1977]]–[[1979–80 NHL season|80]] | after = [[Bryan Watson (ice hockey)|Bryan Watson]] }} {{succession box | before = [[Bryan Watson (ice hockey)|Bryan Watson]] | title = Head Coach of the Edmonton Oilers | years = [[1980–81 NHL season|1980]]–[[1988–89 NHL season|89]] | after = [[John Muckler]] }} {{succession box | before = [[Mike Keenan]] | title=Winner of the [[Jack Adams Award]] | years = [[1985–86 NHL season|1986]] | after=[[Jacques Demers]]}} {{succession box | before = [[Ted Green]] | title = Head Coach of the Edmonton Oilers | years = [[1993–94 NHL season|1993–94]] | after = [[George Burnett (ice hockey)|George Burnett]] }} {{succession box | before = [[Bryan Trottier]] | title = [[List of New York Rangers head coaches|Head Coach of the New York Rangers]] | years = [[2003–04 NHL season|2003–04]] | after = [[Tom Renney]] }} {{succession box | before = [[Larry Gordon (ice hockey)|Larry Gordon]] | title = [[List of Edmonton Oilers general managers|General Manager of the Edmonton Oilers]] | years = 1980-2000 | after = [[Kevin Lowe]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Neil Smith (ice hockey)|Neil Smith]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of New York Rangers general managers|General Manager of the New York Rangers]]|years=[[2000–01 NHL season|2000]]–[[2014–15 NHL season|15]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[Jeff Gorton]]}} {{s-end}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sather, Glen}} [[Category:1943 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Boston Bruins players]] [[Category:Canadian ice hockey left wingers]] [[Category:Edmonton Oilers coaches]] [[Category:Hockey Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Ice hockey people from Alberta]] [[Category:Jack Adams Award winners]] [[Category:Minnesota North Stars players]] [[Category:Montreal Canadiens players]] [[Category:New York Rangers coaches]] [[Category:New York Rangers players]] [[Category:People from High River]] [[Category:Pittsburgh Penguins players]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Alberta]] [[Category:Stanley Cup champions]] [[Category:St. Louis Blues players]] [[Category:World Hockey Association players]] {{multistub|sports-bio|Canada}} 7bi07wm0snformncac5wiz395hvjz6t 0 625009 10878867 10589100 2026-06-04T17:11:26Z ~2026-33111-20 1816362 /* Recurring */ 10878867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{complex|Cartoon|date=July 2023}} {{Infobox television | alt_name = Little Bheem | genre = <!--Must be sourced. Stay general. Don't list every narrative element the series employed. All comedies have dramatic moments, for example.--> | writer = {{plainlist| *Nidhi Anand *Darsana Radhakrishnan *Teja Pratap }} | director = Rajiv Chilaka<br>Binayak Das | opentheme = "Chhota Bheem" | endtheme = "Chhota Bheem" (Karaoke) | country = [[India]] | language = Hindi | num_seasons = 20 | num_episodes = 663 | runtime = 11 minutes To 24 minutes | company = [[Green Gold Animations]] Mega Films | network = [[Pogo TV]]<br>[[KiKA]] | first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2008|4|6}} | last_aired = present | related = {{ubl|Mighty Raju|[[Arjun - Prince of Bali]]|Super Bheem|Mighty Little Bheem}} }} '''Chhota Bheem''' is an [[India]]n [[animated]] comedy-adventure [[television series]]. This show is available in [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Telugu]] and [[Tamil]]. == Outline == The series was created by [[Rajiv Chilaka]]. In 2008, the television show made its debut on [[Pogo TV]], centering around the thrilling escapades of a young lad named Bheem and his companions within the imaginative realm of Dholakpur. In this series, Bheem and his friends are usually involved in protecting Raja Indravarma, the king of Dholakpur and his kingdom from various evil forces. Sometimes they also help other kingdoms. It is one of the most popular animated series for children in India. There are also currently 64 movies that are based on the show and [[Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan (2024 movie)|a live-action remake]] of the eleventh movie of its film series, ''[[Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan]]'' got released on May 31, 2024. == Plot == The series is set in the fictional kingdom of Dholakpur somewhere in rural [[India]]. The series revolves around Bheem, sometimes referred to as Chhota Bheem due to his small age, He is a nine-year-old boy who is brave, strong, and intelligent. Bheem's rival is Kalia, who is envious of Bheem's popularity, Kalia along with his sidekicks who are always jealous of Bheem, they are twin brothers named Dholu and Bholu with their “Ustaad” Kalia, they always plot to embarrass and defeat Bheem, but never succeed. Most of the initial stories revolted around Bheem and his friends Raju, Jaggu and Chutki and rivalry with Kalia and his friends. Bheem gets his strength from laddoo, an orange Indian sweet. However, as the series has progressed, this Kalia topic has been adopted as the subject less often, although Kalia is still just as eager prove himself superior to Bheem, A large number of episodes also focus on Bheem and his team solving various problems affecting the village. Fighting misty evils that seek to harm Dholakpur or its inhabitants and their antics which often get them into trouble during early days. Broadcaster [[Pogo TV]] has stressed that storyline be kept simple and mysteries and complex plot avoided as all cost as the viewers where too young to understand but today, there are no restrictions. == Characters == === Main === Chhota Bheem: Bheem is the main [[protagonist]] of the show. He is an adventurous, fun-loving but virtuous boy who is gifted with superhuman strength. This strength can be powered up by consuming laddoos, his favorite food. Bheem appears bare-chested, wearing an orange dhoti and a gold pendant. He has brown hair. His power is a boon for his village, Dholakpur, which is constantly beset by all kinds of problems. Bheem is beloved and respected by the village for being l kind and using his strength to help those who are poor, wronged, or needy, and may be considered a little guardian of the villagers and the animals in and around Dholakpur. Bheem is often seen defeating enemies who attack Dholakpur or harm the villagers, like the evil demon Kirmada, the robber Mangal Singh, and the evil witch. Having gained King Indraverma's trust, Bheem discusses the village issues with the ministers of the kingdom. Being intelligent and strong he represents Dholakpur in various matters and competitions. Chutki: Chutki is a 7-year-old young girl and the daughter of Tuntun Mausi, the sweet-maker. She often helps Bheem sneak laddoos from her mother's shop. Chutki is the brains of the team. She wears a purple floral lehenga and has her brown hair in twin braids. Her name means young or little one. Chutki is Bheem's closest friend and he often relies on her to solve any puzzles or difficult situations with her intelligence. She first met Bheem, Raju, and Jaggu when Bheem saved her from a raging bull. While she is responsible for her household chores and gentle towards everyone and other creatures, she can be tough when the situation demands it. In many episodes and films, she is depicted as being good at martial arts. Chutki frequently supplies Bheem with laddoos on missions to boost his strength. Raju: Raju is a daring, and mischievous boy, whose role model is Bheem. He is a bald toddler who wears nothing but his blue underpants. Raju's size belies his courage, which he gets from his father, commander of the King's army. Raju also wants to be the commander of the Army. He is a prodigy at archery and has won the "Arjuna Cup". Raju is also very articulate and intelligent for his age, being able to converse and follow along with his older friends on their adventures with no difficulty. Raju is a diminutive form of Raja and means “king”. Jaggu: Jaggu is a blue, talking monkey. Jaggu has a special way of solving problems, using tricks accompanied by his sense of humor. Bheem learns useful techniques like swinging from trees from him. Whenever they are really hungry, Jaggu assists them in stealing laddus. He also loves playing tricks on Kalia, Dholu, and Bholu. Kalia: Kalia is an envious bully. He is depicted as an ambitious boy who is always outshone by Bheem. He has two fearful lackeys slaves Dholu and Bholu, twin brothers. Dholu and Bholu sometimes help him with his plans and, at other times, quickly leave him behind. He often blows his own trumpet by claiming he is the strongest and most courageous person. Whenever any problem arises, he runs away. Despite his competitive personality, he also helps the gang out with important matters, such as an attack on Dholakpur. He is depicted as a tall and overweight boy wearing only a short tied-up grey dhoti and lots of gold jewelry. Dholu and Bholu: Dholu and Bholu are identical twins and apprentice of Kalia. Though they are not strong themselves, they bask in Kalia's strength. Despite their support for a bully, they have kind hearts and have also won a trophy for their close brotherhood. But sometimes, they argue among themselves and get scolded by Kalia. Their clothing differentiates them, each twin wears a similar set of olive green and brown turban, t-shirt, and pants with opposite coloring. === Recurring === Indumati: Indumati is the Princess of Dholakpur and daughter of Indraverma and the elder sister of Ravi Varma. She is a kindhearted 7-year-old girl. She is also a friend of Bheem, Chutki, Raju, Jaggu, Kalia, Dholu, and Bholu. She has blue eyes, and reddish brown hair, and wears a blue and gold with an orange flower adorning her hair. While she seldom joins the gang on missions, she is a trusted friend and supports them. Indraverma: The King of Dholakpur and the father of Indumati and Ravi Varma. He lives in a palace on top of a hill overlooking Dholakpur. He mostly relies on Bheem for any crisis in the kingdom and trusts the boy greatly. Kichak: Kichak is a teen wrestler from pehelwanpur Chhota Manu: He is also a character from gottakpur Daku Mangal Singh: Mangal Singh is a bandit who used to terrorize Dholakpur when he was free. But he was arrested by Bheem. He often comes to rob Dholakpur. His villain rival was Khan Singh, and his brother was Daku Amangal Singh. Dhooni Baba: Dhooni Baba is a sage who lives in a cave. In the former episodes, he was called "Baba Bol Bachchan". He had a body smeared with ash and was seen meditating on some needles. Indeed, Dhoni means “incense”. Later, his body has no ash smeared and he walks with a walking stick. He is described as a sage who knows almost everything and has divine powers. He gives advice and also a solution to Bheem and his friends. Tuntun: Tuntun, or Tuntun aunt, She is Chutki's mother. She owns a sweet shop where she sells her famous homemade laddoos. Bheem often aggravates her by stealing laddoos, but she is also kind-hearted like Chutki. Sometimes she gives Bheem laddoos to make him stronger and help him defeat his enemies. Professor Shastri Dhoomketoo: He is an inventor who lives In Gyanpur (“village of knowledge”). He often ends up getting problems with his inventions, like getting his inventions stolen, or malfunctioning. His inventions include the time machine, a hot air balloon, a super-fast bicycle, etc. === Bheem's Family === Bheem has a family of five members: Mother: Bheem's unnamed mother lives with him in their home. She is shown as a cameo in many episodes and some movies. Grandfather: Bheem's grandfather is also a fighter like Bheem. Bheem resembles his grandfather in the fighting. His grandfather owns a magical trunk having magical items in it. He also likes laddoos. Some of his magical items include his magical telescope, in which he protected some fairies from Goblings(demons), magical comb which made hair growth faster,etc. The trunk also included an umbrella which he gifted to Bheem for his bravery. Father: He was shown in the episode ‘’[[Diwali]] Dhamaka’’ and was responsible for bringing the two-headed demon to Dholakpur. But also gives an idea to Bheem regarding that demon's death. But in the movie Bheem in the city, Bheem’s father, whose name is Abhimanyu, works in Raunak Sheher. Grandmother: His grandmother is never shown in the series but was shown in an advertisement. Shivani: Bheem's foster sister is Shivani. She lives in Pehelwanpur and runs a dhaba there named "Shivani ka Dhaba". Her father is falsely imprisoned by the cruel king, and to free him she needs 500 gold coins. But the pehalwan (wrestler) Dabbu tries to take over the Dhaba. Bheem comes to her rescue and even frees her father from jail. Their close relationship is demonstrated in an episode where she sent Bheem a letter on Raksha Bandhan, not writing much, leading Bheem to think something was suspicious and going to see her. After he solved her problems she tied a ''rakhi'' on his wrist. === Others === Buri Jadugarni (transl. The Evil Sorceress): Buri Jadugarni is an evil sorceress who is an enemy of Bheem. She tried to become the queen of Dholakpur but never succeeded because of Bheem and his team. She is also called Buri Pari (transl. Evil Fairy) or Buri Chudail (transl. Evil Witch). Acchi Jadugarni (transl. The Good Sorceress): She is a good Sorceress who helps Bheem in defeating Buri Jadugarni. She is also called Achhi Pari (transl. Good Fairy). She lives in Agadam, a place of good wizards and witches, or the forest of Dholakpur. Avi Chacha: He is another scientist who lives in Dholakpur. He is also a friend of Professor Shastri Dhoomketu. He invented many gadgets but all were destroyed. Kaptaan Singh: He is the head captain of a ship of Dholakpur, Dholakpur Queen. Raaka: He is the sidekick of Daku Mangal Singh. Daku Chacha: He is an experienced dacoit uncle of Daku Mangal Singh. Kirmada: He is a demon who tried to attack Dholakpur since he had lost his war against Dholakpur 500 years ago, when he was alive and was a king of a kingdom and conquered all the surrounding kingdoms. He has appeared in the Chhota Bheem Aur Krishna film series and was also in a few of the Super Bheem film series. Rangda is one of the mahavillains of the Chhota Bheem Franchise. She was officially voiced by Harsh Kumar. She is an evil enchantress whose powers are unmatched, even by Kirmada or Mahashaitaan. She derives all of her power from her shadow which is the source of her illusionary powers. She is the master of deception and very vicious and selfish, only for her own interests. Zimbara and Mayandri: They are the siblings of Kirmada. Tabora: Son of Kirmada. Kallasura and Chalchaaya: They are the sons or successors of Kirmada. === Guests === Ganesh: Ganesh was shown in the movie ''[[Chhota Bheem and Ganesh in the Amazing Odyssey]]'' and was also shown in some episodes and other films. Krishna: Krishna is a character who appears in a few episodes and she also appeared in the Chhota Bheem Aur Krishna film series. He also appears in one of the top recent films of Chhota Bheem, which was released in October 2021. Its name was ''Chhota Bheem Ki Citti Pitti Gul''. Hanuman: Hanuman is an Indian god that Bheem met in this Chhota Bheem movie, ''Chhota Bheem Aur Hanuman''. Coco: He was a fictional monkey character which had come in the advertisement of Chocos. He protected Chocoland, which is abundant in chocolate, and had a chocolate volcano and choco fall. == Development == Rajiv Chilaka wanted to create his own intellectual property instead of working for other companies. He established his animation studio Green Gold Animation in 2001. He had to struggle as no TV channel was ready to pick up the Indian animation content and most Indian contents aired were mythological in nature. His company produced Vikram Betal and Krishna animation shows which convinced Pogo TV to give chance. After five years of conception, Chhota Bheem made his first appearance in 2008 on Pogo TV. It succeeded and continued to run. He is financed by Samir Jain, who belongs to the famous Jain-cum-Agarwal business family from Meerut. Raj Viswanadha, who did the writing for the first four years of Bheem before leaving the series, Arun Shendurnikar, Nidhi Anand are prominent among those who have written the stories for the show. == Influences == Rajiv Chilaka had conceived an adventurous young boy with the strength and attributes of Bhima from living in an unspecified period in medieval India. He was also influenced by his childhood spent with Disney's animated shows, Tintin, Amar Chitra Katha and other superhero comics. == Spin-offs == === ''Mighty Raju'' === ''Mighty Raju'' is the first [[spin-off]] series of ''Chhota Bheem''. It is about the character Raju in the modern world, who has superpowers and is known as "Mighty Raju". He lives in the modern city, AryaNagar. === ''Arjun – Prince of Bali'' === ''[[Arjun - Prince of Bali]]'' is the second spin-off series of ''Chhota Bheem''. It is based on the ''[[Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali]]'' character Arjun. Arjun is the young prince of Bali. It features his adventures with his friends and pet Zimbu, a baby tiger. Each episode consists of two stories and is targeted for kids up to 13 years of age. The series show the adventures of Arjun during his childhood. It exists in the same timeline as ''Chhota Bheem''. The series aired from 1 June 2014 to 11 September 2016 on [[Disney Channel]] India. === ''Super Bheem'' === ''Super Bheem'' is third spin-off series of ''Chhota Bheem''. It was going to launch in 2017, but it was launched in May 2016 with the birthday special movie ''Main Hoon Super Bheem''. It is an updated version of Bheem with superpowers. ''Super Bheem'' is based on the 24th movie of ''Chhota Bheem'', ''[[Chhota Bheem: Sky Dragon]]''. The ''Super Bheem'' show is 3D animation whereas ''Chhota Bheem'' is traditional 2D animation. It originally premiered on Pogo TV in 2017 but it also aired in 2019 on Cartoon Network India. === ''Mighty Little Bheem'' === ''Mighty Little Bheem'' is the fourth spin-off. It launched in 2019 on [[Netflix]]. It is intended for younger children. In this series, the story's focus is on 1 - 2 year old Bheem. Another thing to note is that in this series, Kalia (Bheem's Friend) is known as Vijay instead. ===''Chhota Bheem Kung Fu Dhamaka''=== ''Chotta Bheem Kung Fu Dhamaka'' is the fifth spin-off of ''Chotta Bheem''. It launched on January 12, 2020. It was the third series in 3D CGI format. The series is based on the ''Chhota Bheem'' film of the same name. [[Category:Indian children's animated television series]] [[Category:Indian adventure television series]] [[Category:Indian children's animated comedy television series]] [[Category:Indian fantasy television series]] [[Category:2000s Indian animated television series]] [[Category:2000s Indian children's television series]] [[Category:2000s Indian comedy television series]] [[Category:2008 Indian television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s Indian animated television series]] [[Category:2010s Indian children's television series]] [[Category:2010s Indian comedy television series]] [[Category:2020s Indian animated television series]] [[Category:2020s Indian children's television series]] [[Category:2020s Indian comedy television series]] [[Category:Hindi-language television series]] [[Category:Television series adapted into comics]] [[Category:Television series adapted into movies]] [[Category:Television series adapted into video games]] [[Category:Television series based on the Mahabharata]] {{Tv-stub}} pjawtmo6etw2wh3aivz8gnik1xm7598 14 627819 10879180 10849551 2026-06-05T00:45:10Z ~2026-33314-81 1816563 10879180 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Television series about couples]] [[Category:Television series about families|Marriage]] [[Category:Works about marriage]] jkpy43w8chbacpt7x13a8aygab5kg3k 0 633745 10878998 10739596 2026-06-04T20:01:10Z Msaroff 241484 added link to her later lobbying for the alcohol industry 10878998 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Candace Lynne "Candy" Lightner''' (born May 30, 1946)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flvoters.com/by_number/1182/84746.html |title=Candace L. Lightner – 05/30/1946 – 2025 Cornell Pl Port Orange FL 32128 |publisher=Flvoters.com |date=1946-05-30 |access-date=2014-02-02 |archive-date=2013-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102101940/http://flvoters.com/by_number/1182/84746.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> is the founding president of [[Mothers Against Drunk Driving]] (MADD). On May 3, 1980, Lightner’s 13-year-old daughter, Cari, was killed by a hit-and-run drunk driver at Sunset and New York Avenues in [[Fair Oaks, California]]. The sentence given to the repeat offender of [[Drunk driving|driving while intoxicated]] (DWI) outraged Lightner who then organized Mothers Against Drunk Driving.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Honor Of...|url=http://www.madd.org/about-us/history/cari-lightner-and-laura-lamb-story.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230714/http://www.madd.org/about-us/history/cari-lightner-and-laura-lamb-story.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-03|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref> in the 1990s, she worked as a lobbyist for the alcohol industry.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mencimer|first=Stephanie|title=How the booze lobby has helped kill a law that would save 1,800 lives every year|url=https://www.motherjones.com/food/2018/05/how-the-booze-lobby-has-helped-kill-a-law-that-would-save-1800-lives-every-year/|access-date=2026-06-04|website=Mother Jones|language=en-US}}</ref> She served as president of the [[American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee]] from October 1994 to March 1995.<ref>Siblani, M. Kay (1994). [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1:2278664/Candace+Lightner+new+president+of+ADC,+replaces+Mokhiber.html?refid=SEO Candace Lightner new president of ADC, replaces Mokhiber]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Arab American News'', 14 October 1994</ref><ref>Hanania, Ray (1995). [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1:2333477/Lightners+departure+from+ADC~C~+A+death+knell%3F.html?refid=SEO Lightner's departure from ADC: A death knell?]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Arab American News'', 31 March 1995</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lightner, Candy}} [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American activists]] [[Category:People from California]] gchd7jkotr936bn9b3i3zo8imyj09de 0 647308 10878763 10157754 2026-06-04T13:29:25Z Umberto Joko 1809015 /* List of presidents */ 10878763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{one source|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox official post |post = President |body = <br/>the Republic of Croatia |insignia = Flag of the President of Croatia.svg |insigniasize = 125px |insigniacaption = [[Flag of Croatia|Presidential Standard]] |native_name = <small>''Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske''</small> |image = Zoran_Milanovi%C4%87_at_Palazzo_del_Quirinale_2021_(11)_(cropped).jpg |imagesize = 200px |incumbent = [[Zoran Milanović]] |incumbentsince = 19 February 2020 | style = Mister/Madam President (''Gospodin/Gospođa predsjednik/predsjednica'')<br>His/Her Excellency (''Njegova/Njezina Ekselencija'') |residence = [[Private residence]]<br>[[Presidential Palace, Zagreb|Predsjednički dvori]] <small>(official workplace and office)</small> |appointer = [[Direct election|Popular vote]] |termlength = Five years<br/><small>renewable once</small> |constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of Croatia]] |formation = {{start date and age|1990|12|22|df=y}} |inaugural = [[Franjo Tuđman]] |salary = [[Croatian kuna|HRK]] 37.000 ($5,452) monthly<br>[[Croatian kuna|HRK]] 445.000 ($65,430) annually<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/hrvatska/godisnja-primanja-sefova-drzava-i-vlada-u-odnosu-na-zarade-gradana-994735 |title=Grabar-Kitarović poput Merkel: 5 prosječnih plaća - Večernji.hr |publisher=Vecernji.hr |access-date=2016-12-31}}</ref> |website = [http://www.predsjednica.hr/ predsjednica.hr] }} The '''President of Croatia''' ({{lang-hr|Predsjednik Hrvatske}}), officially [[Style (manner of address)|styled]] the '''President of the Republic''' ({{lang-hr|Predsjednik Republike}}), is the [[head of state]], [[commander in-chief]] of the [[Military of Croatia|military]] and chief representative of the [[Croatia|Republic of Croatia]] both within the country and abroad. The President is the holder of the highest office within the Croatia's government however, the president is not the head of the [[executive (government)|executive branch]] ("non executive president") as Croatia has a [[parliamentary system]] in which the holder of the post of [[Prime Minister of Croatia|Prime Minister]] is the most powerful person within the country's constitutional framework and within everyday's politics. ==List of presidents== {| class="wikitable" width="85%" ! rowspan="2" |No. ! rowspan="2" |Picture ! rowspan="2" width=23% |Name<br /><small>(Birth–Death)</small> ! colspan="3" |Term of office ! rowspan="2" |Election ! rowspan="2" |Party |- ! style="text-align: center;" |No. ! style="text-align: center;" |Term start ! style="text-align: center;" |Term end |- | rowspan="4" style="background: {{party color|Croatian Democratic Union}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|white|'''1'''}} | rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |[[File:Franjo Tudjman 1995.jpg|100px|Franjo Tuđman]]<br />[[File:Signature of Franjo Tuđman.png|100px]] | rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Franjo Tuđman]]'''<br /><small>(1922–1999)</small> | style="background: {{party color|Croatian Democratic Union}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|white|'''—'''}} |22 December 1990** |12 August 1992 |— | rowspan="3" |[[Croatian Democratic Union]] |- | style="background: {{party color|Croatian Democratic Union}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|white|'''1'''}} |12 August 1992 |11 August 1997 |[[1992 Croatian presidential election|1992]] (56.73%) |- | style="background: {{party color|Croatian Democratic Union}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|white|'''2'''}} |12 August 1997 |10 December 1999 |[[1997 Croatian presidential election|1997]] (61.41%) |- | colspan="5" |<small>[[Croatian Parliament|Parliament]] elected him the [[President of the Presidency of SR Croatia]] in May 1990, but with the adoption of a new constitution on 22 December 1990, the title of the office was changed to ''President of the Republic of Croatia'' and the [[Presidium of SR Croatia|Presidium of Croatia]] (Presidency) was completely abolished. The [[Croatian independence referendum|referendum on independence]] was held in May 1991, with 93% of voters supporting independence. It was followed by a formal declaration of independence on [[Statehood Day (Croatia)|25 June 1991]], the same date as neighboring [[Slovenia]]. Croatia and [[Slovenia]] gained recognition by the [[European Union]] on 15 January 1992 and joined the [[United Nations]] in May 1992. Tuđman won re-election to a ''de facto'' second and third term in [[1992 Croatian presidential election|1992]] and [[1997 Croatian presidential election|1997]], winning election outright both times without the need for a run-off. He is the only president to have been elected in the first round of elections. He died in office in December 1999.</small> |- | rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Croatian Democratic Union}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|white|'''A'''}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | | rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Vlatko Pavletić]]'''<br /><small>(1930–2007)</small> | style="background: {{party color|Croatian Democratic Union}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|white|'''—'''}} |10 December 1999 |2 February 2000 |Acting President |[[Croatian Democratic Union]] |- | colspan="5" |<small>Tuđman was incapacitated since 26 November 1999 and died on 10 December 1999. Pavletić became acting president as [[Speaker of the Croatian Parliament]]. He was succeeded by [[Zlatko Tomčić]] when the 4th Assembly of Parliament was replaced by the 5th Assembly after the [[2000 Croatian parliamentary election|2000 election]]. </small> |- | rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Croatian Peasant Party}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|white|'''A'''}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | | rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Zlatko Tomčić]]'''<br /><small>(1945–)</small> | style="background: {{party color|Croatian Peasant Party}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|white|'''—'''}} |2 February 2000 |18 February 2000 |Acting President |[[Croatian Peasant Party]] |- | colspan="5" |<small>Became acting president as [[Speaker of Parliament]] when the 4th Assembly of Parliament (1995-2000) was replaced by the 5th Assembly (2000–2003). Served until [[Stjepan Mesić]] was sworn in as the new President on 18 February 2000.</small> |- | rowspan="3" style="background: {{party color|Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|black|'''2'''}} | rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |[[File:Stjepan Mesic (2) (cropped).jpg|100px|Stjepan Mesić]]<br />[[File:Signature of Stjepan Mesić.png|100px]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Stjepan Mesić]]'''<br /><small>(1934–)</small> | style="background: {{party color|Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|black|'''3'''}} |19 February 2000 |18 February 2005 |[[2000 Croatian presidential election|2000]] (56.01%) | rowspan="2" |[[Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats]]* (formally [[Independent (politician)|independent]]) |- | style="background: {{party color|Independent (politician)}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|black|'''4'''}} |19 February 2005 |18 February 2010 |[[2005 Croatian presidential election|2005]] (65.93%) |- | colspan="5" |<small>He defeated [[Dražen Budiša]] in the [[2000 Croatian presidential election|2000 presidential elections]]. He was the first president with reduced powers, as the [[semi-presidential system]] was replaced by an incomplete [[parliamentary system]] in November 2000. Mesić was re-elected in [[2005 Croatian presidential election|2005]], defeating [[Jadranka Kosor]] in a landslide.</small> |- | rowspan="2" style="background: {{party color|Social Democratic Party of Croatia}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|white|'''3'''}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[File:16_obljetnica_vojnoredarstvene_operacije_Oluja_Ivo_Josipovic_04082011_c_876.jpg|100px|Ivo Josipović]]<br />[[File:Accession Treaty 2011 Ivo Josipović signature.svg|100px]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Ivo Josipović]]'''<br /><small>(1957–)</small> | style="background: {{party color|Social Democratic Party of Croatia}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|white|'''5'''}} |19 February 2010 |18 February 2015 |[[Croatian presidential election, 2009–10|2009–10]] (60.26%) | rowspan="1" |[[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|Social Democratic Party]]* (formally [[Independent (politician)|independent]]) |- | colspan="5" |<small>He defeated [[Milan Bandić]] by a wide margin in the [[2009-10 Croatian presidential election|2010 election]]. He was narrowly defeated by [[Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović]] in his re-election bid in 2015.</small> |- | rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Croatian Democratic Union}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|white|'''4'''}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |[[File:Kolinda Grabar-Kitarovićile (34771463620).jpg|100px|Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović]]<br />[[File:Kolindacestitka (presidential siganute).jpg|100px]] | rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović]]'''<br /><small>(1968–)</small> | style="background: {{party color|Croatian Democratic Union}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|white|'''6'''}} |19 February 2015 |18 February 2020 |[[Croatian presidential election, 2014–15|2014–15]] (50.74%) |[[Croatian Democratic Union]]* (formally [[Independent (politician)|independent]]) |- | colspan="5" |<small>She defeated incumbent president [[Ivo Josipović]] in the second round of the [[Croatian presidential election, 2014-15|2015 election]]. She is the [[List of elected or appointed female heads of state|first female president]] since independence and also the youngest, aged 46. She was defeated by [[Zoran Milanović]] in her reelection bid in 2020.</small> |- | rowspan="3" style="background: {{party color|Social Democratic Party of Croatia}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|white|'''5'''}} | rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |[[File:Zoran_Milanovi%C4%87_at_Palazzo_del_Quirinale_2021_(11)_(cropped).jpg|100px|Zoran Milanović]]<br />[[File:Milanovic potpis.gif|70px]] | rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[Zoran Milanović]]'''<br /><small>(1966–)</small> | style="background: {{party color|Social Democratic Party of Croatia}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|white|'''7'''}} |19 February 2020 |18 February 2025 |[[2019–20 Croatian presidential election|2019–20]] (52.66%) |rowspan="2" | [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia|Social Democratic Party]]* (formally [[Independent (politician)|independent]]) |- | style="background: {{party color|Social Democratic Party of Croatia}}; text-align: center;" |{{color|white|'''8'''}} |19 February 2025 |Incumbent |[[2024-2025 Croatian presidential election|2024-25]] (74.68%) |- | colspan="5" |<small>He defeated incumbent president [[Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović]] in the second round of the [[2019–20 Croatian presidential election|2020 election]].</small> |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.predsjednik.hr/kgk_00 Office of the President of Croatia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220071413/http://www.predsjednik.hr/kgk_00 |date=2015-02-20 }} * [http://stjepanmesic.hr/en President of the Republic of Croatia 2000–2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830111424/http://stjepanmesic.hr/en |date=2018-08-30 }} [[Category:Presidents of Croatia|*]] {{multistub|politics|europe}} qzgmuh2l51cirlk8ndbb1g1ww6t5xyu 0 647569 10878772 10468482 2026-06-04T13:58:34Z Umberto Joko 1809015 /* */ 10878772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox official post | post = Chairperson | body = the<br /> African Union | flag = Flag of the African Union.svg | flagcaption = [[Flag of the African Union]] | image = Évariste Ndayishimiye (3x4 cropped).jpg | imagesize = 150px | incumbent = [[Évariste Ndayishimiye]] | incumbentsince = 14 February 2026 | style = [[Excellency]] | abbreviation = CPAU | appointer = [[Assembly of the African Union|the Assembly]] | termlength = One year | constituting_instrument = [[Constitutive Act of the African Union|Constitutive Act of the AU]] (article 6) | precursor = [[Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity|Chairperson of the OAU]] | inaugural = [[Thabo Mbeki]] | formation = 9 July 2002 | succession = | deputy = [[Chairperson of the African Union#Bureau|Bureau]] | website = {{URL|au.int/en/cpau}} | footnotes = }} The '''Chairperson of the African Union''' is the ceremonial head of the [[African Union]] elected by the [[Assembly of the African Union|Assembly of Heads of State and Government]] for a one-year term.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/MFA%20AU%20Handbook%20-%20Text%20v10b%20interactive.pdf |title=African Union Handbook | format = PDF |date=2014 |page=15 |publisher=African Union |access-date=30 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601090942/http://au.int/en/sites/default/files/MFA%20AU%20Handbook%20-%20Text%20v10b%20interactive.pdf |archive-date=1 June 2015 }}</ref> A candidate must be supported by at least two-thirds of the [[Member states of the African Union|member states]] or by consensus. The chairperson is expected to complete the term without resignations or impeachment. ==List of Chairpersons== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- ! width="20px" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !! class="unsortable"|Portrait !! Chairperson !! width="120px"|Took office !! width="120px"|Left office !! Country !! width="90px"|Region |- | 1 || [[File:SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01 (cropped).jpg|100px]] || [[Thabo Mbeki]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.as.miami.edu/media/college-of-arts-and-sciences/content-assets/euc/docs/papers/BabarindeEUasModellong07edi.pdf |title= The EU as a Model for the African Union: the Limits of Imitation |last1= Babarinde |first1= Olufemi |date= April 2007 |website= miami.edu }}</ref> || 9 July 2002 || 10 July 2003 || {{flag|South Africa}} || [[Southern Africa]] |- | 2 || [[File:Joaquim Chissano 2004-08-31.jpg|100px]] || [[Joaquim Chissano]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.anc.org.za/docs/anctoday/2003/at26.htm |title= High hopes for AU Maputo Assembly |date= 4–10 July 2003 |publisher= ANC Today |access-date= 30 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131009220746/http://anc.org.za/docs/anctoday/2003/at26.htm |archive-date= 9 October 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref> || 10 July 2003 || 11 July 2004 || {{flag|Mozambique}} || [[Southern Africa]] |- | 3 || [[File:Olusegun Obasanjo 1-2.jpg|100px]] || [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]<ref>{{cite news |date= 12 July 2004 |title= Obasanjo Elected AU Chairman |url= http://allafrica.com/stories/200407070141.html |location= Addis Ababa |publisher= Vanguard |access-date= 2014-01-31}}</ref> || 11 July 2004 || 24 January 2006 || {{flag|Nigeria}} || [[West Africa]] |- | 4 || [[File:Denis Sassou Nguesso 2014.png|100px]] || [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]]<ref>{{cite news|date= 24 January 2006 |title=CONGO: Profile of Denis Sassou-Nguesso, new AU head |url= http://www.irinnews.org/report/57904/congo-profile-of-denis-sassou-nguesso-new-au-head |location= Brazzaville |publisher=IRIN |access-date=2014-01-31}}</ref> || 24 January 2006 || 24 January 2007 || {{flag|Republic of Congo}} || [[Central Africa]] |- | 5 || [[File:John Kufuor 1-1.jpg|100px]] || [[John Kufuor]]<ref name="ghana">{{cite news |date= 29 January 2007 |title= President Kufuor elected Chairman of AU |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/President-Kufuor-elected-Chairman-of-AU-118128 |location= Accra |publisher=Ghana News Agency |website=ghanaweb.com |access-date= 2014-01-31}}</ref> || 30 January 2007 || 31 January 2008 || {{flag|Ghana}} || [[West Africa]] |- | 6 || [[File:Jakaya Kikwete 2011 crop.jpg|100px]] || [[Jakaya Kikwete]]<ref>{{cite news |last= Appel |first= Michael |date= 2 February 2008 |title= Kikwete takes over AU Chair |url= http://www.pambazuka.org/aumonitor/comments/kikwete_takes_over_au_chair/ |publisher= Pambazuka News |access-date= 2014-01-31 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140201221043/http://www.pambazuka.org/aumonitor/comments/kikwete_takes_over_au_chair/ |archive-date= 1 February 2014 }}</ref> || 31 January 2008 || 2 February 2009 || {{flag|Tanzania}} || [[East Africa]] |- | 7 || [[File:Muammar al-Gaddafi-30112006.jpg|100px]] || [[Muammar Gaddafi]]<ref>{{cite news |date= 2 February 2009 |title= Gaddafi vows to push Africa unity |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7864604.stm |work=BBC News |access-date= 2014-01-31}}</ref> || 2 February 2009 || 31 January 2010 || {{flagdeco|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya}} [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|Libya]] || [[North Africa]] |- | 8 || [[File:Bingu wa Mutharika 2009-09-23.jpg|100px]] || [[Bingu wa Mutharika]]<ref>{{cite news |date= 31 January 2010 |title= Malawi president takes over as AU president |url= https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g8cvj3048f4WEB6UQuim80MKqhVA |publisher=AFP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230205627/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g8cvj3048f4WEB6UQuim80MKqhVA |archive-date=2011 |access-date= 2014-01-31}}</ref> || 31 January 2010 || 31 January 2011 || {{flag|Malawi|2010}} || [[Southern Africa]] |- | 9 || [[File:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo at the White House in 2014.jpg|100px]] || [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]<ref>{{cite news |last= Hennig |first= Rainer Chr. |date= 1 February 2011 |title= New AU leader Obiang calls criticism un-African |url= http://www.afrol.com/articles/37211 |publisher=Afrol News |access-date= 2014-01-31}}</ref> || 31 January 2011 || 29 January 2012 || {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} || [[Central Africa]] |- | 10 || [[File:Yayi Boni.jpg|100px]] || [[Yayi Boni]]<ref>{{cite press release |date= 29 January 2012 |title= President Thomas Yayi Boni elected as Chairperson of the African Union for 2012 |url= https://au.int/sites/default/files/pressreleases/24743-pr-29.01.12_18eme_sommet_-_cp_fr_-_election_du_president_de_lua_en_2_.pdf |location= Addis Ababa |publisher= Directorate of Information and Communication, African Union Commission |access-date= 10 February 2022 |archive-date= 21 October 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181021112031/https://au.int/sites/default/files/pressreleases/24743-pr-29.01.12_18eme_sommet_-_cp_fr_-_election_du_president_de_lua_en_2_.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> || 29 January 2012 || 27 January 2013 || {{flag|Benin}} || [[West Africa]] |- | 11 || [[File:Hailemariam Desalegn 2014.jpg|100px]] || [[Hailemariam Desalegn]]<ref>{{cite news |last= Stainburn |first= Samantha |date= 28 January 2013 |title= Hailemariam Desalegn, Ethiopia's PM, is new African Union Assembly chairman |url= http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/130128/hailemariam-desalegn-ethiopia-s-pm-new-african-union-assembly-ch |publisher= GlobalPost |access-date= 31 January 2014}}</ref> || 27 January 2013 || 30 January 2014 || {{flag|Ethiopia}} || [[East Africa]] |- | 12 || [[File:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz August 2014 (cropped).jpg|100px]] || [[Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz]]<ref>{{cite news |date=30 January 2014 |title=President Abdel Aziz of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania elected African Union Chairperson |url=https://au.int/en/newsevents/29211/president-abdel-aziz-islamic-republic-mauritania-elected-african-union-chairperson |location=Addis Ababa |publisher=African Union |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=21 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021111706/https://au.int/en/newsevents/29211/president-abdel-aziz-islamic-republic-mauritania-elected-african-union-chairperson |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 30 January 2014 || 30 January 2015 || {{flag|Mauritania|1959}} || [[North Africa]] |- | 13 || [[File:Robert Mugabe May 2015 (cropped).jpg|100px]] || [[Robert Mugabe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0L313I20150130 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130152759/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0L313I20150130 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 January 2015 |title=Zimbabwe's Mugabe, 90, becomes African Union chairman |date=30 January 2015 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> || 30 January 2015 || 30 January 2016 || {{flag|Zimbabwe}} || [[Southern Africa]] |- | 14 || [[File:Idriss Déby at the White House in 2014.jpg|100px]] || [[Idriss Déby]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=African Union |author-link=African Union |user=_AfricanUnion |number=693398898958794752 |date=30 January 2016 |title=Prez Idriss Itno Déby of #Chad takes over as #AU Chairperson|retweet= |access-date=30 January 2016 |language=English}}</ref> || 30 January 2016 || 30 January 2017 || {{flag|Chad}} || [[Central Africa]] |- | 15 || [[File:Alpha Conde - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg|100px]] || [[Alpha Condé]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://au.int/web/en/pressreleases/20170130/president-alpha-conde-guinea-has-been-elected-new-chairperson-african-union |title=President Alpha Conde of Guinea Has Been Elected New Chairperson of the African Union (AU) |date=30 January 2017 |publisher=African Union |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131081420/http://au.int/web/en/pressreleases/20170130/president-alpha-conde-guinea-has-been-elected-new-chairperson-african-union |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 30 January 2017 || 28 January 2018 || {{flag|Guinea}} || [[West Africa]] |- | 16 || [[File:Paul Kagame 2014.jpg|100px]] || [[Paul Kagame]]<ref name="kagame">{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20180128/president-paul-kagame-elected-new-chairperson-african-union-year-2018 |title=President Paul Kagame, Elected as New Chairperson of the African Union for the year 2018 |date=28 January 2018 |publisher=African Union |access-date=29 January 2018 |archive-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205134722/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20180128/president-paul-kagame-elected-new-chairperson-african-union-year-2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 28 January 2018 || 10 February 2019 || {{flag|Rwanda}} || [[East Africa]] |- | 17 || [[File:AbdelFattah Elsisi (cropped).jpg|100px]] || [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]<ref name="sisi">{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190210/32nd-african-union-au-heads-state-and-government-summit-kicks |title=The 32ND African Union (AU) Heads of State and Government Summit Kicks Off |date=10 February 2019 |publisher=African Union |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430064339/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190210/32nd-african-union-au-heads-state-and-government-summit-kicks |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 10 February 2019 || 10 February 2020 || {{flag|Egypt}} || [[North Africa]] |- | 18 || [[File:Mr. Houlin Zhao, ITU Secretary-General with H. E. Mr. Cyril Ramaphosa, President, South Africa (cropped) (cropped).jpg|100px]] || [[Cyril Ramaphosa]]<ref name=cyrilsupport>{{cite news|url=https://todaynewsafrica.com/south-african-president-cyril-ramaphosa-elected-african-union-chairperson-as-continent-vows-to-silence-the-guns-boost-trade-and-close-gender-gap/|title=South African President Cyril Ramaphosa elected African Union Chairperson as continent vows to "silence the guns," boost trade and close gender gap|author=Simon|publisher=Today News Africa|date=February 10, 2020|access-date=February 10, 2020|archive-date=February 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216015953/https://todaynewsafrica.com/south-african-president-cyril-ramaphosa-elected-african-union-chairperson-as-continent-vows-to-silence-the-guns-boost-trade-and-close-gender-gap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> || 10 February 2020 || 6 February 2021 || {{flag|South Africa}} || [[Southern Africa]] |- | 19 || [[File:Félix Tshisekedi - 2019 (cropped).jpg|100px]] || [[Félix Tshisekedi]]<ref name ="felix">{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/articles/president-felix-antoine-tshisekedi-tshilombo-elected-chair-au-year-2021 |title=President Felix-Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo Elected Chair Of The AU For The Year 2021 |last= |first= |date=22 February 2021 |website= |publisher=African Union |access-date= |quote= |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113164730/https://au.int/en/articles/president-felix-antoine-tshisekedi-tshilombo-elected-chair-au-year-2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 6 February 2021 || 5 February 2022|| {{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}} || [[Central Africa]] |- | 20 || [[File:President Macky Sall in 2020.jpg|100px]] || [[Macky Sall]] || 5 February 2022 || 18 February 2023 || {{flag|Senegal}} || [[West Africa]] |- | 21 || [[File:President Azali Assoumani.jpg|100px]] || [[Azali Assoumani]] || 18 February 2023 || 17 February 2024 || {{flag|Comoros}} || [[East Africa]] |- | 22 || [[File:Мухаммед Ульд Газуани 02 (18-02-2022).jpg|100px]] || [[Mohamed Ould Ghazouani]] || 17 February 2024 || 15 February 2025 || {{flag|Mauritania}} || [[West Africa]] |- | 23 || [[File:João Lourenço 2023.jpg|100px]] || [[João Lourenço]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/376762/joao-lourenco-dialogue-is-the-only-solution-to-peace-in-the-drc-including-with-m23/ |title=João Lourenço: ‘Dialogue is the only solution to peace in the DRC – including with M23’ |date=13 February 2025|publisher=The Africa Report |access-date=22 February 2025}}</ref> || 15 February 2025 || Incumbent || {{flag|Angola}} || [[Southern Africa]] |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{African Union chairpersons}} {{politics-stub}} [[Category:African Union chairpersons|*]] 9nbny7ykyahd1h3v6e3i046jcshpx9g 10878773 10878772 2026-06-04T14:01:14Z Umberto Joko 1809015 /* List of Chairpersons */ 10878773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox official post | post = Chairperson | body = the<br /> African Union | flag = Flag of the African Union.svg | flagcaption = [[Flag of the African Union]] | image = Évariste Ndayishimiye (3x4 cropped).jpg | imagesize = 150px | incumbent = [[Évariste Ndayishimiye]] | incumbentsince = 14 February 2026 | style = [[Excellency]] | abbreviation = CPAU | appointer = [[Assembly of the African Union|the Assembly]] | termlength = One year | constituting_instrument = [[Constitutive Act of the African Union|Constitutive Act of the AU]] (article 6) | precursor = [[Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity|Chairperson of the OAU]] | inaugural = [[Thabo Mbeki]] | formation = 9 July 2002 | succession = | deputy = [[Chairperson of the African Union#Bureau|Bureau]] | website = {{URL|au.int/en/cpau}} | footnotes = }} The '''Chairperson of the African Union''' is the ceremonial head of the [[African Union]] elected by the [[Assembly of the African Union|Assembly of Heads of State and Government]] for a one-year term.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/MFA%20AU%20Handbook%20-%20Text%20v10b%20interactive.pdf |title=African Union Handbook | format = PDF |date=2014 |page=15 |publisher=African Union |access-date=30 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601090942/http://au.int/en/sites/default/files/MFA%20AU%20Handbook%20-%20Text%20v10b%20interactive.pdf |archive-date=1 June 2015 }}</ref> A candidate must be supported by at least two-thirds of the [[Member states of the African Union|member states]] or by consensus. The chairperson is expected to complete the term without resignations or impeachment. ==List of Chairpersons== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- ! width="20px" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !! class="unsortable"|Portrait !! Chairperson !! width="120px"|Took office !! width="120px"|Left office !! Country !! width="90px"|Region |- | 1 || [[File:SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01 (cropped).jpg|100px]] || [[Thabo Mbeki]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.as.miami.edu/media/college-of-arts-and-sciences/content-assets/euc/docs/papers/BabarindeEUasModellong07edi.pdf |title= The EU as a Model for the African Union: the Limits of Imitation |last1= Babarinde |first1= Olufemi |date= April 2007 |website= miami.edu }}</ref> || 9 July 2002 || 10 July 2003 || {{flag|South Africa}} || [[Southern Africa]] |- | 2 || [[File:Joaquim Chissano 2004-08-31.jpg|100px]] || [[Joaquim Chissano]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.anc.org.za/docs/anctoday/2003/at26.htm |title= High hopes for AU Maputo Assembly |date= 4–10 July 2003 |publisher= ANC Today |access-date= 30 January 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131009220746/http://anc.org.za/docs/anctoday/2003/at26.htm |archive-date= 9 October 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref> || 10 July 2003 || 11 July 2004 || {{flag|Mozambique}} || [[Southern Africa]] |- | 3 || [[File:Olusegun Obasanjo 1-2.jpg|100px]] || [[Olusegun Obasanjo]]<ref>{{cite news |date= 12 July 2004 |title= Obasanjo Elected AU Chairman |url= http://allafrica.com/stories/200407070141.html |location= Addis Ababa |publisher= Vanguard |access-date= 2014-01-31}}</ref> || 11 July 2004 || 24 January 2006 || {{flag|Nigeria}} || [[West Africa]] |- | 4 || [[File:Denis Sassou Nguesso 2014.png|100px]] || [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]]<ref>{{cite news|date= 24 January 2006 |title=CONGO: Profile of Denis Sassou-Nguesso, new AU head |url= http://www.irinnews.org/report/57904/congo-profile-of-denis-sassou-nguesso-new-au-head |location= Brazzaville |publisher=IRIN |access-date=2014-01-31}}</ref> || 24 January 2006 || 24 January 2007 || {{flag|Republic of Congo}} || [[Central Africa]] |- | 5 || [[File:John Kufuor 1-1.jpg|100px]] || [[John Kufuor]]<ref name="ghana">{{cite news |date= 29 January 2007 |title= President Kufuor elected Chairman of AU |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/President-Kufuor-elected-Chairman-of-AU-118128 |location= Accra |publisher=Ghana News Agency |website=ghanaweb.com |access-date= 2014-01-31}}</ref> || 30 January 2007 || 31 January 2008 || {{flag|Ghana}} || [[West Africa]] |- | 6 || [[File:Jakaya Kikwete 2011 crop.jpg|100px]] || [[Jakaya Kikwete]]<ref>{{cite news |last= Appel |first= Michael |date= 2 February 2008 |title= Kikwete takes over AU Chair |url= http://www.pambazuka.org/aumonitor/comments/kikwete_takes_over_au_chair/ |publisher= Pambazuka News |access-date= 2014-01-31 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140201221043/http://www.pambazuka.org/aumonitor/comments/kikwete_takes_over_au_chair/ |archive-date= 1 February 2014 }}</ref> || 31 January 2008 || 2 February 2009 || {{flag|Tanzania}} || [[East Africa]] |- | 7 || [[File:Muammar al-Gaddafi-30112006.jpg|100px]] || [[Muammar Gaddafi]]<ref>{{cite news |date= 2 February 2009 |title= Gaddafi vows to push Africa unity |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7864604.stm |work=BBC News |access-date= 2014-01-31}}</ref> || 2 February 2009 || 31 January 2010 || {{flagdeco|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya}} [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|Libya]] || [[North Africa]] |- | 8 || [[File:Bingu wa Mutharika 2009-09-23.jpg|100px]] || [[Bingu wa Mutharika]]<ref>{{cite news |date= 31 January 2010 |title= Malawi president takes over as AU president |url= https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g8cvj3048f4WEB6UQuim80MKqhVA |publisher=AFP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230205627/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g8cvj3048f4WEB6UQuim80MKqhVA |archive-date=2011 |access-date= 2014-01-31}}</ref> || 31 January 2010 || 31 January 2011 || {{flag|Malawi|2010}} || [[Southern Africa]] |- | 9 || [[File:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo at the White House in 2014.jpg|100px]] || [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]]<ref>{{cite news |last= Hennig |first= Rainer Chr. |date= 1 February 2011 |title= New AU leader Obiang calls criticism un-African |url= http://www.afrol.com/articles/37211 |publisher=Afrol News |access-date= 2014-01-31}}</ref> || 31 January 2011 || 29 January 2012 || {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} || [[Central Africa]] |- | 10 || [[File:Yayi Boni.jpg|100px]] || [[Yayi Boni]]<ref>{{cite press release |date= 29 January 2012 |title= President Thomas Yayi Boni elected as Chairperson of the African Union for 2012 |url= https://au.int/sites/default/files/pressreleases/24743-pr-29.01.12_18eme_sommet_-_cp_fr_-_election_du_president_de_lua_en_2_.pdf |location= Addis Ababa |publisher= Directorate of Information and Communication, African Union Commission |access-date= 10 February 2022 |archive-date= 21 October 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181021112031/https://au.int/sites/default/files/pressreleases/24743-pr-29.01.12_18eme_sommet_-_cp_fr_-_election_du_president_de_lua_en_2_.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> || 29 January 2012 || 27 January 2013 || {{flag|Benin}} || [[West Africa]] |- | 11 || [[File:Hailemariam Desalegn 2014.jpg|100px]] || [[Hailemariam Desalegn]]<ref>{{cite news |last= Stainburn |first= Samantha |date= 28 January 2013 |title= Hailemariam Desalegn, Ethiopia's PM, is new African Union Assembly chairman |url= http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/130128/hailemariam-desalegn-ethiopia-s-pm-new-african-union-assembly-ch |publisher= GlobalPost |access-date= 31 January 2014}}</ref> || 27 January 2013 || 30 January 2014 || {{flag|Ethiopia}} || [[East Africa]] |- | 12 || [[File:Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz August 2014 (cropped).jpg|100px]] || [[Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz]]<ref>{{cite news |date=30 January 2014 |title=President Abdel Aziz of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania elected African Union Chairperson |url=https://au.int/en/newsevents/29211/president-abdel-aziz-islamic-republic-mauritania-elected-african-union-chairperson |location=Addis Ababa |publisher=African Union |access-date=10 February 2022 |archive-date=21 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021111706/https://au.int/en/newsevents/29211/president-abdel-aziz-islamic-republic-mauritania-elected-african-union-chairperson |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 30 January 2014 || 30 January 2015 || {{flag|Mauritania|1959}} || [[North Africa]] |- | 13 || [[File:Robert Mugabe May 2015 (cropped).jpg|100px]] || [[Robert Mugabe]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0L313I20150130 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130152759/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0L313I20150130 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 January 2015 |title=Zimbabwe's Mugabe, 90, becomes African Union chairman |date=30 January 2015 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> || 30 January 2015 || 30 January 2016 || {{flag|Zimbabwe}} || [[Southern Africa]] |- | 14 || [[File:Idriss Déby at the White House in 2014.jpg|100px]] || [[Idriss Déby]]<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=African Union |author-link=African Union |user=_AfricanUnion |number=693398898958794752 |date=30 January 2016 |title=Prez Idriss Itno Déby of #Chad takes over as #AU Chairperson|retweet= |access-date=30 January 2016 |language=English}}</ref> || 30 January 2016 || 30 January 2017 || {{flag|Chad}} || [[Central Africa]] |- | 15 || [[File:Alpha Conde - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg|100px]] || [[Alpha Condé]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://au.int/web/en/pressreleases/20170130/president-alpha-conde-guinea-has-been-elected-new-chairperson-african-union |title=President Alpha Conde of Guinea Has Been Elected New Chairperson of the African Union (AU) |date=30 January 2017 |publisher=African Union |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131081420/http://au.int/web/en/pressreleases/20170130/president-alpha-conde-guinea-has-been-elected-new-chairperson-african-union |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 30 January 2017 || 28 January 2018 || {{flag|Guinea}} || [[West Africa]] |- | 16 || [[File:Paul Kagame 2014.jpg|100px]] || [[Paul Kagame]]<ref name="kagame">{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20180128/president-paul-kagame-elected-new-chairperson-african-union-year-2018 |title=President Paul Kagame, Elected as New Chairperson of the African Union for the year 2018 |date=28 January 2018 |publisher=African Union |access-date=29 January 2018 |archive-date=5 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205134722/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20180128/president-paul-kagame-elected-new-chairperson-african-union-year-2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 28 January 2018 || 10 February 2019 || {{flag|Rwanda}} || [[East Africa]] |- | 17 || [[File:AbdelFattah Elsisi (cropped).jpg|100px]] || [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]]<ref name="sisi">{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190210/32nd-african-union-au-heads-state-and-government-summit-kicks |title=The 32ND African Union (AU) Heads of State and Government Summit Kicks Off |date=10 February 2019 |publisher=African Union |access-date=10 February 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430064339/https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20190210/32nd-african-union-au-heads-state-and-government-summit-kicks |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 10 February 2019 || 10 February 2020 || {{flag|Egypt}} || [[North Africa]] |- | 18 || [[File:Mr. Houlin Zhao, ITU Secretary-General with H. E. Mr. Cyril Ramaphosa, President, South Africa (cropped) (cropped).jpg|100px]] || [[Cyril Ramaphosa]]<ref name=cyrilsupport>{{cite news|url=https://todaynewsafrica.com/south-african-president-cyril-ramaphosa-elected-african-union-chairperson-as-continent-vows-to-silence-the-guns-boost-trade-and-close-gender-gap/|title=South African President Cyril Ramaphosa elected African Union Chairperson as continent vows to "silence the guns," boost trade and close gender gap|author=Simon|publisher=Today News Africa|date=February 10, 2020|access-date=February 10, 2020|archive-date=February 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216015953/https://todaynewsafrica.com/south-african-president-cyril-ramaphosa-elected-african-union-chairperson-as-continent-vows-to-silence-the-guns-boost-trade-and-close-gender-gap/|url-status=dead}}</ref> || 10 February 2020 || 6 February 2021 || {{flag|South Africa}} || [[Southern Africa]] |- | 19 || [[File:Félix Tshisekedi - 2019 (cropped).jpg|100px]] || [[Félix Tshisekedi]]<ref name ="felix">{{cite web |url=https://au.int/en/articles/president-felix-antoine-tshisekedi-tshilombo-elected-chair-au-year-2021 |title=President Felix-Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo Elected Chair Of The AU For The Year 2021 |last= |first= |date=22 February 2021 |website= |publisher=African Union |access-date= |quote= |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113164730/https://au.int/en/articles/president-felix-antoine-tshisekedi-tshilombo-elected-chair-au-year-2021 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 6 February 2021 || 5 February 2022|| {{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}} || [[Central Africa]] |- | 20 || [[File:President Macky Sall in 2020.jpg|100px]] || [[Macky Sall]] || 5 February 2022 || 18 February 2023 || {{flag|Senegal}} || [[West Africa]] |- | 21 || [[File:President Azali Assoumani.jpg|100px]] || [[Azali Assoumani]] || 18 February 2023 || 17 February 2024 || {{flag|Comoros}} || [[East Africa]] |- | 22 || [[File:Мухаммед Ульд Газуани 02 (18-02-2022).jpg|100px]] || [[Mohamed Ould Ghazouani]] || 17 February 2024 || 15 February 2025 || {{flag|Mauritania}} || [[West Africa]] |- | 23 || [[File:João Lourenço 2023.jpg|100px]] || [[João Lourenço]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/376762/joao-lourenco-dialogue-is-the-only-solution-to-peace-in-the-drc-including-with-m23/ |title=João Lourenço: ‘Dialogue is the only solution to peace in the DRC – including with M23’ |date=13 February 2025|publisher=The Africa Report |access-date=22 February 2025}}</ref> || 15 February 2025 || 14 February 2026|| {{flag|Angola}} || [[Southern Africa]] |- | 24 || [[File:Évariste Ndayishimiye (3x4 cropped).jpg|100px]] || [[Évariste Ndayishimiye]] || 14 February 2026 || Incumbent || {{flag|Burundi}} || [[East Africa]] |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{African Union chairpersons}} {{politics-stub}} [[Category:African Union chairpersons|*]] 3w991zk010z34cofnt2afrwq0ecx8va 0 660372 10879323 10878649 2026-06-05T04:49:13Z ~2026-33351-49 1816651 10879323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=May 2024}} They don’t have a culture. '''Scottish Americans''' are [[Americans|American citizens]] whose ancestry originated wholly or partly in [[Scotland]], a constituent [[country]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. The majority of [[Scottish people|Scots]] who immigrated to the [[USA]] were originally from Northern [[England]] and [[Lowland Scotland]] before migrating to the [[province]] of [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] ([[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]]) and [[Colonization|colonists]]. Large immigration from Scotland to the [[United States|USA]] begin in the [[1700s]].{{cn}} The Ulster-Scots originally came from the [[Lowland Scots|Lowlands]] and the [[Scottish Borders|Scottish border]] before migrating to the province of Ulster, Ireland. From there, they would have emigrated in large numbers five generations later to [[North America]] during the eighteenth century.{{cn}} Today, most Americans of Scottish ancestry are concentrated in [[New England]] and the [[Southern United States|American South]], with [[Florida]], [[Ohio]], [[Washington]], [[Utah]], [[New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]] also having large Scottish populations.{{cn}} ==Uncle Sam== [[File:J. M. Flagg, I Want You for U.S. Army poster (1917).jpg|thumb|Uncle Sam]] Many people believe that [[Uncle Sam]], the national [[personification]] of the United States and its [https://simple.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/people people], was inspired by [[Samuel Wilson]], a meat packer from [[Troy, New York]], whose grandfather, Robert Wilson, was a Scottish immigrant from [[Greenock|Greenock, Scotland]] to [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].{{cn}} ==Notable Scottish Americans== * [[George W. Bush]] *[[Reese Witherspoon]] *[[Seth MacFarlane]] *[[Gregory Peck]] *[[Eminem]] *[[Justin Timberlake]] *[[John C. Reilly]] *[[Donald Trump]] *[[Mark Wahlberg]] *[[Jared Padalecki]] *[[Jensen Ackles]] *[[Matt Bomer]] *[[James Monroe]] *[[John Witherspoon]] *[[Ronald Reagan]] *[[Matt Damon]] *[[Taylor Swift]] *[[Neil Armstrong]] *[[Brad Pitt]] *[[George Clooney]] *[[Nicole Kidman]] *[[George Lincoln Rockwell]] *[[John F. Kennedy]] *[[James Stewart]] {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} 5mjb7qg5878bwdwhklgg17wieiewpzj 10879330 10879323 2026-06-05T04:53:41Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit(s) by [[User:~2026-33351-49|~2026-33351-49]]: Vandalism ([[User:BZPN/MassRollback|MR]]) 10879330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=May 2024}} '''Scottish Americans''' are [[Americans|American citizens]] whose ancestry originated wholly or partly in [[Scotland]], a constituent [[country]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. The majority of [[Scottish people|Scots]] who immigrated to the [[USA]] were originally from Northern [[England]] and [[Lowland Scotland]] before migrating to the [[province]] of [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] ([[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]]) and [[Colonization|colonists]]. Large immigration from Scotland to the [[United States|USA]] begin in the [[1700s]].{{cn}} The Ulster-Scots originally came from the [[Lowland Scots|Lowlands]] and the [[Scottish Borders|Scottish border]] before migrating to the province of Ulster, Ireland. From there, they would have emigrated in large numbers five generations later to [[North America]] during the eighteenth century.{{cn}} Today, most Americans of Scottish ancestry are concentrated in [[New England]] and the [[Southern United States|American South]], with [[Florida]], [[Ohio]], [[Washington]], [[Utah]], [[New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]] also having large Scottish populations.{{cn}} ==Uncle Sam== [[File:J. M. Flagg, I Want You for U.S. Army poster (1917).jpg|thumb|Uncle Sam]] Many people believe that [[Uncle Sam]], the national [[personification]] of the United States and its [https://simple.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/people people], was inspired by [[Samuel Wilson]], a meat packer from [[Troy, New York]], whose grandfather, Robert Wilson, was a Scottish immigrant from [[Greenock|Greenock, Scotland]] to [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].{{cn}} ==Notable Scottish Americans== * [[George W. Bush]] *[[Reese Witherspoon]] *[[Seth MacFarlane]] *[[Gregory Peck]] *[[Eminem]] *[[Justin Timberlake]] *[[John C. Reilly]] *[[Donald Trump]] *[[Mark Wahlberg]] *[[Jared Padalecki]] *[[Jensen Ackles]] *[[Matt Bomer]] *[[James Monroe]] *[[John Witherspoon]] *[[Ronald Reagan]] *[[Matt Damon]] *[[Taylor Swift]] *[[Neil Armstrong]] *[[Brad Pitt]] *[[George Clooney]] *[[Nicole Kidman]] *[[George Lincoln Rockwell]] *[[John F. Kennedy]] *[[James Stewart]] {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} ez4fbtesyv88cs5wc7x07y4hq2skvdf 0 674363 10879077 10266338 2026-06-04T21:35:31Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Deb Haaland | image = Secretary Deb Haaland, official headshot.jpg | office = 54th [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] | president = [[Joe Biden]] | term_start = March 16, 2021 | term_end = January 20, 2025 | deputy = [[Tommy Beaudreau]] | predecessor = [[David Bernhardt]] | successor = [[Doug Burgum]] | state1 = [[New Mexico]] | district1 = {{ushr|NM|1|1st}} | term_start1 = January 3, 2019 | term_end1 = March 16, 2021 | predecessor1 = [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]] | successor1 = [[Melanie Stansbury]] | office2 = Chair of the [[Democratic Party of New Mexico|New Mexico Democratic Party]] | term_start2 = April 25, 2015 | term_end2 = April 29, 2017 | predecessor2 = Sam Bregman | successor2 = Richard Ellenberg | birth_name = Debra Anne Haaland | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|12|2}} | birth_place = [[Winslow, Arizona]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = {{marriage|Skip Sayre|2021|2025|end=divorced}} | children = 1 | education = [[University of New Mexico]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Juris Doctor|JD]]) | website = {{url|haaland.house.gov|House website}} }} '''Debra Anne Haaland''' (born December 2, 1960) is an American politician. Haaland was the 54th [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] from 2021 to 2025 during the [[Joe Biden]] administration. She was the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] for [[New Mexico's 1st congressional district]] from January 3, 2019 until March 16, 2021. She is running for [[Governor of New Mexico]] in the [[2026 New Mexico gubernatorial election|2026 gubernatorial election]]. She is a former Chair of the [[Democratic Party of New Mexico]]. She was one of the first two Native American women to be elected to Congress, alongside [[Sharice Davids]], both in 2018.<ref>[http://fortune.com/2018/06/07/deb-haaland-new-mexico/ The U.S. Is Getting Its First Native American Congresswoman as Deb Haaland won and will assume office in January 2019], ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'', McKenna Moore, 7 June 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.</ref> ==Secretary of the Interior== On December 17, 2020, President-elect [[Joe Biden]] nominated Haaland to serve as [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] in his cabinet.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Eilperin|first=Juliet|last2=Grandoni|first2=Dino|title=Biden picks Rep. Deb Haaland (D-N.M.) to be first Native American interior secretary|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/12/17/deb-haaland-interior-secretary-biden/|access-date=2020-12-17|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=December 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217200955/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/12/17/deb-haaland-interior-secretary-biden/|url-status=live}}</ref> She was confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] on March 15, 2021 with a 51 to 40 vote.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=King|first=Ledyard|title=Deb Haaland makes history as first Native American Cabinet member after Senate confirmation|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/03/15/deb-haaland-confirmed-becomes-first-native-american-cabinet/4700097001/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=[[USA TODAY]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Higgins |first=Tucker |date=2021-03-15 |title=Deb Haaland confirmed as first Native American Cabinet secretary |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/15/deb-haaland-to-be-confirmed-as-interior-secretary.html |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> She is the first [[Native American]] [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet secretary]] in U.S. history.{{efn|[[Charles Curtis]], who served as [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] between 1929 and 1933, was the first ever Native American to serve in a [[United States Cabinet]], but never served as a Cabinet secretary.<ref name="bloomberg" />}}<ref name="bloomberg">{{Cite news |last=Dlouhy |first=Jennifer A. |last2=Epstein |first2=Jennifer |date=December 17, 2020 |title=Biden Picks Deb Haaland to Be First Native American Secretary of Interior |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-17/biden-taps-haaland-to-be-first-native-american-head-of-interior |access-date=December 17, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rott |first=Nathan |date=December 17, 2020 |title=In Historic Move, Biden To Pick Native American Rep. Haaland As Interior Secretary |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/12/17/937259525/in-historic-move-biden-to-pick-native-american-rep-deb-haaland-as-interior-secre |access-date=December 17, 2020 |website=[[NPR]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Erik |date=December 18, 2020 |title="They feel hope": Why Rep. Haaland, nominated as first Native American interior secretary, is meaningful |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/native-americans-rep-haaland-s-nomination-interior-secretary-signals-new-n1251727 |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> On her first day as secretary, Haaland met with tribal media in a press conference, speaking about her plan to include the tribes as decisions that impact them are made.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hcn.org/articles/indigenous-affairs-on-day-one-haaland-addresses-indigenous-media|title=On day one, Haaland addresses Indigenous media: Tribal journalists given first opportunity to interview first Indigenous secretary of Interior|first=Graham Lee |last=Brewer|work=[[High Country News]]|date=March 18, 2021|accessdate=April 1, 2023}}</ref> In May 2021, Haaland approved the new constitution of the [[Cherokee Nation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-approves-new-constitution-cherokee-nation-guaranteeing-full|title=Secretary Haaland Approves New Constitution for Cherokee Nation, Guaranteeing Full Citizenship Rights for Cherokee Freedmen|date=May 12, 2021|website= U.S. Department of the Interior |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231009035636/https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-approves-new-constitution-cherokee-nation-guaranteeing-full |archive-date= Oct 9, 2023 }}</ref> In June 2021, Haaland announced the creation of the [[Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-announces-federal-indian-boarding-school-initiative|title=Secretary Haaland Announces Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=22 June 2021|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/23/us/indigenous-children-indian-civilization-act-1819.html|title=U.S. to Search Former Native American Schools for Children's Remains|last1=Hauser |last2=Grullón Paz |first1=Christine |first2=Isabella |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=23 June 2021}}</ref> In November 2021, Haaland banned the word "[[squaw]]", a [[derogatory]] term for Native American women, from all federally owned lands, and ordered a task force to determine new names for the 650 places that currently use the word.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/11/19/1057367325/interior-secretary-deb-haaland-moves-to-ban-the-word-squaw-from-federal-lands|title = Interior Secretary Deb Haaland moves to ban the word 'squaw' from federal lands|work = NPR|date = November 19, 2021|last1 = Chappell|first1 = Bill |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921153508/https://www.npr.org/2021/11/19/1057367325/interior-secretary-deb-haaland-moves-to-ban-the-word-squaw-from-federal-lands |archive-date= Sep 21, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/23/1082579779/interior-department-derogatory-term|title = The U.S. looks to replace a derogatory name used hundreds of times on federal lands |work = NPR|date = February 23, 2022|last1 = Torchinsky|first1 = Rina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204233857/https://www.npr.org/2022/02/23/1082579779/interior-department-derogatory-term |archive-date= Dec 4, 2023 }}</ref> In March 2023, Haaland announced $25 million to be dedicated to [[bison]] [[conservation]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Matthew |date=March 3, 2023 |title=US to focus bison restoration on expanding tribal herds |work=AP |url=https://apnews.com/article/bison-restoration-tribes-haaland-6f5ad9227c70377a94a2a4efc809f3d8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329142955/https://apnews.com/article/bison-restoration-tribes-haaland-6f5ad9227c70377a94a2a4efc809f3d8 |archive-date= Mar 29, 2023 }}</ref> Haaland took part in President Biden's designation of [[National monument (United States)|national monuments]], including [[Avi Kwa Ame National Monument]] and [[Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2022 |title=Interior Secretary visits possible Avi Kwa Ame national monument landscape in Nevada |url=https://www.wilderness.org/articles/press-release/interior-secretary-visits-possible-avi-kwa-ame-national-monument-landscape-nevada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201061838/https://www.wilderness.org/articles/press-release/interior-secretary-visits-possible-avi-kwa-ame-national-monument-landscape-nevada |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Wilderness Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=Secretary Haaland Highlights Locally Led Conservation Efforts in Visit to Grand Canyon Region |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-highlights-locally-led-conservation-efforts-visit-grand-canyon |access-date=2023-08-08 |website= |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |language=en}}</ref> ==2026 New Mexico gubernatorial election== On February 11, 2025, Haaland announced her candidacy for [[Governor of New Mexico]] in the [[2026 New Mexico gubernatorial election|2026 gubernatorial election]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Dan |last=Boyd |date=2025-02-11 |title=With 2026 campaign cycle approaching, Deb Haaland officially launches gubernatorial bid |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/news/article_6319d91a-e7d9-11ef-affa-a743dc9ac403.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=[[Albuquerque Journal]] |language=en}}</ref> ==Personal life== Haaland has a child, Somáh, whom she raised as a single mother.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2015 |title=NM Democratic Chair Haaland Statement On Marriage Equality |url=http://krwg.org/post/nm-democratic-chair-haaland-statement-marriage-equality |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141344/http://krwg.org/post/nm-democratic-chair-haaland-statement-marriage-equality |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |website=KRWG}}</ref> On August 28, 2021, Haaland married her longtime partner, Skip Sayre, in [[Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=August 29, 2021 |title=Sec. Deb Haaland Marries Long-Time Partner In Weekend Ceremony In New Mexico |url=https://abq.news/2021/08/sec-deb-haaland-marries-long-time-partner-in-weekend-ceremony-in-new-mexico/ |journal=The Paper (Albuquerque, NM) |access-date=October 11, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 30, 2021 |title=Interior Secretary Deb Haaland, partner wed in New Mexico |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Interior-Secretary-Deb-Haaland-partner-wed-in-16422633.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830162019/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Interior-Secretary-Deb-Haaland-partner-wed-in-16422633.php |archive-date=August 30, 2021 |access-date=August 30, 2021 |website=SFGATE}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haaland, Deb}} [[Category:1960 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:United States representatives from New Mexico]] [[Category:United States Secretaries of the Interior]] [[Category:Politicians from Arizona]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:20th-century Native American people]] [[Category:21st-century Native American people]] {{US-bio-stub}} {{Biden cabinet}} {{USSecInterior}} 14vgntoxke2lim12dgw8hzpysjm6q5u 10879078 10879077 2026-06-04T21:35:54Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10879078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Deb Haaland | image = Secretary Deb Haaland, official headshot.jpg | office = 54th [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] | president = [[Joe Biden]] | term_start = March 16, 2021 | term_end = January 20, 2025 | deputy = [[Tommy Beaudreau]] | predecessor = [[David Bernhardt]] | successor = [[Doug Burgum]] | state1 = [[New Mexico]] | district1 = {{ushr|NM|1|1st}} | term_start1 = January 3, 2019 | term_end1 = March 16, 2021 | predecessor1 = [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]] | successor1 = [[Melanie Stansbury]] | office2 = Chair of the [[Democratic Party of New Mexico|New Mexico Democratic Party]] | term_start2 = April 25, 2015 | term_end2 = April 29, 2017 | predecessor2 = Sam Bregman | successor2 = Richard Ellenberg | birth_name = Debra Anne Haaland | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|12|2}} | birth_place = [[Winslow, Arizona]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = {{marriage|Skip Sayre|2021|2025|end=divorced}} | children = 1 | education = [[University of New Mexico]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Juris Doctor|JD]]) | website = {{url|haaland.house.gov|House website}} }} '''Debra Anne Haaland''' (born December 2, 1960) is an American politician. Haaland was the 54th [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] from 2021 to 2025 during the [[Joe Biden]] administration. She was the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] for [[New Mexico's 1st congressional district]] from January 3, 2019 until March 16, 2021. She is running for [[Governor of New Mexico]] in the [[2026 New Mexico gubernatorial election|2026 gubernatorial election]]. She is a former Chair of the [[Democratic Party of New Mexico]]. She was one of the first two Native American women to be elected to Congress, alongside [[Sharice Davids]], both in 2018.<ref>[http://fortune.com/2018/06/07/deb-haaland-new-mexico/ The U.S. Is Getting Its First Native American Congresswoman as Deb Haaland won and will assume office in January 2019], ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'', McKenna Moore, 7 June 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.</ref> ==Secretary of the Interior== On December 17, 2020, President-elect [[Joe Biden]] nominated Haaland to serve as [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] in his cabinet.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Eilperin|first=Juliet|last2=Grandoni|first2=Dino|title=Biden picks Rep. Deb Haaland (D-N.M.) to be first Native American interior secretary|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/12/17/deb-haaland-interior-secretary-biden/|access-date=2020-12-17|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=December 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217200955/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/12/17/deb-haaland-interior-secretary-biden/|url-status=live}}</ref> She was confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] on March 15, 2021 with a 51 to 40 vote.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=King|first=Ledyard|title=Deb Haaland makes history as first Native American Cabinet member after Senate confirmation|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/03/15/deb-haaland-confirmed-becomes-first-native-american-cabinet/4700097001/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=[[USA TODAY]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Higgins |first=Tucker |date=2021-03-15 |title=Deb Haaland confirmed as first Native American Cabinet secretary |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/15/deb-haaland-to-be-confirmed-as-interior-secretary.html |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> She is the first [[Native American]] [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet secretary]] in U.S. history.{{efn|[[Charles Curtis]], who served as [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] between 1929 and 1933, was the first ever Native American to serve in a [[United States Cabinet]], but never served as a Cabinet secretary.<ref name="bloomberg" />}}<ref name="bloomberg">{{Cite news |last=Dlouhy |first=Jennifer A. |last2=Epstein |first2=Jennifer |date=December 17, 2020 |title=Biden Picks Deb Haaland to Be First Native American Secretary of Interior |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-17/biden-taps-haaland-to-be-first-native-american-head-of-interior |access-date=December 17, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rott |first=Nathan |date=December 17, 2020 |title=In Historic Move, Biden To Pick Native American Rep. Haaland As Interior Secretary |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/12/17/937259525/in-historic-move-biden-to-pick-native-american-rep-deb-haaland-as-interior-secre |access-date=December 17, 2020 |website=[[NPR]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Erik |date=December 18, 2020 |title="They feel hope": Why Rep. Haaland, nominated as first Native American interior secretary, is meaningful |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/native-americans-rep-haaland-s-nomination-interior-secretary-signals-new-n1251727 |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> On her first day as secretary, Haaland met with tribal media in a press conference, speaking about her plan to include the tribes as decisions that impact them are made.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hcn.org/articles/indigenous-affairs-on-day-one-haaland-addresses-indigenous-media|title=On day one, Haaland addresses Indigenous media: Tribal journalists given first opportunity to interview first Indigenous secretary of Interior|first=Graham Lee |last=Brewer|work=[[High Country News]]|date=March 18, 2021|accessdate=April 1, 2023}}</ref> In May 2021, Haaland approved the new constitution of the [[Cherokee Nation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-approves-new-constitution-cherokee-nation-guaranteeing-full|title=Secretary Haaland Approves New Constitution for Cherokee Nation, Guaranteeing Full Citizenship Rights for Cherokee Freedmen|date=May 12, 2021|website= U.S. Department of the Interior |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231009035636/https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-approves-new-constitution-cherokee-nation-guaranteeing-full |archive-date= Oct 9, 2023 }}</ref> In June 2021, Haaland announced the creation of the [[Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-announces-federal-indian-boarding-school-initiative|title=Secretary Haaland Announces Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=22 June 2021|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/23/us/indigenous-children-indian-civilization-act-1819.html|title=U.S. to Search Former Native American Schools for Children's Remains|last1=Hauser |last2=Grullón Paz |first1=Christine |first2=Isabella |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=23 June 2021}}</ref> In November 2021, Haaland banned the word "[[squaw]]", a [[derogatory]] term for Native American women, from all federally owned lands, and ordered a task force to determine new names for the 650 places that currently use the word.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/11/19/1057367325/interior-secretary-deb-haaland-moves-to-ban-the-word-squaw-from-federal-lands|title = Interior Secretary Deb Haaland moves to ban the word 'squaw' from federal lands|work = NPR|date = November 19, 2021|last1 = Chappell|first1 = Bill |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921153508/https://www.npr.org/2021/11/19/1057367325/interior-secretary-deb-haaland-moves-to-ban-the-word-squaw-from-federal-lands |archive-date= Sep 21, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/23/1082579779/interior-department-derogatory-term|title = The U.S. looks to replace a derogatory name used hundreds of times on federal lands |work = NPR|date = February 23, 2022|last1 = Torchinsky|first1 = Rina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204233857/https://www.npr.org/2022/02/23/1082579779/interior-department-derogatory-term |archive-date= Dec 4, 2023 }}</ref> In March 2023, Haaland announced $25 million to be dedicated to [[bison]] [[conservation]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Matthew |date=March 3, 2023 |title=US to focus bison restoration on expanding tribal herds |work=AP |url=https://apnews.com/article/bison-restoration-tribes-haaland-6f5ad9227c70377a94a2a4efc809f3d8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329142955/https://apnews.com/article/bison-restoration-tribes-haaland-6f5ad9227c70377a94a2a4efc809f3d8 |archive-date= Mar 29, 2023 }}</ref> Haaland took part in President Biden's designation of [[National monument (United States)|national monuments]], including [[Avi Kwa Ame National Monument]] and [[Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2022 |title=Interior Secretary visits possible Avi Kwa Ame national monument landscape in Nevada |url=https://www.wilderness.org/articles/press-release/interior-secretary-visits-possible-avi-kwa-ame-national-monument-landscape-nevada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201061838/https://www.wilderness.org/articles/press-release/interior-secretary-visits-possible-avi-kwa-ame-national-monument-landscape-nevada |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Wilderness Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=Secretary Haaland Highlights Locally Led Conservation Efforts in Visit to Grand Canyon Region |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-highlights-locally-led-conservation-efforts-visit-grand-canyon |access-date=2023-08-08 |website= |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |language=en}}</ref> ==2026 New Mexico gubernatorial election== On February 11, 2025, Haaland announced her candidacy for [[Governor of New Mexico]] in the [[2026 New Mexico gubernatorial election|2026 gubernatorial election]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Dan |last=Boyd |date=2025-02-11 |title=With 2026 campaign cycle approaching, Deb Haaland officially launches gubernatorial bid |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/news/article_6319d91a-e7d9-11ef-affa-a743dc9ac403.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=[[Albuquerque Journal]] |language=en}}</ref> ==Personal life== Haaland has a child, Somáh, whom she raised as a single mother.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2015 |title=NM Democratic Chair Haaland Statement On Marriage Equality |url=http://krwg.org/post/nm-democratic-chair-haaland-statement-marriage-equality |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141344/http://krwg.org/post/nm-democratic-chair-haaland-statement-marriage-equality |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |website=KRWG}}</ref> On August 28, 2021, Haaland married her longtime partner, Skip Sayre, in [[Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=August 29, 2021 |title=Sec. Deb Haaland Marries Long-Time Partner In Weekend Ceremony In New Mexico |url=https://abq.news/2021/08/sec-deb-haaland-marries-long-time-partner-in-weekend-ceremony-in-new-mexico/ |journal=The Paper (Albuquerque, NM) |access-date=October 11, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 30, 2021 |title=Interior Secretary Deb Haaland, partner wed in New Mexico |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Interior-Secretary-Deb-Haaland-partner-wed-in-16422633.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830162019/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Interior-Secretary-Deb-Haaland-partner-wed-in-16422633.php |archive-date=August 30, 2021 |access-date=August 30, 2021 |website=SFGATE}}</ref> They divorced in February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Noah Alcala Bach / Journal Staff |date=2025-03-13 |title=Deb Haaland divorces husband after launching campaign for governor |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/news/article_47ebf3e6-0069-11f0-952a-0313f3c77f8c.html |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=Albuquerque Journal |language=en}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haaland, Deb}} [[Category:1960 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:United States representatives from New Mexico]] [[Category:United States Secretaries of the Interior]] [[Category:Politicians from Arizona]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:20th-century Native American people]] [[Category:21st-century Native American people]] {{US-bio-stub}} {{Biden cabinet}} {{USSecInterior}} j854pdq3r90jvaee86rxfdofpgjvg5n 10879082 10879078 2026-06-04T21:37:23Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10879082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Deb Haaland | image = Secretary Deb Haaland, official headshot.jpg | office = 54th [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] | president = [[Joe Biden]] | term_start = March 16, 2021 | term_end = January 20, 2025 | deputy = [[Tommy Beaudreau]] | predecessor = [[David Bernhardt]] | successor = [[Doug Burgum]] | state1 = [[New Mexico]] | district1 = {{ushr|NM|1|1st}} | term_start1 = January 3, 2019 | term_end1 = March 16, 2021 | predecessor1 = [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]] | successor1 = [[Melanie Stansbury]] | office2 = Chair of the [[Democratic Party of New Mexico|New Mexico Democratic Party]] | term_start2 = April 25, 2015 | term_end2 = April 29, 2017 | predecessor2 = Sam Bregman | successor2 = Richard Ellenberg | birth_name = Debra Anne Haaland | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|12|2}} | birth_place = [[Winslow, Arizona]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = {{marriage|Skip Sayre|2021|2025|end=divorced}} | children = 1 | education = [[University of New Mexico]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Juris Doctor|JD]]) | website = {{url|haaland.house.gov|House website}} }} '''Debra Anne Haaland''' (born December 2, 1960) is an American politician. Haaland was the 54th [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] from 2021 to 2025 during the [[Joe Biden]] administration. She was the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] for [[New Mexico's 1st congressional district]] from January 3, 2019 until March 16, 2021. She is running for [[Governor of New Mexico]] in the [[2026 New Mexico gubernatorial election|2026 gubernatorial election]]. She is a former Chair of the [[Democratic Party of New Mexico]]. She was one of the first two Native American women to be elected to Congress, alongside [[Sharice Davids]], both in 2018.<ref>[http://fortune.com/2018/06/07/deb-haaland-new-mexico/ The U.S. Is Getting Its First Native American Congresswoman as Deb Haaland won and will assume office in January 2019], ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'', McKenna Moore, 7 June 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.</ref> ==Secretary of the Interior== On December 17, 2020, President-elect [[Joe Biden]] nominated Haaland to serve as [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] in his cabinet.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Eilperin|first=Juliet|last2=Grandoni|first2=Dino|title=Biden picks Rep. Deb Haaland (D-N.M.) to be first Native American interior secretary|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/12/17/deb-haaland-interior-secretary-biden/|access-date=2020-12-17|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=December 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217200955/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/12/17/deb-haaland-interior-secretary-biden/|url-status=live}}</ref> She was confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] on March 15, 2021 with a 51 to 40 vote.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=King|first=Ledyard|title=Deb Haaland makes history as first Native American Cabinet member after Senate confirmation|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/03/15/deb-haaland-confirmed-becomes-first-native-american-cabinet/4700097001/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=[[USA TODAY]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Higgins |first=Tucker |date=2021-03-15 |title=Deb Haaland confirmed as first Native American Cabinet secretary |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/15/deb-haaland-to-be-confirmed-as-interior-secretary.html |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> She is the first [[Native American]] [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet secretary]] in U.S. history.{{efn|[[Charles Curtis]], who served as [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] between 1929 and 1933, was the first ever Native American to serve in a [[United States Cabinet]], but never served as a Cabinet secretary.<ref name="bloomberg" />}}<ref name="bloomberg">{{Cite news |last=Dlouhy |first=Jennifer A. |last2=Epstein |first2=Jennifer |date=December 17, 2020 |title=Biden Picks Deb Haaland to Be First Native American Secretary of Interior |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-17/biden-taps-haaland-to-be-first-native-american-head-of-interior |access-date=December 17, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rott |first=Nathan |date=December 17, 2020 |title=In Historic Move, Biden To Pick Native American Rep. Haaland As Interior Secretary |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/12/17/937259525/in-historic-move-biden-to-pick-native-american-rep-deb-haaland-as-interior-secre |access-date=December 17, 2020 |website=[[NPR]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Erik |date=December 18, 2020 |title="They feel hope": Why Rep. Haaland, nominated as first Native American interior secretary, is meaningful |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/native-americans-rep-haaland-s-nomination-interior-secretary-signals-new-n1251727 |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> On her first day as secretary, Haaland met with tribal media in a press conference, speaking about her plan to include the tribes as decisions that impact them are made.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hcn.org/articles/indigenous-affairs-on-day-one-haaland-addresses-indigenous-media|title=On day one, Haaland addresses Indigenous media: Tribal journalists given first opportunity to interview first Indigenous secretary of Interior|first=Graham Lee |last=Brewer|work=[[High Country News]]|date=March 18, 2021|accessdate=April 1, 2023}}</ref> In May 2021, Haaland approved the new constitution of the [[Cherokee Nation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-approves-new-constitution-cherokee-nation-guaranteeing-full|title=Secretary Haaland Approves New Constitution for Cherokee Nation, Guaranteeing Full Citizenship Rights for Cherokee Freedmen|date=May 12, 2021|website= U.S. Department of the Interior |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231009035636/https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-approves-new-constitution-cherokee-nation-guaranteeing-full |archive-date= Oct 9, 2023 }}</ref> In June 2021, Haaland announced the creation of the [[Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-announces-federal-indian-boarding-school-initiative|title=Secretary Haaland Announces Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=22 June 2021|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/23/us/indigenous-children-indian-civilization-act-1819.html|title=U.S. to Search Former Native American Schools for Children's Remains|last1=Hauser |last2=Grullón Paz |first1=Christine |first2=Isabella |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=23 June 2021}}</ref> In November 2021, Haaland banned the word "[[squaw]]", a [[derogatory]] term for Native American women, from all federally owned lands, and ordered a task force to determine new names for the 650 places that currently use the word.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/11/19/1057367325/interior-secretary-deb-haaland-moves-to-ban-the-word-squaw-from-federal-lands|title = Interior Secretary Deb Haaland moves to ban the word 'squaw' from federal lands|work = NPR|date = November 19, 2021|last1 = Chappell|first1 = Bill |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921153508/https://www.npr.org/2021/11/19/1057367325/interior-secretary-deb-haaland-moves-to-ban-the-word-squaw-from-federal-lands |archive-date= Sep 21, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/23/1082579779/interior-department-derogatory-term|title = The U.S. looks to replace a derogatory name used hundreds of times on federal lands |work = NPR|date = February 23, 2022|last1 = Torchinsky|first1 = Rina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204233857/https://www.npr.org/2022/02/23/1082579779/interior-department-derogatory-term |archive-date= Dec 4, 2023 }}</ref> In March 2023, Haaland announced $25 million to be dedicated to [[bison]] [[conservation]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Matthew |date=March 3, 2023 |title=US to focus bison restoration on expanding tribal herds |work=AP |url=https://apnews.com/article/bison-restoration-tribes-haaland-6f5ad9227c70377a94a2a4efc809f3d8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329142955/https://apnews.com/article/bison-restoration-tribes-haaland-6f5ad9227c70377a94a2a4efc809f3d8 |archive-date= Mar 29, 2023 }}</ref> Haaland took part in President Biden's designation of [[National monument (United States)|national monuments]], including [[Avi Kwa Ame National Monument]] and [[Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2022 |title=Interior Secretary visits possible Avi Kwa Ame national monument landscape in Nevada |url=https://www.wilderness.org/articles/press-release/interior-secretary-visits-possible-avi-kwa-ame-national-monument-landscape-nevada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201061838/https://www.wilderness.org/articles/press-release/interior-secretary-visits-possible-avi-kwa-ame-national-monument-landscape-nevada |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Wilderness Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=Secretary Haaland Highlights Locally Led Conservation Efforts in Visit to Grand Canyon Region |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-highlights-locally-led-conservation-efforts-visit-grand-canyon |access-date=2023-08-08 |website= |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |language=en}}</ref> ==2026 New Mexico gubernatorial election== On February 11, 2025, Haaland announced her candidacy for [[Governor of New Mexico]] in the [[2026 New Mexico gubernatorial election|2026 gubernatorial election]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Dan |last=Boyd |date=2025-02-11 |title=With 2026 campaign cycle approaching, Deb Haaland officially launches gubernatorial bid |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/news/article_6319d91a-e7d9-11ef-affa-a743dc9ac403.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=[[Albuquerque Journal]] |language=en}}</ref> She won the Democratic nomination in a [[landslide victory|landslide]] in June 2026.<ref name=wapogov>{{cite news |title=Former Biden official Deb Haaland wins New Mexico primary for governor |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 2, 2026 |access-date=June 2, 2026 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/2026/06/02/new-mexico-governor-primary-election-results-live-deb-haaland-faces-sam-bergman/}}</ref> ==Personal life== Haaland has a child, Somáh, whom she raised as a single mother.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2015 |title=NM Democratic Chair Haaland Statement On Marriage Equality |url=http://krwg.org/post/nm-democratic-chair-haaland-statement-marriage-equality |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141344/http://krwg.org/post/nm-democratic-chair-haaland-statement-marriage-equality |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |website=KRWG}}</ref> On August 28, 2021, Haaland married her longtime partner, Skip Sayre, in [[Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=August 29, 2021 |title=Sec. Deb Haaland Marries Long-Time Partner In Weekend Ceremony In New Mexico |url=https://abq.news/2021/08/sec-deb-haaland-marries-long-time-partner-in-weekend-ceremony-in-new-mexico/ |journal=The Paper (Albuquerque, NM) |access-date=October 11, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 30, 2021 |title=Interior Secretary Deb Haaland, partner wed in New Mexico |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Interior-Secretary-Deb-Haaland-partner-wed-in-16422633.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830162019/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Interior-Secretary-Deb-Haaland-partner-wed-in-16422633.php |archive-date=August 30, 2021 |access-date=August 30, 2021 |website=SFGATE}}</ref> They divorced in February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Noah Alcala Bach / Journal Staff |date=2025-03-13 |title=Deb Haaland divorces husband after launching campaign for governor |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/news/article_47ebf3e6-0069-11f0-952a-0313f3c77f8c.html |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=Albuquerque Journal |language=en}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haaland, Deb}} [[Category:1960 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:United States representatives from New Mexico]] [[Category:United States Secretaries of the Interior]] [[Category:Politicians from Arizona]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:20th-century Native American people]] [[Category:21st-century Native American people]] {{US-bio-stub}} {{Biden cabinet}} {{USSecInterior}} sbgu3wk2ameyq3931drrc79p7hi2lqo 10879086 10879082 2026-06-04T21:40:17Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* 2026 New Mexico gubernatorial election */ 10879086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Deb Haaland | image = Secretary Deb Haaland, official headshot.jpg | office = 54th [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] | president = [[Joe Biden]] | term_start = March 16, 2021 | term_end = January 20, 2025 | deputy = [[Tommy Beaudreau]] | predecessor = [[David Bernhardt]] | successor = [[Doug Burgum]] | state1 = [[New Mexico]] | district1 = {{ushr|NM|1|1st}} | term_start1 = January 3, 2019 | term_end1 = March 16, 2021 | predecessor1 = [[Michelle Lujan Grisham]] | successor1 = [[Melanie Stansbury]] | office2 = Chair of the [[Democratic Party of New Mexico|New Mexico Democratic Party]] | term_start2 = April 25, 2015 | term_end2 = April 29, 2017 | predecessor2 = Sam Bregman | successor2 = Richard Ellenberg | birth_name = Debra Anne Haaland | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|12|2}} | birth_place = [[Winslow, Arizona]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = {{marriage|Skip Sayre|2021|2025|end=divorced}} | children = 1 | education = [[University of New Mexico]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Juris Doctor|JD]]) | website = {{url|haaland.house.gov|House website}} }} '''Debra Anne Haaland''' (born December 2, 1960) is an American politician. Haaland was the 54th [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] from 2021 to 2025 during the [[Joe Biden]] administration. She was the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] for [[New Mexico's 1st congressional district]] from January 3, 2019 until March 16, 2021. She is running for [[Governor of New Mexico]] in the [[2026 New Mexico gubernatorial election|2026 gubernatorial election]]. She is a former Chair of the [[Democratic Party of New Mexico]]. She was one of the first two Native American women to be elected to Congress, alongside [[Sharice Davids]], both in 2018.<ref>[http://fortune.com/2018/06/07/deb-haaland-new-mexico/ The U.S. Is Getting Its First Native American Congresswoman as Deb Haaland won and will assume office in January 2019], ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'', McKenna Moore, 7 June 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.</ref> ==Secretary of the Interior== On December 17, 2020, President-elect [[Joe Biden]] nominated Haaland to serve as [[United States Secretary of the Interior]] in his cabinet.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Eilperin|first=Juliet|last2=Grandoni|first2=Dino|title=Biden picks Rep. Deb Haaland (D-N.M.) to be first Native American interior secretary|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/12/17/deb-haaland-interior-secretary-biden/|access-date=2020-12-17|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=December 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217200955/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/12/17/deb-haaland-interior-secretary-biden/|url-status=live}}</ref> She was confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] on March 15, 2021 with a 51 to 40 vote.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=King|first=Ledyard|title=Deb Haaland makes history as first Native American Cabinet member after Senate confirmation|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/03/15/deb-haaland-confirmed-becomes-first-native-american-cabinet/4700097001/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=[[USA TODAY]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Higgins |first=Tucker |date=2021-03-15 |title=Deb Haaland confirmed as first Native American Cabinet secretary |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/15/deb-haaland-to-be-confirmed-as-interior-secretary.html |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> She is the first [[Native American]] [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet secretary]] in U.S. history.{{efn|[[Charles Curtis]], who served as [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] between 1929 and 1933, was the first ever Native American to serve in a [[United States Cabinet]], but never served as a Cabinet secretary.<ref name="bloomberg" />}}<ref name="bloomberg">{{Cite news |last=Dlouhy |first=Jennifer A. |last2=Epstein |first2=Jennifer |date=December 17, 2020 |title=Biden Picks Deb Haaland to Be First Native American Secretary of Interior |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-17/biden-taps-haaland-to-be-first-native-american-head-of-interior |access-date=December 17, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rott |first=Nathan |date=December 17, 2020 |title=In Historic Move, Biden To Pick Native American Rep. Haaland As Interior Secretary |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/12/17/937259525/in-historic-move-biden-to-pick-native-american-rep-deb-haaland-as-interior-secre |access-date=December 17, 2020 |website=[[NPR]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Erik |date=December 18, 2020 |title="They feel hope": Why Rep. Haaland, nominated as first Native American interior secretary, is meaningful |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/native-americans-rep-haaland-s-nomination-interior-secretary-signals-new-n1251727 |access-date=2020-12-19 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> On her first day as secretary, Haaland met with tribal media in a press conference, speaking about her plan to include the tribes as decisions that impact them are made.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hcn.org/articles/indigenous-affairs-on-day-one-haaland-addresses-indigenous-media|title=On day one, Haaland addresses Indigenous media: Tribal journalists given first opportunity to interview first Indigenous secretary of Interior|first=Graham Lee |last=Brewer|work=[[High Country News]]|date=March 18, 2021|accessdate=April 1, 2023}}</ref> In May 2021, Haaland approved the new constitution of the [[Cherokee Nation]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-approves-new-constitution-cherokee-nation-guaranteeing-full|title=Secretary Haaland Approves New Constitution for Cherokee Nation, Guaranteeing Full Citizenship Rights for Cherokee Freedmen|date=May 12, 2021|website= U.S. Department of the Interior |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231009035636/https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-approves-new-constitution-cherokee-nation-guaranteeing-full |archive-date= Oct 9, 2023 }}</ref> In June 2021, Haaland announced the creation of the [[Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-announces-federal-indian-boarding-school-initiative|title=Secretary Haaland Announces Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |date=22 June 2021|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/23/us/indigenous-children-indian-civilization-act-1819.html|title=U.S. to Search Former Native American Schools for Children's Remains|last1=Hauser |last2=Grullón Paz |first1=Christine |first2=Isabella |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=23 June 2021}}</ref> In November 2021, Haaland banned the word "[[squaw]]", a [[derogatory]] term for Native American women, from all federally owned lands, and ordered a task force to determine new names for the 650 places that currently use the word.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/11/19/1057367325/interior-secretary-deb-haaland-moves-to-ban-the-word-squaw-from-federal-lands|title = Interior Secretary Deb Haaland moves to ban the word 'squaw' from federal lands|work = NPR|date = November 19, 2021|last1 = Chappell|first1 = Bill |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921153508/https://www.npr.org/2021/11/19/1057367325/interior-secretary-deb-haaland-moves-to-ban-the-word-squaw-from-federal-lands |archive-date= Sep 21, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/23/1082579779/interior-department-derogatory-term|title = The U.S. looks to replace a derogatory name used hundreds of times on federal lands |work = NPR|date = February 23, 2022|last1 = Torchinsky|first1 = Rina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204233857/https://www.npr.org/2022/02/23/1082579779/interior-department-derogatory-term |archive-date= Dec 4, 2023 }}</ref> In March 2023, Haaland announced $25 million to be dedicated to [[bison]] [[conservation]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Matthew |date=March 3, 2023 |title=US to focus bison restoration on expanding tribal herds |work=AP |url=https://apnews.com/article/bison-restoration-tribes-haaland-6f5ad9227c70377a94a2a4efc809f3d8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329142955/https://apnews.com/article/bison-restoration-tribes-haaland-6f5ad9227c70377a94a2a4efc809f3d8 |archive-date= Mar 29, 2023 }}</ref> Haaland took part in President Biden's designation of [[National monument (United States)|national monuments]], including [[Avi Kwa Ame National Monument]] and [[Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2022 |title=Interior Secretary visits possible Avi Kwa Ame national monument landscape in Nevada |url=https://www.wilderness.org/articles/press-release/interior-secretary-visits-possible-avi-kwa-ame-national-monument-landscape-nevada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201061838/https://www.wilderness.org/articles/press-release/interior-secretary-visits-possible-avi-kwa-ame-national-monument-landscape-nevada |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=The Wilderness Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=Secretary Haaland Highlights Locally Led Conservation Efforts in Visit to Grand Canyon Region |url=https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-highlights-locally-led-conservation-efforts-visit-grand-canyon |access-date=2023-08-08 |website= |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |language=en}}</ref> ==2026 New Mexico gubernatorial election== On February 11, 2025, Haaland announced her candidacy for [[Governor of New Mexico]] in the [[2026 New Mexico gubernatorial election|2026 gubernatorial election]].<ref>{{Cite news |first=Dan |last=Boyd |date=2025-02-11 |title=With 2026 campaign cycle approaching, Deb Haaland officially launches gubernatorial bid |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/news/article_6319d91a-e7d9-11ef-affa-a743dc9ac403.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=[[Albuquerque Journal]] |language=en}}</ref> She won the Democratic nomination in a [[landslide victory|landslide]] in June 2026.<ref name=wapogov>{{cite news |title=Former Biden official Deb Haaland wins New Mexico primary for governor |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 2, 2026 |access-date=June 2, 2026 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/2026/06/02/new-mexico-governor-primary-election-results-live-deb-haaland-faces-sam-bergman/}}</ref> That same month, [[Maggie Toulouse Oliver]] became her [[Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico|running mate]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/maggie-toulouse-oliver-set-to-clinch-democratic-primary-for-new-mexico-lieutenant-governor/article_4f877348-e02e-48e9-aa78-23bbc636cfc1.html|title=Maggie Toulouse Oliver set to clinch Democratic primary for New Mexico lieutenant governor|last=Alexander|first=Lily|date=June 2, 2026|work=[[The Santa Fe New Mexican]]|access-date=June 3, 2026}}</ref> ==Personal life== Haaland has a child, Somáh, whom she raised as a single mother.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2015 |title=NM Democratic Chair Haaland Statement On Marriage Equality |url=http://krwg.org/post/nm-democratic-chair-haaland-statement-marriage-equality |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141344/http://krwg.org/post/nm-democratic-chair-haaland-statement-marriage-equality |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |website=KRWG}}</ref> On August 28, 2021, Haaland married her longtime partner, Skip Sayre, in [[Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=August 29, 2021 |title=Sec. Deb Haaland Marries Long-Time Partner In Weekend Ceremony In New Mexico |url=https://abq.news/2021/08/sec-deb-haaland-marries-long-time-partner-in-weekend-ceremony-in-new-mexico/ |journal=The Paper (Albuquerque, NM) |access-date=October 11, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 30, 2021 |title=Interior Secretary Deb Haaland, partner wed in New Mexico |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Interior-Secretary-Deb-Haaland-partner-wed-in-16422633.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830162019/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Interior-Secretary-Deb-Haaland-partner-wed-in-16422633.php |archive-date=August 30, 2021 |access-date=August 30, 2021 |website=SFGATE}}</ref> They divorced in February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Noah Alcala Bach / Journal Staff |date=2025-03-13 |title=Deb Haaland divorces husband after launching campaign for governor |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/news/article_47ebf3e6-0069-11f0-952a-0313f3c77f8c.html |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=Albuquerque Journal |language=en}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haaland, Deb}} [[Category:1960 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:United States representatives from New Mexico]] [[Category:United States Secretaries of the Interior]] [[Category:Politicians from Arizona]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:20th-century Native American people]] [[Category:21st-century Native American people]] {{US-bio-stub}} {{Biden cabinet}} {{USSecInterior}} t4hde8cmo88xi23rwmygc6pl9qk1mdc 0 674379 10878938 6373772 2026-06-04T18:48:22Z Readmymind8777 1721801 10878938 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Windows 7]] {{redirect category shell| {{R printworthy}} }} 1jzp7o5kkc30wsb90971b8xn6deou3r 0 679436 10878774 10878372 2026-06-04T14:03:10Z Olivia Klacik 1392959 Nayib Bukele: I added and removed some information to clarify and make the article look more formal 10878774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spanish name|Bukele|Ortez}}{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oas.org/en/member_states/member_state.asp?sCode=ELS|title=Member State: El Salvador – Government Officials|language=en|access-date=6 April 2024|work=[[Organization of American States]]|date=August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404074054/https://www.oas.org/en/member_states/member_state.asp?sCode=ELS|archive-date=4 April 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> | name = Nayib Bukele | image = Presidente Nayib Bukele (cropped).jpg | image_upright = | alt = A vertical upper-body portrait of Nayib Bukele smiling, facing the camera, and wearing a business suit and the presidential sash of El Salvador | caption = Official portrait, 2019 | order = 43rd | office = President of El Salvador | term_start = 1 June 2019{{efn|[[Claudia Rodríguez de Guevara]] served as acting president while Bukele's presidential powers and duties were suspended from 30 November 2023 to 1 June 2024 during Bukele's re-election campaign and subsequent presidential transition period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://diario.elmundo.sv/politica/designada-del-presidente-ya-sanciona-decretos-como-encargada-del-despacho|title=Designada del Presidente ya Sanciona Decretos como Encargada del Despacho|trans-title=Presidential Designate Now Sanctions Decrees as In Charge with the Office|language=es|date=14 December 2023|access-date=14 December 2023|work=[[El Mundo (El Salvador)|El Mundo]]|archive-date=14 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214230336/https://diario.elmundo.sv/politica/designada-del-presidente-ya-sanciona-decretos-como-encargada-del-despacho|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | term_end = | vicepresident = [[Félix Ulloa]] | predecessor = [[Salvador Sánchez Cerén]] | successor = | office1 = [[Mayor of San Salvador]] | term_start1 = 1 May 2015 | term_end1 = 30 April 2018 | predecessor1 = [[Norman Quijano]] | successor1 = [[Ernesto Muyshondt]] | office2 = Mayor of [[Nuevo Cuscatlán]] | term_start2 = 1 May 2012 | term_end2 = 30 April 2015 | predecessor2 = Álvaro Rodríguez | successor2 = [[Michelle Sol]] | birth_name = Nayib Armando Bukele Ortez | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|7|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[San Salvador]], El Salvador | party = [[Nuevas Ideas]] (since 2017) | otherparty = {{Plainlist| * {{abbrlink|GANA|Grand Alliance for National Unity}} (2018–2023) * [[Democratic Change (El Salvador)|Democratic Change]] (2018) * [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2017) * {{abbrlink|FMLN|Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front}} (2012–2017) }} | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Gabriela Rodríguez de Bukele|Gabriela Rodríguez]]|2014}} | children = 2 | father = [[Armando Bukele Kattán]] | education = [[Central American University, San Salvador|Central American University]] (no degree) | occupation = Politician, businessman | cabinet = [[Cabinet of Nayib Bukele]] | signature = Nayib Bukele signature.svg | signature_alt = A graphic of Nayib Bukele's signature }} '''Nayib Armando Bukele Ortez''' (born 24 July 1981) is a Salvadoran politician and businessman serving as the 43rd [[president of El Salvador]] since 2019. Bukele entered politics in 2011. In 2012, he joined the FMLN and was elected mayor of [[Nuevo Cuscatlán]]. Bukele served until his 2015 election as [[Mayor of San Salvador]], where he served until 2018. In 2017, hee founded the [[Nuevas Ideas]] political party shortly afterward and pursued a presidential [[2019 Salvadoran presidential election|campaign in 2019]], and later won with 53 percent of the vote. In March 2022, Bukele initiated a [[Salvadoran gang crackdown|nationwide crackdown on gangs]], with over 85,000 people arrested with alleged gang affiliations with [[MS-13]] and [[18th Street gang|Barrio 18]]. He ran for re-election in the [[2024 Salvadoran presidential election|2024 presidential election]] and won with 85 percent of the vote. Bukele is highly popular in El Salvador, where he has held [[Opinion polling on the Nayib Bukele presidency|a job approval rating above 75%]] during his entire presidency and averages above 90% approval, and is popular throughout [[Latin America]].<ref>{{cite web|date=22 May 2025|title=El Salvador: RSF on high alert as state persecution of journalists intensifies|url=https://rsf.org/en/el-salvador-rsf-high-alert-state-persecution-journalists-intensifies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725202648/https://rsf.org/en/el-salvador-rsf-high-alert-state-persecution-journalists-intensifies|archive-date=25 July 2025|access-date=9 August 2025|publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|last=The Economist Intelligence Unit|title=Democracy Index 2024: What’s wrong with representative democracy?|date=March 2025|publisher=The Economist Intelligence Unit|url=https://static.poder360.com.br/2025/03/the-economist-democracia-.pdf|access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bukele, Nayib}} [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Presidents of El Salvador]] [[Category:Current national leaders]] [[Category:Salvadoran mayors]] [[Category:21st-century presidents in North America]] l1j4qjqky6gqt1i7v4nbac64a9ddeja 0 680730 10878775 10544792 2026-06-04T14:05:25Z Umberto Joko 1809015 /* */ 10878775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]] | name = João Lourenço | honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|list=[[Order of Prince Henry|GColIH]]|size=100}} | image = President of Angola João Lourenço during a bilateral exchange at the Angola presidential palace in Luanda, Angola, September 27, 2023 - 230927-D-PM193-1914 (cropped).jpg | caption = Lourenço in 2023 | order = 3rd | office = President of Angola | vicepresident = [[Bornito de Sousa]]<br />(2017–2022)<br />[[Esperança da Costa]]<br />(2022–present) | term_start = 26 September 2017 | term_end = | predecessor = [[José Eduardo dos Santos]] | successor = | office1 = 23rd [[Chairperson of the African Union]] | term_start1 = 15 February 2025 | term_end1 = 14 February 2026 | predecessor1 = [[Mohamed Ould Ghazouani]] | successor1 = [[Évariste Ndayishimiye]] | office2 = Chairman of the [[MPLA]] | term_start2 = 8 September 2018 | term_end2 = | predecessor2 = José Eduardo dos Santos | successor2 = | office3 = [[Minister of National Defence (Angola)|Minister of National Defence]] | president3 = José Eduardo dos Santos | term_start3 = 22 April 2014 | term_end3 = 24 July 2017 | predecessor3 = Cândido Pereira dos Santos Van-Dúnem | successor3 = Salviano de Jesus Sequeira | office4 = Chairman of [[Southern African Development Community]] | term_start4 = 17 August 2023 | term_end4 = 17 August 2024 | predecessor4 = [[Felix Tshisekedi]] | successor4 = [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|3|5|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lobito]], then part of [[Portuguese Angola]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[MPLA]] (since 1974) | spouse = [[Ana Dias Lourenço|Ana Afonso Dias]] | children = Manuel Dias Pereira more 5 | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * Industrial Institute of Luanda * [[Lenin Military-Political Academy|Lenin Superior Academy]] }} | nickname = Ti Mimoso,<ref name="Machado"/> JLo<ref name="BBC-nickname">{{cite news |title=Joao Lourenco: Can 'Angola's JLo' fill Dos Santos' shoes? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41037721 |date=25 August 2017 |work=BBC News |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826203532/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41037721 |url-status=live }}</ref> | allegiance = {{flag|Angola}} | branch = [[Angolan Army]] | serviceyears = 1974–2017 | rank = [[File:17.AA-GE.svg|20px]] [[Army general]] | battles = {{tree list}} * [[Angolan War of Independence]] * [[Cabinda War]] * [[Angolan Civil War]] * [[Second Congo War]] * [[Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)|Second Brazzaville-Congolese Civil War]] {{Tree list/end}} }} '''João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço,''' <small>[[Order of Prince Henry|GColIH]]</small> (born 5 March 1943) is an [[Angola]]n politician. He has been the [[President of Angola]] since 26 September 2017.<ref name="reuters">{{cite web|last=Eisenhammer|first=Stephen|title=Angola's first new president in 38 years vows to fight graft|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-angola-politics/angolas-first-new-president-in-38-years-vows-to-fight-graft-idUSKCN1C12G0?il=0|publisher=Reuters|access-date=27 September 2017|date=September 26, 2017}}</ref> In 2025, he was elected as the 23rd [[Chairperson of the African Union]]. == References == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="Machado">Catarina Machado. [https://tvi24.iol.pt/internacional/luaty-beirao-isabel-dos-santos/luaty-beirao-esta-malaike-com-exoneracao-de-isabel-dos-santos "Luaty Beirão está 'malaike' com exoneração de Isabel dos Santos."] ''[[TVI 24]].'' 16 November 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2021. {{in lang|pt}}</ref> }} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lourenço, João}} [[Category:1954 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Presidents of Angola]] [[Category:Current national leaders]] [[Category:African Union chairpersons]] {{bio-stub}} {{African Union chairpersons}} kcrexkaeldkjl4ztk004nmsjplmxew6 0 685036 10878865 10818577 2026-06-04T17:07:28Z Fade00000 1816359 There were 89, not 40 injuries. Though they were not from gunfire and stampedes and similar stuff 10878865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox civilian attack|title=Christchurch mosque shootings|image=Christchurch Mosque, New Zealand.jpg|location=[[Christchurch]], [[Canterbury, New Zealand]]|date={{start date and age|15 March 2019}}|caption=The [[Al Noor Mosque]] in August 2019|map={{switcher |{{Location map many | New Zealand Christchurch | float = center | width = 250 | caption = | alt = The mosques are located in Christchurch, New Zealand | label1 = [[Al Noor Mosque]] | coordinates1 = {{Coord|-43.5329|172.6118}} | pos1 = left | label2 = [[Linwood Islamic Centre]] | coordinates2 = {{Coord|-43.5324|172.6726}} | pos2 = right }} |Show map of Christchurch, New Zealand |{{Location map | New Zealand | float = center | width = 250 | label = Christchurch | caption = | background = | coordinates = {{Coord|-43.5329|172.6118}} }} |Show map of New Zealand }}|map_size=250px|coordinates={{unbulleted list|{{Coord|-43.5329|172.6118|type:landmark_region:NZ-CAN|display=inline}}|([[Al Noor Mosque]])|{{Coord|-43.5324|172.6726|type:landmark_region:NZ-CAN|display=inline}}|([[Linwood Islamic Centre]])}}|time-begin=1:40|time-end=1:59{{nbsp}}p.m.|timezone=[[NZDT]]; [[UTC+13]]|target=[[Muslims|Muslim]] worshippers|type=[[Mass shooting]],<ref name="Ainge_Sherwood_Parveen">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Eleanor Ainge |last2=Sherwood |first2=Harriet |last3=Parveen |first3=Nazia |title=Christchurch attack: suspect had white-supremacist symbols on weapons |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/christchurch-shooting-new-zealand-suspect-white-supremacist-symbols-weapons |access-date=16 March 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=15 March 2019 |quote=A bomb disposal team was called in to dismantle explosive devices found in a stopped car. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315235642/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/christchurch-shooting-new-zealand-suspect-white-supremacist-symbols-weapons |archive-date=15 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Terrorism|terrorist attack]],<ref name=NYT17Mar>{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=17 March 2019 |title='There Will Be Changes' to Gun Laws, New Zealand Prime Minister Says |access-date=18 March 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/17/world/asia/new-zealand-shooting.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317223937/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/17/world/asia/new-zealand-shooting.html |archive-date=17 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[spree killer|shooting spree]], [[mass murder]], [[right-wing terrorism]], [[hate crime]]|weapons=* Windham Weaponry WW-15 [[AR-15 style rifle]] * [[Ruger AR-556]] AR-15s tyle rifle * 12-gauge [[Mossberg 930]] semi-automatic shotgun * 12-gauge [[Remington Model 870]] pump-action shotgun * [[.357 Magnum]] [[A. Uberti, Srl.|Uberti]] lever-action rifle * .223-caliber [[O.F. Mossberg & Sons|Mossberg]] Predator bolt-action rifle|fatalities=51{{efn|44 at the [[Al Noor Mosque, Christchurch|Al Noor Mosque]], and 7 at the [[Linwood Islamic Centre]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mosque attack sentencing: Gunman's plan of terror outlined in court |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-terror-attack-sentencing-gunman-brenton-tarrant-planned-to-attack-three-mosques/Y5ROAIRQY6TJTU7XI63YHBT7YI/?c_id=1&objectid=12358347 |access-date=13 February 2024 |work=The New Zealand Herald |date=13 February 2024 |language=en-NZ |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115032659/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-terror-attack-sentencing-gunman-brenton-tarrant-planned-to-attack-three-mosques/Y5ROAIRQY6TJTU7XI63YHBT7YI/?c_id=1&objectid=12358347 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}|injuries=89|perpetrator=[[Brenton Tarrant]]|motive=* [[Far-right politics|Far-right extremism]] * Anti-[[immigration]]<ref name="arabnews1">{{cite news|title=Ranting 'manifesto' exposes the mixed-up mind of a terrorist|last=Welby|first=Peter|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1467646|work=Arab News|date=16 March 2019|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317010519/http://www.arabnews.com/node/1467646|archive-date=17 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Fascism]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Achenbach |first=Joel |title=Two mass killings a world apart share a common theme: 'ecofascism' |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=18 August 2019 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/science/two-mass-murders-a-world-apart-share-a-common-theme-ecofascism/2019/08/18/0079a676-bec4-11e9-b873-63ace636af08_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622181533/https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/two-mass-murders-a-world-apart-share-a-common-theme-ecofascism/2019/08/18/0079a676-bec4-11e9-b873-63ace636af08_story.html|archive-date=22 June 2020}}</ref> * [[White nationalism]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Campbell |first1=Charlie |title=The New Zealand Attacks Show How White Supremacy Went From a Homegrown Issue to a Global Threat |url=https://time.com/5555738/new-zealand-shooting-white-supremacy/ |access-date=3 November 2023 |magazine=Time |date=21 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103143738/https://time.com/5555738/new-zealand-shooting-white-supremacy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * Believing the [[White genocide conspiracy theory|white genocide]] and [[Great Replacement|Great Replacement conspiracy theories]]<ref name="Gilsinan"/>|verdict=Pleaded [[guilt (law)|guilty]] to all charges|convictions=51 counts of [[murder]]<br />40 counts of [[attempted murder]]<br />One count of [[terrorism|committing a terrorist act]] {{Infobox event | title = | child = yes | sentence = 52 [[life sentence|life sentences]] without the chance for [[parole]], plus 480 years<ref name=":12">{{cite news |title=Muslim community takes back the story as March 15 terrorist jailed for life |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/122593869/muslim-community-takes-back-the-story-as-march-15-terrorist-jailed-for-life |work=Stuff |date=28 August 2020 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> }}}} The '''Christchurch mosque shootings''' were two [[Terrorism|terrorist]] [[mass shootings]] at two [[Mosque|mosques]] in [[Christchurch]], New Zealand on 15 March 2019. They were committed by [[Brenton Tarrant]] who entered the two mosques during [[Friday prayer]], firstly at the [[Al Noor Mosque]] where he [[Murder|murdered]] 44 people and [[Wound|wounded]] 35 others and later at the [[Linwood Islamic Centre]] where 7 were killed and 5 were wounded, in total 51 [[Muslims|Muslim]] worshippers were killed and 40 were wounded. Tarrant was arrested after his vehicle was rammed by a [[police car]] when he was driving to a third mosque in [[Ashburton, New Zealand|Ashburton]]. He [[Livestreaming|live-streamed]] the first shooting on [[Facebook]] and had published a 74-page [[manifesto]] titled ''The Great Replacement'' online before the attack. On 26 March 2020, he pled [[Guilt (law)|guilty]]<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ensor|first1=Blair|last2=Sherwood|first2=Sam|title=Christchurch mosque attacks: Accused pleads guilty to murder, attempted murder and terrorism|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/120565800/christchurch-mosque-attacks-accused-pleads-guilty-to-murder-attempted-murder-and-terrorism|url-status=live|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708033232/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/120565800/christchurch-mosque-attacks-accused-pleads-guilty-to-murder-attempted-murder-and-terrorism|archive-date=8 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|last=Bayer|first=Kurt|date=3 July 2020|title=Christchurch mosque shooting: Gunman's sentencing confirmed to start on August 24|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12345091|url-status=live|access-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703035144/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12345091|archive-date=3 July 2020}}</ref> to 51 murders, 40 attempted murders, and engaging in a terrorist act,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last1=Quinlivan|first1=Mark|last2=McCarron|first2=Heather|title=Christchurch shooting: Alleged gunman Brenton Tarrant's trial delayed|work=[[Newshub]]|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/09/christchurch-shooting-alleged-gunman-brenton-tarrant-s-trial-delayed.html|access-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613064106/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/09/christchurch-shooting-alleged-gunman-brenton-tarrant-s-trial-delayed.html|archive-date=13 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="third_appearance">{{cite news |title=Christchurch mosque shootings: All 51 of the gunman's victims remembered in judge's ruling |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/300093369/christchurch-mosque-shootings-all-51-of-the-gunmans-victims-remembered-in-judges-ruling |work=Stuff |date=27 August 2020 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> and in August was sentenced to 52 [[life sentence|life sentences]] without the possibility of [[parole]] plus 480 years{{snd}}the first sentence of that kind in New Zealand.<ref name=":12" /><ref name="Stuff last gasp">{{Cite news|last=Lourens|first=Mariné|date=27 August 2020|title=Christchurch mosque gunman jailed 'until his last gasp'|website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/122577663/christchurch-mosque-gunman-jailed-until-his-last-gasp|url-status=live|access-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827202459/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/122577663/christchurch-mosque-gunman-jailed-until-his-last-gasp|archive-date=27 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="Reuters life sentence">{{Cite news|date=27 August 2020|title=New Zealand mosque shooter given life in prison for 'wicked' crimes|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shooting-idUSKBN25M2QF|url-status=live|access-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827200055/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shooting-idUSKBN25M2QF|archive-date=27 August 2020}}</ref> The attacks were mainly motivated by [[White nationalism|white nationalist]] and anti-[[immigration]] beliefs. Tarrant called himself a [[Fascism|fascist]] and supported the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Great Replacement]] [[conspiracy theory]] and for all non-European immigrants to be removed from countries that he considered culturally and ethnically European. == Perpetrator == {{Main article|Brenton Tarrant}} Brenton Harrison Tarrant, a [[White people|white]] [[Australia|Australian]] man was born on 27 October, 1990 and grew up in [[Grafton, New South Wales]], was 28-years old when he committed the attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-29|title='A loner with a lot of money': A look into mosque gunman's past|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-attacks-a-look-into-gunman-brenton-tarrants-past/VNWHH3PPQ72N3JVQ5VHLN2UKFA/|access-date=2024-05-28|website=NZ Herald|language=en-NZ}}</ref> He attended [[Grafton High School]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chung|first=Sarah Keoghan, Laura|date=2019-03-15|title=From local gym trainer to mosque shooting: Alleged Christchurch shooter's upbringing in Grafton|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/alleged-christchurch-gunman-identified-as-former-grafton-local-20190315-p514nm.html|access-date=2024-05-28|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Brenton Tarrant in Turkiye.png|left|thumb|Tarrant in 2016 at [[Atatürk International Airport]]]] Tarrant had a troubled childhood, starting when his parents separated, his grandfather died and their family home was burnt down in a fire.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The individual’s upbringing in Australia|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/the-firearms-licensing-process/|access-date=2024-05-28|website=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019|language=en-NZ}}</ref> These events traumatized him and left him with [[social anxiety disorder]], which likely worsened when his mother's new partner assaulted him, his sister and mother.<ref name=":0" /> He began to gain weight from age 12, because of this he started getting [[Bullying|bullied]] at school, where he also had few friends. He was unfocused at school but also strangely familiar with topics like [[World War II]]. Tarrant showed signs of [[racism]] and worries about [[immigration]] as young as 12 years old. He frequently made racist comments about his mother's former partner's [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous Australian]] heritage, which worried his high school teachers.<ref name=":0" /> Tarrant began using [[4chan]] at the age of 14, a site known for sharing extremist content, and started obsessively [[Physical exercise|exercising]] to lose weight. In 2009, Tarrant qualified as a personal trainer at Big River Gym in Grafton. The next year, he found his father dead by [[suicide]]. Following this, he inherited [[Australian dollar|A$]]457,000 from his father, he stopped working as a personal trainer, and he used the money to [[Investment|invest]] and [[travel]] across the world. === Travels and connections to far-right groups === [[File:Map of Brenton Tarrant's international travels.png|thumb|A map showing Tarrant's international travels.|left]] Starting in 2012, he went to several countries, always alone except for a visit to [[North Korea]] where he was required to travel with a [[tour guide]] and other visitors. In March 2013, he travelled to New Zealand for a [[vacation]], where he stayed with a friend for three days for [[Video game|gaming]]. The friend and his parents were [[Firearm|gun]] users. They took Tarrant to a [[shooting]] club where he had his first experience with guns.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack on Christchurch masjidain on 15 March 2019|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713110513/https://www.christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2023|access-date=11 December 2023|publisher=Royal Commission|pages=168–170}}</ref> Police in [[Bulgaria]] and [[Turkey]] investigated Tarrant's visits to their countries.<ref name="Stuff.Ideal2">{{cite news|last1=Beynen|first1=Martin van|last2=Sherwood|first2=Sam|date=8 December 2020|title=New Zealand 'ideal' for mosque shooter to plan his terrorist attack, royal commission finds|publisher=Stuff|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/300177112/new-zealand-ideal-for-mosque-shooter-to-plan-his-terrorist-attack-royal-commission-finds|url-status=live|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208060339/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/300177112/new-zealand-ideal-for-mosque-shooter-to-plan-his-terrorist-attack-royal-commission-finds|archive-date=8 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2019|title=Who is Christchurch mosque shooting accused? Brenton Tarrant member of Bruce Rifle Club in Milton|work=The New Zealand Herald|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213315|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316191335/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213315|archive-date=16 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2019|title=Perpetrator of New Zealand terrorist attack visited Turkey 'twice'|work=TRT World|url=https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/perpetrator-of-new-zealand-terrorist-attack-visited-turkey-twice-24985|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317012729/https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/perpetrator-of-new-zealand-terrorist-attack-visited-turkey-twice-24985|archive-date=17 March 2019}}</ref> Security officials suspected that he went into contact with [[Far-right politics|far-right]] organizations about two years before the shootings, while visiting European nations.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2019|title=Brenton Tarrant: Suspected New Zealand attacker 'met extreme right-wing groups' during Europe visit, according to security sources|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/brenton-tarrant-new-zealand-attacker-far-right-europe-gunam-shooting-a8825611.html|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315232213/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/brenton-tarrant-new-zealand-attacker-far-right-europe-gunam-shooting-a8825611.html|archive-date=15 March 2019|quote=The man arrested over the murder of 49 people at mosques in New Zealand is believed to have met extreme right-wing groups during a visit to Europe two years ago, according to security sources.}}</ref> He donated €1,500 to [[Identitäre Bewegung Österreich]], an Austrian [[Identitarian movement]] organization in [[Europe]], and also €2,200 to Génération Identitaire, the French branch of the group, and spoke with group leader [[Martin Sellner]] using [[e-mail]] in January 2018 and July 2018, hoping to meet Tarrant in [[Vienna]] and a linking to his [[YouTube]] channel.<ref>Multiple sources: * {{Cite news|date=5 April 2019|title=Suspected New Zealand attacker donated to Austrian far-right group, officials say|work=Reuters/NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/new-zealand-attacker-linked-austrian-far-right-group-officials-n987846|url-status=live|access-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308002816/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/new-zealand-attacker-linked-austrian-far-right-group-officials-n987846|archive-date=8 March 2020}} * {{Cite news|date=5 April 2019|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Accused gunman donated $3650 to far-right French group Generation Identity|work=The New Zealand Herald|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12219616|url-status=live|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730195918/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12219616|archive-date=30 July 2020}} * {{Cite news|last=Wilson|first=Jason|date=15 May 2019|title=Christchurch shooter's links to Austrian far right 'more extensive than thought'|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/2019/may/16/christchurch-shooters-links-to-austrian-far-right-more-extensive-than-thought|access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> When he was preparing the attacks, Tarrant made a [[donation]] of $106.68 to [[Rebel News|Rebel Media]], a site that showed both Sellner and several articles discussing the "[[white genocide]]" and "[[Great Replacement]]" conspiracy theories.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saunders|first=Doug|date=15 March 2022|title=Opinion: The Christchurch massacre may have had a Canadian connection – but there's a reason you may not know about it|language=en-CA|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-the-christchurch-massacre-may-have-had-a-canadian-connection-but/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315225227/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-the-christchurch-massacre-may-have-had-a-canadian-connection-but/|archive-date=15 March 2022}}</ref> In 2016, three years before the attacks, Tarrant praised [[Blair Cottrell]] as a leader of the far-right movements in Australia and left more than 30 comments on the now-deleted "[[United Patriots Front]]" and "[[True Blue Crew]]" websites.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mann|first1=Alex|last2=Nguyen|first2=Kevin|last3=Gregory|first3=Katharine|date=23 March 2019|title=Christchurch shooting accused Brenton Tarrant supports Australian far-right figure Blair Cottrell|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-23/christchurch-shooting-accused-praised-blair-cottrell/10930632|url-status=live|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323014001/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-23/christchurch-shooting-accused-praised-blair-cottrell/10930632|archive-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> A [[Melbourne]] man said that in 2016, he filed a police [[complaint]] after Tarrant told him in an online conversation, "I hope one day you meet the rope". He said that the police told him to [[Block (Internet)|block]] Tarrant. The police said that they didn't find a complaint.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nguyen|first=Kevin|date=10 April 2019|title='This marks you': Christchurch shooter sent death threat two years ago|website=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-10/brenton-tarrant-alleged-christchurch-shooter-sent-death-threat/10952876|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412215526/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-10/brenton-tarrant-alleged-christchurch-shooter-sent-death-threat/10952876|archive-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> Tarrant told investigators that he frequented right-wing discussion boards on [[4chan]] and [[8kun|8chan]] and also found YouTube to be "a significant source of information and inspiration."<ref name="AP.Eluded2">{{cite news |title=Mass shooter Brenton Tarrant tells judge he won't speak in his own defense at sentencing hearing in New Zealand court |url=https://apnews.com/article/1795e05301e7d0d901aa5fe087c904e2 |work=Associated Press |date=25 August 2020 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> Interested in locations of battles between Christian European nations and the [[Ottoman Empire]], Tarrant went on another series of visits to the [[Balkans]] from 2016 to 2018, with [[Croatia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]], [[Hungary]], [[Turkey]], and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia-Herzegovina]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 March 2019|title=Christchurch shooter was Bulgarian guesthouse's first-ever Australian guest|newspaper=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-01/brenton-tarrant-bulgarian-travels-investigated/10957500|url-status=live|access-date=14 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614032857/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-01/brenton-tarrant-bulgarian-travels-investigated/10957500|archive-date=14 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="entranced2">{{cite news|last=Gec|first=Jovana|date=16 March 2019|title=New Zealand gunman entranced with Ottoman sites in Europe|work=Associated Press News|url=https://www.apnews.com/49277b64c27541cbb7d7e9a07e32392d|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316220927/https://apnews.com/49277b64c27541cbb7d7e9a07e32392d|archive-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> He posted Balkan [[Nationalism|nationalist]] material on [[social media]] platforms<ref name="Schindler2">{{cite web|last=Schindler|first=John R.|date=20 March 2019|title=Ghosts of the Balkan wars are returning in unlikely places|url=https://spectator.us/ghosts-balkan-wars-returning/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322015013/https://spectator.us/ghosts-balkan-wars-returning/|archive-date=22 March 2019|access-date=22 March 2019|work=The Spectator}}</ref> and called for the [[United States]] to be weakened to prevent what he saw as [[NATO]] intervention in support of Muslims against [[Christian|Christians]].<ref name="Coalson2">{{cite news |title=Christchurch Attacks: Suspect Took Inspiration From Former Yugoslavia's Ethnically Fueled Wars |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/christchurch-attacks-yugoslavia-tarrant-inspiration-suspect-new-zealand/29823655.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="entranced2" /><ref name="Zivanovic2">{{cite news |last=Zivanovic |first=Maja |title=Why Serb Nationalism Still Inspires Europe’s Far Right |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/03/22/why-serb-nationalism-still-inspires-europes-far-right/ |work=Balkan Insight |date=22 March 2019 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> He said he was against intervention by NATO because he saw the [[Serbia|Serbian]] military as "Christian Europeans attempting to remove these Islamic occupiers from Europe".<ref name="Coalson2" /><ref name="Zivanovic2" /> By June 2016, his family saw a change in Tarrant's personality, which he said was the result of a mugging incident in [[Ethiopia]], and his mother was worrying for his mental health.<ref name="AP.Eluded3">{{cite news |title=New Zealand mosque shooter showed signs of radicalization after overseas travel |url=https://apnews.com/article/1795e05301e7d0d901aa5fe087c904e2 |work=Associated Press |date=25 August 2020 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> === Settlement in New Zealand === Tarrant moved to New Zealand in August 2017 and lived in [[Andersons Bay]] in [[Dunedin]] until the shootings.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf|title=Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack on Christchurch masjidain on 15 March 2019|page=24|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713110513/https://www.christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AP.Eluded">{{cite news |title=New Zealand mosque shooter showed signs of radicalization after overseas travel |url=https://apnews.com/article/1795e05301e7d0d901aa5fe087c904e2 |work=Associated Press |date=25 August 2020 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Dunedin|first1=Candace Sutton in|date=17 March 2019|title=Christchurch massacre: Brenton Tarrant's life in Dunedin, NZ|newspaper=News.com.au|url=https://www.news.com.au/world/pacific/fruit-loop-dunedin-hunters-reveal-how-brenton-tarrant-acted-at-rifle-range/news-story/63b2eef1aac281ddbd9e8526943096e5|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401193957/https://www.news.com.au/world/pacific/fruit-loop-dunedin-hunters-reveal-how-brenton-tarrant-acted-at-rifle-range/news-story/63b2eef1aac281ddbd9e8526943096e5|archive-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> A neighbour described him as a friendly loner.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 March 2019|title=Christchurch shooting accused Brenton Tarrant described as a 'recluse' by neighbours|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111346747/christchurch-shooting-accused-brenton-tarrant-described-as-a-recluse-by-neighbours|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330044455/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111346747/christchurch-shooting-accused-brenton-tarrant-described-as-a-recluse-by-neighbours|archive-date=30 March 2020|access-date=30 March 2020|website=Stuff}}</ref> He was a member of a gun club in southern [[Otago]], where he practised shooting at its range.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Reid|first1=Melanie|last2=Jennings|first2=Mark|date=25 March 2019|title=Shooter trained at Otago gun club|work=Newsroom|url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/shooter-trained-at-otago-gun-club|url-status=live|access-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104212442/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/shooter-trained-at-otago-gun-club|archive-date=4 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=17 March 2019|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Bruce Rifle Club closes in wake of terror|newspaper=The New Zealand Herald|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213738|url-status=live|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318194824/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213738|archive-date=18 March 2019|issn=1170-0777}}</ref> In 2018, Tarrant was treated for [[eye]] and [[thigh]] injuries at [[Dunedin Hospital]]; he told doctors he got the injuries when he tried to remove an improperly chambered [[bullet]] from a gun. The doctors also treated him for [[steroid]] abuse, but never reported Tarrant's visit to the authorities,<ref name="AP.Eluded" /> which would have led in police rechecking his health to have a gun license.<ref>{{cite news|last=O'Callaghan|first=Jody|date=7 December 2020|title=March 15 terrorist accidentally shot himself months before mosque attack|publisher=Stuff|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/123623166/march-15-terrorist-accidentally-shot-himself-months-before-mosque-attack|url-status=live|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207160722/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/123623166/march-15-terrorist-accidentally-shot-himself-months-before-mosque-attack|archive-date=7 December 2020}}</ref> When living in Dunedin, Tarrant had no job and bought necessities and preparations for the terrorist attack using the money he received from his father and income from [[Investment|investments]]. When asked, he gave no explanation for his future plans once he ran out of money other than mentioning to his sister the possibility of [[suicide]] and later telling family members and gaming friends that he planned to move to [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=General life in New Zealand|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/general-life-in-new-zealand/|access-date=2024-05-11|website=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019|language=en-NZ}}</ref> Tarrant believed he would run out of his money by August 2019. A document, dated January 2019, was discovered which he wrote "March is go do rain or shine{{Sic}}".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Massola|first=James|date=2020-12-08|title='I don't have enemies': How Christchurch terrorist slipped through the net|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-terrorist-could-only-have-been-stopped-by-chance-20201208-p56ljh.html|access-date=2024-05-11|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref> == Planning == [[File:Christchurch attack preparation - hostile reconnaissance.png|thumb|Tarrant's travels on 8–9 January 2019]] In 2016 and 2017, Tarrant is believed to have become obsessed with terrorist attacks committed by [[Islamic extremism|Islamic extremists]] and he started planning his own attacks in 2017 then chose the [[Al Noor Mosque, Christchurch|Al Noor Mosque]] and [[Linwood Islamic Centre]] as targets in December 2018, along with a third mosque in [[Ashburton, New Zealand|Ashburton]] which he got arrested before being able to go to during the attacks.<ref name="TDT1532019">{{cite news|date=16 March 2019|title=Brenton Tarrant: The 'ordinary white man' turned mass murderer|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/03/15/brenton-tarrant-ordinary-white-man-turned-mass-murderer/|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315201224/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/03/15/brenton-tarrant-ordinary-white-man-turned-mass-murderer/|archive-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> Some survivors at the Al Noor Mosque said they saw Tarrant there on Friday prayers before the attack, pretending to pray and asking about the mosque's schedules.<ref name="newshub">{{Cite news|title=Christchurch shooting: Survivors convinced gunman visited mosque to learn layout|work=[[Newshub]]|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/04/christchurch-shooting-survivors-convinced-gunman-visited-mosque-to-learn-layout.html|access-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415113542/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/04/christchurch-shooting-survivors-convinced-gunman-visited-mosque-to-learn-layout.html|archive-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> The [[Royal Commission]] report found no evidence of this,<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=Questions asked by the community|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/questions-asked-by-the-community/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805164422/https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/questions-asked-by-the-community/|archive-date=5 August 2021|access-date=5 August 2021|website=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019|language=en-NZ}}</ref> and police said that Tarrant had instead looked at an online tour of the mosque as part of his planning.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 April 2020|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Police rule out that gunman entered mosque prior to attack|work=The New Zealand Herald|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12324343|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427171223/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12324343|archive-date=27 April 2020|issn=1170-0777}}</ref> On 8 January 2019, Tarrant used a [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone]] from a nearby park to look at the outside of the mosque.<ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission">{{cite web |title=6. Planning the terrorist attack |url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/planning-the-terrorist-attack |website=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques |date=2020 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> He used the internet to find pictures of the inside and prayer schedules to figure out when the mosques would have the most people.<ref name="rnz00">{{cite news|last1=Bayer|first1=Kurt|last2=Leasl|first2=Anna|date=24 August 2020|title=Christchurch mosque terror attack sentencing: Gunman Brenton Tarrant planned to attack three mosques|work=The New Zealand Herald|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12358347|url-status=live|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904090033/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12358347|archive-date=4 September 2020}}</ref> On the same day, he drove past the Linwood Islamic Centre.<ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission" /> === Weaponry === [[File:Christchurch_attack_magazines_duo.jpg|thumb|266x266px|Magazines used in the shootings]] [[File:Christchurch_attack_gun.png|left|thumb|The WW-15 [[AR-15 style rifle|AR-15]] used at the Al Noor Mosque, Tarrant wrote the names of historical battles fought against Muslims]] [[File:Christchurch_attack_equipment.png|left|thumb|Armoured vest and magazines, as well as the [[Portable speaker|speaker]] used to play music during the shootings.]] Police found six guns after the shootings: two [[AR-15 style rifle|AR-15 style rifles]], two [[Gauge (firearms)|12-gauge]] [[Shotgun|shotguns]], a [[Lever-action firearms|lever-action]] rifle and [[Bolt action|bolt-action]] rifle. Tarrant was granted a gun license in November 2017,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf|title=Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack on Christchurch masjidain on 15 March 2019|pages=49–51|access-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713110513/https://www.christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=18 March 2019|title=Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern's focus on strengthening current gun laws after Christchurch terror attacks|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/384959/prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-s-focus-on-strengthening-current-gun-laws-after-christchurch-terror-attacks|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321201557/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/384959/prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-s-focus-on-strengthening-current-gun-laws-after-christchurch-terror-attacks|archive-date=21 March 2019|access-date=20 March 2019|website=Radio New Zealand}}</ref> and he bought weapons between December 2017 and March 2019, along with more than 7,000 rounds of [[ammunition]].<ref name="rnz002">{{cite news |title=Christchurch mosque attacks: Gunman pleads guilty to all charges |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/412640/christchurch-mosque-attacks-gunman-pleads-guilty-to-all-charges |work=RNZ |date=26 March 2020 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> According to a gun shop, Tarrant bought four guns and ammunition online. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Pannett|first1=Rachel|last2=Taylor|first2=Rob|last3=Hoyle|first3=Rhiannon|date=18 March 2019|title=New Zealand Shootings: Brenton Tarrant Bought Four Guns Legally Online|website=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/australian-police-raid-two-homes-in-hunt-for-clues-on-brenton-tarrant-11552872377|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319023441/https://www.wsj.com/articles/australian-police-raid-two-homes-in-hunt-for-clues-on-brenton-tarrant-11552872377|archive-date=19 March 2019}}</ref> The shop said they did not see anything strange about him.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 March 2019|title=New Zealand cabinet backs change to gun laws within 10 days after mosque shooting|website=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/new-zealand-shootings-christchurch-mosque-gun-laws-cabinet-ardern-attack-a8827651.html|url-status=live|access-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329225358/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/new-zealand-shootings-christchurch-mosque-gun-laws-cabinet-ardern-attack-a8827651.html|archive-date=29 March 2019}}</ref> He used four 30-round [[Magazine (firearms)|magazines]], five 40-round magazines, and one 60-round magazine in the shootings.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 August 2017|title=Table 6: The individual's online purchases of magazines 2017–2018|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/preparation-for-the-terrorist-attack/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030171406/https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/preparation-for-the-terrorist-attack/|archive-date=30 October 2023|access-date=1 November 2023|publisher=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019}}</ref> He illegally used higher capacity magazines which went against the rules of Tarrant's gun license.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 March 2019|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Briefing to Police Minister Stuart Nash shows gun law loophole also exploited by Northland siege killer Quinn Paterson|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12214712|url-status=live|access-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502010806/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12214712|archive-date=2 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Perry|first1=Nick|last2=Williams|first2=Juliet|date=21 March 2019|title=Thousands descend on site of New Zealand mosque attacks to observe emotional Muslim prayer|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-new-zealand-bans-semi-automatic-rifles-high-capacity-magazines-after/|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322002254/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-new-zealand-bans-semi-automatic-rifles-high-capacity-magazines-after/|archive-date=22 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=18 March 2019|title=Christchurch shootings: NZ cabinet backs tighter gun laws|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-47607215|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320223157/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-47607215|archive-date=20 March 2019}}</ref> He spent an estimated [[New Zealand Dollar|NZ$]]30,000 on gun products.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf|title=Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack on Christchurch masjidain on 15 March 2019|page=70|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713110513/https://www.christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The guns and magazines used were covered in the names of battles and people from history, battles between Christian nations and Islamic nations,<ref name="Coalson" /><ref name="Zivanovic">{{cite news |last=Zivanovic |first=Maja |title=New Zealand Mosque Gunman ‘Inspired by Balkan Nationalists’ |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-by-balkan-nationalists/ |work=Balkan Insight |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Aljazeeramaterial">{{cite web|title=Mosque shooter brandished material glorifying Serb nationalism|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-serb-nationalism-190315141305756.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315215856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-serb-nationalism-190315141305756.html|archive-date=15 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name="dailysabah">{{cite news|date=15 March 2019|title=New Zealand mosque shooter names his 'idols' on weapons he used in massacre|newspaper=[[Daily Sabah]]|location=Istanbul|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-shooter-names-his-idols-on-weapons-he-used-in-massacre|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315161334/https://www.dailysabah.com/asia/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-shooter-names-his-idols-on-weapons-he-used-in-massacre|archive-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> as well as the names of recent [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist attack]] victims and the names of similar attackers like [[Quebec City mosque shooting|Alexandre Bissonnette]], [[Macerata shooting|Luca Traini]], [[Trollhättan school stabbing|Anton Lundin-Pettersson]] [[2017 Finsbury Park attack|Darren Osbourne]].<ref>{{cite news|date=15 March 2019|title=New Zealand terror suspect wrote Italian shooter's name on his gun|newspaper=The Local Italy|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20190315/new-zealand-shooting-brenton-tarrant-luca-traini-italy-shooter-macerate|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318202031/https://www.thelocal.it/20190315/new-zealand-shooting-brenton-tarrant-luca-traini-italy-shooter-macerate|archive-date=18 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Badshah|first=Nadeem|date=15 March 2019|title=Finsbury Park mosque worshippers shocked by New Zealand terror attack|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/finsbury-park-mosque-worshippers-shocked-by-new-zealand-terror-attack|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315213443/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/finsbury-park-mosque-worshippers-shocked-by-new-zealand-terror-attack|archive-date=15 March 2019|access-date=18 June 2022|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Other words written on the gun include "Turkofagos" ({{Lang-el|Τουρκοφάγος}}, {{Lit.|Turk-eater}};<ref>{{Citation|last=Dedon|first=Theodore G.|title=From Julius Evola to Anders Breivik: The Invented Tradition of Far-Right Christianity|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68360-3_6|work=Ecumenical Perspectives Five Hundred Years After Luther's Reformation|pages=83–105|year=2021|editor-last=Mannion|editor-first=Gerard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106002616/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-68360-3_6|series=Pathways for Ecumenical and Interreligious Dialogue|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-68360-3_6|isbn=978-3-030-68360-3|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=6 November 2023|editor2-last=Doyle|editor2-first=Dennis M.|editor3-last=Dedon|editor3-first=Theodore G.|s2cid=235865852|url-status=live}}</ref> this was the nickname of [[Nikitas Stamatelopoulos]] during battles in the [[Greek War of Independence]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Hartleb|first=Florian|title=Lone Wolves|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36153-2_3|pages=63–122|year=2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106002616/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-36153-2_3|chapter=Offenders and Terrorism. Ideology, Motives, Objectives|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-36153-2_3|isbn=978-3-030-36153-2|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=6 November 2023|s2cid=212843876|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>), far-right slogans such as the [[Islamophobia|anti-Muslim]] phrase "[[Karadžić, Lead Your Serbs|Remove Kebab]]" that comes from [[Serbia]] and the [[Fourteen Words]].<ref name="Coalson">{{cite news |last=Coalson |first=Robert |title=Christchurch Attacks: Suspect Took Inspiration From Former Yugoslavia's Ethnically Fueled Wars |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/christchurch-attacks-yugoslavia-tarrant-inspiration-suspect-new-zealand/29823655.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="Aljazeeramaterial" /><ref name="dailysabah" /> The Archangel Michael's Cross used by the [[Romania|Romanian]] fascist organization [[Iron Guard]] was one the symbols on the gun.<ref>{{cite web|title=St. Michael's Cross|url=https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/st-michaels-cross|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514142826/https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/st-michaels-cross|archive-date=14 May 2022|access-date=14 June 2022|publisher=Anti-Defamation League}}</ref> On his [[Body armor|armored vest]] was a [[Black Sun (symbol)|Black Sun]] patch<ref name="time">{{Cite web|date=7 January 2021|title=Like, Share, Recruit: How a White-Supremacist Militia Uses Facebook to Radicalize and Train New Members|url=https://time.com/5926750/azov-far-right-movement-facebook/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228085806/https://time.com/5926750/azov-far-right-movement-facebook/|archive-date=28 February 2022|access-date=11 April 2023|quote=The Christchurch mosque attacker, who livestreamed the atrocity on Facebook, had been radicalized by far-right material largely on YouTube and Facebook, according to a New Zealand government report released in December 2020. He had spent time in Ukraine in 2015 and mentioned plans to move to the country permanently. "We know that when he was in that part of the world, he was making contact with far-right groups," says Andrew Little, the Minister responsible for the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service. Little says he does not know if these groups included Azov. But during the attack, the shooter wore a flak jacket bearing a black sun, the symbol commonly used by the Azov Battalion.}}</ref> and two [[Dog tag|dog tags]]: one with a [[Celtic cross]], and one with a [[Kolovrat]] design.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Macklin|first=Graham|year=2019|title=The Christchurch Attacks: Livestream Terror in the Viral Video Age|url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/CTC-SENTINEL-062019.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Combating Terrorism Center|CTC Sentinel]]|volume=12|issue=6|pages=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511144351/https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/CTC-SENTINEL-062019.pdf|archive-date=11 May 2023|access-date=30 April 2023}}</ref> His [[Body armor|armored vest]] had seven loaded [[.223 Remington|.223]] magazines in the front pockets.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf|title=Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack on Christchurch masjidain on 15 March 2019|publisher=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019|page=46|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713110513/https://www.christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> He also wore an [[airsoft]] [[helmet]] with a [[GoPro]] [[camera]] on it which he used for his [[Livestreaming|live stream]].<ref name="rnz003">{{cite news |title=Christchurch mosque attacks: Gunman pleads guilty to all charges |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/412640/christchurch-mosque-attacks-gunman-pleads-guilty-to-all-charges |work=RNZ |date=26 March 2020 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 August 2017|title=Other equipment for the purposes of the terrorist attack|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/preparation-for-the-terrorist-attack/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030171406/https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/preparation-for-the-terrorist-attack/|archive-date=30 October 2023|access-date=25 October 2023|publisher=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019}}</ref> Police also found four [[Incendiary device|incendiary devices]] in his car after the attack; they were defused by the [[New Zealand Defence Force]].<ref name=":2">{{cite book|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf|title=Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack on Christchurch masjidain on 15 March 2019|page=45|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713110513/https://www.christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite news|date=16 March 2019|title=Christchurch mosque shooting kills 49, gun laws will change PM says|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111313238/shooting-at-christchurch-mosque|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315013612/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111313238/shooting-at-christchurch-mosque|archive-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> He said, on the livestream, that he had planned to [[Arson|set the mosque on fire]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Hendrix|first=Steve|date=16 March 2019|title='Let's get this party started': New Zealand shooting suspect narrated his chilling rampage|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/lets-get-this-party-started-new-zealand-gunman-narrated-his-chilling-rampage/2019/03/15/fb3db352-4748-11e9-90f0-0ccfeec87a61_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321030131/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/lets-get-this-party-started-new-zealand-gunman-narrated-his-chilling-rampage/2019/03/15/fb3db352-4748-11e9-90f0-0ccfeec87a61_story.html|archive-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> === Manifesto === Tarrant says he is the author of a 74-page [[manifesto]] titled ''The Great Replacement'', a reference to the "[[Great Replacement]]" and "[[White genocide conspiracy theory|white genocide]]" [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]].<ref name="Gilsinan">{{cite news|last1=Gilsinan|first1=Kathy|date=15 March 2019|title=How White-Supremacist Violence Echoes Other Forms of Terrorism|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/03/violence-new-zealand-echoes-past-terrorist-patterns/585043/|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317140936/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/03/violence-new-zealand-echoes-past-terrorist-patterns/585043/|archive-date=17 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="Darby Telegraph">{{cite news|last=Darby|first=Luke|date=5 August 2019|title=How the 'Great Replacement' conspiracy theory has inspired white supremacist killers|work=The Telegraph|location=London|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> It said that the attacks were planned in 2017 and the locations were selected three months before.<ref>{{cite news|title=Terrorism security expert Chris Kumeroa says New Zealanders need to be alert to potential threats|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/111329032/terrorism-security-expert-chris-kumeroa-says-new-zealanders-need-to-be-alert-to-potential-threats|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321201556/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/111329032/terrorism-security-expert-chris-kumeroa-says-new-zealanders-need-to-be-alert-to-potential-threats|archive-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> Minutes before the attacks began, the manifesto was [[E-mail|emailed]] to more than 30 people, including the [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|prime minister]]'s office and several media outlets,<ref>{{cite news|date=17 March 2019|title=Jacinda Ardern's office received manifesto from Christchurch shooter minutes before attack|newspaper=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-17/jacinda-ardern-christchurch-shooter-manifesto-email/10909874|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317072758/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-17/jacinda-ardern-christchurch-shooter-manifesto-email/10909874|archive-date=17 March 2019}}</ref> and links were posted on [[Twitter]] and [[8chan]].<ref name="manifesto">{{cite web|last=Wong|first=Charlene|date=15 March 2019|title=The Manifesto of Brenton Tarrant – a right-wing terrorist on a Crusade|url=https://observer.news/featured/the-manifesto-of-brenton-tarrant-a-right-wing-terrorist-on-a-crusade/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315144811/https://observer.news/featured/the-manifesto-of-brenton-tarrant-a-right-wing-terrorist-on-a-crusade/|archive-date=15 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="thewestaus_2019-03-15">{{cite news|date=15 March 2019|title=Australian man named as NZ mosque gunman|work=The West Australian|url=https://thewest.com.au/news/terrorism/australian-man-brenton-tarrant-named-as-christchurch-gunman-as-four-taken-into-custody-ng-b881137083z|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419225706/https://thewest.com.au/news/terrorism/australian-man-brenton-tarrant-named-as-christchurch-gunman-as-four-taken-into-custody-ng-b881137083z|archive-date=19 April 2019}}</ref> Seven minutes after Tarrant sent the manifesto to [[Parliament of New Zealand|parliament]], it was forwarded to the parliament security team, who called the police at 1:40{{nbsp}}p.m., around the same time the first [[Emergency telephone number|111 calls]] were made from the Al Noor Mosque.<ref name="Operation Deans">{{cite web|title=Operation Deans / Evidential Overview|url=https://coronialservices.justice.govt.nz/assets/d836SD43-Evidential-Overview-for-Christchurch-Masjid-attacks.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727035219/https://coronialservices.justice.govt.nz/assets/d836SD43-Evidential-Overview-for-Christchurch-Masjid-attacks.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2023|access-date=21 August 2023|publisher=[[New Zealand Police]]}}</ref> [[File:Al-Huda Mosque, Dunedin, NZ.jpg|thumb|The Al Huda Mosque in [[Dunedin]] in May 2023, which Tarrant originally planned to attack]] In the manifesto, several anti-immigrant ideas are said, including [[hate speech]] against [[Human migration|migrants]], [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] beliefs and the plan for all non-European immigrants in Europe that he claimed to be "invading his land" to be [[Deportation|deported]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite news|last1=Gelineau|first1=Kristen|last2=Gambrell|first2=Jon|title=New Zealand mosque shooter is a white nationalist who hates immigrants, documents and video reveal|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-mosque-killer-white-supremacy-20190315-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602054023/https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-mosque-killer-white-supremacy-20190315-story.html|archive-date=2 June 2020}}</ref> The manifesto displays [[neo-Nazi]] symbols such as the [[Black Sun (symbol)|Black Sun]] and the [[Sun cross|Odin's cross]]. He says he isn't a [[Nazism|Nazi]],<ref name="nonsensical">{{cite news|last1=Dearden|first1=Lizzie|date=16 March 2019|title=New Zealand attack: How nonsensical white genocide conspiracy theory cited by gunman is spreading poison around the world|website=Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/new-zealand-christchurch-mosque-attack-white-genocide-conspiracy-theory-a8824671.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316233021/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/new-zealand-christchurch-mosque-attack-white-genocide-conspiracy-theory-a8824671.html|archive-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> instead he says he is a [[Fascism|fascist]].<ref name="Zivanovic3">{{cite web|last=Zivanovic|first=Maja|date=15 March 2019|title=New Zealand Mosque Gunman 'Inspired by Balkan Nationalists'|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-by-balkan-nationalists/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922142828/https://balkaninsight.com/2019/03/15/new-zealand-mosque-gunman-inspired-by-balkan-nationalists//|archive-date=22 September 2020|access-date=15 March 2019|website=Balkaninsight.com|publisher=Balkaninsight}}</ref><ref name="news2">{{cite web|date=16 March 2019|title=Invaders from India, Enemies in East: New Zealand Shooter's Post After a Q&A Session With Himself|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/invaders-from-india-enemies-in-east-new-zealand-shooters-racist-post-after-a-qa-session-with-himself-2068333.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091350/https://www.news18.com/news/world/invaders-from-india-enemies-in-east-new-zealand-shooters-racist-post-after-a-qa-session-with-himself-2068333.html|archive-date=27 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|website=News18}}</ref><ref name="anti-muslim_manifesto">{{cite web|date=15 March 2019|title=Attacker posted 87-page "anti-immigrant, anti-Muslim" manifesto|url=https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/new-zealand-christchurch-shooting-intl/h_d311bee77f1e9671f04fc3a16c3b2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327092352/https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/new-zealand-christchurch-shooting-intl/h_d311bee77f1e9671f04fc3a16c3b2002|archive-date=27 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>Multiple sources: * {{cite news|last=Achenbach|first=Joel|date=18 August 2019|title=Two mass killings a world apart share a common theme: 'ecofascism'|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/science/two-mass-murders-a-world-apart-share-a-common-theme-ecofascism/2019/08/18/0079a676-bec4-11e9-b873-63ace636af08_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622181533/https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/two-mass-murders-a-world-apart-share-a-common-theme-ecofascism/2019/08/18/0079a676-bec4-11e9-b873-63ace636af08_story.html|archive-date=22 June 2020}} * {{cite web|date=15 March 2019|title=New Zealand suspect Brenton Tarrant 'says he is racist eco-fascist who is mostly introverted'|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2019-03-15/new-zealand-suspect-says-he-is-racist-eco-fascist-who-is-mostly-introverted/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331020130/https://www.itv.com/news/2019-03-15/new-zealand-suspect-says-he-is-racist-eco-fascist-who-is-mostly-introverted/|archive-date=31 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|website=ITV News}} * {{cite web|last=Weissmann|first=Jordan|date=15 March 2019|title=What the Christchurch Attacker's Manifesto Tells Us|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/03/what-the-christchurch-attackers-manifesto-tells-us.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522191851/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/03/what-the-christchurch-attackers-manifesto-tells-us.html|archive-date=22 May 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}} * {{cite news|last1=Bolt|first1=Andrew|date=15 March 2019|title=Mosque Shooting in New Zealand. Many Dead|website=Herald Sun|url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/blogs/andrew-bolt/mosque-shooting-in-new-zealand-many-dead/news-story/ceac4d0c5f92a32d2c62754c74d4ca30|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217053138/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/blogs/andrew-bolt/mosque-shooting-in-new-zealand-many-dead/news-story/ceac4d0c5f92a32d2c62754c74d4ca30|archive-date=17 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Purtill">{{cite web|last=Purtill|first=James|date=15 March 2019|title=Fuelled by a toxic, alt-right echo chamber, Christchurch shooter's views were celebrated online|url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/christchurch-shooters-views-were-celebrated-online/10907056|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315230857/https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/christchurch-shooters-views-were-celebrated-online/10907056|archive-date=15 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> The author said terrorists [[Anders Behring Breivik]] and [[Dylann Roof]] were an inspiration.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ravndal|first=Jacob Aasland|date=16 March 2019|title=The Dark Web Enabled the Christchurch Killer|work=Foreign Policy|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/16/the-dark-web-enabled-the-christchurch-killer-extreme-right-terrorism-white-nationalism-anders-breivik/|url-status=live|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318195011/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/16/the-dark-web-enabled-the-christchurch-killer-extreme-right-terrorism-white-nationalism-anders-breivik/|archive-date=18 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Taylor|first=Adam|date=16 March 2019|title=Christchurch suspect claimed 'brief contact' with Norwegian mass murderer|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-suspect-claimed-brief-contact-with-norwegian-mass-murderer-20190316-p514pj.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315235915/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-suspect-claimed-brief-contact-with-norwegian-mass-murderer-20190316-p514pj.html|archive-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=15 March 2019|title=New Zealand mosque shooter mentioned Dylann Roof in manifesto|url=https://www.postandcourier.com/news/new-zealand-mosque-shooter-mentioned-dylann-roof-in-manifesto/article_9a32302c-4718-11e9-9023-57b6f37032a6.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618230222/https://www.postandcourier.com/news/new-zealand-mosque-shooter-mentioned-dylann-roof-in-manifesto/article_9a32302c-4718-11e9-9023-57b6f37032a6.html|archive-date=18 June 2022|access-date=18 June 2022|work=[[Associated Press]] and [[The Post and Courier]]}}</ref> He says he agrees with [[British Union of Fascists]] leader [[Oswald Mosley]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Kampeas|first=Ron|date=15 March 2019|title=New Zealand killer says his role model was Nazi-allied British fascist|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-zealand-killer-says-his-role-model-was-nazi-allied-british-fascist|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618022220/https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-zealand-killer-says-his-role-model-was-nazi-allied-british-fascist|archive-date=18 June 2022|access-date=17 June 2022|work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=18 March 2019|title=New Zealand Shooting Suspect Praised China For 'Lacking Diversity'|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/newzealand-shooter-03182019143130.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704061539/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/newzealand-shooter-03182019143130.html|archive-date=4 July 2022|access-date=17 June 2022|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref> The author says he first planned to attack the Al Huda Mosque in [[Dunedin]] but changed his mind after visiting Christchurch.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kidd|first1=Rob|last2=Miller|first2=Tim|date=16 March 2019|title=Police confirm Dunedin property linked to terror attack|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/police-confirm-dunedin-property-linked-terror-attack|url-status=live|access-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315104555/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/part-dunedin-street-evacuated-after-report-city-was-original-target|archive-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sherwood|first=Sam|date=21 March 2019|title=Ashburton Muslims in gunman's sights 'feeling lucky' Christchurch shooter stopped|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111447105/ashburton-muslims-in-gunmans-sights-feeling-lucky-christchurch-shooter-stopped|url-status=live|access-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509002025/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111447105/ashburton-muslims-in-gunmans-sights-feeling-lucky-christchurch-shooter-stopped|archive-date=9 May 2019}}</ref> Tarrant also told readers to [[Assassination|assassinate]] [[Chancellor of Germany|German Chancellor]] [[Angela Merkel]], [[President of Turkey|Turkish President]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] and [[Mayor of London|London Mayor]] [[Sadiq Khan]]. Tarrant said three moments gave him his ideas. The first was the murder of an 11-year-old girl, Ebba Åkerlund, in the [[2017 Stockholm attack]] on 7 April 2017. (Her name was part of the graffiti written on the gun he used to commit the shooting). He also said the loss of [[Marine Le Pen]] in the [[2017 French presidential election]] was "evidence" that the chance of a [[Democracy|democratic]] solution to stop non-European immigration had "vanished". The third event was his trip to [[France]] where he had a strong emotional response to his belief that the French had become a minority in their own country. He was also moved by visiting a military cemetery: "my despair turned to shame, my shame to guilt, my guilt to anger and my anger to rage".<ref>{{cite book|title=A Transnational History of Right Wing Terrorism: Political Violence and the Far Right in Eastern and Western Europe since 1900|last1=Dafinger|first1=Johannes|last2=Florin|first2=Moritz|date=2022|publisher=Routledge|location=United Kingdom|pages=219}}</ref> ==Attacks== At 1:32{{nbsp}}p.m., Tarrant started his [[Livestreaming|live-stream]] that played for 17 minutes on [[Facebook Live]], starting with the drive to the [[Al Noor Mosque, Christchurch|Al Noor Mosque]] and ending as he drove away.<ref name="rnz004" /><ref name="nzherald.co.nz">{{cite news|date=15 March 2019|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Gunman livestreamed 17 minutes of shooting terror|newspaper=The New Zealand Herald|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213076|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315025827/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213076|archive-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> Just before the shooting, he played songs, including "[[Karadžić, Lead Your Serbs|Serbia Strong]]", a Serbian [[Nationalism|nationalist]] and [[Islamophobia|anti-Muslim]] song; and "[[The British Grenadiers]]", a British military marching song.<ref name="KoziolChristchurch">{{cite web|last=Koziol|first=Michael|date=15 March 2019|title=Christchurch shooter's manifesto reveals an obsession with white supremacy over Muslims|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-shooter-s-manifesto-reveals-an-obsession-with-white-supremacy-over-muslims-20190315-p514ko.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315103916/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-shooter-s-manifesto-reveals-an-obsession-with-white-supremacy-over-muslims-20190315-p514ko.html|archive-date=15 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref name="Coalson3">{{cite web|last=Coalson|first=Robert|title=Christchurch Attacks: Suspect Took Inspiration From Former Yugoslavia's Ethnically Fueled Wars|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/christchurch-attacks-yugoslavia-tarrant-inspiration-suspect-new-zealand/29823655.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330083530/https://www.rferl.org/a/christchurch-attacks-yugoslavia-tarrant-inspiration-suspect-new-zealand/29823655.html|archive-date=30 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref><ref name="Doyle">{{cite news|last=Doyle|first=Gerry|title=New Zealand mosque gunman's plan began and ended online|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shootout-internet/new-zealand-mosque-attackers-plan-began-and-ended-online-idUSKCN1QW1MV|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315161613/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shootout-internet/new-zealand-mosque-attackers-plan-began-and-ended-online-idUSKCN1QW1MV|archive-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> === Al Noor Mosque === [[File:Canterbury Mosque 12 June 2006.jpg|thumb|[[Al Noor Mosque, Christchurch|Al Noor Mosque]] in 2006]] At 1:39{{nbsp}}p.m., Tarrant parked his [[Automobile|car]] in the driveway next to the Al Noor Mosque. He then armed himself with the [[Mossberg 930]] and Windham Weaponry [[AR-15|AR-15 rifle]] before walking towards the mosque.<ref name="rnz004" /><ref name="Operation Deans2">{{cite web |title=2019 – Operation Deans Targeted Terrorist Attacks, Christchurch, 15 March |url=https://www.police.govt.nz/about-us/history-and-museum/museum/exhibitions/place-many-brave-deeds/2019-operation-deans-targeted |website=New Zealand Police |date=2020 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission2">{{cite web|title=The terrorist attack|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/part-1-purpose-and-process/the-terrorist-attack/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223110253/https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/part-1-purpose-and-process/the-terrorist-attack/|archive-date=23 December 2020|access-date=12 December 2020|website=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019|language=en-NZ}}</ref> At 1:40{{nbsp}}p.m., Tarrant approached the mosque and fired his shotgun nine times towards the front entrance, killing four worshippers. He dropped the shotgun and shot people inside with the AR-15, killing two men down a hallway near the entrance and even more inside a prayer hall.<ref name="rnz004">{{cite news |title=Christchurch mosque attacks: Gunman pleads guilty to all charges |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/412640/christchurch-mosque-attacks-gunman-pleads-guilty-to-all-charges |work=RNZ |date=26 March 2020 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="SentencingRemarks">{{cite web|title=The Queen v. Brenton Harrison Tarrant: Sentencing Remarks of Mander J|url=https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/assets/cases/R-v-Tarrant-sentencing-remarks-20200827.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022175740/https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/assets/cases/R-v-Tarrant-sentencing-remarks-20200827.pdf|archive-date=22 October 2023|publisher=High Court of New Zealand|accessdate=21 October 2023}}</ref><ref>Multiple sources: * {{cite web|date=15 March 2019|title='Hello brother': Muslim worshipper's 'last words' to gunman|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/brother-muslim-worshipper-words-gunman-190315152715528.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315220022/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/brother-muslim-worshipper-words-gunman-190315152715528.html|archive-date=15 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|publisher=Al Jazeera}} * {{cite web|date=15 March 2019|title='Hello brother', first Christchurch mosque victim said to shooter|url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2019/03/15/hello-brother-first-christchurch-mosque-victim-said-to-shooter/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529003247/https://toronto.citynews.ca/2019/03/15/hello-brother-first-christchurch-mosque-victim-said-to-shooter/|archive-date=29 May 2020|access-date=15 March 2019|work=Toronto City News}} * {{Cite news|last=Horton|first=Alex|date=15 March 2019|title=With strobe lights and guns bearing neo-Nazi slogans, New Zealand gunman plotted a massacre|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/03/15/with-strobe-lights-guns-bearing-neo-nazi-slogans-new-zealand-gunman-plotted-massacre/|url-status=live|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407233827/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/03/15/with-strobe-lights-guns-bearing-neo-nazi-slogans-new-zealand-gunman-plotted-massacre/|archive-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> A worshipper, Naeem Rashid charged at Tarrant and knocked him down, dislodging a magazine from his vest in the process, but he was then shot several times and fatally wounded.<ref name="SentencingRemarks" /><ref name="storiesofheroism">{{cite news|title=Christchurch shootings: Stories of heroism emerge from attacks|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47601516|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317192834/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47601516|archive-date=17 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="mian">{{cite news|last1=Mackenzie|first1=James|last2=Russell|first2=Ros|title=Pakistan salutes hero of New Zealand mosque shooting|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/newzealand-shootout-pakistan-idINKCN1QZ08B|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319163408/https://in.reuters.com/article/newzealand-shootout-pakistan-idINKCN1QZ08B|archive-date=19 March 2019}}</ref> Rashid was posthumously awarded the [[Nishan-e-Shujaat]] and the [[New Zealand Cross (1999)|New Zealand Cross]], the highest awards of bravery in Pakistan and New Zealand, respectively.<ref name="dpmc-honours">{{cite web |title=Special Honours List 16 December 2021 – Citations for New Zealand Bravery Awards |url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/lists/br2021-citations |website=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (DPMC) |date=16 December 2021 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=6 May 2019|title=Mosque attack hero given bravery award in Pakistan|publisher=Radio New Zealand|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/388542/mosque-attack-hero-given-bravery-award-in-pakistan|url-status=live|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215224724/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/388542/mosque-attack-hero-given-bravery-award-in-pakistan|archive-date=15 December 2021}}</ref> Tarrant fired at worshippers in the prayer hall and went outside, where he killed a man, discarded his Windham WW-15 and retrieved a [[Ruger AR-556]] AR-15 from his car. He went to the mosque's gate and killed two people in the car park who were hiding behind cars. He went back in the mosque and shot wounded people, then went outside again, where he killed a woman near his car<ref>{{cite web|date=17 August 2017|title=5.3 Firearms, ammunition and other equipment used in the terrorist attack|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/preparation-for-the-terrorist-attack/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030171406/https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/preparation-for-the-terrorist-attack/|archive-date=30 October 2023|access-date=25 October 2023|publisher=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="Operation Deans2" /><ref name="rnz004" /><ref name="SentencingRemarks" /> before driving over her, leaving six minutes after he first got to the mosque.<ref name="SentencingRemarks" /><ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission2" /> He shot at worshippers who had escaped from the mosque through the [[Windshield|windscreen]] and closed window of his own car using a [[Remington Model 870]] as was driving to the [[Linwood Islamic Centre]].<ref name="Operation Deans2" /><ref name="rnz004" /><ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission2" /> At 1:46{{nbsp}}p.m., police arrived to the mosque just as Tarrant was leaving, but his car was hidden by a bus, and at the time it was unknown what his car looked like or whether or not he had even left.<ref name="Operation Deans2" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Christchurch terror attack: Police release official timeline|work=Newshub|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/04/christchurch-terror-attack-police-release-official-timeline.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228235047/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/04/christchurch-terror-attack-police-release-official-timeline.html|archive-date=28 February 2020}}</ref> At 1:51{{nbsp}}p.m., the livestream ended due to a bad connection, he aimed a shotgun at the driver of a vehicle and tried to fire it twice, but it failed to fire. The GoPro camera on Tarrant's helmet kept recording until he was arrested by police eight minutes later.<ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission2" /><ref name="Operation Deans2" /> ===Linwood Islamic Centre=== [[File:Linwood_Islamic_Centre,_March_2020._At_the_time_of_the_shootings_there_was_a_buiding_at_the_front_of_the_section_and_access_was_along_a_driveway_to_the_left.jpg|thumb|Linwood Islamic Centre, March 2020. At the time of the shootings, there was a building at the front of the section and access was along an ungated driveway to the left.]] At 1:52{{nbsp}}p.m., Tarrant got to the [[Linwood Islamic Centre]],<ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission3">{{cite web |title=6. Planning the terrorist attack |url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/planning-the-terrorist-attack |website=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques |date=2020 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> {{Convert|5|km|mi|0|abbr=}} east of the Al Noor Mosque,<ref name=":22">{{Cite news|last1=Perry|first1=Nick|last2=Baker|first2=Mark|date=15 March 2019|title=Mosque shootings kill 49; white racist claims responsibility|work=Star Tribune|url=http://www.startribune.com/witness-many-dead-in-new-zealand-mosque-shooting/507178452/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321201556/http://www.startribune.com/witness-many-dead-in-new-zealand-mosque-shooting/507178452/|archive-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> where about 100 people were inside.<ref name="rnz005">{{cite news |title=Christchurch terror attack inquest: 'Nothing comparable' to scene inside Linwood mosque, doctor says |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/503377/christchurch-terror-attack-inquest-nothing-comparable-to-scene-inside-linwood-mosque-doctor-says |work=RNZ |date=27 November 2023 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission3" /> He parked his car on the driveway, preventing other cars from getting in or out.<ref name="rnz005" /> According to a witness, he couldn't find the mosque's main door and shot people outside and through a window, killing four people.<ref name="rnz005" /><ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission3" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Macdonald|first=Nikki|date=18 March 2019|title=Alleged shooter approached Linwood mosque from wrong side, giving those inside time to hide, survivor says|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111378767/brenton-tarrant-approached-linwood-mosque-from-wrong-side-giving-those-inside-time-to-hide-survivor-says|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318191317/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111378767/brenton-tarrant-approached-linwood-mosque-from-wrong-side-giving-those-inside-time-to-hide-survivor-says|archive-date=18 March 2019}}</ref> A worshipper named Abdul Aziz Wahabzada ran outside when Tarrant was getting another gun from his car, Aziz threw a [[credit card]] reader at him. Tarrant shot at Aziz, who picked up an empty shotgun that Tarrant dropped. He hid behind cars and tried to get Tarrant's attention by shouting. Regardless, Tarrant went into the mosque, where he shot and killed three people. When Tarrant got back to his car, Aziz came up to him again. Tarrant took a [[bayonet]] from his vest but then retreated into his car instead of attacking Aziz. Tarrant drove away at 1:55{{nbsp}}p.m., with Aziz throwing the shotgun at his car.<ref name="SentencingRemarks2">{{cite web |title=Sentencing Remarks of Cameron Mander J |url=https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/assets/Criminal-case-summaries/2020/sc-remarks-r-v-tarrant.pdf |website=Courts of New Zealand |date=27 August 2020 |access-date=25 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Multiple sources: * {{cite news|last1=Perry|first1=Nick|title=Man who stood up to mosque gunman probably saved lives|work=Associated Press News|url=https://apnews.com/ccf69233a36446c2b6c9e92f3e6cf417|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317012024/https://www.apnews.com/ccf69233a36446c2b6c9e92f3e6cf417|archive-date=17 March 2019}} * {{cite web|last1=Saber|first1=Nasim|last2=Ahmadi|first2=Naser|title=New Zealand terror attacks: The hero of Christchurch talks|url=https://www.dw.com/en/new-zealand-terror-attacks-the-hero-of-christchurch-talks/a-47955945|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404084800/https://www.dw.com/en/new-zealand-terror-attacks-the-hero-of-christchurch-talks/a-47955945|archive-date=4 April 2019|access-date=4 April 2019|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]}} * {{cite web|title=Dodging bullets, a father of 4 confronted the New Zealand shooter and saved lives|url=https://m.cnn.com/en/article/h_c8a74bac766cae0300391f535f2f0e91|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320180848/https://m.cnn.com/en/article/h_c8a74bac766cae0300391f535f2f0e91|archive-date=20 March 2019|access-date=18 March 2019|publisher=CNN}}</ref> Aziz was awarded the [[New Zealand Cross]], New Zealand's highest award for bravery.<ref name="dpmc-honours2">{{cite web|date=16 December 2021|title=Special Honours List 16 December 2021 – Citations for New Zealand Bravery Awards|url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/honours/lists/br2021-citations/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215190348/https://dpmc.govt.nz/honours/lists/br2021-citations/|archive-date=15 December 2021|access-date=16 December 2021|website=Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet}}</ref> In May 2023, he represented recipients of the Cross at the [[coronation of Charles III and Camilla]].<ref>{{cite news|date=5 May 2023|title=Coronation order of service in full|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65503950|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506001110/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65503950|archive-date=6 May 2023}}</ref> After being left unused, Linwood Islamic Centre was demolished in November 2023.<ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Callaghan|first1=Jody|date=20 November 2023|title=Tears and prayers as Linwood mosque gets demolished|language=en|work=Stuff|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/pou-tiaki/133318742/tears-and-prayers-as-linwood-mosque-gets-demolished|url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211195231/https://www.stuff.co.nz/pou-tiaki/133318742/tears-and-prayers-as-linwood-mosque-gets-demolished|archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=20 November 2023|title=Christchurch's Linwood Mosque demolished after 2019 attacks|language=en|work=1 News|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/11/20/christchurchs-linwood-mosque-demolished-after-2019-attacks/|url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211195231/https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/11/20/christchurchs-linwood-mosque-demolished-after-2019-attacks/|archive-date=11 December 2023}}</ref> === Tarrant's arrest === [[File:Christchurch_attack_-_incendiary_device.png|left|thumb|One of the four [[Incendiary device|incendiary devices]] found in Tarrant's car]] A silver [[Subaru|2005 Subaru Outback]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Christchurch terror attack: The gunman's next target|work=Newshub|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/03/christchurch-terror-attack-the-gunman-s-next-target.html|url-status=live|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090110/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/03/christchurch-terror-attack-the-gunman-s-next-target.html|archive-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> matching the description of Tarrant's car was seen by a [[police officer]], and a chase was initiated at 1:57{{nbsp}}p.m. Two police officers rammed his car off of the road with their police car, and Tarrant was arrested without struggle on Brougham Street in [[Sydenham, New Zealand|Sydenham]] at 1:59{{nbsp}}p.m., 18 minutes after the first emergency call.<ref name="SentencingRemarks3">{{cite web |title=Sentencing Remarks of Cameron Mander J |url=https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/assets/Criminal-case-summaries/2020/sc-remarks-r-v-tarrant.pdf |website=Courts of New Zealand |date=27 August 2020 |access-date=25 September 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission4">{{cite web |title=6. Planning the terrorist attack |url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/planning-the-terrorist-attack |website=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques |date=2020 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 April 2019|title=Mosque attacks timeline: 18 minutes from first call to arrest|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/387248/mosque-attacks-timeline-18-minutes-from-first-call-to-arrest|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215035203/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/387248/mosque-attacks-timeline-18-minutes-from-first-call-to-arrest|archive-date=15 February 2020|access-date=15 February 2020|website=RNZ}}</ref> Police found the four [[Incendiary device|incendiary devices]] in his car; they were defused by the [[New Zealand Defence Force]].<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":52">{{cite web |title=6. Planning the terrorist attack |url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/the-report/firearms-licensing/planning-the-terrorist-attack |website=Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques |date=2020 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> He said, on the livestream, that he had planned to [[Arson|set the mosque on fire]].<ref name=":62">{{cite web |title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Man claims responsibility for shootings, records assault on video |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/111320003/christchurch-mosque-shootings-man-claims-responsibility-for-attack-records-assault-on-video |website=Stuff |date=14 March 2019 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> Tarrant said that when he was being arrested, he was on his way to attack a third mosque in [[Ashburton, New Zealand|Ashburton]], {{Convert|90|km||abbr=on}} southwest of Christchurch.<ref name="TheAttackRoyalCommission4" /> He also told the police that there were "nine more shooters", and that there were "like-minded" people in [[Dunedin]], [[Invercargill]], and Ashburton, but when he was interviewed later, he told the truth and said that he had did it alone.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf|title=Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the terrorist attack on Christchurch masjidain on 15 March 2019|pages=72–73|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713110513/https://www.christchurchattack.royalcommission.nz/assets/Report-Volumes-and-Parts/Ko-to-tatou-kainga-tenei-Volume-2.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> == Victims == {| class="wikitable sortable floatright" |+Deaths by citizenship<ref name=":3">{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite web|date=2019-03-20|title=Name Release 1 – Christchurch Terror Attack|url=https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/name-release-1-%E2%80%93-christchurch-terror-attack|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320093539/https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/name-release-1-%E2%80%93-christchurch-terror-attack|archive-date=2019-03-20|url-status=live|access-date=2024-01-26|website=police.govt.nz}}|{{Cite web|date=2019-03-21|title=Name release 2 – Christchurch terror attacks|url=https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/name-release-2-christchurch-terror-attacks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321043600/https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/name-release-2-christchurch-terror-attacks|archive-date=2019-03-21|url-status=live|access-date=2024-01-26|website=police.govt.nz}}|{{Cite web|date=2019-03-21|title=Name release 3: Christchurch terror attacks|url=https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/name-release-3-christchurch-terror-attacks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325073918/https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/name-release-3-christchurch-terror-attacks|archive-date=2019-03-25|url-status=live|access-date=2024-01-26|website=police.govt.nz}}|{{Cite web|date=2019-03-22|title=Name Release 4 – Christchurch Terror Attack|url=https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/name-release-4-%25E2%2580%2593-christchurch-terror-attack|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325073916/https://www.police.govt.nz/news/release/name-release-4-%25E2%2580%2593-christchurch-terror-attack|archive-date=2019-03-25|url-status=live|access-date=2024-01-26 |website=police.govt.nz}}}}</ref> !Citizenship !Deaths |- |{{Flagu|New Zealand}} |27{{efn|Including 11 with dual citizenship: 4 Egyptian, 3 Jordanian, 1 Bangladeshi, 1 Fijian, 1 Iraqi and 1 Pakistani.}} |- |{{Flagu|Pakistan}} |8 |- |{{Flagu|India}} |5 |- |{{Flagu|Bangladesh}} |3 |- |{{Flagu|Fiji}} |2 |- |{{Flagu|Indonesia}} |1 |- |{{Flagu|Jordan}} |1 |- |{{Flagu|Malaysia}} |1 |- |{{Flagu|Mauritius}} |1 |- |{{Flagu|Palestine}} |1 |- |{{Flagu|Turkey}} |1<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-02|title=Christchurch mosque attack death toll rises|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-mosque-attack-death-toll-rises-20190503-p51jmr.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126113843/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-mosque-attack-death-toll-rises-20190503-p51jmr.html|archive-date=26 January 2024|access-date=2024-01-26|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref> |- class="sortbottom" !'''Total''' !'''{{Sum|27|8|5|3|2|1|1|1|1|1|1}}''' |} Fifty-one people died from the attacks: 44 at the Al Noor Mosque and seven at the Linwood Islamic Centre. All but four were male.<ref name=":3" /> Their ages ranged from three to 77 years old.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 March 2019|title=NZ terror attack victims' age range 3–77|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/oceania/2019/03/17/list-of-christchurch-mosque-victims-shows-dead-range-from-age-3-77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401021627/https://dhakatribune.com/world/oceania/2019/03/17/list-of-christchurch-mosque-victims-shows-dead-range-from-age-3-77|archive-date=1 April 2019|access-date=23 March 2019|website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> Thirty-five others were injured at the Al Noor Mosque and five at Linwood.<ref name="rnz006">{{cite news |title=Christchurch terror attack inquest: Paramedics did not enter Al Noor Mosque until 30 minutes after shooting |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/501435/christchurch-terror-attack-inquest-paramedics-did-not-enter-al-noor-mosque-until-30-minutes-after-shooting |work=RNZ |date=1 November 2023 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> == Aftermath == === Legal === ==== Arraignment ==== Tarrant appeared in the Christchurch [[District Court of New Zealand|District Court]] on 16 March, where he was charged with one count of [[murder]].<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news|last1=Chavez|first1=Nicole|last2=Regan|first2=Helen|last3=Sidhu|first3=Sandi|last4=Sanchez|first4=Ray|title=Suspect in New Zealand mosque shootings was prepared 'to continue his attack,' PM says|publisher=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/15/asia/christchurch-mosque-shooting-intl/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316235640/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/15/asia/christchurch-mosque-shooting-intl/index.html|archive-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> The judge ordered that the courtroom would be closed to the public except for news reporters and allowed Tarrant to be filmed and photographed as long as his face would [[Censorship|censored]] when shown in media coverage.<ref>{{cite court|litigants=NZ Police v Tarrant|vol=2019|reporter=NZDC|opinion=4784|date=16 March 2019|url=http://www.districtcourts.govt.nz/assets/unsecure/2019-03-17/2019-NZDC-4784.pdf|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401041538/http://www.districtcourts.govt.nz/assets/unsecure/2019-03-17/2019-NZDC-4784.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In court, Tarrant smiled at reporters and made an inverted [[OK gesture#White power symbol|OK gesture]] below his waist, said to be a "white power" sign.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mosque attacks suspect gives 'white power' sign in Christchurch court|url=https://www.axios.com/christchuch-attacks-brenton-tarrant-1552716245-18d37895-d870-4e94-8dd6-0a56eb7a0a5e.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316233637/https://www.axios.com/christchuch-attacks-brenton-tarrant-1552716245-18d37895-d870-4e94-8dd6-0a56eb7a0a5e.html|archive-date=16 March 2019|access-date=17 March 2019|website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref> The case was transferred to the [[High court|High Court]], and Tarrant was kept in custody as his [[lawyer]] did not seek [[bail]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=New Zealand mosque attack suspect Brenton Tarrant grins in court|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-terrorist-attack-suspect-grins-court-190316011147796.html|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812072340/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-terrorist-attack-suspect-grins-court-190316011147796.html|archive-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> He was transferred to the country's only maximum-security unit at [[Auckland Prison]].<ref>{{cite news|date=4 April 2019|title=Mental health tests for NZ attack suspect|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47822674|url-status=live|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624074801/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47822674|archive-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> He made a formal complaint about his conditions in the prison had no access to [[Newspaper|newspapers]], [[television]], [[Internet]], visitors, or phone calls.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 April 2019|title=Christchurch shooter: Brenton Tarrant complains about jail|work=[[News.com.au]]|url=https://www.news.com.au/world/pacific/christchurch-shooter-brenton-tarrant-complains-about-jail/news-story/874fbcef89dacac0f2393ccf2d9634fd|url-status=live|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905094656/https://www.news.com.au/world/pacific/christchurch-shooter-brenton-tarrant-complains-about-jail/news-story/874fbcef89dacac0f2393ccf2d9634fd|archive-date=5 September 2019}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=August 2021|reason=Outcome?}} On 4 April, police said they had increased the number of charges to 89, 50 for murder and 39 for attempted murder, with other charges still being decided.<ref>{{cite news|date=4 April 2019|title=Accused to face 50 murder charges, police confirm|work=[[Radio New Zealand]]|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/386349/christchurch-mosque-attacks-accused-to-face-50-murder-charges-police-confirm|url-status=live|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812042513/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/386349/christchurch-mosque-attacks-accused-to-face-50-murder-charges-police-confirm|archive-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> At the next hearing on 5 April, Tarrant was ordered by the judge to have a psychiatric assessment of his [[Mental health|mental fitness]] to see if he could stand [[trial]].<ref>{{cite news|date=4 April 2019|title=Mental health tests for NZ attack suspect|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47822674|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624074801/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47822674|archive-date=24 June 2020}}</ref> On 20 May, a new charge of committing in a terrorist act was given to Tarrant under the [[Terrorism Suppression Act 2002]]. One murder charge and one attempted murder charge were added, bringing the total to 51 and 40.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 May 2019|title=Accused mosque shooter now facing terrorism charge|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/112896110/accused-mosque-shooter-facing-new-terrorism-charge|url-status=live|access-date=21 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812042449/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/112896110/accused-mosque-shooter-facing-new-terrorism-charge|archive-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> ==== Pre-trial detention ==== On 14 June 2019, Tarrant appeared at the Christchurch High Court via audio-visual link from Auckland Prison. Through his lawyer, he pleaded not guilty to one count of engaging in a terrorist act, 51 counts of murder, and 40 counts of attempted murder. Mental health assessments showed no issues regarding his fitness to plead or stand trial. The trial was first set to start on 4 May 2020,<ref name="third_appearance2">{{cite news|date=14 June 2019|title=Man accused of Christchurch mosque shootings pleads not guilty to 51 murder charges|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/113473357/terror-accused-pleads-not-guilty-to-murder-charges|url-status=live|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724161107/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/113473357/terror-accused-pleads-not-guilty-to-murder-charges|archive-date=24 July 2020}}</ref> but it was pushed back to 2 June 2020 to avoid happening at the same time as the Islamic holy month of [[Ramadan]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 September 2019|title=Christchurch mosque shooting trial delayed for Ramadan|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/115747194/christchurch-mosque-shooter-trial-delayed-for-ramadan|url-status=live|access-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809231703/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/115747194/christchurch-mosque-shooter-trial-delayed-for-ramadan|archive-date=9 August 2020}}</ref> During his time in prison, Tarrant was able to send seven letters, one of which was subsequently posted on the Internet message boards [[4chan]] and [[8chan]] by the person who was sent the letters. [[Minister of Corrections (New Zealand)|Minister of Corrections]] [[Kelvin Davis (politician)|Kelvin Davis]] and the [[Department of Corrections (New Zealand)|Department of Corrections]] were criticised for letting the sending of the letters happen.<ref>Multiple sources: * {{cite news|last1=Bateman|first1=Sophie|date=15 August 2019|title=Alleged Christchurch shooter Brenton Tarrant sent seven letters from prison|publisher=[[Newshub]]|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/08/alleged-christchurch-shooter-sent-seven-letters-from-prison.html|url-status=live|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814230827/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/08/alleged-christchurch-shooter-sent-seven-letters-from-prison.html|archive-date=14 August 2019}} * {{cite news|last1=Perry|first1=Nick|date=14 August 2019|title=Alleged Christchurch gunman sends letter from prison cell|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/alleged-christchurch-gunman-sends-letter-from-prison-cell/2019/08/14/1192e7f6-be65-11e9-a8b0-7ed8a0d5dc5d_story.html|url-status=dead|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814094730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/alleged-christchurch-gunman-sends-letter-from-prison-cell/2019/08/14/1192e7f6-be65-11e9-a8b0-7ed8a0d5dc5d_story.html|archive-date=14 August 2019}} * {{cite news|date=14 August 2019|title=Officials admit letting accused Christchurch shooter send letter to supporter from prison|newspaper=[[Brisbane Times]]|agency=[[Associated Press]] and [[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/oceania/new-zealand-officials-admit-letting-accused-christchurch-shooter-send-letter-to-supporter-20190814-p52h6k.html|url-status=live|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812042450/https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/oceania/new-zealand-officials-admit-letting-accused-christchurch-shooter-send-letter-to-supporter-20190814-p52h6k.html|archive-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Prime Minister]] [[Jacinda Ardern|Ardern]] said that the [[Government of New Zealand|Government]] would look into amending the Corrections Act 2004 to restrict what mail can be given to and sent by prisoners.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 August 2019|title=Prison letters: Cabinet pushes ahead with law changes to Corrections Act|publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]]|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/top/397040/prison-letters-cabinet-pushes-ahead-with-law-changes-to-corrections-act|url-status=live|access-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812042453/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/top/397040/prison-letters-cabinet-pushes-ahead-with-law-changes-to-corrections-act|archive-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sachdeva|first1=Sam|date=20 August 2019|title=Govt mulls law change after prisoner letter fiasco|publisher=[[Newsroom (website)|Newsroom]]|url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2019/08/20/762929/govt-mulls-law-change-after-prisoner-letter-fiasco|url-status=live|access-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728142627/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2019/08/20/762929/govt-mulls-law-change-after-prisoner-letter-fiasco|archive-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> ==== Guilty plea and sentencing arrangements ==== On 26 March 2020, Tarrant appeared at the Christchurch High Court via audio-visual link from Auckland Prison. He pleaded guilty to all 92 charges. As it was happening during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand|nationwide COVID-19 pandemic lockdown]], the public was barred from the hearing. Reporters and representatives for the Al-Noor and Linwood mosques were in the courtroom.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 March 2020|title=Christchurch gunman pleads guilty to 51 murders|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52044013|url-status=live|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715161001/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52044013|archive-date=15 July 2020}}</ref> According to media reports, Tarrant's lawyers had informed the courts that their client was thinking about changing his plea. On 25 March, Tarrant gave his lawyers formal written instructions confirming that he wanted to change his pleas to guilty. In response, court authorities began making plans for the case to be called as soon as possible in the middle of the COVID-19 lockdown.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bayer|first1=Kurt|last2=Leask|first2=Anna|date=26 March 2020|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Brenton Tarrant's shock guilty plea to murders|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12319961|url-status=live|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820085436/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12319961|archive-date=20 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bayer|first1=Kurt|date=26 March 2020|title=Shock guilty plea: Brenton Tarrant admits mosque shootings|work=[[Newstalk ZB]]|url=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/national/christchurch-mosque-shootings-brenton-tarrants-shock-guilty-plea-to-murders/|url-status=live|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728144644/https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/national/christchurch-mosque-shootings-brenton-tarrants-shock-guilty-plea-to-murders/|archive-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> The judge [[Conviction|convicted]] Tarrant on all charges and kept him in custody to await [[Sentence (law)|sentencing]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} On 10 July, the government said that overseas victims of the shootings would get border exemptions and financial help to fly to New Zealand for the sentencing.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bayer|first1=Kurt|date=10 July 2020|title=Christchurch mosque shooting: Border exceptions for victims based overseas to attend gunman's sentencing|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12347157|access-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710040509/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12347157|archive-date=10 July 2020}}</ref> On 13 July, it was reported that Tarrant had dismissed his lawyers and would be representing himself during sentencing proceedings.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Andelane|first1=Lana|date=13 July 2020|title=Christchurch mosque shooting: Brenton Tarrant to represent himself at sentencing|work=[[Newshub]]|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/07/christchurch-mosque-shooting-brenton-tarrant-to-represent-himself-at-sentencing.html|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713010104/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2020/07/christchurch-mosque-shooting-brenton-tarrant-to-represent-himself-at-sentencing.html|archive-date=13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bayer|first1=Kurt|date=13 July 2020|title=Christchurch mosque shooting: Brenton Tarrant sacks lawyers, will represent himself at sentencing|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12347500|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713010225/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12347500|archive-date=13 July 2020}}</ref> ==== Sentencing ==== {{Main|The Queen v Brenton Harrison Tarrant}} [[File:Mosque_shooter_sentencing_770.jpg|thumb|Armed police outside Christchurch courthouse during Tarrant's sentencing]] {{Wikisource|The Queen v Brenton Harrison Tarrant: Sentencing remarks}} Sentencing began on 24 August 2020 before Justice Cameron Mander<!--Q98703755--> at the Christchurch High Court,<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 August 2020|title=Significantly fewer victims to attend Christchurch mosque gunman's sentencing due to Covid restrictions|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/300085563/significantly-fewer-victims-to-attend-christchurch-mosque-gunmans-sentencing-due-to-covid-restrictions|url-status=live|access-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822041232/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/300085563/significantly-fewer-victims-to-attend-christchurch-mosque-gunmans-sentencing-due-to-covid-restrictions|archive-date=22 August 2020}}</ref> and it was televised.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Leask|first1=Anna|date=18 August 2020|title=Christchurch mosque attacks: More details released about gunman's sentencing|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12357634|url-status=live|access-date=18 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818054439/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12357634|archive-date=18 August 2020}}</ref> Tarrant did not oppose the sentence put forward and declined to address the court.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Leask|first1=Anna|last2=Bayer|first2=Kurt|date=27 August 2020|title=Christchurch mosque attack sentencing: Brenton Tarrant will never be released from jail|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12359688|url-status=live|access-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827212059/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12359688|archive-date=27 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Graham-Mclay|first=Charlotte|date=27 August 2020|title=Christchurch shooting: mosque gunman sentenced to life without parole|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/27/christchurch-shooting-mosque-gunman-sentenced-to|url-status=live|access-date=27 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828005912/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/27/christchurch-shooting-mosque-gunman-sentenced-to|archive-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> The Crown prosecutors showed the court how Tarrant had meticulously planned the two shootings and more attacks,<ref>{{cite news|date=25 August 2020|title=New Zealand court hears how mosque shooter planned deadly attacks|work=[[TRT World]]|url=https://www.trtworld.com/asia/new-zealand-court-hears-how-mosque-shooter-planned-deadly-attacks-39145|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826055000/https://www.trtworld.com/asia/new-zealand-court-hears-how-mosque-shooter-planned-deadly-attacks-39145|archive-date=26 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 August 2020|title=Christchurch shooting: Gunman Tarrant wanted to kill 'as many as possible'|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53861456|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825042435/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53861456|archive-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> while survivors and their relatives gave [[Victim impact statement|victim impact statements]], which were shown by national and international media.<ref>Multiple sources: * {{cite news|last1=Lourens|first1=Marine|date=25 August 2020|title=Applause as victim tells terrorist: 'You are the loser and we are the winners|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/122551343/applause-as-victim-tells-terrorist-you-are-the-loser-and-we-are-the-winners?cid=app-iPhone|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826054253/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/122551343/applause-as-victim-tells-terrorist-you-are-the-loser-and-we-are-the-winners?cid=app-iPhone|archive-date=26 August 2020}} * {{cite news|date=25 August 2020|title=Christchurch mosque shooter sniggers as victim reads out his impact statement|work=[[1 News]]|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/christchurch-mosque-shooter-sniggers-victim-reads-his-impact-statement|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828042737/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/christchurch-mosque-shooter-sniggers-victim-reads-his-impact-statement|archive-date=28 August 2020}} * {{cite news|last1=Leask|first1=Anna|last2=Bayer|first2=Kurt|date=26 August 2020|title=Christchurch mosque attack sentencing: Victim's son describes Brenton Tarrant as trash who should be buried in a landfill|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12359668|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826054815/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12359668|archive-date=26 August 2020}} * {{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=Barbara|last2=Ford|first2=Mazoe|date=25 August 2020|title=Christchurch mosque survivors and families stare down gunman Brenton Tarrant in sentencing hearing|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-25/christchurch-mosque-shootings-brenton-tarrant-sentencing-day-two/12590116|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826055316/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-25/christchurch-mosque-shootings-brenton-tarrant-sentencing-day-two/12590116|archive-date=26 August 2020}}</ref> Tarrant was then sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] without the possibility of [[parole]] for each of the 51 murders,<ref name="Stuff last gasp2">{{cite news |title=Christchurch mosque gunman jailed 'until his last gasp' |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/122577663/christchurch-mosque-gunman-jailed-until-his-last-gasp |work=Stuff |date=26 August 2020 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> and life imprisonment for committing in a terrorist act and 40 attempted murders.<ref name=":122">{{Cite court|litigants=R v Tarrant|court=Christchurch High Court|reporter=NZHC|vol=2020|opinion=2192|date=27 August 2020|url=https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/assets/cases/R-v-Tarrant-sentencing-remarks-20200827.pdf|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022175740/https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/assets/cases/R-v-Tarrant-sentencing-remarks-20200827.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The sentence is New Zealand's first terrorism conviction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Christchurch mosque attack: Brenton Tarrant sentenced to life without parole|publisher=BBC|issue=27 August 2020|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53919624|url-status=live|access-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809002613/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53919624|archive-date=9 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Perry|first1=Nick|date=23 August 2020|title=Families confront New Zealand mosque shooter at sentencing|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/court-told-new-zealand-shooter-planned-to-burn-down-mosques/2020/08/23/22e61f5e-e5b1-11ea-bf44-0d31c85838a5_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213100328/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/court-told-new-zealand-shooter-planned-to-burn-down-mosques/2020/08/23/22e61f5e-e5b1-11ea-bf44-0d31c85838a5_story.html|archive-date=13 February 2023}}</ref> It was also the first time that life imprisonment without parole, the maximum sentence available in New Zealand, had been given.{{NoteTag|[[Capital punishment in New Zealand]] was abolished for murder in 1961, and for all crimes in 1989. The option to sentence an offender to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole was introduced in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 March 2019|title=The ins and outs of life without parole|url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/page/the-ins-and-outs-of-life-without-parole|access-date=27 August 2020|work=[[Newsroom (website)|Newswroom]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828040045/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/page/the-ins-and-outs-of-life-without-parole|archive-date=28 August 2020}}</ref>}} After the sentencing, [[Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Winston Peters]] called for Tarrant to serve his sentence in Australia to stop New Zealand having to pay the costs for his life imprisonment. The cost of housing Tarrant in prison was estimated at [[New Zealand Dollar|NZ$]]4,930 per day,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maiden|first=Samantha|date=27 August 2020|title=Mosque gunman Brenton Tarrant could serve out sentence in Australia, Scott Morrison reveals|work=The New Zealand Herald|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12360308|url-status=live|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828113731/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12360308|archive-date=28 August 2020|issn=1170-0777}}</ref> ==== Imprisonment ==== On 14 April 2021, Tarrant appealed against his prison conditions and being classed as a "terrorist entity" at the [[Auckland High Court]]. According to media reports, he is being imprisoned at a special "prison within a prison" known as a "Prisoners of Extreme Risk Unit" with two other prisoners. Eighteen guards have been tasked guard Tarrant, who is living in his own area.<ref>{{cite news|date=14 April 2021|title=Christchurch mosque shooting: Terrorist launches fresh legal challenge|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-shooting-terrorist-launches-fresh-legal-challenge/RVFVCW5ZPUMP4M2Q2AKJ2WAQ6I/|url-status=live|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414040247/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-shooting-terrorist-launches-fresh-legal-challenge/RVFVCW5ZPUMP4M2Q2AKJ2WAQ6I/|archive-date=14 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Callaghan|first1=Jody|date=14 April 2021|title=Christchurch mosque killer launches legal appeal over 'terrorist status'|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-mosque-killer-launches-legal-appeal-over-terrorist-status-20210414-p57j7d.html|url-status=live|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414060636/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/christchurch-mosque-killer-launches-legal-appeal-over-terrorist-status-20210414-p57j7d.html|archive-date=14 April 2021}}</ref> On 24 April, Tarrant abandoned the [[appeal]].<ref>{{cite news|date=24 April 2021|title=New Zealand mosque shooter drops legal challenge over police conditions|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/new-zealand-mosque-shooter-drops-legal-challenge-over-prison-conditions-2021-04-23/|url-status=live|access-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425021913/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/new-zealand-mosque-shooter-drops-legal-challenge-over-prison-conditions-2021-04-23/|archive-date=25 April 2021}}</ref> In November 2021, Tarrant's new lawyer said that Tarrant wanted to appeal against his sentence and conviction, claiming that his conditions went against the [[New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990]]. Survivors have criticised Tarrant's appeal as an attempt to "re-traumatise" the Muslim community.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cook|first1=Charlotte|date=8 November 2021|title=Christchurch mosque terrorist claims he pleaded guilty because of inhumane treatment in prison|work=[[Radio New Zealand]]|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/455189/christchurch-mosque-terrorist-claims-he-pleaded-guilty-because-of-inhumane-treatment-in-prison|url-status=live|access-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108112417/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/455189/christchurch-mosque-terrorist-claims-he-pleaded-guilty-because-of-inhumane-treatment-in-prison|archive-date=8 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=O'Callaghan|first1=Jody|date=8 November 2021|title=Victims' family anger over Christchurch shooting killer's plan to appeal|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/victims-family-anger-over-christchurch-shooting-killer-s-plan-to-appeal-20211108-p59712.html|url-status=live|access-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108065105/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/victims-family-anger-over-christchurch-shooting-killer-s-plan-to-appeal-20211108-p59712.html|archive-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> === Governmental response === Police told mosques to close until considered safe to reopen and sent officers to patrol and protect places in Christchurch.<ref>{{cite news|title=Armed police guard mosques around New Zealand|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111323598/armed-police-guard-mosques-around-new-zealand|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416192737/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111323598/armed-police-guard-mosques-around-new-zealand|archive-date=16 April 2022}}</ref> All [[Air New Zealand|Air New Zealand Link]] flights departing from [[Christchurch Airport]] were cancelled due to the absence of [[Airport security|security]] at the terminal.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cooke|first1=Henry|last2=Kirk|first2=Stacey|date=15 March 2019|title=New Zealand officially on high terror alert, in wake of Christchurch terror attacks|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/111320961/prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-says-christchurch-mosque-shootings-is-one-of-new-zealands-darkest-days|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315192118/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/111320961/prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-says-christchurch-mosque-shootings-is-one-of-new-zealands-darkest-days|archive-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Edmunds|first=Susan|date=15 March 2019|title=Air New Zealand cancels flights, offers 'flexibility'|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/111323903/air-new-zealand-offers-flexibility-for-christchurch-flights|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091740/https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/111323903/air-new-zealand-offers-flexibility-for-christchurch-flights|archive-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> Security was increased at [[New Zealand Parliament|Parliament]], and public tours of the buildings were cancelled.<ref>{{cite news|title=Parliament security increased while security threat level high|publisher=Radio New Zealand|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/384918/parliament-security-increased-while-security-threat-level-high|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319134007/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/political/384918/parliament-security-increased-while-security-threat-level-high|archive-date=19 March 2019|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In [[Dunedin]], the Police [[Armed Offenders Squad]] searched a house, reported to have been rented by Tarrant,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=Tim|date=16 March 2019|title=Neighbours say Tarrant kept to himself, liked to travel|newspaper=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/neighbours-say-tarrant-kept-himself-liked-travel|url-status=live|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708030349/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/neighbours-say-tarrant-kept-himself-liked-travel|archive-date=8 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=18 March 2019|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Accused gunman Brenton Tarrant was a 'model tenant' in Dunedin|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213826|url-status=live|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623202130/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213826|archive-date=23 June 2019}}</ref> and shut off part of the street in [[Andersons Bay]] because Tarrant had said on social media that he had originally planned to target the Al Huda Mosque in that city.<ref name="ODT 15 March 2019">{{cite news|last1=Kidd|first1=Rod|last2=Miller|first2=Tim|date=15 March 2019|title=Part of Dunedin street evacuated after report city was original target|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]|url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/part-dunedin-street-evacuated-after-report-city-was-original-target|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315104555/https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/part-dunedin-street-evacuated-after-report-city-was-original-target|archive-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="NZH 15 Mar 2019">{{Cite news|date=15 March 2019|title=Mosque shootings: AOS on Dunedin street after report city was original target|newspaper=The New Zealand Herald|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213148|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522053915/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213148|archive-date=22 May 2019|issn=1170-0777}}</ref> [[File:NZ_PM_Jacinda_Ardern_-_Kirk_HargreavesCCC.jpg|alt=A photo of a woman from the waist up, hands clasped in front of her, with a sad facial expression. She is wearing a black dress and scarf with gold trim.|left|thumb|Prime Minister [[Jacinda Ardern]] visited members of the Muslim community at the Phillipstown Community Hub in Christchurch the day after the attack.]] For the first time in New Zealand history, the [[terrorism threat level]] was raised to high.<ref name=":13">{{cite news|title=New Zealand officially on high terror alert, in wake of Christchurch terror attacks|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/111320961/prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-says-christchurch-mosque-shootings-is-one-of-new-zealands-darkest-days|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315192118/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/111320961/prime-minister-jacinda-ardern-says-christchurch-mosque-shootings-is-one-of-new-zealands-darkest-days|archive-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Prime Minister]] [[Jacinda Ardern]] called the attacks an "act of extreme violence" on "one of New Zealand's darkest days".<ref>Multiple sources: * {{Cite news|date=15 March 2019|title=Live stream: 1 News at 6 pm|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/live-stream-1-news-6pm-2018|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130193641/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/live-stream-1-news-6pm-2018|archive-date=30 January 2019}} * {{cite news|date=15 March 2019|title=PM on mosque shooting: 'One of New Zealand's darkest days'|publisher=[[Newstalk ZB]]|url=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/national/jacinda-ardern-on-mosque-shooting-one-of-new-zealands-darkest-days/|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712165101/https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/news/national/jacinda-ardern-on-mosque-shooting-one-of-new-zealands-darkest-days/|archive-date=12 July 2019}} * {{cite news|date=15 March 2019|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: 'This can only be described as a terrorist attack'&nbsp;– PM Jacinda Ardern|work=Radio New Zealand|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384803/christchurch-mosque-shootings-this-can-only-be-described-as-a-terrorist-attack-pm-jacinda-ardern|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320121931/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384803/christchurch-mosque-shootings-this-can-only-be-described-as-a-terrorist-attack-pm-jacinda-ardern|archive-date=20 March 2019|ref=RadioNZPMBriefing}}</ref> She said it was a "well-planned" attack<ref name=":02">{{cite news|title=Three in custody after 49 killed in Christchurch mosque shootings|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111313238/shooting-at-christchurch-mosque|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315013612/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111313238/shooting-at-christchurch-mosque|archive-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> and said that the person who committed the attacks to be "nameless" while telling the public to say the victims' names instead.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wahlquist|first=Calla|date=19 March 2019|title=Ardern says she will never speak name of Christchurch suspect|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/19/new-zealand-shooting-ardern-says-she-will-never-speak-suspects-name|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319212633/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/19/new-zealand-shooting-ardern-says-she-will-never-speak-suspects-name|archive-date=19 March 2019}}</ref> Ardern directed that flags on public buildings be flown at [[Half-mast#New Zealand|half-mast]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO1903/S00165/new-zealand-flag-half-masting-directive-friday-15-march-20.htm |title=New Zealand Flag half-masting directive – Friday 15 20 March |access-date=17 March 2019 |publisher=Ministry For Culture And Heritage |via=[[Scoop (website)|Scoop]] |archive-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317000354/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PO1903/S00165/new-zealand-flag-half-masting-directive-friday-15-march-20.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2019, the [[NZ Transport Agency]] offered to replace any vehicle number plates with the prefix "GUN" on request.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 May 2019|title=NZTA to replace GUN number plates for free|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/112378613/nzta-to-replace-gun-number-plates-for-free|url-status=live|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516142637/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/112378613/nzta-to-replace-gun-number-plates-for-free|archive-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> In mid-October 2019, Ardern gave bravery awards to the two police officers who arrested Tarrant at the annual Police Association Conference in Wellington.<ref>Multiple sources: * {{cite web|date=10 December 2019|title=Christchurch mosque shooting: Police officers who apprehended alleged gunman named|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/405189/christchurch-mosque-shooting-police-officers-who-apprehended-alleged-gunman-named|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613122001/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/405189/christchurch-mosque-shooting-police-officers-who-apprehended-alleged-gunman-named|archive-date=13 June 2020|access-date=3 April 2020|website=RNZ}} * {{cite news|last1=Leask|first1=Anna|date=16 October 2019|title=Hero cops: Christchurch terror arrest officers' bravery recognised at national ceremony|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12276324|url-status=live|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016143614/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12276324|archive-date=16 October 2019}} * {{cite news|date=16 October 2019|title=Officers who captured Christchurch terrorist attack suspect awarded for their bravery|work=[[1 News]]|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/officers-captured-christchurch-terrorist-attack-suspect-awarded-their-bravery|url-status=live|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016004147/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/officers-captured-christchurch-terrorist-attack-suspect-awarded-their-bravery|archive-date=16 October 2019}}</ref> On 1 September 2020, Prime Minister Ardern designated Tarrant as a terrorist entity, freezing his assets and making it a criminal offence for anyone to support him with money.<ref>{{cite web|title=PM designates Christchurch mosque shooter a 'terrorist entity'|url=https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/national/pm-designates-christchurch-mosque-shooter-as-terrorist-entity/ar-BB18zmEw?ocid=msedgdhp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021192832/https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/national/pm-designates-christchurch-mosque-shooter-as-terrorist-entity/ar-BB18zmEw?ocid=msedgdhp|archive-date=21 October 2020|access-date=1 September 2020|publisher=MSN}}</ref> === Media response === For the three months after the shooting, almost 1,000 reports were published in news outlets in New Zealand. Less than 10% of news reports published by major media outlets mentioned Tarrant's name. [[Susanna Every-Palmer]], a psychiatrist, said that the media chose to not Tarrant fame and not show his views. The court made the media to [[Censorship|censor]] Tarrant's face when showing the legal proceedings so in New Zealand, he stayed faceless and nameless. Instead, media coverage focused on the victims and their families.<ref name="EveryPalmerAnalysis">{{cite journal|last1=Every-Palmer|first1=S.|last2=Cunningham|first2=R.|last3=Jenkins|first3=M.|last4=Bell|first4=E.|date=23 June 2020|title=The Christchurch mosque shooting, the media, and subsequent gun control reform in New Zealand: a descriptive analysis|journal=Psychiatry, Psychology and Law|volume=28|issue=2|pages=274–285|doi=10.1080/13218719.2020.1770635|issn=1321-8719|pmc=8547820|pmid=34712096|s2cid=225699765}}</ref><ref name="JSSAnalysis">{{cite journal|last1=Ellis|first1=Gavin|last2=Muller|first2=Denis|date=2 July 2020|title=The proximity filter: the effect of distance on media coverage of the Christchurch mosque attacks|journal=Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online|volume=15|issue=2|pages=332–348|doi=10.1080/1177083X.2019.1705358|doi-access=free}}</ref> The media response in Australia was different, focusing on the violence of the attack, as well as Tarrant and his [[manifesto]]. For example, ''[[The Australian]]'' published audio of cries for help, and ''[[Herald Sun|The Herald Sun]]'' wrote dramatic descriptions of victims being shot and used poetry. Coverage of the victims was focused on things like bloodshed, injuries, and graves being dug.<ref name="JSSAnalysis" /> === Other responses in New Zealand === [[File:Patsy_Reddy_lays_flowers_at_Hagley_Park.jpg|alt=A woman adds a flower arrangement to a large memorial display set against a fence.|thumb|[[Patsy Reddy]] laying flowers at the [[Christchurch Botanic Gardens]] on 19 March]] The third [[test cricket]] between [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] and [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], that was supposed to happen at [[Hagley Oval]] in [[Hagley Park, Christchurch|Hagley Park]] on 16 March, was cancelled because of security reasons.<ref>{{cite news|title=Black Caps v Bangladesh test cancelled after gunmen attack Christchurch mosques|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/111314794/bangladesh-cricket-team-escape-christchurch-mosque-shooting|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315030556/https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/111314794/bangladesh-cricket-team-escape-christchurch-mosque-shooting|archive-date=15 March 2019}}</ref> The Bangladesh team were planning to go to the Friday prayer at the Al Noor Mosque and were moments from entering the building when the incident began.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangladesh cricket team flees mosque shooting|url=https://www.citynews1130.com/2019/03/14/bangladesh-cricket-team-flees-mosque-shooting/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420002751/https://www.citynews1130.com/2019/03/14/bangladesh-cricket-team-flees-mosque-shooting/|archive-date=20 April 2021|access-date=15 March 2019|website=City News 1130}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cricketers escape NZ mosque shooting|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/bangladesh-cricket-team-escape-scare-in-christchurch-new-zealand-test-series/2019-03-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609005727/https://www.cricket.com.au/news/bangladesh-cricket-team-escape-scare-in-christchurch-new-zealand-test-series/2019-03-15|archive-date=9 June 2022|access-date=15 March 2019|website=Cricket Australia}}</ref> The players then fled on foot to Hagley Oval.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 March 2019|title=Bangladesh tour of New Zealand called off after Christchurch terror attack|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/26269215/bangladesh-tour-new-zealand-called-christchurch-terror-attack|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428234528/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/26269215/bangladesh-tour-new-zealand-called-christchurch-terror-attack|archive-date=28 April 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Two days later, [[Canterbury Region|Canterbury]] cancelled their match against [[Wellington]] in the cricket tournament.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 March 2019|title=Canterbury withdraw from final Plunket Shield match, handing CD title|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/111337527/canterbury-withdraw-from-final-plunket-shield-match-handing-cd-title|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324000738/https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/111337527/canterbury-withdraw-from-final-plunket-shield-match-handing-cd-title|archive-date=24 March 2019|access-date=17 March 2019|work=Stuff}}</ref> The [[Rugby union|rugby]] match between the [[Crusaders (rugby union)|Crusaders]], based in Christchurch, and [[Highlanders (rugby union)|Highlanders]], based in Dunedin, was cancelled as "a mark of respect for the events".<ref>{{cite web|title=Highlanders-Crusaders cancelled after massacre {{!}} Sporting News|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/amp/rugby/news/highlanders-vs-crusaders-cancelled-after-christchurch-massacre/upw6fkjybgrq1lq04zkfy2wjf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324002245/https://www.sportingnews.com/us/amp/rugby/news/highlanders-vs-crusaders-cancelled-after-christchurch-massacre/upw6fkjybgrq1lq04zkfy2wjf|archive-date=24 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|website=www.sportingnews.com}}</ref> Canadian rock singer-songwriter [[Bryan Adams]] and American [[thrash metal]] band [[Slayer]] cancelled their concerts that were supposed to happen in Christchurch on 17 March, two days after the shootings.<ref>{{cite news|title='Spill the Blood' band Slayer pulls out of Christchurch concert|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/111331506/spill-the-blood-band-slayer-could-play-in-christchurch-near-mosque|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316013500/https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/music/111331506/spill-the-blood-band-slayer-could-play-in-christchurch-near-mosque|archive-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> [[File:Christchurch_mosque_shootings_-_Basin_Reserve_Vigil.jpg|left|thumb|Vigil in [[Wellington]] for the victims of the attack]] Mosques around the World held vigils and tributes.<ref>Multiple sources: * {{Cite news|last=Olito|first=Frank|title=The internet is applauding a man's raw reaction to the New Zealand mass shooting after he laid flowers at a local mosque|website=INSIDER|url=https://www.thisisinsider.com/a-man-laid-flowers-at-a-new-zealand-mosque-and-people-are-applauding-2019-3|url-status=live|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090110/https://www.thisisinsider.com/a-man-laid-flowers-at-a-new-zealand-mosque-and-people-are-applauding-2019-3|archive-date=27 March 2019}} * {{Cite news|date=16 March 2019|title='We love you': mosques around world showered with flowers after Christchurch massacre|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/16/we-love-you-mosques-around-world-showered-with-flowers-after-christchurch-massacre|url-status=live|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318230135/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/16/we-love-you-mosques-around-world-showered-with-flowers-after-christchurch-massacre|archive-date=18 March 2019}} * {{cite news|title=Hamilton mosque makes sure flowers live on|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/news/111361268/hamilton-mosque-makes-sure-flowers-live-on|url-status=live|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091830/https://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/news/111361268/hamilton-mosque-makes-sure-flowers-live-on|archive-date=27 March 2019}} * {{cite web|date=16 March 2019|title=Christchurch terror attack: How to support NZ's Muslim communities|url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/news/16-03-2019/christchurch-terror-attack-how-to-support-nzs-muslim-communities/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319070013/https://thespinoff.co.nz/news/16-03-2019/christchurch-terror-attack-how-to-support-nzs-muslim-communities/|archive-date=19 March 2019|access-date=19 March 2019|website=The Spinoff}}</ref> The mayor of Christchurch, [[Lianne Dalziel]], encouraged people to put flowers outside the city's gardens.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mahony|first1=Maree|date=16 March 2019|title=Christchurch mosque attacks: Mayor Lianne Dalziel says city turning to practical help|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384833/christchurch-mosque-attacks-mayor-lianne-dalziel-says-city-turning-to-practical-help|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090446/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384833/christchurch-mosque-attacks-mayor-lianne-dalziel-says-city-turning-to-practical-help|archive-date=27 March 2019|access-date=19 March 2019|website=RNZ|publisher=Radio New Zealand}}</ref> School pupils and other groups performed [[haka]] to honour the people killed in the attacks.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 March 2019|title=Mass haka and waiata performed outside Christchurch mosque to honour shooting victims|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12214811|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321122022/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12214811|archive-date=21 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hassan|first1=Jennifer|last2=Tamkin|first2=Emily|date=18 March 2019|title=The power of the haka: New Zealanders pay traditional tribute to mosque attack victims|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/03/18/power-haka-new-zealanders-pay-traditional-tribute-mosque-attack-victims/|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319081640/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/03/18/power-haka-new-zealanders-pay-traditional-tribute-mosque-attack-victims/|archive-date=19 March 2019}}</ref> [[Gang|Street gangs]] including the [[Mongrel Mob]], [[Black Power (New Zealand gang)|Black Power]], and the [[King Cobras (gang)|King Cobras]] sent members to mosques around the country to help protect them during prayer time.<ref>Multiple sources: * {{cite news|title=Mongrel Mob gang members to stand guard at local mosque, in support of Muslim Kiwis|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111395229/mongrel-mob-gang-members-to-stand-guard-at-local-mosque-in-support-of-muslim-kiwis|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320225255/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111395229/mongrel-mob-gang-members-to-stand-guard-at-local-mosque-in-support-of-muslim-kiwis|archive-date=20 March 2019}} * {{Cite news|date=17 March 2019|title=Black Power perform haka outside Al Noor Mosque cordon in Christchurch|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213564|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319205110/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213564|archive-date=19 March 2019}} * {{cite news|title=Fear of 'mosque today, marae tomorrow' partly behind gangs reaching out to Muslim community – expert|publisher=[[TVNZ]]|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/fear-mosque-today-marae-tomorrow-partly-behind-gangs-reaching-muslim-community-expert|url-status=dead|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409132225/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/fear-mosque-today-marae-tomorrow-partly-behind-gangs-reaching-muslim-community-expert|archive-date=9 April 2019}}</ref> One week after the attacks, an open-air [[Friday prayer]] service was held in [[Hagley Park, Christchurch|Hagley Park]]. Broadcast across New Zealand on radio and television, it was attended by 20,000 people along with [[Jacinda Ardern]],<ref>Multiple sources: * {{Cite news|date=22 March 2019|title=New Zealand marks one week since mosque attacks|work=[[New Straits Times]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.nst.com.my/world/2019/03/471808/new-zealand-marks-one-week-mosque-attacks|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322044607/https://www.nst.com.my/world/2019/03/471808/new-zealand-marks-one-week-mosque-attacks|archive-date=22 March 2019}} * {{Cite news|date=22 March 2019|title=New Zealand marks one week since mosque attack with prayers, headscarves|website=[[The Straits Times]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/new-zealand-marks-one-week-since-mosque-attack-with-prayers-headscarves|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409132357/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/new-zealand-marks-one-week-since-mosque-attack-with-prayers-headscarves|archive-date=9 April 2019}} * {{Cite news|date=22 March 2019|title=NZ falls silent for mosque attack victims|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47662450|url-status=live|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322021759/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47662450|archive-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> who said, "New Zealand mourns with you. We are one." The [[imam]] of the Al Noor Mosque thanked New Zealanders for their support and said, "We are broken-hearted but we are not broken."<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Perry|first=Nick|date=22 March 2019|title=New Zealand Observes Muslim Call to Prayer 1 Week After Deadly Mosque Attacks|url=http://time.com/5556490/new-zealand-muslim-call-to-prayer/|url-status=dead|magazine=Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324064442/http://time.com/5556490/new-zealand-muslim-call-to-prayer/|archive-date=24 March 2019|access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref> ==== Operation Whakahaumanu ==== After the attack, [[New Zealand Police]] started Operation Whakahaumanu. The operation was made to reassure New Zealanders after the attack by putting police around streets, schools and religious buildings and to also investigate people who have similar ideas to the gunman. === Charity === [[File:Mosque_Shooting_Vigil_in_Melbourne_2019.jpg|thumb|Vigil in [[Melbourne]], Australia]] An online charity started to support victims and their families had, {{As of|2020|August|df=NZ|lc=y|url=https://givealittle.co.nz/cause/christchurch-shooting-victims-fund|post=,}} raised over 10 million [[New Zealand Dollar|New Zealand dollars]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Victim Support Official Page: Christchurch Shooting Victims' Fund|url=https://givealittle.co.nz/cause/christchurch-shooting-victims-fund|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315225013/https://givealittle.co.nz/cause/christchurch-shooting-victims-fund|archive-date=15 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|website=GiveALittle.co.nz}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=16 March 2019|title=New Zealand Givealittle page raises more than $400k for victims of Christchurch terror attack|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/111328476/new-zealand-givealittle-page-raises-more-than-200k-for-victims-of-christchurch-terror-attack|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316023918/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/111328476/new-zealand-givealittle-page-raises-more-than-200k-for-victims-of-christchurch-terror-attack|archive-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> Counting other fundraisers, a combined total of $8.4 million had been raised for the victims and their families<ref>{{cite news|date=17 March 2016|title=New Zealand raises $8.4m for victims of Christchurch mosque shootings|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://i.stuff.co.nz/national/111328476/new-zealand-givealittle-page-raises-more-than-200k-for-victims-of-christchurch-terror-attack|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314191348/https://i.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111328476/new-zealand-givealittle-page-raises-more-than-200k-for-victims-of-christchurch-terror-attack|archive-date=14 March 2020}}</ref> In late June, it was reported that the Jewish Federation of Greater [[Pittsburgh]] had raised more than NZ$967,500 (US$650,000) through its fund for the victims of the Christchurch mosque shootings. This amount also had $60,000 raised by [[Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation]]<nowiki/>following the [[Pittsburgh synagogue shooting]] in late October 2018.<ref>Multiple sources: * {{cite news|last1=Tabachnick|first1=Tony|date=16 July 2019|title=Federation sends more than $650,000 to Christchurch, New Zealand|work=[[Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle]]|url=https://jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com/federation-sends-more-than-650000-to-christchurch-new-zealand/|url-status=live|access-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708213314/https://jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com/federation-sends-more-than-650000-to-christchurch-new-zealand/|archive-date=8 July 2019}} * {{cite news|date=30 June 2019|title=Pittsburgh Jewish community to donate almost NZ$1 million to victims of Christchurch terror attacks|publisher=[[1 News]]|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/pittsburgh-jewish-community-donate-almost-nz-1-million-victims-christchurch-terror-attacks|url-status=live|access-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716111334/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/pittsburgh-jewish-community-donate-almost-nz-1-million-victims-christchurch-terror-attacks|archive-date=16 July 2019}} * {{cite news|date=1 July 2019|title=US Jewish federation donates nearly $1m to victims of Christchurch mosque attacks|work=[[Stuff (company)]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/113888912/a-us-jewish-federation-donates-close-to-1m-to-victims-of-christchurch-mosque-shootings|url-status=live|access-date=16 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716111333/https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/113888912/a-us-jewish-federation-donates-close-to-1m-to-victims-of-christchurch-mosque-shootings|archive-date=16 July 2019}}</ref> === Related arrests and incidents === ==== New Zealand ==== Police arrested four people on 15 March,<ref name=":132">{{cite news |title=Timeline of the Christchurch mosque shootings |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111321199/timeline-of-the-christchurch-mosque-shootings |work=Stuff |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="TVNZ">{{Cite news|title=LIVE: Gunman named, four arrested, as Christchurch mosque attacks leave 'significant' number of fatalities|work=TVNZ|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/live-gunman-named-four-arrested-christchurch-mosque-attacks-leave-significant-number-fatalities|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315061147/https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/live-gunman-named-four-arrested-christchurch-mosque-attacks-leave-significant-number-fatalities|archive-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="radionz-384811">{{Cite news|date=15 March 2019|title=Watch: Christchurch mosque shooting – Four in custody|publisher=Radio New Zealand|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/384811/watch-christchurch-mosque-shooting-four-in-custody|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409111347/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/384811/watch-christchurch-mosque-shooting-police-press-conferences|archive-date=9 April 2020}}</ref> including a woman and a man, after finding a gun in a vehicle which they were travelling in together.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 March 2019|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: One man faces murder charges, what happened to the other three arrested?|newspaper=The New Zealand Herald|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213473|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317201709/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213473|archive-date=17 March 2019|issn=1170-0777}}</ref> A 30-year-old man said he was arrested when he arrived at [[Papanui High School]] to pick up his 13-year-old brother-in-law. He was in [[camouflage]] clothing.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|date=16 March 2019|title=Christchurch mosque shooting: Wrong man arrested for wearing camo|newspaper=News.com.au|url=https://www.news.com.au/world/pacific/camouflage-wearer-claims-wrongful-arrest-over-christchurch-mosque-shootings/news-story/713f078527783e199f6d0ad5d74ab490|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401194210/https://www.news.com.au/world/pacific/camouflage-wearer-claims-wrongful-arrest-over-christchurch-mosque-shootings/news-story/713f078527783e199f6d0ad5d74ab490|archive-date=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=16 March 2019|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Camouflage wearer claims wrongful arrest|newspaper=The New Zealand Herald|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213264|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316194524/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12213264|archive-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> On 4 March 2020, a 19-year-old Christchurch man was arrested for allegedly making a terror [[threat]] against the Al Noor Mosque on [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]].<ref>Multiple sources: * {{cite web|date=2 March 2020|title=New threat made against Christchurch mosque|url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2020/03/02/1063902?slug=new-threat-made-against-christchurch-mosque|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613103212/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2020/03/02/1063902?slug=new-threat-made-against-christchurch-mosque|archive-date=13 June 2020|access-date=29 March 2020|website=[[Newsroom (website)|Newsroom]]}} * {{cite news|last1=Sherwood|first1=Sam|date=4 March 2020|title=Man arrested after Al Noor mosque terror threat raid|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/119999612/man-arrested-after-al-noor-mosque-terror-threat-raid|url-status=live|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304081230/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/119999612/man-arrested-after-al-noor-mosque-terror-threat-raid|archive-date=4 March 2020}} * {{cite news|date=4 March 2020|title=New Zealand police step up patrols after new threat against Christchurch mosque|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shooting-police/new-zealand-police-step-up-patrols-after-new-threat-against-christchurch-mosque-idUSKBN20R0JW|url-status=live|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304081233/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shooting-police/new-zealand-police-step-up-patrols-after-new-threat-against-christchurch-mosque-idUSKBN20R0JW|archive-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> Media reports said the man was Sam Brittenden, a member of the white supremacist group [[Action Zealandia]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Daalder|first1=Marc|date=5 March 2020|title=Action Zealandia member arrested for threat|work=[[Newsroom (website)|Newsroom]]|url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2020/03/05/1068474/action-zealandia-member-arrested-for-threat|url-status=live|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305145505/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2020/03/05/1068474/action-zealandia-member-arrested-for-threat|archive-date=5 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sherwood|first1=Sam|last2=Manch|first2=Thomas|date=5 March 2020|title=Father of teen arrested in raid after Al Noor mosque threat 'extremely disappointed'|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/120027717/teen-arrested-after-al-noor-mosque-threat-a-member-of-white-nationalist-group|url-status=live|access-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308054307/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/120027717/teen-arrested-after-al-noor-mosque-threat-a-member-of-white-nationalist-group|archive-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> On 4 March 2021, a 27-year-old man was charged with "threatening to kill" after making an online threat against both the Linwood Islamic Centre and the Al Noor Mosque on [[4chan]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hunt|first1=Elle|date=11 March 2021|title=New Zealand police charge man over online threat to Christchurch mosques|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/04/new-zealand-police-arrest-two-over-alleged-threat-to-christchurch-mosques|url-status=live|access-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305125421/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/04/new-zealand-police-arrest-two-over-alleged-threat-to-christchurch-mosques|archive-date=5 March 2021}}</ref> ==== Outside New Zealand ==== On 18 March 2019, the Australian police raided the homes of Tarrant's sister and mother near [[Coffs Harbour]] and [[Maclean, New South Wales|Maclean]] in New South Wales. Tarrant's sister and mother were helping the police investigation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rawsthorne|first1=Sally|date=18 March 2019|title=Police raid homes of the gunman's mother and sister|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/police-raid-homes-of-gunman-brenton-tarrant-s-mother-and-sister-20190318-p51530.html|url-status=live|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708025839/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/police-raid-homes-of-gunman-brenton-tarrant-s-mother-and-sister-20190318-p51530.html|archive-date=8 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=McKinnell|first1=Jamie|last2=Miller|first2=Barbara|date=18 March 2019|title=Christchurch shooting investigation reaches NSW, police raid the gunman's sister's house|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-18/christchurch-terror-attack-investigation-prompts-nsw-raids/10910798|url-status=live|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511003505/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-18/christchurch-terror-attack-investigation-prompts-nsw-raids/10910798|archive-date=11 May 2019}}</ref> On 19 March 2019, an Australian man who had praised the shootings on social media was indicted on one count of possession of a gun without a licence and four counts of using an illegal weapon. He was released on bail on the condition that he stay offline.<ref>Multiple sources: * {{cite news|date=19 March 2019|title=Australian who posted comments about Christchurch shootings cries in court|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111384322/christchurch-shootings-australian-massacre-commenter-in-court|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402064732/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-shooting/111384322/christchurch-shootings-australian-massacre-commenter-in-court|archive-date=2 April 2019}} * {{cite news|last1=Bermingham|first1=Kathryn|date=18 March 2019|title=Chad Vinzelberg appears in court on firearm charges after allegedly supporting Christchurch terror attack online|work=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/law-order/chad-vinzelberg-appears-in-court-on-firearm-charges-after-allegedly-supporting-christchurch-terror-attack-online/news-story/5b2415ac8f5c3655542f2e8240f73733|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319122210/https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/law-order/chad-vinzelberg-appears-in-court-on-firearm-charges-after-allegedly-supporting-christchurch-terror-attack-online/news-story/5b2415ac8f5c3655542f2e8240f73733|archive-date=19 March 2019}} * {{cite news|date=19 March 2019|title=Man in SA court for posting comments in support of mosque shooting|newspaper=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=12214113|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402011000/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=12214113|archive-date=2 April 2019}} * {{cite news|last1=Opie|first1=Rebecca|date=2 April 2019|title=Alleged Christchurch massacre supporter has internet ban upheld, calls media 'animals'|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-02/alleged-christchurch-supporter-fails-to-overturn-internet-ban/10963092|url-status=live|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402081555/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-02/alleged-christchurch-supporter-fails-to-overturn-internet-ban/10963092|archive-date=2 April 2019}}</ref>{{update inline|reason=Convicted?|date=August 2021}} A 24-year-old man from [[Oldham]], [[Greater Manchester]], [[United Kingdom]], was arrested on 16 March for making posts on Facebook supporting the shootings.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Drury|first=Colin|date=16 March 2019|title=Oldham man arrested for Facebook post 'supporting' New Zealand mosque attack|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/australasia/new-zealand-christchurch-mosque-attack-man-arrested-oldham-social-media-post-a8826576.html|url-status=live|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106002615/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/new-zealand-christchurch-mosque-attack-man-arrested-oldham-social-media-post-a8826576.html|archive-date=6 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 March 2019|title=Christchurch shootings: Arrest over 'malicious' social media post|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-47597710|url-status=live|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331143022/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-47597710|archive-date=31 March 2019}}</ref>{{update inline|reason=Was he charged?|date=August 2021}} On 20 March, an employee of a company based in the [[United Arab Emirates]], was fired by his company and deported for supporting the shootings.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 March 2019|title=Man sacked, deported from UAE for 'celebrating' New Zealand mosque shooting|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shootout-emirates/man-sacked-deported-from-uae-for-celebrating-new-zealand-mosque-shooting-idUSKCN1R10J5|url-status=live|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331141236/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newzealand-shootout-emirates/man-sacked-deported-from-uae-for-celebrating-new-zealand-mosque-shooting-idUSKCN1R10J5|archive-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> Thomas Bolin, a 22-year-old living in [[New York (state)|New York]], made Facebook messages praising the shootings and talking about a plan to do a similar attack in the United States with his cousin. Bolin was convicted of lying to the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] for saying he did not own any guns.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stack|first1=Liam|date=4 April 2019|title=Christchurch Messages on Facebook Lead to Charge of Lying to F.B.I.|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/04/nyregion/thomas-alonzo-bolin-white-supremacist.html|url-status=live|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145802/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/04/nyregion/thomas-alonzo-bolin-white-supremacist.html|archive-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> ==== Inspired incidents ==== Nine days after the attack, a mosque in [[Escondido, California]], was [[Arson|set on fire]]. Police found [[graffiti]] on the mosque's driveway that said "For Brenton Tarrant", the police investigated the fire as a terrorist attack.<ref name="R2">{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Andrew|date=24 March 2019|title=Suspect of Possible Arson Attack at Escondido Mosque Leaves Note Referencing New Zealand Terrorist Attacks|publisher=nbcsandiego.com|agency=NBC San Diego|url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/islamic-center-escondido-mosque-epd-efd-sdso-reported-arson-unit-507585851.html|url-status=live|access-date=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330071958/https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/islamic-center-escondido-mosque-epd-efd-sdso-reported-arson-unit-507585851.html|archive-date=30 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="R4">{{cite news|last1=Winkley|first1=Lyndsay|last2=Schroeder|first2=Lauryn|date=24 March 2019|title=Arsonist strikes mosque in Escondido, refers to New Zealand massacre in note|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-mosque-fire-escondido-20190324-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330202851/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-mosque-fire-escondido-20190324-story.html|archive-date=30 March 2019}}</ref> A [[mass shooting]] later took place at a [[synagogue]] in [[Poway, California|Poway]], [[California]] on 27 April 2019, [[Poway synagogue shooting|killing a person and injuring three others]]. The perpetrator of the shooting, 19-year-old John Earnest, also said he committed the fire and praised the Christchurch shootings and Tarrant in a manifesto.<ref>{{cite web|last=Evans|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Evans (journalist)|date=28 April 2019|title=Ignore The Poway Synagogue Shooter's Manifesto: Pay Attention To 8chan's /pol/ Board|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2019/04/28/ignore-the-poway-synagogue-shooters-manifesto-pay-attention-to-8chans-pol-board/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428015004/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2019/04/28/ignore-the-poway-synagogue-shooters-manifesto-pay-attention-to-8chans-pol-board/|archive-date=28 April 2019|access-date=9 May 2019|publisher=[[Bellingcat]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baele|first1=Stephane J.|last2=Brace|first2=Lewys|last3=Coan|first3=Travis G.|year=2021|title=Variations on a Theme? Comparing 4chan, 8kun, and Other chans' Far-Right "/pol" Boards|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26984798|url-status=live|journal=[[Perspectives on Terrorism]]|volume=15|issue=1|pages=65–80|issn=2334-3745|jstor=26984798|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410094132/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26984798|archive-date=10 April 2021|access-date=10 April 2021|via=[[JSTOR]]}}</ref> On September 30, 2021, Earnest was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bravo|first=Christina|last2=Press|first2=Associated|last3=Staff • •|first3=NBC 7|date=2021-09-30|title=Survivors, Loved Ones Describe ‘Pure Evil' of Poway Synagogue Shooter at Sentencing|url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/poway-synagogue-shooter-to-be-sentenced-in-state-court/2731560/|access-date=2024-05-30|website=NBC 7 San Diego|language=en-US}}</ref> On 3 August 2019, 21-year-old Patrick Crusius [[2019 El Paso shooting|opened fire and killed 23 people and injured 22 others]] in a mass shooting at a [[Walmart]] in [[El Paso, Texas]], targeting [[Mexican Americans|Mexicans]]. In a manifesto posted to [[8chan]] /pol/ board, he said he supported Tarrant and was inspired by him.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Evans|first1=Robert|author-link=Robert Evans (journalist)|date=4 August 2019|title=The El Paso Shooting and the Gamification of Terror|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2019/08/04/the-el-paso-shooting-and-the-gamification-of-terror/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804053525/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2019/08/04/the-el-paso-shooting-and-the-gamification-of-terror/|archive-date=4 August 2019|access-date=12 August 2019|website=[[Bellingcat]]}}</ref><ref name="Roy">{{cite news|last=Ainge Roy|first=Eleanor|date=14 August 2019|title='It brings everything back': Christchurch despairs over white supremacist attacks|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/14/it-brings-everything-back-christchurch-despairs-over-white-supremacist-attacks|url-status=live|access-date=19 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914075828/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/14/it-brings-everything-back-christchurch-despairs-over-white-supremacist-attacks|archive-date=14 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 February 2023|title=Texas Man Pleads Guilty to 90 Federal Hate Crimes and Firearms Violations for August 2019 Mass Shooting at Walmart in El Paso, Texas|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/texas-man-pleads-guilty-90-federal-hate-crimes-and-firearms-violations-august-2019-mass|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209232441/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/texas-man-pleads-guilty-90-federal-hate-crimes-and-firearms-violations-august-2019-mass|archive-date=9 February 2023|access-date=20 August 2023|website=justice.gov}}</ref> On 10 August 2019, 21-year-old Philip Manshaus murdered his Chinese [[Adoption|adopted]] stepsister at their home before travelling to a mosque in [[Bærum]], Norway and trying to commit a mass shooting, before being disarmed by a worshipper, Mohammad Rafiq. He called Tarrant a "saint" online.<ref name="Burke">{{cite news|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=11 August 2019|title=Norway mosque attack suspect 'inspired by Christchurch and El Paso shootings'|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/11/norway-mosque-attack-suspect-may-have-been-inspired-by-christchurch-and-el-paso-shootings|url-status=live|access-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217232100/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/11/norway-mosque-attack-suspect-may-have-been-inspired-by-christchurch-and-el-paso-shootings|archive-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> Manshaus was sentenced to 21 years for the attack.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 June 2020|title=Norway court jails mosque gunman Manshaus for 21 years|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-53006164|url-status=live|access-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022113034/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-53006164|archive-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> On 27 January 2021, the Singaporean [[intelligence agency]] said it had arrested a 16-year-old [[Protestantism|Protestant]] Indian for [[Singapore mosque attacks plot|plotting to attack]] the [[Yusof Ishak Mosque]] and Assyafaah Mosque on the anniversary of the Christchurch shootings. The youth wrote a manifesto that called Tarrant as a "saint" and praised the shootings as the "justifiable killing of Muslims". The boy bought a machete and protective vest which he planned to use for the attack.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lim|first1=Min Zhang|date=27 January 2021|title=16-year old Singaporean detained under ISA for planning terror attacks on two mosques|work=[[The Straits Times]]|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/16-year-old-detained-under-isa-for-planning-terrorist-attacks-at-two-mosques-in-singapore|url-status=live|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127112850/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/16-year-old-detained-under-isa-for-planning-terrorist-attacks-at-two-mosques-in-singapore|archive-date=27 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mahmud|first1=Aqil Haziq|date=27 January 2021|title=16-year-old Singaporean detained under ISA after planning to attack Muslims at 2 mosques|publisher=[[Channel NewsAsia]]|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/16-year-old-singaporean-detained-isa-planned-attack-2-mosques-14052400|url-status=live|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127222628/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/16-year-old-singaporean-detained-isa-planned-attack-2-mosques-14052400|archive-date=27 January 2021}}</ref> In January 2024, the youth was released after spending almost three years in detention. On 14 May 2022, 18-year-old Payton Gendron [[2022 Buffalo shooting|killed ten people and injured three others]] at a [[Tops Friendly Markets]] store in [[Buffalo, New York]], targeting [[Black people]]. He livestreamed the shooting on [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] and published a manifesto where he wrote that he was inspired by Tarrant. In response, there a ban on the sharing of Gendron's manifesto within New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 May 2022|title=US mass shooting: White supremacist manifesto banned in New Zealand|work=[[Radio New Zealand]]|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/467146/us-mass-shooting-white-supremacist-manifesto-banned-in-new-zealand|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515093831/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/467146/us-mass-shooting-white-supremacist-manifesto-banned-in-new-zealand|archive-date=15 May 2022}}</ref> == Response == === World leaders === [[Queen Elizabeth II]], New Zealand's [[head of state]], said she was "deeply saddened" by the shootings.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 August 2023|title=Christchurch mosque shootings: Queen, Royals, heads of state speak out|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-shootings-queen-royals-heads-of-state-speak-out/OAAIWWNFYNB66ANP24LYM5FDXU/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813131731/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/christchurch-mosque-shootings-queen-royals-heads-of-state-speak-out/OAAIWWNFYNB66ANP24LYM5FDXU/|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=13 August 2021|website=The New Zealand Herald|language=en-NZ}}</ref> Other world leaders also condemned the attacks.<ref name="stuffcondems">{{cite news |title='Senseless acts of violence': World leaders condemn Christchurch mosque shootings |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111321325/australian-prime-minister-horrified-by-christchurch-shootings |work=Stuff |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="WorldLeadersCondemn" group="note">{{cite news |title='Senseless acts of violence': World leaders condemn Christchurch mosque shootings |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/111321325/australian-prime-minister-horrified-by-christchurch-shootings |work=Stuff |date=15 March 2019 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> The [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|prime minister of Pakistan]], [[Imran Khan]], said that Naeem Rashid, the Pakistani worshipper who charged at Tarrant and died, would be honoured with a national award.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan to honour Christchurch mosque 'hero' with national award|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/pakistan-honour-christchurch-mosque-hero-national-award-190317073949724.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320003244/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/pakistan-honour-christchurch-mosque-hero-national-award-190317073949724.html|archive-date=20 March 2019|access-date=19 March 2019|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> President [[Donald Trump]] called the shootings a "horrible massacre".<ref name="praise_3/16/2019">{{cite news|date=16 March 2019|title=New Zealand mosque attacks suspect praised Trump in manifesto|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosques-attack-suspect-praised-trump-manifesto-190315100143150.html|url-status=live|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501193418/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/zealand-mosques-attack-suspect-praised-trump-manifesto-190315100143150.html|archive-date=1 May 2019|quote=[Tarrant] hailed Trump as "a symbol of renewed white identity and common purpose".}}</ref> === Far-right === Two New Zealand-based anti-[[immigration]] groups, the [[Action Zealandia#Dominion Movement|Dominion Movement]] and the [[New Zealand National Front]], condemned the attacks and shut their websites down.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 March 2019|title=Christchurch terror attack: Anti-immigration websites taken down after shootings|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/chch-terror/384867/christchurch-terror-attack-anti-immigration-websites-taken-down-after-shootings|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409132131/https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/chch-terror/384867/christchurch-terror-attack-anti-immigration-websites-taken-down-after-shootings|archive-date=9 April 2019|access-date=21 March 2019|website=Radio New Zealand}}</ref> Others in the [[Far-right politics|far-right]] celebrated the attacks.<ref name="Independent000">{{cite news|date=24 August 2019|title=Revered as a saint by online extremists, how the Christchurch shooter inspired copycat terrorists around the world|website=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/brenton-tarrant-christchurch-shooter-attack-el-paso-norway-poway-a9076926.html|url-status=live|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824231458/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/brenton-tarrant-christchurch-shooter-attack-el-paso-norway-poway-a9076926.html|archive-date=24 August 2019}}</ref> Tarrant's manifesto, ''The Great Replacement'', was [[Translation|translated]] and shared in more than a dozen different languages<ref name="Independent000" /> The United Kingdom's domestic intelligence service, [[MI5]], launched an inquiry into Tarrant's possible links to the British far-right.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lagan|first1=Bernard|last2=Brown|first2=David|last3=Karim|first3=Fariha|last4=Simpson|first4=John|date=16 March 2019|title=MI5 investigates New Zealand shooter|work=The Times|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/mi5-investigates-new-zealand-shooter-qcnl03ck8|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317212356/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/mi5-investigates-new-zealand-shooter-qcnl03ck8|archive-date=17 March 2019}}</ref> === Islamic groups === [[Ahmed Bhamji]], chair of the largest mosque in New Zealand,<ref name="JTA_Mossad">{{cite news|title=Mossad behind Christchurch attacks, head of New Zealand's biggest mosque claims|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|url=https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/mossad-behind-christchurch-attacks-head-of-new-zealands-biggest-mosque-claims|url-status=live|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625205702/https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/mossad-behind-christchurch-attacks-head-of-new-zealands-biggest-mosque-claims|archive-date=25 June 2019|quote="I stand here and I say I have a very very strong suspicion that there's some group behind him and I am not afraid to say I feel Mossad is behind this," he said as a person in the audience shouted "It's the truth. Israel is behind this. That's right!"<br />Bhamji continued: "And not only them. There are some business houses, also, who are around ... you know, Zionist business houses that are behind him."}}</ref> spoke at a rally on 23 March in front of one thousand people.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|last1=Benjamin|first1=Henry|title=New Zealand Muslim leader dismisses colleague's claims Mossad ordered killings|work=[[The Times of Israel]]|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-zealand-muslim-leader-dismisses-colleagues-claims-mossad-ordered-killings/|url-status=live|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525013841/https://www.timesofisrael.com/new-zealand-muslim-leader-dismisses-colleagues-claims-mossad-ordered-killings/|archive-date=25 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=26 March 2019|title=Dangerous antisemitic conspiracy mainstreamed in New Zealand|url=https://israelinstitute.nz/2019/03/dangerous-antisemitic-conspiracy-mainstreamed-in-new-zealand/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527060005/https://israelinstitute.nz/2019/03/dangerous-antisemitic-conspiracy-mainstreamed-in-new-zealand/|archive-date=27 May 2019|access-date=27 May 2019|website=Israel Institute of New Zealand}}</ref> He claimed that [[Mossad]], the [[Israel|Israeli]] intelligence agency, committed and planned the attack. The claim has been called an [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] [[conspiracy theory]]. The chairman of the [[Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand]] said not all New Zealand Muslims agreeed with Bhamji's claim.<ref name="JTA_Mossad" /><ref name="TOI" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Palmer|first1=Scott|date=26 March 2019|title=Jews outraged after mosque leader blames Mossad for Christchurch attack|publisher=[[NBC News]]|url=https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/national/jews-outraged-after-mosque-leader-blames-mossad-for-christchurch-attack/ar-BBVehvs|url-status=live|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527060001/https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/national/jews-outraged-after-mosque-leader-blames-mossad-for-christchurch-attack/ar-BBVehvs|archive-date=27 May 2019}}</ref> === People and countries mentioned by Tarrant === Just before committing the attacks, Tarrant told the audience of the livestream to subscribe to [[PewDiePie]], a [[YouTube|YouTuber]], because at the time, PewDiePie was attempting to get more subscribers than the Indian music record [[T-Series]].<ref name="Chokshi NYT PewDiePie Put in Spotlight2">{{cite news|last1=Chokshi|first1=Niraj|date=15 March 2019|title=PewDiePie Put in Spotlight After New Zealand Shooting|website=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/technology/pewdiepie-new-zealand-shooting.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316000147/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/technology/pewdiepie-new-zealand-shooting.html|archive-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> PewDiePie, real name Felix Kjellberg, posted on [[Twitter]] that he "felt absolutely sickened" to have his name spoken by Tarrant.<ref name="PewDiePie2">{{cite news|last1=Paton|first1=Callum|date=15 March 2019|title=PewDiePie 'Sickened' by New Zealand Mosque Shooter Telling Worshippers to Follow Him Before Opening Fire|work=Newsweek|url=https://www.newsweek.com/pewdiepie-sickened-new-zealand-mosque-shooter-telling-worshippers-follow-him-1364126|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518002242/https://www.newsweek.com/pewdiepie-sickened-new-zealand-mosque-shooter-telling-worshippers-follow-him-1364126|archive-date=18 May 2019}}</ref> During the attacks, Tarrant played the song "[[Fire (Arthur Brown song)|Fire]]" by [[The Crazy World of Arthur Brown]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gambrell|first=Jon|date=15 March 2019|title=Mosque shooter brandished white supremacist iconography|url=https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-new-zealand-ap-top-news-international-news-asia-pacific-597933f5d8454f448db02d1fc077730d|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321222803/https://apnews.com/article/race-and-ethnicity-new-zealand-ap-top-news-international-news-asia-pacific-597933f5d8454f448db02d1fc077730d|archive-date=21 March 2023|access-date=16 March 2023|work=[[Associated Press News]]}}</ref> In a Facebook post, singer [[Arthur Brown (musician)|Arthur Brown]] posted his "horror and sadness" at the use of his song during the shootings, and cancelled an appearance at [[Waterloo Records]] shortly after the shootings.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 March 2019|title=Arthur Brown issues statement after "Fire" was used in New Zealand mosque shootings, cancels today's Austin show|url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/arthur-brown-issues-statement-after-fire-was-used-in-new-zealand-mosque-shootings-cancels-todays-austin-show/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321222813/https://www.brooklynvegan.com/arthur-brown-issues-statement-after-fire-was-used-in-new-zealand-mosque-shootings-cancels-todays-austin-show/|archive-date=21 March 2023|access-date=16 March 2023|work=[[Brooklyn Vegan]]}}</ref> Tarrant also played the Serbian nationalist song "[[Karadžić, Lead Your Serbs|Serbia Strong]]", he main singer of the song, Željko Grmuša, said, "It is terrible what that guy did in New Zealand, I feel sorry for all those innocent people."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nestorović|first=V.|title=Željko objasnio kako je zaista nastala njegova pesma uz koju je Tarant počinio pokolj na Novom Zelandu!|url=https://www.alo.rs/vesti/region/zeljko-objasnio-kako-je-zaista-nastala-njegova-pesma-uz-koju-je-tarant-pocinio-pokolj-na-novom-zelandu/217132/vest|access-date=2024-05-31|website=alo|language=sr|archive-date=2019-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316221623/https://www.alo.rs/vesti/region/zeljko-objasnio-kako-je-zaista-nastala-njegova-pesma-uz-koju-je-tarant-pocinio-pokolj-na-novom-zelandu/217132/vest|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}}<!--[[Category:Crime in New Zealand]]--> <references group="lower-alpha" /> <references group="note" /> [[Category:2010s in New Zealand]] [[Category:March events]] [[Category:March 2019 events]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:2019 crimes]] [[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2019]] [[Category:2019 mass shootings]] [[Category:Murder in 2019]] [[Category:Mass murder in 2019]] [[Category:Terrorist incidents in 2019]] [[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in the 2010s]] [[Category:Terrorist incidents in the 2010s]] [[Category:Islamophobic attacks and incidents]] [[Category:Mass murder in the 2010s]] [[Category:Hate crimes]] [[Category:Murders by firearm]] [[Category:Massacres]] [[Category:Massacres of Muslims]] [[Category:Pakistani murder victims]] [[Category:Indian murder victims]] [[Category:Murdered children]] [[Category:Nationalist terrorism]] [[Category:Terrorist attacks]] [[Category:Attacks on religious buildings and structures]] [[Category:Attacks on mosques]] [[Category:Religious building shootings]] [[Category:Political violence]] [[Category:Racially-motivated violence]] [[Category:Deaths by firearm]] [[Category:Jacinda Ardern]] [[Category:Christchurch]] gye5vlywl2wj4melrgbidfk83bq89mr 0 688920 10878886 9575690 2026-06-04T17:47:47Z ~2026-33279-19 1816382 Fixed tense 10878886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. federal election campaign |committee = Swalwell 2020 | campaign = [[2020 United States presidential election]] ([[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic Party primaries]]) | candidate = '''[[Eric Swalwell]]'''<br/> [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] from [[California's 15th congressional district|California's 15th district]] (2013-present) |logo= Eric Swalwell 2020 presidential campaign logo.svg |status=Announced: April 8, 2019<br>Suspended: July 8, 2019 |cand_id = |fec_date = |affiliation = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] |headquarters = |key_people = |receipts = |slogan = Go Big. Be Bold. Do Good. |chant = |homepage ={{URL|https://www.ericswalwell.com}} }} The '''2020 presidential campaign of [[Eric Swalwell]]''', the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] from [[California's 15th congressional district]], began on April 8, 2019, when it was announced on ''[[The Late Show with Stephen Colbert]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/437938-swalwell-announces-he-is-running-for-president|title=Swalwell announces he is running for president|last=Anapol|first=Avery|date=2019-04-08|website=TheHill|language=en|access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref> Swalwell also posted a campaign ad on his social media accounts the same day he announced his candidacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ericswalwell/status/1115400050086227969|title=Are you ready America? Let's go big, be bold, and do good!pic.twitter.com/gk9SPDT4FN|last=Swalwell|first=Eric|date=2019-04-08|website=@ericswalwell|language=en|access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref> He was the third Californian to run for president, behind Senator [[Kamala Harris]] and spiritual author [[Marianne Williamson]]. If he was elected, Swalwell would have been the youngest president in [[History of the United States|American history]]; the first [[Millennials|millennial]] president; the first president with [[student debt]]; the first president from the [[San Francisco Bay Area]]; the first president from [[California]] since [[Ronald Reagan]]; and the first president who was in the House of Representatives before becoming president since [[James A. Garfield]] in 1881. Swalwell ended his campaign on July 8, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/eric-swalwell-becomes-first-2020-hopeful-to-drop-out|title=Eric Swalwell becomes first 2020 Democrat to drop out|date=2019-07-08|website=Washington Examiner|language=en|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-2020-swalwell-presidential-campaign-20190708-story.html|title=Eric Swalwell is expected to withdraw from presidential race, Tom Steyer to enter|last=Halper|first=Michael Finnegan, Mark Z. Barabak, Evan|website=latimes.com|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:2020 United States presidential campaigns|Swalwell]] {{US-stub}} f5j9ytmhgir0rrcfqtdq4e70lqd7knt 0 703707 10879131 10878656 2026-06-04T23:30:16Z NX3710 1629609 /* */ Although Epstein was a Democratic supporter, he was never part of the democratic party itself 10879131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jeffrey Epstein | image = Jeffrey epstein 2008 mugshot.jpg | caption = Jeffrey Epstein's 2008 mugshot | birth_name = Jeffrey Edward Epstein | birth_date = January 20th, 1953 | birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|08|10|1953|01|20}} (disputed) | death_place = New York City, U.S. | death_cause = [[Suicide]] by [[hanging]] (disputed)<ref name="ny-con">{{Cite web |last1=Gold |first1=Michael |last2=Bromwich |first2=Jonah Engel |date=2019-08-12 |title=Epstein Conspiracy Theories: De Blasio, and Others Join Speculation (Published 2019) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/12/nyregion/conspiracy-theories-epstein-suicide.html |access-date=2021-01-22 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzKCGXzZMYg Epstein could NOT have ended himself says leading coroner]. ''[[TRT|Turkish Radio and Television Corporation]]''. July 27, 2025</ref> | nationality = [[Americans|American]] | education = [[Cooper Union]] <br /> (no degree)<br />[[New York University]] <br />(no degree) | criminal_charge = [[Sex offender]], [[Sex trafficking]] | criminal_penalty = 13 months (2008) }} '''Jeffrey Edward Epstein''' (January 20, 1953 – August 10, 2019) was an American [[Finance|financer]] and child [[sex trafficker]].<ref name="JeffreyEpsteinCourtSex-Justice.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/jeffrey-epstein-charged-manhattan-federal-court-sex-trafficking-minors|title=Jeffrey Epstein Charged in Manhattan Federal Court With Sex Trafficking of Minors|date=2019-07-08|website=www.justice.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708184612/https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/jeffrey-epstein-charged-manhattan-federal-court-sex-trafficking-minors|archive-date=July 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="guardian_2">{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/02/jeffrey-epstein-rise-and-fall-of-teacher-turned-tycoon |last = Lewis |first = Paul |title = Jeffrey Epstein: The rise and fall of teacher turned tycoon |newspaper = [[The Guardian|Guardian]] |date = January 4, 2015 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161126103523/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/02/jeffrey-epstein-rise-and-fall-of-teacher-turned-tycoon |archive-date = November 26, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> He started his career in an [[investment bank]] called [[Bear Stearns]]. A few years later, made his own investment bank, ''J. Epstein & Co.''<ref name="nymag" /> He was born in [[New York City]] to [[Jew|Jewish]] parents. In 2008, he was [[Arrest|arrested]] for giving money to an [[child prostitution|underage girl for sex]]. He spent 13 months in "custody with work release", which means that he was allowed to be outside of prison for up to 16&nbsp;hours per day.<ref name="independent1">{{cite news |first = Andrew |last = Buncombe |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/who-is-jeffrey-epstein-a-study-of-the-man-linked-to-worlds-of-celebrity-politics--and-royalty-9954397.html |title = Jeffrey Epstein: the billionaire paedophile with links to Bill Clinton, Kevin Spacey, Robert Maxwell – and Prince Andrew |work = [[The Independent]] |publisher=Independent Print Ltd.|location=London, England|date = January 2, 2015 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925183442/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/who-is-jeffrey-epstein-a-study-of-the-man-linked-to-worlds-of-celebrity-politics--and-royalty-9954397.html |archive-date = September 25, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Epstein was arrested again on July 6, 2019<ref name="JeffBillionaireDemoNow">[https://www.democracynow.org/2019/7/8/jeffrey_epstein_a_billionaire_friend_of Jeffrey Epstein, a Billionaire Friend of Presidents Trump &amp; Clinton, Arrested for Sex Trafficking &#124; Democracy Now!]</ref> for alleged [[sex trafficking]] of minors in [[Florida]] and [[New York]].<ref name="Shallwani" /> Epstein was a [[registered sex offender]] from 2008 until his death.<ref name="guardian_2" /> On August 10, 2019, he [[suicide|killed himself]] by [[hanging]].<ref name=":30">{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jeffrey-epstein-found-dead-nyc-jail-n1041081 |title=Jeffrey Epstein, accused sex trafficker, is dead by apparent suicide, found in his Manhattan jail cell |last1=Winter |first1=Tom |last2=Dienst |first2=Jonathan |website=NBC News |access-date=2019-08-10 |last3=McCausland |first3=Phil }}</ref><ref name="WashingtonPost_20190810" /> The medical examiner told the court that Epstein died by suicide,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/a947e0d85d31496eb5bd9ff4994c9718|title=Medical examiner rules Epstein death a suicide by hanging|last1=Sisak|first1=Michael R.|last2=Balsamo|first2=Michael|date=August 17, 2019|website=AP NEWS|last3=Neumeister|first3=Larry}}</ref> but Epstein's lawyers disagreed.<ref name=":39">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/epstein-death-murder-suicide-victims-hearing-1456397|title=Epstein Lawyers say evidence 'far more consistent' with murder than suicide|last=Stockler|first=Asher|date=August 27, 2019|work=Newsweek|access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-jeffrey-epstein-cameras-idUSKCN1VI2LC|title=FBI studies two broken cameras outside cell where Epstein died: source|last=Hosenball|first=Mark|date=August 28, 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=August 29, 2019|location=London|language=en}}</ref> On August 29, 2019, the judge decided to end the criminal investigation of Epstein.<ref name="epsteinclosed">{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/9032d5b4c8bb4175958da4e545f60543|title=Judge ends case against Epstein, with a nod to the accusers|first=Larry|last=Neumeister|date=August 29, 2019|website=[[Associated Press]] }}</ref><ref name="epsteinreutersdismiss">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-jeffrey-epstein-idUSKCN1VJ28B |first=Brendan |last=Pierson |title=Case against Jeffrey Epstein dismissed following his death|date=August 30, 2019|work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> Epstein had a complex relationship with a lot of famous people. He interacted with businesspeople, royalty, politicians, and academics. Famous people include [[Donald Trump]], [[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor]] (formerly known as Prince Andrew), [[Bill Clinton]], and [[Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway]]. The [[Epstein files]] are a collection of papers that have criminal evidence of Jeffery Epstein and his relationships with other people and groups. On November 2025, the Epstein files were publicly released <ref name="NBC-2025-11-18">{{Cite news |date=November 18, 2025 |title=Live updates: House passes bill to release Epstein files; Trump defends Saudi crown prince |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/live-blog/trump-house-vote-epstein-files-bin-salman-gaza-venezuela-live-updates-rcna244150 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |work=[[NBC News]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> as part of the [[Epstein Files Transparency Act]] (which the [[U.S. Senate]] [[unanimous consent|unanimously]] approved it),<ref name="Carney & Fuchs">{{Cite news |last1=Carney |first1=Jordaine |last2=Fuchs |first2=Hailey |last3=Lee Hill |first3=Meredith |date=November 18, 2025 |title=Senate approves Epstein files bill, sending it to Trump's desk |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/11/18/house-approves-epstein-files-bill-in-near-unanimous-vote-00656764 |work=[[Politico]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> revealing that he maintained a lot of relationships with notable people. == Early life == [[File:Sea Gate aerial view.jpg|thumb|Epstein's childhood neighborhood of [[Sea Gate, Brooklyn]]]] Jeffrey Epstein was born on January 20, 1953, in [[Brooklyn]].<ref name="epny-birth">{{Cite web |title=New York, New York, U.S., Birth Index, 1910–1965 |url=https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/8879470?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22623779506c4a6a564c614751686c4b6f45654c4d3376376278623437514f545842576a42315372376744453d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |access-date=December 26, 2025 |website=Ancestry.com |language=en-US |archive-date=December 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227042939/https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/8879470?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22623779506c4a6a564c614751686c4b6f45654c4d3376376278623437514f545842576a42315372376744453d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bgmi-ep">{{Cite web |title=Biography & Genealogy Master Index (BGMI) |url=https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/51412803?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22464244684b716f50497a7657514d4e4d6844685278393633416530694e74334436537a55566e613155326f3d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |access-date=December 26, 2025 |website=Ancestry.com |language=en-US |archive-date=December 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227071051/https://www.ancestry.com/sharing/51412803?mark=7b22746f6b656e223a22464244684b716f50497a7657514d4e4d6844685278393633416530694e74334436537a55566e613155326f3d222c22746f6b656e5f76657273696f6e223a225632227d |url-status=live }}</ref> His birth name is Jeffrey Edward Epstein.<ref name="epny-birth" /><ref name="bgmi-ep" /> Both of his parents, Pauline "Paula" Stolofsky (1918–2004) and Seymour George Epstein (1916–1991), were [[Jews|Jewish]].<ref name="Volscho-2019"/><ref name="Daly-2019" /> His parents married in 1952 shortly before he was born.<ref name="Volscho-2019"/> Pauline worked as a school aide and was a [[homemaker]].<ref name="Volscho-2019"/><ref name="Daly-2019">{{Cite news |last=Daly |first=Michael |date=July 15, 2019 |title=Epstein's Coney Island Days: From Math Nerd to 'Arrogant' Prick |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epsteins-coney-island-days-from-math-nerd-to-arrogant-prick |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190717065215/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epsteins-coney-island-days-from-math-nerd-to-arrogant-prick |archive-date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=July 15, 2019 |work=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref><ref name="jpost">{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Billionaire-sex-offender-Jeffrey-Epstein-charged-with-sex-trafficking-594864 |title=Billionaire sex offender Jeffrey Epstein charged with sex trafficking |date=July 7, 2019 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190710185235/https://www.jpost.com/International/Billionaire-sex-offender-Jeffrey-Epstein-charged-with-sex-trafficking-594864 |archive-date=July 10, 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref> Seymour worked for the [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] as a [[Groundskeeping|groundskeeper]] and gardener.<ref name="Volscho-2019">{{Cite news |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-dodged-questions-about-sex-with-his-dalton-prep-school-students |title=Jeffrey Epstein Dodged Questions About Sex With His Dalton Prep-School Students |last=Volscho |first=Thomas |date=July 13, 2019 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=July 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190714214545/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-dodged-questions-about-sex-with-his-dalton-prep-school-students |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jpost"/> Jeffrey Epstein was the older of two siblings, being older than his brother [[Mark Epstein]]. Both grew up in the neighborhood of [[Sea Gate, Brooklyn|Sea Gate]].<ref name="jta-ep">{{Cite web |last=Elia-Shalev |first=Asaf |date=September 10, 2025 |title=In Jeffrey Epstein’s birthday tribute, traces of his Jewish upbringing surface alongside lurid tales |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/09/10/politics/in-epsteins-birthday-tribute-traces-of-his-jewish-upbringing-surface-alongside-lurid-tales |access-date=February 3, 2026 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US |quote=… children of Jewish immigrants, he grew up in Sea Gate, a gated community at the tip of Coney Island. In the 1950s and ’60s, Sea Gate was a predominantly Jewish, middle-class enclave, and the Epstein family lived across the street from the Kneses Israel synagogue, today affiliated with the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. |archive-date=October 31, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031164348/https://www.jta.org/2025/09/10/politics/in-epsteins-birthday-tribute-traces-of-his-jewish-upbringing-surface-alongside-lurid-tales |url-status=live }}</ref> Within the family, Epstein was nicknamed Bear, while Mark was called Puggie.<ref name="Daly-2019" /> A childhood friend described Paula as "a wonderful mother and homemaker."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Feldman |first=Ari |date=July 15, 2019 |title=What We Know About Jeffrey Epstein's Childhood |url=https://forward.com/news/427614/jeffrey-epstein-childhood-brooklyn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190717064456/https://forward.com/news/427614/jeffrey-epstein-childhood-brooklyn/ |archive-date=July 17, 2019 |access-date=July 16, 2019 |work=[[The Forward]]}}</ref> The neighbors remembered the parents of Epstein as being quiet and humble.<ref name="Daly-2019" /> Epstein went to local public schools. The first school he went to was Public School 188. Then, he went to [[Mark Twain Junior High School]] nearby, and usually earned money by tutoring classmates. Friends of Epstein considered him as "sweet and generous" although "quiet and nerdy,” and nicknamed him "Eppy". "He was just an average boy, very smart in math, slightly overweight, freckles, always smiling," a female friend later described.<ref name="Daly-2019" /> In 1967, Epstein went to the National Music Camp at the [[Interlochen Center for the Arts]].<ref>{{Cite news |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-had-his-own-lodge-at-interlochens-prestigious-arts-camp-for-kids-in-michigan |title=Epstein Had His Own Lodge at Interlochen's Prestigious Arts Camp for Kids |last=Briquelet |first=Kate |date=July 12, 2019 |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |access-date=July 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190712230418/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-had-his-own-lodge-at-interlochens-prestigious-arts-camp-for-kids-in-michigan |archive-date=July 12, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> He began playing the piano when he was five.<ref name="Ward 2003" /> During this time, he was considered a talented musician by friends.<ref name="Ward 2003">{{cite magazine |title=The Talented Mr. Epstein |last=Ward |first=Vicky |date=March 1, 2003 |magazine=Vanity Fair |location=New York |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612144453/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303 |archive-date=June 12, 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=June 11, 2015 |url-access=limited}}</ref> He graduated in 1969 from [[Lafayette High School (New York City)|Lafayette High School]] at age 16.<ref name="Volscho-2019" /><ref name="Thomas 2002" /> While at Lafayette High School, he skipped two grades.<ref name="Volscho-2019" /><ref name="Thomas 2002">{{cite magazine |first=Landon Jr. |last=Thomas |date=October 28, 2002 |title=Jeffrey Epstein: International Moneyman of Mystery |url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911044022/https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/ |archive-date=September 11, 2025 |access-date=August 10, 2019 |journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |url-access=limited}}</ref> Later in 1969, he went to advanced math classes at [[Cooper Union]] until he changed colleges in 1971.<ref name="Volscho-2019" /> From September 1971, he went to the [[Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences]] at [[New York University]], where he learned [[mathematical physiology]].<ref name="Volscho-2019" /><ref name="Thomas 2002" /> However, on June 1974, he left New York University without getting a degree.<ref name="Volscho-2019" /><ref name="Thomas 2002" /> ==Career== Epstein taught [[physics]] at the [[Dalton School]] in [[Manhattan]] between 1973 and 1975.<ref name="nymag" /> In 1976, Epstein started work at Bear Stearns as an [[Options trading|options trader]] (a job where [[stock broker]]s sell instruments giving customers the option to buy or sell [[Stock market|stocks]] at a set price at a future date).<ref name="nymag" /> There, he advised very rich people on financial strategies relating to [[Tax|taxes]].<ref name="nymag" /> He was shown to be a successful worker during his financial career, and Epstein was promoted to a [[Limited partnership|limited partner]] (a job that manages money within a company) at Bear Stearns in 1980.<ref name="nymag" /><ref name="Vanity Fair">{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303|title=The Talented Mr. Epstein|last=Ward|first=Vicky|date=June 27, 2011|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|location=New York City|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612144453/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303|archive-date=June 12, 2015|url-status=live|access-date=June 11, 2015}}</ref> Epstein founded his investment bank, ''J. Epstein & Co.'', in 1982.<ref name="nymag" /> His investment bank managed the [[Asset|assets]] of every person who had invested at his investments bank.<ref name="nymag" /> As of 2002, his investment bank was worth more than [[United States dollar|US $]]1&nbsp;billion.<ref name="nymag" /> == Criminal history == ===First signs of criminal activity (2005–06)=== ==== Palm Beach report ==== [[file:Jeffrey Epstein mug shot.jpg|thumb|Jeffrey Epstein's mugshot in 2006. This photo was made after he was investigated for child prostitution in 2006.]] In March 2005, a woman told Florida's [[Palm Beach Police Department]] that her 12-year-old stepdaughter had been taken to Epstein's [[mansion]] by an older girl.<ref name="guardian-epsteindeath">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/aug/10/jeffrey-epstein-dead-prison-report-latest|title=Jeffrey Epstein dies after apparent suicide in New York jail|last=Helmore|first=Edward|date=2019-08-10|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-08-10|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The woman claimed that in the mansion, her stepdaughter was paid $300 to strip and [[massage]] Epstein.<ref name="nymag">{{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Landon Jr.|date=October 28, 2002|title=Jeffrey Epstein: International Money Man of Mystery|url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110041617/http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/people/n_7912/|archive-date=November 10, 2016|access-date=November 7, 2016|journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2016/10/09/the-sex-slave-scandal-that-exposed-pedophile-billionaire-jeffrey-epstein/|title=The 'sex slave' scandal that exposed pedophile billionaire Jeffrey Epstein|last=Callahan|first=Maureen|date=October 9, 2016|work=New York Post|access-date=July 27, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181328/https://nypost.com/2016/10/09/the-sex-slave-scandal-that-exposed-pedophile-billionaire-jeffrey-epstein/|archive-date=July 27, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The stepdaughter was claimed to be undressed. When she left Epstein's mansion, she was still wearing her underwear.<ref name="thesmokinggun2006" /> ==== Investigation ==== Police spent 11 months investigating Epstein and his home. At the time, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] was also investigating Epstein and his home. They discovered confirmation that Epstein had paid girls under 18 years old to perform sexual acts on him.<ref name="LewisSwaine">{{cite web |url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/10/jeffrey-epstein-decade-scandal-prince-andrew |title = Jeffrey Epstein: Inside the decade of scandal entangling Prince Andrew |last1 = Lewis |first1 = Paul |last2 = Swaine |first2 = Jon |date = January 10, 2015 |website = [[The Guardian]] |location=London, England|url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160522090456/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/10/jeffrey-epstein-decade-scandal-prince-andrew |archive-date = May 22, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Both the police and the FBI interviewed five claimed victims and 17 witnesses about this incident. The interviews revealed that photos of abused underaged girls were found in Epstein's trash.<ref name="beachpost">{{cite web |url = http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2006/08/14/m1a_EPSTEIN_0814.html |title = Jeffrey Epstein craved big homes, elite friends – and, investigators say, underage girls |last = Marra |first = Andrew |date = August 14, 2006 |website = [[The Palm Beach Post]] |publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|location=Palm Beach, Florida|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110616194257/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2006/08/14/m1a_EPSTEIN_0814.html |archive-date = June 16, 2011 }}</ref> In fact, some of the trashed photos were confirmed to match the interviewed victims.<ref name="thesmokinggun2006">{{cite web |url = http://thesmokinggun.com/documents/sex/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal |title = Billionaire in Palm Beach sex scandal; Investigators: Moneyman Jeffrey Epstein solicited teen masseuses |date = July 26, 2006 |website = [[The Smoking Gun]] |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150112112028/http://thesmokinggun.com/documents/sex/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal |archive-date = January 12, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesmokinggun.com/file/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal|title=Palm Beach Police Dep't Probable Cause Affadavit|website=[[The Smoking Gun]]|date=May 1, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112112012/http://thesmokinggun.com/file/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal |archive-date=January 12, 2015 }}</ref> ==== Cameras & blackmail ==== In 2006, it was discovered{{By whom}} that Epstein often secretly installed [[Camera|cameras]] everywhere around his property.<ref name="ibtimes-tapesexslave">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com.au/prince-andrew-might-have-been-caught-tape-sex-slave-1407641|title=Prince Andrew Might Have Been Caught on Tape With 'Sex Slave'|last=Bhagat|first=Pooja|date=January 7, 2015|work=[[International Business Times]]|location=New York City|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150129122854/http://au.ibtimes.com/prince-andrew-might-have-been-caught-tape-sex-slave-1407641|archive-date=January 29, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=November 8, 2016|quote=According to reports, papers filed against his friend Jeffrey Epstein in 2006 mentioned that he had installed hidden cameras everywhere in his property to record the indecent acts of important people with underage prostitutes for further criminal use such as blackmail.|df=mdy-all}}</ref> He used these cameras to record sexual activity between underage girls and famous people.<ref name="ibtimes-tapesexslave" /><ref name="blackmailcelebjeffepstein">{{cite web |url = http://au.ibtimes.com/prince-andrew-might-have-been-caught-tape-sex-slave-1407641 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20150129122854/http://au.ibtimes.com/prince-andrew-might-have-been-caught-tape-sex-slave-1407641 |url-status = dead |archive-date = January 29, 2015 |title = Prince Andrew Might Have Been Caught on Tape With 'Sex Slave' |first = Pooja |last = Bhagat |date = January 7, 2015 |work = [[International Business Times]]|publisher=IBT Media|location=New York City|access-date = November 8, 2016 |quote = According to recent reports, paper filed against his friend Jeffrey Epstein in 2006 mentioned that he had installed hidden cameras everywhere in his property to record the indecent acts of important people with underage prostitutes for further criminal use such as blackmail. }}</ref> It was also discovered{{By whom}} that Epstein used secret recordings and underage spies to [[blackmail]] those famous people.<ref name="LewisSwaine" /><ref name="blackmailcelebjeffepstein" /> These criminal claims were obtained from information relating to a previous lawsuit made by those famous people in 2006{{Clarify}}.<ref name="blackmailcelebjeffepstein" /> In 2015, it was revealed that [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor|then Prince Andrew, Duke of York]] had been blackmailed by Epstein.<ref name="LewisSwaine" /> One of Epstein's former employees stated that Epstein would get three massages per day from underaged girls.<ref name="thesmokinggun2006" /> Eventually the FBI getd proof that indeed Epstein was blackmailing famous people by spying on them.<ref name="LewisSwaine" /> ==== Defense ==== In May 2006, the [[Palm Beach County, Florida|Palm Beach]] police had concluded that Jeffrey Epstein would be charged with four counts of unlawful sex with minors and one count of [[molestation]] (forcing sexual abuse).<ref name="thesmokinggun2006" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesmokinggun.com/file/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal|title=Palm Beach Police Dep't Probable Cause Affadavit|website=[[The Smoking Gun]]|date=May 1, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112112012/http://thesmokinggun.com/file/billionaire-palm-beach-sex-scandal |archive-date=January 12, 2015 |df = mdy-all}}</ref> However, the [[court]] disagreed. Epstein's team of defense lawyers included [[Roy Black (attorney)|Roy Black]], Russell Crowe,<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/ruling-kpmg-20060627.pdf U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York v. Jeffrey Stein, et al], ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', June 27, 2006. Retrieved July 12, 2019.</ref> [[Gerald B. Lefcourt|Gerald Lefcourt]], and [[Harvard Law]] Professor [[Alan Dershowitz]]. In 2007, [[Ken Starr]], the [[Special Prosecutor]] of [[Bill Clinton]], joined in to protect Epstein.<ref name="nymag2">{{cite journal |first = Philip |last = Weiss |url = https://nymag.com/news/features/41826/ |title = The Fantasist |journal = [[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date = December 10, 2007 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161017175912/http://nymag.com/news/features/41826/ |archive-date = October 17, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.page2live.com/2007/09/12/lewinsky-prosecutor-joins-defense-of-clinton-crony/ |title=Lewinsky prosecutor joins defense of Clinton crony |work=[[Palm Beach Post]] |date=September 12, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516122546/http://www.page2live.com/2007/09/12/lewinsky-prosecutor-joins-defense-of-clinton-crony/ |archive-date=May 16, 2012 |access-date=July 10, 2019|df = mdy-all}}</ref> The police chief of Palm Beach, [[Michael Reiter (police chief)|Michael Reiter]], blamed the court for being too flexible when it came to Epstein's criminal case. Additionally, the police chief was not satisfied that court did not pass on the information clearly enough to the FBI.{{Clarify}}<ref name="nymag2" /> In the end, the [[grand jury]] ruled that Epstein should face only a single charge of unfair payment of [[prostitution]].<ref name="beachpost2" /> In 2006, they concluded that Epstein had pleaded [[Guilt (law)|not guilty]].<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/us/03epstein.html |title = Questions of Preferential Treatment Are Raised in Florida Sex Case |work = [[The New York Times]] |date = September 3, 2006 |first = Abby |last = Goodnough |access-date = July 10, 2019 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111006173900/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/us/03epstein.html |archive-date = October 6, 2011 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> ===Non-prosecution agreement (NPA) (2006–2008)=== {{expand section}} On February 6, 2008, an [[Anonymity|anonymous]] woman from [[Virginia]] filed a [[lawsuit]] worth $50 million against Epstein.<ref name="doe08">{{cite web |url = http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/pi/doeepstein20608cmp5.html |title = 'Jane Doe' v. Jeffrey Epstein: Billionaire faces $50M sexual assault lawsuit |date = February 6, 2008 |work = [[FindLaw]] |publisher = Thomson Reuters |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129233701/http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/pi/doeepstein20608cmp5.html |archive-date = November 29, 2014 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> She claimed that Epstein [[Sexual assault|sexually assaulted]] her when she was 16 years old, between 2004 and 2005. According to the lawsuit, the woman was originally "recruited to give Epstein a massage", but later on Epstein went naked and had [[sexual intercourse]] with her.<ref name="beachpost2" /> He paid her $200 immediately afterwards.<ref name="beachpost2">{{cite news |first=Larry|last=Keller|url = http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2008/02/06/0206EPSTEIN.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080209131505/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2008/02/06/0206EPSTEIN.html |archive-date = February 9, 2008 |title = Second teen-sex suit seeks $50{{Spaces}}million from Jeffrey Epstein |work = [[The Palm Beach Post]] |publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|date = February 6, 2008 |df = mdy-all}}</ref> In March 2008, a similar $50 million lawsuit was filed by another woman who stated Epstein had sexually abused her.<ref name="keller3rd">{{cite news |last = Keller |first = Larry |title = Third alleged victim files sex suit against Jeffrey Epstein |work = [[The Palm Beach Post]] |publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]| date = March 5, 2008 |url = http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2008/03/05/0305epstein.html |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080308150500/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/localnews/content/local_news/epaper/2008/03/05/0305epstein.html |archive-date = March 8, 2008 |df = mdy-all}}</ref> However, these lawsuits, alongside similar lawsuits, were dismissed (cancelled and ignored).<ref name="lewis" /> Epstein dealt with these types of lawsuits outside of court by paying the victims with [[Financial compensation|compensation]] money.<ref name="lewis">{{cite news |last1 = Lewis |first1 = Paul |last2 = Ball |first2 = James |title = Prince Andrew named in U.S. lawsuit over underage sex claims |work = [[The Guardian]] |date = January 3, 2015 |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jan/02/prince-andrew-named-us-lawsuit-underage-sex-allegations |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161219131854/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jan/02/prince-andrew-named-us-lawsuit-underage-sex-allegations |archive-date = December 19, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="rush">{{cite news |last1 = Rush |first1 = George |last2 = Molloy |first2 = Joanna |title = Billionaire Jeffrey Epstein shells out more money in latest sex abuse lawsuit |work = [[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |location=New York |date = January 10, 2010 |url = http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-shells-money-latest-sex-abuse-lawsuit-article-1.436147 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141205083843/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-shells-money-latest-sex-abuse-lawsuit-article-1.436147 |archive-date = December 5, 2014 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> In 2008, he had a secret non-prosecution agreement with court that allowed him to have a lower court penalty while at the same time still keeping his luxury private locations.<ref name="cnbc-epstein2019july">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/07/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-arrested-on-sex-trafficking-charges.html|title = Billionaire Jeffrey Epstein due in court after sex trafficking arrest|website = [[CNBC]]|date = 7 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="cnbc-secretdeal">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jeffrey-epstein-s-once-secret-sex-offender-plea-deal-must-n1021471|title = Jeffrey Epstein's once-secret sex offender plea deal must stand, prosecutors say|website = [[NBC News]]}}</ref> Instead of getting a [[Life imprisonment|life sentence]], he was jailed for just 18 months (though he served only 13 months) and only had to settle the victims with payments of money.<ref name="cnbc-secretdeal" /><ref name="theantlanticepstein">[https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/07/when-jeffrey-epstein-joked-about-sex-abuse/593503/ When Jeffrey Epstein Joked About Sex Abuse - The Atlantic]</ref> However, he still had to register as a [[sex offender]].<ref name="cnbc-secretdeal" /> ===Arrest and registration as a sex offender (2008–2011)=== {{expand section}} ==== Secret court agreement ==== In 2008, Epstein had a secret agreement with court that he would get a lower court penalty. Along with a shorter jail sentence, he was allowed "custody with work release", which means that he was allowed to be outside of prison for up to 16 hours per day.<ref name="independent1" /> Epstein spent 13{{Spaces}}months in jail. After he was released, he served one year of [[house arrest]] with [[probation]], until August 2010. While he was on probation, he was allowed to travel in his plane to his private homes in [[Manhattan]] and his private island on [[Little Saint James, U.S. Virgin Islands|Little Saint James]], [[U.S. Virgin Islands]]. He was also allowed long shopping trips and to walk around [[Palm Beach, Florida|Palm Beach]] "for exercise".<ref name="county">{{cite news|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/article219494920.html|work=[[Miami Herald]]|first=Julie K.|last=Brown|author-link=Julie K. Brown|date=November 28, 2018|title=Even from jail, sex abuser manipulated the system. His victims were kept in the dark|access-date=December 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201013512/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/article219494920.html|archive-date=December 1, 2018|url-status=live|df = mdy-all}}</ref> ==== Registration ==== At a court hearing in January 2011, a judge ruled that Epstein had to remain registered in [[New York State]] as a "level three" (high risk of repeat offense) [[sex offender]] for the rest of his life.<ref name="Palm Beach">{{cite news |url = http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/news/jeffrey-epstein-must-register-as-nys-highest-level/nMD5m/ |work = [[Palm Beach Daily News]] |publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|first = Michele |last = Dargan |title = Jeffrey Epstein must register as NY's highest level sex offender |date = November 22, 2011 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160917021737/http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/news/jeffrey-epstein-must-register-as-nys-highest-level/nMD5m/ |archive-date = September 17, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="sutherland">{{cite news |last = Sutherland |first = Amber |title = Billionaire Jeffrey Epstein: I'm a sex offender, not a predator |work = [[New York Post]] |publisher=[[Tribune Publishing|Tronc]]|date = February 25, 2011 |url = https://nypost.com/2011/02/25/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-im-a-sex-offender-not-a-predator/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150113112652/http://nypost.com/2011/02/25/billionaire-jeffrey-epstein-im-a-sex-offender-not-a-predator/ |archive-date = January 13, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> At that court hearing, the [[Manhattan]] [[District attorney|District Attorney]] tried to argue that Epstein should be reduced to a low-risk "level one", but he was refused by the judge. Epstein told the judge that his "main" home was in the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]]. Still, the judge ordered him to check in with the [[New York Police Department]] every 90{{Spaces}}days. Even though Epstein had been a level-three registered sex offender in New York since 2010, the New York Police Department never enforced the 90-day regulation, despite the fact that not following these rules is considered against the law.<ref name="jta.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2019/07/11/united-states/alan-dershowitz-helped-jeffrey-epstein-secure-his-controversial-plea-deal-he-has-no-regrets|title=Alan Dershowitz helped Jeffrey Epstein secure his controversial plea deal. He has no regrets.|date=July 11, 2019 |first=Ben |last=Sales}}</ref> ===Trafficking of young girls (2019)=== [[File:U.s. v. jeffrey epstein indictment 0.pdf|thumb|US v. Jeffrey Epstein document<ref name="JeffreyEpsteinCourtSex-Justice.gov" />]] On July 6, 2019, Epstein was arrested at [[Teterboro Airport]] in [[New Jersey]] for [[sex trafficking]]. According to witnesses and sources, the FBI broke into Epstein's Manhattan [[townhouse]], the [[Herbert N. Straus House]], to investigate Epstein's criminal behavior further.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article232374872.html|title=Jeffrey Epstein arrested on sex trafficking charges|last=Brown|first=Julie K.|date=2019-07-06|website=[[Miami Herald]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707032426/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article232374872.html|archive-date=July 7, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref><ref name="'Heavy'">{{cite web|title=Here's the $77M Mansion the Feds Want to Seize from Jeffrey Epstein|url=https://heavy.com/news/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-house/|publisher=Heavy|access-date=July 8, 2019|date=July 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708214120/https://heavy.com/news/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-house/|archive-date=July 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Two days later, the Public [[Corruption]] Unit of the [[United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]] charged Epstein for attempted [[sex trafficking]] of minors. Court documents show that Epstein was attempting to bring at least 40 underaged girls to his mansion to [[Child sex abuse|sexually abuse]] them.<ref name="Shallwani">{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-arrested-for-sex-trafficking-of-minors-source|title=Jeffrey Epstein Arrested for Sex Trafficking of Minors|last1=Shallwani|first1=Pervaiz|date=2019-07-06|work=[[Daily Beast]]|access-date=2019-07-07|last2=Briquelet|first2=Kate|language=en|last3=Siegel|first3=Harry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707020019/https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-arrested-for-sex-trafficking-of-minors-source|archive-date=July 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> It was discovered{{By whom}} that Epstein owned a private [[Boeing 727]] jet that he had used to invite underaged guests to his mansion. He traveled in his private jet frequently, logging "600 flying hours a year (...) usually with guests on board."<ref name="nwPrincesPremiers">{{cite news |last1=Ostler |first1=Catherine |url=https://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/06/sex-offender-who-mixes-princes-and-premiers-302877.html |access-date=September 3, 2018 |work=Newsweek |title=Jeffrey Epstein: The Sex Offender Who Mixes With Princes and Premiers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904052429/https://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/06/sex-offender-who-mixes-princes-and-premiers-302877.html |archive-date=September 4, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bryant |first=Nick |title=Flight Logs Put Clinton, Dershowitz on Pedophile Billionaire's Sex Jet |url=https://gawker.com/flight-logs-put-clinton-dershowitz-on-pedophile-billio-1681039971 |access-date=September 3, 2018 |work=Gawker |date=2015-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912082942/http://gawker.com/flight-logs-put-clinton-dershowitz-on-pedophile-billio-1681039971 |archive-date=September 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Calahan |first=Maureen |title=The 'sex slave' scandal that exposed pedophile billionaire Jeffrey Epstein |url=https://nypost.com/2016/10/09/the-sex-slave-scandal-that-exposed-pedophile-billionaire-jeffrey-epstein/ |work=New York Post |date=October 9, 2016 |access-date=July 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181328/https://nypost.com/2016/10/09/the-sex-slave-scandal-that-exposed-pedophile-billionaire-jeffrey-epstein/ |archive-date=July 27, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> A fraudulent Austrian passport, expired in 1987 and displaying Epstein’s photo under another name, was discovered in his safe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jeffrey Epstein had fake Austrian passport in his safe, prosecutors say|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article232374872.html|newspaper=Miami Herald|date=July 2019|access-date=February 11, 2026}}</ref> His attorneys claimed he was advised to get it due to kidnapping as a risk as he is "an affluent member of the Jewish faith."<ref>{{cite news|title=Epstein lawyers claim fake passport was needed to hide Jewishness|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/epstein-lawyers-claim-fake-passport-was-needed-to-hide-jewishness|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=July 18, 2019|access-date=February 11, 2026}}</ref> ==Personal life== As a successful businessman, Jeffrey Epstein met many famous people.<ref name=":16">{{cite web|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-high-society-contacts.html|title=Who Was Jeffrey Epstein Calling? A close study of his circle—social, professional, transactional—reveals a damning portrait of elite New York|date=July 22, 2019|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|access-date=July 25, 2019}}</ref> He was friends with [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor|then Prince Andrew]] and [[Thomas J. Barrack Jr.|Tom Barrack]],<ref name="michaelwolff">{{cite book| last = Wolff| first = Michael| author-link = Michael Wolff (journalist)| title = Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=e5IItAEACAAJ| date = 2018| publisher = Henry Holt and Company| location = New York City| isbn = 978-1-250-15806-2| page = 53| access-date = April 8, 2018| via = [[Google Books]] }}</ref> and met with [[Bill Clinton]], [[George Stephanopoulos]], [[Donald Trump]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-jeffrey-epstien-alexander-acosta-sex-abuse-case-20170321-story.html|title=Trump's Labor nominee Acosta cut deal with billionaire in underage sex abuse case|first=Marc|last=Fisher|website=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=August 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731011746/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-jeffrey-epstien-alexander-acosta-sex-abuse-case-20170321-story.html|archive-date=July 31, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Katie Couric]], and [[Woody Allen]].<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/13/prince-andrew-jeffrey-epstein |title = Prince Andrew's link to sex offender Jeffrey Epstein taints royalty in US |newspaper = [[The Guardian]] |date = March 12, 2011 |first = Paul |last = Harris |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161108052840/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/13/prince-andrew-jeffrey-epstein |archive-date = November 8, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> The [[friendship]] between Epstein and Trump ended in the 2000s, though journalists are not sure why.<ref>[https://docs.house.gov/meetings/JU/JU08/20250227/117951/HHRG-119-JU08-20250227-SD006-U6.pdf Jeffrey Epstein Tapes: ‘I Was Donald Trump’s Closest Friend’] ''Hugh Dougherty''. Feb 27, 2025</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TaJxJFilms How did the Trump-Epstein friendship *really* end?] ''Chris Cillizza''. July 30, 2025</ref> [[Tucker Carlson]] thinks that Epstein was an [[Espionage|intelligence asset]], and [[Megyn Kelly]] thinks that he worked for [[Mossad]].<ref>[https://www.newsnationnow.com/politics/jeffrey-epstein-conspiracies-intelligence-agent/ Jeffrey Epstein conspiracies: Was he an intelligence agent?] ''Diana Falzone''. July 23, 2025 </ref> Epstein was a supporter of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=News|first=A. B. C.|title=Jeffrey Epstein donated to several Democrats throughout 1990s and early 2000s|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/jeffrey-epstein-donated-democrats-1990s-early-2000s/story?id=64255485|access-date=2023-02-22|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> In 2000, he established the [[Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation]], which funds science research and education. Before 2003, the foundation funded [[Martin Nowak]]'s research at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in the city of [[Princeton, New Jersey]]. In May 2003, Epstein created the ''Program for Evolutionary Dynamics'' at [[Harvard University]], a program aimed to research [[evolution]], with a $30&nbsp;million gift.<ref>{{cite web |first = Jacquelyn M. |last = Scharnick |title = People in the News: Jeffrey E. Epstein |url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/6/5/people-in-the-news-jeffrey-e/ |work = [[The Harvard Crimson]] |date = June 5, 2003 |access-date = November 7, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161201102812/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/6/5/people-in-the-news-jeffrey-e/ |archive-date = December 1, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> ==Death== [[file:Epstein Final Mugshot.png|thumb|Epstein's final mugshot, July 9, 2019]] === Injury & suicide watch === On July 23, 2019, Epstein was found [[Consciousness|unconscious]] in his jail cell with injuries to his neck.<ref name="NYT_20190817">{{cite news | title=Inmate 76318-054: The Last Days of Jeffrey Epstein | work=The New York Times | date=August 17, 2019 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/17/nyregion/epstein-suicide-death.html | access-date=August 18, 2019 | last1=Watkins | first1=Ali | last2=Ivory | first2=Danielle | first3=Christina | last3= Goldbaum }}</ref><ref name="epstein-fox-dead">{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/jeffrey-epstein-taken-off-suicide-watch-by-doctoral-level-psychologist-doj-says|title=Jeffrey Epstein taken off suicide watch after examination by 'doctoral-level psychologist,' DOJ says|work=Fox News|date=23 August 2019|access-date=2019-08-23}}</ref> His cellmate, former [[police officer]] Nicholas Tartaglione, denied hurting Epstein. When police asked Epstein about the incident, Epstein refused to reply to them.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news |first=Colin |last=Drury |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/jeffrey-epstein-injured-jail-suicide-watch-sex-trafficking-prison-a9019896.html |title=Jeffrey Epstein: Billionaire paedophile 'found with neck injuries in jail' |work=[[The Independent]] |date=July 25, 2019 |access-date=July 26, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Jeffrey-Epstein-Found-Injured-in-NYC-Jail-Cell-After-Possible-Suicide-Attempt-or-Assault-Sources-513174311.html|title=Jeffrey Epstein Found Injured in NYC Jail Cell After Possible Suicide Attempt: Sources|work=[[WNBC]]|last=Dienst|first=Jonathan|date=July 24, 2019|access-date=July 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-suspected-suicide-scandal/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725031509/https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2019/07/jeffrey-epstein-suspected-suicide-scandal/ |archive-date=July 25, 2019 |url-status=live|title=Jeffrey Epstein Suspected Of Attempting Suicide In Jail|date=July 25, 2019|work=RadarOnline |first1=James |last1=Robertson |first2=Jen |last2=Heger |access-date=July 25, 2019}}</ref><ref name="found">{{cite news | first1= William K. |last1= Rashbaum | first2= Benjamin | last2= Weiser | first3=Michael | last3=Gold | title=Jeffrey Epstein Is Found Injured in Jail Cell | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 25, 2019 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-injured-jail.html | access-date=July 25, 2019}}</ref> After that incident, he was placed on [[suicide watch]].<ref name="guardian-epsteindeath" /> === Special housing unit === Six days later on July 29, Epstein was taken off [[suicide]] watch. He was moved into a special housing unit with another [[inmate]].<ref name="NYT_20190817" /> The jail told the Justice Department to regularly check Epstein's jail cell. They made sure that Epstein always had a cellmate nearby. Additionally, a guard would check his cell every 30&nbsp;minutes for any suspicious activity. The Justice Department followed these rules everyday until the night before Epstein's death.<ref name="NYT_20190817" /><ref name="NYT_20190810" /><ref name=":36" /> On August 9, Epstein's former cellmate was transferred out of Epstein's cell, but no replacement cellmate was brought in.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/it-was-inevitable-officers-watching-epstein-were-on-overtime-due-to-jail-staffing-shortage-union-president-says/2019/08/11/2b611404-bc5e-11e9-a5c6-1e74f7ec4a93_story.html|title=Correction officers, did not check on Epstein for several hours before his death, violating protocol, person familiar with the case says.|first1=Matt | last1=Zapotsky |first2=Devlin | last2=Barrett |date=August 11, 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=August 14, 2019}}</ref> Later in the evening, Epstein had not been checked every 30&nbsp;minutes.<ref name="NYT_20190817" /><ref name="NYT_20190810">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/10/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-suicide-watch.html|title=Why Wasn't Jeffrey Epstein on Suicide Watch When He Died?|last=Watkins|first=Ali|date=2019-08-10|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref name=":36">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/11/nyregion/epstein-death-manhattan-correctional-center.html|title=Before Jail Suicide, Epstein Was Left Alone and Not Closely Monitored|last1=Benner|first1=Katie|date=August 11, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-08-11|last2=Ivory|first2=Danielle|issn=0362-4331|last3=Jr|first3=Richard A. Oppel}}</ref> The two guards that were supposed to supervise Epstein fell asleep for three hours and made false records of Epstein's activity.<ref name="NYT_20190817" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/13/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-jail-officers.html|title=Jeffrey Epstein Death: 2 Guards Slept Through Checks and Falsified Records|last1=Benner|first1=Katie|date=2019-08-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-08-14|last2=Ivory|first2=Danielle|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Two cameras in front of Epstein's cell also stopped working that night.<ref name=":42" /> Epstein's close friends believed that he was still happy while in jail.<ref name="WaPoFoulPlay">{{cite news |title=Jeffrey Epstein dead after 'apparent suicide' in New York |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/jeffrey-epstein-kills-himself-in-jail-according-to-media-reports/2019/08/10/a3d48862-bb73-11e9-b3b4-2bb69e8c4e39_story.html |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref> === Hanging === Epstein [[suicide|killed himself]] by [[hanging]] on August 10, 2019,<ref name=":30" /> while at the [[Metropolitan Correctional Center, New York|Metropolitan Correctional Center]] in [[New York City]]. His body was found in his cell at 6:30 a.m.<ref name="WashingtonPost_20190810">{{cite news | title=Jeffrey Epstein dead after apparent suicide in New York jail | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=August 10, 2019 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/jeffrey-epstein-kills-himself-in-jail-according-to-media-reports/2019/08/10/a3d48862-bb73-11e9-b3b4-2bb69e8c4e39_story.html | access-date=August 10, 2019 | first1=Matt | last1=Zapotosky | first2=Devlin | last2=Barrett | first3=Renae | last3=Merle | first4=Carol D. | last4=Leonnig }}</ref><ref name="nytimes suicide">{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/10/nyregion/jeffrey-epstein-suicide.html |title = Jeffrey Epstein Dead in Suicide at Manhattan Jail, Officials Say | first1= William K. |last1= Rashbaum | first2= Benjamin | last2= Weiser | first3=Michael | last3=Gold | date= August 10, 2019 | access-date = August 10, 2019 | work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref> He had been dead for a few hours at 6:30 a.m.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F76T92iE-O8 Pathologist hired by Epstein’s family says autopsy may point to murder]. ''CBS''. January 6, 2020</ref> === Investigation === [[United States Attorney General|U.S Attorney General]] [[William Barr]] ordered an investigation by the Department of Justice Inspector General in addition to the [[FBI]] investigation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/jeffrey-epstein-dead-by-suicide-found-in-manhattan-jail-cell|title=Jeffrey Epstein dead from apparent suicide in Manhattan jail cell; FBI investigating|last=Suarez Sang|first=Lucia I.|date=August 10, 2019|work=Fox News|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref> On August 29, 2019, the judge decided to end the criminal investigation of Epstein, because his death made it impossible to investigate further.<ref name="epsteinclosed" /><ref name="epsteinreutersdismiss" /> === Controversy & response === Ever since Epstein's death, [[Internet meme]]s have appeared in many forms, stating that "Epstein didn't kill himself".<ref name="epstein-didn't-kill-himself">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/epstein-didnt-kill-himself-conspiracy/|title='Epstein Didn't Kill Himself' and the Meme-ing of Conspiracy|via=www.wired.com|access-date=November 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129233836/https://www.wired.com/story/epstein-didnt-kill-himself-conspiracy/|archive-date=November 29, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Many of these memes come from the dispute over whether Epstein actually committed suicide or was murdered.<ref name="Courant">{{cite news |last1=Sisak |first1=Michael R. |title='Epstein didn't kill himself': Feds fail to snuff out conspiracy theories |url=https://www.courant.com/nation-world/ct-nw-jeffrey-epstein-conspiracy-theories-20191123-5smcuhoeajdcrikft2fpgy7cxm-story.html |access-date=December 1, 2019 |work=[[Hartford Courant]] |agency=Associated Press |date=November 24, 2019 |location=New York |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130193232/https://www.courant.com/nation-world/ct-nw-jeffrey-epstein-conspiracy-theories-20191123-5smcuhoeajdcrikft2fpgy7cxm-story.html |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> In July 2025, the [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|Trump Administration]] provided a lengthy video of the area outside Epstein's room around the time of his death. The video shows that nobody entered the room. [[Pam Bondi]] was asked about the "missing minute". She [[reasoning|explained]] that the [[CCTV]] system resets every night. Therefore, she stated, there is nothing to worry about concerning the missing video.<ref>[https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5390069-pam-bondi-explains-epstein-video/ Bondi explains missing minute in Epstein video]. July 8, 2025</ref> <ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/pam-bondi-jeffrey-epstein-client-list-missing-minute-2096185 Pam Bondi Reacts to Missing Minute in Jeffrey Epstein Video]. July 8, 2025</ref> However, the [[metadata]] of the video shows that the [[video editing|video was edited]] (they did not provide the original complete video(s) to the public) by a software called "[[Adobe Inc.|Adobe]] Premiere Pro".<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/was-jeffrey-epsteins-prison-video-released-by-trump-administration-manipulated-report-claims-8868438 Was Jeffrey Epstein's Prison Video Released By Trump Administration Manipulated?] July 14, 2025</ref><ref>[https://www.livenowfox.com/news/epstein-prison-video-edit-discrepancy Jeffrey Epstein prison video had nearly 3 minutes cut from it]. ''Austin Williams'', LiveNOW from FOX. July 16, 2025</ref> Many politicians want the Trump Administration to release the relevant files in [[public interest]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNMGFMEFYFw Booker Won’t Back Down: Demands Epstein Files Over GOP Objections]. ''Senator Cory Booker''. July 26, 2025</ref> On November 12, 2025, a congressional committee made available 20,000 pages of Epstein's emails.<ref>{{cite web | last=Scribner | first=Herb | title=Here are all the "Epstein files" that have been released | website=Axios | date=2025-11-12 | url=https://www.axios.com/2025/11/12/new-epstein-files-emails-released-doj-trump | access-date=2025-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Enrich | first1=David | last2=Confessore | first2=Nicholas | last3=Silver-Greenberg | first3=Jessica | last4=Eder | first4=Steve | title=After Trump Split, Epstein Said He Could ‘Take Him Down’ | website=The New York Times | date=2025-11-13 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/12/us/epstein-emails-trump.html | access-date=2025-11-14}}</ref> These have been released as the [[Epstein files]]. ==Epstein files== {{main|Epstein files}} The Epstein files are a set of documents that recorded Jeffrey Epstein and his activities throughout and after his life. These were publicly released in November 2025.<ref name="Carney & Fuchs">{{Cite news |last1=Carney |first1=Jordaine |last2=Fuchs |first2=Hailey |last3=Lee Hill |first3=Meredith |date=November 18, 2025 |title=Senate approves Epstein files bill, sending it to Trump's desk |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/11/18/house-approves-epstein-files-bill-in-near-unanimous-vote-00656764 |work=[[Politico]] |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> Before the public release of the Epstein files, people believed that there is a secret document containing a list of people who are associated with him. ==Related pages== *[[Jean-Luc Brunel]] ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category-inline|Jeffrey Epstein}} {{Jeffrey Epstein sex trafficking conviction}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Epstein, Jeffrey}} [[Category:Jeffrey Epstein| ]] [[Category:1953 births]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:Philanthropists from New York (state)]] [[Category:American sex offenders]] [[Category:Businesspeople from New York City]] [[Category:Child sexual abusers]] [[Category:Criminals from New York City]] [[Category:Criminals who committed suicide]] [[Category:Jewish American criminals]] [[Category:Jewish businesspeople]] [[Category:Jewish philanthropists]] [[Category:People who died in prison custody]] [[Category:Suicides by hanging in the United States]] [[Category:Democrats (United States)]] nxwybmf1it25vz8xaqgxjg63hp995v9 0 708581 10879447 10852786 2026-06-05T11:35:31Z MasalaChai21 1802164 /* Upcoming broadcasts */ 10879447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}} This is the list of original programming currently and formerly broadcast by the Indian television channel [[Sony SAB]]. == Current broadcasts == <!--Do not add content without providing a reliably published source--> {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Premiere date !Show !Production house |- |28 July 2008 |''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-disha-vakani-to-be-replaced-5656439/|title=Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah: Disha Vakani to be replaced, makers start hunt for new Dayaben|date=3 April 2019 |access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref> |Neela Tele Films |- | 9 June 2022 |''Pushpa Impossible'' |Hats Off Production |- |18 August 2025 |''Itti Si Khushi'' |Rose Audio Visuals Production |- |6 April 2026 |''Hui Gumm Yaadein - Ek Doctor Do Zindagiyaan |Sobo Films |} == Upcoming broadcasts == <!--Do not add content without providing a reliably published source--> {|class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Premiere date !Show !Production house |- |July 2026 |''Papa Kehte Hain'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-08|title=Khushi Dubey returns to screen with Yash Patnaik's next Party Of Five adaptation on Sony SAB|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/exclusive-khushi-dubey-gets-candid-about-playing-momita-in-new-show-papa-kehte-hain-23621055|website=MidDay}}</ref> | Beyond Dreams Entertainment<br> Inspire Films |- |August 2026 |''Jaadu Tere Pyaar Ka'' | Optimystix Entertainment |} ==Former broadcasts== ===Comedy series=== * ''A Mad House<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/jan/jan95.htm|title=Sab TV revamps 8 - 10&nbsp;pm band; launches 9 new shows|date=12 January 2005|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref> (2005)'' * ''Aadat Se Majboor (2017–2018)'' * ''Aaj Ke Shrimaan Shrimati<ref name="auto1" /> (2005)'' * ''Abhi Toh Main Jawan Hoon<ref name="Growth" /> (2003)'' * ''Aflatoon<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/aug/aug20.htm|title=Sabe TV readies new programming; says it beats Zee and Sony in rest of Maharashtra|date=9 August 2001|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref> (2001)'' * ''Akting-Akting<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021222/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> (2002-2003)'' * ''Ammaji Ki Galli (2011)'' * ''Apna News Aayega<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/aditi-bhatia-apna-news-aayega-comedy-show-5811309/|title=AdUpcoming Broadcastsiti Bhatia: Apna News Aayega is very different from other comedy shows|date=2 July 2019}}</ref> (2019–2020)'' * ''Bade Miya Chhote Miya<ref name="Growth" /> (2003)'' * ''[[Badi Door Se Aaye Hain]] (2014–2016)'' * ''Bhakharwadi (2019–2020)'' * ''Band Baaja Bandh Darwaza<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/at-the-launch-of-band-baja-bandh-darwaza/videoshow/67560670.cms|title=At the launch of Band Baja Bandh Darwaza &#124; TV - Times of India Videos|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> (2019)'' * ''Baavle Utaavle <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/baavle-utaavle-going-off-air-actress-shivani-badoni-shares-goofy-pictures/articleshow/70679052.cms|title=Baavle Utaavle going off-air; actress Shivani Badoni shares goofy pictures - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=14 August 2019 }}</ref> (2019)'' * ''Beechwale - Bapu Dekh Raha Hai (2018–2019)'' * ''Bhaago KK Aaya (2008)'' * ''Bhai Bhaiya Aur Brother (2012)'' * ''Bhootwala Serial (2009)'' * ''Carry on Alia (2019–2020)'' * ''Chandrakant Chiplunkar Seedi Bamba Wala (2014)'' * ''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi...Let's Go (2015–2016)'' * ''Chamcha in Chief<ref name="Lok" /> (2005–2006)'' * ''Chidiya Ghar (2011–2017)'' * ''Chintu Chinki Aur Ek Badi Si Love Story (2011–2012)'' * ''Chhupke Chhupke<ref name="Seven" /> (2014)'' * ''Daddy Samjha Karo<ref name="auto3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000709/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> (2000–2001)'' * ''Dhaba Junction<ref name="Growth" /> (2003–2004)'' * ''Dil Deke Dekho (2016–2017)'' * ''Don't Worry Chachu (2011–2012)'' * ''Dr. Bhanumati On Duty (2016)'' * ''Dr. Madhumati On Duty<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sab-tv-dr-bhanumati-dr-madhumati-kavita-kaushik-rati-pandey-debina-bonnerjee-lifetv/1/709514.html|title=SAB TV's Dr Bhanumati to be changed to Dr Madhumati?|date=7 July 2016|website=India Today|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820043409/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sab-tv-dr-bhanumati-dr-madhumati-kavita-kaushik-rati-pandey-debina-bonnerjee-lifetv/1/709514.html|archive-date=20 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2016)'' * ''F.I.R. (2006–2015)'' * ''Full Masti 88.2<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/20876_Is-SAB-moving-back-to-the-humour-platform|title=Is SAB moving back to the humour platform?|date=13 April 2008|website=www.afaqs.com|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-date=14 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714114306/https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/20876_Is-SAB-moving-back-to-the-humour-platform|url-status=dead}}</ref> (2008)'' * ''Funhit Mein Jaari (2020–2021)'' * ''Golmaal Hai Bhai Sab Golmaal Hai (2012)'' * ''Gopi Gadha Aur Gupshup<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Gopi-Gadha-Aur-Gupshup-on-SAB-TV/articleshow/14150562.cms|title=Gopi, Gadha Aur Gupshup on SAB TV - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=15 June 2012 }}</ref> (2012)'' * ''The Great Indian Family Drama'' (2015) * ''Gunwale Dulhania Le Jayenge<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/gunwale-dulhaniya-le-jayenge-on-sab/story-Ihix2VfVroMw6qrn1NvS4J.html|title=Gunwale dulhaniya le jayenge on SAB|date=26 February 2009|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> (2009)'' * ''Gupp Chupp (2016)'' * ''Gutur Gu (2010–2014)'' * ''Hansi He Hansi...Mil Toh Lein (2015)'' * ''Hassi Woh Phassi (2003)<ref name="Growth" />'' * ''Hum Aapke Ghar Mein Rehte Hain (2015)'' * ''Hum Aapke Hain In Laws (2013)'' * ''Humse Hai Zamana<ref name="Seven" /> (2008)'' * ''I Luv My India (2012)'' * ''Jasoos 005<ref name="Seven">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/may/may222.htm|title=SAB TV to launch seven new shows|date=May 28, 2014|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905112626/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/may/may222.htm|archive-date=5 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2008)'' * ''Jaankhilavan Jasoos<ref>https://www.adgully.com/sab-tv-launches-india-s-first-detective-comedy-jaankhilavan-jasoos-45010.html</ref> (2010–2011)'' * ''Jeannie Aur Juju (2012–2014)'' * ''Jijaji Chhat Per Hain (2018–2020)'' * ''Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai(2021)'' * ''Jugni Chali Jalandhar (2008–2010)'' * ''Jo Biwi Se Kare Pyaar<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jo-biwi-se-kare-pyaar-deepti-bhatnagar-arjun-bijlani-shweta-gulatirakesh-paul/articleshow/24582207.cms? | title='Jo Biwi Se...' is India's first fiction-cookery show! | newspaper=The Times of India | date=23 October 2013 }}</ref> (2013)'' * * ''Khatmal E Ishq (2016–2017)'' * ''Khidki (2016)'' * ''Krishna Kanhaiya<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2015/06/sab-tv-gears-to-launch-new-show-krishan-kanhaiya-on-june-29/|title=Sab TV gears to launch new show 'Krishan Kanhaiya' on June 29|website=www.bestmediaifo.com|date=17 June 2015 }}</ref> (2015)'' * ''Lapataganj (2009–2014)'' * ''Lo Ho Gayi Pooja Iss Ghar Ki<ref name="Rin" /> (2008–2009)'' * ''Main Kab Saas Banoongi (2008–2009) '' * ''Malegaon Ka Chintu (2011–2014)'' * ''Mangalam Dangalam (2018–2019)'' * ''Maniben.com (2009–2010)'' * ''Masti<ref name="auto1" /> (2005)'' * ''Mohalla Mohabbat Wala<ref name="auto" /> (2008)'' * ''Mrs. & Mr. Sharma Allahabadwale (2010–2011)'' * ''Mrs. Tendulkar (2011)'' * ''My Name Ijj Lakhan (2019)'' * ''Namune (2018)'' * ''Office Office (2001–2004)'' * ''Papad Pol (2010–2011)'' * ''Partners Trouble Ho Gayi Double (2017–2018)'' * ''Platform No. 9<ref name="auto1" /> (2005)'' * ''Police Factory (2015–2016)'' * ''Pritam Pyare Aur Woh (2014)'' * ''R. K. Laxman Ki Duniya (2011–2013)'' * ''Saat Phero Ki Hera Pherie (2018)'' * ''Sab Ka Bheja Fry<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/sab-tv-launches-sab-ka-bheja-fry-under-humour-block-27153.html|title=SAB TV launches 'Sab ka Bheja Fry' under humour block - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media}}</ref> (2007)'' * ''Sab Kuch Ho Sakta Hai<ref name="Lok" /> (2005–2006)'' * ''Sabse Bada Rupaiya<ref name="auto1" /> (2005)'' * ''Saheb Biwi Aur Boss (2015–2016)'' * ''Sahib Biwi Ka Ghulam<ref name="Hasi">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr186.htm|title=SAB TV primed up for humour|date=April 24, 2003|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716181124/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr186.htm|archive-date=16 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2003)'' * ''Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo (2009–2012)'' * ''Sajan Re Phir Jhoot Mat Bolo (2017–2018)'' * ''Shankar Jaikishan 3 in 1 (2017)'' * ''Shree Adi Manav (2008)'' * ''Shrimaan Shrimati Phir Se (2018)'' * ''Shree Sifarishilal<ref name="Carry" /> (2003–2004)'' * ''Sonu Sweety<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-laughter-queens/cid/598787|title=The laughter queens|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> (2008–2009)'' * ''Super Sisters - Chalega Pyar Ka Jaadu (2018)'' * ''Tenali Rama (2017–2020)'' * ''Thank You Jijaji (2009)'' * ''Tota Weds Maina (2013)'' * ''[[Trideviyaan]] (2016–2017)'' * ''Tu Mere Agal Bagal Hai (2014)'' * ''TV, Biwi aur Main (2017)'' * ''Waqt Hamara Hai<ref name="Seven" /> (2008)'' * ''[[Woh Teri Bhabhi Hai Pagle]] (2016)'' * ''[[Yam Hain Hum]] (2014–2016)'' * ''[[Yeh Chanda Kanoon Hai]] (2009–2010)'' * ''[[Yes Boss (TV series)|Yes Boss]] (1999–2009)'' * ''[[Zabaan Sambhalke]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct132.htm |title=Sab TV steadily increasing channel share &#124; Indian Television Dot Com |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=2003-10-15 |access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref> (2003–2004)'' ====Drama series==== {{div col}} * ''[[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga]] (2018–2021)'' *''[[Ali Baba (TV series)|''Ali Baba'']](2022-2023) * ''[[Alif Laila]]<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/may/may16.htm|title=SABe TV in month-long programme push|date=12 May 2001|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref> (2001–2002)'' * ''[[Apni Khushian Apne Gham]] (2001)'' * ''[[Baal Veer]]'' (2012–2016) * ''[[Baalveer Returns]]'' (2019–2021)<ref>{{Cite web|title='BaalVeer Returns' goes off-air abruptly; won't resume shoot|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/baalveer-returns-goes-offair-abruptly-wont-resume-shoot_176564|access-date=2021-05-21|website=India Forums|language=en}}</ref> * ''[[Singhasan Battisi (TV series)|Betaal Aur Singhasan Battisi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Comical-adventure-with-Betaal-Aur-Sinhasan-Battisi/articleshow/46343941.cms|title=Comical adventure with Betaal Aur Sinhasan Battisi|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=February 23, 2015|access-date=August 5, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312030200/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Comical-adventure-with-Betaal-Aur-Sinhasan-Battisi/articleshow/46343941.cms|archive-date=12 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2015)'' * ''[[Bhanwar (TV series)|Bhanwar]] (1999)'' * ''Colonell<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020106/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> (2002)'' * ''[[Dial 100 (TV series)|Dial 100]] (2003)'' * ''Doli Leke Ayee Hai<ref name="Growth">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct132.htm|title=Sab TV steadily increasing channel share|date=October 15, 2003|access-date=July 2, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818015551/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct132.htm|archive-date=18 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2003–2004)'' * ''Dulhan<ref name="auto2"/> (2004)'' * ''[[Four (TV series)|Four]] (2007)'' * ''[[Ichhapyaari Naagin]]'' (2016–2017) * ''[[Jai Shri Swaminarayan]] (2002)'' * ''[[Jersey No. 10]] (2007–2008)'' * ''Ji Bhenji''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060820/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> (2006)'' * ''Karam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/quitting-telly-for-that-thing-called-love/cid/1638209|title=Quitting telly for that thing called love|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> (2001)'' * ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]] (2006–2008)'' * ''[[Love Story (SAB TV series)|Love Story]] (2007–2008)'' * ''Love Mein Kabhi Kabhi''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k3/director/deeya_singh.htm|title="We will not deviate from the original script of 'Betty La Fea', come what may" : Deeya Singh|date=4 December 2003|website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref> (2003–2004) * '' Maddam Sir '' (2020 - 2023)<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/video/saas-bahu-aur-suspense/sneak-peek-into-new-show-madam-sir-588652|title=Sneak Peek into new show Madam Sir|date=2020-02-22}}</ref> * ''[[Peterson Hill]] (2015)'' * ''Sambandh''<ref name="auto3"/> (2001) * ''Sati Savitri''<ref name="auto2"/> (2001) * ''Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra''<ref name="auto2"/> (2001) * ''Search''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020901/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref> (2002) *''Shrimad Ramayan'' (2024-2025) * ''[[Twinkle Beauty Parlour Lajpat Nagar]]'' (2006) * ''[[Y.A.R.O Ka Tashan]]'' (2016–2017) {{div col end}} ====Reality/non-scripted programming==== {{div col}} * ''[[Acting Ki Funshaala]] (2008)'' * ''[[Carryy on Shekhar]]<ref name="Carry">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct205.htm|title=SAB to launch two new shows|date=October 27, 2003|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726194024/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct205.htm|archive-date=26 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2003–2004)'' * ''Comedy Ka King Kaun<ref name="auto"/> (2008)'' * ''[[Comedy Superstar]] (2015)'' * ''[[Fame X]] (2006–2007)'' * ''Family Antakshri Baithe Baithe Kya Kare<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/SAB-TV-launches-Family-Antakshari-Baithe-Baithe-Kya-Kare/articleshow/42795029.cms|title=SAB TV launches 'Family Antakshari #Baithe Baithe Kya Kare' - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> (2014)'' * ''[[India Ke Mast Kalandar]] (2018)'' * ''[[Kuch... Diiil Se]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr204.htm|title=Smriti 'Tulsi' Malhotra to host talk show on Sab TV|date=April 28, 2003|access-date=July 29, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315063645/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr204.htm|archive-date=15 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2003)'' * ''[[Kuch Smiles Ho Jayein... With Alia]] (2020)'' * ''Lo Kal Lo Baat<ref name="Lok">{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/13074_SAB-TV-shifts-from-pure-comedy-to-general-entertainment|title=SAB TV shifts from pure comedy to general entertainment|date=October 28, 2005|access-date=January 14, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114183933/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/13074_SAB-TV-shifts-from-pure-comedy-to-general-entertainment|archive-date=14 January 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2005–2006)'' * ''[[Movers & Shakers (TV series)|Movers & Shakers]] (2012)'' * ''[[Mr. Aur Mrs. Verma Ki Rasoi]]'' * ''[[Sab Khelo Sab Jeeto]] (2013–2014)'' * ''[[Anupam Kher|Say Na Something Anupam Uncle]]<ref name=Carry/> (2000–2004)'' * ''[[Tedhi Baat Shekhar Ke Saath]] (2009)'' * ''[[Wah Wah]]<ref name=Seven/> (2008)'' * ''[[Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!]] (2012–2013)'' * ''Zimmedar Kaun?<ref name=Seven/>(2008)'' {{div col end}} ====Hindi dubbed show==== {{div col}} * ''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]''<ref name=Firangi/> (2008) * ''[[America's Funniest Home Videos]]''<ref name=Firangi/> (2008) * ''[[Desperate Housewives]]''<ref name=Firangi/> (2008) * ''[[Extreme Makeover]]''<ref name=Firangi/> (2008) * ''[[Home Improvement (TV series)|Home Improvement]]''<ref name="Rin">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sab-tv-reinvents-itself/story-slZOfgA8NdOJ4VtAlg0fyL.html|title=SAB TV reinvents itself|date=June 28, 2008|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref> (2008) * ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]''<ref name="Firangi">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k8/dub_special.php|title=International Chaska on SAB TV|date=February 9, 2008|access-date=September 8, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509233755/http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k8/dub_special.php|archive-date=9 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2008) * ''[[My Wife and Kids]]''<ref name=Rin/> (2008) * ''[[Watchdog (TV series)|Watchdog]]''<ref name=Seven/> (2008) {{div col end}} ====Animated series==== * ''[[Asterix|Asterix the Gaul]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/dec/dec81.htm|title=Asterix to add muscle to SAB TV's Toon band|date=December 29, 2001|access-date=July 3, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423153616/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/dec/dec81.htm|archive-date=23 April 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2001–2002) * ''Turtle Island''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wanvari|first1=Anil|title=Indiantelevision dot com's Tube Talk :SABe woos toon fans with Turtle Island|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k1/nov/novtube19.htm|website=www.indiantelevision.com|access-date=22 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203102031/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tube/y2k1/nov/novtube19.htm|archive-date=3 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (2001–2002) ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Category:Lists of Indian television series]] [[Category:Lists of television series by network]] 9njkbo9gvlx5tgc36zbwjo0kd6z7tv2 2 710217 10878789 10805426 2026-06-04T14:22:28Z Minorax 844779 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[List of islands of Norway]]. 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If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === August 2019 === # [[:Vansh Pandey]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:348C:A54:0:0:2A04:30A1}} 15:30, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:"Nothing without the Deity"]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|205.202.243.140}} 16:22, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of U.S. state slogans]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|163.150.21.253}} 17:08, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:History of Apple Inc.]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|92.17.96.242}} 17:13, 28 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Animal Sounds]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|206.180.243.147}} 00:25, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:Congregational church]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:6C40:1900:1431:686E:8F3:C828:D168}} 00:27, 29 August 2019 (UTC) # [[:MacOS Catalina]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); 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notified {{user|203.5.210.2}} 03:57, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:August Dvorak]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:8003:C9B0:4500:E9CB:5E5A:3927:9308}} 12:55, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:China Pakistan Economic Corridor]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 12:57, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Salutation]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2405:205:2083:2582:7F3B:80F9:C85D:2BC5}} 14:01, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:San Andrés (island)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|168.150.125.111}} 16:45, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Providencia Island]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|168.150.125.111}} 16:46, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tamil–Kudagu languages]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2409:4072:6298:AE54:0:0:1887:78A5}} 16:50, 3 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chenghua Emperor]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|73.10.254.188}} 02:14, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:My Super Ex-Girlfriend]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|59.100.7.201}} 05:15, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:War flag]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|182.186.31.238}} 06:57, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Enoggera Barracks]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|58.173.187.136}} 08:35, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dennis Kelly]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|5.198.47.38}} 09:17, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bauer lexicon]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|112.207.102.117}} 13:08, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bigelow Expandable Activity Module]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:83:8100:58D7:F5DB:E338:81C6:A6B6}} 14:41, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Full-time]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.11.187.190}} 14:56, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Editorial]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.11.187.190}} 14:57, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:McKeesport, Pennsylvania]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2804:1B2:8180:CF62:9400:74E7:5FC1:A2D5}} 17:06, 4 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Coefficient of variation]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:8805:C880:AE0:FDE6:3706:5A69:253C}} 01:56, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oramiriukwa River]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|103.4.85.94}} 02:04, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hibiscus brackenridgei]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:8589:2E44:FD76:E65E:891E:2788}} 09:23, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rahul Kumar Singh]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:24, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Hittler]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 11:48, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Armstrong limit]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|69.194.187.21}} 14:38, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Metacom]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|50.203.38.101}} 15:34, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mustafa Ali]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|204.9.145.206}} 15:53, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jazz rap]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|192.157.40.16}} 15:57, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Mumble rock]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 16:14, 5 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:MacOS Catalina]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:3910:6930:A171:9C79:25B0:47EA}} 02:47, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Charles Lee]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|172.113.242.211}} 03:41, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kwa languages]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|31.221.101.116}} 13:14, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mysore Palace]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|188.39.51.170}} 13:14, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Template:Text placeholder]]: [[WP:QD#T2|CSD T2]] ({{tl|db-replaced}}); notified {{user|Mohammedbhaq}} 13:17, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Belus (Egyptian)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.225.189.78}} 13:49, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Las virgenes de estados unidos]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|67.203.240.34}} 17:03, 6 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mysore Palace]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|109.159.78.61}} 08:44, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:MacOS Mojave]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|147.148.47.21}} 15:01, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:California bungalow]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:D08:D4:D42C:FC7D:B7A9:A5DE:B37}} 15:32, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cimbasso]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|192.214.179.217}} 15:45, 7 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khande di Pahul]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|27.61.98.122}} 10:04, 8 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khande di Pahul]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|27.61.98.122}} 10:20, 8 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:100 facts u should know]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|61.12.40.74}} 14:30, 8 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Emperor Higashiyama]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:204:C101:F3DC:E007:E4D:B2A6:515D}} 03:18, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:South Korea at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|153.107.40.46}} 04:10, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kottayam]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|84.21.152.164}} 09:19, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Amjad ahmad as]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:06, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wyomingraptor]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|207.210.154.52}} 13:23, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of U.S. state slogans]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|50.244.181.241}} 14:16, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Team Ineos]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|193.113.57.166}} 15:54, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Pelican (mythology)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|165.161.18.41}} 16:09, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mobilization]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|102.141.73.17}} 16:21, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:University of Munich]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|122.8.199.38}} 16:21, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Armstrong limit]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|69.194.187.19}} 17:02, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nora Tokhosepyan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:17, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Greek Dark Age]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|92.29.176.111}} 17:21, 9 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:In Waves (Trivium album)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|220.239.78.90}} 06:27, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khande di Pahul]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|27.61.120.78}} 07:12, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Khande di Pahul]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|27.61.120.78}} 07:58, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:James Steven Ginsburg]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|185.70.90.2}} 11:43, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rassismus]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Vanessa.f1606}} 12:03, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Victor Francis Hess]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|209.249.55.140}} 12:10, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rosetta]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.14.14.254}} 13:15, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Demotic]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|204.14.14.254}} 13:15, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Doc gleason]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|162.246.6.146}} 13:44, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Leinbach Company]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|68.15.201.120}} 15:29, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Intiaz Haniff]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 16:42, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sothis (mythology)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|65.51.23.34}} 16:48, 10 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:T.I. (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2601:154:8380:4F00:BD88:4F5E:1A58:C2C3}} 01:30, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Communist Party of Nepal]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|153.107.32.42}} 01:47, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Material monism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|187.189.217.75}} 02:23, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Shivaji Maharaj]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:4053:58E:F323:55D5:3CB8:8B6F:6BE9}} 03:43, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:S. Robson Walton]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|76.64.165.75}} 04:30, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|42.110.136.253}} 05:58, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rewa division]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|43.229.226.174}} 07:07, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of BL dramas and series]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Hirok Raja}} 08:25, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bandwidth (disambiguation))]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 10:30, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Languages of Russia]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2409:4064:982:6FB4:0:0:2047:F0B1}} 12:39, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Temple of Zeus]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|58.6.114.77}} 12:39, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lutin?]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|173.190.216.143}} 13:52, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cu computer]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|62.252.177.34}} 13:52, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fomalhaut]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|98.100.52.222}} 16:56, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Treatment of slaves in the United States]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:360F:3500:8B3:6762:8DAF:480E}} 16:57, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Analytic geometry]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|98.100.52.222}} 16:57, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Soup kitchen]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7D:469D:2200:C4ED:91F8:3F44:5008}} 18:02, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Call of Duty: Modern Warfare]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|63.137.76.11}} 23:59, 11 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Square–cube law]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|122.56.74.147}} 00:00, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Polyvinyl acetate]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|122.56.74.147}} 03:21, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:2019 Monaco Grand Prix]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:2C6:80:46D0:F47B:B778:484B:1EE8}} 03:21, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Le Blanc-Mesnil]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|115.124.4.98}} 03:27, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Type erasure]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|117.245.139.227}} 07:53, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare's wife)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|187.189.126.78}} 14:45, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:2019 Hong Kong protests]]: {{tl|QD}} 16:10, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Denwen]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|162.222.253.174}} 16:16, 12 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Spectroscopic measurement]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|183.82.23.36}} 02:19, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Politics of Israel]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|87.34.194.159}} 08:58, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Religion in Israel]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|87.34.194.168}} 09:02, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ѱ]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|194.168.42.80}} 09:33, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vincenzo Ferdinandi]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|194.243.213.83}} 12:32, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Brandon rogers]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|72.2.103.161}} 13:32, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Quinton hook]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|22hooke}} 13:38, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2019/J-Pimp (rapper)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|大诺史}} 14:37, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Government of New York]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|72.165.252.136}} 15:53, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Roy Oliver Disney]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7F:83F:8700:A4D4:9494:7139:C2FE}} 22:28, 13 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Duke of Cleveland]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|216.252.53.15}} 01:17, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:File:Saint Elizabeth in Jamaica.svg]]: [[WP:QD#F1|CSD F1]] ({{tl|db-prohibitedimage}}); notified {{user|41.203.78.126}} 05:08, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Extreme Dodgeball]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2401:4900:1806:5CC4:1:2:7851:E98B}} 13:26, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fdjhkuyfvg]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2.29.126.7}} 13:41, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hoffmann's Two-toed Sloth]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|197.237.223.90}} 14:34, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Catamaran]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2409:4063:4E2E:C01C:0:0:9F09:FE10}} 22:43, 14 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:British rule in India]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:D103:3DD4:0:0:D55:20A5}} 07:48, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Magmatism]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:DF1:800:C004:1:0:0:1}} 10:59, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Environment (biophysical)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|120.29.109.98}} 11:27, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:KSS Design Group]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2.100.170.132}} 13:36, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:James Barry Munnik Hertzog]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|89.211.33.81}} 18:03, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chota Nagpur Plateau]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|92.20.56.220}} 18:04, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vindhya Mountains]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|92.20.56.220}} 18:04, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Middle India]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|92.20.56.220}} 18:04, 15 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bette Cooper]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|174.255.129.54}} 03:57, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Doritoes]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.207}} 03:57, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Francis]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.213}} 04:47, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Eden]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:47, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mesto Kun]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.213}} 04:49, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Silsium]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|79.161.95.131}} 07:22, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Reformist socialism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|188.39.40.2}} 09:20, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mr mcewan]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.195.236.5}} 10:44, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Valley Campaigns of 1864]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.99.193.2}} 10:44, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lori Dana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|1.143.89.86}} 10:45, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:LoriDanaTius]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|1.143.89.86}} 10:45, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Puppet Designer]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|86.12.161.84}} 10:53, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Valley Campaigns of 1864]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.99.193.2}} 10:54, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Christian Right]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|216.48.140.128}} 14:12, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Yash]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Nutrororti}} 17:28, 16 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Eden]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|153.107.192.204}} 01:55, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jonothancooper]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|153.107.192.211}} 04:16, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Eden kay]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|153.107.193.203}} 04:36, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jashodaben Chimanlal]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:204:B205:35AC:D948:CA8F:2BDE:9C2}} 06:08, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Mines strike]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:678:464:A0E3:B5F4:2448:9C8:BAFF}} 08:44, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Player unknowns battle grounds]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|94.141.68.90}} 10:45, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:M62 motorway]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|195.188.174.199}} 10:46, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:North carolina colony]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|165.138.118.188}} 13:15, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Massive parallel processing]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|217.181.23.104}} 13:21, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Analsex]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A02:908:2811:9AE0:6C9C:ECB6:C267:BDCF}} 13:55, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Greaser (subculture)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|74.112.114.161}} 14:13, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:William Williams (Connecticut politician)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.185.200.34}} 14:45, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bryce barkdull]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:45, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:John Hicks]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|130.132.173.157}} 16:49, 17 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:East African Campaign (World War II)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|212.37.28.30}} 06:43, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:F Sharp (programming language)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|194.80.76.200}} 08:59, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Node]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.142}} 11:00, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fetch decode execute cycle]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|88.211.72.122}} 11:00, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:DBS Bank]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|218.186.174.211}} 11:06, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Frank Bowling]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|5.150.117.210}} 15:17, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Gurmukhī]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:387:2:805:0:0:0:7F}} 15:18, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alois Hitler, Jr.]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|64.33.135.182}} 15:34, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Diet of Speyer]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.45.57.98}} 15:36, 18 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Climate of India]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|194.168.211.54}} 09:34, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:1990–91 Chicago Bulls season]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|176.59.12.80}} 09:43, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sologub Nikolay Nikolaevich]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:43, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alien (law)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|169.139.119.16}} 13:45, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Grieves]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.201.56.26}} 13:47, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Remain Private Limited]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:47, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Olivia]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.201.56.26}} 13:50, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Smalltalk]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|194.80.76.200}} 13:50, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Grieves]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.201.56.26}} 13:50, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Brother Ali]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:10, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Finbar]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|216.227.248.120}} 14:11, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Grieves]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.201.56.26}} 15:54, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Abrar Moriya]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 16:17, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Margaret of Anjou]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Champisthebest123}} 17:10, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Design Museum]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C5:1281:8100:F04F:5368:F4E3:B2A9}} 17:20, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Anglosajones]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|90.249.1.194}} 17:26, 19 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:The goldfinch]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|74.124.128.104}} 03:25, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ed sheeran album]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|80.123.91.154}} 08:22, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:J Pimp (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|208.54.80.193}} 12:44, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of Nintendo Entertainment System accessories]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|62.164.136.178}} 14:25, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Peterparler]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|96.4.79.24}} 15:16, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Warp (weaving)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|50.226.220.254}} 16:46, 20 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alelepop]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|73.8.178.80}} 04:14, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Monika Linkytė]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|78.62.177.224}} 07:04, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:LeJean Coetzee]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:02, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:J Pimp (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2601:581:4503:3960:1861:8AF0:D37E:6047}} 12:24, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kishore Raj Narayan Patar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:25, 21 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:New Zealand spinach]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|125.236.134.40}} 06:39, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:The 3DO Company]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|46.14.168.130}} 07:59, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Birth rate]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|85.192.92.97}} 07:59, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Balsa wood]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|217.180.35.13}} 11:17, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Joél Filsaime (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2601:581:4503:3960:91F8:6E3D:ACE3:A5EE}} 12:55, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:2010 NFL Draft]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|152.26.84.30}} 15:28, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Socialism with a human face]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|165.161.19.41}} 15:30, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Eyes of a Blue Dog]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|77.21.36.74}} 16:40, 23 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Acrosome]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|174.4.87.33}} 04:48, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of numbers]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.99.218.190}} 04:49, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sekolah Bogor Raya]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|119.18.159.170}} 05:54, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Anup Dhir]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:08, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Choosing Independence Foundation]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:15, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Parapithecidae]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|50.232.178.242}} 14:34, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Virgin of the Rocks]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|162.222.253.1}} 14:39, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Behavior tree (artificial intelligence, robotics and control)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|194.83.84.254}} 14:53, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ben austin]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|182.69.122.58}} 14:53, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dictatorship of the proletariat]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|216.185.78.10}} 16:27, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of wars]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|40.138.64.34}} 16:27, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Establish]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.194.86.83}} 16:27, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sword swallowers]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|178.77.200.243}} 17:17, 24 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:BoxRec]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|177.247.116.189}} 04:44, 25 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Deep Thought]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.220.101.34}} 04:10, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ashley Plant]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|217.137.152.194}} 08:48, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Vest-telemark rådet]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Oeytveit}} 08:50, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sharks use up to 50,000 teeth in alltogether lifetime]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|5.149.15.233}} 11:09, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|80.90.87.201}} 11:09, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Charlotte Winters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|217.78.20.212}} 12:14, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bruce Buck]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|82.37.23.199}} 16:09, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Apple Music]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Ani Didebashvili}} 16:12, 26 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chicka Chicka 1, 2, 3]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|157.52.21.130}} 12:30, 27 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Member of the British House of Commons]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|85.115.58.180}} 12:31, 27 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Sar Faraz Harfi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:30, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cerys hartwright]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|143.159.84.202}} 11:30, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:United Federation of Planets]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|174.86.123.175}} 13:53, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rockaway]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|212.51.172.221}} 13:54, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hazza Al Mansouri]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2.49.187.195}} 13:56, 28 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:George Peter Alexander Healy]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C4:715:6100:444F:939:630C:5188}} 13:12, 29 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Japanese carpentry]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|110.22.231.133}} 08:23, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cortex (botany)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|64.9.249.153}} 08:45, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:FA Youth Cup]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|82.37.23.199}} 08:47, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Magnate]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|2600:1700:610:B110:4952:E366:9B30:EE96}} 08:55, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Tekken (video game)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|195.74.131.231}} 15:31, 30 September 2019 (UTC) # [[:Qashqadaryo Region]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|213.230.112.18}} 16:07, 30 September 2019 (UTC) === October 2019 === # [[:Standard footnotes]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|136.228.174.191}} 08:54, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Marley's Ghosts]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|217.180.33.5}} 12:44, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Afraz Shaikh]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|199.216.165.2}} 14:49, 1 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Lucy Hawking]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|178.23.212.81}} 15:02, 2 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nae nae]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|170.24.152.14}} 16:01, 3 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Amalia Fuentes]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Kostantinopolisli Kostantinopulos}} 05:06, 5 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Arabic letters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C4:7F17:7401:247D:9915:31B1:6433}} 15:15, 6 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:History of banking]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|86.36.49.56}} 08:49, 8 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:List of games played between NBA and international teams]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|67.71.230.226}} 13:51, 8 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Chedi Amir]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:14, 10 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Absinthiana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|216.162.91.75}} 14:29, 10 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:CraftYT]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:45, 10 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Missouri Fox Trotter]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|207.191.190.125}} 15:49, 11 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 128]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|83.31.194.166}} 17:25, 12 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:RichelleParr8]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|RichelleParr8}} 11:19, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hammock]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|2.50.213.243}} 14:48, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Deliquescent]]: {{tl|QD}} 14:53, 13 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Five Year Plan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:A018:202:F900:60C6:5927:E026:4448}} 14:17, 14 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Meteorological history of Typhoon Hagibis (2019)]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 14:36, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hackerspace]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|170.235.223.25}} 14:37, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:FIFA World Player of the Year]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|88.11.115.41}} 14:38, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Justin Bieber: First Step 2 Forever: My Story]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|213.152.49.25}} 14:38, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Fair dealing in United Kingdom law]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|213.105.34.42}} 14:39, 15 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Serryfukgomiludosjgl]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|143.255.58.55}} 15:19, 18 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.47.110.198}} 16:16, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Dirty Frank’s Hot Dog Palace]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.47.110.198}} 16:16, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Home messaging]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.47.110.198}} 16:17, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:A new message has arrived]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|12.47.110.198}} 16:17, 20 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Yogabrata Chakraborty]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:05, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Donkeyballs]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|71.67.72.50}} 15:30, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Microsoft Expression Web]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:201:AA01:9F9B:8D67:752F:429B:C9B0}} 15:38, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Flag of the Ba'ath Party]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2601:243:CC80:7A0:7020:21FD:47BF:D487}} 17:03, 26 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Corbyn besson]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|92.96.40.122}} 15:09, 27 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:History of Apple Inc.]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|65.36.70.50}} 15:47, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Minaret]]: {{tl|QD}} 16:41, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Letuses]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|168.11.14.254}} 17:20, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jose Altuve]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|74.124.128.104}} 17:21, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:PitchMen]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|68.98.95.87}} 22:57, 28 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ethical dilemma]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|204.174.188.1}} 17:17, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Silvers elements]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|70.91.135.225}} 17:17, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Moving industry]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|204.78.76.107}} 17:18, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Template:PeoplesTemplate]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|72.138.43.190}} 17:18, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:Koelkast]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|213.125.65.138}} 17:19, 29 October 2019 (UTC) # [[:State function]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|39.33.83.80}} 15:05, 30 October 2019 (UTC) === November 2019 === # [[:Moti museum]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|185.98.124.97}} 09:18, 5 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Bird's opening]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|207.102.247.4}} 09:23, 5 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oscar Bondø Stene]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:14, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Medea (play)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:B80:0:95:0:0:0:D0}} 11:55, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Ambika kushwaha]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:11, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oscar Bondø Stene]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:38, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:John Vianney]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|159.86.134.135}} 15:13, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Devra Davis]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|45.73.154.146}} 16:02, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Central Bay Academy]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Centralbayacademy}} 16:03, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Central Bay Academy]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]) 18:16, 7 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Oslo Accords]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|212.179.207.239}} 07:38, 8 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Jamie kingmullar Dellie]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:34, 8 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:User:Muntasir Billah Mahdi]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Muntasir Billah Mahdi}} 17:37, 12 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Kingdom Almeria]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|217.67.237.14}} 12:11, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:SKSKSK]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|217.67.237.14}} 12:12, 13 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Hiram Johnson]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.108.193.11}} 02:26, 16 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:Michael Müller]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|217.232.191.229}} 12:10, 21 November 2019 (UTC) # [[:The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.46.211.102}} 10:13, 24 November 2019 (UTC) === December 2019 === # [[:Rectangle]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}) 15:13, 3 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Thomas and the Magic Railroad]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.221.38.73}} 15:13, 3 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Adam Close]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1001:B02F:BF13:1565:7DDD:60AC:7D5E}} 02:11, 4 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Adam Close]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1001:B014:FB6F:31A5:176E:BAAF:6AF5}} 05:09, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Wesley Moshier]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1001:B012:1F89:51A6:1188:DA76:B405}} 05:12, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Www.Jaykishanpandey.com]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:22, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Adam R. Close]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:1001:B00C:6A9D:5C0:877E:D14A:1C3D}} 05:27, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Prince Diana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2402:1980:8247:C15C:1C56:D865:E446:A903}} 06:47, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Pentadactyl limb]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|73.140.43.174}} 08:38, 6 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Cristina Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Rebecca Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Frank Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Alex Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nancy Huerta]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 02:54, 8 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Nuclear weapons of the United States]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|47.35.103.34}} 01:10, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Republic of Hawaii]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|47.35.103.34}} 01:11, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Water cycle Essay with few words]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|104.181.1.48}} 01:12, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:Old State House (Boston)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|100.12.70.92}} 01:13, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:File talk:Neil Armstrong pose.jpg]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|206.78.215.176}} 01:14, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:La Palma]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|212.219.107.252}} 09:47, 11 December 2019 (UTC) # [[:John Montague]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|185.163.29.244}} 09:50, 11 December 2019 (UTC) === August 2020 === # [[:Ram Babu Yadav]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:18, 8 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:59th Street Lexington Avenue station BMT Broadway Line]]: {{tl|QD}} 11:47, 9 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sahil Bagdi]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:05, 15 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Country Disneymania]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 11:57, 16 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:ConnectedDrive]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Shusshi Teishi}} 11:58, 16 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mayestron]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:34, 22 August 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Santana MontanaReal]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Santana MontanaReal}} 08:17, 27 August 2020 (UTC) === September 2020 === # [[:The Substitute]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:33, 1 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Haider Sultan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:39, 1 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Michael Steele]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|208.88.253.34}} 12:40, 1 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Nisa Harrison]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:47, 4 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2020/Thailand]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|115.87.13.213}} 11:23, 7 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:AryaDB]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|AryaDB}} 04:45, 8 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:User talk:AryaDB]]: {{tl|QD}} 04:45, 8 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Arya Shah]]: {{tl|QD}} 04:45, 8 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Arya Shah]]: {{tl|QD}} 04:45, 8 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:AryaJRE]]: {{tl|QD}} 06:05, 9 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:AryaJNR]]: {{tl|QD}} 06:05, 9 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crimea Bridge]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|185.15.37.211}} 07:25, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Zach Conley]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|201.251.229.68}} 07:27, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ra's love and interest]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|131.242.7.132}} 07:27, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crimean Tatars]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|185.15.37.211}} 07:29, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crimea annexation]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|185.15.37.211}} 07:29, 16 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of awards and nominations received by Eminem]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|193.248.201.167}} 12:40, 17 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:National Capital Territory of Delhi]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2405:201:2009:2810:4D08:9D7:B204:C227}} 05:28, 18 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dallas Crimea]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}) 07:48, 20 September 2020 (UTC) # [[:Despair]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|86.12.161.84}} 13:56, 29 September 2020 (UTC) === October 2020 === # [[:Sam khan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:07, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Template:User info2]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Digital Ali hamza}} 14:38, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sam khan]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Digital Ali hamza}} 14:44, 8 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2409:4070:68C:D317:EC4D:85DE:1401:F082}} 05:40, 10 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:کص]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|5.234.59.109}} 07:49, 10 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Maplewashing]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Telsho}} 08:16, 11 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Watson and crick model of dna]]: [[WP:QD#G12|CSD G12]] ({{tl|db-copyvio}}); notified {{user|182.177.233.157}} 08:24, 14 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Mountains classification in the Tour de France]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|152.32.112.253}} 08:39, 14 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Despair]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|86.12.161.84}} 11:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Nicky Wire]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|86.12.161.84}} 11:38, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:KOMBU]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Minorax}} 11:45, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:IDAKKA]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Minorax}} 11:45, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:NBCUniversal Television Group]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|152.32.113.189}} 11:52, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Twice]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:39, 18 October 2020 (UTC) # [[:Girls' Generation-TTS]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:49, 18 October 2020 (UTC) === December 2020 === # [[:Tulu Nad]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 04:10, 4 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Disenfranchisement]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|68.195.148.82}} 07:01, 11 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Arkham khan lucknow]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|46.152.34.81}} 12:02, 12 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Javier Otxoa]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:47, 12 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Ray45]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2600:8805:804:5100:4D55:3F2E:71B8:C4CA}} 08:54, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Matthew Senreich]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:56, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sketch comedy]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:56, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Dave Hill (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:56, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Jean-Yves Raimbaud]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Marc du Pontavice]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Matt Hill]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Don Michael Paul]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Olivier Jean-Marie]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Tony Sampson]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Sam Vincent (voice actor)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|83.219.39.190}} 08:57, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Crunchbase]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|43.249.232.45}} 08:58, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Mohd Amir Zaidi]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Mohd Amir Zaidi}} 08:59, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Hokkaido University]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Arad.rashidian}} 10:59, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Mohd Amir Zaidi]]: {{tl|QD}} 15:16, 19 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Twin language]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2600:100E:B137:C2B:3DB3:46E2:E90B:8255}} 01:59, 20 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:List of Sony Pictures Television programs]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|151.192.243.208}} 10:48, 25 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Juned patel]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:04, 25 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Juned Patel]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:04, 25 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:User:Tonym2580xdf]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Tonym2580xdf}} 13:57, 25 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:Geology of the Moon]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|50.104.10.75}} 00:42, 26 December 2020 (UTC) # [[:MohammadMehdi Rajabzadeh]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|VsDFRT}} 03:11, 27 December 2020 (UTC) === January 2021 === # [[:User:AryashahnaughtyJapanese]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|AryashahnaughtyJapanese}} 15:19, 1 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Arya Kinchitkumar Shah]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|AryashahnaughtyJapanese}} 15:35, 1 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Mary Catherine Bateson]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Ngozikalu879}} 23:41, 8 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Agra division]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 09:17, 9 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Category:Chennai district]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 00:06, 10 January 2021 (UTC) # [[:Precise]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:30, 23 January 2021 (UTC) === February 2021 === # [[:User:Shebi1234]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Shebi1234}} 11:45, 20 February 2021 (UTC) # [[:Teletubbies (characters)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|27.109.115.155}} 12:01, 20 February 2021 (UTC) # [[:Anika]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:43, 28 February 2021 (UTC) # [[:List of Presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|74.89.134.163}} 08:52, 28 February 2021 (UTC) === March 2021 === # [[:Talk:Big Mouth]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:46, 5 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Flossenfüße]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:46, 5 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Habiba Ghribi]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:47, 5 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Hauspferd]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 14:47, 5 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:User:Dentistryatsheppard]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Dentistryatsheppard}} 05:42, 9 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:The Ellen DeGeneres Show (2003-Present)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:81:8501:5190:70E7:5652:928C:7F0B}} 12:36, 9 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 12:36, 9 March 2021 (UTC) # [[:Jashon Cuyler]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:58, 10 March 2021 (UTC) === April 2021 === # [[:Template:Infobox Iranian Singer]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Amiirsm}} 09:22, 28 April 2021 (UTC) # [[:Khashayar ghajar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:54, 28 April 2021 (UTC) === May 2021 === # [[:User:Vignesh professional boxer]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Vignesh professional boxer}} 05:19, 2 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Gilbert Diendéré]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|72.179.134.28}} 09:19, 2 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Mohsen Avid]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:19, 2 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:100000 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2405:205:C921:8DD:0:0:28F:90A1}} 04:53, 3 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Fatherland's Front (Austria)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|87.198.39.38}} 15:48, 8 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Kinbo Corporation]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|192.141.42.242}} 03:52, 9 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Ashim KC]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:54, 15 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Zeshan Haider (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Mar dun ga}} 00:35, 16 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:American Masters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:387:2:805:0:0:0:57}} 01:28, 16 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Live from Lincoln Center]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:387:2:805:0:0:0:57}} 01:28, 16 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:User:Vinay Kumar konatala]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Vinay Kumar konatala}} 04:02, 26 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Chungha discography]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|DynamiteIce}} 11:24, 27 May 2021 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Kinchit Shah]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 15:23, 30 May 2021 (UTC) === June 2021 === # [[:César Acuña]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|C90-NM}} 03:40, 7 June 2021 (UTC) # [[:Mauricio Mulder]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|C90-NM}} 09:05, 7 June 2021 (UTC) # [[:Javier Velásquez]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|C90-NM}} 09:05, 7 June 2021 (UTC) === July 2021 === # [[:User:Freddie Warmbread]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Freddie Warmbread}} 11:21, 5 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:Haider Khan]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Ushna.gf}} 08:35, 13 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:Zeshan Khan (actors)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|2400:ADC7:917:6A00:1548:9775:5244:F8C3}} 02:52, 15 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:User:Casinokto]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Casinokto}} 08:04, 17 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:Sok Kimsa]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G4|G4]]); notified {{user|203.144.88.45}} 00:28, 26 July 2021 (UTC) # [[:Tech Talk2]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:59, 31 July 2021 (UTC) === August 2021 === # [[:Swapnil Aggarwal]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:59, 7 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:กรุงเทพมหานคร]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|112.200.194.21}} 12:51, 13 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:Unreal Engine]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|81.17.137.73}} 12:29, 14 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:Persea americana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.54.176.190}} 05:34, 17 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:Dinosaur Game]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|202.91.75.86}} 05:34, 17 August 2021 (UTC) # [[:Kimsa Sok (2003)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Sinn Zinnmin}} 09:40, 31 August 2021 (UTC) === September 2021 === # [[:Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|152.22.64.25}} 13:49, 29 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|152.22.64.25}} 13:50, 29 September 2021 (UTC) # [[:Keenan kahill]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:01, 30 September 2021 (UTC) === October 2021 === # [[:Bardzo lubię ser i uwielbiam go.]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 08:39, 2 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Pakistanis]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 01:05, 5 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Naturaleza]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|190.186.82.122}} 01:50, 5 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:Polo G]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|192.165.99.200}} 08:06, 7 October 2021 (UTC) # [[:River polution]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|John032405}} 01:18, 31 October 2021 (UTC) === November 2021 === # [[:Taming of the Shrew]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|153.107.48.92}} 03:02, 1 November 2021 (UTC) # [[:Jashon Cuyler]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:08, 1 November 2021 (UTC) # [[:SOS Children's Villages]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|24.203.53.165}} 02:57, 29 November 2021 (UTC) === December 2021 === # [[:Percy the Small Engine]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2603:8081:506:B6B3:2CDB:6FFB:9207:306B}} 09:35, 21 December 2021 (UTC) === January 2022 === # [[:Blacked.com]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 13:43, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:White boys]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 14:11, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:White girls]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 14:11, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Farti B]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 14:11, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Thanksgiving (États-Unis)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|92.139.182.18}} 14:13, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Fruit du démon]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|185.138.119.178}} 14:13, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Apex Legends]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|185.91.88.66}} 14:14, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Oiseau]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|185.91.88.66}} 14:14, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Seconde Guerre mondiale]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|85.14.144.78}} 14:14, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Alain Souchon]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|92.154.56.249}} 14:17, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Leiterplatte]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2001:871:23A:599B:295D:B5AD:96A3:CBDC}} 14:19, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Comedy movie]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|70.184.171.16}} 14:20, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Piano beruto]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|94.36.132.154}} 14:48, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Thomas Laine]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:48, 3 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:アーヤ シャー]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|アーヤ シャー}} 08:38, 19 January 2022 (UTC) # [[:Fascismo]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|82.60.205.106}} 15:55, 31 January 2022 (UTC) === April 2022 === # [[:Transvestism]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|2A00:23C5:8D98:E201:4976:E3F7:BE87:BB}} 09:26, 10 April 2022 (UTC) === May 2022 === # [[:User:Ngonishana07]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ngonishana07}} 07:44, 7 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Oaliur Rahman Sadaf]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Oaliur Rahman Sadaf}} 15:42, 8 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:Bgmaster]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Bgmaster}} 06:11, 10 May 2022 (UTC) # [[:Dev DD]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2402:3A80:D75:60AA:0:1C:A4F2:E301}} 04:46, 30 May 2022 (UTC) === June 2022 === # [[:Clappa Don]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:21, 9 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:આર્યગુજરાત]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|આર્યગુજરાત}} 12:27, 16 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:IndianRailwaysArya]]: {{tl|QD}} 11:21, 22 June 2022 (UTC) # [[:User:7984113952arya]]: {{tl|QD}} 16:14, 25 June 2022 (UTC) === January 2023 === # [[:Teeth blackening]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Frontfrog}} 15:30, 26 January 2023 (UTC) === July 2023 === # [[:Emergency crew]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 04:59, 14 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Anyang]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 05:30, 14 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:1973–74 NHL season]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 04:01, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:1987–88 NHL season]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 04:03, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:1995–96 NHL season]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 04:04, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Muhammad Luqman]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:06, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Annibale de Gasparis]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|213.165.185.8}} 06:14, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:511 Davida]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|213.165.185.8}} 06:14, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Alemão]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 14:10, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Isoelectric]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|92.21.6.4}} 17:37, 15 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:User:Shakargarh]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 06:57, 16 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Hong Kong Parliament Electoral Organizing Committee]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 10:56, 18 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Akivul Hasan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:47, 18 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Legislative Council of Hong Kong]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Minorax}} 13:48, 18 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Taito]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 14:46, 18 July 2023 (UTC) # [[:Akivul Hasan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:51, 18 July 2023 (UTC) === January 2024 === # [[:News conference]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|79.78.115.206}} 17:30, 13 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Michael Jacksoff]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Emisqee}} 17:47, 13 January 2024 (UTC) === February 2024 === # [[:User:Minorax/adminlist.js]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 12:10, 2 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dot and the Kangaroo (2030 movie)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 11:10, 3 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Sanjay Govil]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 11:12, 3 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Sanjay Govil]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 11:42, 3 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Miss Farah]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|197.1.69.54}} 14:18, 3 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Tamizhaga Vaazhvurimai katchi]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Tamizhaga Vaazhvurimai katchi}} 05:18, 5 February 2024 (UTC) === March 2024 === # [[:Talk:Clyde Bruckman]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|XXBlackburnXx}} 04:59, 17 March 2024 (UTC) === April 2024 === # [[:Dr. Supratim Akaash Paul]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:15, 8 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Yin Boran]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:11, 24 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:2021 NFL Draft]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|198.62.219.22}} 15:11, 24 April 2024 (UTC) === October 2024 === # [[:User:Fire karthik sabapathi]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Fire karthik sabapathi}} 01:47, 18 October 2024 (UTC) === April 2025 === # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Minorax]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|67.170.207.150}} 05:28, 11 April 2025 (UTC) === June 2025 === # [[:Toyota Gazoo Racing F1 Team]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|115.135.30.83}} 13:41, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Santal people]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Md. Rayan Alam Rifat}} 13:45, 14 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:User:Adam Jeffrey Stewart]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Adam Jeffrey Stewart}} 13:46, 14 June 2025 (UTC) === August 2025 === # [[:Rohan Khan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:02, 10 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Yitzi Gantz]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:02, 10 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Doki]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|2600:1700:D480:A020:9D22:78FE:3230:7B8A}} 12:32, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Template:R from future]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|2804:658C:2101:3200:BC50:DC1A:C107:EF6}} 01:53, 23 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ben Gluck]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2603:8081:4FF0:BE0:0:0:0:10C4}} 08:12, 23 August 2025 (UTC) === September 2025 === # [[:How do you talk to someone on Facebook]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Lklkjljoiop0}} 15:32, 17 September 2025 (UTC) === December 2025 === # [[:User:Mlnorax]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 14:20, 15 December 2025 (UTC) === January 2026 === # [[:Nick kmoch]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:54, 17 January 2026 (UTC) === April 2026 === # [[:RemmiQue (Singer)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:18, 3 April 2026 (UTC) === June 2026 === # [[:List of islands of Norway]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-33225-71}} 14:22, 4 June 2026 (UTC) sxrb5os5wcptlkv41cbh8dbolv25sii 0 727199 10878800 10668342 2026-06-04T14:53:07Z ~2026-33321-35 1816282 fix spacing 10878800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software | name = 2b2t - Minecraft server | logo = File:2b2t Logo Vectorised.svg | logo size = 128 | logo alt = The 2b2t logo with "2B" on one line and "2T" below it in large silver letters | released = {{Start date and age|December 2010}}<ref name="mainsite">{{Cite web |url=http://2b2t.org |title=2b2t.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318022710/http://2b2t.org/ |archive-date=March 18, 2013 |access-date=January 6, 2020}}</ref><ref name="newsweek" /> | platform = ''Minecraft Java Edition'' 1.21.4<ref name="mcserv">{{Cite web |url=https://minecraft-server-list.com/server/137128/ |title=2b2t.org 1.20 Minecraft Server |website=Minecraft Server List |language=en-us |access-date=October 31, 2023}}</ref> | genre = Minecraft server | website = {{Unbulleted list | {{URL|http://2b2t.org}} {{small|([https://web.archive.org/web/20150617011625/http://2b2t.org/ archived])}} | {{URL|https://reddit.com/r/2b2t}} {{small|([[subreddit]])}}}} }} '''2builders2tools''' ('''2b2t''') is one of the oldest and most notorious ''[[Minecraft]]'' multiplayer game servers. It is the oldest anarchy server in Minecraft. It was founded in December 2010 by an unknown owner known online as ''Hausemaster''.<ref name="newsweek">{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/there-s-alternative-minecraft-server-without-any-rules-gaming-tech-a7323201.html|title=There's an alternative Minecraft server without any rules|date=2016-09-23|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/2016/09/23/minecraft-anarchy-server-2b2t-will-kill-you-498946.html|title=The Minecraft server that will kill you 1,000 times|last=EDT|first=Roisin Kiberd On 09/15/16 at 11:40 AM|date=2016-09-15|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/minecrafts-worst-server-is-at-war-with-youtube-1786999271|title=The Denizens of Minecraft's 'Worst' Server Are At War With YouTube|last=Guthrie|first=Robert|website=Kotaku|date=23 September 2016 |language=en-us|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref> 2b2t is a ''Minecraft Java Edition'' 1.21.4 server that operates on a map without any resets since its creation. The server's spawn area is notoriously damaged, reflecting its chaotic nature and lack of rules.<ref name="mainsite" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/xywekq/the-worst-place-in-minecraft|title=The Worst Place in Minecraft|last=Paul|first=Andrew|date=2015-10-05|website=Vice|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Citation|title=The 6 Most Amazing Things I've Seen in Minecraft - IGN|date=20 June 2013|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/06/20/the-6-most-amazing-things-ive-seen-in-minecraft|access-date=2019-12-17|language=en}}</ref> Cheating, griefing, violence, and racism are common occurrences on 2b2t.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Apostolacus|first=Katherine|title=Analogies of Religious Violence in Minecraft|url=https://www.academia.edu/34446985|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|archive-date=2019-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124220659/https://www.academia.edu/34446985/Analogies_of_Religious_Violence_in_Minecraft|url-status=dead}}</ref> The server gained popularity due to its anarchic and unpredictable nature.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgSSBgAAQBAJ|title=Master Builder 3.0 Advanced: Minecraft®™ Secrets and Strategies from the Game's Greatest Players|last=Books|first=Triumph|date=2015-04-01|publisher=Triumph Books|isbn=978-1-63319-188-4|language=en}}</ref> As of October 2024, 2b2t is over 49&thinsp;700&nbsp;gigabytes in data and has had more than 821&thinsp;220 unique players.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2b2t|url=https://2b2t.org/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=10-13-2024|website=2b2t|language=en-US}}</ref> The server has gained significant attention on YouTube, with numerous videos about it amassing millions of views.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=2b2t&sp=CAM%253D|title=2b2t - YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref> ==History== The ''Minecraft'' server 2b2t.org was founded in 2010 by an unknown owner, known online as ''Hausemaster''. It was advertised on [[4chan]] and [[Reddit]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/subcultures/2b2t|title=2b2t|website=Know Your Meme|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref> Members from different forums launched raids against each other and their work.<ref name="mainsite" /> [[YouTube]]r TheCampingRusher uploaded a YouTube video on June 1, 2016, where he played on 2b2t. This caused a conflict on the server known as "The Rusher War". A queue to enter the server was soon added due to the massive influx of new players caused by the video's popularity. Players can also pay $20 to access a separate priority queue for a month.<ref name=":2" /> Since its creation, the server gained attention from [[News|the news]]. Articles were created about 2b2t on ''[[Kotaku]], [[Vice News|Vice]], [[IGN]], [[Newsweek]]'' and ''[[The Independent]]''.<ref name="mainsite" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> In the book ''Master Builder 3.0 Advanced'', in April 2015, 2b2t was described as crazy, that it can get "outright wild," and that the server is a "nightmare wasteland." The book also stated that it is known as "online royalty" among ''Minecraft'' servers.<ref name=":5" /> ==Other websites== *[https://www.reddit.com/r/2b2t Official Reddit page] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Minecraft}} [[Category:Minecraft]] 1sgej606ey5cxqppyiqvj7g5qz7gjpj 2 727779 10879112 10339564 2026-06-04T22:09:31Z Johnson524 1224320 Updated to current flag; feel free to revert if you'd rather display the now-outdated one 10879112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{userbox | border-c = red | border-s = 5 | id = [[Image:Flag of Mississippi.svg|70px]] | id-c = {{{1|white}}} | info = This user is proud to be [[Mississippi|a Mississippian]]. | info-c = white | info-fc = black | info-a = center }}<noinclude></noinclude> 392ljx64osz6vshk9j9wan0vd4fcdxu 3 738359 10879388 10871462 2026-06-05T06:47:40Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:Wikimedians banned by the WMF|Wikimedians banned by the WMF]] to [[:Category:Wikipedians banned by the Wikimedia Foundation|Wikipedians banned by the Wikimedia Foundation]] 10879388 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOINDEX__ <table style="border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 4px 10%; border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9;" class="plainlinks" role="presentation"><tr><td style="border:none; padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;">[[File:Wikimedia Foundation logo - vertical.svg|45px|alt=Wikimedia Foundation Logo]]</td><td style="border:none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; text-align:center;">'''Consistent with the Terms of Use, {{#ifexpr:floor({{NAMESPACENUMBER}}/2)=1|{{BASEPAGENAME}}|this user}} has been banned by the Wikimedia Foundation from editing Wikimedia sites.''' <br /> Please address any questions to ca[[File:At sign.svg|x15px|middle|link=|alt=@]]wikimedia.org.</td></tr></table> {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACENUMBER}}|3|[[Category:Opted-out of message delivery]]}}[[Category:Wikipedians banned by the Wikimedia Foundation]] 3asufg7x6g7zdd2tmy36b1b3a3t6hv1 0 746562 10879176 9547987 2026-06-05T00:32:04Z ShadowBallX 1035196 10879176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = José Sanfilippo | image = José Sanfilippo 1962.jpg | image_size = 170 | caption = Sanfilippo in 1962 | fullname = José Francisco Sanfilippo | height = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1935|5|4}} | birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|6|4|1935|5|4|df=y}} | death_place = Buenos Aires, Argentina | currentclub = | clubnumber = | position = [[Forward (association football)#Striker|Striker]] | youthyears1= | youthclubs1= | years1 = 1953–1962 | years2 = 1963–1964 | years3 = 1964–1965 | years4 = 1966–1967 | years5 = 1968 | years6 = 1968–1971 | years7 = 1972 | years8 = 1977 | years9 = 1978 | | clubs1 = [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]] | clubs2 = [[Boca Juniors]] | clubs3 = [[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]] | clubs4 = [[Club Atlético Banfield|Banfield]] | clubs5 = [[Bangu Atlético Clube|Bangu]] | clubs6 = [[Esporte Clube Bahia|EC Bahia]] | clubs7 = [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]] | clubs8 = [[Banfield de San Pedro]] | clubs9 = [[Club Atlético San Miguel|San Miguel]] | caps1 = <small>(total)</small> 260 | goals1 = 200 | caps2 = 20 | goals2 = 7 | caps3 = 21 | goals3 = 25 | caps4 = 50 | goals4 = 19 | caps5 = 14 | goals5 = 7 | caps6 = 71 | goals6 = 48 | caps7 = <small>(see above)</small> | goals7 = | caps8 = 3 | goals8 = - | caps9 = ? | goals9 = ? |nationalyears1= 1957–1962 |nationalteam1= [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] |nationalcaps1= 30 | nationalgoals1 = 21 | manageryears1 = 1971 | managerclubs1 = [[Esporte Clube Bahia|EC Bahia]] | manageryears2 = 1973 | managerclubs2 = [[Deportivo Español]] | manageryears3 = 1976 | managerclubs3 = [[Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield|Vélez Sarsfield]] }} '''José Francisco "El Nene" Sanfilippo''' (4 May 1935 – 4 June 2026) was a [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[association football|football]]er. He played as a [[Forward (association football)#Striker|striker]]. He was the 9th [[Primera División Argentina topscorers|highest scoring player]] in Argentine football.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=44211/index.html |title=San Lorenzo: Centurions dream of Copa glory |work=Classic Football |publisher=FIFA |access-date=27 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119005748/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club%3D44211/index.html |archive-date=19 January 2012 }}</ref> Sanfilippo died on 4 June 2026, at the age of 91.<ref> {{cite web |title=Murió José Sanfilippo, símbolo de San Lorenzo y uno de los grandes goleadores del fútbol argentino |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/deportes/futbol/san-lorenzo/murio-jose-sanfilippo-simbolo-de-san-lorenzo-y-uno-de-los-grandes-goleadores-del-futbol-argentino-nid04062026/ |website=La Nacion |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Navboxes |title= Argentina squads |bg= #6AB5FF |fg= white |bordercolor= silver |list1= {{Argentina squad 1957 South American Championship}} {{Argentina squad 1958 FIFA World Cup}} {{Argentina squad 1959 South American Championship (Ecuador)}} {{Argentina squad 1962 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{Navboxes |title= Awards |bg= gold |fg= navy |bordercolor= white |list1= {{Argentina Primera Division top scorers}} {{Copa America top scorers}} {{Copa Libertadores top scorers}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sanfilippo, Jose}} [[Category:1935 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Footballers from Buenos Aires]] [[Category:Argentine footballers]] [[Category:Association football forwards]] [[Category:Boca Juniors footballers]] [[Category:Argentine Primera División players]] [[Category:1958 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:1962 FIFA World Cup players]] {{sports-bio-stub}} a5xq5wb37p302ta5uyu942bmggrhlfa 10879281 10879176 2026-06-05T04:12:36Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10879281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = José Sanfilippo | image = José Sanfilippo 1962.jpg | image_size = 170 | caption = Sanfilippo in 1962 | fullname = José Francisco Sanfilippo | height = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1935|5|4}} | birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|6|4|1935|5|4|df=y}} | death_place = Buenos Aires, Argentina | currentclub = | clubnumber = | position = [[Forward (association football)#Striker|Striker]] | youthyears1= | youthclubs1= | years1 = 1953–1962 | years2 = 1963–1964 | years3 = 1964–1965 | years4 = 1966–1967 | years5 = 1968 | years6 = 1968–1971 | years7 = 1972 | years8 = 1977 | years9 = 1978 | | clubs1 = [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]] | clubs2 = [[Boca Juniors]] | clubs3 = [[Club Nacional de Football|Nacional]] | clubs4 = [[Club Atlético Banfield|Banfield]] | clubs5 = [[Bangu Atlético Clube|Bangu]] | clubs6 = [[Esporte Clube Bahia|EC Bahia]] | clubs7 = [[Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro|San Lorenzo]] | clubs8 = [[Banfield de San Pedro]] | clubs9 = [[Club Atlético San Miguel|San Miguel]] | caps1 = <small>(total)</small> 260 | goals1 = 200 | caps2 = 20 | goals2 = 7 | caps3 = 21 | goals3 = 25 | caps4 = 50 | goals4 = 19 | caps5 = 14 | goals5 = 7 | caps6 = 71 | goals6 = 48 | caps7 = <small>(see above)</small> | goals7 = | caps8 = 3 | goals8 = - | caps9 = ? | goals9 = ? |nationalyears1= 1957–1962 |nationalteam1= [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] |nationalcaps1= 30 | nationalgoals1 = 21 | manageryears1 = 1971 | managerclubs1 = [[Esporte Clube Bahia|EC Bahia]] | manageryears2 = 1973 | managerclubs2 = [[Deportivo Español]] | manageryears3 = 1976 | managerclubs3 = [[Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield|Vélez Sarsfield]] }} '''José Francisco "El Nene" Sanfilippo''' (4 May 1935 – 4 June 2026) was a [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[association football|football]]er. He played as a [[Forward (association football)#Striker|striker]]. He was the 9th [[Primera División Argentina topscorers|highest scoring player]] in Argentine football.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=44211/index.html |title=San Lorenzo: Centurions dream of Copa glory |work=Classic Football |publisher=FIFA |access-date=27 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119005748/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club%3D44211/index.html |archive-date=19 January 2012 }}</ref> Sanfilippo died on 4 June 2026 in Buenos Aires at the age of 91.<ref> {{cite web |title=Murió José Sanfilippo, símbolo de San Lorenzo y uno de los grandes goleadores del fútbol argentino |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/deportes/futbol/san-lorenzo/murio-jose-sanfilippo-simbolo-de-san-lorenzo-y-uno-de-los-grandes-goleadores-del-futbol-argentino-nid04062026/ |website=La Nacion |access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Navboxes |title= Argentina squads |bg= #6AB5FF |fg= white |bordercolor= silver |list1= {{Argentina squad 1957 South American Championship}} {{Argentina squad 1958 FIFA World Cup}} {{Argentina squad 1959 South American Championship (Ecuador)}} {{Argentina squad 1962 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{Navboxes |title= Awards |bg= gold |fg= navy |bordercolor= white |list1= {{Argentina Primera Division top scorers}} {{Copa America top scorers}} {{Copa Libertadores top scorers}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sanfilippo, Jose}} [[Category:1935 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Footballers from Buenos Aires]] [[Category:Argentine footballers]] [[Category:Association football forwards]] [[Category:Boca Juniors footballers]] [[Category:Argentine Primera División players]] [[Category:1958 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:1962 FIFA World Cup players]] {{sports-bio-stub}} sdcuzig30s9utox9c3v0dnpoedj4isn 0 753692 10878803 10876369 2026-06-04T14:57:43Z Nagae Iku 1041891 copyright 10878803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Political post |post = President |body = the<br />Republic of Botswana |insignia = Flag of the President of Botswana.svg |insigniasize = 125px |insigniacaption = Presidential flag |nativename = ''Tautona wa Botswana'' |image = Duma Boko, 2019 elections (cropped).png |imagesize = |incumbent = [[Duma Boko]] |incumbentsince = 1 November 2024 |style = Mr. President<br>(informal) <br> [[Excellency|His Excellency]]<br>(formal, diplomatic) |residence       = |appointer       = [[Parliament of Botswana]] |termlength = 5 years, renewable once |formation = 30 September 1966 |inaugural = [[Seretse Khama]] |deputy = [[Vice-President of Botswana]] |salary = 65,760 USD annually<ref name="africabusinessdaily">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/The-highest-and-lowest-paid-African-presidents/539546-4129430-cbmf8iz/index.html|title=The highest and lowest paid African presidents - Business Daily|publisher=}}</ref> |website = }} The '''President of the Republic of Botswana''' ({{Lang-tn|Tautona wa Botswana}}) is the [[head of state]] and the [[head of government]] of [[Botswana]]. ==List of presidents== ;Political parties {{legend|{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}|[[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#FFBF00|[[Botswana National Front]] (BNF)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan=2| Portrait ! rowspan=2| Name<br />{{small|(birth–death)}} ! colspan=3| Term of office ! colspan=2 rowspan=2| Party<br />{{small|(coalition)}} ! rowspan=2| Elected<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Seretse Khama {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/president-seretse-khama |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=65. Botswana (1966–present) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/66-botswana-1966-present/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=uca.edu |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204013726/https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/66-botswana-1966-present/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! rowspan=2| Government ! rowspan=2| {{abbr|Ref.|References}} |- ! Took office ! Left office ! Time in office |- | rowspan=4| 1 | rowspan=4| [[File:Seretse Khama 1977 (2).png|frameless|upright=0.4]] | rowspan=4| [[Seretse Khama]]<br />{{small|(1921–1980)}} | rowspan=4| 30 September 1966 | rowspan=4| 13 July 1980{{natural causes}} | rowspan=4| {{ayd|1966|9|30|1980|7|13}} ! rowspan=4 style="background:{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}};" | | rowspan=4| [[Botswana Democratic Party]] | [[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]] | [[First cabinet of Seretse Khama|S. Khama I]] | rowspan=4| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zuber |first=David |date=2022-04-04 |title=Seretse Khama (1921–1980) • |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/seretse-khama-1921-1980/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The "Unfortunate Marriage" of Seretse Khama {{!}} Inner Temple |url=https://www.innertemple.org.uk/who-we-are/history/historical-articles/the-unfortunate-marriage-of-seretse-khama/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=www.innertemple.org.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seretse Khama (1921–1980) {{!}} The Presidency |url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/seretse-khama-1921-1980 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=www.thepresidency.gov.za}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> |- | [[1969 Botswana general election|1969]] | [[Second cabinet of Seretse Khama|S. Khama II]] |- | [[1974 Botswana general election|1974]] | [[Third cabinet of Seretse Khama|S. Khama III]] |- | [[1979 Botswana general election|1979]] | [[Fourth cabinet of Seretse Khama|S. Khama IV]] |- | rowspan=3| 2 | rowspan=3| [[File:Masire 1980 3x4 portrait.jpg|frameless|upright=0.4]] | rowspan=3| [[Quett Masire]]<br />{{small|(1925–2017)}} | rowspan=3| 18 July 1980 | rowspan=3| 31 March 1998 | rowspan=3| {{ayd|1980|7|18|1998|3|31}} ! rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}};" | | rowspan=3| [[Botswana Democratic Party]] | [[1984 Botswana general election|1984]] | [[First cabinet of Quett Masire|Masire I]] | rowspan=3| {{Sfn|Padnani|2017}}<ref name=":2" /> |- | [[1989 Botswana general election|1989]] | [[Second cabinet of Quett Masire|Masire II]] |- | [[1994 Botswana general election|1994]] | [[Third cabinet of Quett Masire|Masire III]] |- | rowspan=2| 3 | rowspan=2| [[File:Festus Mogae 2009-06-23.jpg|frameless|upright=0.4]] | rowspan=2| [[Festus Mogae]]<br />({{small|1939–2026}}) | rowspan=2| 1 April 1998 | rowspan=2| 1 April 2008 | rowspan=2| {{Age in years|1998|4|1|2008|4|1}} years ! rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}};" | | rowspan=2| [[Botswana Democratic Party]] | [[1999 Botswana general election|1999]] | [[First cabinet of Festus Mogae|Mogae I]] | rowspan=2| <ref>{{Cite web |title=President Festus Mogae |url=https://www.knowbotswana.com/president-festus-mogae.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=KnowBotswana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nkala |first=Gideon |date=2008-03-31 |title=Mogae: portrait of a democrat(Mogae Legacy) |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/features/mogae-portrait-of-a-democratmogae-legacy/news |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Mmegi Online |language=en}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reflections on a Presidency: 10 Years at Botswana's Helm |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/reflections-presidency-10-years-botswanas-helm |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=www.wilsoncenter.org |date=6 October 2008 |language=en}}</ref> |- | [[2004 Botswana general election|2004]] | [[Second cabinet of Festus Mogae|Mogae II]] |- | rowspan=3| 4 | rowspan=3| [[File:Ian Khama (2014) (cropped) (cropped).jpg|frameless|upright=0.4]] | rowspan=3| [[Ian Khama]]<br />{{small|(born 1953)}} | rowspan=3| 1 April 2008 | rowspan=3| 1 April 2018 | rowspan=3| {{age in years|2008|4|1|2018|4|1}} years ! rowspan=3 style="background:{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}};" | | rowspan=3| [[Botswana Democratic Party]] | – | [[First cabinet of Ian Khama|I. Khama I]] | rowspan=3| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ian Khama (Seretse Khama Ian Khama) {{!}} Profile {{!}} Africa Confidential |url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/3381/Ian_Khama |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=www.africa-confidential.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ian Khama |url=https://www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org/people/ian-khama/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=The Brenthurst Foundation |language=en}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Defender barred from entering Botswana |url=https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/prominent-human-rights-lawyer-declared-person-non-grata/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Civicus Monitor |language=en}}</ref> |- | [[2009 Botswana general election|2009]] | [[Second cabinet of Ian Khama|I. Khama II]] |- | [[2014 Botswana general election|2014]] | [[Third cabinet of Ian Khama|I. Khama III]] |- | rowspan=2| 5 | rowspan=2| [[File:Mokgweetsi Masisi May 2023.jpg|frameless|upright=0.4]] | rowspan=2| [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]<br />{{small|(born 1961)}} | rowspan=2| 1 April 2018 | rowspan=2| 1 November 2024 | rowspan=2| {{ayd|2018|4|1|2024|11|1}} ! rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}};" | | rowspan=2| [[Botswana Democratic Party]] | – | [[First cabinet of Mokgweetsi Masisi|Masisi I]] | rowspan=2| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Mokgweetsi Masisi takes over presidency – DW – 03/31/2018 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/botswana-mokgweetsi-masisi-takes-over-presidency-amid-opposition-resurgence/a-43206610 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana swears in Mokgweetsi Masisi as president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/4/1/mokgweetsi-masisi-sworn-in-as-botswanas-new-president |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> |- | [[2019 Botswana general election|2019]] | [[Second cabinet of Mokgweetsi Masisi|Masisi II]] |- | 6 | [[File:Duma Boko 2025 (cropped).jpg|frameless|upright=0.4]] | [[Duma Boko]]<br />{{small|(born 1969)}} | 1 November 2024 | ''Incumbent'' | {{Age in years and days|2024|11|1}} ! style="background:{{party color|Botswana National Front}};" | | [[Botswana National Front]]<br />{{small|([[Umbrella for Democratic Change|UDC]])}} | [[2024 Botswana general election|2024]] | [[Boko cabinet|Boko]] | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Duma Boko sworn in as Botswana's new president |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/duma-boko-sworn-in-as-botswana-s-new-president/3381189 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> |} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Presidents of Botswana| ]] {{politics-stub}} jdqax60r3bh2o5bdbocdipy23jrcvxm 0 765528 10878777 9247940 2026-06-04T14:09:27Z Umberto Joko 1809015 /* */ 10878777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]] [[General]] | name = Évariste Ndayishimiye | image = Evariste Ndayishimiye (cropped).jpg | caption = Ndayishimiye in 2018 | office = 10th [[President of Burundi]] | vicepresident = [[Prosper Bazombanza]] | primeminister = [[Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni]]<br>[[Gervais Ndirakobuca]] | term_start = 18 June 2020 | predecessor = [[Pierre Nkurunziza]] | successor = | office1 = 24th [[Chairperson of the African Union]] | term_start1 = 14 February 2026 | term_end1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|6|17}} | birth_place = [[Commune of Giheta|Giheta]], [[Gitega Province]], [[Burundi]] | party = [[National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy|CNDD–FDD]] | spouse = Ndayubaha Angeline Ndayishimiye | children = 6 }} [[General]] '''Évariste Ndayishimiye''' (born 17 June 1959) is a [[Burundi]] politician. He is the [[President of Burundi]] since 2020. He became president after the death of President [[Pierre Nkurunziza]]. He is also the Secretary General of the [[National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy|CNDD-FDD]] since 2016. He was the [[Minister of the Interior]] and Public Security from 2006 to 2007.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2020-01-26|title=Burundi's ruling party names presidential hopeful|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51255840|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ndayishimiye, Evariste}} [[Category:1968 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Presidents of Burundi]] [[Category:Current national leaders]] {{bio-stub}} 5o3yn7cq8kpadzkyir1r1yq8zrmmvjr 10878778 10878777 2026-06-04T14:10:27Z Umberto Joko 1809015 /* */ 10878778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]] [[General]] | name = Évariste Ndayishimiye | image = Evariste Ndayishimiye (cropped).jpg | caption = Ndayishimiye in 2018 | office = 10th [[President of Burundi]] | vicepresident = [[Prosper Bazombanza]] | primeminister = [[Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni]]<br>[[Gervais Ndirakobuca]] | term_start = 18 June 2020 | predecessor = [[Pierre Nkurunziza]] | successor = | office1 = 24th [[Chairperson of the African Union]] | term_start1 = 14 February 2026 | term_end1 = | predecessor1 = [[João Lourenço]] | successor1 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|6|17}} | birth_place = [[Commune of Giheta|Giheta]], [[Gitega Province]], [[Burundi]] | party = [[National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy|CNDD–FDD]] | spouse = Ndayubaha Angeline Ndayishimiye | children = 6 }} [[General]] '''Évariste Ndayishimiye''' (born 17 June 1959) is a [[Burundi]] politician. He is the [[President of Burundi]] since 2020. He became president after the death of President [[Pierre Nkurunziza]]. He is also the Secretary General of the [[National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy|CNDD-FDD]] since 2016. He was the [[Minister of the Interior]] and Public Security from 2006 to 2007.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2020-01-26|title=Burundi's ruling party names presidential hopeful|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51255840|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ndayishimiye, Evariste}} [[Category:1968 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Presidents of Burundi]] [[Category:Current national leaders]] {{bio-stub}} kg70w1m339jaghum6flmk61mbk7cczp 0 770668 10879053 10736247 2026-06-04T21:11:16Z Auntof6 22027 fix displaytitle and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10879053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person/Wikidata|fetchwikidata=ALL}} '''Ki Baja''' (formerly Kristin Baja) is the founder and co-executive director of Embodied Ecosystem and the Resilience Hub Collaborative.<ref>{{Cite web|title=linkedin.com/in/kbaja|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/kbaja|url-status=live|website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Baja is known as the "mother of Resilience Hubs" and has been recognized for her innovative work in the fields of environmental and social justice. She focuses on dismantling oppressive systems and beliefs through an ecosystem of care, collaboration, courage, connection and compassion. Baja is a healing-centered coach, an integration coach, medicine woman, climate resilience specialist, regenerative living specialist, and biomimetic. Baja represented the United States on the US Women’s National Rugby Team from 2000-2010. She was an [[United States|American]] [[rugby union player]] and [[rugby sevens player]] who played in the 2002 Rugby World Cup, [[2002 Hong Kong Women's Sevens]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2002-03-23|title=Kiwis shut down US in Cup final|url=https://www.espn.com/rugby/story/_/id/15361042/kiwis-shut-us-cup-final|access-date=2020-06-26|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref> and [[2006 Women's Rugby World Cup]].<ref name="Women's World Cup Squad Named | YSCRugby | Women's Rugby News">{{Cite web|last=Young|first=Wendy|date=2006-05-23|title=Women's World Cup Squad Named|url=https://scrumhalfconnection.com/2006/05/23/womens-world-cup-squad-named/|access-date=2020-06-26|website=YSCRugby {{!}} Women's Rugby News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-25|title=Throwback Thursday: small margins, big lessons|url=https://www.usa.rugby/2017/05/throwback-thursday-small-margins-big-lessons/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629225648/https://www.usa.rugby/2017/05/throwback-thursday-small-margins-big-lessons/|archive-date=2020-06-29|access-date=2020-06-26|website=USA Rugby|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kristin Baja|url=https://www.usa.rugby/player/kristin-baja/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629214908/https://www.usa.rugby/player/kristin-baja/|archive-date=2020-06-29|access-date=2020-06-26|website=USA Rugby|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2009 she sustained a career ending injury in an international match against England in preparation for the 2010 World Cup. == Early life and education == Baja was born in Detroit, Michigan and is the eldest of four. Baja completed a Bachelor of Science degree at Arizona State University in 2001, both a Master of Science degree in Sustainable Systems and a Master of Urban Planning degree from the University of Michigan in 2011, and a Master of Biomimicry Degree at Arizona State University in 2023. == Professional career == Baja is most known for her work on climate resilience and environmental and social justice. She is the innovator of the concept of [https://www.resiliencehubcollaborative.org/what Resilience Hubs] which center social cohesion, relationships, and belonging in community-led and managed spaces that are retrofitted to withstand disruptions and help communities thrive.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maryland|first=C. N. S.|title=Resiliency Hubs|url=https://cnsmaryland.org/interactives/fall-2019/hubs/index.html|access-date=2025-10-21|website=CNS Maryland|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Baja|first=K|date=2019|title=Resilience Hubs. Shifting Power to Communities and Increasing Community Capacity.|url=http://resilience-hub.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/USDN_ResilienceHub.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Baja was the Climate Resilience Planner and Floodplain Manager for the City of Baltimore from 2012-2018 where she led the city’s efforts to adopt higher regulatory standards for the floodplain, mitigate impacts from the Heat Island, develop the City's first Disaster Preparedness Plan,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baja|first=K|date=2013|title=Disaster Preparedness Project and Plan (DP3)|url=https://www.adaptationclearinghouse.org/resources/baltimore-maryland-disaster-preparedness-and-planning-project-dp3-2013.html|website=Adaptation Clearinghouse}}</ref> and won several awards including a STAR Communities 5-star rating and the ASAP Prize for Progress.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-24|title=Keeping Baltimore Neighborhoods Cool|url=https://adaptationstories.com/2013/06/24/keeping-baltimore-neighborhoods-cool/|access-date=2025-10-21|website=Great American Adaptation Road Trip|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Schlachter|first=Terese|date=2015-06-18|title=Baltimore is a Five-Star City, Gets the Rating to Prove it|url=https://www.goodnewsnetwork.org/baltimore-is-a-five-star-city-gets-the-rating-to-prove-it/|access-date=2025-10-21|website=Good News Network|language=en-US}}</ref> In this role, Baja was recognized by the Obama Administration as a Champion of Change for Climate Equity in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|last=BOS_Admin|date=2016-07-15|title=Kristin Baja – Champion of Change {{!}} Baltimore Office of Sustainability|url=https://www.baltimoresustainability.org/2016/07/3086-2/|access-date=2025-10-21|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-15|title=White House names Baja (MUP ‘11) Climate Equity Champions of Change|url=https://taubmancollege.umich.edu/news/2016/07/15/white-house-names-baja-mup-11-climate-equity-champions-of-change/|access-date=2025-10-21|website=Taubman College|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Champions of Change|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/node/348761|access-date=2025-10-21|website=The White House|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Peltier|first=Laurel|date=2016-07-14|title=Baltimore Fishbowl {{!}} Baltimore’s Kristin Baja Honored By White House for Climate Leadership -|url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-kristin-baja-honored-white-house-climate-leadership/|access-date=2025-10-21|website=Baltimore Fishbowl|language=en-US}}</ref> Baja became the Senior Director of Innovation and Support for the Urban Sustainability Directors Network from 2018-2024. During this time she created the New and Improved All Hazard Mitigation Plan,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baja|first=K|date=2023|title=New and Improved All Hazard Mitigation Plan|url=https://www.usdn.org/projects/all-hazard-mitigation-plans.html|access-date=2025-10-21|website=www.usdn.org}}</ref> the Game of Extremes<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baja|first=Ki|title=Urban Sustainability Directors Network, Game of Extremes|url=https://www.usdn.org/projects/climate-trainings.html|access-date=2025-10-21|website=www.usdn.org}}</ref> / Floods<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Game of Floods {{!}} DVRPC|url=https://www.dvrpc.org/resiliency/caf/gof/|access-date=2025-10-21|website=www.dvrpc.org|archive-date=2025-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806222621/https://www.dvrpc.org/resiliency/caf/gof/|url-status=dead}}</ref> / Heat Training Series, the Nexus Framework,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baja|first=K|date=2021|title=The Nexus|url=https://www.usdn.org/uploads/cms/documents/_usdn_nexus_document_draft_wm_3-26-21.pdf}}</ref> the Resilience Hubs Video Series,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baja|first=K|last2=Morgan|first2=Jensen|date=2021-2024|title=Resilience Hub Video Series|url=https://www.usdn.org/resilience-hubs/resilience-hub-video-series.html|website=USDN Resilience Hub Video Series}}</ref> and the support guidelines for local governments to support community-led Resilience Hubs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Baja|first=K|date=2019|title=Guide to Developing Resilience Hubs|url=https://resilience-hub.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/USDN_ResilienceHubsGuidance-1.pdf|website=www.resilience-hub.org}}</ref> She also helped design the racial equity training series and pilot innovative projects with practitioners throughout North America. In 2024 Baja founded Embodied Ecosystem and entered into a co-Executive Director role. She continues to lead special projects such as the Resilience Hub Collaborative, Bridging and Belonging, and Regenerative Justice. She is part of the Biomimicry Professionals Program where she weaves together traditional ecological knowledge and natures wisdom through somatic experience and embodiment. In recent years Baja has built upon deep relationships with Native Hawaiians and Indigenous Tribes in South and Central America to deepen her practice of traditional ecological knowledge, nature’s wisdom, and spiritual practices for collective liberation. Baja is a public speaker who regularly keynotes at conferences and events both nationally and internationally including NY Climate Week and Conference of Parties (COP).<ref>{{Cite web|title=2022 Speakers|url=https://www.midwestsustainabilitysummit.org/speakers2022|access-date=2025-10-21|website=MRSS|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Resilience hubs topic of Mayor’s Sustainability Speaker Series on Thursday|url=https://www.mauicounty.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=16058|access-date=2025-10-21|website=Maui County|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Cimpatico|title=Resilience Hubs: Community Resilience in Times of Crises|date=2021-01-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6LXjzuUZqI|access-date=2025-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Connections Between Climate Change and Racial Inequity {{!}} CannonDesign|url=https://www.cannondesign.com/perspectives/exploring-the-connections-between-climate-change-and-racial-inequity-with-kristin-baja|access-date=2025-10-21|website=www.cannondesign.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Resiliency in the Face of Climate Change: Sea Talk with Kristin Baja : Hub Hawaii Events|url=https://hubhawaii.com/events/view/bfbhbbige/|access-date=2025-10-21|website=hubhawaii.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2024 Keynote Speakers – ISSST|url=https://issst.net/keynotes-2024/|access-date=2025-10-21|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rugby career == [[File:Baja Rugby.jpg|thumb|Baja, Flyhalf for USA Women's Rugby National Team]] Baja began playing rugby her freshman year of college at Arizona State University. She quickly accelerated in the sport and played for ASU and Southern California Select Side from 1997-2001. In 1999 she made the Under-23 US National Team and was asked to join the US National Team at a tournament in 2000. Baja represented the United States on the US Women’s National Rugby Team from 2000-2010. Baja played in the [[:en:2002_Women's_Rugby_World_Cup_squads|2002 Rugby World Cup]], 2002 Rugby World Cup Sevens, and 2006 Rugby World Cup. She also played in several tours with the United States and captained the team from 2007-2009. In 2009 she sustained a career ending injury in an international match against England in preparation for the 2010 World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Young|first=Wendy|date=2006-05-23|title=Women's World Cup Squad Named %|url=https://scrumhalfconnection.com/2006/05/23/womens-world-cup-squad-named/|access-date=2025-10-21|website=Your Scrumhalf Connection - Women's Rugby News|language=en-US}}</ref> Baja played for several club and select side teams including Atlantis Sevens, Auckland Marist Rugby Football Club in New Zealand, New York Rugby Football Club, Minnesota Valkyries, and the Washington DC Furies. She also won several National Championships including 2002 with the Midwest and 2006 with the Northeast.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2002-12-11|title=Midwest Women in dramatic All-Star win|url=https://www.espn.com/rugby/story/_/id/15364349/midwest-women-dramatic-all-star-win|access-date=2025-10-21|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Atlantis Women to Ontario Sevens 2001|url=http://www.emilito.org/rugby/atlantis/2001/t_087.html|access-date=2025-10-21|website=www.emilito.org}}</ref> == Honors and awards == * White House Champion of Change, Climate and Equity, 2016 * Senior Fellow, Environmental Leadership Program, National Cohort 2018 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kristin Baja {{!}} Environmental Leadership Program|url=https://elpnet.org/senior-fellows/id/37017|access-date=2025-10-21|website=elpnet.org}}</ref> * Fellow, Aspen Institute, 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kristin Baja's schedule for Building Resilience 2019|url=https://buildingresilience2019.sched.com/speaker/kristin_baja.1zpoqdz6|access-date=2025-10-21|website=buildingresilience2019.sched.com|language=en}}</ref> * Biomimicry Professionals Program (BPros), 2024-2026 == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Baja, Kristin}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American rugby union players]] [[Category:Rugby sevens players]] [[Category:Resilience]] [[Category:Rugby players]] ijexx3tig15i4tiu5hbrwpzu1s9pg74 0 772392 10878864 9853689 2026-06-04T17:07:17Z ~2026-33266-06 1816361 10878864 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''The Man with the Golden Gun''''' is a 1974 British spy movie directed by [[Guy Hamilton]] and is the ninth movie in the ''[[James Bond]]'' franchise. It is the second to star [[Roger Moore]] as the fictional [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]] agent James Bond and also stars [[Christopher Lee]], [[Britt Ekland]], [[Maud Adams]], [[Hervé Villechaize]], [[Clifton James]], [[Richard Loo]], [[Soon-Tek Oh]], [[Marc Lawrence]], [[Bernard Lee]], [[Lois Maxwell]], [[Marne Maitland]], [[Desmond Llewelyn]]. The movie is based on the 1965 [[The Man with the Golden Gun (novel)|novel of the same name]] by [[Ian Fleming]] and was distributed by [[United Artists]]. [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]] sings the title song of the movie. == Other websites == * {{IMDb title|0071807}} * {{tcmdb title|24273}} * {{Amg movie|31224}} * {{rotten-tomatoes|man_with_the_golden_gun}} * {{mojo title|manwiththegoldengun}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Man with the Golden Gun, The}} [[Category:1974 movies]] [[Category:1970s spy movies]] [[Category:James Bond movies]] [[Category:Movies set in China]] [[Category:Movies set in Hong Kong]] [[Category:Movies set in Thailand]] [[Category:Movies about technology]] [[Category:Movies directed by Guy Hamilton]] [[Category:Movies composed by John Barry]] [[Category:Roger Moore]] sq9w2npn5s1ke7oj5j6l0nuk8rd506z 0 778116 10878972 10863226 2026-06-04T19:40:28Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10878972 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Numen''', pl. '''numina''', is a [[Latin]] term. It is used for "divinity", a "divine presence" or a "divine will." The Latin authors defined it as follows.<ref name="lewisnumen">For a more extensive account, refer to {{Cite encyclopedia|language=Latin|encyclopedia=A Latin Dictionary|title=numen|publisher=Perseus Digital Library|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dnumen}}</ref> [[Cicero]] writes of a "divine mind" (''divina mens''), a god "whose numen everything obeys," and a "divine power" (''vis divina'') "which pervades the lives of men." It causes the motions and cries of birds during augury.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cicero/de_Divinatione/1*.html|title=De Divinatione|last=Cicero|publisher=Loeb Classical Library; penelope.uchicago.edu|at=I.119-120}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/divinatione1.shtml|title=De divinatione Prior|last=Marci Tulli Ciceronis|publisher=The Latin Library|at=I.119-120|language=Latin}}</ref> In his Aeneid, [[Virgil]] tells about the how the one-eyed giant, [[Polyphemos|Polyphemus]], is blinded: First, [[Odysseus]] and his men "ask for the assistance of the great numina" (''magna precati numina''). Reviewing public opinion of [[Augustus]] on the day of his funeral, the [[historian]] [[Tacitus]] reports that some thought "no honor was left to the gods" when he "established the cult of himself" (''se ... coli vellet'') "with temples and the effigies of numina" (''effigie numinum'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0077%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D10|title=Annales|last=C. Cornelius Tacitus|publisher=Perseus Digital Library|at=1.10|language=Latin}}</ref> [[Pliny the Younger|Pliny the younger]] in a letter to Paternus raves about the "power," the "dignity," and "the majesty;" in short, the "''numen'' of history."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0139%3Abook%3D9%3Aletter%3D27%3Asection%3D1|title=Letters|last=C. Plinius Cæcilius Secundus|publisher=Perseus Digital Library|at=9.27.1|language=Latin}}</ref> [[Lucretius]] uses the expression ''numen mentis'', or "bidding of the mind,"<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Nature of Things|last1=Lucretius|publisher=Arthur Humphries|year=1919|location=London}}</ref> where "bidding" is ''numen'', not, however, the divine numen, unless the mind is to be considered divine, but as simply human will. Since the early 20th century, numen has sometimes been treated in the history of religion as a [[Animism|pre-animistic]] phase. This is a belief system that comes from an earlier time. Sociologists also use the term ''Numen'' to refer to the idea of [[Magic|magical]] power coming from an object, particularly when writing about ideas in the western tradition. When used in this sense, ''numen'' means almost the same thing as ''mana''. However, some authors only use the word ''mana'' for ideas about magic from [[Polynesia]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. == Etymology == <blockquote>The literal meaning is simply "a nod", or more accurately,"that which is produced by nodding". In the same way, ''flamen'' is "that which is produced by blowing", ''i.e.'', a gust of wind. It came to mean "the product or expression of power" — not, be it noted, power itself.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.79665|title=Primitive Culture in Italy|last=Rose|first=H. J.|publisher=Methuen & Co.|year=1926|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.79665/page/n58 44]–45}}</ref></blockquote>''Numen'' (divinity) is not personified (although it can be a personal attribute) and should be distinguished from ''deus'' (god).<ref name="Bailey">{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18564/18564-h/18564-h.htm|title=The Religion of Ancient Rome|last=Bailey|first=Cyril|publisher=Archibald Constable & Co Ltd|year=1907}}, freely available from [[Project Gutenberg]]</ref> == Roman cults of the numina == Numen was also used in the imperial cult of [[ancient Rome]], to refer to the guardian-spirit, 'godhead' or divine power of a living emperor. It was a way of worshiping a living emperor without literally calling him a god.<ref name="Bailey"/> The cult of [[Augustus]] was promoted by [[Tiberius]], who dedicated the ''Ara Numinis Augusti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fishwick|first=Duncan|date=July 1969|title=''Genius'' and ''Numen''|journal=Harvard Theological Review|volume=62|issue=3|pages=356–367|doi=10.1017/s0017816000032405|s2cid=162517163 }} Reprinted in Fishwick, D. (1990).</ref> In this context, a distinction can be made between the terms ''numen'' and ''genius''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fishwick|first=Duncan|date=May 1970|title='Numina Augustorum|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-quarterly_1970-05_20_1/page/191|journal=The Classical Quarterly|series=New Series|volume=20|issue=1|pages=191–197|doi=10.1017/s0009838800044773|s2cid=246881554}} Reprinted in Fishwick, D. (1990).</ref> == Definition as a pre-animistic phase of religion == The expression ''Numen inest'' appears in [[Publius Ovidius Naso|Ovid]]'s ''Fasti'' (III, 296) and has been translated as 'There is a spirit here'. Its interpretation, and the exact sense of ''numen'' has been discussed extensively in the literature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rose|first=Herbert Jennings|date=October 1935|title=Nvmen inest: 'Animism' in Greek and Roman Religion|journal=Harvard Theological Review|volume=28|issue=4|pages=237–257|doi=10.1017/s0017816000023026|s2cid=162391992 }}</ref> Some people thought that numen could have been a leftover of ealier [[Animism|animist]] religions which was incorporated into the Roman religion. Sometimes the etymology of Latin names for deities, has often been popularly implied, but it was criticised as "mostly a scholarly fiction" by McGeough (2004). == Numina and specific religions == The phrase "numen eris caeloque redux mirabere regna" appears on line 129 of the poem ''Metrum in Genesin'',<ref name="KreuzPseudo-Hilary2006">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaEXAQAAIAAJ|title=Pseudo-Hilarius Metrum in Genesin, Carmen de Evangelio: Einleitung, Text und Kommentar|last1=Gottfried Kreuz|last2=Pseudo-Hilary|publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften|year=2006|isbn=978-3-7001-3790-0|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref> attributed to Hilary of Arles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pavlovskis|first=Zoja|date=December 1989|title=The Pastoral World of Hilarius' "in Genesin"|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=85|issue=2|pages=121–132}}</ref> == In popular culture == In modern times, the term (referring to the Christian God) has been used in various expressions: * ''Innocue vivito, numen adest'' (Live blameless; God is here.) was the motto of [[Carl Linnaeus]],<ref name="JacksonFries2011">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWa-A--2LZEC|title=Linnaeus|last1=Benjamin Daydon Jackson|last2=Theodor Magnus Fries|date=22 December 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-03723-5|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref> taken from Ovid's Ars Amatoria (I, 640). * ''[[List of Latin phrases (N)|Nil sine numine]]'' is the [[List of U.S. state mottos|state motto]] of [[Colorado]]. Its origin could be the phrase "...non haec sine numine divum eveniunt" (...these things do not come to pass without the will of Heaven) from [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]'' (II, 777). * ''Benigno numine'' (with divine favor) is the motto of the city of [[Pittsburgh]]. * ''Numen lumen'' (God is the light) is the motto of the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] and Elon University.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kb.wisc.edu/page.php?id=11472|title=Numen Lumen / School Motto|last=University of Wisconsin-Madison Unified|date=|publisher=Kb.wisc.edu|access-date=2017-01-05|archive-date=2017-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106104335/https://kb.wisc.edu/page.php?id=11472|url-status=dead}}</ref> * The term ''numen'' appears three times (142.23, 162.13, 282.21) in [[James Joyce]]'s ''[[Finnegans Wake]]''.<ref name="HartJoyce1974">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUIOAQAAMAAJ|title=A concordance to Finnegans wake|last1=Clive Hart|last2=James Joyce|publisher=P. P. Appel|year=1974|isbn=9780685004722|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Animism]] * [[Lares]] * Penates * [[Sacred|Sacred (comparative religion)]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Further reading == * {{Cite book|title=The Imperial Cult in the Latin West|last=Fishwick|first=Duncan|publisher=Brill|year=1990}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70DNx6VNS74C|title=The Idea of the Holy: An Inquiry Into the Non Rational Factor in the Idea of the Divine 1926|last=Rudolf Otto|date=October 2004|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4179-7875-5|access-date=9 April 2012}} == Other websites == * [http://www.unrv.com/culture/roman-religion.php Roman religion] [[Category:History of religion]] s5we0z34d48em1dh3cde87n1o3ahzn6 0 778476 10878899 10876264 2026-06-04T18:11:19Z ~2026-33224-57 1816389 /* PBS Kids */ 10878899 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of programs currently broadcast on public television by [[PBS Kids]] on local [[PBS]] stations and the 24/7 channel in the United States. ==Current programming== * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web |title=Amazon Prime Video Is now the Exclusive Premium Subscription Streaming Home for Family-Favorite PBS KIDS Series |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/amazon-prime-video-is-now-the-exclusive-premium-subscription-streaming-home-for-family-favorite-pbs-kids-series/ |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref> * ² Co-distributed on the PBS Retro streaming channel ===Original programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Eric's Playdate'' |April 5, 1967 | |- |''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]''¹ ² |February 19, 1968 |{{refn|group=note|name=mrn|National runs ended when spinoff series ''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]'' began airing on September 3, 2012, but reruns of select episodes have since returned as of June 10, 2017 (PBS) and temporarily October 8, 2022 through February 5, 2023 (PBS Kids 24/7).}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on April 23, 2024.}} |- |''[[Sesame Street]]'' |November 10, 1969 |{{refn|group=note|name=ss|''Sesame Street'' was notably absent from PBS Kids 24/7 until the channel relaunched on January 16, 2017, due to conflicting cable broadcast rights with [[Noggin (brand)|Noggin]] and [[Sesame Workshop|Children's Television Workshop]]. <br/> Premieres moved to [[HBO]] in 2016 and [[HBO Max]] in 2020, but ''Sesame Street'' has aired consistently on public television in some capacity since its original debut. As of 2025, new episodes premiere on PBS and Netflix concurrently.}} |- |''Danny Sanchez'' |September 5, 1996 | |- |''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]''¹ |October 7, 1996 | |- |''The Book of Pooh'' |January 27, 2001 | |- |''[[Cyberchase]]''¹ |January 21, 2002 | |- |''[[Curious George (TV series)|Curious George]]'' |September 4, 2006 |{{refn|group=note|name=cg|''Curious George'' was notably absent from PBS Kids 24/7 until October 5, 2020 due to conflicting streaming rights with [[Hulu]] and [[NBCUniversal]]. <br/> Premieres moved to [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] in 2020, but ''Curious George'' has aired consistently on public television in some capacity since its original debut.}}{{Refn|group=note|name=end2024|National runs on PBS ended on September 30, 2024. Reruns continue on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Super Why!]]''¹ | rowspan="2" |September 3, 2007 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2019|National runs on PBS ended on July 12, 2019. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[WordGirl]]''¹ |{{refn|group=note|name=end2017a|National runs on PBS ended on June 2, 2017. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations with specials airing periodically on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''The Little Kids Show'' |June 7, 2008 | |- |''[[Dinosaur Train]]''¹ |September 7, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2024a|National runs on PBS ended on February 4, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Wild Kratts]]''¹ |January 3, 2011 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]''¹ |September 3, 2012 | |- |''[[Peg + Cat]]''¹ |October 7, 2013 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021a|National runs on PBS ended on October 1, 2021 with specials airing periodically through December 23, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Odd Squad (TV series)|Odd Squad]]''¹ |November 26, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |title=New Live-Action Series ODD SQUAD to Premiere on PBS KIDS This November |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140514005941/en/New-Live-Action-Series-ODD-SQUAD-to-Premiere-on-PBS-KIDS-This-November |website=www.businesswire.com |access-date=2 February 2024 |location=San Francisco, CA |language=en |date=14 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Eakin |first1=Marah |title='Odd Squad' abroad: Hit PBS Kids series expands to UK |url=https://current.org/2023/11/odd-squad-abroad-hit-pbs-kids-series-expands-to-uk/ |website=Current |access-date=2 February 2024 |date=13 November 2023 |quote=...the next season of "Odd Squad," debuting on PBS in late 2024.}}</ref><ref name="odduk">{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/brunico-issuu/docs/kidscreen_octobernovember23|title=Sinking Ship Entertainment print ad (pages 4-7)|magazine=Kidscreen (October/November 2023)|date=October 10, 2023 }}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat]]''¹ |November 25, 2015 ||{{refn|group=note|name=end2025|National runs on PBS ended on July 4, 2025. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="Cast">{{cite web|title=New PBS Kids Series Nature Cat Will Premiere November 25, 2015|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-nature-cat-will-premiere-november-25-2015/|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923090336/http://www.pbs.org/about/news/archive/2015/nature-cat-premiere/|archive-date=September 23, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |''[[Ready Jet Go!]]''¹ |February 15, 2016 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2023|National runs on PBS ended on February 3, 2023. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''Ranger Rick'' |January 23, 2017 | |- |''Forest Fun'' |November 22, 2017 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific]]''¹ |February 19, 2018 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2026|National runs on PBS ended on February 1, 2026. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref>{{cite web |date=May 18, 2017 |title=Pinkalicious & Peterrific is coming to PBS Kids next February! |url=http://dandelionmoms.com/2017/05/pinkalicious-peterrific-is-coming-to-pbs-kids-next-february/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030404/https://dandelionmoms.com/2017/05/pinkalicious-peterrific-is-coming-to-pbs-kids-next-february/ |archive-date=June 16, 2018 |access-date=September 25, 2017 |publisher=Dandelionmoms.com}}</ref> |- |''[[Let's Go Luna!]]''¹ |November 21, 2018 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2024b|National runs on PBS ended on February 4, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="AM">{{cite web|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/pbs-kids-gets-refreshed-ruff-ruffman-joe-murrays-luna-around-the-world/|title=PBS KIDS Gets Refreshed 'Ruff Ruffman,' Joe Murray's 'Luna Around the World'|author=Mercedes Milligan|work=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=July 31, 2017|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Molly of Denali]]''¹ |July 15, 2019 |<ref name="playback">[http://playbackonline.ca/2018/05/09/pbs-kids-orders-first-alaskan-native-series/ "PBS Kids orders animated series from Atomic Cartoons"]. ''[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]'', May 9, 2018.</ref> |- |''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum]]''¹ |November 11, 2019 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-xavier-riddle-and-the-secret-museum-premiering-november-11-2019/|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series XAVIER RIDDLE AND THE SECRET MUSEUM, Premiering November 11, 2019 |publisher=[[PBS]]|access-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2019 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2019) |December 7, 2019 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2022|National runs on PBS ended on September 30, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="Milligan_June2019">{{cite web |date=June 4, 2019 |first=Mercedes |last=Milligan |title=Scholastic's New 'Clifford the Big Red Dog' Launches in December |website=Animation Magazine |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/scholastics-new-clifford-the-big-red-dog-launches-in-december/ }}</ref> |- |''[[Hero Elementary]]''¹ |June 1, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2023c|National runs on PBS ended on February 2, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-hero-elementary-premiering-summer-2020/|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series HERO ELEMENTARY, Premiering Summer 2020 {{!}} PBS About|website=PBS KIDS Announces New Series HERO ELEMENTARY, Premiering Summer 2020 {{!}} PBS About|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> |- |''Agent Xero'' |July 27, 2020 | |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why]]''¹ |September 7, 2020 | |- |''[[Donkey Hodie (TV series)|Donkey Hodie]]''¹ |May 3, 2021 | |- |''[[Alma's Way]]''¹ |October 4, 2021 |<ref name="almasway">{{cite press release|title=New PBS Kids Series Alma's Way Premieres October 4|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-almas-way-premieres-october-4/|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=August 10, 2021}}</ref> |- |''[[Rosie's Rules]]''¹ |October 3, 2022 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS KIDS to Introduce New Series, ROSIE'S RULES, Premiering Fall 2022 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-to-introduce-new-series-rosies-rules-premiering-fall-2022/ |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Work It Out Wombats!]]''¹ |February 6, 2023 |<ref name="wombats">{{cite press release|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series, WORK IT OUT WOMBATS! Debuting Winter 2023|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-work-it-out-wombats-debuting-winter-2023/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Lyla in the Loop]]''¹ |February 5, 2024 |<ref name="lyla">{{cite press release|title=New PBS KIDS Series, LYLA IN THE LOOP, Launches February 5, 2024|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-lyla-in-the-loop-launches-february-5-2024/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Carl the Collector]]''¹ |November 14, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |title=CARL THE COLLECTOR, PBS KIDS' First Series Centering on an Autistic Main Character, Premieres Nov 14 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/carl-the-collector-pbs-kids-first-series-centering-on-an-autistic-main-character-premieres-nov-14/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=16 July 2024 |location=Pasadena, CA |language=en |date=15 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="carl">{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Abbey |title='Carl the Collector,' PBS Kids' First Series Led by an Autistic Character, to Premiere in Fall 2024 (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/carl-the-collector-pbs-kids-2024-premiere-1235641724/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=10 November 2023 |date=9 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Amatangelo |first1=Amy |title='Carl the Collector,' a new animated PBS series, features characters with autism |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2024-11-14/carl-the-collector-autism-pbs-kids |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=14 November 2024 |date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Skillsville]]'' |March 3, 2025 |{{refn|group=note|name=aptskillsville|''Skillsville'' aired from March 3, 2025, through January 31, 2026 on PBS Kids; Reruns are currently distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] as of February 1, 2026.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=SKILLSVILLE American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/SKILLSVILLE |website=APTonline.org |access-date=1 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="skillsville">{{cite web |title=Skillsville |url=https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/958442/detail |website=pw.myersinfosys.com |access-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109230119/https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/958442/detail |archive-date=9 January 2025 |date=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|title=Department of Education Funds TPT's New Project 'Mashopolis'|url=https://www.tpt.org/post/department-education-funds-tpts-new-project-mashopolis/|publisher=[[Twin Cities Public Television]]|date=September 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Skillsville |url=https://sphere-media.com/en/animations/skillsville/ |website=Sphere Media Productions |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Weather Hunters]]''¹ |September 8, 2025 |<ref name="roker">{{cite press release|title=WEATHER HUNTERS, New STEM Series Created by & Starring Al Roker, Launches on PBS KIDS, July 7, 2025|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/weather-hunters-new-animated-series-created-by-and-starring-al-roker-launches-on-pbs-kids-july-7/|website=[[PBS]] |access-date=22 January 2025 |date=22 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Weather Hunters Prescreening: Summer Shared Stories Series |url=https://www.pbsutah.org/blogs/events/weather-hunters-prescreening-summer-shared-stories-series/ |website=PBS Utah |access-date=18 May 2025 |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602132640/https://www.pbsutah.org/blogs/events/weather-hunters-prescreening-summer-shared-stories-series/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Phoebe & Jay]]''¹ |February 2, 2026 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Amatangelo |first1=Amy |title=After funding cuts, PBS children's programming soldiers on with 'Phoebe & Jay' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2026-02-02/pbs-childrens-television-cuts-phoebe-and-jay |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2 February 2026 |date=2 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1-link=2 February 2026 |title=New PBS Kids Program 'Phoebe & Jay' Premieres Today |url=https://www.whro.org/2026-02-02/new-pbs-kids-program-phoebe-jay-premieres-today |website=WHRO Public Media |access-date=2 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260202234300/https://www.whro.org/2026-02-02/new-pbs-kids-program-phoebe-jay-premieres-today |archive-date=2 February 2026 |language=en |date=2 February 2026}}</ref> |} ====Local reruns==== The following programs are currently airing on select local PBS stations only. They are no longer distributed nationally, but are still available for local stations to air independently. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !National run end date !Source(s) |- |''[[Reading Rainbow]]''¹ ² |July 11, 1983 |August 28, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024}} <ref>{{cite web |author1=John J. O'Connor |title=TV:'READING RAINBOW,' NEW SERIES |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/11/books/tv-reading-rainbow-new-series.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=11 July 1983}}</ref><ref name="wned">{{cite web |title=Celebrating 60 Years: WNED PBS Marks its 60th Anniversary |url=https://www.wned.org/celebrating-60-years/ |website=Buffalo Toronto Public Media |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en |date=30 March 2019 |quote=July 11, 1983 was the birth of one of WNED PBS’s most decorated series, “Reading Rainbow”.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=READING RAINBOW |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/reading-rainbow-august-28-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=28 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Barney & Friends]]'' |April 6, 1992 |November 14, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1992a|Reruns continued through August 31, 2016 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Kratts' Creatures]]''¹ ² |June 3, 1996 |June 9, 2000 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024}} |- |''[[Zoboomafoo]]''¹ ² |January 25, 1999 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1999b|Reruns continued through December 23, 2017 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024}} |- |''[[Dragon Tales]]'' |September 6, 1999 |August 31, 2010 | |- |''[[Between the Lions]]'' |April 3, 2000 |August 31, 2011 | |- |''[[Caillou]]''¹ |September 4, 2000 |December 27, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2000b|National runs ended on November 13, 2015 (PBS) and December 27, 2020 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continued through December 31, 2020 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2000) |September 4, 2000 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=clifford|National runs ended on May 30, 2014 (PBS) and October 2, 2022 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[George Shrinks]]'' |September 30, 2000 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=shrinks|''George Shrinks'' was part of the [[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch|Bookworm Bunch]] block from September 30, 2000 through September 5, 2004; meanwhile, it was aired in its own half-hour timeslot from January 6, 2003 through September 2, 2007. Reruns continued through August 2008 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Angelina Ballerina (TV series)|Angelina Ballerina]]''¹ ² |June 1, 2002 |November 15, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025c}} |- |''[[The Berenstain Bears (2002 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]''¹ ² |January 6, 2003 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=bb|National runs ended on February 1, 2009 (PBS) and September 26, 2005 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continued through September 8, 2025 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025c|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on October 31, 2025.}} <ref name="bbslm">{{cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-berenstain-bearsr-bring-40-years-of-literary-history-to-pbs-kids-with-premiere-of-15-minute-animated-tv-series-76827102.html|title=The Berenstain Bears(R) Bring 40 Years of Literary History to 'PBS KIDS' With Premiere of 15-Minute Animated TV Series|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822181921/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-berenstain-bearsr-bring-40-years-of-literary-history-to-pbs-kids-with-premiere-of-15-minute-animated-tv-series-76827102.html|access-date=January 22, 2021|archive-date=2017-08-22}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' |September 1, 2003 |April 23, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=puppy|National runs ended on September 2, 2007 (PBS) with specials airing periodically through February 14, 2014 (PBS) and April 23, 2022 (PBS Kids 24/7).}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Award-Winning PBS KIDS® Launches New Programming This Fall 2003 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/award-winning-pbs-kids-launches-new-programming-this-fall-2003-july-12-2003/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=13 March 2023 |date=12 July 2003}}</ref> |- |''[[Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks]]''¹ ² |September 7, 2003 |August 31, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025b|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on October 17, 2025.}} |- |''[[Thomas & Friends]]''² |September 5, 2004 |December 31, 2017 |{{refn|group=note|name=thomas|Premieres moved to [[Nickelodeon]] and [[Nick Jr.]] in 2017.}}<ref group="note" name="pbsretro2024" /> |- |''[[Postcards from Buster]]''¹ |October 11, 2004 |February 24, 2012 | |- |''[[Maya & Miguel]]'' |October 11, 2004 |December 31, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|name=maya|National runs ended on December 31, 2010. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[Bob the Builder]]'' |January 1, 2005 |November 6, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=bob|After originally debuting on [[Nick Jr.]] in the United States on January 15, 2001, ''Bob the Builder'' was broadcast on PBS Kids from January 1, 2005 through November 6, 2015, when the series was replaced by the [[Bob the Builder (2015 TV series)|2015 reboot series]].}} <ref>{{cite web |last1=Everhart |first1=Karen |title=PBS, producers, Comcast wed to create digital kids' channel |url=https://current.org/2004/11/pbs-producers-comcast-wed-to-create-digital-kids-channel/ |website=Current |access-date=21 January 2024 |date=1 November 2004}}</ref><ref name="bobl">{{cite web |title=Watch Bob the Builder KLRU TV Schedule KLRU-TV, Austin PBS |url=http://www.klru.org/program/bob-the-builder/ |website=www.klru.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104015431/http://www.klru.org/program/bob-the-builder/ |archive-date=4 November 2015 |date=4 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[It's a Big Big World]]''¹ |January 2, 2006 |April 30, 2010 | |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]''¹ |May 29, 2006 |November 20, 2018 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2006d|First run ended September 2, 2012, with reruns continuing through August 31, 2014 on select local PBS stations. Reruns resumed January 16, 2017 through November 20, 2018 exclusively on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Design Squad]]''¹ |February 21, 2007 |March 20, 2011 | |- |''[[WordWorld]]''¹ |September 3, 2007 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=ww|Reruns continued through July 30, 2023 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Martha Speaks (TV series)|Martha Speaks]]''¹ |rowspan=2 | September 1, 2008 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=martha|Reruns continued through November 17, 2025 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Sid the Science Kid]]''¹ |June 25, 2023 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2018|National runs ended on November 18, 2018 (PBS) and June 25, 2023 (PBS Kids 24/7).}} |- |''[[The Electric Company (2009 TV series)|The Electric Company]]'' (2009) |January 19, 2009 |August 31, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Back From the '70s, Without the Zaniness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/arts/television/19elec.html |work=The New York Times |date=January 18, 2009 |access-date=13 March 2023 |last1=Genzlinger |first1=Neil }}</ref> |- |''[[SciGirls]]''¹ |February 11, 2010 |June 23, 2023 |{{refn|group=note|name=local|Broadcasts are exclusive to select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!]]'' |September 6, 2010 |March 1, 2026 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021|National runs ended on October 1, 2021 (PBS) and March 1, 2026 (PBS Kids 24/7), with specials airing periodically through December 25, 2025. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[Splash and Bubbles]]'' |November 23, 2016 |October 2, 2022 | |- |''[[Esme & Roy]]'' |August 25, 2019 |June 27, 2021 | |- |} ===Acquired programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Milo (TV series)|Milo]]''¹ |October 1, 2024 |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}}{{refn|group=note|name=milostreaming|''Milo'' was first available on PBS Kids streaming platforms and Amazon Prime Video starting on May 13, 2024.}}<ref name="may2024"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nordyke |first1=Kimberly |title=PBS Kids Sets Spring Slate With New Series 'Tiny Time Travel' and 'Milo,' Movies Based on 'Wild Kratts' and 'Nature Cat' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/pbs-kids-tiny-time-travel-milo-wild-kratts-nature-cat-1235831431/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=25 February 2024 |date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EPISODES OF 'MILO' AVAILABLE IN THE UNITED STATES THIS FALL VIA PBS KIDS {{!}} DeAPlaneta Kids&Families |url=https://www.deaplanetakidsandfamily.com/en/episodes-milo-available-united-states-fall-pbs-kids |website=www.deaplanetakidsandfamily.com |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Milo Will Be Available on the PBS Kids Channel in the US, Starting October 1 |url=https://www.todotvnews.com/en/milo-will-be-available-on-the-pbs-kids-channel-in-the-us-starting-october-1/ |website=TTV News |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Milo' to be available on PBS Kids channel in USA |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/kids-animated-series-milo-to-be-available-on-pbs-kids-channel-in-usa/ |website=www.animationxpress.com |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref> |} ===Programming from American Public Television=== The following programs are distributed by [[American Public Television]], not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Biz Kid$]]'' |January 6, 2008 | |- |''Roey's Paintbox'' |February 4, 2015 | |- |''Kid Stew'' |May 1, 2018 | |- |''Albie's Elevator'' |rowspan=2|September 4, 2023 |<ref name="whyy2023">{{cite web |last1=Rudnesky |first1=Franki |title=WHYY debuts two new children's TV shows made in Philadelphia |url=https://www.phillyvoice.com/whyy-childrens-tv-shows-philadelphia-albies-elevator-infinite-art-hunt/ |website=PhillyVoice |publisher=WWB Holdings, LLC |access-date=25 June 2023 |date=14 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ALBIE'S ELEVATOR American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/ALBIE-S-ELEVATOR |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ALBIE'S ELEVATOR Season 2 American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/ALBIE-S-ELEVATOR-Season-2 |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- |''The Infinite Art Hunt'' |<ref name="whyy2023"/><ref>{{cite web |title=THE INFINITE ART HUNT American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/INFINITE-ART-HUNT-THE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> |- |''Mia & Codie'' |January 2, 2025 |<ref>{{cite web |title=MIA & CODIE American Public Television |url=https://aptonline.org/catalog/MIA-CODIE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MIA & CODIE Season 2 American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/MIA-CODIE-Season-2 |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- |''Vegesaurs'' |April 1, 2025 |<ref name="vegesaurs">{{cite web |title=Vegesaurs |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/VEGESAURS |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref> |} ===Programming from NETA=== The following programs are distributed by National Educational Telecommunications Association, not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Curious Crew]]'' |2017 | |- |''Into the Outdoors'' |June 3, 2020 | |- |''Let's Learn'' |December 14, 2020 | |- |''DIY Science Time'' |May 31, 2021 | |- |''Camp TV'' |June 16, 2021 | |- |''Wimee's Words'' |April 1, 2022 | |- |''Wordsville''¹ |January 10, 2025 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Wordsville |url=https://www.netaonline.org/episode/wordsville |publisher=NETA |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref> |} ===Interstitial programming=== The following interstitials run for a minute and are usually shown at the start or end of a traditional, full-form program. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''PBS Kids Rocks!'' |September 6, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|Originally known as ''DJ Hooper'' until 2015.}} |- |''You Can Be Anything!'' |2016 | |- |''You, Me, and Community'' |rowspan=2|October 1, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=You, Me & Community |url=https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/you-me-and-community |publisher=Global Mechanic |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320211312/https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/you-me-and-community |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''The Really Really Awesome Activity Challenge'' | |- |''Get Moving!'' |August 3, 2020 | |} ===Short-form programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Oh Noah!'' |April 11, 2011 |{{refn|group=note|Originally known as ''Noah Comprende''.}}<ref name="2011web">{{cite web |title=PBS Launches New Spanish Language and Music Web Series on PBSKIDSGO.ORG |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-launches-new-spanish-language-and-music-web-series-on-pbskidsgoorg/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Anthony |title=Minorities in cartoons: "Oh Noah!" |url=https://www.diversetechgeek.com/minorities-cartoons-oh-noah/ |website=Diverse Tech Geek |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=17 October 2013}}</ref> |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why]]'s [[Jorge Cham|That's So Interesting!]]''¹ |May 3, 2021 | |- |''[[Fred Rogers Productions|Through the Woods]]''¹ |June 4, 2021 | |- |''[[Jelly, Ben & Pogo]]'' |October 4, 2021 |<ref name="almasway" /> |- |''[[Molly of Denali]]: The Big Gathering''¹ |November 1, 2022 | |- |''[[City Island (TV series)|City Island]]''¹ |December 26, 2022 |<ref name="cityisland">{{cite press release|title=CITY ISLAND Shorts to Premiere on PBS KIDS, December 26, 2022|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/city-island-shorts-to-premiere-on-pbs-kids-december-26-2022/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''What Can You Become?'' |March 3, 2023 | |- |''[[Super Why!#Spin-off series|Super Why's Comic Book Adventures]]''¹ |October 18, 2023 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Y-E-S, yes, the new 'Super Why!' musical shorts will premiere on PBS Kids Oct. 18 |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2023-09-20/super-why-comic-book-adventures-pbs-kids-premiere-date |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 October 2023 |date=20 September 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Sesame Workshop|Together We Can]]'' |July 3, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stalcup |first1=Jamie |title=PBS KIDS Slates New Civics-Themed Content |url=https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/pbs-kids-slates-new-civics-themed-content/ |website=TVKIDS |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=27 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Reif |first1=Alex |title=PBS KIDS Launches Civics Music Video Series from Sesame Workshop – "Together We Can" |url=https://www.laughingplace.com/w/entertainment/pbs-kids-launches-civics-music-video-series-from-sesame-workshop-together-we-can/ |website=LaughingPlace.com |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=3 July 2024}}</ref> |- |''Acoustic Rooster: Jazzy Jams'' |April 11, 2025 | |- |''Count On June Bug!'' |March 2, 2026 | |} ===Blocks=== {| class="wikitable" sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |PBS Kids Family Night |April 21, 2017 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS Will Launch Family Night on New PBS Kids Channel |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/pbs-kids-family-night-live-streaming-daniel-tiger-1201960775/ |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=variety.com |date=January 15, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210161650/https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/pbs-kids-family-night-live-streaming-daniel-tiger-1201960775/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Elliott |first1=Belinda |title=WHRO - Don't Miss PBS Kids Family Night Every Saturday & Sunday |url=https://whro.org/kids-family/44938-pbs-kids-family-nights |website=whro.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214143451/https://whro.org/kids-family/44938-pbs-kids-family-nights |archive-date=14 February 2024 |date=12 February 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS Kids Family Nights - AZPM |url=https://www.azpm.org/s/46584-pbs-kids-family-nights/ |access-date=July 16, 2022 |website=www.azpm.org |language=en |archive-date=May 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527020411/https://www.azpm.org/s/46584-pbs-kids-family-nights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |} ==Upcoming programming== ===Original programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Super Why#Spin-off series|Super Why's Comic Book Adventures]]'' |October 5, 2026 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Milligan |first1=Mercedes |title='Super Why's Comic Book Adventures' Powers Up for October Premiere on PBS KIDS |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2026/05/super-whys-comic-book-adventures-powers-up-for-october-premiere-on-pbs-kids/ |website=Animation Magazine |access-date=6 May 2026 |date=6 May 2026}}</ref> |- |''Clifford the Big Red Dog'' (reboot) |2027 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tuchow |first1=Ryan |title=9 Story & Scholastic fetch a new Clifford series for PBS KIDS and CBC |url=https://kidscreen.com/2026/05/06/9-story-scholastic-fetch-a-new-clifford-series-for-pbs-kids-and-cbc/ |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref> |} ===Acquired programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Piripenguins'' |TBA |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Milligan |first1=Mercedes |title=PBS Distribution Picks Up 'Piripenguins' for NorAm |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2024/10/pbs-distribution-picks-up-piripenguins-for-noram/ |website=Animation Magazine |access-date=9 June 2025 |date=14 October 2024}}</ref> |} ===Special programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''The Day You Begin'' |TBA |<ref name="tdyb">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=PBS Kids Orders TV Adaptation Of Jacqueline Woodson's 'The Day You Begin' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/pbs-kids-the-day-you-begin-jacqueline-woodson-1236109102/ |website=Deadline |access-date=24 February 2025 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref> |} ==Former programming== * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org"/> * ² Co-distributed by [[Roku]] on the PBS Retro streaming channel ===PTV=== For a list of earlier children’s programming on PBS, prior to the PTV block (such as ''[[Zoom (1972 TV series)|Zoom]]'' or ''[[3-2-1 Contact]]''), see [[List of programs broadcast by PBS#Former programming|List of programs broadcast by PBS]]. ====Original programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Square One Television]]'' |January 26, 1987 |October 7, 1994 | |- |''[[Shining Time Station]]'' |January 29, 1989 |June 11, 1998 | |- |''[[Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)|Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?]]'' |September 30, 1991 |October 4, 1996 | |- |''[[Lamb Chop's Play-Along]]'' |January 13, 1992 |August 29, 1997 | |- |''[[Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)|Ghostwriter]]'' |October 4, 1992 |rowspan=2|September 5, 1999 | |- |''[[Kino's Storytime|Storytime]]'' |October 11, 1992 |{{refn|group=note|name=storytime|National run began on June 6, 1994.}} |- |''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]'' |September 10, 1994 |September 25, 1998 | |- |''[[Bill Nye the Science Guy]]'' |October 10, 1994 |September 3, 1999 | |- |''[[Katie and Orbie]]'' |October 14, 1995 |August 31, 1997 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/programs/1996/october/descriptions/october96sat.html |title=PBS National Satellite Schedule - October 1996 |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=1996-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961226093259/http://www.pbs.org/programs/1996/october/descriptions/october96sat.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/whatson/1997/09/X/19970914.html |title=PBS Schedule X Daily Schedule - 9/14/1997 |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=1999-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990224092639/http://www.pbs.org/whatson/1997/09/X/19970914.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- |''[[Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)|Where in Time is Carmen Sandiego?]]'' |October 7, 1996 |September 25, 1998 | |- |''[[The Charlie Horse Music Pizza]]'' |January 5, 1998 |September 3, 1999 | |} ====Acquired programming==== ====Programming from [[American Program Service]]==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Letter People]]'' |April 4, 1974 |April 8, 1994 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/139467227/ |title=St. Louis Post-Dispatch from St. Louis, Missouri • Page 62 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1974-04-04 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/939369905/ |title=Daily American Republic from Poplar Bluff, Missouri • 52 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-05-17 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/139548460/ |title=St. Louis Post-Dispatch from St. Louis, Missouri • Page 92 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-04-08 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''Mundo Real'' |November 7, 1975 |October 24, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/570962044/ |title=The Spokesman-Review from Spokane, Washington • 2 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1975-11-07 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/814642194/ |title=Stewart-Houston Times from Clarksville, Tennessee • 12 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1981-03-31 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/565118425/ |title=The Napa Valley Register from Napa, California • 72 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-24 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''Dragons, Wagons & Wax'' |September 17, 1977 |1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/22977977/ |title=The Morning Herald from Hagerstown, Maryland • Page 28 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1977-09-17 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/810404659/ |title=Anderson Independent-Mail from Anderson, South Carolina • 7 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1978-05-26 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/962050572/ |title=The Daily Nonpareil from Council Bluffs, Iowa • 46 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1990-11-25 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Size Small]]'' |December 4, 1982 |August 31, 1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/769829438/ |title=The Bellingham Herald from Bellingham, Washington • 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1982-11-28 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/402413156/ |title=Wisconsin State Journal from Madison, Wisconsin • 103 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-03-01 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/251618845/ |title=Stevens Point Journal from Stevens Point, Wisconsin • Page 26 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-08-30 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''The Pappenheimers'' |September 1, 1983 |August 31, 1994 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1089823278/ |title=The Sunday Oregonian Archive: Sunday, August 8, 1982 • Portland, Oregon Page 139 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1982-08-08 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref> |- |''[[The Secret City]]'' |September 2, 1985 |March 14, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/601709176/ |title=The Shreveport Journal from Shreveport, Louisiana • 61 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1985-08-30 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/251266420/ |title=Palladium-Item from Richmond, Indiana • 79 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-03-14 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''A Musical Encounter'' |September 7, 1985 |1995 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/292748994/ |title=Chillicothe Gazette from Chillicothe, Ohio • 37 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1985-09-07 |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/555996704/ |title=Hawaii Tribune-Herald from Hilo, Hawaii • 75 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1988-09-26 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Captain Kangaroo]]'' |rowspan=2|September 1, 1986 |August 31, 1993 | |- |''[[Tomes & Talismans]]'' |August 31, 1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/378456722/ |title=Austin American-Statesman from Austin, Texas • 258 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1986-08-31 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/169309650/ |title=The Philadelphia Inquirer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • Page 30 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-01-06 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/431969136/ |title=El Paso Times from El Paso, Texas • 125 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-03-17 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Storylords]]'' |September 7, 1986 |1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/535406354/ |title=Scrantonian Tribune from Scranton, Pennsylvania • 99 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1986-09-07 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/168818817/ |title=The Philadelphia Inquirer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • Page 52 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1986-11-13 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/513857931/ |title=The La Crosse Tribune from La Crosse, Wisconsin • 40 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-02-25 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Saludos'' |May 24, 1987 |April 27, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/317434133/ |title=The Central New Jersey Home News from New Brunswick, New Jersey • 142 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-05-24 |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/431792314/ |title=El Paso Times from El Paso, Texas • 137 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-04-27 |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[The Wind in the Willows (TV series)|The Wind in the Willows]]'' |September 19, 1990 |September 18, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/192328820/ |title=Star Tribune from Minneapolis, Minnesota • Page 212 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1990-09-16 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/573681773/ |title=The Spokesman-Review from Spokane, Washington • 16 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1991-09-23 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Math Vantage'' |February 5, 1993 |1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/337559698/ |title=The Sioux City Journal from Sioux City, Iowa • 39 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-02-05 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/809894897/ |title=The Tribune from San Luis Obispo, California • 135 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-05-09 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''You Can Choose!'' |May 24, 1993 |December 15, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1237249238/ |title=The Union from Sacramento, California • 60 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-05-23 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/286589927/ |title=Orem-Geneva Times from Orem, Utah • 18 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-12-15 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Gerbert (TV series)|Gerbert]]'' |June 1, 1993 |August 31, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/644013061/ |title=Fort Worth Star-Telegram from Fort Worth, Texas • 335 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-05-25 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1018470739/ |title=The Picayune Item from Picayune, Mississippi • 32 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-08-31 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Whirligig!'' |July 2, 1993 |February 12, 1995 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/911350501/ |title=The Jersey Journal from Jersey City, New Jersey • 59 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-07-02 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/774554972/ |title=The Commercial Appeal from Memphis, Tennessee • 143 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-02-12 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Shamu TV'' |September 17, 1993 |September 16, 1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/969672506/ |title=Char-Koosta News from Pablo, Montana • A10 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-11-12 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/151251474/ |title=The Akron Beacon Journal from Akron, Ohio • Page 187 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-05-15 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/916664825/ |title=The Idaho Statesman from Boise, Idaho • 40 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-05-15 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Pappyland]]'' |February 13, 1994 |September 3, 1999 | |- |''The Shelly T. Turtle Show'' |June 23, 1995 |January 30, 1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/296609711/ |title=News Journal from Mansfield, Ohio • 34 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-06-23 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/318838180/ |title=The Central New Jersey Home News from New Brunswick, New Jersey • 179 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-12-03 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107143736/ |title=The Indianapolis Star from Indianapolis, Indiana • Page 44 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-01-30 |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[The Swamp Critters of Lost Lagoon]]'' |November 4, 1995 |December 27, 1997 | |- |''Get Real!'' |March 1, 1995 |March 31, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/353047708/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 7 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/190586348/ |title=Green Bay Press-Gazette from Green Bay, Wisconsin • Page 116 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-07-09 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/276954857/ |title=Hattiesburg American from Hattiesburg, Mississippi • 115 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-11-24 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Bloopy's Buddies]]'' |January 6, 1996 |January 31, 1998 | |- |''Animal Tales'' |July 1, 1996 |June 30, 1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/438748015/ |title=Citizens' Voice from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania • 129 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-07-07 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/268706819/ |title=Pensacola News Journal from Pensacola, Florida • 122 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-07-28 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Follow the Money'' |July 6, 1997 |December 31, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1116688407/ |title=The Star-Ledger from Newark, New Jersey • 212 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-07-06 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Salty's Lighthouse]]'' |December 6, 1997 |1998 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/248335953/ |title=28 Dec 1997, Page 116 - Tallahassee Democrat at |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-12-28 |access-date=2022-06-05}}</ref> |} ====Blocks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Block title !Launch date !End date !Source(s) |- |The Game |October 7, 1996 |September 5, 1999 | |} ===PBS Kids=== ====Original programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Electric Company]]'' |October 25, 1971 |April 15, 1977 | |- |''[[3-2-1 Contact]]'' |January 14, 1980 |September 27, 1992 | |- |''[[Rosie and Jim]]'' |January 14, 1991 |July 23, 2004 | |- |''[[The Puzzle Place]]'' |January 16, 1995 |March 31, 2000 | |- |''[[Plaza Sesamo]]'' |April 3, 1995 |January 4, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|name=plaza|Broadcasts were exclusive to select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Wishbone (TV series)|Wishbone]]'' |October 9, 1995 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1995a|National run ended September 2, 2001, and resumed June 2, 2007 through September 6, 2009. Reruns continued through August 31, 2014 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Adventures from the Book of Virtues]]'' |September 2, 1996 |September 26, 2005 | |- |''[[Tots TV]]'' |October 7, 1996 |rowspan=2|September 1, 2002 | |- |''[[Theodore Tugboat]]'' |October 20, 1996 | |- |''[[Wimzie's House]]'' |September 1, 1997 |September 2, 2001 | |- |''[[Teletubbies]]'' |April 6, 1998 |August 29, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=tubbies|Premieres moved to [[Nickelodeon]] and [[Nick Jr.]] in 2015.}} |- |''[[Noddy (TV series)|Noddy]]'' |August 31, 1998 |September 1, 2002 |{{refn|group=note|name=noddy|National runs on PBS Kids 24/7 ended June 10, 2001.}} |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Zoom]]'' |January 4, 1999 |September 2, 2007 | |- |''[[Corduroy (TV series)|Corduroy]]'' | rowspan="5" |September 30, 2000 | rowspan="2" |October 28, 2001 | |- |''[[Elliot Moose (TV series)|Elliot Moose]]'' | |- |''[[Timothy Goes to School]]'' |rowspan=3|September 5, 2004 | |- |''[[Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse]]'' | |- |''[[Seven Little Monsters (TV series)|Seven Little Monsters]]'' |{{refn|group=note|name=monsters|''Seven Little Monsters'' was part of the [[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch|Bookworm Bunch]] block from September 30, 2000 through September 5, 2004; meanwhile, it was aired in the same half-hour timeslot alongside ''[[The Berenstain Bears (2002 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]'' from January 6 through September 12, 2003.}} <ref name="bbslm"/> |- |''[[Jay Jay the Jet Plane]]'' |June 11, 2001 |May 31, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=jayjay|Reruns continued through June 26, 2009 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series]]'' |September 2, 2001 |September 30, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2001a|''Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series'' aired from September 2, 2001 through October 10, 2004 (PBS Kids 24/7) and through September 4, 2005 (PBS); later reruns were distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from April 5, 2010 through September 30, 2015.}} |- |''[[Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat]]'' |September 3, 2001 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2001b|Reruns continued through August 30, 2009 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[DragonflyTV]]'' |January 19, 2002 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2002a|Reruns continued through May 29, 2019 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Liberty's Kids]]'' |September 2, 2002 |October 10, 2004 | |- |''[[Boohbah]]'' |January 19, 2004 |August 31, 2008 | |- |''[[Toopy and Binoo]]''² |January 3, 2005 |December 29, 2006 | |- |''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' |September 10, 2005 |September 6, 2009 | |- |''[[Franny's Feet]]'' |July 8, 2006 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2006a|Reruns continued through November 25, 2012 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]''¹ |April 1, 2007 |December 26, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=peep|After originally debuting on [[Discovery Kids]] and [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]] on April 10, 2004, ''Peep and the Big Wide World'' began airing locally on [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]] on August 1, 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-08-01 |title=Peep and the Big Wide World WGBH Premiere |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-peep-and-the-big-wide-w/181000638/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=The Boston Globe |pages=319}}</ref> It was later distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from April 1, 2007 through January 3, 2018; later reruns aired on PBS Kids 24/7 from January 1, 2018 through December 26, 2021.}} <ref>{{cite web |title=PEEP FAQ |url=http://www.peepandthebigwideworld.com/about/faq.html |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420080633/http://www.peepandthebigwideworld.com/about/faq.html |archive-date=20 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="peep">{{cite web |title=PEEP AND THE BIG WIDE WORLD - American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/GenreLookup/41653873E38CD1A485257281007550C7 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106004954/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/GenreLookup/41653873E38CD1A485257281007550C7 |archive-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Mama Mirabelle's Home Movies]]'' |September 8, 2007 |rowspan=2|September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2007a|Reruns continued through January 2, 2011 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Animalia (TV series)|Animalia]]'' |January 5, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2007a}} |- |''[[Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures]]'' |January 13, 2008 |May 31, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2008b|Reruns continued through October 6, 2013 on select local PBS stations.}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures PBS KIDS |url=http://pbskids.org/betsy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115082246/http://pbskids.org/betsy/ |archive-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Lomax, the Hound of Music]]'' |October 11, 2008 |December 29, 2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=KWBU Program Guide October 2008 |url=https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/73593.pdf |publisher=Baylor University |access-date=13 March 2023 |page=2 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313230938/https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/73593.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps]]''¹ ² |September 5, 2009 |November 14, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2009a|Reruns continued through January 31, 2016 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025a|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on October 10, 2025.}} |- |''[[Peg + Cat]]''¹ |October 7, 2013 |June 21, 2026 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021a|National runs on PBS ended on October 1, 2021 with specials airing periodically through December 23, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Bob the Builder (2015 TV series)|Bob the Builder]]'' (2015) |November 7, 2015 |November 20, 2018 |<ref name=bobl/><ref>{{cite web |title=Let's Go! Bob the Builder |url=https://www.ket.org/episode/BOBL%20%20000901/ |website=www.ket.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620030524/https://www.ket.org/episode/BOBL%20%20000901/ |archive-date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2015/11/7/#8:30.a.m. |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |- |''[[The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo]]''¹ |February 10, 2023 |May 10, 2024 |{{refn|gproup=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}} <ref name="elmo1">{{cite web |title=PBS Kids {{!}} TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2023/02/10/ |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510223219/https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2023/02/10/ |archive-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="elmo2">{{cite web |title=PBS Kids {{!}} TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2024/05/10/ |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510223020/https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2024/05/10/ |archive-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Mecha Builders]]'' |May 13, 2024 |April 30, 2025 |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}} <ref name="may2024">{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS on Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C6hQr0WsBlq |website=www.instagram.com |access-date=10 May 2024 |date=3 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mecha Builders |url=https://www.tpt.org/mecha-builders/ |website=Twin Cities PBS |access-date=24 April 2024 |language=en |date=23 April 2024}}</ref> |} ====Acquired programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Newton's Apple]]'' |October 15, 1983 |October 31, 1999 | |- |''[[Mark Kistler's Imagination Station]]'' |October 14, 1991 |July 10, 1998 |{{refn|group=note|name=kistler|Reboot series began airing in 2009.}} |- |''The Eddie Files'' |1995 |2000 | |- |''Ricky's Room'' |1999 |2000 | |- |''[[Mary Lou's Flip Flop Shop]]'' |August 25, 2002 |September 22, 2002 |{{refn|group=note|name=ffs|Reruns aired on the PBS HD Channel from 2004 to 2007.}} |- |''[[MythQuest]]'' |2002 |2004 | |- |''[[Nanalan']]'' |July 2006 |2013 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Pressroom - NANALAN' |url=http://pressroom.pbs.org/programs/nanalan |access-date=16 January 2024 |date=6 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106030906/http://pressroom.pbs.org/programs/nanalan |archive-date=November 6, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=nineMagazine - July/August 2013 by Nine PBS - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/nine_magazine/docs/ninemag_septoct2013 |website=issuu.com |access-date=16 January 2024 |language=en |date=27 August 2013}}</ref> |- |''[[Miffy and Friends]]'' |2007 |2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=WLIW|Syndicated to public television stations by WLIW.}} |- |''[[Shalom Sesame]]'' |October 5, 2010 |October 11, 2011 | |} ====Programming from American Public Television==== The following programs were distributed by [[American Public Television]], not PBS itself. These programs were broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Harriet's Magic Hats]]'' |September 27, 1983 |November 13, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/892020107/ |title=Centre Daily Times from State College, Pennsylvania • 32 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1983-09-27 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/353139110/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 28 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-11-13 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''Alles Gute'' |September 10, 1989 |July 31, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/298444706/ |title=The Press Democrat from Santa Rosa, California • 128 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1989-09-10 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/285885839/ |title=The Times Recorder from Zanesville, Ohio • 39 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-01-08 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/650101884/ |title=Fort Worth Star-Telegram from Fort Worth, Texas • 95|publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-07-31 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Practical Parenting'' |November 3, 1989 |January 14, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/963943586/ |title=Bristol Herald Courier from Bristol, Tennessee • 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1989-11-03 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/682335257/ |title=The Kansas City Star from Kansas City, Missouri • 48 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1992-08-24 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/613078005/ |title=The Salt Lake Tribune from Salt Lake City, Utah • 184 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2001-01-14 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''The Story of Read-Alee Deed-Alee'' |October 2, 1993 |October 1, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/312047446/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-02 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/513345643/ |title=The La Crosse Tribune from La Crosse, Wisconsin • 44 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-30 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/441633344/ |title=The Boston Globe from Boston, Massachusetts • 31 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-02-16 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Beyond the Front Page'' |November 20, 1993 |November 19, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/352959491/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 8 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-11-20 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/286882358/ |title=The Times Recorder from Zanesville, Ohio • 41 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Jack Houston's ImagineLand'' |January 5, 1994 |July 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/313304904/ |title=The Indianapolis News from Indianapolis, Indiana • 64 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-01-15 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1004569125/ |title=Bryan-College Station Eagle from Bryan, Texas • 82 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-07-30 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Kidsongs#Television series|Kidsongs]]'' |April 4, 1994 |June 30, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=KIDSONGS TELEVISION SHOW II, THE (STEREO) F American Public Television |url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/38baad26bfc77030852568f200749623?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211250/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/38baad26bfc77030852568f200749623?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Toddler rush">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Everhart Bedford |first1=Karen |title=Toddler rush, 1994 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch410.html |website=current.org |access-date=3 February 2026 |date=May 23, 1994}}</ref> |- |''[[The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon]]'' |September 18, 1994 |September 5, 1999 | |- |''Big Changes, Big Choices'' |October 27, 1994 |October 26, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/950329104/ |title=The Daily World Archive: Sunday, October 23, 1994 • Helena, Arkansas Page 15 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-10-23 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1119137853/ |title=Staten Island Advance Archive: Sunday, December 25, 1994 • Staten Island, New York Page 146 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-12-25 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref> |- |''[[The Huggabug Club]]'' |January 2, 1995 |July 28, 2000 | |- |''[[The Big Comfy Couch]]'' |January 9, 1995 |April 30, 2009 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BIG COMFY COUCH I, III-V, THE (2ND RELEASE) |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/E9A98E6B1ED7F37385257129005925CB |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406062736/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/E9A98E6B1ED7F37385257129005925CB |archive-date=6 April 2009}}</ref> |- |''Preschool Power!'' |March 25, 1995 |December 31, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/179399222/ |title=The Tribune from Seymour, Indiana • Page 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/760030598/ |title=Corpus Christi Caller-Times from Corpus Christi, Texas • 210 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-12-05 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[The Reppies]]'' |April 1, 1996 |April 30, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=PBS and APS offer new kidvid, 1996 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch612p.html#Reppies |website=current.org |access-date=3 February 2026 |date=October 12, 1996}}</ref> |- |''Crossroads Café'' |September 6, 1996 |2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/544067706/ |title=The Muscatine Journal from Muscatine, Iowa • 20 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-09-06 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1093426484/ |title=The Sunday Oregonian from Portland, Oregon • 218 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-12-21 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Cave Kids]]'' |September 29, 1996 |September 12, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/613144415/|title = The Salt Lake Tribune from Salt Lake City, Utah on September 29, 1996 · 174| date=29 September 1996}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/892828657/|title = Omaha World-Herald from Omaha, Nebraska on September 12, 1999 • 206| date=September 12, 1999}}</ref> |- |''Great Minds of Business'' |August 3, 1997 |January 7, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/355730946/ |title=The Courier from Waterloo, Iowa • 89 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-08-03 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/170392704/ |title=Chicago Tribune from Chicago, Illinois • Page 210 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-01-07 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Zoobilee Zoo]]'' |rowspan=2|September 1, 1997 |February 6, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/636447218/ |title=The Iola Register from Iola, Kansas • 9 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-08-29 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1037530370/ |title=The Review-Herald from Mammoth Lakes, California • 24 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-11-13 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/297494932/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 117 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-02-06 |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Groundling Marsh]]'' |December 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/720567415/ |title=The Bradenton Herald from Bradenton, Florida • 102 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-12-31 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[The Slow Norris]]'' |rowspan=2|November 9, 1997 |August 29, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/450451321/ |title=Public Opinion from Chambersburg, Pennsylvania • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-11-08 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/297507018/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 197 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-08-27 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Backyard Safari'' |September 28, 1999 |<ref name="Toddler rush" /> |- |''Mikhail Baryshnikov's Stories from My Childhood'' |March 15, 1998 |December 31, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/387312407/ |title=Corvallis Gazette-Times from Corvallis, Oregon • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-03-15 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/685251102/ |title=The Kansas City Star from Kansas City, Missouri • 223 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-09-06 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/173125082/ |title=The Baltimore Sun from Baltimore, Maryland • Page 90 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-11-27 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Skinnamarink TV]]'' |May 9, 1998 |September 5, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/556848216/ |title=Hawaii Tribune-Herald from Hilo, Hawaii • 109 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-05-03 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/538841124/ |title=The Daily Sentinel from Grand Junction, Colorado • 52 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-06-05 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Salsa'' |June 1, 1998 |May 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/849246972/ |title=The Macon Telegraph from Macon, Georgia • 121 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-05-31 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/983547919/ |title=The Opelika-Auburn News from Opelika, Alabama • 23 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-05-31 |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Reading Allowed'' |June 7, 1998 |August 29, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/345437146/ |title=The Times and Democrat from Orangeburg, South Carolina • 63 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-06-07 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/628836659/ |title=The Charlotte Observer from Charlotte, North Carolina • 303 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-07-05 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/79401644/ |title=The Gaffney Ledger from Gaffney, South Carolina • Page 9 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2001-08-29 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''Someday School'' |June 21, 1998 |May 31, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SOMEDAY SCHOOL II American Public Television |url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/b051d9a6411429e5852568fd00596629?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211307/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/b051d9a6411429e5852568fd00596629?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref> |- |''The Adventures of Elmer & Friends'' |September 1, 1998 |August 31, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/160383396/ |title=The Los Angeles Times from Los Angeles, California • Page 159 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-09-01 |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref> |- |''Once Upon a Tree'' |October 5, 1998 |October 4, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/195239939/ |title=Star Tribune from Minneapolis, Minnesota • Page 235 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-10-04 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/556877286/ |title=Hawaii Tribune-Herald from Hilo, Hawaii • 85 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-11-22 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Adventures with Kanga Roddy]]'' |April 4, 1999 |March 4, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=ADVENTURES WITH KANGA RODDY American Public Television |url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/0d200324edfe148b852568fd00595963?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211100/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/0d200324edfe148b852568fd00595963?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref> |- |''Wish*a*roo Park'' |June 6, 1999 |June 5, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=WISH*A*ROO PARK American Public Television |url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/0d945723eb0affc8852568fd00596b1b?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211353/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/0d945723eb0affc8852568fd00596b1b?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Hello Mrs. Cherrywinkle]]'' |July 4, 1999 |July 3, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=HELLO MRS. CHERRYWINKLE II, III, I American Public Television |url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/599bc4524eba30bf852568fd00595e70?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211237/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/599bc4524eba30bf852568fd00595e70?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Popular Mechanics for Kids]]'' |January 1, 2000 |December 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/650323934/ |title=Fort Worth Star-Telegram from Fort Worth, Texas • 64 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-01-03 |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/441605645/ |title=Albany Democrat-Herald from Albany, Oregon • 84 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-05-28 |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[The Dooley and Pals Show]]'' |April 2, 2000 |April 1, 2003 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=DOOLEY AND PALS SHOW, THE American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/5b79b380372df6e8852568f200746345?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705220433/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/5b79b380372df6e8852568f200746345?OpenDocument |archive-date=5 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="pipe2000">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Everhart Bedford |first1=Karen |last2=Little Ruhl |first2=James |last3=Collins |first3=Geneva |title=Pipeline 2000: Series in preparation for future public TV seasons, as of fall 1999 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/pipeline/pipe2000.html |website=current.org |access-date=7 September 2025 |date=November 17, 1999}}</ref> |- |''Alef...Bet...Blast-Off!'' |September 3, 2000 |September 2, 2009 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=ALEF...BET...BLAST-OFF! |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/A5EF247BEEE464648525694A006A4A6D |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806110046/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/A5EF247BEEE464648525694A006A4A6D |archive-date=6 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Redwall (TV series)|Brian Jacques' Redwall]]'' |April 1, 2001 |April 6, 2006 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|author1=Karen Everhart Bedford |title="Redwall," not for littlest kids |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch0106redwall.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625033633/https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch0106redwall.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |website=current.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |date=26 March 2001 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BRIAN JACQUES' REDWALL |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vTitle/BRIAN+JACQUES'+REDWALL |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041214083308/http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/BRIAN+JACQUES'+REDWALL |archive-date=14 December 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="pipe2001">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Everhart Bedford |first1=Karen |last2=Collins |first2=Geneva |title=Pipeline 2001: Series in preparation for future public TV seasons, as of fall 2000 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/pipeline/pipe2001.html |website=current.org |access-date=6 September 2025 |date=November 12, 2000}}</ref> |- |''[[The Toy Castle]]'' |April 6, 2003 |April 5, 2010 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=TOY CASTLE, THE |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/39144F1BB78688B485256CC500587F63 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106032115/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/39144F1BB78688B485256CC500587F63 |archive-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[There Goes a...|Real Wheels]]'' |September 7, 2003 |September 6, 2010 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=REAL WHEELS |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vTitle/REAL+WHEELS |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040622012948/http://aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/REAL+WHEELS |archive-date=22 June 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=REAL WHEELS II |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/3CCCD6CE93F4B74F85256EBC005C6F83 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106022544/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/3CCCD6CE93F4B74F85256EBC005C6F83 |archive-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''Mustard Pancakes'' |July 1, 2005 |April 7, 2008 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MUSTARD PANCAKES |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vTitle/MUSTARD+PANCAKES |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060130175854/http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/MUSTARD+PANCAKES |archive-date=30 January 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MUSTARD PANCAKES II |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/D0ED686478E14BE5852571090079031C |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318061035/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/D0ED686478E14BE5852571090079031C |archive-date=18 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="pipeline2005">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Collins |first1=Geneva |title=Pipeline 05: Current's annual survey of national programs in preparation for public television |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/pipeline/pipe05.shtml |website=current.org |access-date=5 September 2025 |date=December 13, 2004}}</ref> |- |''[[Ribert and Robert's Wonderworld]]'' |rowspan=2|September 4, 2005 |September 6, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=RIBERT & ROBERT'S WONDERWORLD |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/59A26D5AA1076F6E8525701C005F4C52 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=November 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111014855/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/59A26D5AA1076F6E8525701C005F4C52 |archive-date=11 January 2008}}</ref> |- |''Kid Fitness'' |March 31, 2010 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=KID FITNESS |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C816744CE1327AF78525701C004CE786 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111020910/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C816744CE1327AF78525701C004CE786 |archive-date=11 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=KID FITNESS II |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C83E3FEE0C8AA80E852572760060C5D6 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105201816/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C83E3FEE0C8AA80E852572760060C5D6 |archive-date=5 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Danger Rangers]]'' |September 5, 2005 |December 26, 2006 |<ref name="pipeline2006">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Collins |first1=Geneva |last2=Fischer |first2=Theodore |title=Pipeline 06: Current's annual survey of national programs in preparation for public television |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/pipeline/pipe06.shtml |website=current.org |access-date=4 September 2025 |date=December 19, 2005}}</ref> |- |''[[The Zula Patrol]]'' |September 10, 2005 |August 31, 2022 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=ZULA PATROL, THE |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C549542B4B3D4BB18525702D005AF265 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919094712/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C549542B4B3D4BB18525702D005AF265 |archive-date=19 September 2007}}</ref><ref name="pipeline2005" /> |- |''[[My Bedbugs]]'' |October 2, 2005 |October 1, 2009 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MY BEDBUGS |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/CC207E00484E6D838525705200505DF0 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111013413/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/CC207E00484E6D838525705200505DF0 |archive-date=11 January 2008}}</ref> |- |''[[Signing Time!]]'' |January 1, 2006 |September 30, 2008 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SIGNING TIME! |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/0E786760083D535C852570A700645F53 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914154909/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/0E786760083D535C852570A700645F53 |archive-date=14 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="pipeline2006" /> |- |''[[The Saddle Club]]'' |rowspan=2|September 3, 2006 |September 6, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title=SADDLE CLUB, THE American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SADDLE+CLUB+THE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911193536/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SADDLE+CLUB+THE |archive-date=11 September 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Sheira & Loli's Dittydoodle Works]]'' |May 5, 2010 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SHEIRA & LOLI'S DITTYDOODLE WORKS |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/1ABE3D3553526BB385257199007E0DFA |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111025049/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/1ABE3D3553526BB385257199007E0DFA |archive-date=11 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SHEIRA & LOLI'S DITTYDOODLE WORKS II |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/48D5624A0B2E7D1485257298005518CB |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106023433/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/48D5624A0B2E7D1485257298005518CB |archive-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[SeeMore's Playhouse]]'' |September 10, 2006 |November 2, 2009 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SEEMORE'S PLAYHOUSE |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C88726F37EA376598525719C0048DE16 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111022240/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C88726F37EA376598525719C0048DE16 |archive-date=11 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SEEMORE'S PLAYHOUSE II |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/B67DA6E54AE8A89B85257353004CC019 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105202212/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/B67DA6E54AE8A89B85257353004CC019 |archive-date=5 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''Jim Knox's Wild Zoofari'' |September 2, 2007 |September 1, 2010 |<ref name="fall2007/2008" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=JIM KNOX'S WILD ZOOFARI |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/1B0CBE629176BA4F852573150059CFC1 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230090706/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/1B0CBE629176BA4F852573150059CFC1 |archive-date=30 December 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Raggs]]'' |February 4, 2008 |February 1, 2014 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=RAGGS American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/RAGGS |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101041555/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/RAGGS |archive-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> |- |''[[Wunderkind Little Amadeus]]'' |September 7, 2008 |September 6, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=WUNDERKIND LITTLE AMADEUS |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/8CA0A1E393D3836185257473004D2C2B |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=11 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015040012/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/8CA0A1E393D3836185257473004D2C2B |archive-date=15 October 2008}}</ref> |- |''[[Bali (TV series)|Bali]]''¹ |September 12, 2010 |August 31, 2021 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BALI American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BALI |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722190935/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BALI |archive-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> |- |''[[Wild Animal Baby Explorers]]'' |October 1, 2010 |January 7, 2014 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=WILD ANIMAL BABY EXPLORERS American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/WILD+ANIMAL+BABY+EXPLORERS |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127010830/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/WILD+ANIMAL+BABY+EXPLORERS |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=WILD ANIMAL BABY EXPLORERS II American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/WILD+ANIMAL+BABY+EXPLORERS+II |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526173643/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/WILD+ANIMAL+BABY+EXPLORERS+II |archive-date=26 May 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Space Racers]]'' |May 2, 2014 |October 31, 2016 |{{refn|group=note|name=space|Premieres moved to [[Universal Kids]] in 2016.}} <ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|author=Ramin Zahed |date=October 25, 2013 |title='Space Racers' to Premiere on Public Television this Spring |url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/space-racers-premiere-public-television-spring |publisher=Animation Magazine |accessdate=July 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SPACE RACERS American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SPACE+RACERS |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011211718/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SPACE+RACERS |archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="pipeline2014">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Fischer |first1=Terry |title=Current’s annual survey of productions in the works for public TV |url=https://current.org/2013/11/currents-annual-survey-of-programs-in-the-works-for-public-tv/ |website=current.org |access-date=17 September 2025 |date=November 25, 2013}}</ref> |- |''Thomas Edison's Secret Lab'' |September 7, 2015 |September 6, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=THOMAS EDISON'S SECRET LAB American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/THOMAS+EDISON+S+SECRET+LAB |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194004/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/THOMAS+EDISON+S+SECRET+LAB |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Bug Bites (2016 TV series)|Bug Bites]]'' |January 4, 2016 |January 3, 2019 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BUG BITES American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BUG+BITES |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=14 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129143747/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BUG+BITES |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[The Mother Company|Ruby's Studio]]'' |January 7, 2016 |January 6, 2022 |<ref name="aptchildren2016">{{#invoke:cite|web|title=APT - BY GENRE: CHILDREN |url=http://www.aptonline.org/aptweb.nsf/ProgramsDisplay?ReadForm&Flag=CatalogGenre&Index=Children |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614211204/http://www.aptonline.org/aptweb.nsf/ProgramsDisplay?ReadForm&Flag=CatalogGenre&Index=Children |archive-date=14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=RUBY'S STUDIO|date=August 21, 2017 |url=https://themotherco.com/rubys-studio/ |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Ruby's Studio – American Public Television Air Times|date=February 2016 |url=https://themotherco.com/2016/02/rubys-studio-american-public-television-air-times-2/ |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Mack & Moxy]]'' |February 5, 2016 |February 16, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MACK & MOXY American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/MACK+MOXY |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=20 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229231321/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/MACK+MOXY |archive-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Lynne Cherry#Producing and Directing Young Voices for the Planet Film Series|Young Voices for the Planet]]'' |April 8, 2016 |April 7, 2019 |<ref name="aptchildren2016" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=YOUNG VOICES FOR THE PLANET: CHILDREN'S ENVIRONMENTAL LITERACY FOUNDATION|url=https://celfeducation.org/yvfp/ |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref> |} ====Programming from NETA==== The following programs are distributed by National Educational Telecommunications Association, not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Curiosity Quest]]'' |July 16, 2004 |2021 | |- |''[[The Shapies]]'' |2004 |2006 | |- |''[[Auto-B-Good]]'' |January 17, 2005 |December 23, 2005 | |- |''Kids for Positive Change'' |July 1, 2021 |June 30, 2024 | |} ====Interstitial programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''Dash's Game of the Day'' |September 4, 2006 |May 16, 2008 | |- |''Dot's Story Factory'' |September 3, 2007 |rowspan=2|October 6, 2013 | |- |''Dash's Secret Treasure'' |rowspan=2|May 19, 2008 | |- |''Music Time with [[Steve Roslonek|SteveSongs]]'' |July 18, 2022 | |- |''Dash's Dance Party'' |rowspan=2|September 7, 2009 |October 6, 2013 | |- |''Adventures with Hooper'' |September 5, 2010 | |- |''Coach Hooper'' |rowspan=3|September 6, 2010 |rowspan=3|2020 | |- |''PBS Kids Field Trip'' | |- |''Where in the World is Hooper?'' | |- |''PBS Kids Spotlight'' |January 15, 2016 |July 18, 2022 | |} ====Short-form programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Amazing Colossal Adventures of WordGirl]]'' |November 10, 2006 |October 10, 2007 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Expands Vocabulary with Wordgirl |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2006/11/pbs-expands-vocabulary-with-wordgirl/ |publisher=Animation Magazine |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=8 November 2006}}</ref> |- |''[[Pocoyo]]'' |January 4, 2010 |December 26, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=pocoyo|''Pocoyo'' was distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from January 4, 2010 through January 3, 2018, and it was aired in the same half-hour timeslot alongside ''Peep and the Big Wide World''; later reruns aired on PBS Kids 24/7 from January 1, 2018 through December 26, 2021.}}<ref name="peep/pocoyo">{{cite web |title=PEEP AND THE BIG WIDE WORLD II/POCOYO {{!}} American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/PEEP+AND+THE+BIG+WIDE+WORLD+II+POCOYO |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910074428/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/PEEP+AND+THE+BIG+WIDE+WORLD+II+POCOYO |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> |} ====Blocks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Block title !Launch date !End date !Source(s) |- |[[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch]] |September 30, 2000 |September 5, 2004 | |- |[[PBS Kids Go!]] |October 11, 2004 |rowspan=2|October 6, 2013 | |- |PBS Kids Preschool |September 4, 2006 | |} ==Special programming== Programs with marked with an asterisk (*) have been featured on the Family Night weekend primetime block on PBS Kids 24/7. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[Noddy (TV series)|Noddy: Anything Can Happen At Christmas]]'' |December 6, 1998 | |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Party with Zoom]]'' |1999 | |- |''[[Arthur's Perfect Christmas]]''* |November 23, 2000 | |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Zoom: America's Kids Respond]]'' |September 20, 2001 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Children's Series Offers Kids Ideas for Coping with the Aftermath of the Attacks On America |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-childrens-series-offers-kids-ideas-for-coping-with-the-aftermath-of-the-attacks-on-america-september-20-2001/ |access-date=12 March 2023 }}</ref> |- |''[[Barney & Friends|Barney's Christmas Star]]'' | rowspan="2" |2002 | |- |''[[Elmo's World|Elmo's World: Happy Holidays!]]'' | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur, It's Only Rock 'n' Roll]]'' |September 1, 2002 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fiasco |first1=Lance |title=The Backstreet Boys To Make Their Animated 'Arthur' Debut |url=https://idobi.com/news/the-backstreet-boys-to-make-their-animated-arthur-debut/ |website=idobi |access-date=15 September 2024 |date=29 July 2002 |archive-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915233825/https://idobi.com/news/the-backstreet-boys-to-make-their-animated-arthur-debut/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Idaho PTV Program Listing - September 2002 Schedule |url=http://www.idahoptv.org/what/channels/Sep02/Sep.html#1 |website=idahoptv.org |access-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020914044129/http://www.idahoptv.org/what/channels/Sep02/Sep.html#1 |archive-date=2002-09-14 |date=14 September 2002}}</ref> |- |[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|''Zoom: America's Kids Remember'']] |September 8, 2002 | |- |''[[Bob the Builder|Bob the Builder Snowed Under: The Bobblesberg Winter Games]]'' |December 17, 2005 | |- |''[[Arthur's Missing Pal]]'' |August 18, 2007 | |- |''[[Panwapa]]'' |2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Signals: WXXI Program Guide September 2008 |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/30900371/september-2008-wxxi |website=yumpu.com |publisher=WXXI |access-date=5 July 2023 |page=19 |language=en |date=September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WBGU-PBS KIDS Shows |url=http://wbgu.org/kids/shows |publisher=WBGU |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724022723/http://wbgu.org/kids/shows |archive-date=24 July 2008}}</ref> |- |''[[Abby in Wonderland]]'' |November 28, 2008 | |- |''[[Curious George: A Very Monkey Christmas]]''* |November 25, 2009 |<ref name="cgxmas">{{cite web |title=MONKEY AROUND THE CHRISTMAS TREE THIS HOLIDAY SEASON! FIRST EVER CURIOUS GEORGE® HOLIDAY SPECIAL A VERY MONKEY CHRISTMAS PREMIERES NOVEMBER 25TH ON PBS KIDS® |url=http://streams.wgbh.org/online/pressroom/2009_10/CuriousGeorge_MonkeyChristmas.pdf |publisher=WGBH |access-date=14 March 2023 |date=27 October 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Curious George (film)|Curious George]]'' |rowspan=2|November 23, 2011 | |- |''[[Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey!]]''* | |- |''[[List of WordGirl episodes#WordGirl%3 The Rise of Miss Power|WordGirl: The Rise of Miss Power]]''* |February 20, 2012 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Christmas!]]''* |November 21, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wolfe|first1=Jennifer|title=PBS Kids Announces 'Cat in the Hat' Christmas Special |url=https://www.awn.com/news/pbs-kids-announces-cat-hat-christmas-special |publisher=Animation World Network |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=2 November 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford's Really Big Movie]]'' |December 14, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title='CLIFFORD'S REALLY BIG MOVIE" PREMIERS ON PBS KIDS |url=http://mediaroom.scholastic.com/press-release/cliffords-really-big-movie-premiers-pbs-kids |publisher=Scholastic |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=19 November 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Sid the Science Kid#Sid the Science Kid: The Movie (2013)|Sid the Science Kid: The Movie]]''* |March 25, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Curious George episodes#Specials|Curious George Swings Into Spring]]''* |April 22, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Curious George episodes#Specials|Curious George: A Halloween Boo Fest]]''* |October 28, 2013 | |- |''[[Elmo's Christmas Countdown]]'' |November 27, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Cyberchase episodes#Season 9 (2013–14)|The Cyberchase Movie]]'' |April 15, 2014 | |- |''[[The Cookie Thief]]''* |February 16, 2015 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Steinberg|first1=Brian|title=Cookie Monster Gets First Special on PBS' Kids Lineup| date=January 19, 2015 |url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/cookie-monster-gets-first-special-on-pbs-kids-lineup-1201408785/|publisher=Variety|access-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref> |- |''[[Curious George 3: Back to the Jungle]]''* |August 17, 2015 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 4 (2015–17)|Wild Kratts: A Creature Christmas]]''* |November 25, 2015 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Camping!]]''* |July 25, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Seuss on Facebook |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/Dr.Seuss/posts/calling-all-campers-join-the-cat-in-the-hat-on-a-fun-and-frenzied-outdoor-advent/10155167750907195/ |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=25 July 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: The Movie (2016)|Odd Squad: The Movie]]''* |August 1, 2016 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Halloween!]]''* |October 28, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Milligan|first1=Mercedes|title=PBS KIDS Gets Animated for Halloween |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2016/10/pbs-kids-gets-animated-for-halloween/ |publisher=Animation Magazine |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=3 October 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 4 (2015–17)|Wild Kratts: Creatures of the Deep Sea]]''* |November 23, 2016 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Space!]]''* |December 26, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Kids Newsletter December 2016 |url=https://www.myarkansaspbs.org/kids/newsletter/december2016 |publisher=[[Arkansas PBS|AETN]] |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=December 2016 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318164323/https://www.myarkansaspbs.org/kids/newsletter/december2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood: A Tiger Family Trip]]''* |May 8, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: Back to Bortron 7]]''* |August 14, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur: D.W. and the Beastly Birthday]]''* |May 29, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 5 (2017–19)|Wild Kratts Alaska: Hero's Journey]]''* |July 24, 2017 | |- |''Wild Alaska Live''* |July 29, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur and the Haunted Tree House]]''* |October 23, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Halloween Comes to PBS KIDS with New Programming, Games and Activities for the Entire Family |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/halloween-comes-to-pbs-kids-with-new-programming-games-and-activities-for-the-entire-family/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=28 September 2017}}</ref> |- |''[[Once Upon a Sesame Street Christmas]]''* |November 22, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=CPTV Parents E-Newsletter |url=https://cptv.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/CPTV-Parents-E-Newsletter_November-2017_Thanksgiving-Edition.pdf |publisher=CPTV |access-date=14 March 2023 |date=1 November 2017}}</ref> |- |''[[The Gruffalo]]''* |rowspan=4|December 1, 2017 | |- |''[[The Gruffalo's Child]]''* | |- |''[[Stick Man]]''* | |- |''[[Room on the Broom]]''* | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: World Turned Odd (2018)|Odd Squad: World Turned Odd]]''* |January 15, 2018 | |- |''[[List of Nature Cat episodes#Specials|Nature Cat: The Return of Bad Dog Bart]]''* |July 16, 2018 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|The Daniel Tiger Movie: Won't You Be My Neighbor?]]''* |September 17, 2018 | |- |''[[Magic Light Pictures|The Highway Rat]]''* |December 7, 2018 | |- |''[[Let's Go Luna!#Special (2018)|Let's Go Luna!: Luna's Christmas Around the World]]''* |December 10, 2018 | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: Odds and Ends (2019)|Odd Squad: Odds and Ends]]''* |January 21, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Sesame Street episodes#Specials|The Magical Wand Chase: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |March 25, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Cyberchase episodes#Season 12 (2019–20)|Cyberchase: Space Waste Odyssey]]''* |April 19, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: One Small Step]]''* |June 17, 2019 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific#Specials|Pinkalicious and Peterrific: A Pinkaperfect Birthday]]''* |August 5, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Nature Cat episodes#Specials|Nature Cat: A Nature Carol]]''* |November 29, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Rhythm and Roots of Arthur]]''* |January 20, 2020 | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: Odd Beginnings (2020)|Odd Squad: Odd Beginnings]]''* |February 17, 2020 | |- |''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum#Xavier Riddle and the Secret Movie: I Am Madam President|Xavier Riddle and the Secret Movie: I Am Madam President]]''* |March 16, 2020 | |- |''[[Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate]]'' |April 14, 2020 |<ref name=playdate>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/primetime-special-sesame-street-elmos-playdate-offer-families-connection|title=Primetime Special 'Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate' to Offer Families Connection in Challenging Times|date=2020-04-08|website=[[Sesame Workshop]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 6 (2019–2021)|Wild Kratts: Amazin' Amazon Adventure]]''* |April 20, 2020 | |- |''[[When You Wish Upon A Pickle: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |July 13, 2020 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood Won't You Sing Along with Me?]]''* |August 17, 2020 | |- |''PBS Kids Talk About: Race and Racism''* |October 9, 2020 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|The Power of We: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |October 15, 2020 |<ref name=powerofwe>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/power-we-sesame-street-special-debuts-thursday-october-15-help-children|title='The Power of We: A Sesame Street Special' Debuts on Thursday, October 15, To Help Children Stand Up To Racism|date=2020-10-08|website=[[Sesame Workshop]]|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14|archive-date=2022-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524085547/https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/power-we-sesame-street-special-debuts-thursday-october-15-help-children|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|An Arthur Thanksgiving]]''* |November 16, 2020 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific#Specials|Pinkalicious and Peterrific: Cupid Calls It Quits]]''* |February 8, 2021 | |- |''[[Dinosaur Train|Dinosaur Train: Adventure Island]]''* |April 12, 2021 | |- |''[[Molly of Denali|Molly of Denali: Molly and the Great One]]''* |June 7, 2021 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 6 (2019–2021)|Wild Kratts: Cats and Dogs]]''* |July 12, 2021 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur's First Day]]''* |September 6, 2021 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|See Us Coming Together: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |November 25, 2021 | |- |''[[The Monster at the End of This Book: Starring Lovable, Furry Old Grover#Sequels and adaptations|Sesame Street: The Monster at the End of This Story]]''* |March 7, 2022 | |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why|Elinor Wonders Why: A Wonderful Journey]]''* |April 18, 2022 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood: Daniel Visits a New Neighborhood]]''* |June 20, 2022 | |- |''[[Curious George (franchise)|Curious George 4: Royal Monkey]]''* | rowspan="2" |July 1, 2022 | |- |''[[Curious George (franchise)|Curious George 5: Go West, Go Wild]]''* | |- |''[[Sesame Street|Sesame Street: Furry Friends Forever: Elmo Gets a Puppy]]''* |March 13, 2023 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: Space Camp]]''* |July 20, 2023 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|Sesame Street: The Nutcracker: Starring Elmo & Tango]]''* |December 2, 2023 | |- |''[[Tad Hills|Rocket Saves the Day]]''* |December 26, 2023 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=PBS Kids Takes Off With TV Movie 'Rocket Saves The Day' |url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/pbs-kids-tv-movie-rocket-saves-the-day-thunderbird-entertainment-1235557216/ |website=Deadline |access-date=7 January 2024 |date=28 September 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Wild Kratts|Wild Kratts: Our Blue and Green World]]''* |April 1, 2024 |<ref name="apr24">{{cite web |author1=PBS Publicity |title=PBS KIDS Kicks Off Spring with a Slate of New Content for the Whole Family |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-kicks-off-spring-with-a-slate-of-new-content-for-the-whole-family/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=24 April 2024 |location=Arlington, VA |language=en |date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="apr24a">{{cite web |title=More Spring Fun with LPB and PBS KIDS! |url=https://www.lpb.org/newsletters/parent-newsletter-apr2024 |website=Louisiana Public Broadcasting |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424011342/https://www.lpb.org/newsletters/parent-newsletter-apr2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat|Nature Cat’s Nature Movie Special Extraordinaire]]'' |April 22, 2024 |<ref name="apr24"/><ref name="apr24a"/> |- |''[[The Okee Dokee Brothers|Brambletown]]''* |July 26, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nelson |first1=Dustin |title=Family music duo, The Okee Dokee Brothers, bring new film to PBS |url=https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-lifestyle/family-music-duo-the-okee-dokee-brothers-bring-new-film-to-pbs |website=Bring Me The News |access-date=27 July 2024 |language=en |date=22 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Starks |first1=Tiara |title=Joe Mailander of The Okee Dokee Brothers on creating PBS KIDS' Brambletown, making music, and myths |url=https://theparentwatch.com/posts/joe-mailander-the-okee-dokee-brothers-brambletown-01j15d06pjh7 |website=The Parent Watch |access-date=27 July 2024 |date=26 July 2024}}</ref> |- |''Mystery League''* |March 22, 2025 |<ref name="mysteryleague">{{cite web |title=Mystery League |url=https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/959334/detail |website=pw.myersinfosys.com |access-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109230041/https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/959334/detail |archive-date=9 January 2025 |date=9 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat|Nature Cat: The Nature-Tastic Four Movie]]'' |April 3, 2025 | |- |''Acoustic Rooster and His Barnyard Band'' |May 1, 2025 |<ref name="rooster">{{cite press release|title=PBS KIDS to Debut ACOUSTIC ROOSTER, Based on Bestselling Author Kwame Alexander's Children's Book|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-to-debut-acoustic-rooster-based-on-bestselling-author-kwame-alexanders-childrens-book/|website=[[PBS]]|access-date=24 February 2025|date=24 February 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[The Jim Henson Company|Wowsabout]]'' |May 1, 2026 |<ref>{{cite web |title=THE WOW IS WHAT IT’S ALL ABOUT! THE JIM HENSON COMPANY PRODUCES “WOWSABOUT” FOR PBS KIDS – Jim Henson |url=https://www.henson.com/the-wow-is-what-its-all-about-the-jim-henson-company-produces-wowsabout-for-pbs-kids-all-new-puppet-preschool-special-celebrates-the-emotion-of-awe/ |website=www.henson.com |access-date=12 February 2026 |location=Los Angeles, CA |date=10 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tuchow |first1=Ryan |title=PBS KIDS greenlights a Henson special set in Sequoia National Park |url=https://kidscreen.com/2026/02/10/pbs-kids-greenlights-a-henson-special-set-in-sequoia-national-park/ |website=Kidscreen |access-date=12 February 2026 |date=10 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Schedule Program - WGTE Public Media |url=https://www.wgte.org/schedules/program/kids/wowsabout/episode-0/05-02-2026/19-00-00 |website=www.wgte.org |access-date=2 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |} ===Special programming from American Public Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[Davy Jones' Locker]]'' |November 1, 1997 | |- |''[[Barney's Great Adventure]]'' |October 1, 2000 | |- |''[[Redwall (TV series)|The Redwall Movie]]'' |c. 2002 |<ref name="apt2002">{{cite web |title=APT DOMESTIC CATALOG |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/bpt?OpenView&Start=1&Count=30&Expand=6#6 |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021128103250/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/bpt?OpenView&Start=1&Count=30&Expand=6#6 |archive-date=28 November 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[The Star of Christmas|VeggieTales: The Star of Christmas]]'' |December 23, 2002 |<ref name="apt2002"/> |- |''[[Duke and the Great Pie War|VeggieTales: Duke and the Great Pie War]]'' |April 1, 2005 |<ref>{{cite web |title=VEGGIETALES: DUKE AND THE GREAT PIE WAR |url=http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/VEGGIETALES:+DUKE+AND+THE+GREAT+PIE+WAR |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305095835/http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/VEGGIETALES:+DUKE+AND+THE+GREAT+PIE+WAR |archive-date=5 March 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Heidi 4 Paws|Heidi 4 Paws: A Furry Tale]]'' |November 23, 2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=WTTW NATIONAL PRODUCTIONS PRESENTS HEIDI 4 PAWS: A FURRY TALE |url=https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=7,4,1,1,1,50 |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006000446/https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=7,4,1,1,1,50 |archive-date=6 October 2009}}</ref> |- |''Science Mission 101'' |February 1, 2010 | |- |rowspan=2|''[[Scientastic!]]'' |September 2, 2010 | |- |April 2014 | |- |''[[Biz Kids]]: Three Minutes to Change the World'' |May 20, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title=BIZ KID$ -- THREE MINUTES TO CHANGE THE WORLD American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BIZ+KID+--+THREE+MINUTES+TO+CHANGE+THE+WORLD |website=aptonline.org |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526235909/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BIZ+KID+--+THREE+MINUTES+TO+CHANGE+THE+WORLD |archive-date=26 May 2012 |date=26 May 2012}}</ref> |- |''Lost Treasure Hunt'' |October 1, 2014 | |} ===Acquired special programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving]]'' |November 22, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=acbt|Aired twice (November 22, 2020 and November 21, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Apple & PBS Team Up For Broadcasts of "A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving" & "A Charlie Brown Christmas" |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/apple-pbs-team-up-for-broadcasts-of-a-charlie-brown-thanksgiving-a-charlie-brown-christmas/ |work=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[A Charlie Brown Christmas]]'' |December 13, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=acbc|Aired twice (December 13, 2020 and December 19, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto1"/> |- |''[[It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown]]'' |October 24, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=itgpcb|Aired only once (October 24, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown Will Not Air on Broadcast TV This Year |url=https://comicbook.com/horror/news/charlie-brown-great-pumpkin-halloween-streaming-apple-tv-plus/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Horror |date=October 11, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |- |''MeteoHeroes: The Adventure Begins - Earth Day Special'' |April 22, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=KVIE|Syndicated to public television stations by KVIE.}}<ref name="meteo">{{cite web |date=May 1, 2022|title=MeteoHeroes Premieres on PBS on Earth Day and Inspires New Environmental Awards|url=https://www.anbmedia.com/news/2022/05/meteoheroes-pbs-earth-day/ |work=aNb Media}}</ref> |} ==Web-exclusive programming== The following programming is exclusive to PBS Kids web-based platforms, such as the PBS Kids website, PBS Kids Video app, and other streaming platforms. This content is not broadcast by PBS Kids and has never been aired on television. * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org"/> ===Short-form programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Release date !End date !Source(s) |- |''Wilson & Ditch: Digging America'' |Fall 2009 |2018 |<ref>{{cite web |title='WILSON & DITCH: DIGGING AMERICA' NEW PBS CHILDREN'S WEB-ONLY SOCIAL STUDIES SERIES ON PBSKIDSGO.ORG THIS FALL (August 2, 2009) |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/wilson-ditch-digging-america-new-pbs-childrens-web-only-social-studies-series-on-pbskidsgoorg-this-fall-august-2-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=2 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''Fizzy's Lunch Lab'' |November 16, 2009 |February 2021 |<ref>{{cite web |title=LAUGHTER IS THE KEY INGREDIENT IN FIZZY'S LUNCH LAB," A NEW HEALTH-THEMED WEB-ONLY PROPERTY LAUNCHING NOVEMBER 16 ON PBSKIDSGO.ORG |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/laughter-is-the-key-ingredient-in-fizzys-lunch-lab-a-new-health-themed-web-only-property-launching-november-16-on-pbskidsgoorg-september-30-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=30 September 2009}}</ref> |- |''Chuck Vanderchuck's "Something Something" Explosion'' |2011 |2018 |<ref name="2011web"/> |- |''[[Plum Landing]]''¹ |April 22, 2014 | rowspan="10" |present |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Longwell |first1=Todd |title=PBS Kids explores Earth with cross-platform environmental series |url=https://kidscreen.com/2014/04/22/pbs-kids-explores-earth-with-cross-platform-environmental-series/ |website=Kidscreen |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS Debuts New Web-original Property and Free App: PLUM LANDING |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-debuts-new-web-original-property-and-free-app-plum-landing/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=4 May 2024 |language=en |date=22 April 2014}}</ref> |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman#Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius|Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius]]'' |November 26, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wgbhkids.com/ruff-ruffman-humble-media-genius/|title=Ruff Ruffman|date=15 May 2014|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102809/https://wgbhkids.com/ruff-ruffman-humble-media-genius/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[The Ruff Ruffman Show]]''¹ |September 28, 2017 |<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-the-return-of-fan-favorite-with-new-digital-series-the-ruff-ruffman-show/ PBS KIDS Announces the Return of Fan Favorite with New Digital Series: THE RUFF RUFFMAN SHOW. "PBS.org"]. Accessed November 20, 2017.</ref> |- |''PBS Kids Talk About'' |2018 | |- |''Scribbles and Ink''¹ |December 16, 2019 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roettgers |first1=Janko |title=PBS Kids Launches Interactive Online Series 'Scribbles and Ink' |url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/pbs-kids-scribbles-ink-interactive-series-1203445850/ |website=Variety |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=17 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scribbles & Ink |url=https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/scribbles-and-ink |website=Global Mechanic |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504221116/https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/scribbles-and-ink |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman#Team Hamster!|Team Hamster]]'' |December 28, 2020 |- |''Search It Up!'' |2020 | |- |''Mega Wow!'' |2021 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS Mega Wow will make you say Mega. Wow. |url=https://www.sisbro.com/news-blog/2021/9/9/pbs-kids-mega-wow-will-make-you-say-mega-wow |website=Sisbro Studios |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=9 September 2021}}</ref> |- |''Tiny Time Travel'' |March 15, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eakin |first1=Marah |title='Tiny Time Travel' shorts help kids learn emotional literacy |url=https://current.org/2024/03/tiny-time-travel-shorts-help-kids-learn-emotional-literacy/ |website=Current |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=26 March 2024}}</ref> |} ===Podcasts=== *''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]'' Podcast (May 22, 2007−September 19, 2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=FETCH! . Podcasts . PBS KIDS GO! |url=http://pbskids.org/fetch/show/podcasts.html |website=pbskids.org |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923144051/http://pbskids.org/fetch/show/podcasts.html |archive-date=23 September 2010 |date=23 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FETCH! with Ruff Ruffman . Podcast . PBS KIDS GO! |url=https://podbay.fm/p/fetch-with-ruff-ruffman-podcast-or-pbs-kids-go |website=podbay.fm |access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref> *''[[Molly of Denali|Molly of Denali Podcast]]'' (May 30, 2019−April 21, 2021) *''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific|The Pinkalicious & Peterrific Podcast]] ''(October 28, 2020−March 13, 2025) *''[[Odd Squad]]cast'' (December 2, 2020−December 30, 2020) *''[[Arthur|The Arthur Podcast]]'' (October 20, 2022−present) *''Keyshawn Solves It'' (May 29, 2023−June 19, 2023) *''[[123 Andrés|Jamming on the Job]]'' (September 14, 2023−present) *''[[Work It Out Wombats!|Work It Out Wombats! Podcast]]'' (January 4, 2024−present) *''[[Lyla in the Loop|Lyla’s Loopcast]]'' (May 8, 2025−present) == Notes == {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{PBS Kids shows}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List of programs broadcast by PBS Kidso}} [[Category:PBS Kids|*]] [[Category:Lists of television series by network|PBS Kids]] do7udg1pnfjtocy5dkymhbzs9h52bil 10878900 10878899 2026-06-04T18:11:45Z ~2026-33224-57 1816389 /* Original programming */ 10878900 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of programs currently broadcast on public television by [[PBS Kids]] on local [[PBS]] stations and the 24/7 channel in the United States. ==Current programming== * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web |title=Amazon Prime Video Is now the Exclusive Premium Subscription Streaming Home for Family-Favorite PBS KIDS Series |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/amazon-prime-video-is-now-the-exclusive-premium-subscription-streaming-home-for-family-favorite-pbs-kids-series/ |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref> * ² Co-distributed on the PBS Retro streaming channel ===Original programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Eric's Playdate'' |April 5, 1967 | |- |''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]''¹ ² |February 19, 1968 |{{refn|group=note|name=mrn|National runs ended when spinoff series ''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]'' began airing on September 3, 2012, but reruns of select episodes have since returned as of June 10, 2017 (PBS) and temporarily October 8, 2022 through February 5, 2023 (PBS Kids 24/7).}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on April 23, 2024.}} |- |''[[Sesame Street]]'' |November 10, 1969 |{{refn|group=note|name=ss|''Sesame Street'' was notably absent from PBS Kids 24/7 until the channel relaunched on January 16, 2017, due to conflicting cable broadcast rights with [[Noggin (brand)|Noggin]] and [[Sesame Workshop|Children's Television Workshop]]. <br/> Premieres moved to [[HBO]] in 2016 and [[HBO Max]] in 2020, but ''Sesame Street'' has aired consistently on public television in some capacity since its original debut. As of 2025, new episodes premiere on PBS and Netflix concurrently.}} |- |''Danny Sanchez'' |September 5, 1996 | |- |''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]''¹ |October 7, 1996 | |- |''The Book of Pooh'' |January 27, 2001 | |- |''[[Cyberchase]]''¹ |January 21, 2002 | |- |''[[Curious George (TV series)|Curious George]]'' |September 4, 2006 |{{refn|group=note|name=cg|''Curious George'' was notably absent from PBS Kids 24/7 until October 5, 2020 due to conflicting streaming rights with [[Hulu]] and [[NBCUniversal]]. <br/> Premieres moved to [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] in 2020, but ''Curious George'' has aired consistently on public television in some capacity since its original debut.}}{{Refn|group=note|name=end2024|National runs on PBS ended on September 30, 2024. Reruns continue on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Super Why!]]''¹ | rowspan="2" |September 3, 2007 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2019|National runs on PBS ended on July 12, 2019. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[WordGirl]]''¹ |{{refn|group=note|name=end2017a|National runs on PBS ended on June 2, 2017. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations with specials airing periodically on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''The Little Kids Show'' |June 7, 2008 | |- |''[[Dinosaur Train]]''¹ |September 7, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2024a|National runs on PBS ended on February 4, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Wild Kratts]]''¹ |January 3, 2011 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]''¹ |September 3, 2012 | |- |''[[Odd Squad (TV series)|Odd Squad]]''¹ |November 26, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |title=New Live-Action Series ODD SQUAD to Premiere on PBS KIDS This November |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140514005941/en/New-Live-Action-Series-ODD-SQUAD-to-Premiere-on-PBS-KIDS-This-November |website=www.businesswire.com |access-date=2 February 2024 |location=San Francisco, CA |language=en |date=14 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Eakin |first1=Marah |title='Odd Squad' abroad: Hit PBS Kids series expands to UK |url=https://current.org/2023/11/odd-squad-abroad-hit-pbs-kids-series-expands-to-uk/ |website=Current |access-date=2 February 2024 |date=13 November 2023 |quote=...the next season of "Odd Squad," debuting on PBS in late 2024.}}</ref><ref name="odduk">{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/brunico-issuu/docs/kidscreen_octobernovember23|title=Sinking Ship Entertainment print ad (pages 4-7)|magazine=Kidscreen (October/November 2023)|date=October 10, 2023 }}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat]]''¹ |November 25, 2015 ||{{refn|group=note|name=end2025|National runs on PBS ended on July 4, 2025. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="Cast">{{cite web|title=New PBS Kids Series Nature Cat Will Premiere November 25, 2015|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-nature-cat-will-premiere-november-25-2015/|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923090336/http://www.pbs.org/about/news/archive/2015/nature-cat-premiere/|archive-date=September 23, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |''[[Ready Jet Go!]]''¹ |February 15, 2016 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2023|National runs on PBS ended on February 3, 2023. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''Ranger Rick'' |January 23, 2017 | |- |''Forest Fun'' |November 22, 2017 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific]]''¹ |February 19, 2018 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2026|National runs on PBS ended on February 1, 2026. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref>{{cite web |date=May 18, 2017 |title=Pinkalicious & Peterrific is coming to PBS Kids next February! |url=http://dandelionmoms.com/2017/05/pinkalicious-peterrific-is-coming-to-pbs-kids-next-february/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030404/https://dandelionmoms.com/2017/05/pinkalicious-peterrific-is-coming-to-pbs-kids-next-february/ |archive-date=June 16, 2018 |access-date=September 25, 2017 |publisher=Dandelionmoms.com}}</ref> |- |''[[Let's Go Luna!]]''¹ |November 21, 2018 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2024b|National runs on PBS ended on February 4, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="AM">{{cite web|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/pbs-kids-gets-refreshed-ruff-ruffman-joe-murrays-luna-around-the-world/|title=PBS KIDS Gets Refreshed 'Ruff Ruffman,' Joe Murray's 'Luna Around the World'|author=Mercedes Milligan|work=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=July 31, 2017|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Molly of Denali]]''¹ |July 15, 2019 |<ref name="playback">[http://playbackonline.ca/2018/05/09/pbs-kids-orders-first-alaskan-native-series/ "PBS Kids orders animated series from Atomic Cartoons"]. ''[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]'', May 9, 2018.</ref> |- |''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum]]''¹ |November 11, 2019 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-xavier-riddle-and-the-secret-museum-premiering-november-11-2019/|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series XAVIER RIDDLE AND THE SECRET MUSEUM, Premiering November 11, 2019 |publisher=[[PBS]]|access-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2019 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2019) |December 7, 2019 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2022|National runs on PBS ended on September 30, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="Milligan_June2019">{{cite web |date=June 4, 2019 |first=Mercedes |last=Milligan |title=Scholastic's New 'Clifford the Big Red Dog' Launches in December |website=Animation Magazine |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/scholastics-new-clifford-the-big-red-dog-launches-in-december/ }}</ref> |- |''[[Hero Elementary]]''¹ |June 1, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2023c|National runs on PBS ended on February 2, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-hero-elementary-premiering-summer-2020/|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series HERO ELEMENTARY, Premiering Summer 2020 {{!}} PBS About|website=PBS KIDS Announces New Series HERO ELEMENTARY, Premiering Summer 2020 {{!}} PBS About|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> |- |''Agent Xero'' |July 27, 2020 | |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why]]''¹ |September 7, 2020 | |- |''[[Donkey Hodie (TV series)|Donkey Hodie]]''¹ |May 3, 2021 | |- |''[[Alma's Way]]''¹ |October 4, 2021 |<ref name="almasway">{{cite press release|title=New PBS Kids Series Alma's Way Premieres October 4|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-almas-way-premieres-october-4/|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=August 10, 2021}}</ref> |- |''[[Rosie's Rules]]''¹ |October 3, 2022 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS KIDS to Introduce New Series, ROSIE'S RULES, Premiering Fall 2022 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-to-introduce-new-series-rosies-rules-premiering-fall-2022/ |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Work It Out Wombats!]]''¹ |February 6, 2023 |<ref name="wombats">{{cite press release|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series, WORK IT OUT WOMBATS! Debuting Winter 2023|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-work-it-out-wombats-debuting-winter-2023/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Lyla in the Loop]]''¹ |February 5, 2024 |<ref name="lyla">{{cite press release|title=New PBS KIDS Series, LYLA IN THE LOOP, Launches February 5, 2024|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-lyla-in-the-loop-launches-february-5-2024/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Carl the Collector]]''¹ |November 14, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |title=CARL THE COLLECTOR, PBS KIDS' First Series Centering on an Autistic Main Character, Premieres Nov 14 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/carl-the-collector-pbs-kids-first-series-centering-on-an-autistic-main-character-premieres-nov-14/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=16 July 2024 |location=Pasadena, CA |language=en |date=15 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="carl">{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Abbey |title='Carl the Collector,' PBS Kids' First Series Led by an Autistic Character, to Premiere in Fall 2024 (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/carl-the-collector-pbs-kids-2024-premiere-1235641724/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=10 November 2023 |date=9 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Amatangelo |first1=Amy |title='Carl the Collector,' a new animated PBS series, features characters with autism |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2024-11-14/carl-the-collector-autism-pbs-kids |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=14 November 2024 |date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Skillsville]]'' |March 3, 2025 |{{refn|group=note|name=aptskillsville|''Skillsville'' aired from March 3, 2025, through January 31, 2026 on PBS Kids; Reruns are currently distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] as of February 1, 2026.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=SKILLSVILLE American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/SKILLSVILLE |website=APTonline.org |access-date=1 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="skillsville">{{cite web |title=Skillsville |url=https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/958442/detail |website=pw.myersinfosys.com |access-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109230119/https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/958442/detail |archive-date=9 January 2025 |date=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|title=Department of Education Funds TPT's New Project 'Mashopolis'|url=https://www.tpt.org/post/department-education-funds-tpts-new-project-mashopolis/|publisher=[[Twin Cities Public Television]]|date=September 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Skillsville |url=https://sphere-media.com/en/animations/skillsville/ |website=Sphere Media Productions |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Weather Hunters]]''¹ |September 8, 2025 |<ref name="roker">{{cite press release|title=WEATHER HUNTERS, New STEM Series Created by & Starring Al Roker, Launches on PBS KIDS, July 7, 2025|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/weather-hunters-new-animated-series-created-by-and-starring-al-roker-launches-on-pbs-kids-july-7/|website=[[PBS]] |access-date=22 January 2025 |date=22 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Weather Hunters Prescreening: Summer Shared Stories Series |url=https://www.pbsutah.org/blogs/events/weather-hunters-prescreening-summer-shared-stories-series/ |website=PBS Utah |access-date=18 May 2025 |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602132640/https://www.pbsutah.org/blogs/events/weather-hunters-prescreening-summer-shared-stories-series/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Phoebe & Jay]]''¹ |February 2, 2026 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Amatangelo |first1=Amy |title=After funding cuts, PBS children's programming soldiers on with 'Phoebe & Jay' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2026-02-02/pbs-childrens-television-cuts-phoebe-and-jay |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2 February 2026 |date=2 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1-link=2 February 2026 |title=New PBS Kids Program 'Phoebe & Jay' Premieres Today |url=https://www.whro.org/2026-02-02/new-pbs-kids-program-phoebe-jay-premieres-today |website=WHRO Public Media |access-date=2 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260202234300/https://www.whro.org/2026-02-02/new-pbs-kids-program-phoebe-jay-premieres-today |archive-date=2 February 2026 |language=en |date=2 February 2026}}</ref> |} ====Local reruns==== The following programs are currently airing on select local PBS stations only. They are no longer distributed nationally, but are still available for local stations to air independently. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !National run end date !Source(s) |- |''[[Reading Rainbow]]''¹ ² |July 11, 1983 |August 28, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024}} <ref>{{cite web |author1=John J. O'Connor |title=TV:'READING RAINBOW,' NEW SERIES |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/11/books/tv-reading-rainbow-new-series.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=11 July 1983}}</ref><ref name="wned">{{cite web |title=Celebrating 60 Years: WNED PBS Marks its 60th Anniversary |url=https://www.wned.org/celebrating-60-years/ |website=Buffalo Toronto Public Media |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en |date=30 March 2019 |quote=July 11, 1983 was the birth of one of WNED PBS’s most decorated series, “Reading Rainbow”.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=READING RAINBOW |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/reading-rainbow-august-28-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=28 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Barney & Friends]]'' |April 6, 1992 |November 14, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1992a|Reruns continued through August 31, 2016 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Kratts' Creatures]]''¹ ² |June 3, 1996 |June 9, 2000 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024}} |- |''[[Zoboomafoo]]''¹ ² |January 25, 1999 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1999b|Reruns continued through December 23, 2017 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024}} |- |''[[Dragon Tales]]'' |September 6, 1999 |August 31, 2010 | |- |''[[Between the Lions]]'' |April 3, 2000 |August 31, 2011 | |- |''[[Caillou]]''¹ |September 4, 2000 |December 27, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2000b|National runs ended on November 13, 2015 (PBS) and December 27, 2020 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continued through December 31, 2020 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2000) |September 4, 2000 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=clifford|National runs ended on May 30, 2014 (PBS) and October 2, 2022 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[George Shrinks]]'' |September 30, 2000 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=shrinks|''George Shrinks'' was part of the [[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch|Bookworm Bunch]] block from September 30, 2000 through September 5, 2004; meanwhile, it was aired in its own half-hour timeslot from January 6, 2003 through September 2, 2007. Reruns continued through August 2008 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Angelina Ballerina (TV series)|Angelina Ballerina]]''¹ ² |June 1, 2002 |November 15, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025c}} |- |''[[The Berenstain Bears (2002 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]''¹ ² |January 6, 2003 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=bb|National runs ended on February 1, 2009 (PBS) and September 26, 2005 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continued through September 8, 2025 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025c|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on October 31, 2025.}} <ref name="bbslm">{{cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-berenstain-bearsr-bring-40-years-of-literary-history-to-pbs-kids-with-premiere-of-15-minute-animated-tv-series-76827102.html|title=The Berenstain Bears(R) Bring 40 Years of Literary History to 'PBS KIDS' With Premiere of 15-Minute Animated TV Series|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822181921/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-berenstain-bearsr-bring-40-years-of-literary-history-to-pbs-kids-with-premiere-of-15-minute-animated-tv-series-76827102.html|access-date=January 22, 2021|archive-date=2017-08-22}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' |September 1, 2003 |April 23, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=puppy|National runs ended on September 2, 2007 (PBS) with specials airing periodically through February 14, 2014 (PBS) and April 23, 2022 (PBS Kids 24/7).}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Award-Winning PBS KIDS® Launches New Programming This Fall 2003 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/award-winning-pbs-kids-launches-new-programming-this-fall-2003-july-12-2003/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=13 March 2023 |date=12 July 2003}}</ref> |- |''[[Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks]]''¹ ² |September 7, 2003 |August 31, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025b|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on October 17, 2025.}} |- |''[[Thomas & Friends]]''² |September 5, 2004 |December 31, 2017 |{{refn|group=note|name=thomas|Premieres moved to [[Nickelodeon]] and [[Nick Jr.]] in 2017.}}<ref group="note" name="pbsretro2024" /> |- |''[[Postcards from Buster]]''¹ |October 11, 2004 |February 24, 2012 | |- |''[[Maya & Miguel]]'' |October 11, 2004 |December 31, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|name=maya|National runs ended on December 31, 2010. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[Bob the Builder]]'' |January 1, 2005 |November 6, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=bob|After originally debuting on [[Nick Jr.]] in the United States on January 15, 2001, ''Bob the Builder'' was broadcast on PBS Kids from January 1, 2005 through November 6, 2015, when the series was replaced by the [[Bob the Builder (2015 TV series)|2015 reboot series]].}} <ref>{{cite web |last1=Everhart |first1=Karen |title=PBS, producers, Comcast wed to create digital kids' channel |url=https://current.org/2004/11/pbs-producers-comcast-wed-to-create-digital-kids-channel/ |website=Current |access-date=21 January 2024 |date=1 November 2004}}</ref><ref name="bobl">{{cite web |title=Watch Bob the Builder KLRU TV Schedule KLRU-TV, Austin PBS |url=http://www.klru.org/program/bob-the-builder/ |website=www.klru.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104015431/http://www.klru.org/program/bob-the-builder/ |archive-date=4 November 2015 |date=4 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[It's a Big Big World]]''¹ |January 2, 2006 |April 30, 2010 | |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]''¹ |May 29, 2006 |November 20, 2018 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2006d|First run ended September 2, 2012, with reruns continuing through August 31, 2014 on select local PBS stations. Reruns resumed January 16, 2017 through November 20, 2018 exclusively on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Design Squad]]''¹ |February 21, 2007 |March 20, 2011 | |- |''[[WordWorld]]''¹ |September 3, 2007 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=ww|Reruns continued through July 30, 2023 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Martha Speaks (TV series)|Martha Speaks]]''¹ |rowspan=2 | September 1, 2008 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=martha|Reruns continued through November 17, 2025 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Sid the Science Kid]]''¹ |June 25, 2023 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2018|National runs ended on November 18, 2018 (PBS) and June 25, 2023 (PBS Kids 24/7).}} |- |''[[The Electric Company (2009 TV series)|The Electric Company]]'' (2009) |January 19, 2009 |August 31, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Back From the '70s, Without the Zaniness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/arts/television/19elec.html |work=The New York Times |date=January 18, 2009 |access-date=13 March 2023 |last1=Genzlinger |first1=Neil }}</ref> |- |''[[SciGirls]]''¹ |February 11, 2010 |June 23, 2023 |{{refn|group=note|name=local|Broadcasts are exclusive to select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!]]'' |September 6, 2010 |March 1, 2026 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021|National runs ended on October 1, 2021 (PBS) and March 1, 2026 (PBS Kids 24/7), with specials airing periodically through December 25, 2025. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[Splash and Bubbles]]'' |November 23, 2016 |October 2, 2022 | |- |''[[Esme & Roy]]'' |August 25, 2019 |June 27, 2021 | |- |} ===Acquired programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Milo (TV series)|Milo]]''¹ |October 1, 2024 |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}}{{refn|group=note|name=milostreaming|''Milo'' was first available on PBS Kids streaming platforms and Amazon Prime Video starting on May 13, 2024.}}<ref name="may2024"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nordyke |first1=Kimberly |title=PBS Kids Sets Spring Slate With New Series 'Tiny Time Travel' and 'Milo,' Movies Based on 'Wild Kratts' and 'Nature Cat' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/pbs-kids-tiny-time-travel-milo-wild-kratts-nature-cat-1235831431/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=25 February 2024 |date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EPISODES OF 'MILO' AVAILABLE IN THE UNITED STATES THIS FALL VIA PBS KIDS {{!}} DeAPlaneta Kids&Families |url=https://www.deaplanetakidsandfamily.com/en/episodes-milo-available-united-states-fall-pbs-kids |website=www.deaplanetakidsandfamily.com |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Milo Will Be Available on the PBS Kids Channel in the US, Starting October 1 |url=https://www.todotvnews.com/en/milo-will-be-available-on-the-pbs-kids-channel-in-the-us-starting-october-1/ |website=TTV News |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Milo' to be available on PBS Kids channel in USA |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/kids-animated-series-milo-to-be-available-on-pbs-kids-channel-in-usa/ |website=www.animationxpress.com |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref> |} ===Programming from American Public Television=== The following programs are distributed by [[American Public Television]], not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Biz Kid$]]'' |January 6, 2008 | |- |''Roey's Paintbox'' |February 4, 2015 | |- |''Kid Stew'' |May 1, 2018 | |- |''Albie's Elevator'' |rowspan=2|September 4, 2023 |<ref name="whyy2023">{{cite web |last1=Rudnesky |first1=Franki |title=WHYY debuts two new children's TV shows made in Philadelphia |url=https://www.phillyvoice.com/whyy-childrens-tv-shows-philadelphia-albies-elevator-infinite-art-hunt/ |website=PhillyVoice |publisher=WWB Holdings, LLC |access-date=25 June 2023 |date=14 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ALBIE'S ELEVATOR American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/ALBIE-S-ELEVATOR |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ALBIE'S ELEVATOR Season 2 American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/ALBIE-S-ELEVATOR-Season-2 |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- |''The Infinite Art Hunt'' |<ref name="whyy2023"/><ref>{{cite web |title=THE INFINITE ART HUNT American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/INFINITE-ART-HUNT-THE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> |- |''Mia & Codie'' |January 2, 2025 |<ref>{{cite web |title=MIA & CODIE American Public Television |url=https://aptonline.org/catalog/MIA-CODIE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MIA & CODIE Season 2 American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/MIA-CODIE-Season-2 |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- |''Vegesaurs'' |April 1, 2025 |<ref name="vegesaurs">{{cite web |title=Vegesaurs |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/VEGESAURS |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref> |} ===Programming from NETA=== The following programs are distributed by National Educational Telecommunications Association, not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Curious Crew]]'' |2017 | |- |''Into the Outdoors'' |June 3, 2020 | |- |''Let's Learn'' |December 14, 2020 | |- |''DIY Science Time'' |May 31, 2021 | |- |''Camp TV'' |June 16, 2021 | |- |''Wimee's Words'' |April 1, 2022 | |- |''Wordsville''¹ |January 10, 2025 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Wordsville |url=https://www.netaonline.org/episode/wordsville |publisher=NETA |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref> |} ===Interstitial programming=== The following interstitials run for a minute and are usually shown at the start or end of a traditional, full-form program. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''PBS Kids Rocks!'' |September 6, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|Originally known as ''DJ Hooper'' until 2015.}} |- |''You Can Be Anything!'' |2016 | |- |''You, Me, and Community'' |rowspan=2|October 1, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=You, Me & Community |url=https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/you-me-and-community |publisher=Global Mechanic |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320211312/https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/you-me-and-community |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''The Really Really Awesome Activity Challenge'' | |- |''Get Moving!'' |August 3, 2020 | |} ===Short-form programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Oh Noah!'' |April 11, 2011 |{{refn|group=note|Originally known as ''Noah Comprende''.}}<ref name="2011web">{{cite web |title=PBS Launches New Spanish Language and Music Web Series on PBSKIDSGO.ORG |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-launches-new-spanish-language-and-music-web-series-on-pbskidsgoorg/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Anthony |title=Minorities in cartoons: "Oh Noah!" |url=https://www.diversetechgeek.com/minorities-cartoons-oh-noah/ |website=Diverse Tech Geek |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=17 October 2013}}</ref> |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why]]'s [[Jorge Cham|That's So Interesting!]]''¹ |May 3, 2021 | |- |''[[Fred Rogers Productions|Through the Woods]]''¹ |June 4, 2021 | |- |''[[Jelly, Ben & Pogo]]'' |October 4, 2021 |<ref name="almasway" /> |- |''[[Molly of Denali]]: The Big Gathering''¹ |November 1, 2022 | |- |''[[City Island (TV series)|City Island]]''¹ |December 26, 2022 |<ref name="cityisland">{{cite press release|title=CITY ISLAND Shorts to Premiere on PBS KIDS, December 26, 2022|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/city-island-shorts-to-premiere-on-pbs-kids-december-26-2022/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''What Can You Become?'' |March 3, 2023 | |- |''[[Super Why!#Spin-off series|Super Why's Comic Book Adventures]]''¹ |October 18, 2023 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Y-E-S, yes, the new 'Super Why!' musical shorts will premiere on PBS Kids Oct. 18 |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2023-09-20/super-why-comic-book-adventures-pbs-kids-premiere-date |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 October 2023 |date=20 September 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Sesame Workshop|Together We Can]]'' |July 3, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stalcup |first1=Jamie |title=PBS KIDS Slates New Civics-Themed Content |url=https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/pbs-kids-slates-new-civics-themed-content/ |website=TVKIDS |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=27 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Reif |first1=Alex |title=PBS KIDS Launches Civics Music Video Series from Sesame Workshop – "Together We Can" |url=https://www.laughingplace.com/w/entertainment/pbs-kids-launches-civics-music-video-series-from-sesame-workshop-together-we-can/ |website=LaughingPlace.com |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=3 July 2024}}</ref> |- |''Acoustic Rooster: Jazzy Jams'' |April 11, 2025 | |- |''Count On June Bug!'' |March 2, 2026 | |} ===Blocks=== {| class="wikitable" sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |PBS Kids Family Night |April 21, 2017 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS Will Launch Family Night on New PBS Kids Channel |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/pbs-kids-family-night-live-streaming-daniel-tiger-1201960775/ |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=variety.com |date=January 15, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210161650/https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/pbs-kids-family-night-live-streaming-daniel-tiger-1201960775/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Elliott |first1=Belinda |title=WHRO - Don't Miss PBS Kids Family Night Every Saturday & Sunday |url=https://whro.org/kids-family/44938-pbs-kids-family-nights |website=whro.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214143451/https://whro.org/kids-family/44938-pbs-kids-family-nights |archive-date=14 February 2024 |date=12 February 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS Kids Family Nights - AZPM |url=https://www.azpm.org/s/46584-pbs-kids-family-nights/ |access-date=July 16, 2022 |website=www.azpm.org |language=en |archive-date=May 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527020411/https://www.azpm.org/s/46584-pbs-kids-family-nights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |} ==Upcoming programming== ===Original programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Super Why#Spin-off series|Super Why's Comic Book Adventures]]'' |October 5, 2026 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Milligan |first1=Mercedes |title='Super Why's Comic Book Adventures' Powers Up for October Premiere on PBS KIDS |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2026/05/super-whys-comic-book-adventures-powers-up-for-october-premiere-on-pbs-kids/ |website=Animation Magazine |access-date=6 May 2026 |date=6 May 2026}}</ref> |- |''Clifford the Big Red Dog'' (reboot) |2027 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tuchow |first1=Ryan |title=9 Story & Scholastic fetch a new Clifford series for PBS KIDS and CBC |url=https://kidscreen.com/2026/05/06/9-story-scholastic-fetch-a-new-clifford-series-for-pbs-kids-and-cbc/ |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref> |} ===Acquired programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Piripenguins'' |TBA |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Milligan |first1=Mercedes |title=PBS Distribution Picks Up 'Piripenguins' for NorAm |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2024/10/pbs-distribution-picks-up-piripenguins-for-noram/ |website=Animation Magazine |access-date=9 June 2025 |date=14 October 2024}}</ref> |} ===Special programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''The Day You Begin'' |TBA |<ref name="tdyb">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=PBS Kids Orders TV Adaptation Of Jacqueline Woodson's 'The Day You Begin' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/pbs-kids-the-day-you-begin-jacqueline-woodson-1236109102/ |website=Deadline |access-date=24 February 2025 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref> |} ==Former programming== * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org"/> * ² Co-distributed by [[Roku]] on the PBS Retro streaming channel ===PTV=== For a list of earlier children’s programming on PBS, prior to the PTV block (such as ''[[Zoom (1972 TV series)|Zoom]]'' or ''[[3-2-1 Contact]]''), see [[List of programs broadcast by PBS#Former programming|List of programs broadcast by PBS]]. ====Original programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Square One Television]]'' |January 26, 1987 |October 7, 1994 | |- |''[[Shining Time Station]]'' |January 29, 1989 |June 11, 1998 | |- |''[[Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)|Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?]]'' |September 30, 1991 |October 4, 1996 | |- |''[[Lamb Chop's Play-Along]]'' |January 13, 1992 |August 29, 1997 | |- |''[[Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)|Ghostwriter]]'' |October 4, 1992 |rowspan=2|September 5, 1999 | |- |''[[Kino's Storytime|Storytime]]'' |October 11, 1992 |{{refn|group=note|name=storytime|National run began on June 6, 1994.}} |- |''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]'' |September 10, 1994 |September 25, 1998 | |- |''[[Bill Nye the Science Guy]]'' |October 10, 1994 |September 3, 1999 | |- |''[[Katie and Orbie]]'' |October 14, 1995 |August 31, 1997 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/programs/1996/october/descriptions/october96sat.html |title=PBS National Satellite Schedule - October 1996 |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=1996-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961226093259/http://www.pbs.org/programs/1996/october/descriptions/october96sat.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/whatson/1997/09/X/19970914.html |title=PBS Schedule X Daily Schedule - 9/14/1997 |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=1999-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990224092639/http://www.pbs.org/whatson/1997/09/X/19970914.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- |''[[Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)|Where in Time is Carmen Sandiego?]]'' |October 7, 1996 |September 25, 1998 | |- |''[[The Charlie Horse Music Pizza]]'' |January 5, 1998 |September 3, 1999 | |} ====Acquired programming==== ====Programming from [[American Program Service]]==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Letter People]]'' |April 4, 1974 |April 8, 1994 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/139467227/ |title=St. Louis Post-Dispatch from St. Louis, Missouri • Page 62 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1974-04-04 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/939369905/ |title=Daily American Republic from Poplar Bluff, Missouri • 52 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-05-17 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/139548460/ |title=St. Louis Post-Dispatch from St. Louis, Missouri • Page 92 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-04-08 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''Mundo Real'' |November 7, 1975 |October 24, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/570962044/ |title=The Spokesman-Review from Spokane, Washington • 2 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1975-11-07 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/814642194/ |title=Stewart-Houston Times from Clarksville, Tennessee • 12 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1981-03-31 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/565118425/ |title=The Napa Valley Register from Napa, California • 72 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-24 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''Dragons, Wagons & Wax'' |September 17, 1977 |1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/22977977/ |title=The Morning Herald from Hagerstown, Maryland • Page 28 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1977-09-17 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/810404659/ |title=Anderson Independent-Mail from Anderson, South Carolina • 7 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1978-05-26 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/962050572/ |title=The Daily Nonpareil from Council Bluffs, Iowa • 46 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1990-11-25 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Size Small]]'' |December 4, 1982 |August 31, 1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/769829438/ |title=The Bellingham Herald from Bellingham, Washington • 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1982-11-28 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/402413156/ |title=Wisconsin State Journal from Madison, Wisconsin • 103 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-03-01 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/251618845/ |title=Stevens Point Journal from Stevens Point, Wisconsin • Page 26 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-08-30 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''The Pappenheimers'' |September 1, 1983 |August 31, 1994 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1089823278/ |title=The Sunday Oregonian Archive: Sunday, August 8, 1982 • Portland, Oregon Page 139 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1982-08-08 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref> |- |''[[The Secret City]]'' |September 2, 1985 |March 14, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/601709176/ |title=The Shreveport Journal from Shreveport, Louisiana • 61 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1985-08-30 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/251266420/ |title=Palladium-Item from Richmond, Indiana • 79 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-03-14 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''A Musical Encounter'' |September 7, 1985 |1995 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/292748994/ |title=Chillicothe Gazette from Chillicothe, Ohio • 37 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1985-09-07 |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/555996704/ |title=Hawaii Tribune-Herald from Hilo, Hawaii • 75 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1988-09-26 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Captain Kangaroo]]'' |rowspan=2|September 1, 1986 |August 31, 1993 | |- |''[[Tomes & Talismans]]'' |August 31, 1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/378456722/ |title=Austin American-Statesman from Austin, Texas • 258 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1986-08-31 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/169309650/ |title=The Philadelphia Inquirer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • Page 30 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-01-06 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/431969136/ |title=El Paso Times from El Paso, Texas • 125 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-03-17 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Storylords]]'' |September 7, 1986 |1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/535406354/ |title=Scrantonian Tribune from Scranton, Pennsylvania • 99 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1986-09-07 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/168818817/ |title=The Philadelphia Inquirer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • Page 52 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1986-11-13 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/513857931/ |title=The La Crosse Tribune from La Crosse, Wisconsin • 40 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-02-25 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Saludos'' |May 24, 1987 |April 27, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/317434133/ |title=The Central New Jersey Home News from New Brunswick, New Jersey • 142 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-05-24 |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/431792314/ |title=El Paso Times from El Paso, Texas • 137 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-04-27 |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[The Wind in the Willows (TV series)|The Wind in the Willows]]'' |September 19, 1990 |September 18, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/192328820/ |title=Star Tribune from Minneapolis, Minnesota • Page 212 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1990-09-16 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/573681773/ |title=The Spokesman-Review from Spokane, Washington • 16 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1991-09-23 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Math Vantage'' |February 5, 1993 |1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/337559698/ |title=The Sioux City Journal from Sioux City, Iowa • 39 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-02-05 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/809894897/ |title=The Tribune from San Luis Obispo, California • 135 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-05-09 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''You Can Choose!'' |May 24, 1993 |December 15, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1237249238/ |title=The Union from Sacramento, California • 60 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-05-23 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/286589927/ |title=Orem-Geneva Times from Orem, Utah • 18 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-12-15 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Gerbert (TV series)|Gerbert]]'' |June 1, 1993 |August 31, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/644013061/ |title=Fort Worth Star-Telegram from Fort Worth, Texas • 335 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-05-25 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1018470739/ |title=The Picayune Item from Picayune, Mississippi • 32 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-08-31 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Whirligig!'' |July 2, 1993 |February 12, 1995 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/911350501/ |title=The Jersey Journal from Jersey City, New Jersey • 59 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-07-02 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/774554972/ |title=The Commercial Appeal from Memphis, Tennessee • 143 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-02-12 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Shamu TV'' |September 17, 1993 |September 16, 1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/969672506/ |title=Char-Koosta News from Pablo, Montana • A10 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-11-12 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/151251474/ |title=The Akron Beacon Journal from Akron, Ohio • Page 187 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-05-15 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/916664825/ |title=The Idaho Statesman from Boise, Idaho • 40 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-05-15 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Pappyland]]'' |February 13, 1994 |September 3, 1999 | |- |''The Shelly T. Turtle Show'' |June 23, 1995 |January 30, 1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/296609711/ |title=News Journal from Mansfield, Ohio • 34 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-06-23 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/318838180/ |title=The Central New Jersey Home News from New Brunswick, New Jersey • 179 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-12-03 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107143736/ |title=The Indianapolis Star from Indianapolis, Indiana • Page 44 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-01-30 |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[The Swamp Critters of Lost Lagoon]]'' |November 4, 1995 |December 27, 1997 | |- |''Get Real!'' |March 1, 1995 |March 31, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/353047708/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 7 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/190586348/ |title=Green Bay Press-Gazette from Green Bay, Wisconsin • Page 116 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-07-09 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/276954857/ |title=Hattiesburg American from Hattiesburg, Mississippi • 115 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-11-24 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Bloopy's Buddies]]'' |January 6, 1996 |January 31, 1998 | |- |''Animal Tales'' |July 1, 1996 |June 30, 1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/438748015/ |title=Citizens' Voice from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania • 129 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-07-07 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/268706819/ |title=Pensacola News Journal from Pensacola, Florida • 122 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-07-28 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Follow the Money'' |July 6, 1997 |December 31, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1116688407/ |title=The Star-Ledger from Newark, New Jersey • 212 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-07-06 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Salty's Lighthouse]]'' |December 6, 1997 |1998 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/248335953/ |title=28 Dec 1997, Page 116 - Tallahassee Democrat at |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-12-28 |access-date=2022-06-05}}</ref> |} ====Blocks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Block title !Launch date !End date !Source(s) |- |The Game |October 7, 1996 |September 5, 1999 | |} ===PBS Kids=== ====Original programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Electric Company]]'' |October 25, 1971 |April 15, 1977 | |- |''[[3-2-1 Contact]]'' |January 14, 1980 |September 27, 1992 | |- |''[[Rosie and Jim]]'' |January 14, 1991 |July 23, 2004 | |- |''[[The Puzzle Place]]'' |January 16, 1995 |March 31, 2000 | |- |''[[Plaza Sesamo]]'' |April 3, 1995 |January 4, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|name=plaza|Broadcasts were exclusive to select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Wishbone (TV series)|Wishbone]]'' |October 9, 1995 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1995a|National run ended September 2, 2001, and resumed June 2, 2007 through September 6, 2009. Reruns continued through August 31, 2014 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Adventures from the Book of Virtues]]'' |September 2, 1996 |September 26, 2005 | |- |''[[Tots TV]]'' |October 7, 1996 |rowspan=2|September 1, 2002 | |- |''[[Theodore Tugboat]]'' |October 20, 1996 | |- |''[[Wimzie's House]]'' |September 1, 1997 |September 2, 2001 | |- |''[[Teletubbies]]'' |April 6, 1998 |August 29, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=tubbies|Premieres moved to [[Nickelodeon]] and [[Nick Jr.]] in 2015.}} |- |''[[Noddy (TV series)|Noddy]]'' |August 31, 1998 |September 1, 2002 |{{refn|group=note|name=noddy|National runs on PBS Kids 24/7 ended June 10, 2001.}} |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Zoom]]'' |January 4, 1999 |September 2, 2007 | |- |''[[Corduroy (TV series)|Corduroy]]'' | rowspan="5" |September 30, 2000 | rowspan="2" |October 28, 2001 | |- |''[[Elliot Moose (TV series)|Elliot Moose]]'' | |- |''[[Timothy Goes to School]]'' |rowspan=3|September 5, 2004 | |- |''[[Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse]]'' | |- |''[[Seven Little Monsters (TV series)|Seven Little Monsters]]'' |{{refn|group=note|name=monsters|''Seven Little Monsters'' was part of the [[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch|Bookworm Bunch]] block from September 30, 2000 through September 5, 2004; meanwhile, it was aired in the same half-hour timeslot alongside ''[[The Berenstain Bears (2002 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]'' from January 6 through September 12, 2003.}} <ref name="bbslm"/> |- |''[[Jay Jay the Jet Plane]]'' |June 11, 2001 |May 31, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=jayjay|Reruns continued through June 26, 2009 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series]]'' |September 2, 2001 |September 30, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2001a|''Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series'' aired from September 2, 2001 through October 10, 2004 (PBS Kids 24/7) and through September 4, 2005 (PBS); later reruns were distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from April 5, 2010 through September 30, 2015.}} |- |''[[Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat]]'' |September 3, 2001 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2001b|Reruns continued through August 30, 2009 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[DragonflyTV]]'' |January 19, 2002 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2002a|Reruns continued through May 29, 2019 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Liberty's Kids]]'' |September 2, 2002 |October 10, 2004 | |- |''[[Boohbah]]'' |January 19, 2004 |August 31, 2008 | |- |''[[Toopy and Binoo]]''² |January 3, 2005 |December 29, 2006 | |- |''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' |September 10, 2005 |September 6, 2009 | |- |''[[Franny's Feet]]'' |July 8, 2006 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2006a|Reruns continued through November 25, 2012 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]''¹ |April 1, 2007 |December 26, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=peep|After originally debuting on [[Discovery Kids]] and [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]] on April 10, 2004, ''Peep and the Big Wide World'' began airing locally on [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]] on August 1, 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-08-01 |title=Peep and the Big Wide World WGBH Premiere |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-peep-and-the-big-wide-w/181000638/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=The Boston Globe |pages=319}}</ref> It was later distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from April 1, 2007 through January 3, 2018; later reruns aired on PBS Kids 24/7 from January 1, 2018 through December 26, 2021.}} <ref>{{cite web |title=PEEP FAQ |url=http://www.peepandthebigwideworld.com/about/faq.html |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420080633/http://www.peepandthebigwideworld.com/about/faq.html |archive-date=20 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="peep">{{cite web |title=PEEP AND THE BIG WIDE WORLD - American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/GenreLookup/41653873E38CD1A485257281007550C7 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106004954/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/GenreLookup/41653873E38CD1A485257281007550C7 |archive-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Mama Mirabelle's Home Movies]]'' |September 8, 2007 |rowspan=2|September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2007a|Reruns continued through January 2, 2011 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Animalia (TV series)|Animalia]]'' |January 5, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2007a}} |- |''[[Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures]]'' |January 13, 2008 |May 31, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2008b|Reruns continued through October 6, 2013 on select local PBS stations.}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures PBS KIDS |url=http://pbskids.org/betsy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115082246/http://pbskids.org/betsy/ |archive-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Lomax, the Hound of Music]]'' |October 11, 2008 |December 29, 2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=KWBU Program Guide October 2008 |url=https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/73593.pdf |publisher=Baylor University |access-date=13 March 2023 |page=2 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313230938/https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/73593.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps]]''¹ ² |September 5, 2009 |November 14, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2009a|Reruns continued through January 31, 2016 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025a|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on October 10, 2025.}} |- |''[[Peg + Cat]]''¹ |October 7, 2013 |June 21, 2026 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021a|National runs on PBS ended on October 1, 2021 with specials airing periodically through December 23, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Bob the Builder (2015 TV series)|Bob the Builder]]'' (2015) |November 7, 2015 |November 20, 2018 |<ref name=bobl/><ref>{{cite web |title=Let's Go! Bob the Builder |url=https://www.ket.org/episode/BOBL%20%20000901/ |website=www.ket.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620030524/https://www.ket.org/episode/BOBL%20%20000901/ |archive-date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2015/11/7/#8:30.a.m. |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |- |''[[The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo]]''¹ |February 10, 2023 |May 10, 2024 |{{refn|gproup=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}} <ref name="elmo1">{{cite web |title=PBS Kids {{!}} TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2023/02/10/ |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510223219/https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2023/02/10/ |archive-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="elmo2">{{cite web |title=PBS Kids {{!}} TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2024/05/10/ |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510223020/https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2024/05/10/ |archive-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Mecha Builders]]'' |May 13, 2024 |April 30, 2025 |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}} <ref name="may2024">{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS on Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C6hQr0WsBlq |website=www.instagram.com |access-date=10 May 2024 |date=3 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mecha Builders |url=https://www.tpt.org/mecha-builders/ |website=Twin Cities PBS |access-date=24 April 2024 |language=en |date=23 April 2024}}</ref> |} ====Acquired programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Newton's Apple]]'' |October 15, 1983 |October 31, 1999 | |- |''[[Mark Kistler's Imagination Station]]'' |October 14, 1991 |July 10, 1998 |{{refn|group=note|name=kistler|Reboot series began airing in 2009.}} |- |''The Eddie Files'' |1995 |2000 | |- |''Ricky's Room'' |1999 |2000 | |- |''[[Mary Lou's Flip Flop Shop]]'' |August 25, 2002 |September 22, 2002 |{{refn|group=note|name=ffs|Reruns aired on the PBS HD Channel from 2004 to 2007.}} |- |''[[MythQuest]]'' |2002 |2004 | |- |''[[Nanalan']]'' |July 2006 |2013 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Pressroom - NANALAN' |url=http://pressroom.pbs.org/programs/nanalan |access-date=16 January 2024 |date=6 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106030906/http://pressroom.pbs.org/programs/nanalan |archive-date=November 6, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=nineMagazine - July/August 2013 by Nine PBS - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/nine_magazine/docs/ninemag_septoct2013 |website=issuu.com |access-date=16 January 2024 |language=en |date=27 August 2013}}</ref> |- |''[[Miffy and Friends]]'' |2007 |2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=WLIW|Syndicated to public television stations by WLIW.}} |- |''[[Shalom Sesame]]'' |October 5, 2010 |October 11, 2011 | |} ====Programming from American Public Television==== The following programs were distributed by [[American Public Television]], not PBS itself. These programs were broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Harriet's Magic Hats]]'' |September 27, 1983 |November 13, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/892020107/ |title=Centre Daily Times from State College, Pennsylvania • 32 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1983-09-27 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/353139110/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 28 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-11-13 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''Alles Gute'' |September 10, 1989 |July 31, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/298444706/ |title=The Press Democrat from Santa Rosa, California • 128 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1989-09-10 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/285885839/ |title=The Times Recorder from Zanesville, Ohio • 39 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-01-08 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/650101884/ |title=Fort Worth Star-Telegram from Fort Worth, Texas • 95|publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-07-31 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Practical Parenting'' |November 3, 1989 |January 14, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/963943586/ |title=Bristol Herald Courier from Bristol, Tennessee • 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1989-11-03 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/682335257/ |title=The Kansas City Star from Kansas City, Missouri • 48 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1992-08-24 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/613078005/ |title=The Salt Lake Tribune from Salt Lake City, Utah • 184 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2001-01-14 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''The Story of Read-Alee Deed-Alee'' |October 2, 1993 |October 1, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/312047446/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-02 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/513345643/ |title=The La Crosse Tribune from La Crosse, Wisconsin • 44 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-30 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/441633344/ |title=The Boston Globe from Boston, Massachusetts • 31 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-02-16 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Beyond the Front Page'' |November 20, 1993 |November 19, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/352959491/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 8 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-11-20 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/286882358/ |title=The Times Recorder from Zanesville, Ohio • 41 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Jack Houston's ImagineLand'' |January 5, 1994 |July 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/313304904/ |title=The Indianapolis News from Indianapolis, Indiana • 64 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-01-15 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1004569125/ |title=Bryan-College Station Eagle from Bryan, Texas • 82 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-07-30 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Kidsongs#Television series|Kidsongs]]'' |April 4, 1994 |June 30, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=KIDSONGS TELEVISION SHOW II, THE (STEREO) F American Public Television |url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/38baad26bfc77030852568f200749623?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211250/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/38baad26bfc77030852568f200749623?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Toddler rush">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Everhart Bedford |first1=Karen |title=Toddler rush, 1994 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch410.html |website=current.org |access-date=3 February 2026 |date=May 23, 1994}}</ref> |- |''[[The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon]]'' |September 18, 1994 |September 5, 1999 | |- |''Big Changes, Big Choices'' |October 27, 1994 |October 26, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/950329104/ |title=The Daily World Archive: Sunday, October 23, 1994 • Helena, Arkansas Page 15 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-10-23 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1119137853/ |title=Staten Island Advance Archive: Sunday, December 25, 1994 • Staten Island, New York Page 146 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-12-25 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref> |- |''[[The Huggabug Club]]'' |January 2, 1995 |July 28, 2000 | |- |''[[The Big Comfy Couch]]'' |January 9, 1995 |April 30, 2009 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BIG COMFY COUCH I, III-V, THE (2ND RELEASE) |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/E9A98E6B1ED7F37385257129005925CB |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406062736/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/E9A98E6B1ED7F37385257129005925CB |archive-date=6 April 2009}}</ref> |- |''Preschool Power!'' |March 25, 1995 |December 31, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/179399222/ |title=The Tribune from Seymour, Indiana • Page 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/760030598/ |title=Corpus Christi Caller-Times from Corpus Christi, Texas • 210 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-12-05 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[The Reppies]]'' |April 1, 1996 |April 30, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=PBS and APS offer new kidvid, 1996 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch612p.html#Reppies |website=current.org |access-date=3 February 2026 |date=October 12, 1996}}</ref> |- |''Crossroads Café'' |September 6, 1996 |2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/544067706/ |title=The Muscatine Journal from Muscatine, Iowa • 20 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-09-06 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1093426484/ |title=The Sunday Oregonian from Portland, Oregon • 218 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-12-21 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Cave Kids]]'' |September 29, 1996 |September 12, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/613144415/|title = The Salt Lake Tribune from Salt Lake City, Utah on September 29, 1996 · 174| date=29 September 1996}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/892828657/|title = Omaha World-Herald from Omaha, Nebraska on September 12, 1999 • 206| date=September 12, 1999}}</ref> |- |''Great Minds of Business'' |August 3, 1997 |January 7, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/355730946/ |title=The Courier from Waterloo, Iowa • 89 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-08-03 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/170392704/ |title=Chicago Tribune from Chicago, Illinois • Page 210 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-01-07 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Zoobilee Zoo]]'' |rowspan=2|September 1, 1997 |February 6, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/636447218/ |title=The Iola Register from Iola, Kansas • 9 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-08-29 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1037530370/ |title=The Review-Herald from Mammoth Lakes, California • 24 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-11-13 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/297494932/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 117 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-02-06 |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Groundling Marsh]]'' |December 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/720567415/ |title=The Bradenton Herald from Bradenton, Florida • 102 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-12-31 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[The Slow Norris]]'' |rowspan=2|November 9, 1997 |August 29, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/450451321/ |title=Public Opinion from Chambersburg, Pennsylvania • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-11-08 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/297507018/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 197 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-08-27 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Backyard Safari'' |September 28, 1999 |<ref name="Toddler rush" /> |- |''Mikhail Baryshnikov's Stories from My Childhood'' |March 15, 1998 |December 31, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/387312407/ |title=Corvallis Gazette-Times from Corvallis, Oregon • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-03-15 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/685251102/ |title=The Kansas City Star from Kansas City, Missouri • 223 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-09-06 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/173125082/ |title=The Baltimore Sun from Baltimore, Maryland • Page 90 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-11-27 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Skinnamarink TV]]'' |May 9, 1998 |September 5, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/556848216/ |title=Hawaii Tribune-Herald from Hilo, Hawaii • 109 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-05-03 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/538841124/ |title=The Daily Sentinel from Grand Junction, Colorado • 52 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-06-05 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Salsa'' |June 1, 1998 |May 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/849246972/ |title=The Macon Telegraph from Macon, Georgia • 121 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-05-31 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/983547919/ |title=The Opelika-Auburn News from Opelika, Alabama • 23 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-05-31 |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Reading Allowed'' |June 7, 1998 |August 29, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/345437146/ |title=The Times and Democrat from Orangeburg, South Carolina • 63 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-06-07 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/628836659/ |title=The Charlotte Observer from Charlotte, North Carolina • 303 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-07-05 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/79401644/ |title=The Gaffney Ledger from Gaffney, South Carolina • Page 9 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2001-08-29 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''Someday School'' |June 21, 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|url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/0d945723eb0affc8852568fd00596b1b?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211353/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/0d945723eb0affc8852568fd00596b1b?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Hello Mrs. Cherrywinkle]]'' |July 4, 1999 |July 3, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=HELLO MRS. 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|April 1, 2003 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=DOOLEY AND PALS SHOW, THE American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/5b79b380372df6e8852568f200746345?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705220433/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/5b79b380372df6e8852568f200746345?OpenDocument |archive-date=5 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="pipe2000">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Everhart Bedford |first1=Karen |last2=Little Ruhl |first2=James |last3=Collins |first3=Geneva |title=Pipeline 2000: Series in preparation for future public TV seasons, as of fall 1999 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/pipeline/pipe2000.html |website=current.org |access-date=7 September 2025 |date=November 17, 1999}}</ref> |- |''Alef...Bet...Blast-Off!'' |September 3, 2000 |September 2, 2009 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=ALEF...BET...BLAST-OFF! |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/A5EF247BEEE464648525694A006A4A6D |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806110046/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/A5EF247BEEE464648525694A006A4A6D |archive-date=6 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Redwall (TV series)|Brian Jacques' Redwall]]'' |April 1, 2001 |April 6, 2006 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|author1=Karen Everhart Bedford |title="Redwall," not for littlest kids |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch0106redwall.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625033633/https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch0106redwall.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |website=current.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |date=26 March 2001 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BRIAN JACQUES' REDWALL 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|<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MUSTARD PANCAKES |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vTitle/MUSTARD+PANCAKES |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060130175854/http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/MUSTARD+PANCAKES |archive-date=30 January 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MUSTARD PANCAKES II |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/D0ED686478E14BE5852571090079031C |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318061035/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/D0ED686478E14BE5852571090079031C |archive-date=18 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="pipeline2005">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Collins |first1=Geneva |title=Pipeline 05: Current's annual survey of national programs in preparation for public television |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/pipeline/pipe05.shtml |website=current.org |access-date=5 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2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Space Racers]]'' |May 2, 2014 |October 31, 2016 |{{refn|group=note|name=space|Premieres moved to [[Universal Kids]] in 2016.}} <ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|author=Ramin Zahed |date=October 25, 2013 |title='Space Racers' to Premiere on Public Television this Spring |url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/space-racers-premiere-public-television-spring |publisher=Animation Magazine |accessdate=July 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SPACE RACERS American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SPACE+RACERS |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011211718/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SPACE+RACERS |archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="pipeline2014">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Fischer |first1=Terry |title=Current’s annual survey of productions in the works for public TV |url=https://current.org/2013/11/currents-annual-survey-of-programs-in-the-works-for-public-tv/ |website=current.org |access-date=17 September 2025 |date=November 25, 2013}}</ref> |- |''Thomas Edison's Secret Lab'' |September 7, 2015 |September 6, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=THOMAS EDISON'S SECRET LAB American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/THOMAS+EDISON+S+SECRET+LAB |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194004/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/THOMAS+EDISON+S+SECRET+LAB |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Bug Bites (2016 TV series)|Bug Bites]]'' |January 4, 2016 |January 3, 2019 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BUG BITES American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BUG+BITES |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=14 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129143747/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BUG+BITES |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[The Mother Company|Ruby's Studio]]'' |January 7, 2016 |January 6, 2022 |<ref name="aptchildren2016">{{#invoke:cite|web|title=APT - BY GENRE: CHILDREN |url=http://www.aptonline.org/aptweb.nsf/ProgramsDisplay?ReadForm&Flag=CatalogGenre&Index=Children |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614211204/http://www.aptonline.org/aptweb.nsf/ProgramsDisplay?ReadForm&Flag=CatalogGenre&Index=Children |archive-date=14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=RUBY'S STUDIO|date=August 21, 2017 |url=https://themotherco.com/rubys-studio/ |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Ruby's Studio – American Public Television Air Times|date=February 2016 |url=https://themotherco.com/2016/02/rubys-studio-american-public-television-air-times-2/ |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Mack & Moxy]]'' |February 5, 2016 |February 16, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MACK & MOXY American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/MACK+MOXY |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=20 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229231321/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/MACK+MOXY |archive-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Lynne Cherry#Producing and Directing Young Voices for the Planet Film Series|Young Voices for the Planet]]'' |April 8, 2016 |April 7, 2019 |<ref name="aptchildren2016" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=YOUNG VOICES FOR THE PLANET: CHILDREN'S ENVIRONMENTAL LITERACY FOUNDATION|url=https://celfeducation.org/yvfp/ |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref> |} ====Programming from NETA==== The following programs are distributed by National Educational Telecommunications Association, not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Curiosity Quest]]'' |July 16, 2004 |2021 | |- |''[[The Shapies]]'' |2004 |2006 | |- |''[[Auto-B-Good]]'' |January 17, 2005 |December 23, 2005 | |- |''Kids for Positive Change'' |July 1, 2021 |June 30, 2024 | |} ====Interstitial programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''Dash's Game of the Day'' |September 4, 2006 |May 16, 2008 | |- |''Dot's Story Factory'' |September 3, 2007 |rowspan=2|October 6, 2013 | |- |''Dash's Secret Treasure'' |rowspan=2|May 19, 2008 | |- |''Music Time with [[Steve Roslonek|SteveSongs]]'' |July 18, 2022 | |- |''Dash's Dance Party'' |rowspan=2|September 7, 2009 |October 6, 2013 | |- |''Adventures with Hooper'' |September 5, 2010 | |- |''Coach Hooper'' |rowspan=3|September 6, 2010 |rowspan=3|2020 | |- |''PBS Kids Field Trip'' | |- |''Where in the World is Hooper?'' | |- |''PBS Kids Spotlight'' |January 15, 2016 |July 18, 2022 | |} ====Short-form programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Amazing Colossal Adventures of WordGirl]]'' |November 10, 2006 |October 10, 2007 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Expands Vocabulary with Wordgirl |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2006/11/pbs-expands-vocabulary-with-wordgirl/ |publisher=Animation Magazine |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=8 November 2006}}</ref> |- |''[[Pocoyo]]'' |January 4, 2010 |December 26, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=pocoyo|''Pocoyo'' was distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from January 4, 2010 through January 3, 2018, and it was aired in the same half-hour timeslot alongside ''Peep and the Big Wide World''; later reruns aired on PBS Kids 24/7 from January 1, 2018 through December 26, 2021.}}<ref name="peep/pocoyo">{{cite web |title=PEEP AND THE BIG WIDE WORLD II/POCOYO {{!}} American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/PEEP+AND+THE+BIG+WIDE+WORLD+II+POCOYO |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910074428/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/PEEP+AND+THE+BIG+WIDE+WORLD+II+POCOYO |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> |} ====Blocks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Block title !Launch date !End date !Source(s) |- |[[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch]] |September 30, 2000 |September 5, 2004 | |- |[[PBS Kids Go!]] |October 11, 2004 |rowspan=2|October 6, 2013 | |- |PBS Kids Preschool |September 4, 2006 | |} ==Special programming== Programs with marked with an asterisk (*) have been featured on the Family Night weekend primetime block on PBS Kids 24/7. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[Noddy (TV series)|Noddy: Anything Can Happen At Christmas]]'' |December 6, 1998 | |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Party with Zoom]]'' |1999 | |- |''[[Arthur's Perfect Christmas]]''* |November 23, 2000 | |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Zoom: America's Kids Respond]]'' |September 20, 2001 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Children's Series Offers Kids Ideas for Coping with the Aftermath of the Attacks On America |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-childrens-series-offers-kids-ideas-for-coping-with-the-aftermath-of-the-attacks-on-america-september-20-2001/ |access-date=12 March 2023 }}</ref> |- |''[[Barney & Friends|Barney's Christmas Star]]'' | rowspan="2" |2002 | |- |''[[Elmo's World|Elmo's World: Happy Holidays!]]'' | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur, It's Only Rock 'n' Roll]]'' |September 1, 2002 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fiasco |first1=Lance |title=The Backstreet Boys To Make Their Animated 'Arthur' Debut |url=https://idobi.com/news/the-backstreet-boys-to-make-their-animated-arthur-debut/ |website=idobi |access-date=15 September 2024 |date=29 July 2002 |archive-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915233825/https://idobi.com/news/the-backstreet-boys-to-make-their-animated-arthur-debut/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Idaho PTV Program Listing - September 2002 Schedule |url=http://www.idahoptv.org/what/channels/Sep02/Sep.html#1 |website=idahoptv.org |access-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020914044129/http://www.idahoptv.org/what/channels/Sep02/Sep.html#1 |archive-date=2002-09-14 |date=14 September 2002}}</ref> |- |[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|''Zoom: America's Kids Remember'']] |September 8, 2002 | |- |''[[Bob the Builder|Bob the Builder Snowed Under: The Bobblesberg Winter Games]]'' |December 17, 2005 | |- |''[[Arthur's Missing Pal]]'' |August 18, 2007 | |- |''[[Panwapa]]'' |2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Signals: WXXI Program Guide September 2008 |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/30900371/september-2008-wxxi |website=yumpu.com |publisher=WXXI |access-date=5 July 2023 |page=19 |language=en |date=September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WBGU-PBS KIDS Shows |url=http://wbgu.org/kids/shows |publisher=WBGU |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724022723/http://wbgu.org/kids/shows |archive-date=24 July 2008}}</ref> |- |''[[Abby in Wonderland]]'' |November 28, 2008 | |- |''[[Curious George: A Very Monkey Christmas]]''* |November 25, 2009 |<ref name="cgxmas">{{cite web |title=MONKEY AROUND THE CHRISTMAS TREE THIS HOLIDAY SEASON! FIRST EVER CURIOUS GEORGE® HOLIDAY SPECIAL A VERY MONKEY CHRISTMAS PREMIERES NOVEMBER 25TH ON PBS KIDS® |url=http://streams.wgbh.org/online/pressroom/2009_10/CuriousGeorge_MonkeyChristmas.pdf |publisher=WGBH |access-date=14 March 2023 |date=27 October 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Curious George (film)|Curious George]]'' |rowspan=2|November 23, 2011 | |- |''[[Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey!]]''* | |- |''[[List of WordGirl episodes#WordGirl%3 The Rise of Miss Power|WordGirl: The Rise of Miss Power]]''* |February 20, 2012 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Christmas!]]''* |November 21, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wolfe|first1=Jennifer|title=PBS Kids Announces 'Cat in the Hat' Christmas Special |url=https://www.awn.com/news/pbs-kids-announces-cat-hat-christmas-special |publisher=Animation World Network |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=2 November 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford's Really Big Movie]]'' |December 14, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title='CLIFFORD'S REALLY BIG MOVIE" PREMIERS ON PBS KIDS |url=http://mediaroom.scholastic.com/press-release/cliffords-really-big-movie-premiers-pbs-kids |publisher=Scholastic |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=19 November 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Sid the Science Kid#Sid the Science Kid: The Movie (2013)|Sid the Science Kid: The Movie]]''* |March 25, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Curious George episodes#Specials|Curious George Swings Into Spring]]''* |April 22, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Curious George episodes#Specials|Curious George: A Halloween Boo Fest]]''* |October 28, 2013 | |- |''[[Elmo's Christmas Countdown]]'' |November 27, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Cyberchase episodes#Season 9 (2013–14)|The Cyberchase Movie]]'' |April 15, 2014 | |- |''[[The Cookie Thief]]''* |February 16, 2015 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Steinberg|first1=Brian|title=Cookie Monster Gets First Special on PBS' Kids Lineup| date=January 19, 2015 |url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/cookie-monster-gets-first-special-on-pbs-kids-lineup-1201408785/|publisher=Variety|access-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref> |- |''[[Curious George 3: Back to the Jungle]]''* |August 17, 2015 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 4 (2015–17)|Wild Kratts: A Creature Christmas]]''* |November 25, 2015 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Camping!]]''* |July 25, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Seuss on Facebook |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/Dr.Seuss/posts/calling-all-campers-join-the-cat-in-the-hat-on-a-fun-and-frenzied-outdoor-advent/10155167750907195/ |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=25 July 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: The Movie (2016)|Odd Squad: The Movie]]''* |August 1, 2016 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Halloween!]]''* |October 28, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Milligan|first1=Mercedes|title=PBS KIDS Gets Animated for Halloween |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2016/10/pbs-kids-gets-animated-for-halloween/ |publisher=Animation Magazine |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=3 October 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 4 (2015–17)|Wild Kratts: Creatures of the Deep Sea]]''* |November 23, 2016 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Space!]]''* |December 26, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Kids Newsletter December 2016 |url=https://www.myarkansaspbs.org/kids/newsletter/december2016 |publisher=[[Arkansas PBS|AETN]] |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=December 2016 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318164323/https://www.myarkansaspbs.org/kids/newsletter/december2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood: A Tiger Family Trip]]''* |May 8, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: Back to Bortron 7]]''* |August 14, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur: D.W. and the Beastly Birthday]]''* |May 29, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 5 (2017–19)|Wild Kratts Alaska: Hero's Journey]]''* |July 24, 2017 | |- |''Wild Alaska Live''* |July 29, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur and the Haunted Tree House]]''* |October 23, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Halloween Comes to PBS KIDS with New Programming, Games and Activities for the Entire Family |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/halloween-comes-to-pbs-kids-with-new-programming-games-and-activities-for-the-entire-family/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=28 September 2017}}</ref> |- |''[[Once Upon a Sesame Street Christmas]]''* |November 22, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=CPTV Parents E-Newsletter |url=https://cptv.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/CPTV-Parents-E-Newsletter_November-2017_Thanksgiving-Edition.pdf |publisher=CPTV |access-date=14 March 2023 |date=1 November 2017}}</ref> |- |''[[The Gruffalo]]''* |rowspan=4|December 1, 2017 | |- |''[[The Gruffalo's Child]]''* | |- |''[[Stick Man]]''* | |- |''[[Room on the Broom]]''* | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: World Turned Odd (2018)|Odd Squad: World Turned Odd]]''* |January 15, 2018 | |- |''[[List of Nature Cat episodes#Specials|Nature Cat: The Return of Bad Dog Bart]]''* |July 16, 2018 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|The Daniel Tiger Movie: Won't You Be My Neighbor?]]''* |September 17, 2018 | |- |''[[Magic Light Pictures|The Highway Rat]]''* |December 7, 2018 | |- |''[[Let's Go Luna!#Special (2018)|Let's Go Luna!: Luna's Christmas Around the World]]''* |December 10, 2018 | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: Odds and Ends (2019)|Odd Squad: Odds and Ends]]''* |January 21, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Sesame Street episodes#Specials|The Magical Wand Chase: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |March 25, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Cyberchase episodes#Season 12 (2019–20)|Cyberchase: Space Waste Odyssey]]''* |April 19, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: One Small Step]]''* |June 17, 2019 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific#Specials|Pinkalicious and Peterrific: A Pinkaperfect Birthday]]''* |August 5, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Nature Cat episodes#Specials|Nature Cat: A Nature Carol]]''* |November 29, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Rhythm and Roots of Arthur]]''* |January 20, 2020 | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: Odd Beginnings (2020)|Odd Squad: Odd Beginnings]]''* |February 17, 2020 | |- |''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum#Xavier Riddle and the Secret Movie: I Am Madam President|Xavier Riddle and the Secret Movie: I Am Madam President]]''* |March 16, 2020 | |- |''[[Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate]]'' |April 14, 2020 |<ref name=playdate>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/primetime-special-sesame-street-elmos-playdate-offer-families-connection|title=Primetime Special 'Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate' to Offer Families Connection in Challenging Times|date=2020-04-08|website=[[Sesame Workshop]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 6 (2019–2021)|Wild Kratts: Amazin' Amazon Adventure]]''* |April 20, 2020 | |- |''[[When You Wish Upon A Pickle: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |July 13, 2020 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood Won't You Sing Along with Me?]]''* |August 17, 2020 | |- |''PBS Kids Talk About: Race and Racism''* |October 9, 2020 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|The Power of We: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |October 15, 2020 |<ref name=powerofwe>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/power-we-sesame-street-special-debuts-thursday-october-15-help-children|title='The Power of We: A Sesame Street Special' Debuts on Thursday, October 15, To Help Children Stand Up To Racism|date=2020-10-08|website=[[Sesame Workshop]]|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14|archive-date=2022-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524085547/https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/power-we-sesame-street-special-debuts-thursday-october-15-help-children|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|An Arthur Thanksgiving]]''* |November 16, 2020 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific#Specials|Pinkalicious and Peterrific: Cupid Calls It Quits]]''* |February 8, 2021 | |- |''[[Dinosaur Train|Dinosaur Train: Adventure Island]]''* |April 12, 2021 | |- |''[[Molly of Denali|Molly of Denali: Molly and the Great One]]''* |June 7, 2021 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 6 (2019–2021)|Wild Kratts: Cats and Dogs]]''* |July 12, 2021 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur's First Day]]''* |September 6, 2021 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|See Us Coming Together: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |November 25, 2021 | |- |''[[The Monster at the End of This Book: Starring Lovable, Furry Old Grover#Sequels and adaptations|Sesame Street: The Monster at the End of This Story]]''* |March 7, 2022 | |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why|Elinor Wonders Why: A Wonderful Journey]]''* |April 18, 2022 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood: Daniel Visits a New Neighborhood]]''* |June 20, 2022 | |- |''[[Curious George (franchise)|Curious George 4: Royal Monkey]]''* | rowspan="2" |July 1, 2022 | |- |''[[Curious George (franchise)|Curious George 5: Go West, Go Wild]]''* | |- |''[[Sesame Street|Sesame Street: Furry Friends Forever: Elmo Gets a Puppy]]''* |March 13, 2023 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: Space Camp]]''* |July 20, 2023 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|Sesame Street: The Nutcracker: Starring Elmo & Tango]]''* |December 2, 2023 | |- |''[[Tad Hills|Rocket Saves the Day]]''* |December 26, 2023 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=PBS Kids Takes Off With TV Movie 'Rocket Saves The Day' |url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/pbs-kids-tv-movie-rocket-saves-the-day-thunderbird-entertainment-1235557216/ |website=Deadline |access-date=7 January 2024 |date=28 September 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Wild Kratts|Wild Kratts: Our Blue and Green World]]''* |April 1, 2024 |<ref name="apr24">{{cite web |author1=PBS Publicity |title=PBS KIDS Kicks Off Spring with a Slate of New Content for the Whole Family |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-kicks-off-spring-with-a-slate-of-new-content-for-the-whole-family/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=24 April 2024 |location=Arlington, VA |language=en |date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="apr24a">{{cite web |title=More Spring Fun with LPB and PBS KIDS! |url=https://www.lpb.org/newsletters/parent-newsletter-apr2024 |website=Louisiana Public Broadcasting |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424011342/https://www.lpb.org/newsletters/parent-newsletter-apr2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat|Nature Cat’s Nature Movie Special Extraordinaire]]'' |April 22, 2024 |<ref name="apr24"/><ref name="apr24a"/> |- |''[[The Okee Dokee Brothers|Brambletown]]''* |July 26, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nelson |first1=Dustin |title=Family music duo, The Okee Dokee Brothers, bring new film to PBS |url=https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-lifestyle/family-music-duo-the-okee-dokee-brothers-bring-new-film-to-pbs |website=Bring Me The News |access-date=27 July 2024 |language=en |date=22 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Starks |first1=Tiara |title=Joe Mailander of The Okee Dokee Brothers on creating PBS KIDS' Brambletown, making music, and myths |url=https://theparentwatch.com/posts/joe-mailander-the-okee-dokee-brothers-brambletown-01j15d06pjh7 |website=The Parent Watch |access-date=27 July 2024 |date=26 July 2024}}</ref> |- |''Mystery League''* |March 22, 2025 |<ref name="mysteryleague">{{cite web |title=Mystery League |url=https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/959334/detail |website=pw.myersinfosys.com |access-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109230041/https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/959334/detail |archive-date=9 January 2025 |date=9 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat|Nature Cat: The Nature-Tastic Four Movie]]'' |April 3, 2025 | |- |''Acoustic Rooster and His Barnyard Band'' |May 1, 2025 |<ref name="rooster">{{cite press release|title=PBS KIDS to Debut ACOUSTIC ROOSTER, Based on Bestselling Author Kwame Alexander's Children's Book|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-to-debut-acoustic-rooster-based-on-bestselling-author-kwame-alexanders-childrens-book/|website=[[PBS]]|access-date=24 February 2025|date=24 February 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[The Jim Henson Company|Wowsabout]]'' |May 1, 2026 |<ref>{{cite web |title=THE WOW IS WHAT IT’S ALL ABOUT! THE JIM HENSON COMPANY PRODUCES “WOWSABOUT” FOR PBS KIDS – Jim Henson |url=https://www.henson.com/the-wow-is-what-its-all-about-the-jim-henson-company-produces-wowsabout-for-pbs-kids-all-new-puppet-preschool-special-celebrates-the-emotion-of-awe/ |website=www.henson.com |access-date=12 February 2026 |location=Los Angeles, CA |date=10 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tuchow |first1=Ryan |title=PBS KIDS greenlights a Henson special set in Sequoia National Park |url=https://kidscreen.com/2026/02/10/pbs-kids-greenlights-a-henson-special-set-in-sequoia-national-park/ |website=Kidscreen |access-date=12 February 2026 |date=10 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Schedule Program - WGTE Public Media |url=https://www.wgte.org/schedules/program/kids/wowsabout/episode-0/05-02-2026/19-00-00 |website=www.wgte.org |access-date=2 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |} ===Special programming from American Public Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[Davy Jones' Locker]]'' |November 1, 1997 | |- |''[[Barney's Great Adventure]]'' |October 1, 2000 | |- |''[[Redwall (TV series)|The Redwall Movie]]'' |c. 2002 |<ref name="apt2002">{{cite web |title=APT DOMESTIC CATALOG |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/bpt?OpenView&Start=1&Count=30&Expand=6#6 |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021128103250/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/bpt?OpenView&Start=1&Count=30&Expand=6#6 |archive-date=28 November 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[The Star of Christmas|VeggieTales: The Star of Christmas]]'' |December 23, 2002 |<ref name="apt2002"/> |- |''[[Duke and the Great Pie War|VeggieTales: Duke and the Great Pie War]]'' |April 1, 2005 |<ref>{{cite web |title=VEGGIETALES: DUKE AND THE GREAT PIE WAR |url=http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/VEGGIETALES:+DUKE+AND+THE+GREAT+PIE+WAR |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305095835/http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/VEGGIETALES:+DUKE+AND+THE+GREAT+PIE+WAR |archive-date=5 March 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Heidi 4 Paws|Heidi 4 Paws: A Furry Tale]]'' |November 23, 2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=WTTW NATIONAL PRODUCTIONS PRESENTS HEIDI 4 PAWS: A FURRY TALE |url=https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=7,4,1,1,1,50 |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006000446/https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=7,4,1,1,1,50 |archive-date=6 October 2009}}</ref> |- |''Science Mission 101'' |February 1, 2010 | |- |rowspan=2|''[[Scientastic!]]'' |September 2, 2010 | |- |April 2014 | |- |''[[Biz Kids]]: Three Minutes to Change the World'' |May 20, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title=BIZ KID$ -- THREE MINUTES TO CHANGE THE WORLD American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BIZ+KID+--+THREE+MINUTES+TO+CHANGE+THE+WORLD |website=aptonline.org |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526235909/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BIZ+KID+--+THREE+MINUTES+TO+CHANGE+THE+WORLD |archive-date=26 May 2012 |date=26 May 2012}}</ref> |- |''Lost Treasure Hunt'' |October 1, 2014 | |} ===Acquired special programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving]]'' |November 22, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=acbt|Aired twice (November 22, 2020 and November 21, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Apple & PBS Team Up For Broadcasts of "A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving" & "A Charlie Brown Christmas" |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/apple-pbs-team-up-for-broadcasts-of-a-charlie-brown-thanksgiving-a-charlie-brown-christmas/ |work=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[A Charlie Brown Christmas]]'' |December 13, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=acbc|Aired twice (December 13, 2020 and December 19, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto1"/> |- |''[[It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown]]'' |October 24, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=itgpcb|Aired only once (October 24, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown Will Not Air on Broadcast TV This Year |url=https://comicbook.com/horror/news/charlie-brown-great-pumpkin-halloween-streaming-apple-tv-plus/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Horror |date=October 11, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |- |''MeteoHeroes: The Adventure Begins - Earth Day Special'' |April 22, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=KVIE|Syndicated to public television stations by KVIE.}}<ref name="meteo">{{cite web |date=May 1, 2022|title=MeteoHeroes Premieres on PBS on Earth Day and Inspires New Environmental Awards|url=https://www.anbmedia.com/news/2022/05/meteoheroes-pbs-earth-day/ |work=aNb Media}}</ref> |} ==Web-exclusive programming== The following programming is exclusive to PBS Kids web-based platforms, such as the PBS Kids website, PBS Kids Video app, and other streaming platforms. This content is not broadcast by PBS Kids and has never been aired on television. * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org"/> ===Short-form programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Release date !End date !Source(s) |- |''Wilson & Ditch: Digging America'' |Fall 2009 |2018 |<ref>{{cite web |title='WILSON & DITCH: DIGGING AMERICA' NEW PBS CHILDREN'S WEB-ONLY SOCIAL STUDIES SERIES ON PBSKIDSGO.ORG THIS FALL (August 2, 2009) |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/wilson-ditch-digging-america-new-pbs-childrens-web-only-social-studies-series-on-pbskidsgoorg-this-fall-august-2-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=2 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''Fizzy's Lunch Lab'' |November 16, 2009 |February 2021 |<ref>{{cite web |title=LAUGHTER IS THE KEY INGREDIENT IN FIZZY'S LUNCH LAB," A NEW HEALTH-THEMED WEB-ONLY PROPERTY LAUNCHING NOVEMBER 16 ON PBSKIDSGO.ORG |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/laughter-is-the-key-ingredient-in-fizzys-lunch-lab-a-new-health-themed-web-only-property-launching-november-16-on-pbskidsgoorg-september-30-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=30 September 2009}}</ref> |- |''Chuck Vanderchuck's "Something Something" Explosion'' |2011 |2018 |<ref name="2011web"/> |- |''[[Plum Landing]]''¹ |April 22, 2014 | rowspan="10" |present |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Longwell |first1=Todd |title=PBS Kids explores Earth with cross-platform environmental series |url=https://kidscreen.com/2014/04/22/pbs-kids-explores-earth-with-cross-platform-environmental-series/ |website=Kidscreen |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS Debuts New Web-original Property and Free App: PLUM LANDING |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-debuts-new-web-original-property-and-free-app-plum-landing/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=4 May 2024 |language=en |date=22 April 2014}}</ref> |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman#Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius|Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius]]'' |November 26, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wgbhkids.com/ruff-ruffman-humble-media-genius/|title=Ruff Ruffman|date=15 May 2014|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102809/https://wgbhkids.com/ruff-ruffman-humble-media-genius/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[The Ruff Ruffman Show]]''¹ |September 28, 2017 |<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-the-return-of-fan-favorite-with-new-digital-series-the-ruff-ruffman-show/ PBS KIDS Announces the Return of Fan Favorite with New Digital Series: THE RUFF RUFFMAN SHOW. "PBS.org"]. Accessed November 20, 2017.</ref> |- |''PBS Kids Talk About'' |2018 | |- |''Scribbles and Ink''¹ |December 16, 2019 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roettgers |first1=Janko |title=PBS Kids Launches Interactive Online Series 'Scribbles and Ink' |url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/pbs-kids-scribbles-ink-interactive-series-1203445850/ |website=Variety |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=17 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scribbles & Ink |url=https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/scribbles-and-ink |website=Global Mechanic |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504221116/https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/scribbles-and-ink |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman#Team Hamster!|Team Hamster]]'' |December 28, 2020 |- |''Search It Up!'' |2020 | |- |''Mega Wow!'' |2021 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS Mega Wow will make you say Mega. Wow. |url=https://www.sisbro.com/news-blog/2021/9/9/pbs-kids-mega-wow-will-make-you-say-mega-wow |website=Sisbro Studios |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=9 September 2021}}</ref> |- |''Tiny Time Travel'' |March 15, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eakin |first1=Marah |title='Tiny Time Travel' shorts help kids learn emotional literacy |url=https://current.org/2024/03/tiny-time-travel-shorts-help-kids-learn-emotional-literacy/ |website=Current |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=26 March 2024}}</ref> |} ===Podcasts=== *''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]'' Podcast (May 22, 2007−September 19, 2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=FETCH! . Podcasts . PBS KIDS GO! |url=http://pbskids.org/fetch/show/podcasts.html |website=pbskids.org |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923144051/http://pbskids.org/fetch/show/podcasts.html |archive-date=23 September 2010 |date=23 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FETCH! with Ruff Ruffman . Podcast . PBS KIDS GO! |url=https://podbay.fm/p/fetch-with-ruff-ruffman-podcast-or-pbs-kids-go |website=podbay.fm |access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref> *''[[Molly of Denali|Molly of Denali Podcast]]'' (May 30, 2019−April 21, 2021) *''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific|The Pinkalicious & Peterrific Podcast]] ''(October 28, 2020−March 13, 2025) *''[[Odd Squad]]cast'' (December 2, 2020−December 30, 2020) *''[[Arthur|The Arthur Podcast]]'' (October 20, 2022−present) *''Keyshawn Solves It'' (May 29, 2023−June 19, 2023) *''[[123 Andrés|Jamming on the Job]]'' (September 14, 2023−present) *''[[Work It Out Wombats!|Work It Out Wombats! Podcast]]'' (January 4, 2024−present) *''[[Lyla in the Loop|Lyla’s Loopcast]]'' (May 8, 2025−present) == Notes == {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{PBS Kids shows}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List of programs broadcast by PBS Kidso}} [[Category:PBS Kids|*]] [[Category:Lists of television series by network|PBS Kids]] 4ythmced7husv5z2hilcqswyqcihg1d 10878917 10878900 2026-06-04T18:32:35Z ~2026-33231-21 1816404 10878917 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of programs currently broadcast on public television by [[PBS Kids]] on local [[PBS]] stations and the 24/7 channel in the United States. ==Current programming== * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web |title=Amazon Prime Video Is now the Exclusive Premium Subscription Streaming Home for Family-Favorite PBS KIDS Series |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/amazon-prime-video-is-now-the-exclusive-premium-subscription-streaming-home-for-family-favorite-pbs-kids-series/ |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref> * ² Co-distributed on the PBS Retro streaming channel ===Original programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Eric's Playdate'' |April 5, 1967 | |- |''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]''¹ ² |February 19, 1968 |{{refn|group=note|name=mrn|National runs ended when spinoff series ''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]'' began airing on September 3, 2012, but reruns of select episodes have since returned as of June 10, 2017 (PBS) and temporarily October 8, 2022 through February 5, 2023 (PBS Kids 24/7).}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on April 23, 2024.}} |- |''[[Sesame Street]]'' |November 10, 1969 |{{refn|group=note|name=ss|''Sesame Street'' was notably absent from PBS Kids 24/7 until the channel relaunched on January 16, 2017, due to conflicting cable broadcast rights with [[Noggin (brand)|Noggin]] and [[Sesame Workshop|Children's Television Workshop]]. <br/> Premieres moved to [[HBO]] in 2016 and [[HBO Max]] in 2020, but ''Sesame Street'' has aired consistently on public television in some capacity since its original debut. As of 2025, new episodes premiere on PBS and Netflix concurrently.}} |- |''Danny Sanchez'' |September 5, 1996 | |- |''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]''¹ |October 7, 1996 | |- |''The Book of Pooh'' |January 27, 2001 | |- |''[[Cyberchase]]''¹ |January 21, 2002 | |- |''[[Curious George (TV series)|Curious George]]'' |September 4, 2006 |{{refn|group=note|name=cg|''Curious George'' was notably absent from PBS Kids 24/7 until October 5, 2020 due to conflicting streaming rights with [[Hulu]] and [[NBCUniversal]]. <br/> Premieres moved to [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] in 2020, but ''Curious George'' has aired consistently on public television in some capacity since its original debut.}}{{Refn|group=note|name=end2024|National runs on PBS ended on September 30, 2024. Reruns continue on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Super Why!]]''¹ | rowspan="2" |September 3, 2007 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2019|National runs on PBS ended on July 12, 2019. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[WordGirl]]''¹ |{{refn|group=note|name=end2017a|National runs on PBS ended on June 2, 2017. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations with specials airing periodically on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''The Little Kids Show'' |June 7, 2008 | |- |''[[Dinosaur Train]]''¹ |September 7, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2024a|National runs on PBS ended on February 4, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Wild Kratts]]''¹ |January 3, 2011 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]''¹ |September 3, 2012 | |- |''[[Odd Squad (TV series)|Odd Squad]]''¹ |November 26, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |title=New Live-Action Series ODD SQUAD to Premiere on PBS KIDS This November |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140514005941/en/New-Live-Action-Series-ODD-SQUAD-to-Premiere-on-PBS-KIDS-This-November |website=www.businesswire.com |access-date=2 February 2024 |location=San Francisco, CA |language=en |date=14 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Eakin |first1=Marah |title='Odd Squad' abroad: Hit PBS Kids series expands to UK |url=https://current.org/2023/11/odd-squad-abroad-hit-pbs-kids-series-expands-to-uk/ |website=Current |access-date=2 February 2024 |date=13 November 2023 |quote=...the next season of "Odd Squad," debuting on PBS in late 2024.}}</ref><ref name="odduk">{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/brunico-issuu/docs/kidscreen_octobernovember23|title=Sinking Ship Entertainment print ad (pages 4-7)|magazine=Kidscreen (October/November 2023)|date=October 10, 2023 }}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat]]''¹ |November 25, 2015 ||{{refn|group=note|name=end2025|National runs on PBS ended on July 4, 2025. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="Cast">{{cite web|title=New PBS Kids Series Nature Cat Will Premiere November 25, 2015|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-nature-cat-will-premiere-november-25-2015/|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923090336/http://www.pbs.org/about/news/archive/2015/nature-cat-premiere/|archive-date=September 23, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |''[[Ready Jet Go!]]''¹ |February 15, 2016 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2023|National runs on PBS ended on February 3, 2023. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''Ranger Rick'' |January 23, 2017 | |- |''Forest Fun'' |November 22, 2017 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific]]''¹ |February 19, 2018 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2026|National runs on PBS ended on February 1, 2026. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref>{{cite web |date=May 18, 2017 |title=Pinkalicious & Peterrific is coming to PBS Kids next February! |url=http://dandelionmoms.com/2017/05/pinkalicious-peterrific-is-coming-to-pbs-kids-next-february/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030404/https://dandelionmoms.com/2017/05/pinkalicious-peterrific-is-coming-to-pbs-kids-next-february/ |archive-date=June 16, 2018 |access-date=September 25, 2017 |publisher=Dandelionmoms.com}}</ref> |- |''[[Let's Go Luna!]]''¹ |November 21, 2018 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2024b|National runs on PBS ended on February 4, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="AM">{{cite web|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/pbs-kids-gets-refreshed-ruff-ruffman-joe-murrays-luna-around-the-world/|title=PBS KIDS Gets Refreshed 'Ruff Ruffman,' Joe Murray's 'Luna Around the World'|author=Mercedes Milligan|work=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=July 31, 2017|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Molly of Denali]]''¹ |July 15, 2019 |<ref name="playback">[http://playbackonline.ca/2018/05/09/pbs-kids-orders-first-alaskan-native-series/ "PBS Kids orders animated series from Atomic Cartoons"]. ''[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]'', May 9, 2018.</ref> |- |''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum]]''¹ |November 11, 2019 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-xavier-riddle-and-the-secret-museum-premiering-november-11-2019/|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series XAVIER RIDDLE AND THE SECRET MUSEUM, Premiering November 11, 2019 |publisher=[[PBS]]|access-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2019 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2019) |December 7, 2019 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2022|National runs on PBS ended on September 30, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="Milligan_June2019">{{cite web |date=June 4, 2019 |first=Mercedes |last=Milligan |title=Scholastic's New 'Clifford the Big Red Dog' Launches in December |website=Animation Magazine |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/scholastics-new-clifford-the-big-red-dog-launches-in-december/ }}</ref> |- |''[[Hero Elementary]]''¹ |June 1, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2023c|National runs on PBS ended on February 2, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-hero-elementary-premiering-summer-2020/|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series HERO ELEMENTARY, Premiering Summer 2020 {{!}} PBS About|website=PBS KIDS Announces New Series HERO ELEMENTARY, Premiering Summer 2020 {{!}} PBS About|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> |- |''Agent Xero'' |July 27, 2020 | |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why]]''¹ |September 7, 2020 | |- |''[[Donkey Hodie (TV series)|Donkey Hodie]]''¹ |May 3, 2021 | |- |''[[Alma's Way]]''¹ |October 4, 2021 |<ref name="almasway">{{cite press release|title=New PBS Kids Series Alma's Way Premieres October 4|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-almas-way-premieres-october-4/|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=August 10, 2021}}</ref> |- |''[[Rosie's Rules]]''¹ |October 3, 2022 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS KIDS to Introduce New Series, ROSIE'S RULES, Premiering Fall 2022 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-to-introduce-new-series-rosies-rules-premiering-fall-2022/ |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Work It Out Wombats!]]''¹ |February 6, 2023 |<ref name="wombats">{{cite press release|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series, WORK IT OUT WOMBATS! Debuting Winter 2023|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-work-it-out-wombats-debuting-winter-2023/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Lyla in the Loop]]''¹ |February 5, 2024 |<ref name="lyla">{{cite press release|title=New PBS KIDS Series, LYLA IN THE LOOP, Launches February 5, 2024|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-lyla-in-the-loop-launches-february-5-2024/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Carl the Collector]]''¹ |November 14, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |title=CARL THE COLLECTOR, PBS KIDS' First Series Centering on an Autistic Main Character, Premieres Nov 14 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/carl-the-collector-pbs-kids-first-series-centering-on-an-autistic-main-character-premieres-nov-14/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=16 July 2024 |location=Pasadena, CA |language=en |date=15 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="carl">{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Abbey |title='Carl the Collector,' PBS Kids' First Series Led by an Autistic Character, to Premiere in Fall 2024 (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/carl-the-collector-pbs-kids-2024-premiere-1235641724/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=10 November 2023 |date=9 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Amatangelo |first1=Amy |title='Carl the Collector,' a new animated PBS series, features characters with autism |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2024-11-14/carl-the-collector-autism-pbs-kids |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=14 November 2024 |date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Skillsville]]'' |March 3, 2025 |{{refn|group=note|name=aptskillsville|''Skillsville'' aired from March 3, 2025, through January 31, 2026 on PBS Kids; Reruns are currently distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] as of February 1, 2026.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=SKILLSVILLE American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/SKILLSVILLE |website=APTonline.org |access-date=1 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="skillsville">{{cite web |title=Skillsville |url=https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/958442/detail |website=pw.myersinfosys.com |access-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109230119/https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/958442/detail |archive-date=9 January 2025 |date=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|title=Department of Education Funds TPT's New Project 'Mashopolis'|url=https://www.tpt.org/post/department-education-funds-tpts-new-project-mashopolis/|publisher=[[Twin Cities Public Television]]|date=September 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Skillsville |url=https://sphere-media.com/en/animations/skillsville/ |website=Sphere Media Productions |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Weather Hunters]]''¹ |September 8, 2025 |<ref name="roker">{{cite press release|title=WEATHER HUNTERS, New STEM Series Created by & Starring Al Roker, Launches on PBS KIDS, July 7, 2025|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/weather-hunters-new-animated-series-created-by-and-starring-al-roker-launches-on-pbs-kids-july-7/|website=[[PBS]] |access-date=22 January 2025 |date=22 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Weather Hunters Prescreening: Summer Shared Stories Series |url=https://www.pbsutah.org/blogs/events/weather-hunters-prescreening-summer-shared-stories-series/ |website=PBS Utah |access-date=18 May 2025 |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602132640/https://www.pbsutah.org/blogs/events/weather-hunters-prescreening-summer-shared-stories-series/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Phoebe & Jay]]''¹ |February 2, 2026 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Amatangelo |first1=Amy |title=After funding cuts, PBS children's programming soldiers on with 'Phoebe & Jay' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2026-02-02/pbs-childrens-television-cuts-phoebe-and-jay |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2 February 2026 |date=2 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1-link=2 February 2026 |title=New PBS Kids Program 'Phoebe & Jay' Premieres Today |url=https://www.whro.org/2026-02-02/new-pbs-kids-program-phoebe-jay-premieres-today |website=WHRO Public Media |access-date=2 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260202234300/https://www.whro.org/2026-02-02/new-pbs-kids-program-phoebe-jay-premieres-today |archive-date=2 February 2026 |language=en |date=2 February 2026}}</ref> |} ====Local reruns==== The following programs are currently airing on select local PBS stations only. They are no longer distributed nationally, but are still available for local stations to air independently. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !National run end date !Source(s) |- |''[[Reading Rainbow]]''¹ ² |July 11, 1983 |August 28, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024}} <ref>{{cite web |author1=John J. O'Connor |title=TV:'READING RAINBOW,' NEW SERIES |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/11/books/tv-reading-rainbow-new-series.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=11 July 1983}}</ref><ref name="wned">{{cite web |title=Celebrating 60 Years: WNED PBS Marks its 60th Anniversary |url=https://www.wned.org/celebrating-60-years/ |website=Buffalo Toronto Public Media |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en |date=30 March 2019 |quote=July 11, 1983 was the birth of one of WNED PBS’s most decorated series, “Reading Rainbow”.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=READING RAINBOW |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/reading-rainbow-august-28-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=28 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Barney & Friends]]'' |April 6, 1992 |November 14, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1992a|Reruns continued through August 31, 2016 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Kratts' Creatures]]''¹ ² |June 3, 1996 |June 9, 2000 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024}} |- |''[[Zoboomafoo]]''¹ ² |January 25, 1999 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1999b|Reruns continued through December 23, 2017 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024}} |- |''[[Dragon Tales]]'' |September 6, 1999 |August 31, 2010 | |- |''[[Between the Lions]]'' |April 3, 2000 |August 31, 2011 | |- |''[[Caillou]]''¹ |September 4, 2000 |December 27, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2000b|National runs ended on November 13, 2015 (PBS) and December 27, 2020 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continued through December 31, 2020 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2000) |September 4, 2000 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=clifford|National runs ended on May 30, 2014 (PBS) and October 2, 2022 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[George Shrinks]]'' |September 30, 2000 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=shrinks|''George Shrinks'' was part of the [[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch|Bookworm Bunch]] block from September 30, 2000 through September 5, 2004; meanwhile, it was aired in its own half-hour timeslot from January 6, 2003 through September 2, 2007. Reruns continued through August 2008 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Angelina Ballerina (TV series)|Angelina Ballerina]]''¹ ² |June 1, 2002 |November 15, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025c}} |- |''[[The Berenstain Bears (2002 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]''¹ ² |January 6, 2003 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=bb|National runs ended on February 1, 2009 (PBS) and September 26, 2005 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continued through September 8, 2025 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025c|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on October 31, 2025.}} <ref name="bbslm">{{cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-berenstain-bearsr-bring-40-years-of-literary-history-to-pbs-kids-with-premiere-of-15-minute-animated-tv-series-76827102.html|title=The Berenstain Bears(R) Bring 40 Years of Literary History to 'PBS KIDS' With Premiere of 15-Minute Animated TV Series|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822181921/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-berenstain-bearsr-bring-40-years-of-literary-history-to-pbs-kids-with-premiere-of-15-minute-animated-tv-series-76827102.html|access-date=January 22, 2021|archive-date=2017-08-22}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' |September 1, 2003 |April 23, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=puppy|National runs ended on September 2, 2007 (PBS) with specials airing periodically through February 14, 2014 (PBS) and April 23, 2022 (PBS Kids 24/7).}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Award-Winning PBS KIDS® Launches New Programming This Fall 2003 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/award-winning-pbs-kids-launches-new-programming-this-fall-2003-july-12-2003/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=13 March 2023 |date=12 July 2003}}</ref> |- |''[[Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks]]''¹ ² |September 7, 2003 |August 31, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025b|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on October 17, 2025.}} |- |''[[Thomas & Friends]]''² |September 5, 2004 |December 31, 2017 |{{refn|group=note|name=thomas|Premieres moved to [[Nickelodeon]] and [[Nick Jr.]] in 2017.}}<ref group="note" name="pbsretro2024" /> |- |''[[Postcards from Buster]]''¹ |October 11, 2004 |February 24, 2012 | |- |''[[Maya & Miguel]]'' |October 11, 2004 |December 31, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|name=maya|National runs ended on December 31, 2010. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[Bob the Builder]]'' |January 1, 2005 |November 6, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=bob|After originally debuting on [[Nick Jr.]] in the United States on January 15, 2001, ''Bob the Builder'' was broadcast on PBS Kids from January 1, 2005 through November 6, 2015, when the series was replaced by the [[Bob the Builder (2015 TV series)|2015 reboot series]].}} <ref>{{cite web |last1=Everhart |first1=Karen |title=PBS, producers, Comcast wed to create digital kids' channel |url=https://current.org/2004/11/pbs-producers-comcast-wed-to-create-digital-kids-channel/ |website=Current |access-date=21 January 2024 |date=1 November 2004}}</ref><ref name="bobl">{{cite web |title=Watch Bob the Builder KLRU TV Schedule KLRU-TV, Austin PBS |url=http://www.klru.org/program/bob-the-builder/ |website=www.klru.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104015431/http://www.klru.org/program/bob-the-builder/ |archive-date=4 November 2015 |date=4 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[It's a Big Big World]]''¹ |January 2, 2006 |April 30, 2010 | |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]''¹ |May 29, 2006 |November 20, 2018 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2006d|First run ended September 2, 2012, with reruns continuing through August 31, 2014 on select local PBS stations. Reruns resumed January 16, 2017 through November 20, 2018 exclusively on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Design Squad]]''¹ |February 21, 2007 |March 20, 2011 | |- |''[[WordWorld]]''¹ |September 3, 2007 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=ww|Reruns continued through July 30, 2023 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Martha Speaks (TV series)|Martha Speaks]]''¹ |rowspan=2 | September 1, 2008 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=martha|Reruns continued through November 17, 2025 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Sid the Science Kid]]''¹ |June 25, 2023 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2018|National runs ended on November 18, 2018 (PBS) and June 25, 2023 (PBS Kids 24/7).}} |- |''[[The Electric Company (2009 TV series)|The Electric Company]]'' (2009) |January 19, 2009 |August 31, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Back From the '70s, Without the Zaniness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/arts/television/19elec.html |work=The New York Times |date=January 18, 2009 |access-date=13 March 2023 |last1=Genzlinger |first1=Neil }}</ref> |- |''[[SciGirls]]''¹ |February 11, 2010 |June 23, 2023 |{{refn|group=note|name=local|Broadcasts are exclusive to select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!]]'' |September 6, 2010 |March 1, 2026 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021|National runs ended on October 1, 2021 (PBS) and March 1, 2026 (PBS Kids 24/7), with specials airing periodically through December 25, 2025. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[Splash and Bubbles]]'' |November 23, 2016 |October 2, 2022 | |- |''[[Esme & Roy]]'' |August 25, 2019 |June 27, 2021 | |- |''[[Peg + Cat]]''¹ |October 7, 2013 |June 21, 2026 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021a|National runs on PBS ended on October 1, 2021 (PBS) and June 21, 2026 (PBS Kids 24/7), with specials airing periodically through December 23, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |} ===Acquired programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Milo (TV series)|Milo]]''¹ |October 1, 2024 |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}}{{refn|group=note|name=milostreaming|''Milo'' was first available on PBS Kids streaming platforms and Amazon Prime Video starting on May 13, 2024.}}<ref name="may2024"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nordyke |first1=Kimberly |title=PBS Kids Sets Spring Slate With New Series 'Tiny Time Travel' and 'Milo,' Movies Based on 'Wild Kratts' and 'Nature Cat' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/pbs-kids-tiny-time-travel-milo-wild-kratts-nature-cat-1235831431/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=25 February 2024 |date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EPISODES OF 'MILO' AVAILABLE IN THE UNITED STATES THIS FALL VIA PBS KIDS {{!}} DeAPlaneta Kids&Families |url=https://www.deaplanetakidsandfamily.com/en/episodes-milo-available-united-states-fall-pbs-kids |website=www.deaplanetakidsandfamily.com |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Milo Will Be Available on the PBS Kids Channel in the US, Starting October 1 |url=https://www.todotvnews.com/en/milo-will-be-available-on-the-pbs-kids-channel-in-the-us-starting-october-1/ |website=TTV News |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Milo' to be available on PBS Kids channel in USA |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/kids-animated-series-milo-to-be-available-on-pbs-kids-channel-in-usa/ |website=www.animationxpress.com |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref> |} ===Programming from American Public Television=== The following programs are distributed by [[American Public Television]], not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Biz Kid$]]'' |January 6, 2008 | |- |''Roey's Paintbox'' |February 4, 2015 | |- |''Kid Stew'' |May 1, 2018 | |- |''Albie's Elevator'' |rowspan=2|September 4, 2023 |<ref name="whyy2023">{{cite web |last1=Rudnesky |first1=Franki |title=WHYY debuts two new children's TV shows made in Philadelphia |url=https://www.phillyvoice.com/whyy-childrens-tv-shows-philadelphia-albies-elevator-infinite-art-hunt/ |website=PhillyVoice |publisher=WWB Holdings, LLC |access-date=25 June 2023 |date=14 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ALBIE'S ELEVATOR American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/ALBIE-S-ELEVATOR |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ALBIE'S ELEVATOR Season 2 American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/ALBIE-S-ELEVATOR-Season-2 |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- |''The Infinite Art Hunt'' |<ref name="whyy2023"/><ref>{{cite web |title=THE INFINITE ART HUNT American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/INFINITE-ART-HUNT-THE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> |- |''Mia & Codie'' |January 2, 2025 |<ref>{{cite web |title=MIA & CODIE American Public Television |url=https://aptonline.org/catalog/MIA-CODIE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MIA & CODIE Season 2 American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/MIA-CODIE-Season-2 |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- |''Vegesaurs'' |April 1, 2025 |<ref name="vegesaurs">{{cite web |title=Vegesaurs |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/VEGESAURS |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref> |} ===Programming from NETA=== The following programs are distributed by National Educational Telecommunications Association, not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Curious Crew]]'' |2017 | |- |''Into the Outdoors'' |June 3, 2020 | |- |''Let's Learn'' |December 14, 2020 | |- |''DIY Science Time'' |May 31, 2021 | |- |''Camp TV'' |June 16, 2021 | |- |''Wimee's Words'' |April 1, 2022 | |- |''Wordsville''¹ |January 10, 2025 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Wordsville |url=https://www.netaonline.org/episode/wordsville |publisher=NETA |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref> |} ===Interstitial programming=== The following interstitials run for a minute and are usually shown at the start or end of a traditional, full-form program. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''PBS Kids Rocks!'' |September 6, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|Originally known as ''DJ Hooper'' until 2015.}} |- |''You Can Be Anything!'' |2016 | |- |''You, Me, and Community'' |rowspan=2|October 1, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=You, Me & Community |url=https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/you-me-and-community |publisher=Global Mechanic |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320211312/https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/you-me-and-community |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''The Really Really Awesome Activity Challenge'' | |- |''Get Moving!'' |August 3, 2020 | |} ===Short-form programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Oh Noah!'' |April 11, 2011 |{{refn|group=note|Originally known as ''Noah Comprende''.}}<ref name="2011web">{{cite web |title=PBS Launches New Spanish Language and Music Web Series on PBSKIDSGO.ORG |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-launches-new-spanish-language-and-music-web-series-on-pbskidsgoorg/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Anthony |title=Minorities in cartoons: "Oh Noah!" |url=https://www.diversetechgeek.com/minorities-cartoons-oh-noah/ |website=Diverse Tech Geek |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=17 October 2013}}</ref> |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why]]'s [[Jorge Cham|That's So Interesting!]]''¹ |May 3, 2021 | |- |''[[Fred Rogers Productions|Through the Woods]]''¹ |June 4, 2021 | |- |''[[Jelly, Ben & Pogo]]'' |October 4, 2021 |<ref name="almasway" /> |- |''[[Molly of Denali]]: The Big Gathering''¹ |November 1, 2022 | |- |''[[City Island (TV series)|City Island]]''¹ |December 26, 2022 |<ref name="cityisland">{{cite press release|title=CITY ISLAND Shorts to Premiere on PBS KIDS, December 26, 2022|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/city-island-shorts-to-premiere-on-pbs-kids-december-26-2022/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''What Can You Become?'' |March 3, 2023 | |- |''[[Super Why!#Spin-off series|Super Why's Comic Book Adventures]]''¹ |October 18, 2023 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Y-E-S, yes, the new 'Super Why!' musical shorts will premiere on PBS Kids Oct. 18 |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2023-09-20/super-why-comic-book-adventures-pbs-kids-premiere-date |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 October 2023 |date=20 September 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Sesame Workshop|Together We Can]]'' |July 3, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stalcup |first1=Jamie |title=PBS KIDS Slates New Civics-Themed Content |url=https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/pbs-kids-slates-new-civics-themed-content/ |website=TVKIDS |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=27 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Reif |first1=Alex |title=PBS KIDS Launches Civics Music Video Series from Sesame Workshop – "Together We Can" |url=https://www.laughingplace.com/w/entertainment/pbs-kids-launches-civics-music-video-series-from-sesame-workshop-together-we-can/ |website=LaughingPlace.com |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=3 July 2024}}</ref> |- |''Acoustic Rooster: Jazzy Jams'' |April 11, 2025 | |- |''Count On June Bug!'' |March 2, 2026 | |} ===Blocks=== {| class="wikitable" sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |PBS Kids Family Night |April 21, 2017 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS Will Launch Family Night on New PBS Kids Channel |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/pbs-kids-family-night-live-streaming-daniel-tiger-1201960775/ |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=variety.com |date=January 15, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210161650/https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/pbs-kids-family-night-live-streaming-daniel-tiger-1201960775/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Elliott |first1=Belinda |title=WHRO - Don't Miss PBS Kids Family Night Every Saturday & Sunday |url=https://whro.org/kids-family/44938-pbs-kids-family-nights |website=whro.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214143451/https://whro.org/kids-family/44938-pbs-kids-family-nights |archive-date=14 February 2024 |date=12 February 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS Kids Family Nights - AZPM |url=https://www.azpm.org/s/46584-pbs-kids-family-nights/ |access-date=July 16, 2022 |website=www.azpm.org |language=en |archive-date=May 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527020411/https://www.azpm.org/s/46584-pbs-kids-family-nights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |} ==Upcoming programming== ===Original programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Super Why#Spin-off series|Super Why's Comic Book Adventures]]'' |October 5, 2026 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Milligan |first1=Mercedes |title='Super Why's Comic Book Adventures' Powers Up for October Premiere on PBS KIDS |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2026/05/super-whys-comic-book-adventures-powers-up-for-october-premiere-on-pbs-kids/ |website=Animation Magazine |access-date=6 May 2026 |date=6 May 2026}}</ref> |- |''Clifford the Big Red Dog'' (reboot) |2027 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tuchow |first1=Ryan |title=9 Story & Scholastic fetch a new Clifford series for PBS KIDS and CBC |url=https://kidscreen.com/2026/05/06/9-story-scholastic-fetch-a-new-clifford-series-for-pbs-kids-and-cbc/ |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref> |} ===Acquired programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Piripenguins'' |TBA |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Milligan |first1=Mercedes |title=PBS Distribution Picks Up 'Piripenguins' for NorAm |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2024/10/pbs-distribution-picks-up-piripenguins-for-noram/ |website=Animation Magazine |access-date=9 June 2025 |date=14 October 2024}}</ref> |} ===Special programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''The Day You Begin'' |TBA |<ref name="tdyb">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=PBS Kids Orders TV Adaptation Of Jacqueline Woodson's 'The Day You Begin' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/pbs-kids-the-day-you-begin-jacqueline-woodson-1236109102/ |website=Deadline |access-date=24 February 2025 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref> |} ==Former programming== * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org"/> * ² Co-distributed by [[Roku]] on the PBS Retro streaming channel ===PTV=== For a list of earlier children’s programming on PBS, prior to the PTV block (such as ''[[Zoom (1972 TV series)|Zoom]]'' or ''[[3-2-1 Contact]]''), see [[List of programs broadcast by PBS#Former programming|List of programs broadcast by PBS]]. ====Original programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Square One Television]]'' |January 26, 1987 |October 7, 1994 | |- |''[[Shining Time Station]]'' |January 29, 1989 |June 11, 1998 | |- |''[[Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)|Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?]]'' |September 30, 1991 |October 4, 1996 | |- |''[[Lamb Chop's Play-Along]]'' |January 13, 1992 |August 29, 1997 | |- |''[[Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)|Ghostwriter]]'' |October 4, 1992 |rowspan=2|September 5, 1999 | |- |''[[Kino's Storytime|Storytime]]'' |October 11, 1992 |{{refn|group=note|name=storytime|National run began on June 6, 1994.}} |- |''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]'' |September 10, 1994 |September 25, 1998 | |- |''[[Bill Nye the Science Guy]]'' |October 10, 1994 |September 3, 1999 | |- |''[[Katie and Orbie]]'' |October 14, 1995 |August 31, 1997 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/programs/1996/october/descriptions/october96sat.html |title=PBS National Satellite Schedule - October 1996 |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=1996-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961226093259/http://www.pbs.org/programs/1996/october/descriptions/october96sat.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/whatson/1997/09/X/19970914.html |title=PBS Schedule X Daily Schedule - 9/14/1997 |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=1999-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990224092639/http://www.pbs.org/whatson/1997/09/X/19970914.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- |''[[Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)|Where in Time is Carmen Sandiego?]]'' |October 7, 1996 |September 25, 1998 | |- |''[[The Charlie Horse Music Pizza]]'' |January 5, 1998 |September 3, 1999 | |} ====Acquired programming==== ====Programming from [[American Program Service]]==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Letter People]]'' |April 4, 1974 |April 8, 1994 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/139467227/ |title=St. Louis Post-Dispatch from St. Louis, Missouri • Page 62 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1974-04-04 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/939369905/ |title=Daily American Republic from Poplar Bluff, Missouri • 52 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-05-17 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/139548460/ |title=St. Louis Post-Dispatch from St. Louis, Missouri • Page 92 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-04-08 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''Mundo Real'' |November 7, 1975 |October 24, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/570962044/ |title=The Spokesman-Review from Spokane, Washington • 2 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1975-11-07 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/814642194/ |title=Stewart-Houston Times from Clarksville, Tennessee • 12 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1981-03-31 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/565118425/ |title=The Napa Valley Register from Napa, California • 72 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-24 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''Dragons, Wagons & Wax'' |September 17, 1977 |1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/22977977/ |title=The Morning Herald from Hagerstown, Maryland • Page 28 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1977-09-17 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/810404659/ |title=Anderson Independent-Mail from Anderson, South Carolina • 7 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1978-05-26 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/962050572/ |title=The Daily Nonpareil from Council Bluffs, Iowa • 46 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1990-11-25 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Size Small]]'' |December 4, 1982 |August 31, 1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/769829438/ |title=The Bellingham Herald from Bellingham, Washington • 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1982-11-28 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/402413156/ |title=Wisconsin State Journal from Madison, Wisconsin • 103 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-03-01 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/251618845/ |title=Stevens Point Journal from Stevens Point, Wisconsin • Page 26 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-08-30 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''The Pappenheimers'' |September 1, 1983 |August 31, 1994 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1089823278/ |title=The Sunday Oregonian Archive: Sunday, August 8, 1982 • Portland, Oregon Page 139 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1982-08-08 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref> |- |''[[The Secret City]]'' |September 2, 1985 |March 14, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/601709176/ |title=The Shreveport Journal from Shreveport, Louisiana • 61 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1985-08-30 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/251266420/ |title=Palladium-Item from Richmond, Indiana • 79 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-03-14 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''A Musical Encounter'' |September 7, 1985 |1995 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/292748994/ |title=Chillicothe Gazette from Chillicothe, Ohio • 37 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1985-09-07 |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/555996704/ |title=Hawaii Tribune-Herald from Hilo, Hawaii • 75 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1988-09-26 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Captain Kangaroo]]'' |rowspan=2|September 1, 1986 |August 31, 1993 | |- |''[[Tomes & Talismans]]'' |August 31, 1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/378456722/ |title=Austin American-Statesman from Austin, Texas • 258 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1986-08-31 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/169309650/ |title=The Philadelphia Inquirer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • Page 30 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-01-06 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/431969136/ |title=El Paso Times from El Paso, Texas • 125 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-03-17 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Storylords]]'' |September 7, 1986 |1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/535406354/ |title=Scrantonian Tribune from Scranton, Pennsylvania • 99 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1986-09-07 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/168818817/ |title=The Philadelphia Inquirer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • Page 52 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1986-11-13 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/513857931/ |title=The La Crosse Tribune from La Crosse, Wisconsin • 40 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-02-25 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Saludos'' |May 24, 1987 |April 27, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/317434133/ |title=The Central New Jersey Home News from New Brunswick, New Jersey • 142 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-05-24 |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/431792314/ |title=El Paso Times from El Paso, Texas • 137 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-04-27 |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[The Wind in the Willows (TV series)|The Wind in the Willows]]'' |September 19, 1990 |September 18, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/192328820/ |title=Star Tribune from Minneapolis, Minnesota • Page 212 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1990-09-16 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/573681773/ |title=The Spokesman-Review from Spokane, Washington • 16 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1991-09-23 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Math Vantage'' |February 5, 1993 |1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/337559698/ |title=The Sioux City Journal from Sioux City, Iowa • 39 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-02-05 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/809894897/ |title=The Tribune from San Luis Obispo, California • 135 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-05-09 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''You Can Choose!'' |May 24, 1993 |December 15, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1237249238/ |title=The Union from Sacramento, California • 60 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-05-23 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/286589927/ |title=Orem-Geneva Times from Orem, Utah • 18 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-12-15 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Gerbert (TV series)|Gerbert]]'' |June 1, 1993 |August 31, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/644013061/ |title=Fort Worth Star-Telegram from Fort Worth, Texas • 335 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-05-25 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1018470739/ |title=The Picayune Item from Picayune, Mississippi • 32 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-08-31 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Whirligig!'' |July 2, 1993 |February 12, 1995 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/911350501/ |title=The Jersey Journal from Jersey City, New Jersey • 59 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-07-02 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/774554972/ |title=The Commercial Appeal from Memphis, Tennessee • 143 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-02-12 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Shamu TV'' |September 17, 1993 |September 16, 1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/969672506/ |title=Char-Koosta News from Pablo, Montana • A10 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-11-12 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/151251474/ |title=The Akron Beacon Journal from Akron, Ohio • Page 187 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-05-15 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/916664825/ |title=The Idaho Statesman from Boise, Idaho • 40 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-05-15 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Pappyland]]'' |February 13, 1994 |September 3, 1999 | |- |''The Shelly T. Turtle Show'' |June 23, 1995 |January 30, 1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/296609711/ |title=News Journal from Mansfield, Ohio • 34 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-06-23 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/318838180/ |title=The Central New Jersey Home News from New Brunswick, New Jersey • 179 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-12-03 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107143736/ |title=The Indianapolis Star from Indianapolis, Indiana • Page 44 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-01-30 |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[The Swamp Critters of Lost Lagoon]]'' |November 4, 1995 |December 27, 1997 | |- |''Get Real!'' |March 1, 1995 |March 31, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/353047708/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 7 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/190586348/ |title=Green Bay Press-Gazette from Green Bay, Wisconsin • Page 116 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-07-09 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/276954857/ |title=Hattiesburg American from Hattiesburg, Mississippi • 115 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-11-24 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Bloopy's Buddies]]'' |January 6, 1996 |January 31, 1998 | |- |''Animal Tales'' |July 1, 1996 |June 30, 1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/438748015/ |title=Citizens' Voice from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania • 129 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-07-07 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/268706819/ |title=Pensacola News Journal from Pensacola, Florida • 122 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-07-28 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Follow the Money'' |July 6, 1997 |December 31, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1116688407/ |title=The Star-Ledger from Newark, New Jersey • 212 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-07-06 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Salty's Lighthouse]]'' |December 6, 1997 |1998 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/248335953/ |title=28 Dec 1997, Page 116 - Tallahassee Democrat at |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-12-28 |access-date=2022-06-05}}</ref> |} ====Blocks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Block title !Launch date !End date !Source(s) |- |The Game |October 7, 1996 |September 5, 1999 | |} ===PBS Kids=== ====Original programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Electric Company]]'' |October 25, 1971 |April 15, 1977 | |- |''[[3-2-1 Contact]]'' |January 14, 1980 |September 27, 1992 | |- |''[[Rosie and Jim]]'' |January 14, 1991 |July 23, 2004 | |- |''[[The Puzzle Place]]'' |January 16, 1995 |March 31, 2000 | |- |''[[Plaza Sesamo]]'' |April 3, 1995 |January 4, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|name=plaza|Broadcasts were exclusive to select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Wishbone (TV series)|Wishbone]]'' |October 9, 1995 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1995a|National run ended September 2, 2001, and resumed June 2, 2007 through September 6, 2009. Reruns continued through August 31, 2014 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Adventures from the Book of Virtues]]'' |September 2, 1996 |September 26, 2005 | |- |''[[Tots TV]]'' |October 7, 1996 |rowspan=2|September 1, 2002 | |- |''[[Theodore Tugboat]]'' |October 20, 1996 | |- |''[[Wimzie's House]]'' |September 1, 1997 |September 2, 2001 | |- |''[[Teletubbies]]'' |April 6, 1998 |August 29, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=tubbies|Premieres moved to [[Nickelodeon]] and [[Nick Jr.]] in 2015.}} |- |''[[Noddy (TV series)|Noddy]]'' |August 31, 1998 |September 1, 2002 |{{refn|group=note|name=noddy|National runs on PBS Kids 24/7 ended June 10, 2001.}} |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Zoom]]'' |January 4, 1999 |September 2, 2007 | |- |''[[Corduroy (TV series)|Corduroy]]'' | rowspan="5" |September 30, 2000 | rowspan="2" |October 28, 2001 | |- |''[[Elliot Moose (TV series)|Elliot Moose]]'' | |- |''[[Timothy Goes to School]]'' |rowspan=3|September 5, 2004 | |- |''[[Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse]]'' | |- |''[[Seven Little Monsters (TV series)|Seven Little Monsters]]'' |{{refn|group=note|name=monsters|''Seven Little Monsters'' was part of the [[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch|Bookworm Bunch]] block from September 30, 2000 through September 5, 2004; meanwhile, it was aired in the same half-hour timeslot alongside ''[[The Berenstain Bears (2002 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]'' from January 6 through September 12, 2003.}} <ref name="bbslm"/> |- |''[[Jay Jay the Jet Plane]]'' |June 11, 2001 |May 31, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=jayjay|Reruns continued through June 26, 2009 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series]]'' |September 2, 2001 |September 30, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2001a|''Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series'' aired from September 2, 2001 through October 10, 2004 (PBS Kids 24/7) and through September 4, 2005 (PBS); later reruns were distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from April 5, 2010 through September 30, 2015.}} |- |''[[Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat]]'' |September 3, 2001 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2001b|Reruns continued through August 30, 2009 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[DragonflyTV]]'' |January 19, 2002 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2002a|Reruns continued through May 29, 2019 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Liberty's Kids]]'' |September 2, 2002 |October 10, 2004 | |- |''[[Boohbah]]'' |January 19, 2004 |August 31, 2008 | |- |''[[Toopy and Binoo]]''² |January 3, 2005 |December 29, 2006 | |- |''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' |September 10, 2005 |September 6, 2009 | |- |''[[Franny's Feet]]'' |July 8, 2006 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2006a|Reruns continued through November 25, 2012 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]''¹ |April 1, 2007 |December 26, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=peep|After originally debuting on [[Discovery Kids]] and [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]] on April 10, 2004, ''Peep and the Big Wide World'' began airing locally on [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]] on August 1, 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-08-01 |title=Peep and the Big Wide World WGBH Premiere |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-peep-and-the-big-wide-w/181000638/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=The Boston Globe |pages=319}}</ref> It was later distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from April 1, 2007 through January 3, 2018; later reruns aired on PBS Kids 24/7 from January 1, 2018 through December 26, 2021.}} <ref>{{cite web |title=PEEP FAQ |url=http://www.peepandthebigwideworld.com/about/faq.html |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420080633/http://www.peepandthebigwideworld.com/about/faq.html |archive-date=20 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="peep">{{cite web |title=PEEP AND THE BIG WIDE WORLD - American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/GenreLookup/41653873E38CD1A485257281007550C7 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106004954/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/GenreLookup/41653873E38CD1A485257281007550C7 |archive-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Mama Mirabelle's Home Movies]]'' |September 8, 2007 |rowspan=2|September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2007a|Reruns continued through January 2, 2011 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Animalia (TV series)|Animalia]]'' |January 5, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2007a}} |- |''[[Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures]]'' |January 13, 2008 |May 31, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2008b|Reruns continued through October 6, 2013 on select local PBS stations.}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures PBS KIDS |url=http://pbskids.org/betsy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115082246/http://pbskids.org/betsy/ |archive-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Lomax, the Hound of Music]]'' |October 11, 2008 |December 29, 2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=KWBU Program Guide October 2008 |url=https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/73593.pdf |publisher=Baylor University |access-date=13 March 2023 |page=2 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313230938/https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/73593.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps]]''¹ ² |September 5, 2009 |November 14, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2009a|Reruns continued through January 31, 2016 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025a|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on October 10, 2025.}} |- |''[[Peg + Cat]]''¹ |October 7, 2013 |June 21, 2026 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021a|National runs on PBS ended on October 1, 2021 with specials airing periodically through December 23, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Bob the Builder (2015 TV series)|Bob the Builder]]'' (2015) |November 7, 2015 |November 20, 2018 |<ref name=bobl/><ref>{{cite web |title=Let's Go! Bob the Builder |url=https://www.ket.org/episode/BOBL%20%20000901/ |website=www.ket.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620030524/https://www.ket.org/episode/BOBL%20%20000901/ |archive-date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2015/11/7/#8:30.a.m. |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |- |''[[The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo]]''¹ |February 10, 2023 |May 10, 2024 |{{refn|gproup=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}} <ref name="elmo1">{{cite web |title=PBS Kids {{!}} TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2023/02/10/ |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510223219/https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2023/02/10/ |archive-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="elmo2">{{cite web |title=PBS Kids {{!}} TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2024/05/10/ |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510223020/https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2024/05/10/ |archive-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Mecha Builders]]'' |May 13, 2024 |April 30, 2025 |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}} <ref name="may2024">{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS on Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C6hQr0WsBlq |website=www.instagram.com |access-date=10 May 2024 |date=3 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mecha Builders |url=https://www.tpt.org/mecha-builders/ |website=Twin Cities PBS |access-date=24 April 2024 |language=en |date=23 April 2024}}</ref> |} ====Acquired programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Newton's Apple]]'' |October 15, 1983 |October 31, 1999 | |- |''[[Mark Kistler's Imagination Station]]'' |October 14, 1991 |July 10, 1998 |{{refn|group=note|name=kistler|Reboot series began airing in 2009.}} |- |''The Eddie Files'' |1995 |2000 | |- |''Ricky's Room'' |1999 |2000 | |- |''[[Mary Lou's Flip Flop Shop]]'' |August 25, 2002 |September 22, 2002 |{{refn|group=note|name=ffs|Reruns aired on the PBS HD Channel from 2004 to 2007.}} |- |''[[MythQuest]]'' |2002 |2004 | |- |''[[Nanalan']]'' |July 2006 |2013 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Pressroom - NANALAN' |url=http://pressroom.pbs.org/programs/nanalan |access-date=16 January 2024 |date=6 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106030906/http://pressroom.pbs.org/programs/nanalan |archive-date=November 6, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=nineMagazine - July/August 2013 by Nine PBS - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/nine_magazine/docs/ninemag_septoct2013 |website=issuu.com |access-date=16 January 2024 |language=en |date=27 August 2013}}</ref> |- |''[[Miffy and Friends]]'' |2007 |2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=WLIW|Syndicated to public television stations by WLIW.}} |- |''[[Shalom Sesame]]'' |October 5, 2010 |October 11, 2011 | |} ====Programming from American Public Television==== The following programs were distributed by [[American Public Television]], not PBS itself. These programs were broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Harriet's Magic Hats]]'' |September 27, 1983 |November 13, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/892020107/ |title=Centre Daily Times from State College, Pennsylvania • 32 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1983-09-27 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/353139110/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 28 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-11-13 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''Alles Gute'' |September 10, 1989 |July 31, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/298444706/ |title=The Press Democrat from Santa Rosa, California • 128 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1989-09-10 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/285885839/ |title=The Times Recorder from Zanesville, Ohio • 39 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-01-08 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/650101884/ |title=Fort Worth Star-Telegram from Fort Worth, Texas • 95|publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-07-31 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Practical Parenting'' |November 3, 1989 |January 14, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/963943586/ |title=Bristol Herald Courier from Bristol, Tennessee • 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1989-11-03 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/682335257/ |title=The Kansas City Star from Kansas City, Missouri • 48 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1992-08-24 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/613078005/ |title=The Salt Lake Tribune from Salt Lake City, Utah • 184 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2001-01-14 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''The Story of Read-Alee Deed-Alee'' |October 2, 1993 |October 1, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/312047446/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-02 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/513345643/ |title=The La Crosse Tribune from La Crosse, Wisconsin • 44 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-30 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/441633344/ |title=The Boston Globe from Boston, Massachusetts • 31 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-02-16 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Beyond the Front Page'' |November 20, 1993 |November 19, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/352959491/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 8 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-11-20 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/286882358/ |title=The Times Recorder from Zanesville, Ohio • 41 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Jack Houston's ImagineLand'' |January 5, 1994 |July 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/313304904/ |title=The Indianapolis News from Indianapolis, Indiana • 64 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-01-15 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1004569125/ |title=Bryan-College Station Eagle from Bryan, Texas • 82 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-07-30 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Kidsongs#Television series|Kidsongs]]'' |April 4, 1994 |June 30, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=KIDSONGS TELEVISION SHOW II, THE (STEREO) F American Public Television |url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/38baad26bfc77030852568f200749623?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211250/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/38baad26bfc77030852568f200749623?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Toddler rush">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Everhart Bedford |first1=Karen |title=Toddler rush, 1994 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch410.html |website=current.org |access-date=3 February 2026 |date=May 23, 1994}}</ref> |- |''[[The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon]]'' |September 18, 1994 |September 5, 1999 | |- |''Big Changes, Big Choices'' |October 27, 1994 |October 26, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/950329104/ |title=The Daily World Archive: Sunday, October 23, 1994 • Helena, Arkansas Page 15 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-10-23 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1119137853/ |title=Staten Island Advance Archive: Sunday, December 25, 1994 • Staten Island, New York Page 146 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-12-25 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref> |- |''[[The Huggabug Club]]'' |January 2, 1995 |July 28, 2000 | |- |''[[The Big Comfy Couch]]'' |January 9, 1995 |April 30, 2009 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BIG COMFY COUCH I, III-V, THE (2ND RELEASE) |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/E9A98E6B1ED7F37385257129005925CB |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406062736/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/E9A98E6B1ED7F37385257129005925CB |archive-date=6 April 2009}}</ref> |- |''Preschool Power!'' |March 25, 1995 |December 31, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/179399222/ |title=The Tribune from Seymour, Indiana • Page 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/760030598/ |title=Corpus Christi Caller-Times from Corpus Christi, Texas • 210 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-12-05 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[The Reppies]]'' |April 1, 1996 |April 30, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=PBS and APS offer new kidvid, 1996 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch612p.html#Reppies |website=current.org |access-date=3 February 2026 |date=October 12, 1996}}</ref> |- |''Crossroads Café'' |September 6, 1996 |2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/544067706/ |title=The Muscatine Journal from Muscatine, Iowa • 20 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-09-06 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1093426484/ |title=The Sunday Oregonian from Portland, Oregon • 218 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-12-21 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Cave Kids]]'' |September 29, 1996 |September 12, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/613144415/|title = The Salt Lake Tribune from Salt Lake City, Utah on September 29, 1996 · 174| date=29 September 1996}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/892828657/|title = Omaha World-Herald from Omaha, Nebraska on September 12, 1999 • 206| date=September 12, 1999}}</ref> |- |''Great Minds of Business'' |August 3, 1997 |January 7, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/355730946/ |title=The Courier from Waterloo, Iowa • 89 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-08-03 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/170392704/ |title=Chicago Tribune from Chicago, Illinois • Page 210 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-01-07 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Zoobilee Zoo]]'' |rowspan=2|September 1, 1997 |February 6, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/636447218/ |title=The Iola Register from Iola, Kansas • 9 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-08-29 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1037530370/ |title=The Review-Herald from Mammoth Lakes, California • 24 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-11-13 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/297494932/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 117 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-02-06 |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Groundling Marsh]]'' |December 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/720567415/ |title=The Bradenton Herald from Bradenton, Florida • 102 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-12-31 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[The Slow Norris]]'' |rowspan=2|November 9, 1997 |August 29, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/450451321/ |title=Public Opinion from Chambersburg, Pennsylvania • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-11-08 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/297507018/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 197 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-08-27 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Backyard Safari'' |September 28, 1999 |<ref name="Toddler rush" /> |- |''Mikhail Baryshnikov's Stories from My Childhood'' |March 15, 1998 |December 31, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/387312407/ |title=Corvallis Gazette-Times from Corvallis, Oregon • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-03-15 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/685251102/ |title=The Kansas City Star from Kansas City, Missouri • 223 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-09-06 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/173125082/ |title=The Baltimore Sun from Baltimore, Maryland • Page 90 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-11-27 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Skinnamarink TV]]'' |May 9, 1998 |September 5, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/556848216/ |title=Hawaii Tribune-Herald from Hilo, Hawaii • 109 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-05-03 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/538841124/ |title=The Daily Sentinel from Grand Junction, Colorado • 52 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-06-05 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Salsa'' |June 1, 1998 |May 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/849246972/ |title=The Macon Telegraph from Macon, Georgia • 121 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-05-31 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/983547919/ |title=The Opelika-Auburn News from Opelika, Alabama • 23 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-05-31 |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Reading Allowed'' |June 7, 1998 |August 29, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/345437146/ |title=The Times and Democrat from Orangeburg, South Carolina • 63 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-06-07 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/628836659/ |title=The Charlotte Observer from Charlotte, North Carolina • 303 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-07-05 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/79401644/ |title=The Gaffney Ledger from Gaffney, South Carolina • Page 9 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2001-08-29 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''Someday School'' |June 21, 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|url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/0d945723eb0affc8852568fd00596b1b?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211353/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/0d945723eb0affc8852568fd00596b1b?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Hello Mrs. Cherrywinkle]]'' |July 4, 1999 |July 3, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=HELLO MRS. 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|April 1, 2003 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=DOOLEY AND PALS SHOW, THE American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/5b79b380372df6e8852568f200746345?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705220433/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/5b79b380372df6e8852568f200746345?OpenDocument |archive-date=5 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="pipe2000">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Everhart Bedford |first1=Karen |last2=Little Ruhl |first2=James |last3=Collins |first3=Geneva |title=Pipeline 2000: Series in preparation for future public TV seasons, as of fall 1999 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/pipeline/pipe2000.html |website=current.org |access-date=7 September 2025 |date=November 17, 1999}}</ref> |- |''Alef...Bet...Blast-Off!'' |September 3, 2000 |September 2, 2009 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=ALEF...BET...BLAST-OFF! |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/A5EF247BEEE464648525694A006A4A6D |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806110046/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/A5EF247BEEE464648525694A006A4A6D |archive-date=6 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Redwall (TV series)|Brian Jacques' Redwall]]'' |April 1, 2001 |April 6, 2006 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|author1=Karen Everhart Bedford |title="Redwall," not for littlest kids |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch0106redwall.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625033633/https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch0106redwall.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |website=current.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |date=26 March 2001 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BRIAN JACQUES' REDWALL 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|<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MUSTARD PANCAKES |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vTitle/MUSTARD+PANCAKES |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060130175854/http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/MUSTARD+PANCAKES |archive-date=30 January 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MUSTARD PANCAKES II |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/D0ED686478E14BE5852571090079031C |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318061035/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/D0ED686478E14BE5852571090079031C |archive-date=18 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="pipeline2005">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Collins |first1=Geneva |title=Pipeline 05: Current's annual survey of national programs in preparation for public television |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/pipeline/pipe05.shtml |website=current.org |access-date=5 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2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Space Racers]]'' |May 2, 2014 |October 31, 2016 |{{refn|group=note|name=space|Premieres moved to [[Universal Kids]] in 2016.}} <ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|author=Ramin Zahed |date=October 25, 2013 |title='Space Racers' to Premiere on Public Television this Spring |url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/space-racers-premiere-public-television-spring |publisher=Animation Magazine |accessdate=July 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SPACE RACERS American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SPACE+RACERS |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011211718/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SPACE+RACERS |archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="pipeline2014">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Fischer |first1=Terry |title=Current’s annual survey of productions in the works for public TV |url=https://current.org/2013/11/currents-annual-survey-of-programs-in-the-works-for-public-tv/ |website=current.org |access-date=17 September 2025 |date=November 25, 2013}}</ref> |- |''Thomas Edison's Secret Lab'' |September 7, 2015 |September 6, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=THOMAS EDISON'S SECRET LAB American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/THOMAS+EDISON+S+SECRET+LAB |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194004/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/THOMAS+EDISON+S+SECRET+LAB |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Bug Bites (2016 TV series)|Bug Bites]]'' |January 4, 2016 |January 3, 2019 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BUG BITES American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BUG+BITES |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=14 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129143747/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BUG+BITES |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[The Mother Company|Ruby's Studio]]'' |January 7, 2016 |January 6, 2022 |<ref name="aptchildren2016">{{#invoke:cite|web|title=APT - BY GENRE: CHILDREN |url=http://www.aptonline.org/aptweb.nsf/ProgramsDisplay?ReadForm&Flag=CatalogGenre&Index=Children |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614211204/http://www.aptonline.org/aptweb.nsf/ProgramsDisplay?ReadForm&Flag=CatalogGenre&Index=Children |archive-date=14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=RUBY'S STUDIO|date=August 21, 2017 |url=https://themotherco.com/rubys-studio/ |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Ruby's Studio – American Public Television Air Times|date=February 2016 |url=https://themotherco.com/2016/02/rubys-studio-american-public-television-air-times-2/ |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Mack & Moxy]]'' |February 5, 2016 |February 16, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MACK & MOXY American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/MACK+MOXY |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=20 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229231321/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/MACK+MOXY |archive-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Lynne Cherry#Producing and Directing Young Voices for the Planet Film Series|Young Voices for the Planet]]'' |April 8, 2016 |April 7, 2019 |<ref name="aptchildren2016" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=YOUNG VOICES FOR THE PLANET: CHILDREN'S ENVIRONMENTAL LITERACY FOUNDATION|url=https://celfeducation.org/yvfp/ |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref> |} ====Programming from NETA==== The following programs are distributed by National Educational Telecommunications Association, not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Curiosity Quest]]'' |July 16, 2004 |2021 | |- |''[[The Shapies]]'' |2004 |2006 | |- |''[[Auto-B-Good]]'' |January 17, 2005 |December 23, 2005 | |- |''Kids for Positive Change'' |July 1, 2021 |June 30, 2024 | |} ====Interstitial programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''Dash's Game of the Day'' |September 4, 2006 |May 16, 2008 | |- |''Dot's Story Factory'' |September 3, 2007 |rowspan=2|October 6, 2013 | |- |''Dash's Secret Treasure'' |rowspan=2|May 19, 2008 | |- |''Music Time with [[Steve Roslonek|SteveSongs]]'' |July 18, 2022 | |- |''Dash's Dance Party'' |rowspan=2|September 7, 2009 |October 6, 2013 | |- |''Adventures with Hooper'' |September 5, 2010 | |- |''Coach Hooper'' |rowspan=3|September 6, 2010 |rowspan=3|2020 | |- |''PBS Kids Field Trip'' | |- |''Where in the World is Hooper?'' | |- |''PBS Kids Spotlight'' |January 15, 2016 |July 18, 2022 | |} ====Short-form programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Amazing Colossal Adventures of WordGirl]]'' |November 10, 2006 |October 10, 2007 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Expands Vocabulary with Wordgirl |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2006/11/pbs-expands-vocabulary-with-wordgirl/ |publisher=Animation Magazine |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=8 November 2006}}</ref> |- |''[[Pocoyo]]'' |January 4, 2010 |December 26, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=pocoyo|''Pocoyo'' was distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from January 4, 2010 through January 3, 2018, and it was aired in the same half-hour timeslot alongside ''Peep and the Big Wide World''; later reruns aired on PBS Kids 24/7 from January 1, 2018 through December 26, 2021.}}<ref name="peep/pocoyo">{{cite web |title=PEEP AND THE BIG WIDE WORLD II/POCOYO {{!}} American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/PEEP+AND+THE+BIG+WIDE+WORLD+II+POCOYO |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910074428/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/PEEP+AND+THE+BIG+WIDE+WORLD+II+POCOYO |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> |} ====Blocks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Block title !Launch date !End date !Source(s) |- |[[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch]] |September 30, 2000 |September 5, 2004 | |- |[[PBS Kids Go!]] |October 11, 2004 |rowspan=2|October 6, 2013 | |- |PBS Kids Preschool |September 4, 2006 | |} ==Special programming== Programs with marked with an asterisk (*) have been featured on the Family Night weekend primetime block on PBS Kids 24/7. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[Noddy (TV series)|Noddy: Anything Can Happen At Christmas]]'' |December 6, 1998 | |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Party with Zoom]]'' |1999 | |- |''[[Arthur's Perfect Christmas]]''* |November 23, 2000 | |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Zoom: America's Kids Respond]]'' |September 20, 2001 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Children's Series Offers Kids Ideas for Coping with the Aftermath of the Attacks On America |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-childrens-series-offers-kids-ideas-for-coping-with-the-aftermath-of-the-attacks-on-america-september-20-2001/ |access-date=12 March 2023 }}</ref> |- |''[[Barney & Friends|Barney's Christmas Star]]'' | rowspan="2" |2002 | |- |''[[Elmo's World|Elmo's World: Happy Holidays!]]'' | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur, It's Only Rock 'n' Roll]]'' |September 1, 2002 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fiasco |first1=Lance |title=The Backstreet Boys To Make Their Animated 'Arthur' Debut |url=https://idobi.com/news/the-backstreet-boys-to-make-their-animated-arthur-debut/ |website=idobi |access-date=15 September 2024 |date=29 July 2002 |archive-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915233825/https://idobi.com/news/the-backstreet-boys-to-make-their-animated-arthur-debut/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Idaho PTV Program Listing - September 2002 Schedule |url=http://www.idahoptv.org/what/channels/Sep02/Sep.html#1 |website=idahoptv.org |access-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020914044129/http://www.idahoptv.org/what/channels/Sep02/Sep.html#1 |archive-date=2002-09-14 |date=14 September 2002}}</ref> |- |[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|''Zoom: America's Kids Remember'']] |September 8, 2002 | |- |''[[Bob the Builder|Bob the Builder Snowed Under: The Bobblesberg Winter Games]]'' |December 17, 2005 | |- |''[[Arthur's Missing Pal]]'' |August 18, 2007 | |- |''[[Panwapa]]'' |2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Signals: WXXI Program Guide September 2008 |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/30900371/september-2008-wxxi |website=yumpu.com |publisher=WXXI |access-date=5 July 2023 |page=19 |language=en |date=September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WBGU-PBS KIDS Shows |url=http://wbgu.org/kids/shows |publisher=WBGU |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724022723/http://wbgu.org/kids/shows |archive-date=24 July 2008}}</ref> |- |''[[Abby in Wonderland]]'' |November 28, 2008 | |- |''[[Curious George: A Very Monkey Christmas]]''* |November 25, 2009 |<ref name="cgxmas">{{cite web |title=MONKEY AROUND THE CHRISTMAS TREE THIS HOLIDAY SEASON! FIRST EVER CURIOUS GEORGE® HOLIDAY SPECIAL A VERY MONKEY CHRISTMAS PREMIERES NOVEMBER 25TH ON PBS KIDS® |url=http://streams.wgbh.org/online/pressroom/2009_10/CuriousGeorge_MonkeyChristmas.pdf |publisher=WGBH |access-date=14 March 2023 |date=27 October 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Curious George (film)|Curious George]]'' |rowspan=2|November 23, 2011 | |- |''[[Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey!]]''* | |- |''[[List of WordGirl episodes#WordGirl%3 The Rise of Miss Power|WordGirl: The Rise of Miss Power]]''* |February 20, 2012 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Christmas!]]''* |November 21, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wolfe|first1=Jennifer|title=PBS Kids Announces 'Cat in the Hat' Christmas Special |url=https://www.awn.com/news/pbs-kids-announces-cat-hat-christmas-special |publisher=Animation World Network |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=2 November 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford's Really Big Movie]]'' |December 14, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title='CLIFFORD'S REALLY BIG MOVIE" PREMIERS ON PBS KIDS |url=http://mediaroom.scholastic.com/press-release/cliffords-really-big-movie-premiers-pbs-kids |publisher=Scholastic |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=19 November 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Sid the Science Kid#Sid the Science Kid: The Movie (2013)|Sid the Science Kid: The Movie]]''* |March 25, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Curious George episodes#Specials|Curious George Swings Into Spring]]''* |April 22, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Curious George episodes#Specials|Curious George: A Halloween Boo Fest]]''* |October 28, 2013 | |- |''[[Elmo's Christmas Countdown]]'' |November 27, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Cyberchase episodes#Season 9 (2013–14)|The Cyberchase Movie]]'' |April 15, 2014 | |- |''[[The Cookie Thief]]''* |February 16, 2015 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Steinberg|first1=Brian|title=Cookie Monster Gets First Special on PBS' Kids Lineup| date=January 19, 2015 |url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/cookie-monster-gets-first-special-on-pbs-kids-lineup-1201408785/|publisher=Variety|access-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref> |- |''[[Curious George 3: Back to the Jungle]]''* |August 17, 2015 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 4 (2015–17)|Wild Kratts: A Creature Christmas]]''* |November 25, 2015 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Camping!]]''* |July 25, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Seuss on Facebook |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/Dr.Seuss/posts/calling-all-campers-join-the-cat-in-the-hat-on-a-fun-and-frenzied-outdoor-advent/10155167750907195/ |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=25 July 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: The Movie (2016)|Odd Squad: The Movie]]''* |August 1, 2016 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Halloween!]]''* |October 28, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Milligan|first1=Mercedes|title=PBS KIDS Gets Animated for Halloween |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2016/10/pbs-kids-gets-animated-for-halloween/ |publisher=Animation Magazine |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=3 October 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 4 (2015–17)|Wild Kratts: Creatures of the Deep Sea]]''* |November 23, 2016 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Space!]]''* |December 26, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Kids Newsletter December 2016 |url=https://www.myarkansaspbs.org/kids/newsletter/december2016 |publisher=[[Arkansas PBS|AETN]] |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=December 2016 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318164323/https://www.myarkansaspbs.org/kids/newsletter/december2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood: A Tiger Family Trip]]''* |May 8, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: Back to Bortron 7]]''* |August 14, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur: D.W. and the Beastly Birthday]]''* |May 29, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 5 (2017–19)|Wild Kratts Alaska: Hero's Journey]]''* |July 24, 2017 | |- |''Wild Alaska Live''* |July 29, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur and the Haunted Tree House]]''* |October 23, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Halloween Comes to PBS KIDS with New Programming, Games and Activities for the Entire Family |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/halloween-comes-to-pbs-kids-with-new-programming-games-and-activities-for-the-entire-family/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=28 September 2017}}</ref> |- |''[[Once Upon a Sesame Street Christmas]]''* |November 22, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=CPTV Parents E-Newsletter |url=https://cptv.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/CPTV-Parents-E-Newsletter_November-2017_Thanksgiving-Edition.pdf |publisher=CPTV |access-date=14 March 2023 |date=1 November 2017}}</ref> |- |''[[The Gruffalo]]''* |rowspan=4|December 1, 2017 | |- |''[[The Gruffalo's Child]]''* | |- |''[[Stick Man]]''* | |- |''[[Room on the Broom]]''* | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: World Turned Odd (2018)|Odd Squad: World Turned Odd]]''* |January 15, 2018 | |- |''[[List of Nature Cat episodes#Specials|Nature Cat: The Return of Bad Dog Bart]]''* |July 16, 2018 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|The Daniel Tiger Movie: Won't You Be My Neighbor?]]''* |September 17, 2018 | |- |''[[Magic Light Pictures|The Highway Rat]]''* |December 7, 2018 | |- |''[[Let's Go Luna!#Special (2018)|Let's Go Luna!: Luna's Christmas Around the World]]''* |December 10, 2018 | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: Odds and Ends (2019)|Odd Squad: Odds and Ends]]''* |January 21, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Sesame Street episodes#Specials|The Magical Wand Chase: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |March 25, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Cyberchase episodes#Season 12 (2019–20)|Cyberchase: Space Waste Odyssey]]''* |April 19, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: One Small Step]]''* |June 17, 2019 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific#Specials|Pinkalicious and Peterrific: A Pinkaperfect Birthday]]''* |August 5, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Nature Cat episodes#Specials|Nature Cat: A Nature Carol]]''* |November 29, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Rhythm and Roots of Arthur]]''* |January 20, 2020 | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: Odd Beginnings (2020)|Odd Squad: Odd Beginnings]]''* |February 17, 2020 | |- |''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum#Xavier Riddle and the Secret Movie: I Am Madam President|Xavier Riddle and the Secret Movie: I Am Madam President]]''* |March 16, 2020 | |- |''[[Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate]]'' |April 14, 2020 |<ref name=playdate>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/primetime-special-sesame-street-elmos-playdate-offer-families-connection|title=Primetime Special 'Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate' to Offer Families Connection in Challenging Times|date=2020-04-08|website=[[Sesame Workshop]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 6 (2019–2021)|Wild Kratts: Amazin' Amazon Adventure]]''* |April 20, 2020 | |- |''[[When You Wish Upon A Pickle: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |July 13, 2020 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood Won't You Sing Along with Me?]]''* |August 17, 2020 | |- |''PBS Kids Talk About: Race and Racism''* |October 9, 2020 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|The Power of We: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |October 15, 2020 |<ref name=powerofwe>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/power-we-sesame-street-special-debuts-thursday-october-15-help-children|title='The Power of We: A Sesame Street Special' Debuts on Thursday, October 15, To Help Children Stand Up To Racism|date=2020-10-08|website=[[Sesame Workshop]]|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14|archive-date=2022-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524085547/https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/power-we-sesame-street-special-debuts-thursday-october-15-help-children|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|An Arthur Thanksgiving]]''* |November 16, 2020 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific#Specials|Pinkalicious and Peterrific: Cupid Calls It Quits]]''* |February 8, 2021 | |- |''[[Dinosaur Train|Dinosaur Train: Adventure Island]]''* |April 12, 2021 | |- |''[[Molly of Denali|Molly of Denali: Molly and the Great One]]''* |June 7, 2021 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 6 (2019–2021)|Wild Kratts: Cats and Dogs]]''* |July 12, 2021 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur's First Day]]''* |September 6, 2021 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|See Us Coming Together: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |November 25, 2021 | |- |''[[The Monster at the End of This Book: Starring Lovable, Furry Old Grover#Sequels and adaptations|Sesame Street: The Monster at the End of This Story]]''* |March 7, 2022 | |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why|Elinor Wonders Why: A Wonderful Journey]]''* |April 18, 2022 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood: Daniel Visits a New Neighborhood]]''* |June 20, 2022 | |- |''[[Curious George (franchise)|Curious George 4: Royal Monkey]]''* | rowspan="2" |July 1, 2022 | |- |''[[Curious George (franchise)|Curious George 5: Go West, Go Wild]]''* | |- |''[[Sesame Street|Sesame Street: Furry Friends Forever: Elmo Gets a Puppy]]''* |March 13, 2023 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: Space Camp]]''* |July 20, 2023 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|Sesame Street: The Nutcracker: Starring Elmo & Tango]]''* |December 2, 2023 | |- |''[[Tad Hills|Rocket Saves the Day]]''* |December 26, 2023 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=PBS Kids Takes Off With TV Movie 'Rocket Saves The Day' |url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/pbs-kids-tv-movie-rocket-saves-the-day-thunderbird-entertainment-1235557216/ |website=Deadline |access-date=7 January 2024 |date=28 September 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Wild Kratts|Wild Kratts: Our Blue and Green World]]''* |April 1, 2024 |<ref name="apr24">{{cite web |author1=PBS Publicity |title=PBS KIDS Kicks Off Spring with a Slate of New Content for the Whole Family |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-kicks-off-spring-with-a-slate-of-new-content-for-the-whole-family/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=24 April 2024 |location=Arlington, VA |language=en |date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="apr24a">{{cite web |title=More Spring Fun with LPB and PBS KIDS! |url=https://www.lpb.org/newsletters/parent-newsletter-apr2024 |website=Louisiana Public Broadcasting |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424011342/https://www.lpb.org/newsletters/parent-newsletter-apr2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat|Nature Cat’s Nature Movie Special Extraordinaire]]'' |April 22, 2024 |<ref name="apr24"/><ref name="apr24a"/> |- |''[[The Okee Dokee Brothers|Brambletown]]''* |July 26, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nelson |first1=Dustin |title=Family music duo, The Okee Dokee Brothers, bring new film to PBS |url=https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-lifestyle/family-music-duo-the-okee-dokee-brothers-bring-new-film-to-pbs |website=Bring Me The News |access-date=27 July 2024 |language=en |date=22 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Starks |first1=Tiara |title=Joe Mailander of The Okee Dokee Brothers on creating PBS KIDS' Brambletown, making music, and myths |url=https://theparentwatch.com/posts/joe-mailander-the-okee-dokee-brothers-brambletown-01j15d06pjh7 |website=The Parent Watch |access-date=27 July 2024 |date=26 July 2024}}</ref> |- |''Mystery League''* |March 22, 2025 |<ref name="mysteryleague">{{cite web |title=Mystery League |url=https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/959334/detail |website=pw.myersinfosys.com |access-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109230041/https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/959334/detail |archive-date=9 January 2025 |date=9 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat|Nature Cat: The Nature-Tastic Four Movie]]'' |April 3, 2025 | |- |''Acoustic Rooster and His Barnyard Band'' |May 1, 2025 |<ref name="rooster">{{cite press release|title=PBS KIDS to Debut ACOUSTIC ROOSTER, Based on Bestselling Author Kwame Alexander's Children's Book|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-to-debut-acoustic-rooster-based-on-bestselling-author-kwame-alexanders-childrens-book/|website=[[PBS]]|access-date=24 February 2025|date=24 February 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[The Jim Henson Company|Wowsabout]]'' |May 1, 2026 |<ref>{{cite web |title=THE WOW IS WHAT IT’S ALL ABOUT! THE JIM HENSON COMPANY PRODUCES “WOWSABOUT” FOR PBS KIDS – Jim Henson |url=https://www.henson.com/the-wow-is-what-its-all-about-the-jim-henson-company-produces-wowsabout-for-pbs-kids-all-new-puppet-preschool-special-celebrates-the-emotion-of-awe/ |website=www.henson.com |access-date=12 February 2026 |location=Los Angeles, CA |date=10 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tuchow |first1=Ryan |title=PBS KIDS greenlights a Henson special set in Sequoia National Park |url=https://kidscreen.com/2026/02/10/pbs-kids-greenlights-a-henson-special-set-in-sequoia-national-park/ |website=Kidscreen |access-date=12 February 2026 |date=10 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Schedule Program - WGTE Public Media |url=https://www.wgte.org/schedules/program/kids/wowsabout/episode-0/05-02-2026/19-00-00 |website=www.wgte.org |access-date=2 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |} ===Special programming from American Public Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[Davy Jones' Locker]]'' |November 1, 1997 | |- |''[[Barney's Great Adventure]]'' |October 1, 2000 | |- |''[[Redwall (TV series)|The Redwall Movie]]'' |c. 2002 |<ref name="apt2002">{{cite web |title=APT DOMESTIC CATALOG |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/bpt?OpenView&Start=1&Count=30&Expand=6#6 |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021128103250/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/bpt?OpenView&Start=1&Count=30&Expand=6#6 |archive-date=28 November 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[The Star of Christmas|VeggieTales: The Star of Christmas]]'' |December 23, 2002 |<ref name="apt2002"/> |- |''[[Duke and the Great Pie War|VeggieTales: Duke and the Great Pie War]]'' |April 1, 2005 |<ref>{{cite web |title=VEGGIETALES: DUKE AND THE GREAT PIE WAR |url=http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/VEGGIETALES:+DUKE+AND+THE+GREAT+PIE+WAR |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305095835/http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/VEGGIETALES:+DUKE+AND+THE+GREAT+PIE+WAR |archive-date=5 March 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Heidi 4 Paws|Heidi 4 Paws: A Furry Tale]]'' |November 23, 2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=WTTW NATIONAL PRODUCTIONS PRESENTS HEIDI 4 PAWS: A FURRY TALE |url=https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=7,4,1,1,1,50 |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006000446/https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=7,4,1,1,1,50 |archive-date=6 October 2009}}</ref> |- |''Science Mission 101'' |February 1, 2010 | |- |rowspan=2|''[[Scientastic!]]'' |September 2, 2010 | |- |April 2014 | |- |''[[Biz Kids]]: Three Minutes to Change the World'' |May 20, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title=BIZ KID$ -- THREE MINUTES TO CHANGE THE WORLD American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BIZ+KID+--+THREE+MINUTES+TO+CHANGE+THE+WORLD |website=aptonline.org |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526235909/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BIZ+KID+--+THREE+MINUTES+TO+CHANGE+THE+WORLD |archive-date=26 May 2012 |date=26 May 2012}}</ref> |- |''Lost Treasure Hunt'' |October 1, 2014 | |} ===Acquired special programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving]]'' |November 22, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=acbt|Aired twice (November 22, 2020 and November 21, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Apple & PBS Team Up For Broadcasts of "A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving" & "A Charlie Brown Christmas" |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/apple-pbs-team-up-for-broadcasts-of-a-charlie-brown-thanksgiving-a-charlie-brown-christmas/ |work=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[A Charlie Brown Christmas]]'' |December 13, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=acbc|Aired twice (December 13, 2020 and December 19, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto1"/> |- |''[[It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown]]'' |October 24, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=itgpcb|Aired only once (October 24, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown Will Not Air on Broadcast TV This Year |url=https://comicbook.com/horror/news/charlie-brown-great-pumpkin-halloween-streaming-apple-tv-plus/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Horror |date=October 11, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |- |''MeteoHeroes: The Adventure Begins - Earth Day Special'' |April 22, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=KVIE|Syndicated to public television stations by KVIE.}}<ref name="meteo">{{cite web |date=May 1, 2022|title=MeteoHeroes Premieres on PBS on Earth Day and Inspires New Environmental Awards|url=https://www.anbmedia.com/news/2022/05/meteoheroes-pbs-earth-day/ |work=aNb Media}}</ref> |} ==Web-exclusive programming== The following programming is exclusive to PBS Kids web-based platforms, such as the PBS Kids website, PBS Kids Video app, and other streaming platforms. This content is not broadcast by PBS Kids and has never been aired on television. * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org"/> ===Short-form programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Release date !End date !Source(s) |- |''Wilson & Ditch: Digging America'' |Fall 2009 |2018 |<ref>{{cite web |title='WILSON & DITCH: DIGGING AMERICA' NEW PBS CHILDREN'S WEB-ONLY SOCIAL STUDIES SERIES ON PBSKIDSGO.ORG THIS FALL (August 2, 2009) |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/wilson-ditch-digging-america-new-pbs-childrens-web-only-social-studies-series-on-pbskidsgoorg-this-fall-august-2-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=2 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''Fizzy's Lunch Lab'' |November 16, 2009 |February 2021 |<ref>{{cite web |title=LAUGHTER IS THE KEY INGREDIENT IN FIZZY'S LUNCH LAB," A NEW HEALTH-THEMED WEB-ONLY PROPERTY LAUNCHING NOVEMBER 16 ON PBSKIDSGO.ORG |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/laughter-is-the-key-ingredient-in-fizzys-lunch-lab-a-new-health-themed-web-only-property-launching-november-16-on-pbskidsgoorg-september-30-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=30 September 2009}}</ref> |- |''Chuck Vanderchuck's "Something Something" Explosion'' |2011 |2018 |<ref name="2011web"/> |- |''[[Plum Landing]]''¹ |April 22, 2014 | rowspan="10" |present |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Longwell |first1=Todd |title=PBS Kids explores Earth with cross-platform environmental series |url=https://kidscreen.com/2014/04/22/pbs-kids-explores-earth-with-cross-platform-environmental-series/ |website=Kidscreen |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS Debuts New Web-original Property and Free App: PLUM LANDING |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-debuts-new-web-original-property-and-free-app-plum-landing/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=4 May 2024 |language=en |date=22 April 2014}}</ref> |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman#Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius|Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius]]'' |November 26, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wgbhkids.com/ruff-ruffman-humble-media-genius/|title=Ruff Ruffman|date=15 May 2014|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102809/https://wgbhkids.com/ruff-ruffman-humble-media-genius/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[The Ruff Ruffman Show]]''¹ |September 28, 2017 |<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-the-return-of-fan-favorite-with-new-digital-series-the-ruff-ruffman-show/ PBS KIDS Announces the Return of Fan Favorite with New Digital Series: THE RUFF RUFFMAN SHOW. "PBS.org"]. Accessed November 20, 2017.</ref> |- |''PBS Kids Talk About'' |2018 | |- |''Scribbles and Ink''¹ |December 16, 2019 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roettgers |first1=Janko |title=PBS Kids Launches Interactive Online Series 'Scribbles and Ink' |url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/pbs-kids-scribbles-ink-interactive-series-1203445850/ |website=Variety |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=17 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scribbles & Ink |url=https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/scribbles-and-ink |website=Global Mechanic |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504221116/https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/scribbles-and-ink |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman#Team Hamster!|Team Hamster]]'' |December 28, 2020 |- |''Search It Up!'' |2020 | |- |''Mega Wow!'' |2021 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS Mega Wow will make you say Mega. Wow. |url=https://www.sisbro.com/news-blog/2021/9/9/pbs-kids-mega-wow-will-make-you-say-mega-wow |website=Sisbro Studios |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=9 September 2021}}</ref> |- |''Tiny Time Travel'' |March 15, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eakin |first1=Marah |title='Tiny Time Travel' shorts help kids learn emotional literacy |url=https://current.org/2024/03/tiny-time-travel-shorts-help-kids-learn-emotional-literacy/ |website=Current |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=26 March 2024}}</ref> |} ===Podcasts=== *''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]'' Podcast (May 22, 2007−September 19, 2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=FETCH! . Podcasts . PBS KIDS GO! |url=http://pbskids.org/fetch/show/podcasts.html |website=pbskids.org |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923144051/http://pbskids.org/fetch/show/podcasts.html |archive-date=23 September 2010 |date=23 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FETCH! with Ruff Ruffman . Podcast . PBS KIDS GO! |url=https://podbay.fm/p/fetch-with-ruff-ruffman-podcast-or-pbs-kids-go |website=podbay.fm |access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref> *''[[Molly of Denali|Molly of Denali Podcast]]'' (May 30, 2019−April 21, 2021) *''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific|The Pinkalicious & Peterrific Podcast]] ''(October 28, 2020−March 13, 2025) *''[[Odd Squad]]cast'' (December 2, 2020−December 30, 2020) *''[[Arthur|The Arthur Podcast]]'' (October 20, 2022−present) *''Keyshawn Solves It'' (May 29, 2023−June 19, 2023) *''[[123 Andrés|Jamming on the Job]]'' (September 14, 2023−present) *''[[Work It Out Wombats!|Work It Out Wombats! Podcast]]'' (January 4, 2024−present) *''[[Lyla in the Loop|Lyla’s Loopcast]]'' (May 8, 2025−present) == Notes == {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{PBS Kids shows}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List of programs broadcast by PBS Kidso}} [[Category:PBS Kids|*]] [[Category:Lists of television series by network|PBS Kids]] i1rxzd4imho29eanztegma4tpt6m7dk 10878926 10878917 2026-06-04T18:37:04Z ~2026-33231-21 1816404 /* Local reruns */ 10878926 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of programs currently broadcast on public television by [[PBS Kids]] on local [[PBS]] stations and the 24/7 channel in the United States. ==Current programming== * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web |title=Amazon Prime Video Is now the Exclusive Premium Subscription Streaming Home for Family-Favorite PBS KIDS Series |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/amazon-prime-video-is-now-the-exclusive-premium-subscription-streaming-home-for-family-favorite-pbs-kids-series/ |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref> * ² Co-distributed on the PBS Retro streaming channel ===Original programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Eric's Playdate'' |April 5, 1967 | |- |''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]''¹ ² |February 19, 1968 |{{refn|group=note|name=mrn|National runs ended when spinoff series ''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]'' began airing on September 3, 2012, but reruns of select episodes have since returned as of June 10, 2017 (PBS) and temporarily October 8, 2022 through February 5, 2023 (PBS Kids 24/7).}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on April 23, 2024.}} |- |''[[Sesame Street]]'' |November 10, 1969 |{{refn|group=note|name=ss|''Sesame Street'' was notably absent from PBS Kids 24/7 until the channel relaunched on January 16, 2017, due to conflicting cable broadcast rights with [[Noggin (brand)|Noggin]] and [[Sesame Workshop|Children's Television Workshop]]. <br/> Premieres moved to [[HBO]] in 2016 and [[HBO Max]] in 2020, but ''Sesame Street'' has aired consistently on public television in some capacity since its original debut. As of 2025, new episodes premiere on PBS and Netflix concurrently.}} |- |''Danny Sanchez'' |September 5, 1996 | |- |''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]''¹ |October 7, 1996 | |- |''The Book of Pooh'' |January 27, 2001 | |- |''[[Cyberchase]]''¹ |January 21, 2002 | |- |''[[Curious George (TV series)|Curious George]]'' |September 4, 2006 |{{refn|group=note|name=cg|''Curious George'' was notably absent from PBS Kids 24/7 until October 5, 2020 due to conflicting streaming rights with [[Hulu]] and [[NBCUniversal]]. <br/> Premieres moved to [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] in 2020, but ''Curious George'' has aired consistently on public television in some capacity since its original debut.}}{{Refn|group=note|name=end2024|National runs on PBS ended on September 30, 2024. Reruns continue on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Super Why!]]''¹ | rowspan="2" |September 3, 2007 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2019|National runs on PBS ended on July 12, 2019. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[WordGirl]]''¹ |{{refn|group=note|name=end2017a|National runs on PBS ended on June 2, 2017. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations with specials airing periodically on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''The Little Kids Show'' |June 7, 2008 | |- |''[[Dinosaur Train]]''¹ |September 7, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2024a|National runs on PBS ended on February 4, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Wild Kratts]]''¹ |January 3, 2011 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]''¹ |September 3, 2012 | |- |''[[Odd Squad (TV series)|Odd Squad]]''¹ |November 26, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |title=New Live-Action Series ODD SQUAD to Premiere on PBS KIDS This November |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140514005941/en/New-Live-Action-Series-ODD-SQUAD-to-Premiere-on-PBS-KIDS-This-November |website=www.businesswire.com |access-date=2 February 2024 |location=San Francisco, CA |language=en |date=14 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Eakin |first1=Marah |title='Odd Squad' abroad: Hit PBS Kids series expands to UK |url=https://current.org/2023/11/odd-squad-abroad-hit-pbs-kids-series-expands-to-uk/ |website=Current |access-date=2 February 2024 |date=13 November 2023 |quote=...the next season of "Odd Squad," debuting on PBS in late 2024.}}</ref><ref name="odduk">{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/brunico-issuu/docs/kidscreen_octobernovember23|title=Sinking Ship Entertainment print ad (pages 4-7)|magazine=Kidscreen (October/November 2023)|date=October 10, 2023 }}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat]]''¹ |November 25, 2015 ||{{refn|group=note|name=end2025|National runs on PBS ended on July 4, 2025. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="Cast">{{cite web|title=New PBS Kids Series Nature Cat Will Premiere November 25, 2015|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-nature-cat-will-premiere-november-25-2015/|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923090336/http://www.pbs.org/about/news/archive/2015/nature-cat-premiere/|archive-date=September 23, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |''[[Ready Jet Go!]]''¹ |February 15, 2016 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2023|National runs on PBS ended on February 3, 2023. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''Ranger Rick'' |January 23, 2017 | |- |''Forest Fun'' |November 22, 2017 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific]]''¹ |February 19, 2018 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2026|National runs on PBS ended on February 1, 2026. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref>{{cite web |date=May 18, 2017 |title=Pinkalicious & Peterrific is coming to PBS Kids next February! |url=http://dandelionmoms.com/2017/05/pinkalicious-peterrific-is-coming-to-pbs-kids-next-february/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030404/https://dandelionmoms.com/2017/05/pinkalicious-peterrific-is-coming-to-pbs-kids-next-february/ |archive-date=June 16, 2018 |access-date=September 25, 2017 |publisher=Dandelionmoms.com}}</ref> |- |''[[Let's Go Luna!]]''¹ |November 21, 2018 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2024b|National runs on PBS ended on February 4, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="AM">{{cite web|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/pbs-kids-gets-refreshed-ruff-ruffman-joe-murrays-luna-around-the-world/|title=PBS KIDS Gets Refreshed 'Ruff Ruffman,' Joe Murray's 'Luna Around the World'|author=Mercedes Milligan|work=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=July 31, 2017|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Molly of Denali]]''¹ |July 15, 2019 |<ref name="playback">[http://playbackonline.ca/2018/05/09/pbs-kids-orders-first-alaskan-native-series/ "PBS Kids orders animated series from Atomic Cartoons"]. ''[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]'', May 9, 2018.</ref> |- |''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum]]''¹ |November 11, 2019 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-xavier-riddle-and-the-secret-museum-premiering-november-11-2019/|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series XAVIER RIDDLE AND THE SECRET MUSEUM, Premiering November 11, 2019 |publisher=[[PBS]]|access-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2019 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2019) |December 7, 2019 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2022|National runs on PBS ended on September 30, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="Milligan_June2019">{{cite web |date=June 4, 2019 |first=Mercedes |last=Milligan |title=Scholastic's New 'Clifford the Big Red Dog' Launches in December |website=Animation Magazine |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/scholastics-new-clifford-the-big-red-dog-launches-in-december/ }}</ref> |- |''[[Hero Elementary]]''¹ |June 1, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2023c|National runs on PBS ended on February 2, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-hero-elementary-premiering-summer-2020/|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series HERO ELEMENTARY, Premiering Summer 2020 {{!}} PBS About|website=PBS KIDS Announces New Series HERO ELEMENTARY, Premiering Summer 2020 {{!}} PBS About|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> |- |''Agent Xero'' |July 27, 2020 | |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why]]''¹ |September 7, 2020 | |- |''[[Donkey Hodie (TV series)|Donkey Hodie]]''¹ |May 3, 2021 | |- |''[[Alma's Way]]''¹ |October 4, 2021 |<ref name="almasway">{{cite press release|title=New PBS Kids Series Alma's Way Premieres October 4|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-almas-way-premieres-october-4/|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=August 10, 2021}}</ref> |- |''[[Rosie's Rules]]''¹ |October 3, 2022 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS KIDS to Introduce New Series, ROSIE'S RULES, Premiering Fall 2022 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-to-introduce-new-series-rosies-rules-premiering-fall-2022/ |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Work It Out Wombats!]]''¹ |February 6, 2023 |<ref name="wombats">{{cite press release|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series, WORK IT OUT WOMBATS! Debuting Winter 2023|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-work-it-out-wombats-debuting-winter-2023/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Lyla in the Loop]]''¹ |February 5, 2024 |<ref name="lyla">{{cite press release|title=New PBS KIDS Series, LYLA IN THE LOOP, Launches February 5, 2024|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-lyla-in-the-loop-launches-february-5-2024/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Carl the Collector]]''¹ |November 14, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |title=CARL THE COLLECTOR, PBS KIDS' First Series Centering on an Autistic Main Character, Premieres Nov 14 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/carl-the-collector-pbs-kids-first-series-centering-on-an-autistic-main-character-premieres-nov-14/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=16 July 2024 |location=Pasadena, CA |language=en |date=15 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="carl">{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Abbey |title='Carl the Collector,' PBS Kids' First Series Led by an Autistic Character, to Premiere in Fall 2024 (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/carl-the-collector-pbs-kids-2024-premiere-1235641724/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=10 November 2023 |date=9 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Amatangelo |first1=Amy |title='Carl the Collector,' a new animated PBS series, features characters with autism |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2024-11-14/carl-the-collector-autism-pbs-kids |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=14 November 2024 |date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Skillsville]]'' |March 3, 2025 |{{refn|group=note|name=aptskillsville|''Skillsville'' aired from March 3, 2025, through January 31, 2026 on PBS Kids; Reruns are currently distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] as of February 1, 2026.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=SKILLSVILLE American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/SKILLSVILLE |website=APTonline.org |access-date=1 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="skillsville">{{cite web |title=Skillsville |url=https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/958442/detail |website=pw.myersinfosys.com |access-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109230119/https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/958442/detail |archive-date=9 January 2025 |date=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|title=Department of Education Funds TPT's New Project 'Mashopolis'|url=https://www.tpt.org/post/department-education-funds-tpts-new-project-mashopolis/|publisher=[[Twin Cities Public Television]]|date=September 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Skillsville |url=https://sphere-media.com/en/animations/skillsville/ |website=Sphere Media Productions |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Weather Hunters]]''¹ |September 8, 2025 |<ref name="roker">{{cite press release|title=WEATHER HUNTERS, New STEM Series Created by & Starring Al Roker, Launches on PBS KIDS, July 7, 2025|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/weather-hunters-new-animated-series-created-by-and-starring-al-roker-launches-on-pbs-kids-july-7/|website=[[PBS]] |access-date=22 January 2025 |date=22 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Weather Hunters Prescreening: Summer Shared Stories Series |url=https://www.pbsutah.org/blogs/events/weather-hunters-prescreening-summer-shared-stories-series/ |website=PBS Utah |access-date=18 May 2025 |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602132640/https://www.pbsutah.org/blogs/events/weather-hunters-prescreening-summer-shared-stories-series/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Phoebe & Jay]]''¹ |February 2, 2026 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Amatangelo |first1=Amy |title=After funding cuts, PBS children's programming soldiers on with 'Phoebe & Jay' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2026-02-02/pbs-childrens-television-cuts-phoebe-and-jay |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2 February 2026 |date=2 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1-link=2 February 2026 |title=New PBS Kids Program 'Phoebe & Jay' Premieres Today |url=https://www.whro.org/2026-02-02/new-pbs-kids-program-phoebe-jay-premieres-today |website=WHRO Public Media |access-date=2 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260202234300/https://www.whro.org/2026-02-02/new-pbs-kids-program-phoebe-jay-premieres-today |archive-date=2 February 2026 |language=en |date=2 February 2026}}</ref> |} ====Local reruns==== The following programs are currently airing on select local PBS stations only. They are no longer distributed nationally, but are still available for local stations to air independently. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !National run end date !Source(s) |- |''[[Reading Rainbow]]''¹ ² |July 11, 1983 |August 28, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024}} <ref>{{cite web |author1=John J. O'Connor |title=TV:'READING RAINBOW,' NEW SERIES |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/11/books/tv-reading-rainbow-new-series.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=11 July 1983}}</ref><ref name="wned">{{cite web |title=Celebrating 60 Years: WNED PBS Marks its 60th Anniversary |url=https://www.wned.org/celebrating-60-years/ |website=Buffalo Toronto Public Media |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en |date=30 March 2019 |quote=July 11, 1983 was the birth of one of WNED PBS’s most decorated series, “Reading Rainbow”.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=READING RAINBOW |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/reading-rainbow-august-28-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=28 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Barney & Friends]]'' |April 6, 1992 |November 14, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1992a|Reruns continued through August 31, 2016 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Kratts' Creatures]]''¹ ² |June 3, 1996 |June 9, 2000 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024}} |- |''[[Zoboomafoo]]''¹ ² |January 25, 1999 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1999b|Reruns continued through December 23, 2017 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024}} |- |''[[Dragon Tales]]'' |September 6, 1999 |August 31, 2010 | |- |''[[Between the Lions]]'' |April 3, 2000 |August 31, 2011 | |- |''[[Caillou]]''¹ |September 4, 2000 |December 27, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2000b|National runs ended on November 13, 2015 (PBS) and December 27, 2020 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continued through December 31, 2020 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2000) |September 4, 2000 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=clifford|National runs ended on May 30, 2014 (PBS) and October 2, 2022 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[George Shrinks]]'' |September 30, 2000 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=shrinks|''George Shrinks'' was part of the [[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch|Bookworm Bunch]] block from September 30, 2000 through September 5, 2004; meanwhile, it was aired in its own half-hour timeslot from January 6, 2003 through September 2, 2007. Reruns continued through August 2008 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Angelina Ballerina (TV series)|Angelina Ballerina]]''¹ ² |June 1, 2002 |November 15, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025c}} |- |''[[The Berenstain Bears (2002 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]''¹ ² |January 6, 2003 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=bb|National runs ended on February 1, 2009 (PBS) and September 26, 2005 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continued through September 8, 2025 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025c|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on October 31, 2025.}} <ref name="bbslm">{{cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-berenstain-bearsr-bring-40-years-of-literary-history-to-pbs-kids-with-premiere-of-15-minute-animated-tv-series-76827102.html|title=The Berenstain Bears(R) Bring 40 Years of Literary History to 'PBS KIDS' With Premiere of 15-Minute Animated TV Series|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822181921/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-berenstain-bearsr-bring-40-years-of-literary-history-to-pbs-kids-with-premiere-of-15-minute-animated-tv-series-76827102.html|access-date=January 22, 2021|archive-date=2017-08-22}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' |September 1, 2003 |April 23, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=puppy|National runs ended on September 2, 2007 (PBS) with specials airing periodically through February 14, 2014 (PBS) and April 23, 2022 (PBS Kids 24/7).}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Award-Winning PBS KIDS® Launches New Programming This Fall 2003 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/award-winning-pbs-kids-launches-new-programming-this-fall-2003-july-12-2003/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=13 March 2023 |date=12 July 2003}}</ref> |- |''[[Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks]]''¹ ² |September 7, 2003 |August 31, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025b|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on October 17, 2025.}} |- |''[[Thomas & Friends]]''² |September 5, 2004 |December 31, 2017 |{{refn|group=note|name=thomas|Premieres moved to [[Nickelodeon]] and [[Nick Jr.]] in 2017.}}<ref group="note" name="pbsretro2024" /> |- |''[[Postcards from Buster]]''¹ |October 11, 2004 |February 24, 2012 | |- |''[[Maya & Miguel]]'' |October 11, 2004 |December 31, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|name=maya|National runs ended on December 31, 2010. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[Bob the Builder]]'' |January 1, 2005 |November 6, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=bob|After originally debuting on [[Nick Jr.]] in the United States on January 15, 2001, ''Bob the Builder'' was broadcast on PBS Kids from January 1, 2005 through November 6, 2015, when the series was replaced by the [[Bob the Builder (2015 TV series)|2015 reboot series]].}} <ref>{{cite web |last1=Everhart |first1=Karen |title=PBS, producers, Comcast wed to create digital kids' channel |url=https://current.org/2004/11/pbs-producers-comcast-wed-to-create-digital-kids-channel/ |website=Current |access-date=21 January 2024 |date=1 November 2004}}</ref><ref name="bobl">{{cite web |title=Watch Bob the Builder KLRU TV Schedule KLRU-TV, Austin PBS |url=http://www.klru.org/program/bob-the-builder/ |website=www.klru.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104015431/http://www.klru.org/program/bob-the-builder/ |archive-date=4 November 2015 |date=4 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[It's a Big Big World]]''¹ |January 2, 2006 |April 30, 2010 | |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]''¹ |May 29, 2006 |November 20, 2018 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2006d|First run ended September 2, 2012, with reruns continuing through August 31, 2014 on select local PBS stations. Reruns resumed January 16, 2017 through November 20, 2018 exclusively on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Design Squad]]''¹ |February 21, 2007 |March 20, 2011 | |- |''[[WordWorld]]''¹ |September 3, 2007 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=ww|Reruns continued through July 30, 2023 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Martha Speaks (TV series)|Martha Speaks]]''¹ |rowspan=2 | September 1, 2008 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=martha|Reruns continued through November 17, 2025 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Sid the Science Kid]]''¹ |June 25, 2023 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2018|National runs ended on November 18, 2018 (PBS) and June 25, 2023 (PBS Kids 24/7).}} |- |''[[The Electric Company (2009 TV series)|The Electric Company]]'' (2009) |January 19, 2009 |August 31, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Back From the '70s, Without the Zaniness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/arts/television/19elec.html |work=The New York Times |date=January 18, 2009 |access-date=13 March 2023 |last1=Genzlinger |first1=Neil }}</ref> |- |''[[SciGirls]]''¹ |February 11, 2010 |June 23, 2023 |{{refn|group=note|name=local|Broadcasts are exclusive to select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!]]'' |September 6, 2010 |March 1, 2026 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021|National runs ended on October 1, 2021 (PBS) and March 1, 2026 (PBS Kids 24/7), with specials airing periodically through December 25, 2025. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[Peg + Cat]]''¹ |October 7, 2013 |June 21, 2026 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021|National runs on PBS ended on October 1, 2021 (PBS) and June 21, 2026 (PBS Kids 24/7), with specials airing periodically through December 23, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[Splash and Bubbles]]'' |November 23, 2016 |October 2, 2022 | |- |''[[Esme & Roy]]'' |August 25, 2019 |June 27, 2021 | |- |} ===Acquired programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Milo (TV series)|Milo]]''¹ |October 1, 2024 |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}}{{refn|group=note|name=milostreaming|''Milo'' was first available on PBS Kids streaming platforms and Amazon Prime Video starting on May 13, 2024.}}<ref name="may2024"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nordyke |first1=Kimberly |title=PBS Kids Sets Spring Slate With New Series 'Tiny Time Travel' and 'Milo,' Movies Based on 'Wild Kratts' and 'Nature Cat' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/pbs-kids-tiny-time-travel-milo-wild-kratts-nature-cat-1235831431/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=25 February 2024 |date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EPISODES OF 'MILO' AVAILABLE IN THE UNITED STATES THIS FALL VIA PBS KIDS {{!}} DeAPlaneta Kids&Families |url=https://www.deaplanetakidsandfamily.com/en/episodes-milo-available-united-states-fall-pbs-kids |website=www.deaplanetakidsandfamily.com |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Milo Will Be Available on the PBS Kids Channel in the US, Starting October 1 |url=https://www.todotvnews.com/en/milo-will-be-available-on-the-pbs-kids-channel-in-the-us-starting-october-1/ |website=TTV News |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Milo' to be available on PBS Kids channel in USA |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/kids-animated-series-milo-to-be-available-on-pbs-kids-channel-in-usa/ |website=www.animationxpress.com |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref> |} ===Programming from American Public Television=== The following programs are distributed by [[American Public Television]], not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Biz Kid$]]'' |January 6, 2008 | |- |''Roey's Paintbox'' |February 4, 2015 | |- |''Kid Stew'' |May 1, 2018 | |- |''Albie's Elevator'' |rowspan=2|September 4, 2023 |<ref name="whyy2023">{{cite web |last1=Rudnesky |first1=Franki |title=WHYY debuts two new children's TV shows made in Philadelphia |url=https://www.phillyvoice.com/whyy-childrens-tv-shows-philadelphia-albies-elevator-infinite-art-hunt/ |website=PhillyVoice |publisher=WWB Holdings, LLC |access-date=25 June 2023 |date=14 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ALBIE'S ELEVATOR American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/ALBIE-S-ELEVATOR |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ALBIE'S ELEVATOR Season 2 American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/ALBIE-S-ELEVATOR-Season-2 |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- |''The Infinite Art Hunt'' |<ref name="whyy2023"/><ref>{{cite web |title=THE INFINITE ART HUNT American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/INFINITE-ART-HUNT-THE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> |- |''Mia & Codie'' |January 2, 2025 |<ref>{{cite web |title=MIA & CODIE American Public Television |url=https://aptonline.org/catalog/MIA-CODIE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MIA & CODIE Season 2 American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/MIA-CODIE-Season-2 |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- |''Vegesaurs'' |April 1, 2025 |<ref name="vegesaurs">{{cite web |title=Vegesaurs |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/VEGESAURS |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref> |} ===Programming from NETA=== The following programs are distributed by National Educational Telecommunications Association, not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Curious Crew]]'' |2017 | |- |''Into the Outdoors'' |June 3, 2020 | |- |''Let's Learn'' |December 14, 2020 | |- |''DIY Science Time'' |May 31, 2021 | |- |''Camp TV'' |June 16, 2021 | |- |''Wimee's Words'' |April 1, 2022 | |- |''Wordsville''¹ |January 10, 2025 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Wordsville |url=https://www.netaonline.org/episode/wordsville |publisher=NETA |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref> |} ===Interstitial programming=== The following interstitials run for a minute and are usually shown at the start or end of a traditional, full-form program. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''PBS Kids Rocks!'' |September 6, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|Originally known as ''DJ Hooper'' until 2015.}} |- |''You Can Be Anything!'' |2016 | |- |''You, Me, and Community'' |rowspan=2|October 1, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=You, Me & Community |url=https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/you-me-and-community |publisher=Global Mechanic |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320211312/https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/you-me-and-community |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''The Really Really Awesome Activity Challenge'' | |- |''Get Moving!'' |August 3, 2020 | |} ===Short-form programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Oh Noah!'' |April 11, 2011 |{{refn|group=note|Originally known as ''Noah Comprende''.}}<ref name="2011web">{{cite web |title=PBS Launches New Spanish Language and Music Web Series on PBSKIDSGO.ORG |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-launches-new-spanish-language-and-music-web-series-on-pbskidsgoorg/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Anthony |title=Minorities in cartoons: "Oh Noah!" |url=https://www.diversetechgeek.com/minorities-cartoons-oh-noah/ |website=Diverse Tech Geek |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=17 October 2013}}</ref> |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why]]'s [[Jorge Cham|That's So Interesting!]]''¹ |May 3, 2021 | |- |''[[Fred Rogers Productions|Through the Woods]]''¹ |June 4, 2021 | |- |''[[Jelly, Ben & Pogo]]'' |October 4, 2021 |<ref name="almasway" /> |- |''[[Molly of Denali]]: The Big Gathering''¹ |November 1, 2022 | |- |''[[City Island (TV series)|City Island]]''¹ |December 26, 2022 |<ref name="cityisland">{{cite press release|title=CITY ISLAND Shorts to Premiere on PBS KIDS, December 26, 2022|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/city-island-shorts-to-premiere-on-pbs-kids-december-26-2022/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''What Can You Become?'' |March 3, 2023 | |- |''[[Super Why!#Spin-off series|Super Why's Comic Book Adventures]]''¹ |October 18, 2023 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Y-E-S, yes, the new 'Super Why!' musical shorts will premiere on PBS Kids Oct. 18 |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2023-09-20/super-why-comic-book-adventures-pbs-kids-premiere-date |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 October 2023 |date=20 September 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Sesame Workshop|Together We Can]]'' |July 3, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stalcup |first1=Jamie |title=PBS KIDS Slates New Civics-Themed Content |url=https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/pbs-kids-slates-new-civics-themed-content/ |website=TVKIDS |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=27 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Reif |first1=Alex |title=PBS KIDS Launches Civics Music Video Series from Sesame Workshop – "Together We Can" |url=https://www.laughingplace.com/w/entertainment/pbs-kids-launches-civics-music-video-series-from-sesame-workshop-together-we-can/ |website=LaughingPlace.com |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=3 July 2024}}</ref> |- |''Acoustic Rooster: Jazzy Jams'' |April 11, 2025 | |- |''Count On June Bug!'' |March 2, 2026 | |} ===Blocks=== {| class="wikitable" sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |PBS Kids Family Night |April 21, 2017 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS Will Launch Family Night on New PBS Kids Channel |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/pbs-kids-family-night-live-streaming-daniel-tiger-1201960775/ |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=variety.com |date=January 15, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210161650/https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/pbs-kids-family-night-live-streaming-daniel-tiger-1201960775/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Elliott |first1=Belinda |title=WHRO - Don't Miss PBS Kids Family Night Every Saturday & Sunday |url=https://whro.org/kids-family/44938-pbs-kids-family-nights |website=whro.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214143451/https://whro.org/kids-family/44938-pbs-kids-family-nights |archive-date=14 February 2024 |date=12 February 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS Kids Family Nights - AZPM |url=https://www.azpm.org/s/46584-pbs-kids-family-nights/ |access-date=July 16, 2022 |website=www.azpm.org |language=en |archive-date=May 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527020411/https://www.azpm.org/s/46584-pbs-kids-family-nights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |} ==Upcoming programming== ===Original programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Super Why#Spin-off series|Super Why's Comic Book Adventures]]'' |October 5, 2026 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Milligan |first1=Mercedes |title='Super Why's Comic Book Adventures' Powers Up for October Premiere on PBS KIDS |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2026/05/super-whys-comic-book-adventures-powers-up-for-october-premiere-on-pbs-kids/ |website=Animation Magazine |access-date=6 May 2026 |date=6 May 2026}}</ref> |- |''Clifford the Big Red Dog'' (reboot) |2027 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tuchow |first1=Ryan |title=9 Story & Scholastic fetch a new Clifford series for PBS KIDS and CBC |url=https://kidscreen.com/2026/05/06/9-story-scholastic-fetch-a-new-clifford-series-for-pbs-kids-and-cbc/ |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref> |} ===Acquired programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Piripenguins'' |TBA |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Milligan |first1=Mercedes |title=PBS Distribution Picks Up 'Piripenguins' for NorAm |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2024/10/pbs-distribution-picks-up-piripenguins-for-noram/ |website=Animation Magazine |access-date=9 June 2025 |date=14 October 2024}}</ref> |} ===Special programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''The Day You Begin'' |TBA |<ref name="tdyb">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=PBS Kids Orders TV Adaptation Of Jacqueline Woodson's 'The Day You Begin' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/pbs-kids-the-day-you-begin-jacqueline-woodson-1236109102/ |website=Deadline |access-date=24 February 2025 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref> |} ==Former programming== * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org"/> * ² Co-distributed by [[Roku]] on the PBS Retro streaming channel ===PTV=== For a list of earlier children’s programming on PBS, prior to the PTV block (such as ''[[Zoom (1972 TV series)|Zoom]]'' or ''[[3-2-1 Contact]]''), see [[List of programs broadcast by PBS#Former programming|List of programs broadcast by PBS]]. ====Original programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Square One Television]]'' |January 26, 1987 |October 7, 1994 | |- |''[[Shining Time Station]]'' |January 29, 1989 |June 11, 1998 | |- |''[[Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)|Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?]]'' |September 30, 1991 |October 4, 1996 | |- |''[[Lamb Chop's Play-Along]]'' |January 13, 1992 |August 29, 1997 | |- |''[[Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)|Ghostwriter]]'' |October 4, 1992 |rowspan=2|September 5, 1999 | |- |''[[Kino's Storytime|Storytime]]'' |October 11, 1992 |{{refn|group=note|name=storytime|National run began on June 6, 1994.}} |- |''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]'' |September 10, 1994 |September 25, 1998 | |- |''[[Bill Nye the Science Guy]]'' |October 10, 1994 |September 3, 1999 | |- |''[[Katie and Orbie]]'' |October 14, 1995 |August 31, 1997 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/programs/1996/october/descriptions/october96sat.html |title=PBS National Satellite Schedule - October 1996 |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=1996-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961226093259/http://www.pbs.org/programs/1996/october/descriptions/october96sat.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/whatson/1997/09/X/19970914.html |title=PBS Schedule X Daily Schedule - 9/14/1997 |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=1999-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990224092639/http://www.pbs.org/whatson/1997/09/X/19970914.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- |''[[Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)|Where in Time is Carmen Sandiego?]]'' |October 7, 1996 |September 25, 1998 | |- |''[[The Charlie Horse Music Pizza]]'' |January 5, 1998 |September 3, 1999 | |} ====Acquired programming==== ====Programming from [[American Program Service]]==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Letter People]]'' |April 4, 1974 |April 8, 1994 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/139467227/ |title=St. Louis Post-Dispatch from St. Louis, Missouri • Page 62 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1974-04-04 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/939369905/ |title=Daily American Republic from Poplar Bluff, Missouri • 52 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-05-17 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/139548460/ |title=St. Louis Post-Dispatch from St. Louis, Missouri • Page 92 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-04-08 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''Mundo Real'' |November 7, 1975 |October 24, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/570962044/ |title=The Spokesman-Review from Spokane, Washington • 2 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1975-11-07 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/814642194/ |title=Stewart-Houston Times from Clarksville, Tennessee • 12 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1981-03-31 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/565118425/ |title=The Napa Valley Register from Napa, California • 72 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-24 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''Dragons, Wagons & Wax'' |September 17, 1977 |1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/22977977/ |title=The Morning Herald from Hagerstown, Maryland • Page 28 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1977-09-17 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/810404659/ |title=Anderson Independent-Mail from Anderson, South Carolina • 7 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1978-05-26 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/962050572/ |title=The Daily Nonpareil from Council Bluffs, Iowa • 46 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1990-11-25 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Size Small]]'' |December 4, 1982 |August 31, 1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/769829438/ |title=The Bellingham Herald from Bellingham, Washington • 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1982-11-28 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/402413156/ |title=Wisconsin State Journal from Madison, Wisconsin • 103 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-03-01 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/251618845/ |title=Stevens Point Journal from Stevens Point, Wisconsin • Page 26 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-08-30 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''The Pappenheimers'' |September 1, 1983 |August 31, 1994 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1089823278/ |title=The Sunday Oregonian Archive: Sunday, August 8, 1982 • Portland, Oregon Page 139 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1982-08-08 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref> |- |''[[The Secret City]]'' |September 2, 1985 |March 14, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/601709176/ |title=The Shreveport Journal from Shreveport, Louisiana • 61 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1985-08-30 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/251266420/ |title=Palladium-Item from Richmond, Indiana • 79 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-03-14 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''A Musical Encounter'' |September 7, 1985 |1995 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/292748994/ |title=Chillicothe Gazette from Chillicothe, Ohio • 37 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1985-09-07 |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/555996704/ |title=Hawaii Tribune-Herald from Hilo, Hawaii • 75 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1988-09-26 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Captain Kangaroo]]'' |rowspan=2|September 1, 1986 |August 31, 1993 | |- |''[[Tomes & Talismans]]'' |August 31, 1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/378456722/ |title=Austin American-Statesman from Austin, Texas • 258 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1986-08-31 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/169309650/ |title=The Philadelphia Inquirer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • Page 30 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-01-06 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/431969136/ |title=El Paso Times from El Paso, Texas • 125 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-03-17 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Storylords]]'' |September 7, 1986 |1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/535406354/ |title=Scrantonian Tribune from Scranton, Pennsylvania • 99 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1986-09-07 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/168818817/ |title=The Philadelphia Inquirer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • Page 52 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1986-11-13 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/513857931/ |title=The La Crosse Tribune from La Crosse, Wisconsin • 40 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-02-25 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Saludos'' |May 24, 1987 |April 27, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/317434133/ |title=The Central New Jersey Home News from New Brunswick, New Jersey • 142 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-05-24 |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/431792314/ |title=El Paso Times from El Paso, Texas • 137 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-04-27 |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[The Wind in the Willows (TV series)|The Wind in the Willows]]'' |September 19, 1990 |September 18, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/192328820/ |title=Star Tribune from Minneapolis, Minnesota • Page 212 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1990-09-16 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/573681773/ |title=The Spokesman-Review from Spokane, Washington • 16 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1991-09-23 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Math Vantage'' |February 5, 1993 |1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/337559698/ |title=The Sioux City Journal from Sioux City, Iowa • 39 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-02-05 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/809894897/ |title=The Tribune from San Luis Obispo, California • 135 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-05-09 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''You Can Choose!'' |May 24, 1993 |December 15, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1237249238/ |title=The Union from Sacramento, California • 60 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-05-23 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/286589927/ |title=Orem-Geneva Times from Orem, Utah • 18 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-12-15 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Gerbert (TV series)|Gerbert]]'' |June 1, 1993 |August 31, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/644013061/ |title=Fort Worth Star-Telegram from Fort Worth, Texas • 335 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-05-25 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1018470739/ |title=The Picayune Item from Picayune, Mississippi • 32 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-08-31 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Whirligig!'' |July 2, 1993 |February 12, 1995 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/911350501/ |title=The Jersey Journal from Jersey City, New Jersey • 59 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-07-02 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/774554972/ |title=The Commercial Appeal from Memphis, Tennessee • 143 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-02-12 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Shamu TV'' |September 17, 1993 |September 16, 1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/969672506/ |title=Char-Koosta News from Pablo, Montana • A10 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-11-12 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/151251474/ |title=The Akron Beacon Journal from Akron, Ohio • Page 187 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-05-15 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/916664825/ |title=The Idaho Statesman from Boise, Idaho • 40 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-05-15 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Pappyland]]'' |February 13, 1994 |September 3, 1999 | |- |''The Shelly T. Turtle Show'' |June 23, 1995 |January 30, 1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/296609711/ |title=News Journal from Mansfield, Ohio • 34 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-06-23 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/318838180/ |title=The Central New Jersey Home News from New Brunswick, New Jersey • 179 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-12-03 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107143736/ |title=The Indianapolis Star from Indianapolis, Indiana • Page 44 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-01-30 |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[The Swamp Critters of Lost Lagoon]]'' |November 4, 1995 |December 27, 1997 | |- |''Get Real!'' |March 1, 1995 |March 31, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/353047708/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 7 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/190586348/ |title=Green Bay Press-Gazette from Green Bay, Wisconsin • Page 116 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-07-09 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/276954857/ |title=Hattiesburg American from Hattiesburg, Mississippi • 115 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-11-24 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Bloopy's Buddies]]'' |January 6, 1996 |January 31, 1998 | |- |''Animal Tales'' |July 1, 1996 |June 30, 1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/438748015/ |title=Citizens' Voice from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania • 129 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-07-07 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/268706819/ |title=Pensacola News Journal from Pensacola, Florida • 122 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-07-28 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Follow the Money'' |July 6, 1997 |December 31, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1116688407/ |title=The Star-Ledger from Newark, New Jersey • 212 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-07-06 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Salty's Lighthouse]]'' |December 6, 1997 |1998 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/248335953/ |title=28 Dec 1997, Page 116 - Tallahassee Democrat at |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-12-28 |access-date=2022-06-05}}</ref> |} ====Blocks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Block title !Launch date !End date !Source(s) |- |The Game |October 7, 1996 |September 5, 1999 | |} ===PBS Kids=== ====Original programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Electric Company]]'' |October 25, 1971 |April 15, 1977 | |- |''[[3-2-1 Contact]]'' |January 14, 1980 |September 27, 1992 | |- |''[[Rosie and Jim]]'' |January 14, 1991 |July 23, 2004 | |- |''[[The Puzzle Place]]'' |January 16, 1995 |March 31, 2000 | |- |''[[Plaza Sesamo]]'' |April 3, 1995 |January 4, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|name=plaza|Broadcasts were exclusive to select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Wishbone (TV series)|Wishbone]]'' |October 9, 1995 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1995a|National run ended September 2, 2001, and resumed June 2, 2007 through September 6, 2009. Reruns continued through August 31, 2014 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Adventures from the Book of Virtues]]'' |September 2, 1996 |September 26, 2005 | |- |''[[Tots TV]]'' |October 7, 1996 |rowspan=2|September 1, 2002 | |- |''[[Theodore Tugboat]]'' |October 20, 1996 | |- |''[[Wimzie's House]]'' |September 1, 1997 |September 2, 2001 | |- |''[[Teletubbies]]'' |April 6, 1998 |August 29, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=tubbies|Premieres moved to [[Nickelodeon]] and [[Nick Jr.]] in 2015.}} |- |''[[Noddy (TV series)|Noddy]]'' |August 31, 1998 |September 1, 2002 |{{refn|group=note|name=noddy|National runs on PBS Kids 24/7 ended June 10, 2001.}} |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Zoom]]'' |January 4, 1999 |September 2, 2007 | |- |''[[Corduroy (TV series)|Corduroy]]'' | rowspan="5" |September 30, 2000 | rowspan="2" |October 28, 2001 | |- |''[[Elliot Moose (TV series)|Elliot Moose]]'' | |- |''[[Timothy Goes to School]]'' |rowspan=3|September 5, 2004 | |- |''[[Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse]]'' | |- |''[[Seven Little Monsters (TV series)|Seven Little Monsters]]'' |{{refn|group=note|name=monsters|''Seven Little Monsters'' was part of the [[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch|Bookworm Bunch]] block from September 30, 2000 through September 5, 2004; meanwhile, it was aired in the same half-hour timeslot alongside ''[[The Berenstain Bears (2002 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]'' from January 6 through September 12, 2003.}} <ref name="bbslm"/> |- |''[[Jay Jay the Jet Plane]]'' |June 11, 2001 |May 31, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=jayjay|Reruns continued through June 26, 2009 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series]]'' |September 2, 2001 |September 30, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2001a|''Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series'' aired from September 2, 2001 through October 10, 2004 (PBS Kids 24/7) and through September 4, 2005 (PBS); later reruns were distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from April 5, 2010 through September 30, 2015.}} |- |''[[Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat]]'' |September 3, 2001 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2001b|Reruns continued through August 30, 2009 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[DragonflyTV]]'' |January 19, 2002 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2002a|Reruns continued through May 29, 2019 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Liberty's Kids]]'' |September 2, 2002 |October 10, 2004 | |- |''[[Boohbah]]'' |January 19, 2004 |August 31, 2008 | |- |''[[Toopy and Binoo]]''² |January 3, 2005 |December 29, 2006 | |- |''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' |September 10, 2005 |September 6, 2009 | |- |''[[Franny's Feet]]'' |July 8, 2006 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2006a|Reruns continued through November 25, 2012 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]''¹ |April 1, 2007 |December 26, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=peep|After originally debuting on [[Discovery Kids]] and [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]] on April 10, 2004, ''Peep and the Big Wide World'' began airing locally on [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]] on August 1, 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-08-01 |title=Peep and the Big Wide World WGBH Premiere |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-peep-and-the-big-wide-w/181000638/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=The Boston Globe |pages=319}}</ref> It was later distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from April 1, 2007 through January 3, 2018; later reruns aired on PBS Kids 24/7 from January 1, 2018 through December 26, 2021.}} <ref>{{cite web |title=PEEP FAQ |url=http://www.peepandthebigwideworld.com/about/faq.html |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420080633/http://www.peepandthebigwideworld.com/about/faq.html |archive-date=20 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="peep">{{cite web |title=PEEP AND THE BIG WIDE WORLD - American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/GenreLookup/41653873E38CD1A485257281007550C7 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106004954/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/GenreLookup/41653873E38CD1A485257281007550C7 |archive-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Mama Mirabelle's Home Movies]]'' |September 8, 2007 |rowspan=2|September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2007a|Reruns continued through January 2, 2011 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Animalia (TV series)|Animalia]]'' |January 5, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2007a}} |- |''[[Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures]]'' |January 13, 2008 |May 31, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2008b|Reruns continued through October 6, 2013 on select local PBS stations.}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures PBS KIDS |url=http://pbskids.org/betsy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115082246/http://pbskids.org/betsy/ |archive-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Lomax, the Hound of Music]]'' |October 11, 2008 |December 29, 2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=KWBU Program Guide October 2008 |url=https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/73593.pdf |publisher=Baylor University |access-date=13 March 2023 |page=2 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313230938/https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/73593.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps]]''¹ ² |September 5, 2009 |November 14, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2009a|Reruns continued through January 31, 2016 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025a|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on October 10, 2025.}} |- |''[[Peg + Cat]]''¹ |October 7, 2013 |June 21, 2026 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021a|National runs on PBS ended on October 1, 2021 with specials airing periodically through December 23, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Bob the Builder (2015 TV series)|Bob the Builder]]'' (2015) |November 7, 2015 |November 20, 2018 |<ref name=bobl/><ref>{{cite web |title=Let's Go! Bob the Builder |url=https://www.ket.org/episode/BOBL%20%20000901/ |website=www.ket.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620030524/https://www.ket.org/episode/BOBL%20%20000901/ |archive-date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2015/11/7/#8:30.a.m. |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |- |''[[The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo]]''¹ |February 10, 2023 |May 10, 2024 |{{refn|gproup=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}} <ref name="elmo1">{{cite web |title=PBS Kids {{!}} TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2023/02/10/ |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510223219/https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2023/02/10/ |archive-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="elmo2">{{cite web |title=PBS Kids {{!}} TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2024/05/10/ |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510223020/https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2024/05/10/ |archive-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Mecha Builders]]'' |May 13, 2024 |April 30, 2025 |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}} <ref name="may2024">{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS on Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C6hQr0WsBlq |website=www.instagram.com |access-date=10 May 2024 |date=3 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mecha Builders |url=https://www.tpt.org/mecha-builders/ |website=Twin Cities PBS |access-date=24 April 2024 |language=en |date=23 April 2024}}</ref> |} ====Acquired programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Newton's Apple]]'' |October 15, 1983 |October 31, 1999 | |- |''[[Mark Kistler's Imagination Station]]'' |October 14, 1991 |July 10, 1998 |{{refn|group=note|name=kistler|Reboot series began airing in 2009.}} |- |''The Eddie Files'' |1995 |2000 | |- |''Ricky's Room'' |1999 |2000 | |- |''[[Mary Lou's Flip Flop Shop]]'' |August 25, 2002 |September 22, 2002 |{{refn|group=note|name=ffs|Reruns aired on the PBS HD Channel from 2004 to 2007.}} |- |''[[MythQuest]]'' |2002 |2004 | |- |''[[Nanalan']]'' |July 2006 |2013 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Pressroom - NANALAN' |url=http://pressroom.pbs.org/programs/nanalan |access-date=16 January 2024 |date=6 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106030906/http://pressroom.pbs.org/programs/nanalan |archive-date=November 6, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=nineMagazine - July/August 2013 by Nine PBS - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/nine_magazine/docs/ninemag_septoct2013 |website=issuu.com |access-date=16 January 2024 |language=en |date=27 August 2013}}</ref> |- |''[[Miffy and Friends]]'' |2007 |2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=WLIW|Syndicated to public television stations by WLIW.}} |- |''[[Shalom Sesame]]'' |October 5, 2010 |October 11, 2011 | |} ====Programming from American Public Television==== The following programs were distributed by [[American Public Television]], not PBS itself. These programs were broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Harriet's Magic Hats]]'' |September 27, 1983 |November 13, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/892020107/ |title=Centre Daily Times from State College, Pennsylvania • 32 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1983-09-27 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/353139110/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 28 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-11-13 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''Alles Gute'' |September 10, 1989 |July 31, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/298444706/ |title=The Press Democrat from Santa Rosa, California • 128 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1989-09-10 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/285885839/ |title=The Times Recorder from Zanesville, Ohio • 39 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-01-08 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/650101884/ |title=Fort Worth Star-Telegram from Fort Worth, Texas • 95|publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-07-31 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Practical Parenting'' |November 3, 1989 |January 14, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/963943586/ |title=Bristol Herald Courier from Bristol, Tennessee • 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1989-11-03 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/682335257/ |title=The Kansas City Star from Kansas City, Missouri • 48 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1992-08-24 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/613078005/ |title=The Salt Lake Tribune from Salt Lake City, Utah • 184 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2001-01-14 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''The Story of Read-Alee Deed-Alee'' |October 2, 1993 |October 1, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/312047446/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-02 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/513345643/ |title=The La Crosse Tribune from La Crosse, Wisconsin • 44 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-30 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/441633344/ |title=The Boston Globe from Boston, Massachusetts • 31 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-02-16 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Beyond the Front Page'' |November 20, 1993 |November 19, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/352959491/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 8 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-11-20 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/286882358/ |title=The Times Recorder from Zanesville, Ohio • 41 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Jack Houston's ImagineLand'' |January 5, 1994 |July 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/313304904/ |title=The Indianapolis News from Indianapolis, Indiana • 64 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-01-15 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1004569125/ |title=Bryan-College Station Eagle from Bryan, Texas • 82 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-07-30 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Kidsongs#Television series|Kidsongs]]'' |April 4, 1994 |June 30, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=KIDSONGS TELEVISION SHOW II, THE (STEREO) F American Public Television |url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/38baad26bfc77030852568f200749623?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211250/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/38baad26bfc77030852568f200749623?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Toddler rush">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Everhart Bedford |first1=Karen |title=Toddler rush, 1994 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch410.html |website=current.org |access-date=3 February 2026 |date=May 23, 1994}}</ref> |- |''[[The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon]]'' |September 18, 1994 |September 5, 1999 | |- |''Big Changes, Big Choices'' |October 27, 1994 |October 26, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/950329104/ |title=The Daily World Archive: Sunday, October 23, 1994 • Helena, Arkansas Page 15 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-10-23 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1119137853/ |title=Staten Island Advance Archive: Sunday, December 25, 1994 • Staten Island, New York Page 146 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-12-25 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref> |- |''[[The Huggabug Club]]'' |January 2, 1995 |July 28, 2000 | |- |''[[The Big Comfy Couch]]'' |January 9, 1995 |April 30, 2009 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BIG COMFY COUCH I, III-V, THE (2ND RELEASE) |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/E9A98E6B1ED7F37385257129005925CB |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406062736/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/E9A98E6B1ED7F37385257129005925CB |archive-date=6 April 2009}}</ref> |- |''Preschool Power!'' |March 25, 1995 |December 31, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/179399222/ |title=The Tribune from Seymour, Indiana • Page 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/760030598/ |title=Corpus Christi Caller-Times from Corpus Christi, Texas • 210 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-12-05 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[The Reppies]]'' |April 1, 1996 |April 30, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=PBS and APS offer new kidvid, 1996 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch612p.html#Reppies |website=current.org |access-date=3 February 2026 |date=October 12, 1996}}</ref> |- |''Crossroads Café'' |September 6, 1996 |2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/544067706/ |title=The Muscatine Journal from Muscatine, Iowa • 20 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-09-06 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1093426484/ |title=The Sunday Oregonian from Portland, Oregon • 218 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-12-21 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Cave Kids]]'' |September 29, 1996 |September 12, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/613144415/|title = The Salt Lake Tribune from Salt Lake City, Utah on September 29, 1996 · 174| date=29 September 1996}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/892828657/|title = Omaha World-Herald from Omaha, Nebraska on September 12, 1999 • 206| date=September 12, 1999}}</ref> |- |''Great Minds of Business'' |August 3, 1997 |January 7, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/355730946/ |title=The Courier from Waterloo, Iowa • 89 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-08-03 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/170392704/ |title=Chicago Tribune from Chicago, Illinois • Page 210 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-01-07 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Zoobilee Zoo]]'' |rowspan=2|September 1, 1997 |February 6, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/636447218/ |title=The Iola Register from Iola, Kansas • 9 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-08-29 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1037530370/ |title=The Review-Herald from Mammoth Lakes, California • 24 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-11-13 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/297494932/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 117 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-02-06 |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Groundling Marsh]]'' |December 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/720567415/ |title=The Bradenton Herald from Bradenton, Florida • 102 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-12-31 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[The Slow Norris]]'' |rowspan=2|November 9, 1997 |August 29, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/450451321/ |title=Public Opinion from Chambersburg, Pennsylvania • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-11-08 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/297507018/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 197 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-08-27 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Backyard Safari'' |September 28, 1999 |<ref name="Toddler rush" /> |- |''Mikhail Baryshnikov's Stories from My Childhood'' |March 15, 1998 |December 31, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/387312407/ |title=Corvallis Gazette-Times from Corvallis, Oregon • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-03-15 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/685251102/ |title=The Kansas City Star from Kansas City, Missouri • 223 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-09-06 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/173125082/ |title=The Baltimore Sun from Baltimore, Maryland • Page 90 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-11-27 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Skinnamarink TV]]'' |May 9, 1998 |September 5, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/556848216/ |title=Hawaii Tribune-Herald from Hilo, Hawaii • 109 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-05-03 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/538841124/ |title=The Daily Sentinel from Grand Junction, Colorado • 52 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-06-05 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Salsa'' |June 1, 1998 |May 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/849246972/ |title=The Macon Telegraph from Macon, Georgia • 121 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-05-31 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/983547919/ |title=The Opelika-Auburn News from Opelika, Alabama • 23 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-05-31 |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Reading Allowed'' |June 7, 1998 |August 29, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/345437146/ |title=The Times and Democrat from Orangeburg, South Carolina • 63 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-06-07 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/628836659/ |title=The Charlotte Observer from Charlotte, North Carolina • 303 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-07-05 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/79401644/ |title=The Gaffney Ledger from Gaffney, South Carolina • Page 9 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2001-08-29 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''Someday School'' |June 21, 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|url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/0d945723eb0affc8852568fd00596b1b?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211353/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/0d945723eb0affc8852568fd00596b1b?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Hello Mrs. Cherrywinkle]]'' |July 4, 1999 |July 3, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=HELLO MRS. 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|April 1, 2003 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=DOOLEY AND PALS SHOW, THE American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/5b79b380372df6e8852568f200746345?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705220433/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/5b79b380372df6e8852568f200746345?OpenDocument |archive-date=5 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="pipe2000">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Everhart Bedford |first1=Karen |last2=Little Ruhl |first2=James |last3=Collins |first3=Geneva |title=Pipeline 2000: Series in preparation for future public TV seasons, as of fall 1999 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/pipeline/pipe2000.html |website=current.org |access-date=7 September 2025 |date=November 17, 1999}}</ref> |- |''Alef...Bet...Blast-Off!'' |September 3, 2000 |September 2, 2009 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=ALEF...BET...BLAST-OFF! |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/A5EF247BEEE464648525694A006A4A6D |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806110046/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/A5EF247BEEE464648525694A006A4A6D |archive-date=6 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Redwall (TV series)|Brian Jacques' Redwall]]'' |April 1, 2001 |April 6, 2006 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|author1=Karen Everhart Bedford |title="Redwall," not for littlest kids |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch0106redwall.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625033633/https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch0106redwall.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |website=current.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |date=26 March 2001 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BRIAN JACQUES' REDWALL 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|<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MUSTARD PANCAKES |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vTitle/MUSTARD+PANCAKES |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060130175854/http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/MUSTARD+PANCAKES |archive-date=30 January 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MUSTARD PANCAKES II |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/D0ED686478E14BE5852571090079031C |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318061035/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/D0ED686478E14BE5852571090079031C |archive-date=18 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="pipeline2005">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Collins |first1=Geneva |title=Pipeline 05: Current's annual survey of national programs in preparation for public television |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/pipeline/pipe05.shtml |website=current.org |access-date=5 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2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Space Racers]]'' |May 2, 2014 |October 31, 2016 |{{refn|group=note|name=space|Premieres moved to [[Universal Kids]] in 2016.}} <ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|author=Ramin Zahed |date=October 25, 2013 |title='Space Racers' to Premiere on Public Television this Spring |url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/space-racers-premiere-public-television-spring |publisher=Animation Magazine |accessdate=July 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SPACE RACERS American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SPACE+RACERS |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011211718/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SPACE+RACERS |archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="pipeline2014">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Fischer |first1=Terry |title=Current’s annual survey of productions in the works for public TV |url=https://current.org/2013/11/currents-annual-survey-of-programs-in-the-works-for-public-tv/ |website=current.org |access-date=17 September 2025 |date=November 25, 2013}}</ref> |- |''Thomas Edison's Secret Lab'' |September 7, 2015 |September 6, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=THOMAS EDISON'S SECRET LAB American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/THOMAS+EDISON+S+SECRET+LAB |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194004/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/THOMAS+EDISON+S+SECRET+LAB |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Bug Bites (2016 TV series)|Bug Bites]]'' |January 4, 2016 |January 3, 2019 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BUG BITES American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BUG+BITES |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=14 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129143747/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BUG+BITES |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[The Mother Company|Ruby's Studio]]'' |January 7, 2016 |January 6, 2022 |<ref name="aptchildren2016">{{#invoke:cite|web|title=APT - BY GENRE: CHILDREN |url=http://www.aptonline.org/aptweb.nsf/ProgramsDisplay?ReadForm&Flag=CatalogGenre&Index=Children |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614211204/http://www.aptonline.org/aptweb.nsf/ProgramsDisplay?ReadForm&Flag=CatalogGenre&Index=Children |archive-date=14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=RUBY'S STUDIO|date=August 21, 2017 |url=https://themotherco.com/rubys-studio/ |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Ruby's Studio – American Public Television Air Times|date=February 2016 |url=https://themotherco.com/2016/02/rubys-studio-american-public-television-air-times-2/ |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Mack & Moxy]]'' |February 5, 2016 |February 16, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MACK & MOXY American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/MACK+MOXY |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=20 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229231321/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/MACK+MOXY |archive-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Lynne Cherry#Producing and Directing Young Voices for the Planet Film Series|Young Voices for the Planet]]'' |April 8, 2016 |April 7, 2019 |<ref name="aptchildren2016" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=YOUNG VOICES FOR THE PLANET: CHILDREN'S ENVIRONMENTAL LITERACY FOUNDATION|url=https://celfeducation.org/yvfp/ |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref> |} ====Programming from NETA==== The following programs are distributed by National Educational Telecommunications Association, not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Curiosity Quest]]'' |July 16, 2004 |2021 | |- |''[[The Shapies]]'' |2004 |2006 | |- |''[[Auto-B-Good]]'' |January 17, 2005 |December 23, 2005 | |- |''Kids for Positive Change'' |July 1, 2021 |June 30, 2024 | |} ====Interstitial programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''Dash's Game of the Day'' |September 4, 2006 |May 16, 2008 | |- |''Dot's Story Factory'' |September 3, 2007 |rowspan=2|October 6, 2013 | |- |''Dash's Secret Treasure'' |rowspan=2|May 19, 2008 | |- |''Music Time with [[Steve Roslonek|SteveSongs]]'' |July 18, 2022 | |- |''Dash's Dance Party'' |rowspan=2|September 7, 2009 |October 6, 2013 | |- |''Adventures with Hooper'' |September 5, 2010 | |- |''Coach Hooper'' |rowspan=3|September 6, 2010 |rowspan=3|2020 | |- |''PBS Kids Field Trip'' | |- |''Where in the World is Hooper?'' | |- |''PBS Kids Spotlight'' |January 15, 2016 |July 18, 2022 | |} ====Short-form programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Amazing Colossal Adventures of WordGirl]]'' |November 10, 2006 |October 10, 2007 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Expands Vocabulary with Wordgirl |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2006/11/pbs-expands-vocabulary-with-wordgirl/ |publisher=Animation Magazine |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=8 November 2006}}</ref> |- |''[[Pocoyo]]'' |January 4, 2010 |December 26, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=pocoyo|''Pocoyo'' was distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from January 4, 2010 through January 3, 2018, and it was aired in the same half-hour timeslot alongside ''Peep and the Big Wide World''; later reruns aired on PBS Kids 24/7 from January 1, 2018 through December 26, 2021.}}<ref name="peep/pocoyo">{{cite web |title=PEEP AND THE BIG WIDE WORLD II/POCOYO {{!}} American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/PEEP+AND+THE+BIG+WIDE+WORLD+II+POCOYO |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910074428/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/PEEP+AND+THE+BIG+WIDE+WORLD+II+POCOYO |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> |} ====Blocks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Block title !Launch date !End date !Source(s) |- |[[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch]] |September 30, 2000 |September 5, 2004 | |- |[[PBS Kids Go!]] |October 11, 2004 |rowspan=2|October 6, 2013 | |- |PBS Kids Preschool |September 4, 2006 | |} ==Special programming== Programs with marked with an asterisk (*) have been featured on the Family Night weekend primetime block on PBS Kids 24/7. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[Noddy (TV series)|Noddy: Anything Can Happen At Christmas]]'' |December 6, 1998 | |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Party with Zoom]]'' |1999 | |- |''[[Arthur's Perfect Christmas]]''* |November 23, 2000 | |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Zoom: America's Kids Respond]]'' |September 20, 2001 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Children's Series Offers Kids Ideas for Coping with the Aftermath of the Attacks On America |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-childrens-series-offers-kids-ideas-for-coping-with-the-aftermath-of-the-attacks-on-america-september-20-2001/ |access-date=12 March 2023 }}</ref> |- |''[[Barney & Friends|Barney's Christmas Star]]'' | rowspan="2" |2002 | |- |''[[Elmo's World|Elmo's World: Happy Holidays!]]'' | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur, It's Only Rock 'n' Roll]]'' |September 1, 2002 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fiasco |first1=Lance |title=The Backstreet Boys To Make Their Animated 'Arthur' Debut |url=https://idobi.com/news/the-backstreet-boys-to-make-their-animated-arthur-debut/ |website=idobi |access-date=15 September 2024 |date=29 July 2002 |archive-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915233825/https://idobi.com/news/the-backstreet-boys-to-make-their-animated-arthur-debut/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Idaho PTV Program Listing - September 2002 Schedule |url=http://www.idahoptv.org/what/channels/Sep02/Sep.html#1 |website=idahoptv.org |access-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020914044129/http://www.idahoptv.org/what/channels/Sep02/Sep.html#1 |archive-date=2002-09-14 |date=14 September 2002}}</ref> |- |[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|''Zoom: America's Kids Remember'']] |September 8, 2002 | |- |''[[Bob the Builder|Bob the Builder Snowed Under: The Bobblesberg Winter Games]]'' |December 17, 2005 | |- |''[[Arthur's Missing Pal]]'' |August 18, 2007 | |- |''[[Panwapa]]'' |2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Signals: WXXI Program Guide September 2008 |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/30900371/september-2008-wxxi |website=yumpu.com |publisher=WXXI |access-date=5 July 2023 |page=19 |language=en |date=September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WBGU-PBS KIDS Shows |url=http://wbgu.org/kids/shows |publisher=WBGU |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724022723/http://wbgu.org/kids/shows |archive-date=24 July 2008}}</ref> |- |''[[Abby in Wonderland]]'' |November 28, 2008 | |- |''[[Curious George: A Very Monkey Christmas]]''* |November 25, 2009 |<ref name="cgxmas">{{cite web |title=MONKEY AROUND THE CHRISTMAS TREE THIS HOLIDAY SEASON! FIRST EVER CURIOUS GEORGE® HOLIDAY SPECIAL A VERY MONKEY CHRISTMAS PREMIERES NOVEMBER 25TH ON PBS KIDS® |url=http://streams.wgbh.org/online/pressroom/2009_10/CuriousGeorge_MonkeyChristmas.pdf |publisher=WGBH |access-date=14 March 2023 |date=27 October 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Curious George (film)|Curious George]]'' |rowspan=2|November 23, 2011 | |- |''[[Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey!]]''* | |- |''[[List of WordGirl episodes#WordGirl%3 The Rise of Miss Power|WordGirl: The Rise of Miss Power]]''* |February 20, 2012 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Christmas!]]''* |November 21, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wolfe|first1=Jennifer|title=PBS Kids Announces 'Cat in the Hat' Christmas Special |url=https://www.awn.com/news/pbs-kids-announces-cat-hat-christmas-special |publisher=Animation World Network |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=2 November 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford's Really Big Movie]]'' |December 14, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title='CLIFFORD'S REALLY BIG MOVIE" PREMIERS ON PBS KIDS |url=http://mediaroom.scholastic.com/press-release/cliffords-really-big-movie-premiers-pbs-kids |publisher=Scholastic |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=19 November 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Sid the Science Kid#Sid the Science Kid: The Movie (2013)|Sid the Science Kid: The Movie]]''* |March 25, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Curious George episodes#Specials|Curious George Swings Into Spring]]''* |April 22, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Curious George episodes#Specials|Curious George: A Halloween Boo Fest]]''* |October 28, 2013 | |- |''[[Elmo's Christmas Countdown]]'' |November 27, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Cyberchase episodes#Season 9 (2013–14)|The Cyberchase Movie]]'' |April 15, 2014 | |- |''[[The Cookie Thief]]''* |February 16, 2015 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Steinberg|first1=Brian|title=Cookie Monster Gets First Special on PBS' Kids Lineup| date=January 19, 2015 |url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/cookie-monster-gets-first-special-on-pbs-kids-lineup-1201408785/|publisher=Variety|access-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref> |- |''[[Curious George 3: Back to the Jungle]]''* |August 17, 2015 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 4 (2015–17)|Wild Kratts: A Creature Christmas]]''* |November 25, 2015 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Camping!]]''* |July 25, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Seuss on Facebook |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/Dr.Seuss/posts/calling-all-campers-join-the-cat-in-the-hat-on-a-fun-and-frenzied-outdoor-advent/10155167750907195/ |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=25 July 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: The Movie (2016)|Odd Squad: The Movie]]''* |August 1, 2016 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Halloween!]]''* |October 28, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Milligan|first1=Mercedes|title=PBS KIDS Gets Animated for Halloween |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2016/10/pbs-kids-gets-animated-for-halloween/ |publisher=Animation Magazine |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=3 October 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 4 (2015–17)|Wild Kratts: Creatures of the Deep Sea]]''* |November 23, 2016 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Space!]]''* |December 26, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Kids Newsletter December 2016 |url=https://www.myarkansaspbs.org/kids/newsletter/december2016 |publisher=[[Arkansas PBS|AETN]] |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=December 2016 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318164323/https://www.myarkansaspbs.org/kids/newsletter/december2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood: A Tiger Family Trip]]''* |May 8, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: Back to Bortron 7]]''* |August 14, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur: D.W. and the Beastly Birthday]]''* |May 29, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 5 (2017–19)|Wild Kratts Alaska: Hero's Journey]]''* |July 24, 2017 | |- |''Wild Alaska Live''* |July 29, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur and the Haunted Tree House]]''* |October 23, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Halloween Comes to PBS KIDS with New Programming, Games and Activities for the Entire Family |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/halloween-comes-to-pbs-kids-with-new-programming-games-and-activities-for-the-entire-family/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=28 September 2017}}</ref> |- |''[[Once Upon a Sesame Street Christmas]]''* |November 22, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=CPTV Parents E-Newsletter |url=https://cptv.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/CPTV-Parents-E-Newsletter_November-2017_Thanksgiving-Edition.pdf |publisher=CPTV |access-date=14 March 2023 |date=1 November 2017}}</ref> |- |''[[The Gruffalo]]''* |rowspan=4|December 1, 2017 | |- |''[[The Gruffalo's Child]]''* | |- |''[[Stick Man]]''* | |- |''[[Room on the Broom]]''* | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: World Turned Odd (2018)|Odd Squad: World Turned Odd]]''* |January 15, 2018 | |- |''[[List of Nature Cat episodes#Specials|Nature Cat: The Return of Bad Dog Bart]]''* |July 16, 2018 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|The Daniel Tiger Movie: Won't You Be My Neighbor?]]''* |September 17, 2018 | |- |''[[Magic Light Pictures|The Highway Rat]]''* |December 7, 2018 | |- |''[[Let's Go Luna!#Special (2018)|Let's Go Luna!: Luna's Christmas Around the World]]''* |December 10, 2018 | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: Odds and Ends (2019)|Odd Squad: Odds and Ends]]''* |January 21, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Sesame Street episodes#Specials|The Magical Wand Chase: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |March 25, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Cyberchase episodes#Season 12 (2019–20)|Cyberchase: Space Waste Odyssey]]''* |April 19, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: One Small Step]]''* |June 17, 2019 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific#Specials|Pinkalicious and Peterrific: A Pinkaperfect Birthday]]''* |August 5, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Nature Cat episodes#Specials|Nature Cat: A Nature Carol]]''* |November 29, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Rhythm and Roots of Arthur]]''* |January 20, 2020 | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: Odd Beginnings (2020)|Odd Squad: Odd Beginnings]]''* |February 17, 2020 | |- |''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum#Xavier Riddle and the Secret Movie: I Am Madam President|Xavier Riddle and the Secret Movie: I Am Madam President]]''* |March 16, 2020 | |- |''[[Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate]]'' |April 14, 2020 |<ref name=playdate>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/primetime-special-sesame-street-elmos-playdate-offer-families-connection|title=Primetime Special 'Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate' to Offer Families Connection in Challenging Times|date=2020-04-08|website=[[Sesame Workshop]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 6 (2019–2021)|Wild Kratts: Amazin' Amazon Adventure]]''* |April 20, 2020 | |- |''[[When You Wish Upon A Pickle: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |July 13, 2020 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood Won't You Sing Along with Me?]]''* |August 17, 2020 | |- |''PBS Kids Talk About: Race and Racism''* |October 9, 2020 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|The Power of We: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |October 15, 2020 |<ref name=powerofwe>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/power-we-sesame-street-special-debuts-thursday-october-15-help-children|title='The Power of We: A Sesame Street Special' Debuts on Thursday, October 15, To Help Children Stand Up To Racism|date=2020-10-08|website=[[Sesame Workshop]]|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14|archive-date=2022-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524085547/https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/power-we-sesame-street-special-debuts-thursday-october-15-help-children|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|An Arthur Thanksgiving]]''* |November 16, 2020 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific#Specials|Pinkalicious and Peterrific: Cupid Calls It Quits]]''* |February 8, 2021 | |- |''[[Dinosaur Train|Dinosaur Train: Adventure Island]]''* |April 12, 2021 | |- |''[[Molly of Denali|Molly of Denali: Molly and the Great One]]''* |June 7, 2021 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 6 (2019–2021)|Wild Kratts: Cats and Dogs]]''* |July 12, 2021 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur's First Day]]''* |September 6, 2021 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|See Us Coming Together: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |November 25, 2021 | |- |''[[The Monster at the End of This Book: Starring Lovable, Furry Old Grover#Sequels and adaptations|Sesame Street: The Monster at the End of This Story]]''* |March 7, 2022 | |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why|Elinor Wonders Why: A Wonderful Journey]]''* |April 18, 2022 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood: Daniel Visits a New Neighborhood]]''* |June 20, 2022 | |- |''[[Curious George (franchise)|Curious George 4: Royal Monkey]]''* | rowspan="2" |July 1, 2022 | |- |''[[Curious George (franchise)|Curious George 5: Go West, Go Wild]]''* | |- |''[[Sesame Street|Sesame Street: Furry Friends Forever: Elmo Gets a Puppy]]''* |March 13, 2023 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: Space Camp]]''* |July 20, 2023 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|Sesame Street: The Nutcracker: Starring Elmo & Tango]]''* |December 2, 2023 | |- |''[[Tad Hills|Rocket Saves the Day]]''* |December 26, 2023 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=PBS Kids Takes Off With TV Movie 'Rocket Saves The Day' |url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/pbs-kids-tv-movie-rocket-saves-the-day-thunderbird-entertainment-1235557216/ |website=Deadline |access-date=7 January 2024 |date=28 September 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Wild Kratts|Wild Kratts: Our Blue and Green World]]''* |April 1, 2024 |<ref name="apr24">{{cite web |author1=PBS Publicity |title=PBS KIDS Kicks Off Spring with a Slate of New Content for the Whole Family |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-kicks-off-spring-with-a-slate-of-new-content-for-the-whole-family/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=24 April 2024 |location=Arlington, VA |language=en |date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="apr24a">{{cite web |title=More Spring Fun with LPB and PBS KIDS! |url=https://www.lpb.org/newsletters/parent-newsletter-apr2024 |website=Louisiana Public Broadcasting |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424011342/https://www.lpb.org/newsletters/parent-newsletter-apr2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat|Nature Cat’s Nature Movie Special Extraordinaire]]'' |April 22, 2024 |<ref name="apr24"/><ref name="apr24a"/> |- |''[[The Okee Dokee Brothers|Brambletown]]''* |July 26, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nelson |first1=Dustin |title=Family music duo, The Okee Dokee Brothers, bring new film to PBS |url=https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-lifestyle/family-music-duo-the-okee-dokee-brothers-bring-new-film-to-pbs |website=Bring Me The News |access-date=27 July 2024 |language=en |date=22 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Starks |first1=Tiara |title=Joe Mailander of The Okee Dokee Brothers on creating PBS KIDS' Brambletown, making music, and myths |url=https://theparentwatch.com/posts/joe-mailander-the-okee-dokee-brothers-brambletown-01j15d06pjh7 |website=The Parent Watch |access-date=27 July 2024 |date=26 July 2024}}</ref> |- |''Mystery League''* |March 22, 2025 |<ref name="mysteryleague">{{cite web |title=Mystery League |url=https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/959334/detail |website=pw.myersinfosys.com |access-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109230041/https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/959334/detail |archive-date=9 January 2025 |date=9 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat|Nature Cat: The Nature-Tastic Four Movie]]'' |April 3, 2025 | |- |''Acoustic Rooster and His Barnyard Band'' |May 1, 2025 |<ref name="rooster">{{cite press release|title=PBS KIDS to Debut ACOUSTIC ROOSTER, Based on Bestselling Author Kwame Alexander's Children's Book|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-to-debut-acoustic-rooster-based-on-bestselling-author-kwame-alexanders-childrens-book/|website=[[PBS]]|access-date=24 February 2025|date=24 February 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[The Jim Henson Company|Wowsabout]]'' |May 1, 2026 |<ref>{{cite web |title=THE WOW IS WHAT IT’S ALL ABOUT! THE JIM HENSON COMPANY PRODUCES “WOWSABOUT” FOR PBS KIDS – Jim Henson |url=https://www.henson.com/the-wow-is-what-its-all-about-the-jim-henson-company-produces-wowsabout-for-pbs-kids-all-new-puppet-preschool-special-celebrates-the-emotion-of-awe/ |website=www.henson.com |access-date=12 February 2026 |location=Los Angeles, CA |date=10 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tuchow |first1=Ryan |title=PBS KIDS greenlights a Henson special set in Sequoia National Park |url=https://kidscreen.com/2026/02/10/pbs-kids-greenlights-a-henson-special-set-in-sequoia-national-park/ |website=Kidscreen |access-date=12 February 2026 |date=10 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Schedule Program - WGTE Public Media |url=https://www.wgte.org/schedules/program/kids/wowsabout/episode-0/05-02-2026/19-00-00 |website=www.wgte.org |access-date=2 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |} ===Special programming from American Public Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[Davy Jones' Locker]]'' |November 1, 1997 | |- |''[[Barney's Great Adventure]]'' |October 1, 2000 | |- |''[[Redwall (TV series)|The Redwall Movie]]'' |c. 2002 |<ref name="apt2002">{{cite web |title=APT DOMESTIC CATALOG |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/bpt?OpenView&Start=1&Count=30&Expand=6#6 |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021128103250/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/bpt?OpenView&Start=1&Count=30&Expand=6#6 |archive-date=28 November 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[The Star of Christmas|VeggieTales: The Star of Christmas]]'' |December 23, 2002 |<ref name="apt2002"/> |- |''[[Duke and the Great Pie War|VeggieTales: Duke and the Great Pie War]]'' |April 1, 2005 |<ref>{{cite web |title=VEGGIETALES: DUKE AND THE GREAT PIE WAR |url=http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/VEGGIETALES:+DUKE+AND+THE+GREAT+PIE+WAR |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305095835/http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/VEGGIETALES:+DUKE+AND+THE+GREAT+PIE+WAR |archive-date=5 March 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Heidi 4 Paws|Heidi 4 Paws: A Furry Tale]]'' |November 23, 2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=WTTW NATIONAL PRODUCTIONS PRESENTS HEIDI 4 PAWS: A FURRY TALE |url=https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=7,4,1,1,1,50 |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006000446/https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=7,4,1,1,1,50 |archive-date=6 October 2009}}</ref> |- |''Science Mission 101'' |February 1, 2010 | |- |rowspan=2|''[[Scientastic!]]'' |September 2, 2010 | |- |April 2014 | |- |''[[Biz Kids]]: Three Minutes to Change the World'' |May 20, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title=BIZ KID$ -- THREE MINUTES TO CHANGE THE WORLD American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BIZ+KID+--+THREE+MINUTES+TO+CHANGE+THE+WORLD |website=aptonline.org |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526235909/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BIZ+KID+--+THREE+MINUTES+TO+CHANGE+THE+WORLD |archive-date=26 May 2012 |date=26 May 2012}}</ref> |- |''Lost Treasure Hunt'' |October 1, 2014 | |} ===Acquired special programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving]]'' |November 22, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=acbt|Aired twice (November 22, 2020 and November 21, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Apple & PBS Team Up For Broadcasts of "A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving" & "A Charlie Brown Christmas" |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/apple-pbs-team-up-for-broadcasts-of-a-charlie-brown-thanksgiving-a-charlie-brown-christmas/ |work=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[A Charlie Brown Christmas]]'' |December 13, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=acbc|Aired twice (December 13, 2020 and December 19, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto1"/> |- |''[[It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown]]'' |October 24, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=itgpcb|Aired only once (October 24, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown Will Not Air on Broadcast TV This Year |url=https://comicbook.com/horror/news/charlie-brown-great-pumpkin-halloween-streaming-apple-tv-plus/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Horror |date=October 11, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |- |''MeteoHeroes: The Adventure Begins - Earth Day Special'' |April 22, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=KVIE|Syndicated to public television stations by KVIE.}}<ref name="meteo">{{cite web |date=May 1, 2022|title=MeteoHeroes Premieres on PBS on Earth Day and Inspires New Environmental Awards|url=https://www.anbmedia.com/news/2022/05/meteoheroes-pbs-earth-day/ |work=aNb Media}}</ref> |} ==Web-exclusive programming== The following programming is exclusive to PBS Kids web-based platforms, such as the PBS Kids website, PBS Kids Video app, and other streaming platforms. This content is not broadcast by PBS Kids and has never been aired on television. * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org"/> ===Short-form programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Release date !End date !Source(s) |- |''Wilson & Ditch: Digging America'' |Fall 2009 |2018 |<ref>{{cite web |title='WILSON & DITCH: DIGGING AMERICA' NEW PBS CHILDREN'S WEB-ONLY SOCIAL STUDIES SERIES ON PBSKIDSGO.ORG THIS FALL (August 2, 2009) |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/wilson-ditch-digging-america-new-pbs-childrens-web-only-social-studies-series-on-pbskidsgoorg-this-fall-august-2-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=2 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''Fizzy's Lunch Lab'' |November 16, 2009 |February 2021 |<ref>{{cite web |title=LAUGHTER IS THE KEY INGREDIENT IN FIZZY'S LUNCH LAB," A NEW HEALTH-THEMED WEB-ONLY PROPERTY LAUNCHING NOVEMBER 16 ON PBSKIDSGO.ORG |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/laughter-is-the-key-ingredient-in-fizzys-lunch-lab-a-new-health-themed-web-only-property-launching-november-16-on-pbskidsgoorg-september-30-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=30 September 2009}}</ref> |- |''Chuck Vanderchuck's "Something Something" Explosion'' |2011 |2018 |<ref name="2011web"/> |- |''[[Plum Landing]]''¹ |April 22, 2014 | rowspan="10" |present |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Longwell |first1=Todd |title=PBS Kids explores Earth with cross-platform environmental series |url=https://kidscreen.com/2014/04/22/pbs-kids-explores-earth-with-cross-platform-environmental-series/ |website=Kidscreen |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS Debuts New Web-original Property and Free App: PLUM LANDING |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-debuts-new-web-original-property-and-free-app-plum-landing/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=4 May 2024 |language=en |date=22 April 2014}}</ref> |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman#Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius|Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius]]'' |November 26, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wgbhkids.com/ruff-ruffman-humble-media-genius/|title=Ruff Ruffman|date=15 May 2014|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102809/https://wgbhkids.com/ruff-ruffman-humble-media-genius/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[The Ruff Ruffman Show]]''¹ |September 28, 2017 |<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-the-return-of-fan-favorite-with-new-digital-series-the-ruff-ruffman-show/ PBS KIDS Announces the Return of Fan Favorite with New Digital Series: THE RUFF RUFFMAN SHOW. "PBS.org"]. Accessed November 20, 2017.</ref> |- |''PBS Kids Talk About'' |2018 | |- |''Scribbles and Ink''¹ |December 16, 2019 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roettgers |first1=Janko |title=PBS Kids Launches Interactive Online Series 'Scribbles and Ink' |url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/pbs-kids-scribbles-ink-interactive-series-1203445850/ |website=Variety |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=17 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scribbles & Ink |url=https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/scribbles-and-ink |website=Global Mechanic |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504221116/https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/scribbles-and-ink |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman#Team Hamster!|Team Hamster]]'' |December 28, 2020 |- |''Search It Up!'' |2020 | |- |''Mega Wow!'' |2021 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS Mega Wow will make you say Mega. Wow. |url=https://www.sisbro.com/news-blog/2021/9/9/pbs-kids-mega-wow-will-make-you-say-mega-wow |website=Sisbro Studios |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=9 September 2021}}</ref> |- |''Tiny Time Travel'' |March 15, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eakin |first1=Marah |title='Tiny Time Travel' shorts help kids learn emotional literacy |url=https://current.org/2024/03/tiny-time-travel-shorts-help-kids-learn-emotional-literacy/ |website=Current |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=26 March 2024}}</ref> |} ===Podcasts=== *''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]'' Podcast (May 22, 2007−September 19, 2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=FETCH! . Podcasts . PBS KIDS GO! |url=http://pbskids.org/fetch/show/podcasts.html |website=pbskids.org |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923144051/http://pbskids.org/fetch/show/podcasts.html |archive-date=23 September 2010 |date=23 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FETCH! with Ruff Ruffman . Podcast . PBS KIDS GO! |url=https://podbay.fm/p/fetch-with-ruff-ruffman-podcast-or-pbs-kids-go |website=podbay.fm |access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref> *''[[Molly of Denali|Molly of Denali Podcast]]'' (May 30, 2019−April 21, 2021) *''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific|The Pinkalicious & Peterrific Podcast]] ''(October 28, 2020−March 13, 2025) *''[[Odd Squad]]cast'' (December 2, 2020−December 30, 2020) *''[[Arthur|The Arthur Podcast]]'' (October 20, 2022−present) *''Keyshawn Solves It'' (May 29, 2023−June 19, 2023) *''[[123 Andrés|Jamming on the Job]]'' (September 14, 2023−present) *''[[Work It Out Wombats!|Work It Out Wombats! Podcast]]'' (January 4, 2024−present) *''[[Lyla in the Loop|Lyla’s Loopcast]]'' (May 8, 2025−present) == Notes == {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{PBS Kids shows}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List of programs broadcast by PBS Kidso}} [[Category:PBS Kids|*]] [[Category:Lists of television series by network|PBS Kids]] ebij2qd96idccs0w14s6fvp08meu5f2 10879079 10878926 2026-06-04T21:36:27Z ~2026-30829-22 1812709 10879079 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of programs currently broadcast on public television by [[PBS Kids]] on local [[PBS]] stations and the 24/7 channel in the United States. ==Current programming== * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web |title=Amazon Prime Video Is now the Exclusive Premium Subscription Streaming Home for Family-Favorite PBS KIDS Series |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/amazon-prime-video-is-now-the-exclusive-premium-subscription-streaming-home-for-family-favorite-pbs-kids-series/ |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref> * ² Co-distributed on the PBS Retro streaming channel ===Original programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Current season !Source(s) |- |''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]''¹ ² |February 19, 1968 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=mrn|National runs ended when spinoff series ''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]'' began airing on September 3, 2012, but reruns of select episodes have since returned as of June 10, 2017 (PBS) and temporarily October 8, 2022 through February 5, 2023 (PBS Kids 24/7).}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on April 23, 2024.}} |- |''[[Sesame Street]]'' |November 10, 1969 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|56 |{{refn|group=note|name=ss|''Sesame Street'' was notably absent from PBS Kids 24/7 until the channel relaunched on January 16, 2017, due to conflicting cable broadcast rights with [[Noggin (brand)|Noggin]] and [[Sesame Workshop|Children's Television Workshop]]. <br/> Premieres moved to [[HBO]] in 2016 and [[HBO Max]] in 2020, but ''Sesame Street'' has aired consistently on public television in some capacity since its original debut. As of 2025, new episodes premiere on PBS and Netflix concurrently.}} |- |''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]''¹ |October 7, 1996 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns | |- |''[[Cyberchase]]''¹ |January 21, 2002 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Cyberchase episodes#Season 15 (2024)|15]] | |- |''[[Curious George (TV series)|Curious George]]'' |September 4, 2006 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=cg|''Curious George'' was notably absent from PBS Kids 24/7 until October 5, 2020 due to conflicting streaming rights with [[Hulu]] and [[NBCUniversal]]. <br/> Premieres moved to [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] in 2020, but ''Curious George'' has aired consistently on public television in some capacity since its original debut.}}{{Refn|group=note|name=end2024|National runs on PBS ended on September 30, 2024. Reruns continue on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Super Why!]]''¹ |rowspan=2|September 3, 2007 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2019|National runs on PBS ended on July 12, 2019. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[WordGirl]]''¹ |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2017a|National runs on PBS ended on June 2, 2017. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations with specials airing periodically on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Dinosaur Train]]''¹ |September 7, 2009 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2024a|National runs on PBS ended on February 4, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Wild Kratts]]''¹ |January 3, 2011 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 7 (2023)|7]] | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]''¹ |September 3, 2012 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood episodes#Season 7 (2024–)|7]] | |- |''[[Peg + Cat]]''¹ |October 7, 2013 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021a|National runs on PBS ended on October 1, 2021 with specials airing periodically through December 23, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Odd Squad (TV series)|Odd Squad]]''¹ |November 26, 2014 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Season 5 (2026-)|5]] |<ref>{{cite web |title=New Live-Action Series ODD SQUAD to Premiere on PBS KIDS This November |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140514005941/en/New-Live-Action-Series-ODD-SQUAD-to-Premiere-on-PBS-KIDS-This-November |website=www.businesswire.com |access-date=2 February 2024 |location=San Francisco, CA |language=en |date=14 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Eakin |first1=Marah |title='Odd Squad' abroad: Hit PBS Kids series expands to UK |url=https://current.org/2023/11/odd-squad-abroad-hit-pbs-kids-series-expands-to-uk/ |website=Current |access-date=2 February 2024 |date=13 November 2023 |quote=...the next season of "Odd Squad," debuting on PBS in late 2024.}}</ref><ref name="odduk">{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/brunico-issuu/docs/kidscreen_octobernovember23|title=Sinking Ship Entertainment print ad (pages 4-7)|magazine=Kidscreen (October/November 2023)|date=October 10, 2023 }}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat]]''¹ |November 25, 2015 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns ||{{refn|group=note|name=end2025|National runs on PBS ended on July 4, 2025. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name=Cast>{{cite web|title=New PBS Kids Series Nature Cat Will Premiere November 25, 2015|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-nature-cat-will-premiere-november-25-2015/|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923090336/http://www.pbs.org/about/news/archive/2015/nature-cat-premiere/|archive-date=September 23, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |''[[Ready Jet Go!]]''¹ |February 15, 2016 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2023|National runs on PBS ended on February 3, 2023. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific]]''¹ |February 19, 2018 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2026|National runs on PBS ended on February 1, 2026. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref>{{cite web |date=May 18, 2017 |title=Pinkalicious & Peterrific is coming to PBS Kids next February! |url=http://dandelionmoms.com/2017/05/pinkalicious-peterrific-is-coming-to-pbs-kids-next-february/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030404/https://dandelionmoms.com/2017/05/pinkalicious-peterrific-is-coming-to-pbs-kids-next-february/ |archive-date=June 16, 2018 |access-date=September 25, 2017 |publisher=Dandelionmoms.com}}</ref> |- |''[[Let's Go Luna!]]''¹ |November 21, 2018 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2024b|National runs on PBS ended on February 4, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name=AM>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/pbs-kids-gets-refreshed-ruff-ruffman-joe-murrays-luna-around-the-world/|title=PBS KIDS Gets Refreshed 'Ruff Ruffman,' Joe Murray's 'Luna Around the World'|author=Mercedes Milligan|work=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=July 31, 2017|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Molly of Denali]]''¹ |July 15, 2019 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Molly of Denali#Season 4 (2024)|4]] |<ref name=playback>[http://playbackonline.ca/2018/05/09/pbs-kids-orders-first-alaskan-native-series/ "PBS Kids orders animated series from Atomic Cartoons"]. ''[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]'', May 9, 2018.</ref> |- |''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum]]''¹ |November 11, 2019 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum#Season 2 (2024)|2]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-xavier-riddle-and-the-secret-museum-premiering-november-11-2019/|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series XAVIER RIDDLE AND THE SECRET MUSEUM, Premiering November 11, 2019 |publisher=[[PBS]]|access-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2019 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2019) |December 7, 2019 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2022|National runs on PBS ended on September 30, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name=Milligan_June2019>{{cite web |date=June 4, 2019 |first=Mercedes |last=Milligan |title=Scholastic's New 'Clifford the Big Red Dog' Launches in December |website=Animation Magazine |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/scholastics-new-clifford-the-big-red-dog-launches-in-december/ }}</ref> |- |''[[Hero Elementary]]''¹ |June 1, 2020 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2023c|National runs on PBS ended on February 2, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-hero-elementary-premiering-summer-2020/|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series HERO ELEMENTARY, Premiering Summer 2020 {{!}} PBS About|website=PBS KIDS Announces New Series HERO ELEMENTARY, Premiering Summer 2020 {{!}} PBS About|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why]]''¹ |September 7, 2020 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Elinor Wonders Why#Episodes|2]] | |- |''[[Donkey Hodie (TV series)|Donkey Hodie]]''¹ |May 3, 2021 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Donkey Hodie episodes#Season 3 (2025–)|3]] | |- |''[[Alma's Way]]''¹ |October 4, 2021 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Alma's Way episodes#Season 3 (2026–)|3]] |<ref name="almasway">{{cite press release|title=New PBS Kids Series Alma's Way Premieres October 4|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-almas-way-premieres-october-4/|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=August 10, 2021}}</ref> |- |''[[Rosie's Rules]]''¹ |October 3, 2022 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Rosie's Rules#Season 2 (2025–)|2]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS KIDS to Introduce New Series, ROSIE'S RULES, Premiering Fall 2022 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-to-introduce-new-series-rosies-rules-premiering-fall-2022/ |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Work It Out Wombats!]]''¹ |February 6, 2023 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Work It Out Wombats!#Episodes|2]] |<ref name="wombats">{{cite press release|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series, WORK IT OUT WOMBATS! Debuting Winter 2023|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-work-it-out-wombats-debuting-winter-2023/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Lyla in the Loop]]''¹ |February 5, 2024 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Lyla in the Loop#Episodes|1]] |<ref name="lyla">{{cite press release|title=New PBS KIDS Series, LYLA IN THE LOOP, Launches February 5, 2024|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-lyla-in-the-loop-launches-february-5-2024/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Carl the Collector]]''¹ |November 14, 2024 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Carl the Collector episodes#Season 1 (2024)|1]] |<ref>{{cite web |title=CARL THE COLLECTOR, PBS KIDS' First Series Centering on an Autistic Main Character, Premieres Nov 14 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/carl-the-collector-pbs-kids-first-series-centering-on-an-autistic-main-character-premieres-nov-14/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=16 July 2024 |location=Pasadena, CA |language=en |date=15 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="carl">{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Abbey |title='Carl the Collector,' PBS Kids' First Series Led by an Autistic Character, to Premiere in Fall 2024 (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/carl-the-collector-pbs-kids-2024-premiere-1235641724/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=10 November 2023 |date=9 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Amatangelo |first1=Amy |title='Carl the Collector,' a new animated PBS series, features characters with autism |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2024-11-14/carl-the-collector-autism-pbs-kids |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=14 November 2024 |date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Weather Hunters]]''¹ |September 8, 2025 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |<ref name="roker">{{cite press release|title=WEATHER HUNTERS, New STEM Series Created by & Starring Al Roker, Launches on PBS KIDS, July 7, 2025|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/weather-hunters-new-animated-series-created-by-and-starring-al-roker-launches-on-pbs-kids-july-7/|website=[[PBS]] |access-date=22 January 2025 |date=22 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Weather Hunters Prescreening: Summer Shared Stories Series |url=https://www.pbsutah.org/blogs/events/weather-hunters-prescreening-summer-shared-stories-series/ |website=PBS Utah |access-date=18 May 2025 |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602132640/https://www.pbsutah.org/blogs/events/weather-hunters-prescreening-summer-shared-stories-series/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Phoebe & Jay]]''¹ |February 2, 2026 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Amatangelo |first1=Amy |title=After funding cuts, PBS children's programming soldiers on with 'Phoebe & Jay' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2026-02-02/pbs-childrens-television-cuts-phoebe-and-jay |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2 February 2026 |date=2 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1-link=2 February 2026 |title=New PBS Kids Program 'Phoebe & Jay' Premieres Today |url=https://www.whro.org/2026-02-02/new-pbs-kids-program-phoebe-jay-premieres-today |website=WHRO Public Media |access-date=2 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260202234300/https://www.whro.org/2026-02-02/new-pbs-kids-program-phoebe-jay-premieres-today |archive-date=2 February 2026 |language=en |date=2 February 2026}}</ref> |} ====Local reruns==== The following programs are currently airing on select local PBS stations only. They are no longer distributed nationally, but are still available for local stations to air independently. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !National run end date !Source(s) |- |''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2000) |September 4, 2000 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=clifford|National runs ended on May 30, 2014 (PBS) and October 2, 2022 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[Maya & Miguel]]'' |October 11, 2004 |December 31, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|name=maya|National runs ended on December 31, 2010. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[SciGirls]]''¹ |February 11, 2010 |June 23, 2023 |{{refn|group=note|name=local|Broadcasts are exclusive to select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!]]'' |September 6, 2010 |March 1, 2026 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021|National runs ended on October 1, 2021 (PBS) and March 1, 2026 (PBS Kids 24/7), with specials airing periodically through December 25, 2025. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |} ===Acquired programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Current season !Source(s) |- |''[[Milo (TV series)|Milo]]''¹ |October 1, 2024 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Milo (TV series)#Episodes|1]] |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}}{{refn|group=note|name=milostreaming|''Milo'' was first available on PBS Kids streaming platforms and Amazon Prime Video starting on May 13, 2024.}}<ref name="may2024"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nordyke |first1=Kimberly |title=PBS Kids Sets Spring Slate With New Series 'Tiny Time Travel' and 'Milo,' Movies Based on 'Wild Kratts' and 'Nature Cat' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/pbs-kids-tiny-time-travel-milo-wild-kratts-nature-cat-1235831431/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=25 February 2024 |date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EPISODES OF 'MILO' AVAILABLE IN THE UNITED STATES THIS FALL VIA PBS KIDS {{!}} DeAPlaneta Kids&Families |url=https://www.deaplanetakidsandfamily.com/en/episodes-milo-available-united-states-fall-pbs-kids |website=www.deaplanetakidsandfamily.com |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Milo Will Be Available on the PBS Kids Channel in the US, Starting October 1 |url=https://www.todotvnews.com/en/milo-will-be-available-on-the-pbs-kids-channel-in-the-us-starting-october-1/ |website=TTV News |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Milo' to be available on PBS Kids channel in USA |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/kids-animated-series-milo-to-be-available-on-pbs-kids-channel-in-usa/ |website=www.animationxpress.com |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref> |} ===Programming from American Public Television=== The following programs are distributed by [[American Public Television]], not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Current season !Source(s) |- |''[[Biz Kid$]]'' |January 6, 2008 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns | |- |''Roey's Paintbox'' |February 4, 2015 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns | |- |''Kid Stew'' |May 1, 2018 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns | |- |''Albie's Elevator'' |rowspan=2|September 4, 2023 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|2 |<ref name="whyy2023">{{cite web |last1=Rudnesky |first1=Franki |title=WHYY debuts two new children's TV shows made in Philadelphia |url=https://www.phillyvoice.com/whyy-childrens-tv-shows-philadelphia-albies-elevator-infinite-art-hunt/ |website=PhillyVoice |publisher=WWB Holdings, LLC |access-date=25 June 2023 |date=14 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ALBIE'S ELEVATOR American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/ALBIE-S-ELEVATOR |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ALBIE'S ELEVATOR Season 2 American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/ALBIE-S-ELEVATOR-Season-2 |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- |''The Infinite Art Hunt'' |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |<ref name="whyy2023"/><ref>{{cite web |title=THE INFINITE ART HUNT American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/INFINITE-ART-HUNT-THE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> |- |''Mia & Codie'' |January 2, 2025 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|2 |<ref>{{cite web |title=MIA & CODIE American Public Television |url=https://aptonline.org/catalog/MIA-CODIE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MIA & CODIE Season 2 American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/MIA-CODIE-Season-2 |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- |''[[Skillsville]]'' |March 3, 2025 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |{{refn|group=note|name=aptskillsville|''Skillsville'' aired from March 3, 2025, through January 31, 2026 on PBS Kids; Reruns are currently distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] as of February 1, 2026.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=SKILLSVILLE American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/SKILLSVILLE |website=APTonline.org |access-date=1 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="skillsville">{{cite web |title=Skillsville |url=https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/958442/detail |website=pw.myersinfosys.com |access-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109230119/https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/958442/detail |archive-date=9 January 2025 |date=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|title=Department of Education Funds TPT's New Project 'Mashopolis'|url=https://www.tpt.org/post/department-education-funds-tpts-new-project-mashopolis/|publisher=[[Twin Cities Public Television]]|date=September 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Skillsville |url=https://sphere-media.com/en/animations/skillsville/ |website=Sphere Media Productions |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref> |- |''Vegesaurs'' |April 1, 2025 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |<ref name="vegesaurs">{{cite web |title=Vegesaurs |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/VEGESAURS |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref> |} ===Programming from NETA=== The following programs are distributed by National Educational Telecommunications Association, not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Current season !Source(s) |- |''[[Curious Crew]]'' |2017 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|10 | |- |''Into the Outdoors'' |June 3, 2020 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|4 | |- |''Let's Learn'' |December 14, 2020 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|4 | |- |''DIY Science Time'' |May 31, 2021 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|3 | |- |''Camp TV'' |June 16, 2021 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns | |- |''The Reading League's Reading Buddies'' |2022 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|3 | |- |''Wimee's Words'' |April 1, 2022 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|2 | |- |''Wordsville''¹ |January 10, 2025 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Wordsville |url=https://www.netaonline.org/episode/wordsville |publisher=NETA |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref> |} ===Interstitial programming=== The following interstitials run for a minute and are usually shown at the start or end of a traditional, full-form program. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''PBS Kids Rocks!'' |September 6, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|Originally known as ''DJ Hooper'' until 2015.}} |- |''You Can Be Anything!'' |2016 | |- |''You, Me, and Community'' |rowspan=2|October 1, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=You, Me & Community |url=https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/you-me-and-community |publisher=Global Mechanic |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> |- |''The Really Really Awesome Activity Challenge'' | |- |''Get Moving!'' |August 3, 2020 | |} ===Short-form programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Oh Noah!'' |April 11, 2011 |{{refn|group=note|Originally known as ''Noah Comprende''.}}<ref name="2011web">{{cite web |title=PBS Launches New Spanish Language and Music Web Series on PBSKIDSGO.ORG |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-launches-new-spanish-language-and-music-web-series-on-pbskidsgoorg/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Anthony |title=Minorities in cartoons: "Oh Noah!" |url=https://www.diversetechgeek.com/minorities-cartoons-oh-noah/ |website=Diverse Tech Geek |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=17 October 2013}}</ref> |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why]]'s [[Jorge Cham|That's So Interesting!]]''¹ |May 3, 2021 | |- |''[[Fred Rogers Productions|Through the Woods]]''¹ |June 4, 2021 | |- |''[[Jelly, Ben & Pogo]]'' |October 4, 2021 |<ref name="almasway" /> |- |''[[Molly of Denali]]: The Big Gathering''¹ |November 1, 2022 | |- |''[[City Island (TV series)|City Island]]''¹ |December 26, 2022 |<ref name="cityisland">{{cite press release|title=CITY ISLAND Shorts to Premiere on PBS KIDS, December 26, 2022|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/city-island-shorts-to-premiere-on-pbs-kids-december-26-2022/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''What Can You Become?'' |March 3, 2023 | |- |''[[Super Why!#Spin-off series|Super Why's Comic Book Adventures]]''¹ |October 18, 2023 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Y-E-S, yes, the new 'Super Why!' musical shorts will premiere on PBS Kids Oct. 18 |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2023-09-20/super-why-comic-book-adventures-pbs-kids-premiere-date |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 October 2023 |date=20 September 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Sesame Workshop|Together We Can]]'' |July 3, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stalcup |first1=Jamie |title=PBS KIDS Slates New Civics-Themed Content |url=https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/pbs-kids-slates-new-civics-themed-content/ |website=TVKIDS |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=27 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Reif |first1=Alex |title=PBS KIDS Launches Civics Music Video Series from Sesame Workshop – "Together We Can" |url=https://www.laughingplace.com/w/entertainment/pbs-kids-launches-civics-music-video-series-from-sesame-workshop-together-we-can/ |website=LaughingPlace.com |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=3 July 2024}}</ref> |- |''Acoustic Rooster: Jazzy Jams'' |April 11, 2025 | |- |''Count On June Bug!'' |March 2, 2026 | |} ===Blocks=== {| class="wikitable" sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |PBS Kids Family Night |April 21, 2017 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS Will Launch Family Night on New PBS Kids Channel |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/pbs-kids-family-night-live-streaming-daniel-tiger-1201960775/ |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=variety.com |date=January 15, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210161650/https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/pbs-kids-family-night-live-streaming-daniel-tiger-1201960775/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Elliott |first1=Belinda |title=WHRO - Don't Miss PBS Kids Family Night Every Saturday & Sunday |url=https://whro.org/kids-family/44938-pbs-kids-family-nights |website=whro.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214143451/https://whro.org/kids-family/44938-pbs-kids-family-nights |archive-date=14 February 2024 |date=12 February 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS Kids Family Nights - AZPM |url=https://www.azpm.org/s/46584-pbs-kids-family-nights/ |access-date=July 16, 2022 |website=www.azpm.org |language=en |archive-date=May 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527020411/https://www.azpm.org/s/46584-pbs-kids-family-nights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |} ==Upcoming programming== ===Original programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Super Why#Spin-off series|Super Why's Comic Book Adventures]]'' |October 5, 2026 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Milligan |first1=Mercedes |title='Super Why's Comic Book Adventures' Powers Up for October Premiere on PBS KIDS |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2026/05/super-whys-comic-book-adventures-powers-up-for-october-premiere-on-pbs-kids/ |website=Animation Magazine |access-date=6 May 2026 |date=6 May 2026}}</ref> |- |''Clifford the Big Red Dog'' (2027) |2027 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tuchow |first1=Ryan |title=9 Story & Scholastic fetch a new Clifford series for PBS KIDS and CBC |url=https://kidscreen.com/2026/05/06/9-story-scholastic-fetch-a-new-clifford-series-for-pbs-kids-and-cbc/ |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref> |} ===Acquired programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Piripenguins'' |TBA |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Milligan |first1=Mercedes |title=PBS Distribution Picks Up 'Piripenguins' for NorAm |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2024/10/pbs-distribution-picks-up-piripenguins-for-noram/ |website=Animation Magazine |access-date=9 June 2025 |date=14 October 2024}}</ref> |} ===Special programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''The Day You Begin'' |August 3, 2026 |<ref name="tdyb">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=PBS Kids Orders TV Adaptation Of Jacqueline Woodson's 'The Day You Begin' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/pbs-kids-the-day-you-begin-jacqueline-woodson-1236109102/ |website=Deadline |access-date=24 February 2025 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Day You Begin |url=https://www.atomiccartoons.com/projects/the-day-you-begin |website=Atomic Cartoons Inc |access-date=6 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |} ==Former programming== * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org"/> * ² Co-distributed by [[Roku]] on the PBS Retro streaming channel ===PTV=== For a list of earlier children’s programming on PBS, prior to the PTV block (such as ''[[Zoom (1972 TV series)|Zoom]]'' or ''[[3-2-1 Contact]]''), see [[List of programs broadcast by PBS#Former programming|List of programs broadcast by PBS]]. ====Original programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Square One Television]]'' |January 26, 1987 |October 7, 1994 | |- |''[[Shining Time Station]]'' |January 29, 1989 |June 11, 1998 | |- |''[[Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)|Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?]]'' |September 30, 1991 |October 4, 1996 | |- |''[[Lamb Chop's Play-Along]]'' |January 13, 1992 |August 29, 1997 | |- |''[[Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)|Ghostwriter]]'' |October 4, 1992 |rowspan=2|September 5, 1999 | |- |''[[Kino's Storytime|Storytime]]'' |October 11, 1992 |{{refn|group=note|name=storytime|National run began on June 6, 1994.}} |- |''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]'' |September 10, 1994 |September 25, 1998 | |- |''[[Bill Nye the Science Guy]]'' |October 10, 1994 |September 3, 1999 | |- |''[[Katie and Orbie]]'' |October 14, 1995 |August 31, 1997 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/programs/1996/october/descriptions/october96sat.html |title=PBS National Satellite Schedule - October 1996 |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=1996-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961226093259/http://www.pbs.org/programs/1996/october/descriptions/october96sat.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/whatson/1997/09/X/19970914.html |title=PBS Schedule X Daily Schedule - 9/14/1997 |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=1999-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990224092639/http://www.pbs.org/whatson/1997/09/X/19970914.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- |''[[Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)|Where in Time is Carmen Sandiego?]]'' |October 7, 1996 |September 25, 1998 | |- |''[[The Charlie Horse Music Pizza]]'' |January 5, 1998 |September 3, 1999 | |} ====Acquired programming==== ====Programming from [[American Program Service]]==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Letter People]]'' |April 4, 1974 |April 8, 1994 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/139467227/ |title=St. Louis Post-Dispatch from St. Louis, Missouri • Page 62 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1974-04-04 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/939369905/ |title=Daily American Republic from Poplar Bluff, Missouri • 52 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-05-17 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/139548460/ |title=St. Louis Post-Dispatch from St. Louis, Missouri • Page 92 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-04-08 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''Mundo Real'' |November 7, 1975 |October 24, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/570962044/ |title=The Spokesman-Review from Spokane, Washington • 2 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1975-11-07 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/814642194/ |title=Stewart-Houston Times from Clarksville, Tennessee • 12 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1981-03-31 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/565118425/ |title=The Napa Valley Register from Napa, California • 72 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-24 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''Dragons, Wagons & Wax'' |September 17, 1977 |1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/22977977/ |title=The Morning Herald from Hagerstown, Maryland • Page 28 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1977-09-17 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/810404659/ |title=Anderson Independent-Mail from Anderson, South Carolina • 7 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1978-05-26 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/962050572/ |title=The Daily Nonpareil from Council Bluffs, Iowa • 46 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1990-11-25 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Size Small]]'' |December 4, 1982 |August 31, 1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/769829438/ |title=The Bellingham Herald from Bellingham, Washington • 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1982-11-28 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/402413156/ |title=Wisconsin State Journal from Madison, Wisconsin • 103 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-03-01 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/251618845/ |title=Stevens Point Journal from Stevens Point, Wisconsin • Page 26 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-08-30 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''The Pappenheimers'' |September 1, 1983 |August 31, 1994 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1089823278/ |title=The Sunday Oregonian Archive: Sunday, August 8, 1982 • Portland, Oregon Page 139 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1982-08-08 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref> |- |''[[The Secret City]]'' |September 2, 1985 |March 14, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/601709176/ |title=The Shreveport Journal from Shreveport, Louisiana • 61 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1985-08-30 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/251266420/ |title=Palladium-Item from Richmond, Indiana • 79 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-03-14 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''A Musical Encounter'' |September 7, 1985 |1995 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/292748994/ |title=Chillicothe Gazette from Chillicothe, Ohio • 37 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1985-09-07 |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/555996704/ |title=Hawaii Tribune-Herald from Hilo, Hawaii • 75 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1988-09-26 |access-date=8 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Captain Kangaroo]]'' |rowspan=2|September 1, 1986 |August 31, 1993 | |- |''[[Tomes & Talismans]]'' |August 31, 1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/378456722/ |title=Austin American-Statesman from Austin, Texas • 258 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1986-08-31 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/169309650/ |title=The Philadelphia Inquirer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • Page 30 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-01-06 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/431969136/ |title=El Paso Times from El Paso, Texas • 125 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-03-17 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Storylords]]'' |September 7, 1986 |1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/535406354/ |title=Scrantonian Tribune from Scranton, Pennsylvania • 99 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1986-09-07 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/168818817/ |title=The Philadelphia Inquirer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • Page 52 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1986-11-13 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/513857931/ |title=The La Crosse Tribune from La Crosse, Wisconsin • 40 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-02-25 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Saludos'' |May 24, 1987 |April 27, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/317434133/ |title=The Central New Jersey Home News from New Brunswick, New Jersey • 142 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1987-05-24 |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/431792314/ |title=El Paso Times from El Paso, Texas • 137 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-04-27 |access-date=18 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[The Wind in the Willows (TV series)|The Wind in the Willows]]'' |September 19, 1990 |September 18, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/192328820/ |title=Star Tribune from Minneapolis, Minnesota • Page 212 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1990-09-16 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/573681773/ |title=The Spokesman-Review from Spokane, Washington • 16 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1991-09-23 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Math Vantage'' |February 5, 1993 |1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/337559698/ |title=The Sioux City Journal from Sioux City, Iowa • 39 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-02-05 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/809894897/ |title=The Tribune from San Luis Obispo, California • 135 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-05-09 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''You Can Choose!'' |May 24, 1993 |December 15, 1993 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1237249238/ |title=The Union from Sacramento, California • 60 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-05-23 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/286589927/ |title=Orem-Geneva Times from Orem, Utah • 18 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-12-15 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Gerbert (TV series)|Gerbert]]'' |June 1, 1993 |August 31, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/644013061/ |title=Fort Worth Star-Telegram from Fort Worth, Texas • 335 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-05-25 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1018470739/ |title=The Picayune Item from Picayune, Mississippi • 32 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-08-31 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Whirligig!'' |July 2, 1993 |February 12, 1995 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/911350501/ |title=The Jersey Journal from Jersey City, New Jersey • 59 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-07-02 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/774554972/ |title=The Commercial Appeal from Memphis, Tennessee • 143 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-02-12 |access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Shamu TV'' |September 17, 1993 |September 16, 1996 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/969672506/ |title=Char-Koosta News from Pablo, Montana • A10 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-11-12 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/151251474/ |title=The Akron Beacon Journal from Akron, Ohio • Page 187 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-05-15 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/916664825/ |title=The Idaho Statesman from Boise, Idaho • 40 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-05-15 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Pappyland]]'' |February 13, 1994 |September 3, 1999 | |- |''The Shelly T. Turtle Show'' |June 23, 1995 |January 30, 1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/296609711/ |title=News Journal from Mansfield, Ohio • 34 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-06-23 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/318838180/ |title=The Central New Jersey Home News from New Brunswick, New Jersey • 179 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-12-03 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107143736/ |title=The Indianapolis Star from Indianapolis, Indiana • Page 44 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-01-30 |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[The Swamp Critters of Lost Lagoon]]'' |November 4, 1995 |December 27, 1997 | |- |''Get Real!'' |March 1, 1995 |March 31, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/353047708/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 7 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/190586348/ |title=Green Bay Press-Gazette from Green Bay, Wisconsin • Page 116 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-07-09 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/276954857/ |title=Hattiesburg American from Hattiesburg, Mississippi • 115 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-11-24 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Bloopy's Buddies]]'' |January 6, 1996 |January 31, 1998 | |- |''Animal Tales'' |July 1, 1996 |June 30, 1998 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/438748015/ |title=Citizens' Voice from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania • 129 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-07-07 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/268706819/ |title=Pensacola News Journal from Pensacola, Florida • 122 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-07-28 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Follow the Money'' |July 6, 1997 |December 31, 1997 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1116688407/ |title=The Star-Ledger from Newark, New Jersey • 212 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-07-06 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Salty's Lighthouse]]'' |December 6, 1997 |1998 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/248335953/ |title=28 Dec 1997, Page 116 - Tallahassee Democrat at |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-12-28 |access-date=2022-06-05}}</ref> |} ====Blocks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Block title !Launch date !End date !Source(s) |- |The Game |October 7, 1996 |September 5, 1999 | |} ===PBS Kids=== ====Original programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Electric Company]]'' |October 25, 1971 |April 15, 1977 | |- |''[[3-2-1 Contact]]'' |January 14, 1980 |September 27, 1992 | |- |''[[Rosie and Jim]]'' |January 14, 1991 |July 23, 2004 | |- |''[[The Puzzle Place]]'' |January 16, 1995 |March 31, 2000 | |- |''[[Plaza Sesamo]]'' |April 3, 1995 |January 4, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|name=plaza|Broadcasts were exclusive to select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Wishbone (TV series)|Wishbone]]'' |October 9, 1995 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1995a|National run ended September 2, 2001, and resumed June 2, 2007 through September 6, 2009. Reruns continued through August 31, 2014 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Adventures from the Book of Virtues]]'' |September 2, 1996 |September 26, 2005 | |- |''[[Tots TV]]'' |October 7, 1996 |rowspan=2|September 1, 2002 | |- |''[[Theodore Tugboat]]'' |October 20, 1996 | |- |''[[Wimzie's House]]'' |September 1, 1997 |September 2, 2001 | |- |''[[Teletubbies]]'' |April 6, 1998 |August 29, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=tubbies|Premieres moved to [[Nickelodeon]] and [[Nick Jr.]] in 2015.}} |- |''[[Noddy (TV series)|Noddy]]'' |August 31, 1998 |September 1, 2002 |{{refn|group=note|name=noddy|National runs on PBS Kids 24/7 ended June 10, 2001.}} |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Zoom]]'' |January 4, 1999 |September 2, 2007 | |- |''[[Corduroy (TV series)|Corduroy]]'' | rowspan="5" |September 30, 2000 | rowspan="2" |October 28, 2001 | |- |''[[Elliot Moose (TV series)|Elliot Moose]]'' | |- |''[[Timothy Goes to School]]'' |rowspan=3|September 5, 2004 | |- |''[[Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse]]'' | |- |''[[Seven Little Monsters (TV series)|Seven Little Monsters]]'' |{{refn|group=note|name=monsters|''Seven Little Monsters'' was part of the [[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch|Bookworm Bunch]] block from September 30, 2000 through September 5, 2004; meanwhile, it was aired in the same half-hour timeslot alongside ''[[The Berenstain Bears (2002 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]'' from January 6 through September 12, 2003.}} <ref name="bbslm"/> |- |''[[Jay Jay the Jet Plane]]'' |June 11, 2001 |May 31, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=jayjay|Reruns continued through June 26, 2009 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series]]'' |September 2, 2001 |September 30, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2001a|''Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series'' aired from September 2, 2001 through October 10, 2004 (PBS Kids 24/7) and through September 4, 2005 (PBS); later reruns were distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from April 5, 2010 through September 30, 2015.}} |- |''[[Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat]]'' |September 3, 2001 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2001b|Reruns continued through August 30, 2009 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[DragonflyTV]]'' |January 19, 2002 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2002a|Reruns continued through May 29, 2019 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Liberty's Kids]]'' |September 2, 2002 |October 10, 2004 | |- |''[[Boohbah]]'' |January 19, 2004 |August 31, 2008 | |- |''[[Toopy and Binoo]]''² |January 3, 2005 |December 29, 2006 | |- |''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' |September 10, 2005 |September 6, 2009 | |- |''[[Franny's Feet]]'' |July 8, 2006 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2006a|Reruns continued through November 25, 2012 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]''¹ |April 1, 2007 |December 26, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=peep|After originally debuting on [[Discovery Kids]] and [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]] on April 10, 2004, ''Peep and the Big Wide World'' began airing locally on [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]] on August 1, 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-08-01 |title=Peep and the Big Wide World WGBH Premiere |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-peep-and-the-big-wide-w/181000638/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=The Boston Globe |pages=319}}</ref> It was later distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from April 1, 2007 through January 3, 2018; later reruns aired on PBS Kids 24/7 from January 1, 2018 through December 26, 2021.}} <ref>{{cite web |title=PEEP FAQ |url=http://www.peepandthebigwideworld.com/about/faq.html |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420080633/http://www.peepandthebigwideworld.com/about/faq.html |archive-date=20 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="peep">{{cite web |title=PEEP AND THE BIG WIDE WORLD - American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/GenreLookup/41653873E38CD1A485257281007550C7 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106004954/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/GenreLookup/41653873E38CD1A485257281007550C7 |archive-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Mama Mirabelle's Home Movies]]'' |September 8, 2007 |rowspan=2|September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2007a|Reruns continued through January 2, 2011 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Animalia (TV series)|Animalia]]'' |January 5, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2007a}} |- |''[[Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures]]'' |January 13, 2008 |May 31, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2008b|Reruns continued through October 6, 2013 on select local PBS stations.}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures PBS KIDS |url=http://pbskids.org/betsy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115082246/http://pbskids.org/betsy/ |archive-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Lomax, the Hound of Music]]'' |October 11, 2008 |December 29, 2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=KWBU Program Guide October 2008 |url=https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/73593.pdf |publisher=Baylor University |access-date=13 March 2023 |page=2 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313230938/https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/73593.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps]]''¹ ² |September 5, 2009 |November 14, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2009a|Reruns continued through January 31, 2016 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025a|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on October 10, 2025.}} |- |''[[Peg + Cat]]''¹ |October 7, 2013 |June 21, 2026 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021a|National runs on PBS ended on October 1, 2021 with specials airing periodically through December 23, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Bob the Builder (2015 TV series)|Bob the Builder]]'' (2015) |November 7, 2015 |November 20, 2018 |<ref name=bobl/><ref>{{cite web |title=Let's Go! Bob the Builder |url=https://www.ket.org/episode/BOBL%20%20000901/ |website=www.ket.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620030524/https://www.ket.org/episode/BOBL%20%20000901/ |archive-date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2015/11/7/#8:30.a.m. |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |- |''[[The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo]]''¹ |February 10, 2023 |May 10, 2024 |{{refn|gproup=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}} <ref name="elmo1">{{cite web |title=PBS Kids {{!}} TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2023/02/10/ |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510223219/https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2023/02/10/ |archive-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="elmo2">{{cite web |title=PBS Kids {{!}} TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2024/05/10/ |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510223020/https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2024/05/10/ |archive-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Mecha Builders]]'' |May 13, 2024 |April 30, 2025 |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}} <ref name="may2024">{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS on Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C6hQr0WsBlq |website=www.instagram.com |access-date=10 May 2024 |date=3 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mecha Builders |url=https://www.tpt.org/mecha-builders/ |website=Twin Cities PBS |access-date=24 April 2024 |language=en |date=23 April 2024}}</ref> |} ====Acquired programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Newton's Apple]]'' |October 15, 1983 |October 31, 1999 | |- |''[[Mark Kistler's Imagination Station]]'' |October 14, 1991 |July 10, 1998 |{{refn|group=note|name=kistler|Reboot series began airing in 2009.}} |- |''The Eddie Files'' |1995 |2000 | |- |''Ricky's Room'' |1999 |2000 | |- |''[[Mary Lou's Flip Flop Shop]]'' |August 25, 2002 |September 22, 2002 |{{refn|group=note|name=ffs|Reruns aired on the PBS HD Channel from 2004 to 2007.}} |- |''[[MythQuest]]'' |2002 |2004 | |- |''[[Nanalan']]'' |July 2006 |2013 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Pressroom - NANALAN' |url=http://pressroom.pbs.org/programs/nanalan |access-date=16 January 2024 |date=6 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106030906/http://pressroom.pbs.org/programs/nanalan |archive-date=November 6, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=nineMagazine - July/August 2013 by Nine PBS - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/nine_magazine/docs/ninemag_septoct2013 |website=issuu.com |access-date=16 January 2024 |language=en |date=27 August 2013}}</ref> |- |''[[Miffy and Friends]]'' |2007 |2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=WLIW|Syndicated to public television stations by WLIW.}} |- |''[[Shalom Sesame]]'' |October 5, 2010 |October 11, 2011 | |} ====Programming from American Public Television==== The following programs were distributed by [[American Public Television]], not PBS itself. These programs were broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Harriet's Magic Hats]]'' |September 27, 1983 |November 13, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/892020107/ |title=Centre Daily Times from State College, Pennsylvania • 32 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1983-09-27 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/353139110/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 28 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-11-13 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''Alles Gute'' |September 10, 1989 |July 31, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/298444706/ |title=The Press Democrat from Santa Rosa, California • 128 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1989-09-10 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/285885839/ |title=The Times Recorder from Zanesville, Ohio • 39 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-01-08 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/650101884/ |title=Fort Worth Star-Telegram from Fort Worth, Texas • 95|publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-07-31 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Practical Parenting'' |November 3, 1989 |January 14, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/963943586/ |title=Bristol Herald Courier from Bristol, Tennessee • 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1989-11-03 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/682335257/ |title=The Kansas City Star from Kansas City, Missouri • 48 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1992-08-24 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/613078005/ |title=The Salt Lake Tribune from Salt Lake City, Utah • 184 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2001-01-14 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''The Story of Read-Alee Deed-Alee'' |October 2, 1993 |October 1, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/312047446/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-02 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/513345643/ |title=The La Crosse Tribune from La Crosse, Wisconsin • 44 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-30 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/441633344/ |title=The Boston Globe from Boston, Massachusetts • 31 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-02-16 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Beyond the Front Page'' |November 20, 1993 |November 19, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/352959491/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 8 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-11-20 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/286882358/ |title=The Times Recorder from Zanesville, Ohio • 41 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Jack Houston's ImagineLand'' |January 5, 1994 |July 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/313304904/ |title=The Indianapolis News from Indianapolis, Indiana • 64 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-01-15 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1004569125/ |title=Bryan-College Station Eagle from Bryan, Texas • 82 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-07-30 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Kidsongs#Television series|Kidsongs]]'' |April 4, 1994 |June 30, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=KIDSONGS TELEVISION SHOW II, THE (STEREO) F American Public Television |url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/38baad26bfc77030852568f200749623?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211250/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/38baad26bfc77030852568f200749623?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Toddler rush">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Everhart Bedford |first1=Karen |title=Toddler rush, 1994 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch410.html |website=current.org |access-date=3 February 2026 |date=May 23, 1994}}</ref> |- |''[[The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon]]'' |September 18, 1994 |September 5, 1999 | |- |''Big Changes, Big Choices'' |October 27, 1994 |October 26, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/950329104/ |title=The Daily World Archive: Sunday, October 23, 1994 • Helena, Arkansas Page 15 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-10-23 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1119137853/ |title=Staten Island Advance Archive: Sunday, December 25, 1994 • Staten Island, New York Page 146 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-12-25 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref> |- |''[[The Huggabug Club]]'' |January 2, 1995 |July 28, 2000 | |- |''[[The Big Comfy Couch]]'' |January 9, 1995 |April 30, 2009 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BIG COMFY COUCH I, III-V, THE (2ND RELEASE) |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/E9A98E6B1ED7F37385257129005925CB |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406062736/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/E9A98E6B1ED7F37385257129005925CB |archive-date=6 April 2009}}</ref> |- |''Preschool Power!'' |March 25, 1995 |December 31, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/179399222/ |title=The Tribune from Seymour, Indiana • Page 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/760030598/ |title=Corpus Christi Caller-Times from Corpus Christi, Texas • 210 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-12-05 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[The Reppies]]'' |April 1, 1996 |April 30, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=PBS and APS offer new kidvid, 1996 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch612p.html#Reppies |website=current.org |access-date=3 February 2026 |date=October 12, 1996}}</ref> |- |''Crossroads Café'' |September 6, 1996 |2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/544067706/ |title=The Muscatine Journal from Muscatine, Iowa • 20 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-09-06 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1093426484/ |title=The Sunday Oregonian from Portland, Oregon • 218 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-12-21 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Cave Kids]]'' |September 29, 1996 |September 12, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/613144415/|title = The Salt Lake Tribune from Salt Lake City, Utah on September 29, 1996 · 174| date=29 September 1996}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/892828657/|title = Omaha World-Herald from Omaha, Nebraska on September 12, 1999 • 206| date=September 12, 1999}}</ref> |- |''Great Minds of Business'' |August 3, 1997 |January 7, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/355730946/ |title=The Courier from Waterloo, Iowa • 89 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-08-03 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/170392704/ |title=Chicago Tribune from Chicago, Illinois • Page 210 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-01-07 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Zoobilee Zoo]]'' |rowspan=2|September 1, 1997 |February 6, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/636447218/ |title=The Iola Register from Iola, Kansas • 9 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-08-29 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1037530370/ |title=The Review-Herald from Mammoth Lakes, California • 24 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-11-13 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/297494932/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 117 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-02-06 |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Groundling Marsh]]'' |December 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/720567415/ |title=The Bradenton Herald from Bradenton, Florida • 102 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-12-31 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[The Slow Norris]]'' |rowspan=2|November 9, 1997 |August 29, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/450451321/ |title=Public Opinion from Chambersburg, Pennsylvania • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-11-08 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/297507018/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 197 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-08-27 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Backyard Safari'' |September 28, 1999 |<ref name="Toddler rush" /> |- |''Mikhail Baryshnikov's Stories from My Childhood'' |March 15, 1998 |December 31, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/387312407/ |title=Corvallis Gazette-Times from Corvallis, Oregon • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-03-15 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/685251102/ |title=The Kansas City Star from Kansas City, Missouri • 223 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-09-06 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/173125082/ |title=The Baltimore Sun from Baltimore, Maryland • Page 90 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-11-27 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Skinnamarink TV]]'' |May 9, 1998 |September 5, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/556848216/ |title=Hawaii Tribune-Herald from Hilo, Hawaii • 109 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-05-03 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/538841124/ |title=The Daily Sentinel from Grand Junction, Colorado • 52 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-06-05 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Salsa'' |June 1, 1998 |May 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/849246972/ |title=The Macon Telegraph from Macon, Georgia • 121 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-05-31 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/983547919/ |title=The Opelika-Auburn News from Opelika, Alabama • 23 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-05-31 |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Reading Allowed'' |June 7, 1998 |August 29, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/345437146/ |title=The Times and Democrat from Orangeburg, South Carolina • 63 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-06-07 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/628836659/ |title=The Charlotte Observer from Charlotte, North Carolina • 303 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-07-05 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/79401644/ |title=The Gaffney Ledger from Gaffney, South Carolina • Page 9 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2001-08-29 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''Someday School'' |June 21, 1998 |May 31, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SOMEDAY SCHOOL II American Public Television |url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/b051d9a6411429e5852568fd00596629?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211307/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/b051d9a6411429e5852568fd00596629?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref> |- |''The Adventures of Elmer & Friends'' |September 1, 1998 |August 31, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/160383396/ |title=The Los Angeles Times from Los Angeles, California • Page 159 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-09-01 |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref> |- |''Once Upon a Tree'' |October 5, 1998 |October 4, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/195239939/ |title=Star Tribune from Minneapolis, Minnesota • Page 235 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-10-04 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/556877286/ |title=Hawaii Tribune-Herald from Hilo, Hawaii • 85 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-11-22 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Adventures with Kanga Roddy]]'' |April 4, 1999 |March 4, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=ADVENTURES WITH KANGA RODDY American Public Television |url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/0d200324edfe148b852568fd00595963?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211100/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/0d200324edfe148b852568fd00595963?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref> |- |''Wish*a*roo Park'' |June 6, 1999 |June 5, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=WISH*A*ROO PARK American Public Television |url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/0d945723eb0affc8852568fd00596b1b?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211353/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/0d945723eb0affc8852568fd00596b1b?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Hello Mrs. Cherrywinkle]]'' |July 4, 1999 |July 3, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=HELLO MRS. CHERRYWINKLE II, III, I American Public Television |url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/599bc4524eba30bf852568fd00595e70?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211237/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/599bc4524eba30bf852568fd00595e70?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Popular Mechanics for Kids]]'' |January 1, 2000 |December 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/650323934/ |title=Fort Worth Star-Telegram from Fort Worth, Texas • 64 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-01-03 |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/441605645/ |title=Albany Democrat-Herald from Albany, Oregon • 84 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-05-28 |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[The Dooley and Pals Show]]'' |April 2, 2000 |April 1, 2003 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=DOOLEY AND PALS SHOW, THE American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/5b79b380372df6e8852568f200746345?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705220433/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/5b79b380372df6e8852568f200746345?OpenDocument |archive-date=5 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="pipe2000">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Everhart Bedford |first1=Karen |last2=Little Ruhl |first2=James |last3=Collins |first3=Geneva |title=Pipeline 2000: Series in preparation for future public TV seasons, as of fall 1999 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/pipeline/pipe2000.html |website=current.org |access-date=7 September 2025 |date=November 17, 1999}}</ref> |- |''Alef...Bet...Blast-Off!'' |September 3, 2000 |September 2, 2009 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=ALEF...BET...BLAST-OFF! |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/A5EF247BEEE464648525694A006A4A6D |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806110046/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/A5EF247BEEE464648525694A006A4A6D |archive-date=6 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Redwall (TV series)|Brian Jacques' Redwall]]'' |April 1, 2001 |April 6, 2006 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|author1=Karen Everhart Bedford |title="Redwall," not for littlest kids |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch0106redwall.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625033633/https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch0106redwall.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |website=current.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |date=26 March 2001 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BRIAN JACQUES' REDWALL |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vTitle/BRIAN+JACQUES'+REDWALL |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041214083308/http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/BRIAN+JACQUES'+REDWALL |archive-date=14 December 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="pipe2001">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Everhart Bedford |first1=Karen |last2=Collins |first2=Geneva |title=Pipeline 2001: Series in preparation for future public TV seasons, as of fall 2000 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/pipeline/pipe2001.html |website=current.org |access-date=6 September 2025 |date=November 12, 2000}}</ref> |- |''[[The Toy Castle]]'' |April 6, 2003 |April 5, 2010 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=TOY CASTLE, THE |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/39144F1BB78688B485256CC500587F63 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106032115/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/39144F1BB78688B485256CC500587F63 |archive-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[There Goes a...|Real Wheels]]'' |September 7, 2003 |September 6, 2010 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=REAL WHEELS |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vTitle/REAL+WHEELS |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040622012948/http://aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/REAL+WHEELS |archive-date=22 June 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=REAL WHEELS II |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/3CCCD6CE93F4B74F85256EBC005C6F83 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106022544/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/3CCCD6CE93F4B74F85256EBC005C6F83 |archive-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''Mustard Pancakes'' |July 1, 2005 |April 7, 2008 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MUSTARD PANCAKES |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vTitle/MUSTARD+PANCAKES |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060130175854/http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/MUSTARD+PANCAKES |archive-date=30 January 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MUSTARD PANCAKES II |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/D0ED686478E14BE5852571090079031C |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318061035/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/D0ED686478E14BE5852571090079031C |archive-date=18 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="pipeline2005">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Collins |first1=Geneva |title=Pipeline 05: Current's annual survey of national programs in preparation for public television |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/pipeline/pipe05.shtml |website=current.org |access-date=5 September 2025 |date=December 13, 2004}}</ref> |- |''[[Ribert and Robert's Wonderworld]]'' |rowspan=2|September 4, 2005 |September 6, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=RIBERT & ROBERT'S WONDERWORLD |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/59A26D5AA1076F6E8525701C005F4C52 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=November 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111014855/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/59A26D5AA1076F6E8525701C005F4C52 |archive-date=11 January 2008}}</ref> |- |''Kid Fitness'' |March 31, 2010 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=KID FITNESS |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C816744CE1327AF78525701C004CE786 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111020910/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C816744CE1327AF78525701C004CE786 |archive-date=11 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=KID FITNESS II |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C83E3FEE0C8AA80E852572760060C5D6 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105201816/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C83E3FEE0C8AA80E852572760060C5D6 |archive-date=5 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Danger Rangers]]'' |September 5, 2005 |December 26, 2006 |<ref name="pipeline2006">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Collins |first1=Geneva |last2=Fischer |first2=Theodore |title=Pipeline 06: Current's annual survey of national programs in preparation for public television |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/pipeline/pipe06.shtml |website=current.org |access-date=4 September 2025 |date=December 19, 2005}}</ref> |- |''[[The Zula Patrol]]'' |September 10, 2005 |August 31, 2022 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=ZULA PATROL, THE |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C549542B4B3D4BB18525702D005AF265 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919094712/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C549542B4B3D4BB18525702D005AF265 |archive-date=19 September 2007}}</ref><ref name="pipeline2005" /> |- |''[[My Bedbugs]]'' |October 2, 2005 |October 1, 2009 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MY BEDBUGS |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/CC207E00484E6D838525705200505DF0 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111013413/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/CC207E00484E6D838525705200505DF0 |archive-date=11 January 2008}}</ref> |- |''[[Signing Time!]]'' |January 1, 2006 |September 30, 2008 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SIGNING TIME! |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/0E786760083D535C852570A700645F53 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914154909/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/0E786760083D535C852570A700645F53 |archive-date=14 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="pipeline2006" /> |- |''[[The Saddle Club]]'' |rowspan=2|September 3, 2006 |September 6, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title=SADDLE CLUB, THE American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SADDLE+CLUB+THE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911193536/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SADDLE+CLUB+THE |archive-date=11 September 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Sheira & Loli's Dittydoodle Works]]'' |May 5, 2010 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SHEIRA & LOLI'S DITTYDOODLE WORKS |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/1ABE3D3553526BB385257199007E0DFA |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111025049/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/1ABE3D3553526BB385257199007E0DFA |archive-date=11 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SHEIRA & LOLI'S DITTYDOODLE WORKS II |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/48D5624A0B2E7D1485257298005518CB |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106023433/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/48D5624A0B2E7D1485257298005518CB |archive-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[SeeMore's Playhouse]]'' |September 10, 2006 |November 2, 2009 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SEEMORE'S PLAYHOUSE |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C88726F37EA376598525719C0048DE16 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111022240/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C88726F37EA376598525719C0048DE16 |archive-date=11 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SEEMORE'S PLAYHOUSE II |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/B67DA6E54AE8A89B85257353004CC019 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105202212/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/B67DA6E54AE8A89B85257353004CC019 |archive-date=5 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''Jim Knox's Wild Zoofari'' |September 2, 2007 |September 1, 2010 |<ref name="fall2007/2008" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=JIM KNOX'S WILD ZOOFARI |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/1B0CBE629176BA4F852573150059CFC1 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230090706/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/1B0CBE629176BA4F852573150059CFC1 |archive-date=30 December 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Raggs]]'' |February 4, 2008 |February 1, 2014 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=RAGGS American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/RAGGS |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101041555/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/RAGGS |archive-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> |- |''[[Wunderkind Little Amadeus]]'' |September 7, 2008 |September 6, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=WUNDERKIND LITTLE AMADEUS |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/8CA0A1E393D3836185257473004D2C2B |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=11 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015040012/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/8CA0A1E393D3836185257473004D2C2B |archive-date=15 October 2008}}</ref> |- |''[[Bali (TV series)|Bali]]''¹ |September 12, 2010 |August 31, 2021 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BALI American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BALI |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722190935/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BALI |archive-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> |- |''[[Wild Animal Baby Explorers]]'' |October 1, 2010 |January 7, 2014 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=WILD ANIMAL BABY EXPLORERS American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/WILD+ANIMAL+BABY+EXPLORERS |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127010830/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/WILD+ANIMAL+BABY+EXPLORERS |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=WILD ANIMAL BABY EXPLORERS II American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/WILD+ANIMAL+BABY+EXPLORERS+II |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526173643/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/WILD+ANIMAL+BABY+EXPLORERS+II |archive-date=26 May 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Space Racers]]'' |May 2, 2014 |October 31, 2016 |{{refn|group=note|name=space|Premieres moved to [[Universal Kids]] in 2016.}} <ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|author=Ramin Zahed |date=October 25, 2013 |title='Space Racers' to Premiere on Public Television this Spring |url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/space-racers-premiere-public-television-spring |publisher=Animation Magazine |accessdate=July 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SPACE RACERS American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SPACE+RACERS |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011211718/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SPACE+RACERS |archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="pipeline2014">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Fischer |first1=Terry |title=Current’s annual survey of productions in the works for public TV |url=https://current.org/2013/11/currents-annual-survey-of-programs-in-the-works-for-public-tv/ |website=current.org |access-date=17 September 2025 |date=November 25, 2013}}</ref> |- |''Thomas Edison's Secret Lab'' |September 7, 2015 |September 6, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=THOMAS EDISON'S SECRET LAB American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/THOMAS+EDISON+S+SECRET+LAB |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194004/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/THOMAS+EDISON+S+SECRET+LAB |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Bug Bites (2016 TV series)|Bug Bites]]'' |January 4, 2016 |January 3, 2019 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BUG BITES American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BUG+BITES |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=14 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129143747/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BUG+BITES |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[The Mother Company|Ruby's Studio]]'' |January 7, 2016 |January 6, 2022 |<ref name="aptchildren2016">{{#invoke:cite|web|title=APT - BY GENRE: CHILDREN |url=http://www.aptonline.org/aptweb.nsf/ProgramsDisplay?ReadForm&Flag=CatalogGenre&Index=Children |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614211204/http://www.aptonline.org/aptweb.nsf/ProgramsDisplay?ReadForm&Flag=CatalogGenre&Index=Children |archive-date=14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=RUBY'S STUDIO|date=August 21, 2017 |url=https://themotherco.com/rubys-studio/ |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Ruby's Studio – American Public Television Air Times|date=February 2016 |url=https://themotherco.com/2016/02/rubys-studio-american-public-television-air-times-2/ |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Mack & Moxy]]'' |February 5, 2016 |February 16, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MACK & MOXY American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/MACK+MOXY |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=20 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229231321/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/MACK+MOXY |archive-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Lynne Cherry#Producing and Directing Young Voices for the Planet Film Series|Young Voices for the Planet]]'' |April 8, 2016 |April 7, 2019 |<ref name="aptchildren2016" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=YOUNG VOICES FOR THE PLANET: CHILDREN'S ENVIRONMENTAL LITERACY FOUNDATION|url=https://celfeducation.org/yvfp/ |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref> |} ====Programming from NETA==== The following programs are distributed by National Educational Telecommunications Association, not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Curiosity Quest]]'' |July 16, 2004 |2021 | |- |''[[The Shapies]]'' |2004 |2006 | |- |''[[Auto-B-Good]]'' |January 17, 2005 |December 23, 2005 | |- |''Kids for Positive Change'' |July 1, 2021 |June 30, 2024 | |} ====Interstitial programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''Dash's Game of the Day'' |September 4, 2006 |May 16, 2008 | |- |''Dot's Story Factory'' |September 3, 2007 |rowspan=2|October 6, 2013 | |- |''Dash's Secret Treasure'' |rowspan=2|May 19, 2008 | |- |''Music Time with [[Steve Roslonek|SteveSongs]]'' |July 18, 2022 | |- |''Dash's Dance Party'' |rowspan=2|September 7, 2009 |October 6, 2013 | |- |''Adventures with Hooper'' |September 5, 2010 | |- |''Coach Hooper'' |rowspan=3|September 6, 2010 |rowspan=3|2020 | |- |''PBS Kids Field Trip'' | |- |''Where in the World is Hooper?'' | |- |''PBS Kids Spotlight'' |January 15, 2016 |July 18, 2022 | |} ====Short-form programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Amazing Colossal Adventures of WordGirl]]'' |November 10, 2006 |October 10, 2007 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Expands Vocabulary with Wordgirl |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2006/11/pbs-expands-vocabulary-with-wordgirl/ |publisher=Animation Magazine |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=8 November 2006}}</ref> |- |''[[Pocoyo]]'' |January 4, 2010 |December 26, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=pocoyo|''Pocoyo'' was distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from January 4, 2010 through January 3, 2018, and it was aired in the same half-hour timeslot alongside ''Peep and the Big Wide World''; later reruns aired on PBS Kids 24/7 from January 1, 2018 through December 26, 2021.}}<ref name="peep/pocoyo">{{cite web |title=PEEP AND THE BIG WIDE WORLD II/POCOYO {{!}} American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/PEEP+AND+THE+BIG+WIDE+WORLD+II+POCOYO |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910074428/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/PEEP+AND+THE+BIG+WIDE+WORLD+II+POCOYO |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> |} ====Blocks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Block title !Launch date !End date !Source(s) |- |[[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch]] |September 30, 2000 |September 5, 2004 | |- |[[PBS Kids Go!]] |October 11, 2004 |rowspan=2|October 6, 2013 | |- |PBS Kids Preschool |September 4, 2006 | |} ==Special programming== Programs with marked with an asterisk (*) have been featured on the Family Night weekend primetime block on PBS Kids 24/7. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[Noddy (TV series)|Noddy: Anything Can Happen At Christmas]]'' |December 6, 1998 | |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Party with Zoom]]'' |1999 | |- |''[[Arthur's Perfect Christmas]]''* |November 23, 2000 | |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Zoom: America's Kids Respond]]'' |September 20, 2001 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Children's Series Offers Kids Ideas for Coping with the Aftermath of the Attacks On America |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-childrens-series-offers-kids-ideas-for-coping-with-the-aftermath-of-the-attacks-on-america-september-20-2001/ |access-date=12 March 2023 }}</ref> |- |''[[Barney & Friends|Barney's Christmas Star]]'' | rowspan="2" |2002 | |- |''[[Elmo's World|Elmo's World: Happy Holidays!]]'' | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur, It's Only Rock 'n' Roll]]'' |September 1, 2002 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fiasco |first1=Lance |title=The Backstreet Boys To Make Their Animated 'Arthur' Debut |url=https://idobi.com/news/the-backstreet-boys-to-make-their-animated-arthur-debut/ |website=idobi |access-date=15 September 2024 |date=29 July 2002 |archive-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915233825/https://idobi.com/news/the-backstreet-boys-to-make-their-animated-arthur-debut/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Idaho PTV Program Listing - September 2002 Schedule |url=http://www.idahoptv.org/what/channels/Sep02/Sep.html#1 |website=idahoptv.org |access-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020914044129/http://www.idahoptv.org/what/channels/Sep02/Sep.html#1 |archive-date=2002-09-14 |date=14 September 2002}}</ref> |- |[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|''Zoom: America's Kids Remember'']] |September 8, 2002 | |- |''[[Bob the Builder|Bob the Builder Snowed Under: The Bobblesberg Winter Games]]'' |December 17, 2005 | |- |''[[Arthur's Missing Pal]]'' |August 18, 2007 | |- |''[[Panwapa]]'' |2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Signals: WXXI Program Guide September 2008 |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/30900371/september-2008-wxxi |website=yumpu.com |publisher=WXXI |access-date=5 July 2023 |page=19 |language=en |date=September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WBGU-PBS KIDS Shows |url=http://wbgu.org/kids/shows |publisher=WBGU |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724022723/http://wbgu.org/kids/shows |archive-date=24 July 2008}}</ref> |- |''[[Abby in Wonderland]]'' |November 28, 2008 | |- |''[[Curious George: A Very Monkey Christmas]]''* |November 25, 2009 |<ref name="cgxmas">{{cite web |title=MONKEY AROUND THE CHRISTMAS TREE THIS HOLIDAY SEASON! FIRST EVER CURIOUS GEORGE® HOLIDAY SPECIAL A VERY MONKEY CHRISTMAS PREMIERES NOVEMBER 25TH ON PBS KIDS® |url=http://streams.wgbh.org/online/pressroom/2009_10/CuriousGeorge_MonkeyChristmas.pdf |publisher=WGBH |access-date=14 March 2023 |date=27 October 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Curious George (film)|Curious George]]'' |rowspan=2|November 23, 2011 | |- |''[[Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey!]]''* | |- |''[[List of WordGirl episodes#WordGirl%3 The Rise of Miss Power|WordGirl: The Rise of Miss Power]]''* |February 20, 2012 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Christmas!]]''* |November 21, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wolfe|first1=Jennifer|title=PBS Kids Announces 'Cat in the Hat' Christmas Special |url=https://www.awn.com/news/pbs-kids-announces-cat-hat-christmas-special |publisher=Animation World Network |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=2 November 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford's Really Big Movie]]'' |December 14, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title='CLIFFORD'S REALLY BIG MOVIE" PREMIERS ON PBS KIDS |url=http://mediaroom.scholastic.com/press-release/cliffords-really-big-movie-premiers-pbs-kids |publisher=Scholastic |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=19 November 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Sid the Science Kid#Sid the Science Kid: The Movie (2013)|Sid the Science Kid: The Movie]]''* |March 25, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Curious George episodes#Specials|Curious George Swings Into Spring]]''* |April 22, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Curious George episodes#Specials|Curious George: A Halloween Boo Fest]]''* |October 28, 2013 | |- |''[[Elmo's Christmas Countdown]]'' |November 27, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Cyberchase episodes#Season 9 (2013–14)|The Cyberchase Movie]]'' |April 15, 2014 | |- |''[[The Cookie Thief]]''* |February 16, 2015 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Steinberg|first1=Brian|title=Cookie Monster Gets First Special on PBS' Kids Lineup| date=January 19, 2015 |url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/cookie-monster-gets-first-special-on-pbs-kids-lineup-1201408785/|publisher=Variety|access-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref> |- |''[[Curious George 3: Back to the Jungle]]''* |August 17, 2015 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 4 (2015–17)|Wild Kratts: A Creature Christmas]]''* |November 25, 2015 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Camping!]]''* |July 25, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Seuss on Facebook |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/Dr.Seuss/posts/calling-all-campers-join-the-cat-in-the-hat-on-a-fun-and-frenzied-outdoor-advent/10155167750907195/ |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=25 July 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: The Movie (2016)|Odd Squad: The Movie]]''* |August 1, 2016 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Halloween!]]''* |October 28, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Milligan|first1=Mercedes|title=PBS KIDS Gets Animated for Halloween |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2016/10/pbs-kids-gets-animated-for-halloween/ |publisher=Animation Magazine |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=3 October 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 4 (2015–17)|Wild Kratts: Creatures of the Deep Sea]]''* |November 23, 2016 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Space!]]''* |December 26, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Kids Newsletter December 2016 |url=https://www.myarkansaspbs.org/kids/newsletter/december2016 |publisher=[[Arkansas PBS|AETN]] |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=December 2016 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318164323/https://www.myarkansaspbs.org/kids/newsletter/december2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood: A Tiger Family Trip]]''* |May 8, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: Back to Bortron 7]]''* |August 14, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur: D.W. and the Beastly Birthday]]''* |May 29, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 5 (2017–19)|Wild Kratts Alaska: Hero's Journey]]''* |July 24, 2017 | |- |''Wild Alaska Live''* |July 29, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur and the Haunted Tree House]]''* |October 23, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Halloween Comes to PBS KIDS with New Programming, Games and Activities for the Entire Family |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/halloween-comes-to-pbs-kids-with-new-programming-games-and-activities-for-the-entire-family/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=28 September 2017}}</ref> |- |''[[Once Upon a Sesame Street Christmas]]''* |November 22, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=CPTV Parents E-Newsletter |url=https://cptv.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/CPTV-Parents-E-Newsletter_November-2017_Thanksgiving-Edition.pdf |publisher=CPTV |access-date=14 March 2023 |date=1 November 2017}}</ref> |- |''[[The Gruffalo]]''* |rowspan=4|December 1, 2017 | |- |''[[The Gruffalo's Child]]''* | |- |''[[Stick Man]]''* | |- |''[[Room on the Broom]]''* | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: World Turned Odd (2018)|Odd Squad: World Turned Odd]]''* |January 15, 2018 | |- |''[[List of Nature Cat episodes#Specials|Nature Cat: The Return of Bad Dog Bart]]''* |July 16, 2018 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|The Daniel Tiger Movie: Won't You Be My Neighbor?]]''* |September 17, 2018 | |- |''[[Magic Light Pictures|The Highway Rat]]''* |December 7, 2018 | |- |''[[Let's Go Luna!#Special (2018)|Let's Go Luna!: Luna's Christmas Around the World]]''* |December 10, 2018 | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: Odds and Ends (2019)|Odd Squad: Odds and Ends]]''* |January 21, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Sesame Street episodes#Specials|The Magical Wand Chase: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |March 25, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Cyberchase episodes#Season 12 (2019–20)|Cyberchase: Space Waste Odyssey]]''* |April 19, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: One Small Step]]''* |June 17, 2019 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific#Specials|Pinkalicious and Peterrific: A Pinkaperfect Birthday]]''* |August 5, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Nature Cat episodes#Specials|Nature Cat: A Nature Carol]]''* |November 29, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Rhythm and Roots of Arthur]]''* |January 20, 2020 | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: Odd Beginnings (2020)|Odd Squad: Odd Beginnings]]''* |February 17, 2020 | |- |''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum#Xavier Riddle and the Secret Movie: I Am Madam President|Xavier Riddle and the Secret Movie: I Am Madam President]]''* |March 16, 2020 | |- |''[[Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate]]'' |April 14, 2020 |<ref name=playdate>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/primetime-special-sesame-street-elmos-playdate-offer-families-connection|title=Primetime Special 'Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate' to Offer Families Connection in Challenging Times|date=2020-04-08|website=[[Sesame Workshop]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 6 (2019–2021)|Wild Kratts: Amazin' Amazon Adventure]]''* |April 20, 2020 | |- |''[[When You Wish Upon A Pickle: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |July 13, 2020 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood Won't You Sing Along with Me?]]''* |August 17, 2020 | |- |''PBS Kids Talk About: Race and Racism''* |October 9, 2020 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|The Power of We: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |October 15, 2020 |<ref name=powerofwe>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/power-we-sesame-street-special-debuts-thursday-october-15-help-children|title='The Power of We: A Sesame Street Special' Debuts on Thursday, October 15, To Help Children Stand Up To Racism|date=2020-10-08|website=[[Sesame Workshop]]|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14|archive-date=2022-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524085547/https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/power-we-sesame-street-special-debuts-thursday-october-15-help-children|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|An Arthur Thanksgiving]]''* |November 16, 2020 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific#Specials|Pinkalicious and Peterrific: Cupid Calls It Quits]]''* |February 8, 2021 | |- |''[[Dinosaur Train|Dinosaur Train: Adventure Island]]''* |April 12, 2021 | |- |''[[Molly of Denali|Molly of Denali: Molly and the Great One]]''* |June 7, 2021 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 6 (2019–2021)|Wild Kratts: Cats and Dogs]]''* |July 12, 2021 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur's First Day]]''* |September 6, 2021 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|See Us Coming Together: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |November 25, 2021 | |- |''[[The Monster at the End of This Book: Starring Lovable, Furry Old Grover#Sequels and adaptations|Sesame Street: The Monster at the End of This Story]]''* |March 7, 2022 | |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why|Elinor Wonders Why: A Wonderful Journey]]''* |April 18, 2022 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood: Daniel Visits a New Neighborhood]]''* |June 20, 2022 | |- |''[[Curious George (franchise)|Curious George 4: Royal Monkey]]''* | rowspan="2" |July 1, 2022 | |- |''[[Curious George (franchise)|Curious George 5: Go West, Go Wild]]''* | |- |''[[Sesame Street|Sesame Street: Furry Friends Forever: Elmo Gets a Puppy]]''* |March 13, 2023 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: Space Camp]]''* |July 20, 2023 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|Sesame Street: The Nutcracker: Starring Elmo & Tango]]''* |December 2, 2023 | |- |''[[Tad Hills|Rocket Saves the Day]]''* |December 26, 2023 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=PBS Kids Takes Off With TV Movie 'Rocket Saves The Day' |url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/pbs-kids-tv-movie-rocket-saves-the-day-thunderbird-entertainment-1235557216/ |website=Deadline |access-date=7 January 2024 |date=28 September 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Wild Kratts|Wild Kratts: Our Blue and Green World]]''* |April 1, 2024 |<ref name="apr24">{{cite web |author1=PBS Publicity |title=PBS KIDS Kicks Off Spring with a Slate of New Content for the Whole Family |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-kicks-off-spring-with-a-slate-of-new-content-for-the-whole-family/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=24 April 2024 |location=Arlington, VA |language=en |date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="apr24a">{{cite web |title=More Spring Fun with LPB and PBS KIDS! |url=https://www.lpb.org/newsletters/parent-newsletter-apr2024 |website=Louisiana Public Broadcasting |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424011342/https://www.lpb.org/newsletters/parent-newsletter-apr2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat|Nature Cat’s Nature Movie Special Extraordinaire]]'' |April 22, 2024 |<ref name="apr24"/><ref name="apr24a"/> |- |''[[The Okee Dokee Brothers|Brambletown]]''* |July 26, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nelson |first1=Dustin |title=Family music duo, The Okee Dokee Brothers, bring new film to PBS |url=https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-lifestyle/family-music-duo-the-okee-dokee-brothers-bring-new-film-to-pbs |website=Bring Me The News |access-date=27 July 2024 |language=en |date=22 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Starks |first1=Tiara |title=Joe Mailander of The Okee Dokee Brothers on creating PBS KIDS' Brambletown, making music, and myths |url=https://theparentwatch.com/posts/joe-mailander-the-okee-dokee-brothers-brambletown-01j15d06pjh7 |website=The Parent Watch |access-date=27 July 2024 |date=26 July 2024}}</ref> |- |''Mystery League''* |March 22, 2025 |<ref name="mysteryleague">{{cite web |title=Mystery League |url=https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/959334/detail |website=pw.myersinfosys.com |access-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109230041/https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/959334/detail |archive-date=9 January 2025 |date=9 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat|Nature Cat: The Nature-Tastic Four Movie]]'' |April 3, 2025 | |- |''Acoustic Rooster and His Barnyard Band'' |May 1, 2025 |<ref name="rooster">{{cite press release|title=PBS KIDS to Debut ACOUSTIC ROOSTER, Based on Bestselling Author Kwame Alexander's Children's Book|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-to-debut-acoustic-rooster-based-on-bestselling-author-kwame-alexanders-childrens-book/|website=[[PBS]]|access-date=24 February 2025|date=24 February 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[The Jim Henson Company|Wowsabout]]'' |May 1, 2026 |<ref>{{cite web |title=THE WOW IS WHAT IT’S ALL ABOUT! THE JIM HENSON COMPANY PRODUCES “WOWSABOUT” FOR PBS KIDS – Jim Henson |url=https://www.henson.com/the-wow-is-what-its-all-about-the-jim-henson-company-produces-wowsabout-for-pbs-kids-all-new-puppet-preschool-special-celebrates-the-emotion-of-awe/ |website=www.henson.com |access-date=12 February 2026 |location=Los Angeles, CA |date=10 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tuchow |first1=Ryan |title=PBS KIDS greenlights a Henson special set in Sequoia National Park |url=https://kidscreen.com/2026/02/10/pbs-kids-greenlights-a-henson-special-set-in-sequoia-national-park/ |website=Kidscreen |access-date=12 February 2026 |date=10 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Schedule Program - WGTE Public Media |url=https://www.wgte.org/schedules/program/kids/wowsabout/episode-0/05-02-2026/19-00-00 |website=www.wgte.org |access-date=2 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |} ===Special programming from American Public Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[Davy Jones' Locker]]'' |November 1, 1997 | |- |''[[Barney's Great Adventure]]'' |October 1, 2000 | |- |''[[Redwall (TV series)|The Redwall Movie]]'' |c. 2002 |<ref name="apt2002">{{cite web |title=APT DOMESTIC CATALOG |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/bpt?OpenView&Start=1&Count=30&Expand=6#6 |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021128103250/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/bpt?OpenView&Start=1&Count=30&Expand=6#6 |archive-date=28 November 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[The Star of Christmas|VeggieTales: The Star of Christmas]]'' |December 23, 2002 |<ref name="apt2002"/> |- |''[[Duke and the Great Pie War|VeggieTales: Duke and the Great Pie War]]'' |April 1, 2005 |<ref>{{cite web |title=VEGGIETALES: DUKE AND THE GREAT PIE WAR |url=http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/VEGGIETALES:+DUKE+AND+THE+GREAT+PIE+WAR |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305095835/http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/VEGGIETALES:+DUKE+AND+THE+GREAT+PIE+WAR |archive-date=5 March 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Heidi 4 Paws|Heidi 4 Paws: A Furry Tale]]'' |November 23, 2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=WTTW NATIONAL PRODUCTIONS PRESENTS HEIDI 4 PAWS: A FURRY TALE |url=https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=7,4,1,1,1,50 |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006000446/https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=7,4,1,1,1,50 |archive-date=6 October 2009}}</ref> |- |''Science Mission 101'' |February 1, 2010 | |- |rowspan=2|''[[Scientastic!]]'' |September 2, 2010 | |- |April 2014 | |- |''[[Biz Kids]]: Three Minutes to Change the World'' |May 20, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title=BIZ KID$ -- THREE MINUTES TO CHANGE THE WORLD American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BIZ+KID+--+THREE+MINUTES+TO+CHANGE+THE+WORLD |website=aptonline.org |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526235909/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BIZ+KID+--+THREE+MINUTES+TO+CHANGE+THE+WORLD |archive-date=26 May 2012 |date=26 May 2012}}</ref> |- |''Lost Treasure Hunt'' |October 1, 2014 | |} ===Acquired special programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving]]'' |November 22, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=acbt|Aired twice (November 22, 2020 and November 21, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Apple & PBS Team Up For Broadcasts of "A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving" & "A Charlie Brown Christmas" |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/apple-pbs-team-up-for-broadcasts-of-a-charlie-brown-thanksgiving-a-charlie-brown-christmas/ |work=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[A Charlie Brown Christmas]]'' |December 13, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=acbc|Aired twice (December 13, 2020 and December 19, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto1"/> |- |''[[It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown]]'' |October 24, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=itgpcb|Aired only once (October 24, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown Will Not Air on Broadcast TV This Year |url=https://comicbook.com/horror/news/charlie-brown-great-pumpkin-halloween-streaming-apple-tv-plus/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Horror |date=October 11, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |- |''MeteoHeroes: The Adventure Begins - Earth Day Special'' |April 22, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=KVIE|Syndicated to public television stations by KVIE.}}<ref name="meteo">{{cite web |date=May 1, 2022|title=MeteoHeroes Premieres on PBS on Earth Day and Inspires New Environmental Awards|url=https://www.anbmedia.com/news/2022/05/meteoheroes-pbs-earth-day/ |work=aNb Media}}</ref> |} ==Web-exclusive programming== The following programming is exclusive to PBS Kids web-based platforms, such as the PBS Kids website, PBS Kids Video app, and other streaming platforms. This content is not broadcast by PBS Kids and has never been aired on television. * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org"/> ===Short-form programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Release date !End date !Source(s) |- |''Wilson & Ditch: Digging America'' |Fall 2009 |2018 |<ref>{{cite web |title='WILSON & DITCH: DIGGING AMERICA' NEW PBS CHILDREN'S WEB-ONLY SOCIAL STUDIES SERIES ON PBSKIDSGO.ORG THIS FALL (August 2, 2009) |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/wilson-ditch-digging-america-new-pbs-childrens-web-only-social-studies-series-on-pbskidsgoorg-this-fall-august-2-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=2 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''Fizzy's Lunch Lab'' |November 16, 2009 |February 2021 |<ref>{{cite web |title=LAUGHTER IS THE KEY INGREDIENT IN FIZZY'S LUNCH LAB," A NEW HEALTH-THEMED WEB-ONLY PROPERTY LAUNCHING NOVEMBER 16 ON PBSKIDSGO.ORG |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/laughter-is-the-key-ingredient-in-fizzys-lunch-lab-a-new-health-themed-web-only-property-launching-november-16-on-pbskidsgoorg-september-30-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=30 September 2009}}</ref> |- |''Chuck Vanderchuck's "Something Something" Explosion'' |2011 |2018 |<ref name="2011web"/> |- |''[[Plum Landing]]''¹ |April 22, 2014 | rowspan="10" |present |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Longwell |first1=Todd |title=PBS Kids explores Earth with cross-platform environmental series |url=https://kidscreen.com/2014/04/22/pbs-kids-explores-earth-with-cross-platform-environmental-series/ |website=Kidscreen |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS Debuts New Web-original Property and Free App: PLUM LANDING |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-debuts-new-web-original-property-and-free-app-plum-landing/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=4 May 2024 |language=en |date=22 April 2014}}</ref> |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman#Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius|Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius]]'' |November 26, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wgbhkids.com/ruff-ruffman-humble-media-genius/|title=Ruff Ruffman|date=15 May 2014|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102809/https://wgbhkids.com/ruff-ruffman-humble-media-genius/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[The Ruff Ruffman Show]]''¹ |September 28, 2017 |<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-the-return-of-fan-favorite-with-new-digital-series-the-ruff-ruffman-show/ PBS KIDS Announces the Return of Fan Favorite with New Digital Series: THE RUFF RUFFMAN SHOW. "PBS.org"]. Accessed November 20, 2017.</ref> |- |''PBS Kids Talk About'' |2018 | |- |''Scribbles and Ink''¹ |December 16, 2019 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roettgers |first1=Janko |title=PBS Kids Launches Interactive Online Series 'Scribbles and Ink' |url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/pbs-kids-scribbles-ink-interactive-series-1203445850/ |website=Variety |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=17 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scribbles & Ink |url=https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/scribbles-and-ink |website=Global Mechanic |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504221116/https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/scribbles-and-ink |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman#Team Hamster!|Team Hamster]]'' |December 28, 2020 |- |''Search It Up!'' |2020 | |- |''Mega Wow!'' |2021 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS Mega Wow will make you say Mega. Wow. |url=https://www.sisbro.com/news-blog/2021/9/9/pbs-kids-mega-wow-will-make-you-say-mega-wow |website=Sisbro Studios |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=9 September 2021}}</ref> |- |''Tiny Time Travel'' |March 15, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eakin |first1=Marah |title='Tiny Time Travel' shorts help kids learn emotional literacy |url=https://current.org/2024/03/tiny-time-travel-shorts-help-kids-learn-emotional-literacy/ |website=Current |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=26 March 2024}}</ref> |} ===Podcasts=== *''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]'' Podcast (May 22, 2007−September 19, 2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=FETCH! . Podcasts . PBS KIDS GO! |url=http://pbskids.org/fetch/show/podcasts.html |website=pbskids.org |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923144051/http://pbskids.org/fetch/show/podcasts.html |archive-date=23 September 2010 |date=23 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FETCH! with Ruff Ruffman . Podcast . PBS KIDS GO! |url=https://podbay.fm/p/fetch-with-ruff-ruffman-podcast-or-pbs-kids-go |website=podbay.fm |access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref> *''[[Molly of Denali|Molly of Denali Podcast]]'' (May 30, 2019−April 21, 2021) *''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific|The Pinkalicious & Peterrific Podcast]] ''(October 28, 2020−March 13, 2025) *''[[Odd Squad]]cast'' (December 2, 2020−December 30, 2020) *''[[Arthur|The Arthur Podcast]]'' (October 20, 2022−present) *''Keyshawn Solves It'' (May 29, 2023−June 19, 2023) *''[[123 Andrés|Jamming on the Job]]'' (September 14, 2023−present) *''[[Work It Out Wombats!|Work It Out Wombats! Podcast]]'' (January 4, 2024−present) *''[[Lyla in the Loop|Lyla’s Loopcast]]'' (May 8, 2025−present) == Notes == {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{PBS Kids shows}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List of programs broadcast by PBS Kidso}} [[Category:PBS Kids|*]] [[Category:Lists of television series by network|PBS Kids]] 9joar94iu6nyv4crqlfxrxvalvlhsiy 10879083 10879079 2026-06-04T21:38:49Z ~2026-30829-22 1812709 10879083 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of programs currently broadcast on public television by [[PBS Kids]] on local [[PBS]] stations and the 24/7 channel in the United States. ==Current programming== * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web |title=Amazon Prime Video Is now the Exclusive Premium Subscription Streaming Home for Family-Favorite PBS KIDS Series |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/amazon-prime-video-is-now-the-exclusive-premium-subscription-streaming-home-for-family-favorite-pbs-kids-series/ |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref> * ² Co-distributed on the PBS Retro streaming channel ===Original programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Current season !Source(s) |- |''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]''¹ ² |February 19, 1968 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=mrn|National runs ended when spinoff series ''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]'' began airing on September 3, 2012, but reruns of select episodes have since returned as of June 10, 2017 (PBS) and temporarily October 8, 2022 through February 5, 2023 (PBS Kids 24/7).}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on April 23, 2024.}} |- |''[[Sesame Street]]'' |November 10, 1969 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|56 |{{refn|group=note|name=ss|''Sesame Street'' was notably absent from PBS Kids 24/7 until the channel relaunched on January 16, 2017, due to conflicting cable broadcast rights with [[Noggin (brand)|Noggin]] and [[Sesame Workshop|Children's Television Workshop]]. <br/> Premieres moved to [[HBO]] in 2016 and [[HBO Max]] in 2020, but ''Sesame Street'' has aired consistently on public television in some capacity since its original debut. As of 2025, new episodes premiere on PBS and Netflix concurrently.}} |- |''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]''¹ |October 7, 1996 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns | |- |''[[Cyberchase]]''¹ |January 21, 2002 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Cyberchase episodes#Season 15 (2024)|15]] | |- |''[[Curious George (TV series)|Curious George]]'' |September 4, 2006 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=cg|''Curious George'' was notably absent from PBS Kids 24/7 until October 5, 2020 due to conflicting streaming rights with [[Hulu]] and [[NBCUniversal]]. <br/> Premieres moved to [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]] in 2020, but ''Curious George'' has aired consistently on public television in some capacity since its original debut.}}{{Refn|group=note|name=end2024|National runs on PBS ended on September 30, 2024. Reruns continue on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Super Why!]]''¹ |rowspan=2|September 3, 2007 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2019|National runs on PBS ended on July 12, 2019. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[WordGirl]]''¹ |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2017a|National runs on PBS ended on June 2, 2017. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations with specials airing periodically on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Dinosaur Train]]''¹ |September 7, 2009 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2024a|National runs on PBS ended on February 4, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Wild Kratts]]''¹ |January 3, 2011 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 7 (2023)|7]] | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood]]''¹ |September 3, 2012 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood episodes#Season 7 (2024–)|7]] | |- |''[[Peg + Cat]]''¹ |October 7, 2013 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021a|National runs on PBS ended on October 1, 2021 with specials airing periodically through December 23, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Odd Squad (TV series)|Odd Squad]]''¹ |November 26, 2014 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Season 5 (2026-)|5]] |<ref>{{cite web |title=New Live-Action Series ODD SQUAD to Premiere on PBS KIDS This November |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140514005941/en/New-Live-Action-Series-ODD-SQUAD-to-Premiere-on-PBS-KIDS-This-November |website=www.businesswire.com |access-date=2 February 2024 |location=San Francisco, CA |language=en |date=14 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Eakin |first1=Marah |title='Odd Squad' abroad: Hit PBS Kids series expands to UK |url=https://current.org/2023/11/odd-squad-abroad-hit-pbs-kids-series-expands-to-uk/ |website=Current |access-date=2 February 2024 |date=13 November 2023 |quote=...the next season of "Odd Squad," debuting on PBS in late 2024.}}</ref><ref name="odduk">{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/brunico-issuu/docs/kidscreen_octobernovember23|title=Sinking Ship Entertainment print ad (pages 4-7)|magazine=Kidscreen (October/November 2023)|date=October 10, 2023 }}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat]]''¹ |November 25, 2015 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns ||{{refn|group=note|name=end2025|National runs on PBS ended on July 4, 2025. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name=Cast>{{cite web|title=New PBS Kids Series Nature Cat Will Premiere November 25, 2015|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-nature-cat-will-premiere-november-25-2015/|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923090336/http://www.pbs.org/about/news/archive/2015/nature-cat-premiere/|archive-date=September 23, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |''[[Ready Jet Go!]]''¹ |February 15, 2016 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2023|National runs on PBS ended on February 3, 2023. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific]]''¹ |February 19, 2018 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2026|National runs on PBS ended on February 1, 2026. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref>{{cite web |date=May 18, 2017 |title=Pinkalicious & Peterrific is coming to PBS Kids next February! |url=http://dandelionmoms.com/2017/05/pinkalicious-peterrific-is-coming-to-pbs-kids-next-february/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030404/https://dandelionmoms.com/2017/05/pinkalicious-peterrific-is-coming-to-pbs-kids-next-february/ |archive-date=June 16, 2018 |access-date=September 25, 2017 |publisher=Dandelionmoms.com}}</ref> |- |''[[Let's Go Luna!]]''¹ |November 21, 2018 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2024b|National runs on PBS ended on February 4, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name=AM>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/pbs-kids-gets-refreshed-ruff-ruffman-joe-murrays-luna-around-the-world/|title=PBS KIDS Gets Refreshed 'Ruff Ruffman,' Joe Murray's 'Luna Around the World'|author=Mercedes Milligan|work=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=July 31, 2017|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Molly of Denali]]''¹ |July 15, 2019 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Molly of Denali#Season 4 (2024)|4]] |<ref name=playback>[http://playbackonline.ca/2018/05/09/pbs-kids-orders-first-alaskan-native-series/ "PBS Kids orders animated series from Atomic Cartoons"]. ''[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]'', May 9, 2018.</ref> |- |''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum]]''¹ |November 11, 2019 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum#Season 2 (2024)|2]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-xavier-riddle-and-the-secret-museum-premiering-november-11-2019/|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series XAVIER RIDDLE AND THE SECRET MUSEUM, Premiering November 11, 2019 |publisher=[[PBS]]|access-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2019 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2019) |December 7, 2019 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2022|National runs on PBS ended on September 30, 2022. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name=Milligan_June2019>{{cite web |date=June 4, 2019 |first=Mercedes |last=Milligan |title=Scholastic's New 'Clifford the Big Red Dog' Launches in December |website=Animation Magazine |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/scholastics-new-clifford-the-big-red-dog-launches-in-december/ }}</ref> |- |''[[Hero Elementary]]''¹ |June 1, 2020 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns |{{refn|group=note|name=end2023c|National runs on PBS ended on February 2, 2024. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-hero-elementary-premiering-summer-2020/|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series HERO ELEMENTARY, Premiering Summer 2020 {{!}} PBS About|website=PBS KIDS Announces New Series HERO ELEMENTARY, Premiering Summer 2020 {{!}} PBS About|access-date=2019-12-05}}</ref> |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why]]''¹ |September 7, 2020 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Elinor Wonders Why#Episodes|2]] | |- |''[[Donkey Hodie (TV series)|Donkey Hodie]]''¹ |May 3, 2021 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Donkey Hodie episodes#Season 3 (2025–)|3]] | |- |''[[Alma's Way]]''¹ |October 4, 2021 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Alma's Way episodes#Season 3 (2026–)|3]] |<ref name="almasway">{{cite press release|title=New PBS Kids Series Alma's Way Premieres October 4|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-almas-way-premieres-october-4/|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=August 10, 2021}}</ref> |- |''[[Rosie's Rules]]''¹ |October 3, 2022 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Rosie's Rules#Season 2 (2025–)|2]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS KIDS to Introduce New Series, ROSIE'S RULES, Premiering Fall 2022 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-to-introduce-new-series-rosies-rules-premiering-fall-2022/ |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Work It Out Wombats!]]''¹ |February 6, 2023 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Work It Out Wombats!#Episodes|2]] |<ref name="wombats">{{cite press release|title=PBS KIDS Announces New Series, WORK IT OUT WOMBATS! Debuting Winter 2023|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-new-series-work-it-out-wombats-debuting-winter-2023/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Lyla in the Loop]]''¹ |February 5, 2024 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Lyla in the Loop#Episodes|1]] |<ref name="lyla">{{cite press release|title=New PBS KIDS Series, LYLA IN THE LOOP, Launches February 5, 2024|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/new-pbs-kids-series-lyla-in-the-loop-launches-february-5-2024/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Carl the Collector]]''¹ |November 14, 2024 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[List of Carl the Collector episodes#Season 1 (2024)|1]] |<ref>{{cite web |title=CARL THE COLLECTOR, PBS KIDS' First Series Centering on an Autistic Main Character, Premieres Nov 14 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/carl-the-collector-pbs-kids-first-series-centering-on-an-autistic-main-character-premieres-nov-14/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=16 July 2024 |location=Pasadena, CA |language=en |date=15 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="carl">{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Abbey |title='Carl the Collector,' PBS Kids' First Series Led by an Autistic Character, to Premiere in Fall 2024 (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/carl-the-collector-pbs-kids-2024-premiere-1235641724/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=10 November 2023 |date=9 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Amatangelo |first1=Amy |title='Carl the Collector,' a new animated PBS series, features characters with autism |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2024-11-14/carl-the-collector-autism-pbs-kids |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=14 November 2024 |date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Weather Hunters]]''¹ |September 8, 2025 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |<ref name="roker">{{cite press release|title=WEATHER HUNTERS, New STEM Series Created by & Starring Al Roker, Launches on PBS KIDS, July 7, 2025|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/weather-hunters-new-animated-series-created-by-and-starring-al-roker-launches-on-pbs-kids-july-7/|website=[[PBS]] |access-date=22 January 2025 |date=22 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Weather Hunters Prescreening: Summer Shared Stories Series |url=https://www.pbsutah.org/blogs/events/weather-hunters-prescreening-summer-shared-stories-series/ |website=PBS Utah |access-date=18 May 2025 |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602132640/https://www.pbsutah.org/blogs/events/weather-hunters-prescreening-summer-shared-stories-series/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Phoebe & Jay]]''¹ |February 2, 2026 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Amatangelo |first1=Amy |title=After funding cuts, PBS children's programming soldiers on with 'Phoebe & Jay' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2026-02-02/pbs-childrens-television-cuts-phoebe-and-jay |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2 February 2026 |date=2 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1-link=2 February 2026 |title=New PBS Kids Program 'Phoebe & Jay' Premieres Today |url=https://www.whro.org/2026-02-02/new-pbs-kids-program-phoebe-jay-premieres-today |website=WHRO Public Media |access-date=2 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260202234300/https://www.whro.org/2026-02-02/new-pbs-kids-program-phoebe-jay-premieres-today |archive-date=2 February 2026 |language=en |date=2 February 2026}}</ref> |} ====Local reruns==== The following programs are currently airing on select local PBS stations only. They are no longer distributed nationally, but are still available for local stations to air independently. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !National run end date !Source(s) |- |''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000 TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]'' (2000) |September 4, 2000 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=clifford|National runs ended on May 30, 2014 (PBS) and October 2, 2022 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[Maya & Miguel]]'' |October 11, 2004 |December 31, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|name=maya|National runs ended on December 31, 2010. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |''[[SciGirls]]''¹ |February 11, 2010 |June 23, 2023 |{{refn|group=note|name=local|Broadcasts are exclusive to select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!]]'' |September 6, 2010 |March 1, 2026 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2021|National runs ended on October 1, 2021 (PBS) and March 1, 2026 (PBS Kids 24/7), with specials airing periodically through December 25, 2025. Reruns continue on select local PBS stations only.}} |- |} ===Acquired programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Current season !Source(s) |- |''[[Milo (TV series)|Milo]]''¹ |October 1, 2024 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Milo (TV series)#Episodes|1]] |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}}{{refn|group=note|name=milostreaming|''Milo'' was first available on PBS Kids streaming platforms and Amazon Prime Video starting on May 13, 2024.}}<ref name="may2024"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nordyke |first1=Kimberly |title=PBS Kids Sets Spring Slate With New Series 'Tiny Time Travel' and 'Milo,' Movies Based on 'Wild Kratts' and 'Nature Cat' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/pbs-kids-tiny-time-travel-milo-wild-kratts-nature-cat-1235831431/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=25 February 2024 |date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EPISODES OF 'MILO' AVAILABLE IN THE UNITED STATES THIS FALL VIA PBS KIDS {{!}} DeAPlaneta Kids&Families |url=https://www.deaplanetakidsandfamily.com/en/episodes-milo-available-united-states-fall-pbs-kids |website=www.deaplanetakidsandfamily.com |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Milo Will Be Available on the PBS Kids Channel in the US, Starting October 1 |url=https://www.todotvnews.com/en/milo-will-be-available-on-the-pbs-kids-channel-in-the-us-starting-october-1/ |website=TTV News |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Milo' to be available on PBS Kids channel in USA |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/kids-animated-series-milo-to-be-available-on-pbs-kids-channel-in-usa/ |website=www.animationxpress.com |access-date=1 October 2024 |date=26 September 2024}}</ref> |} ===Programming from American Public Television=== The following programs are distributed by [[American Public Television]], not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Current season !Source(s) |- |''[[Biz Kid$]]'' |January 6, 2008 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns | |- |''Roey's Paintbox'' |February 4, 2015 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns | |- |''Kid Stew'' |May 1, 2018 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns | |- |''Albie's Elevator'' |rowspan=2|September 4, 2023 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|2 |<ref name="whyy2023">{{cite web |last1=Rudnesky |first1=Franki |title=WHYY debuts two new children's TV shows made in Philadelphia |url=https://www.phillyvoice.com/whyy-childrens-tv-shows-philadelphia-albies-elevator-infinite-art-hunt/ |website=PhillyVoice |publisher=WWB Holdings, LLC |access-date=25 June 2023 |date=14 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ALBIE'S ELEVATOR American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/ALBIE-S-ELEVATOR |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ALBIE'S ELEVATOR Season 2 American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/ALBIE-S-ELEVATOR-Season-2 |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- |''The Infinite Art Hunt'' |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |<ref name="whyy2023"/><ref>{{cite web |title=THE INFINITE ART HUNT American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/INFINITE-ART-HUNT-THE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref> |- |''Mia & Codie'' |January 2, 2025 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|2 |<ref>{{cite web |title=MIA & CODIE American Public Television |url=https://aptonline.org/catalog/MIA-CODIE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MIA & CODIE Season 2 American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/MIA-CODIE-Season-2 |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- |''[[Skillsville]]'' |March 3, 2025 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |{{refn|group=note|name=aptskillsville|''Skillsville'' aired from March 3, 2025, through January 31, 2026 on PBS Kids; Reruns are currently distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] as of February 1, 2026.}}<ref>{{cite web |title=SKILLSVILLE American Public Television |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/SKILLSVILLE |website=APTonline.org |access-date=1 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="skillsville">{{cite web |title=Skillsville |url=https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/958442/detail |website=pw.myersinfosys.com |access-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109230119/https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/958442/detail |archive-date=9 January 2025 |date=9 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|title=Department of Education Funds TPT's New Project 'Mashopolis'|url=https://www.tpt.org/post/department-education-funds-tpts-new-project-mashopolis/|publisher=[[Twin Cities Public Television]]|date=September 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Skillsville |url=https://sphere-media.com/en/animations/skillsville/ |website=Sphere Media Productions |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref> |- |''Vegesaurs'' |April 1, 2025 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |<ref name="vegesaurs">{{cite web |title=Vegesaurs |url=https://www.aptonline.org/catalog/VEGESAURS |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=2 February 2025}}</ref> |} ===Programming from NETA=== The following programs are distributed by National Educational Telecommunications Association, not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Current season !Source(s) |- |''[[Curious Crew]]'' |2017 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|10 | |- |''Into the Outdoors'' |June 3, 2020 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|4 | |- |''Let's Learn'' |December 14, 2020 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|4 | |- |''DIY Science Time'' |May 31, 2021 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|3 | |- |''Camp TV'' |June 16, 2021 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reruns | |- |''The Reading League's Reading Buddies'' |2022 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|3 | |- |''Wimee's Words'' |April 1, 2022 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|2 | |- |''Wordsville''¹ |January 10, 2025 |scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|1 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Wordsville |url=https://www.netaonline.org/episode/wordsville |publisher=NETA |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref> |} ===Interstitial programming=== The following interstitials run for a minute and are usually shown at the start or end of a traditional, full-form program. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''PBS Kids Rocks!'' |September 6, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|Originally known as ''DJ Hooper'' until 2015.}} |- |''You Can Be Anything!'' |2016 | |- |''You, Me, and Community'' |rowspan=2|October 1, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=You, Me & Community |url=https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/you-me-and-community |publisher=Global Mechanic |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> |- |''The Really Really Awesome Activity Challenge'' | |- |''Get Moving!'' |August 3, 2020 | |} ===Short-form programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Oh Noah!'' |April 11, 2011 |{{refn|group=note|Originally known as ''Noah Comprende''.}}<ref name="2011web">{{cite web |title=PBS Launches New Spanish Language and Music Web Series on PBSKIDSGO.ORG |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-launches-new-spanish-language-and-music-web-series-on-pbskidsgoorg/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=11 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dean |first1=Anthony |title=Minorities in cartoons: "Oh Noah!" |url=https://www.diversetechgeek.com/minorities-cartoons-oh-noah/ |website=Diverse Tech Geek |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=17 October 2013}}</ref> |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why]]'s [[Jorge Cham|That's So Interesting!]]''¹ |May 3, 2021 | |- |''[[Fred Rogers Productions|Through the Woods]]''¹ |June 4, 2021 | |- |''[[Jelly, Ben & Pogo]]'' |October 4, 2021 |<ref name="almasway" /> |- |''[[Molly of Denali]]: The Big Gathering''¹ |November 1, 2022 | |- |''[[City Island (TV series)|City Island]]''¹ |December 26, 2022 |<ref name="cityisland">{{cite press release|title=CITY ISLAND Shorts to Premiere on PBS KIDS, December 26, 2022|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/city-island-shorts-to-premiere-on-pbs-kids-december-26-2022/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''What Can You Become?'' |March 3, 2023 | |- |''[[Super Why!#Spin-off series|Super Why's Comic Book Adventures]]''¹ |October 18, 2023 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Y-E-S, yes, the new 'Super Why!' musical shorts will premiere on PBS Kids Oct. 18 |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2023-09-20/super-why-comic-book-adventures-pbs-kids-premiere-date |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=18 October 2023 |date=20 September 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Sesame Workshop|Together We Can]]'' |July 3, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stalcup |first1=Jamie |title=PBS KIDS Slates New Civics-Themed Content |url=https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/pbs-kids-slates-new-civics-themed-content/ |website=TVKIDS |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=27 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Reif |first1=Alex |title=PBS KIDS Launches Civics Music Video Series from Sesame Workshop – "Together We Can" |url=https://www.laughingplace.com/w/entertainment/pbs-kids-launches-civics-music-video-series-from-sesame-workshop-together-we-can/ |website=LaughingPlace.com |access-date=4 July 2024 |date=3 July 2024}}</ref> |- |''Acoustic Rooster: Jazzy Jams'' |April 11, 2025 | |- |''Count On June Bug!'' |March 2, 2026 | |} ===Blocks=== {| class="wikitable" sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |PBS Kids Family Night |April 21, 2017 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS Will Launch Family Night on New PBS Kids Channel |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/pbs-kids-family-night-live-streaming-daniel-tiger-1201960775/ |access-date=December 10, 2022 |website=variety.com |date=January 15, 2017 |language=en |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210161650/https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/pbs-kids-family-night-live-streaming-daniel-tiger-1201960775/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Elliott |first1=Belinda |title=WHRO - Don't Miss PBS Kids Family Night Every Saturday & Sunday |url=https://whro.org/kids-family/44938-pbs-kids-family-nights |website=whro.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214143451/https://whro.org/kids-family/44938-pbs-kids-family-nights |archive-date=14 February 2024 |date=12 February 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS Kids Family Nights - AZPM |url=https://www.azpm.org/s/46584-pbs-kids-family-nights/ |access-date=July 16, 2022 |website=www.azpm.org |language=en |archive-date=May 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527020411/https://www.azpm.org/s/46584-pbs-kids-family-nights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |} ==Upcoming programming== ===Original programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''[[Super Why#Spin-off series|Super Why's Comic Book Adventures]]'' |October 5, 2026 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Milligan |first1=Mercedes |title='Super Why's Comic Book Adventures' Powers Up for October Premiere on PBS KIDS |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2026/05/super-whys-comic-book-adventures-powers-up-for-october-premiere-on-pbs-kids/ |website=Animation Magazine |access-date=6 May 2026 |date=6 May 2026}}</ref> |- |''Clifford the Big Red Dog'' (2027) |2027 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tuchow |first1=Ryan |title=9 Story & Scholastic fetch a new Clifford series for PBS KIDS and CBC |url=https://kidscreen.com/2026/05/06/9-story-scholastic-fetch-a-new-clifford-series-for-pbs-kids-and-cbc/ |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref> |} ===Acquired programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''Piripenguins'' |TBA |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Milligan |first1=Mercedes |title=PBS Distribution Picks Up 'Piripenguins' for NorAm |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2024/10/pbs-distribution-picks-up-piripenguins-for-noram/ |website=Animation Magazine |access-date=9 June 2025 |date=14 October 2024}}</ref> |} ===Special programming=== {|class=wikitable sortable !Title !Premiere date !Source(s) |- |''The Day You Begin'' |August 3, 2026 |<ref name="tdyb">{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=PBS Kids Orders TV Adaptation Of Jacqueline Woodson's 'The Day You Begin' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/pbs-kids-the-day-you-begin-jacqueline-woodson-1236109102/ |website=Deadline |access-date=24 February 2025 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Day You Begin |url=https://www.atomiccartoons.com/projects/the-day-you-begin |website=Atomic Cartoons Inc |access-date=6 May 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |} ==Former programming== * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org"/> * ² Co-distributed by [[Roku]] on the PBS Retro streaming channel ===PTV=== For a list of earlier children’s programming on PBS, prior to the PTV block (such as ''[[Zoom (1972 TV series)|Zoom]]'' or ''[[3-2-1 Contact]]''), see [[List of programs broadcast by PBS#Former programming|List of programs broadcast by PBS]]. ====Original programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Square One Television]]'' |January 26, 1987 |October 7, 1994 | |- |''[[Shining Time Station]]'' |January 29, 1989 |June 11, 1998 | |- |''[[Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)|Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?]]'' |September 30, 1991 |October 4, 1996 | |- |''[[Lamb Chop's Play-Along]]'' |January 13, 1992 |August 29, 1997 | |- |''[[Ghostwriter (1992 TV series)|Ghostwriter]]'' |October 4, 1992 |rowspan=2|September 5, 1999 | |- |''[[Kino's Storytime|Storytime]]'' |October 11, 1992 |{{refn|group=note|name=storytime|National run began on June 6, 1994.}} |- |''[[The Magic School Bus (TV series)|The Magic School Bus]]'' |September 10, 1994 |September 25, 1998 | |- |''[[Bill Nye the Science Guy]]'' |October 10, 1994 |September 3, 1999 | |- |''[[Katie and Orbie]]'' |October 14, 1995 |August 31, 1997 |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/programs/1996/october/descriptions/october96sat.html |title=PBS National Satellite Schedule - October 1996 |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=1996-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961226093259/http://www.pbs.org/programs/1996/october/descriptions/october96sat.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/whatson/1997/09/X/19970914.html |title=PBS Schedule X Daily Schedule - 9/14/1997 |access-date=2026-04-19 |archive-date=1999-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990224092639/http://www.pbs.org/whatson/1997/09/X/19970914.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- |''[[Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego? (game show)|Where in Time is Carmen Sandiego?]]'' |October 7, 1996 |September 25, 1998 | |- |''[[The Charlie Horse Music Pizza]]'' |January 5, 1998 |September 3, 1999 | |} ====Acquired programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Salty's Lighthouse]]'' |December 6, 1997 |1998 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/248335953/ |title=28 Dec 1997, Page 116 - Tallahassee Democrat at |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-12-28 |access-date=2022-06-05}}</ref> |} ====Programming from [[American Program Service]]==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Pappyland]]'' |May 25, 1993 |September 3, 1999 | |- |''[[The Swamp Critters of Lost Lagoon]]'' |November 4, 1995 |December 27, 1997 | |- |''[[Bloopy's Buddies]]'' |January 6, 1996 |1998 | |} ====Blocks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Block title !Launch date !End date !Source(s) |- |The Game |October 7, 1996 |September 5, 1999 | |} ===PBS Kids=== ====Original programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Reading Rainbow]]''¹ ² |July 11, 1983 |August 28, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024}} <ref>{{cite web |author1=John J. O'Connor |title=TV:'READING RAINBOW,' NEW SERIES |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/11/books/tv-reading-rainbow-new-series.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=11 July 1983}}</ref><ref name="wned">{{cite web |title=Celebrating 60 Years: WNED PBS Marks its 60th Anniversary |url=https://www.wned.org/celebrating-60-years/ |website=Buffalo Toronto Public Media |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en |date=30 March 2019 |quote=July 11, 1983 was the birth of one of WNED PBS’s most decorated series, “Reading Rainbow”.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=READING RAINBOW |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/reading-rainbow-august-28-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=28 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Barney & Friends]]'' |April 6, 1992 |November 14, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1992a|Reruns continued through August 31, 2016 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[The Puzzle Place]]'' |January 16, 1995 |March 31, 2000 | |- |''[[Plaza Sesamo]]'' |April 3, 1995 |January 4, 2010 |{{refn|group=note|name=plaza|Broadcasts were exclusive to select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Wishbone (TV series)|Wishbone]]'' |October 9, 1995 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1995a|National run ended September 2, 2001, and resumed June 2, 2007 through September 6, 2009. Reruns continued through August 31, 2014 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Kratts' Creatures]]''¹ ² |June 3, 1996 |June 9, 2000 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024}} |- |''[[Adventures from the Book of Virtues]]'' |September 2, 1996 |September 26, 2005 | |- |''[[Tots TV]]'' |October 7, 1996 |rowspan=2|September 1, 2002 | |- |''[[Theodore Tugboat]]'' |October 20, 1996 | |- |''[[Wimzie's House]]'' |September 1, 1997 |September 2, 2001 | |- |''[[Teletubbies]]'' |April 6, 1998 |August 29, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=tubbies|Premieres moved to [[Nickelodeon]] and [[Nick Jr.]] in 2015.}} |- |''[[Noddy (TV series)|Noddy]]'' |August 31, 1998 |September 1, 2002 |{{refn|group=note|name=noddy|National runs on PBS Kids 24/7 ended June 10, 2001.}} |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Zoom]]'' |January 4, 1999 |September 2, 2007 | |- |''[[Zoboomafoo]]''¹ ² |January 25, 1999 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end1999b|Reruns continued through December 23, 2017 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2024}} |- |''[[Dragon Tales]]'' |September 6, 1999 |August 31, 2010 | |- |''[[Between the Lions]]'' |April 3, 2000 |August 31, 2011 | |- |''[[Caillou]]''¹ |September 4, 2000 |December 27, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2000b|National runs ended on November 13, 2015 (PBS) and December 27, 2020 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continued through December 31, 2020 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Corduroy (TV series)|Corduroy]]'' |rowspan=6|September 30, 2000 |rowspan=2|October 28, 2001 | |- |''[[Elliot Moose (TV series)|Elliot Moose]]'' | |- |''[[Timothy Goes to School]]'' |rowspan=3|September 5, 2004 | |- |''[[Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse]]'' | |- |''[[Seven Little Monsters (TV series)|Seven Little Monsters]]'' |{{refn|group=note|name=monsters|''Seven Little Monsters'' was part of the [[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch|Bookworm Bunch]] block from September 30, 2000 through September 5, 2004; meanwhile, it was aired in the same half-hour timeslot alongside ''[[The Berenstain Bears (2002 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]'' from January 6 through September 12, 2003.}} <ref name="bbslm"/> |- |''[[George Shrinks]]'' |September 2, 2007 |{{refn|group=note|name=shrinks|''George Shrinks'' was part of the [[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch|Bookworm Bunch]] block from September 30, 2000 through September 5, 2004; meanwhile, it was aired in its own half-hour timeslot from January 6, 2003 through September 2, 2007. Reruns continued through August 2008 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Jay Jay the Jet Plane]]'' |June 11, 2001 |May 31, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=jayjay|Reruns continued through June 26, 2009 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series]]'' |September 2, 2001 |September 30, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2001a|''Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series'' aired from September 2, 2001 through October 10, 2004 (PBS Kids 24/7) and through September 4, 2005 (PBS); later reruns were distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from April 5, 2010 through September 30, 2015.}} |- |''[[Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat]]'' |September 3, 2001 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2001b|Reruns continued through August 30, 2009 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[DragonflyTV]]'' |January 19, 2002 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2002a|Reruns continued through May 29, 2019 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Angelina Ballerina (TV series)|Angelina Ballerina]]''¹ ² |June 1, 2002 |August 29, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025c}} |- |''[[Liberty's Kids]]'' |September 2, 2002 |October 10, 2004 | |- |''[[The Berenstain Bears (2002 TV series)|The Berenstain Bears]]''¹ ² |January 6, 2003 |February 1, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=bb|National runs ended on February 1, 2009 (PBS) and September 26, 2005 (PBS Kids 24/7). Reruns continued through September 8, 2025 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025c|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on October 31, 2025.}} <ref name="bbslm">{{cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-berenstain-bearsr-bring-40-years-of-literary-history-to-pbs-kids-with-premiere-of-15-minute-animated-tv-series-76827102.html|title=The Berenstain Bears(R) Bring 40 Years of Literary History to 'PBS KIDS' With Premiere of 15-Minute Animated TV Series|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822181921/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-berenstain-bearsr-bring-40-years-of-literary-history-to-pbs-kids-with-premiere-of-15-minute-animated-tv-series-76827102.html|access-date=January 22, 2021|archive-date=2017-08-22}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford's Puppy Days]]'' |September 1, 2003 |April 23, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=puppy|National runs ended on September 2, 2007 (PBS) with specials airing periodically through February 14, 2014 (PBS) and April 23, 2022 (PBS Kids 24/7).}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Award-Winning PBS KIDS® Launches New Programming This Fall 2003 |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/award-winning-pbs-kids-launches-new-programming-this-fall-2003-july-12-2003/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=13 March 2023 |date=12 July 2003}}</ref> |- |''[[Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks]]''¹ ² |September 7, 2003 |rowspan=2|August 31, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025b|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on October 17, 2025.}} |- |''[[Boohbah]]'' |January 19, 2004 | |- |''[[Thomas & Friends]]''² |September 5, 2004 |December 31, 2017 |{{refn|group=note|name=thomas|Premieres moved to [[Nickelodeon]] and [[Nick Jr.]] in 2017.}}<ref group="note" name="pbsretro2024" /> |- |''[[Postcards from Buster]]''¹ |October 11, 2004 |February 24, 2012 | |- |''[[Bob the Builder]]'' |January 1, 2005 |November 6, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=bob|After originally debuting on [[Nick Jr.]] in the United States on January 15, 2001, ''Bob the Builder'' was broadcast on PBS Kids from January 1, 2005 through November 6, 2015, when the series was replaced by the [[Bob the Builder (2015 TV series)|2015 reboot series]].}} <ref>{{cite web |last1=Everhart |first1=Karen |title=PBS, producers, Comcast wed to create digital kids' channel |url=https://current.org/2004/11/pbs-producers-comcast-wed-to-create-digital-kids-channel/ |website=Current |access-date=21 January 2024 |date=1 November 2004}}</ref><ref name="bobl">{{cite web |title=Watch Bob the Builder KLRU TV Schedule KLRU-TV, Austin PBS |url=http://www.klru.org/program/bob-the-builder/ |website=www.klru.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104015431/http://www.klru.org/program/bob-the-builder/ |archive-date=4 November 2015 |date=4 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' |September 10, 2005 |September 6, 2009 | |- |''[[It's a Big Big World]]''¹ |January 2, 2006 |April 30, 2010 | |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]''¹ |May 29, 2006 |November 20, 2018 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2006d|First run ended September 2, 2012, with reruns continuing through August 31, 2014 on select local PBS stations. Reruns resumed January 16, 2017 through November 20, 2018 exclusively on PBS Kids 24/7.}} |- |''[[Franny's Feet]]'' |July 8, 2006 |September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2006a|Reruns continued through November 25, 2012 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Design Squad]]''¹ |February 21, 2007 |March 20, 2011 | |- |''[[Peep and the Big Wide World]]''¹ |April 1, 2007 |December 26, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=peep|After originally debuting on [[Discovery Kids]] and [[TLC (TV network)|TLC]] on April 10, 2004, ''Peep and the Big Wide World'' began airing locally on [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]] on August 1, 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-08-01 |title=Peep and the Big Wide World WGBH Premiere |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-peep-and-the-big-wide-w/181000638/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=The Boston Globe |pages=319}}</ref> It was later distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from April 1, 2007 through January 3, 2018; later reruns aired on PBS Kids 24/7 from January 1, 2018 through December 26, 2021.}} <ref>{{cite web |title=PEEP FAQ |url=http://www.peepandthebigwideworld.com/about/faq.html |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420080633/http://www.peepandthebigwideworld.com/about/faq.html |archive-date=20 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="peep">{{cite web |title=PEEP AND THE BIG WIDE WORLD - American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/GenreLookup/41653873E38CD1A485257281007550C7 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106004954/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/GenreLookup/41653873E38CD1A485257281007550C7 |archive-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[WordWorld]]''¹ |September 3, 2007 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=ww|Reruns continued through July 30, 2023 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Mama Mirabelle's Home Movies]]'' |September 8, 2007 |rowspan=2|September 6, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2007a|Reruns continued through January 2, 2011 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Animalia (TV series)|Animalia]]'' |January 5, 2008 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2007a}} |- |''[[Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures]]'' |January 13, 2008 |May 31, 2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2008b|Reruns continued through October 6, 2013 on select local PBS stations.}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures PBS KIDS |url=http://pbskids.org/betsy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115082246/http://pbskids.org/betsy/ |archive-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Martha Speaks (TV series)|Martha Speaks]]''¹ |rowspan=2 | September 1, 2008 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=martha|Reruns continued through November 17, 2025 on select local PBS stations.}} |- |''[[Sid the Science Kid]]''¹ |June 25, 2023 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2018|National runs ended on November 18, 2018 (PBS) and June 25, 2023 (PBS Kids 24/7).}} |- |''[[Lomax, the Hound of Music]]'' |October 11, 2008 |December 29, 2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=KWBU Program Guide October 2008 |url=https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/73593.pdf |publisher=Baylor University |access-date=13 March 2023 |page=2 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313230938/https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/73593.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[The Electric Company (2009 TV series)|The Electric Company]]'' (2009) |January 19, 2009 |August 31, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Back From the '70s, Without the Zaniness |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/arts/television/19elec.html |work=The New York Times |date=January 18, 2009 |access-date=13 March 2023 |last1=Genzlinger |first1=Neil }}</ref> |- |''[[Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps]]''¹ ² |September 5, 2009 |November 14, 2015 |{{refn|group=note|name=end2009a|Reruns continued through January 31, 2016 on select local PBS stations.}}{{refn|group=note|name=pbsretro2025a|Reruns began streaming on the PBS Retro channel on October 10, 2025.}} |- |''[[Bob the Builder (2015 TV series)|Bob the Builder]]'' (2015) |November 7, 2015 |November 20, 2018 |<ref name=bobl/><ref>{{cite web |title=Let's Go! Bob the Builder |url=https://www.ket.org/episode/BOBL%20%20000901/ |website=www.ket.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620030524/https://www.ket.org/episode/BOBL%20%20000901/ |archive-date=20 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2015/11/7/#8:30.a.m. |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=21 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> |- |''[[Splash and Bubbles]]''¹ |November 23, 2016 |October 2, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=splash|Reruns continued through November 27, 2022 on select local PBS stations.}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/pbs-kids-dates-premiere-for-hensons-splash-and-bubbles|title=PBS Kids Dates Premiere for Henson's 'Splash and Bubbles'|author=Mercedes Milligan|work=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=May 21, 2016|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Esme & Roy]]'' |August 30, 2019 |June 27, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}} <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-03-13|title=Esme & Roy Now Airing Weekends on CPTV PBS Kids 24/7|url=https://cptv.org/esme-and-roy/}}</ref> |- |''[[The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo]]''¹ |February 10, 2023 |May 10, 2024 |{{refn|gproup=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}} <ref name="elmo1">{{cite web |title=PBS Kids {{!}} TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2023/02/10/ |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510223219/https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2023/02/10/ |archive-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="elmo2">{{cite web |title=PBS Kids {{!}} TV Schedules - AZPM |url=https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2024/05/10/ |website=tv.azpm.org |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510223020/https://tv.azpm.org/schedules/kuatkids/2024/05/10/ |archive-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Mecha Builders]]'' |May 13, 2024 |April 30, 2025 |{{refn|group=note|name=PK|Exclusive to PBS Kids 24/7.}} <ref name="may2024">{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS on Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C6hQr0WsBlq |website=www.instagram.com |access-date=10 May 2024 |date=3 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mecha Builders |url=https://www.tpt.org/mecha-builders/ |website=Twin Cities PBS |access-date=24 April 2024 |language=en |date=23 April 2024}}</ref> |} ====Acquired programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Newton's Apple]]'' |October 15, 1983 |October 31, 1999 | |- |''[[Mark Kistler's Imagination Station]]'' |October 14, 1991 |July 10, 1998 |{{refn|group=note|name=kistler|Reboot series began airing in 2009.}} |- |''The Eddie Files'' |1995 |2000 | |- |''Ricky's Room'' |1999 |2000 | |- |''[[Mary Lou's Flip Flop Shop]]'' |August 25, 2002 |September 22, 2002 |{{refn|group=note|name=ffs|Reruns aired on the PBS HD Channel from 2004 to 2007.}} |- |''[[MythQuest]]'' |2002 |2004 | |- |''[[Nanalan']]'' |July 2006 |2013 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Pressroom - NANALAN' |url=http://pressroom.pbs.org/programs/nanalan |access-date=16 January 2024 |date=6 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106030906/http://pressroom.pbs.org/programs/nanalan |archive-date=November 6, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=nineMagazine - July/August 2013 by Nine PBS - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/nine_magazine/docs/ninemag_septoct2013 |website=issuu.com |access-date=16 January 2024 |language=en |date=27 August 2013}}</ref> |- |''[[Miffy and Friends]]'' |2007 |2009 |{{refn|group=note|name=WLIW|Syndicated to public television stations by WLIW.}} |- |''[[Shalom Sesame]]'' |October 5, 2010 |October 11, 2011 | |} ====Programming from American Public Television==== The following programs were distributed by [[American Public Television]], not PBS itself. These programs were broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Harriet's Magic Hats]]'' |September 27, 1983 |November 13, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/892020107/ |title=Centre Daily Times from State College, Pennsylvania • 32 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1983-09-27 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/353139110/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 28 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-11-13 |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''Alles Gute'' |September 10, 1989 |July 31, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/298444706/ |title=The Press Democrat from Santa Rosa, California • 128 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1989-09-10 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/285885839/ |title=The Times Recorder from Zanesville, Ohio • 39 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-01-08 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/650101884/ |title=Fort Worth Star-Telegram from Fort Worth, Texas • 95|publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-07-31 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Practical Parenting'' |November 3, 1989 |January 14, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/963943586/ |title=Bristol Herald Courier from Bristol, Tennessee • 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1989-11-03 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/682335257/ |title=The Kansas City Star from Kansas City, Missouri • 48 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1992-08-24 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/613078005/ |title=The Salt Lake Tribune from Salt Lake City, Utah • 184 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2001-01-14 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''The Story of Read-Alee Deed-Alee'' |October 2, 1993 |October 1, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/312047446/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-02 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/513345643/ |title=The La Crosse Tribune from La Crosse, Wisconsin • 44 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-10-30 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/441633344/ |title=The Boston Globe from Boston, Massachusetts • 31 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-02-16 |access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Beyond the Front Page'' |November 20, 1993 |November 19, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/352959491/ |title=Daily Citizen from Beaver Dam, Wisconsin • 8 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1993-11-20 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/286882358/ |title=The Times Recorder from Zanesville, Ohio • 41 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Jack Houston's ImagineLand'' |January 5, 1994 |July 31, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/313304904/ |title=The Indianapolis News from Indianapolis, Indiana • 64 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-01-15 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1004569125/ |title=Bryan-College Station Eagle from Bryan, Texas • 82 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-07-30 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Kidsongs#Television series|Kidsongs]]'' |April 4, 1994 |June 30, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=KIDSONGS TELEVISION SHOW II, THE (STEREO) F American Public Television |url=http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/38baad26bfc77030852568f200749623?OpenDocument |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=30 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211250/http://www.aptvs.org/catalog.nsf/f438aefc1963eb6f85256643006faa76/38baad26bfc77030852568f200749623?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Toddler rush">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Everhart Bedford |first1=Karen |title=Toddler rush, 1994 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch410.html |website=current.org |access-date=3 February 2026 |date=May 23, 1994}}</ref> |- |''[[The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon]]'' |September 18, 1994 |September 5, 1999 | |- |''Big Changes, Big Choices'' |October 27, 1994 |October 26, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/950329104/ |title=The Daily World Archive: Sunday, October 23, 1994 • Helena, Arkansas Page 15 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-10-23 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1119137853/ |title=Staten Island Advance Archive: Sunday, December 25, 1994 • Staten Island, New York Page 146 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1994-12-25 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref> |- |''[[The Huggabug Club]]'' |January 2, 1995 |July 28, 2000 | |- |''[[The Big Comfy Couch]]'' |January 9, 1995 |April 30, 2009 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BIG COMFY COUCH I, III-V, THE (2ND RELEASE) |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/E9A98E6B1ED7F37385257129005925CB |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=25 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406062736/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/E9A98E6B1ED7F37385257129005925CB |archive-date=6 April 2009}}</ref> |- |''Preschool Power!'' |March 25, 1995 |December 31, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/179399222/ |title=The Tribune from Seymour, Indiana • Page 50 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1995-03-18 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/760030598/ |title=Corpus Christi Caller-Times from Corpus Christi, Texas • 210 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1999-12-05 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[The Reppies]]'' |April 1, 1996 |April 30, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=PBS and APS offer new kidvid, 1996 |url=https://current.org/wp-content/uploads/archive-site/ch/ch612p.html#Reppies |website=current.org |access-date=3 February 2026 |date=October 12, 1996}}</ref> |- |''Crossroads Café'' |September 6, 1996 |2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/544067706/ |title=The Muscatine Journal from Muscatine, Iowa • 20 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1996-09-06 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1093426484/ |title=The Sunday Oregonian from Portland, Oregon • 218 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-12-21 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Cave Kids]]'' |September 29, 1996 |September 12, 1999 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/613144415/|title = The Salt Lake Tribune from Salt Lake City, Utah on September 29, 1996 · 174| date=29 September 1996}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/892828657/|title = Omaha World-Herald from Omaha, Nebraska on September 12, 1999 • 206| date=September 12, 1999}}</ref> |- |''Great Minds of Business'' |August 3, 1997 |January 7, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/355730946/ |title=The Courier from Waterloo, Iowa • 89 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-08-03 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/170392704/ |title=Chicago Tribune from Chicago, Illinois • Page 210 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-01-07 |access-date=9 April 2025}}</ref> |- 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|rowspan=2|November 9, 1997 |August 29, 2000 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/450451321/ |title=Public Opinion from Chambersburg, Pennsylvania • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1997-11-08 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/297507018/ |title=Lincoln Journal Star from Lincoln, Nebraska • 197 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-08-27 |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> |- |''Backyard Safari'' |September 28, 1999 |<ref name="Toddler rush" /> |- |''Mikhail Baryshnikov's Stories from My Childhood'' |March 15, 1998 |December 31, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/387312407/ |title=Corvallis Gazette-Times from Corvallis, Oregon • 71 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-03-15 |access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/685251102/ |title=The Kansas City Star from Kansas City, Missouri • 223 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|access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/983547919/ |title=The Opelika-Auburn News from Opelika, Alabama • 23 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2000-05-31 |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> |- |''Reading Allowed'' |June 7, 1998 |August 29, 2001 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/345437146/ |title=The Times and Democrat from Orangeburg, South Carolina • 63 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-06-07 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/628836659/ |title=The Charlotte Observer from Charlotte, North Carolina • 303 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=1998-07-05 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/79401644/ |title=The Gaffney Ledger from Gaffney, South Carolina • Page 9 |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=2001-08-29 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''Someday School'' |June 21, 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archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914154909/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/0E786760083D535C852570A700645F53 |archive-date=14 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="pipeline2006" /> |- |''[[The Saddle Club]]'' |rowspan=2|September 3, 2006 |September 6, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title=SADDLE CLUB, THE American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SADDLE+CLUB+THE |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911193536/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SADDLE+CLUB+THE |archive-date=11 September 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Sheira & Loli's Dittydoodle Works]]'' |May 5, 2010 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SHEIRA & LOLI'S DITTYDOODLE WORKS |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/1ABE3D3553526BB385257199007E0DFA |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111025049/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/1ABE3D3553526BB385257199007E0DFA |archive-date=11 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SHEIRA & LOLI'S DITTYDOODLE WORKS II |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/48D5624A0B2E7D1485257298005518CB |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106023433/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/48D5624A0B2E7D1485257298005518CB |archive-date=6 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[SeeMore's Playhouse]]'' |September 10, 2006 |November 2, 2009 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SEEMORE'S PLAYHOUSE |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C88726F37EA376598525719C0048DE16 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111022240/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/C88726F37EA376598525719C0048DE16 |archive-date=11 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SEEMORE'S PLAYHOUSE II |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/B67DA6E54AE8A89B85257353004CC019 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105202212/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/B67DA6E54AE8A89B85257353004CC019 |archive-date=5 November 2009}}</ref> |- |''Jim Knox's Wild Zoofari'' |September 2, 2007 |September 1, 2010 |<ref name="fall2007/2008" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=JIM KNOX'S WILD ZOOFARI |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/1B0CBE629176BA4F852573150059CFC1 |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=5 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230090706/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/1B0CBE629176BA4F852573150059CFC1 |archive-date=30 December 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Raggs]]'' |February 4, 2008 |February 1, 2014 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=RAGGS American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/RAGGS |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101041555/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/RAGGS |archive-date=1 January 2015}}</ref> |- |''[[Wunderkind Little Amadeus]]'' |September 7, 2008 |September 6, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=WUNDERKIND LITTLE AMADEUS |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/8CA0A1E393D3836185257473004D2C2B |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=11 November 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015040012/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/AlphaLookup/8CA0A1E393D3836185257473004D2C2B |archive-date=15 October 2008}}</ref> |- |''[[Bali (TV series)|Bali]]''¹ |September 12, 2010 |August 31, 2021 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BALI American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BALI |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722190935/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BALI |archive-date=22 July 2014}}</ref> |- |''[[Wild Animal Baby Explorers]]'' |October 1, 2010 |January 7, 2014 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=WILD ANIMAL BABY EXPLORERS American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/WILD+ANIMAL+BABY+EXPLORERS |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127010830/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/WILD+ANIMAL+BABY+EXPLORERS |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=WILD ANIMAL BABY EXPLORERS II American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/WILD+ANIMAL+BABY+EXPLORERS+II |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=11 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526173643/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/WILD+ANIMAL+BABY+EXPLORERS+II |archive-date=26 May 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Space Racers]]'' |May 2, 2014 |October 31, 2016 |{{refn|group=note|name=space|Premieres moved to [[Universal Kids]] in 2016.}} <ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|author=Ramin Zahed |date=October 25, 2013 |title='Space Racers' to Premiere on Public Television this Spring |url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/space-racers-premiere-public-television-spring |publisher=Animation Magazine |accessdate=July 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=SPACE RACERS American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SPACE+RACERS |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011211718/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/SPACE+RACERS |archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="pipeline2014">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Fischer |first1=Terry |title=Current’s annual survey of productions in the works for public TV |url=https://current.org/2013/11/currents-annual-survey-of-programs-in-the-works-for-public-tv/ |website=current.org |access-date=17 September 2025 |date=November 25, 2013}}</ref> |- |''Thomas Edison's Secret Lab'' |September 7, 2015 |September 6, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=THOMAS EDISON'S SECRET LAB American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/THOMAS+EDISON+S+SECRET+LAB |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=5 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194004/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/THOMAS+EDISON+S+SECRET+LAB |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Bug Bites (2016 TV series)|Bug Bites]]'' |January 4, 2016 |January 3, 2019 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=BUG BITES American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BUG+BITES |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=14 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129143747/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BUG+BITES |archive-date=29 January 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[The Mother Company|Ruby's Studio]]'' |January 7, 2016 |January 6, 2022 |<ref name="aptchildren2016">{{#invoke:cite|web|title=APT - BY GENRE: CHILDREN |url=http://www.aptonline.org/aptweb.nsf/ProgramsDisplay?ReadForm&Flag=CatalogGenre&Index=Children |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614211204/http://www.aptonline.org/aptweb.nsf/ProgramsDisplay?ReadForm&Flag=CatalogGenre&Index=Children |archive-date=14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=RUBY'S STUDIO|date=August 21, 2017 |url=https://themotherco.com/rubys-studio/ |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Ruby's Studio – American Public Television Air Times|date=February 2016 |url=https://themotherco.com/2016/02/rubys-studio-american-public-television-air-times-2/ |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Mack & Moxy]]'' |February 5, 2016 |February 16, 2020 |<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MACK & MOXY American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/MACK+MOXY |publisher=American Public Television |access-date=20 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229231321/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/MACK+MOXY |archive-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Lynne Cherry#Producing and Directing Young Voices for the Planet Film Series|Young Voices for the Planet]]'' |April 8, 2016 |April 7, 2019 |<ref name="aptchildren2016" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=YOUNG VOICES FOR THE PLANET: CHILDREN'S ENVIRONMENTAL LITERACY FOUNDATION|url=https://celfeducation.org/yvfp/ |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref> |} ====Programming from NETA==== The following programs are distributed by National Educational Telecommunications Association, not PBS itself. These programs are broadcast by select local PBS stations. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[Curiosity Quest]]'' |July 16, 2004 |2021 | |- |''[[The Shapies]]'' |2004 |2006 | |- |''[[Auto-B-Good]]'' |January 17, 2005 |December 23, 2005 | |- |''Kids for Positive Change'' |July 1, 2021 |June 30, 2024 | |} ====Interstitial programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''Dash's Game of the Day'' |September 4, 2006 |May 16, 2008 | |- |''Dot's Story Factory'' |September 3, 2007 |rowspan=2|October 6, 2013 | |- |''Dash's Secret Treasure'' |rowspan=2|May 19, 2008 | |- |''Music Time with [[Steve Roslonek|SteveSongs]]'' |July 18, 2022 | |- |''Dash's Dance Party'' |rowspan=2|September 7, 2009 |October 6, 2013 | |- |''Adventures with Hooper'' |September 5, 2010 | |- |''Coach Hooper'' |rowspan=3|September 6, 2010 |rowspan=3|2020 | |- |''PBS Kids Field Trip'' | |- |''Where in the World is Hooper?'' | |- |''PBS Kids Spotlight'' |January 15, 2016 |July 18, 2022 | |} ====Short-form programming==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Premiere date !End date !Source(s) |- |''[[The Amazing Colossal Adventures of WordGirl]]'' |November 10, 2006 |October 10, 2007 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Expands Vocabulary with Wordgirl |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2006/11/pbs-expands-vocabulary-with-wordgirl/ |publisher=Animation Magazine |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=8 November 2006}}</ref> |- |''[[Pocoyo]]'' |January 4, 2010 |December 26, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=pocoyo|''Pocoyo'' was distributed to local PBS stations by [[American Public Television]] from January 4, 2010 through January 3, 2018, and it was aired in the same half-hour timeslot alongside ''Peep and the Big Wide World''; later reruns aired on PBS Kids 24/7 from January 1, 2018 through December 26, 2021.}}<ref name="peep/pocoyo">{{cite web |title=PEEP AND THE BIG WIDE WORLD II/POCOYO {{!}} American Public Television |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/PEEP+AND+THE+BIG+WIDE+WORLD+II+POCOYO |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910074428/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/PEEP+AND+THE+BIG+WIDE+WORLD+II+POCOYO |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> |} ====Blocks==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Block title !Launch date !End date !Source(s) |- |[[PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch]] |September 30, 2000 |September 5, 2004 | |- |[[PBS Kids Go!]] |October 11, 2004 |rowspan=2|October 6, 2013 | |- |PBS Kids Preschool |September 4, 2006 | |} ==Special programming== Programs with marked with an asterisk (*) have been featured on the Family Night weekend primetime block on PBS Kids 24/7. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[Noddy (TV series)|Noddy: Anything Can Happen At Christmas]]'' |December 6, 1998 | |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Party with Zoom]]'' |1999 | |- |''[[Arthur's Perfect Christmas]]''* |November 23, 2000 | |- |''[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|Zoom: America's Kids Respond]]'' |September 20, 2001 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS Children's Series Offers Kids Ideas for Coping with the Aftermath of the Attacks On America |website=[[PBS]] |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-childrens-series-offers-kids-ideas-for-coping-with-the-aftermath-of-the-attacks-on-america-september-20-2001/ |access-date=12 March 2023 }}</ref> |- |''[[Barney & Friends|Barney's Christmas Star]]'' | rowspan="2" |2002 | |- |''[[Elmo's World|Elmo's World: Happy Holidays!]]'' | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur, It's Only Rock 'n' Roll]]'' |September 1, 2002 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fiasco |first1=Lance |title=The Backstreet Boys To Make Their Animated 'Arthur' Debut |url=https://idobi.com/news/the-backstreet-boys-to-make-their-animated-arthur-debut/ |website=idobi |access-date=15 September 2024 |date=29 July 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Idaho PTV Program Listing - September 2002 Schedule |url=http://www.idahoptv.org/what/channels/Sep02/Sep.html#1 |website=idahoptv.org |access-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020914044129/http://www.idahoptv.org/what/channels/Sep02/Sep.html#1 |archive-date=2002-09-14 |date=14 September 2002}}</ref> |- |[[Zoom (1999 TV series)|''Zoom: America's Kids Remember'']] |September 8, 2002 | |- |''[[Bob the Builder|Bob the Builder Snowed Under: The Bobblesberg Winter Games]]'' |December 17, 2005 | |- |''[[Arthur's Missing Pal]]'' |August 18, 2007 | |- |''[[Panwapa]]'' |2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Station Signals: WXXI Program Guide September 2008 |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/30900371/september-2008-wxxi |website=yumpu.com |publisher=WXXI |access-date=5 July 2023 |page=19 |language=en |date=September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WBGU-PBS KIDS Shows |url=http://wbgu.org/kids/shows |publisher=WBGU |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724022723/http://wbgu.org/kids/shows |archive-date=24 July 2008}}</ref> |- |''[[Abby in Wonderland]]'' |November 28, 2008 | |- |''[[Curious George: A Very Monkey Christmas]]''* |November 25, 2009 |<ref name="cgxmas">{{cite web |title=MONKEY AROUND THE CHRISTMAS TREE THIS HOLIDAY SEASON! FIRST EVER CURIOUS GEORGE® HOLIDAY SPECIAL A VERY MONKEY CHRISTMAS PREMIERES NOVEMBER 25TH ON PBS KIDS® |url=http://streams.wgbh.org/online/pressroom/2009_10/CuriousGeorge_MonkeyChristmas.pdf |publisher=WGBH |access-date=14 March 2023 |date=27 October 2009}}</ref> |- |''[[Curious George (film)|Curious George]]'' |rowspan=2|November 23, 2011 | |- |''[[Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey!]]''* | |- |''[[List of WordGirl episodes#WordGirl%3 The Rise of Miss Power|WordGirl: The Rise of Miss Power]]''* |February 20, 2012 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Christmas!]]''* |November 21, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wolfe|first1=Jennifer|title=PBS Kids Announces 'Cat in the Hat' Christmas Special |url=https://www.awn.com/news/pbs-kids-announces-cat-hat-christmas-special |publisher=Animation World Network |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=2 November 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Clifford's Really Big Movie]]'' |December 14, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title='CLIFFORD'S REALLY BIG MOVIE" PREMIERS ON PBS KIDS |url=http://mediaroom.scholastic.com/press-release/cliffords-really-big-movie-premiers-pbs-kids |publisher=Scholastic |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=19 November 2012}}</ref> |- |''[[Sid the Science Kid#Sid the Science Kid: The Movie (2013)|Sid the Science Kid: The Movie]]''* |March 25, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Curious George episodes#Specials|Curious George Swings Into Spring]]''* |April 22, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Curious George episodes#Specials|Curious George: A Halloween Boo Fest]]''* |October 28, 2013 | |- |''[[Elmo's Christmas Countdown]]'' |November 27, 2013 | |- |''[[List of Cyberchase episodes#Season 9 (2013–14)|The Cyberchase Movie]]'' |April 15, 2014 | |- |''[[The Cookie Thief]]''* |February 16, 2015 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Steinberg|first1=Brian|title=Cookie Monster Gets First Special on PBS' Kids Lineup| date=January 19, 2015 |url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/cookie-monster-gets-first-special-on-pbs-kids-lineup-1201408785/|publisher=Variety|access-date=October 17, 2015}}</ref> |- |''[[Curious George 3: Back to the Jungle]]''* |August 17, 2015 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 4 (2015–17)|Wild Kratts: A Creature Christmas]]''* |November 25, 2015 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Camping!]]''* |July 25, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Seuss on Facebook |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/Dr.Seuss/posts/calling-all-campers-join-the-cat-in-the-hat-on-a-fun-and-frenzied-outdoor-advent/10155167750907195/ |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=25 July 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: The Movie (2016)|Odd Squad: The Movie]]''* |August 1, 2016 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Halloween!]]''* |October 28, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Milligan|first1=Mercedes|title=PBS KIDS Gets Animated for Halloween |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2016/10/pbs-kids-gets-animated-for-halloween/ |publisher=Animation Magazine |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=3 October 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 4 (2015–17)|Wild Kratts: Creatures of the Deep Sea]]''* |November 23, 2016 | |- |''[[The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!|The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Space!]]''* |December 26, 2016 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Kids Newsletter December 2016 |url=https://www.myarkansaspbs.org/kids/newsletter/december2016 |publisher=[[Arkansas PBS|AETN]] |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=December 2016 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318164323/https://www.myarkansaspbs.org/kids/newsletter/december2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood: A Tiger Family Trip]]''* |May 8, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: Back to Bortron 7]]''* |August 14, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur: D.W. and the Beastly Birthday]]''* |May 29, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 5 (2017–19)|Wild Kratts Alaska: Hero's Journey]]''* |July 24, 2017 | |- |''Wild Alaska Live''* |July 29, 2017 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur and the Haunted Tree House]]''* |October 23, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Halloween Comes to PBS KIDS with New Programming, Games and Activities for the Entire Family |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/halloween-comes-to-pbs-kids-with-new-programming-games-and-activities-for-the-entire-family/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=18 March 2023 |date=28 September 2017}}</ref> |- |''[[Once Upon a Sesame Street Christmas]]''* |November 22, 2017 |<ref>{{cite web |title=CPTV Parents E-Newsletter |url=https://cptv.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/CPTV-Parents-E-Newsletter_November-2017_Thanksgiving-Edition.pdf |publisher=CPTV |access-date=14 March 2023 |date=1 November 2017}}</ref> |- |''[[The Gruffalo]]''* |rowspan=4|December 1, 2017 | |- |''[[The Gruffalo's Child]]''* | |- |''[[Stick Man]]''* | |- |''[[Room on the Broom]]''* | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: World Turned Odd (2018)|Odd Squad: World Turned Odd]]''* |January 15, 2018 | |- |''[[List of Nature Cat episodes#Specials|Nature Cat: The Return of Bad Dog Bart]]''* |July 16, 2018 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|The Daniel Tiger Movie: Won't You Be My Neighbor?]]''* |September 17, 2018 | |- |''[[Magic Light Pictures|The Highway Rat]]''* |December 7, 2018 | |- |''[[Let's Go Luna!#Special (2018)|Let's Go Luna!: Luna's Christmas Around the World]]''* |December 10, 2018 | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: Odds and Ends (2019)|Odd Squad: Odds and Ends]]''* |January 21, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Sesame Street episodes#Specials|The Magical Wand Chase: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |March 25, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Cyberchase episodes#Season 12 (2019–20)|Cyberchase: Space Waste Odyssey]]''* |April 19, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: One Small Step]]''* |June 17, 2019 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific#Specials|Pinkalicious and Peterrific: A Pinkaperfect Birthday]]''* |August 5, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Nature Cat episodes#Specials|Nature Cat: A Nature Carol]]''* |November 29, 2019 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Rhythm and Roots of Arthur]]''* |January 20, 2020 | |- |''[[List of Odd Squad episodes#Odd Squad: Odd Beginnings (2020)|Odd Squad: Odd Beginnings]]''* |February 17, 2020 | |- |''[[Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum#Xavier Riddle and the Secret Movie: I Am Madam President|Xavier Riddle and the Secret Movie: I Am Madam President]]''* |March 16, 2020 | |- |''[[Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate]]'' |April 14, 2020 |<ref name=playdate>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/primetime-special-sesame-street-elmos-playdate-offer-families-connection|title=Primetime Special 'Sesame Street: Elmo's Playdate' to Offer Families Connection in Challenging Times|date=2020-04-08|website=[[Sesame Workshop]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 6 (2019–2021)|Wild Kratts: Amazin' Amazon Adventure]]''* |April 20, 2020 | |- |''[[When You Wish Upon A Pickle: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |July 13, 2020 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood Won't You Sing Along with Me?]]''* |August 17, 2020 | |- |''PBS Kids Talk About: Race and Racism''* |October 9, 2020 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|The Power of We: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |October 15, 2020 |<ref name=powerofwe>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/power-we-sesame-street-special-debuts-thursday-october-15-help-children|title='The Power of We: A Sesame Street Special' Debuts on Thursday, October 15, To Help Children Stand Up To Racism|date=2020-10-08|website=[[Sesame Workshop]]|language=en|access-date=2023-03-14|archive-date=2022-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524085547/https://www.sesameworkshop.org/press-room/press-releases/power-we-sesame-street-special-debuts-thursday-october-15-help-children|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|An Arthur Thanksgiving]]''* |November 16, 2020 | |- |''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific#Specials|Pinkalicious and Peterrific: Cupid Calls It Quits]]''* |February 8, 2021 | |- |''[[Dinosaur Train|Dinosaur Train: Adventure Island]]''* |April 12, 2021 | |- |''[[Molly of Denali|Molly of Denali: Molly and the Great One]]''* |June 7, 2021 | |- |''[[List of Wild Kratts episodes#Season 6 (2019–2021)|Wild Kratts: Cats and Dogs]]''* |July 12, 2021 | |- |''[[List of Arthur episodes#Specials|Arthur's First Day]]''* |September 6, 2021 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|See Us Coming Together: A Sesame Street Special]]''* |November 25, 2021 | |- |''[[The Monster at the End of This Book: Starring Lovable, Furry Old Grover#Sequels and adaptations|Sesame Street: The Monster at the End of This Story]]''* |March 7, 2022 | |- |''[[Elinor Wonders Why|Elinor Wonders Why: A Wonderful Journey]]''* |April 18, 2022 | |- |''[[Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood|Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood: Daniel Visits a New Neighborhood]]''* |June 20, 2022 | |- |''[[Curious George (franchise)|Curious George 4: Royal Monkey]]''* | rowspan="2" |July 1, 2022 | |- |''[[Curious George (franchise)|Curious George 5: Go West, Go Wild]]''* | |- |''[[Sesame Street|Sesame Street: Furry Friends Forever: Elmo Gets a Puppy]]''* |March 13, 2023 | |- |''[[List of Ready Jet Go! episodes#Films|Ready Jet Go!: Space Camp]]''* |July 20, 2023 | |- |''[[Sesame Street|Sesame Street: The Nutcracker: Starring Elmo & Tango]]''* |December 2, 2023 | |- |''[[Tad Hills|Rocket Saves the Day]]''* |December 26, 2023 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whittock |first1=Jesse |title=PBS Kids Takes Off With TV Movie 'Rocket Saves The Day' |url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/pbs-kids-tv-movie-rocket-saves-the-day-thunderbird-entertainment-1235557216/ |website=Deadline |access-date=7 January 2024 |date=28 September 2023}}</ref> |- |''[[Wild Kratts|Wild Kratts: Our Blue and Green World]]''* |April 1, 2024 |<ref name="apr24">{{cite web |author1=PBS Publicity |title=PBS KIDS Kicks Off Spring with a Slate of New Content for the Whole Family |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-kicks-off-spring-with-a-slate-of-new-content-for-the-whole-family/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=24 April 2024 |location=Arlington, VA |language=en |date=21 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="apr24a">{{cite web |title=More Spring Fun with LPB and PBS KIDS! |url=https://www.lpb.org/newsletters/parent-newsletter-apr2024 |website=Louisiana Public Broadcasting |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424011342/https://www.lpb.org/newsletters/parent-newsletter-apr2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat|Nature Cat’s Nature Movie Special Extraordinaire]]'' |April 22, 2024 |<ref name="apr24"/><ref name="apr24a"/> |- |''[[The Okee Dokee Brothers|Brambletown]]''* |July 26, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nelson |first1=Dustin |title=Family music duo, The Okee Dokee Brothers, bring new film to PBS |url=https://bringmethenews.com/minnesota-lifestyle/family-music-duo-the-okee-dokee-brothers-bring-new-film-to-pbs |website=Bring Me The News |access-date=27 July 2024 |language=en |date=22 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Starks |first1=Tiara |title=Joe Mailander of The Okee Dokee Brothers on creating PBS KIDS' Brambletown, making music, and myths |url=https://theparentwatch.com/posts/joe-mailander-the-okee-dokee-brothers-brambletown-01j15d06pjh7 |website=The Parent Watch |access-date=27 July 2024 |date=26 July 2024}}</ref> |- |''Mystery League''* |March 22, 2025 |<ref name="mysteryleague">{{cite web |title=Mystery League |url=https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/959334/detail |website=pw.myersinfosys.com |access-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109230041/https://pw.myersinfosys.com/wosu/airlist/34.4/959334/detail |archive-date=9 January 2025 |date=9 January 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[Nature Cat|Nature Cat: The Nature-Tastic Four Movie]]'' |April 3, 2025 | |- |''Acoustic Rooster and His Barnyard Band'' |May 1, 2025 |<ref name="rooster">{{cite press release|title=PBS KIDS to Debut ACOUSTIC ROOSTER, Based on Bestselling Author Kwame Alexander's Children's Book|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-to-debut-acoustic-rooster-based-on-bestselling-author-kwame-alexanders-childrens-book/|website=[[PBS]]|access-date=24 February 2025|date=24 February 2025}}</ref> |- |''[[The Jim Henson Company|Wowsabout]]'' |May 1, 2026 |<ref>{{cite web |title=THE WOW IS WHAT IT’S ALL ABOUT! THE JIM HENSON COMPANY PRODUCES “WOWSABOUT” FOR PBS KIDS – Jim Henson |url=https://www.henson.com/the-wow-is-what-its-all-about-the-jim-henson-company-produces-wowsabout-for-pbs-kids-all-new-puppet-preschool-special-celebrates-the-emotion-of-awe/ |website=www.henson.com |access-date=12 February 2026 |location=Los Angeles, CA |date=10 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tuchow |first1=Ryan |title=PBS KIDS greenlights a Henson special set in Sequoia National Park |url=https://kidscreen.com/2026/02/10/pbs-kids-greenlights-a-henson-special-set-in-sequoia-national-park/ |website=Kidscreen |access-date=12 February 2026 |date=10 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Schedule Program - WGTE Public Media |url=https://www.wgte.org/schedules/program/kids/wowsabout/episode-0/05-02-2026/19-00-00 |website=www.wgte.org |access-date=2 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |} ===Special programming from American Public Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[Davy Jones' Locker]]'' |November 1, 1997 | |- |''[[Barney's Great Adventure]]'' |October 1, 2000 | |- |''[[Redwall (TV series)|The Redwall Movie]]'' |c. 2002 |<ref name="apt2002">{{cite web |title=APT DOMESTIC CATALOG |url=http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/bpt?OpenView&Start=1&Count=30&Expand=6#6 |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021128103250/http://www.aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/bpt?OpenView&Start=1&Count=30&Expand=6#6 |archive-date=28 November 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[The Star of Christmas|VeggieTales: The Star of Christmas]]'' |December 23, 2002 |<ref name="apt2002"/> |- |''[[Duke and the Great Pie War|VeggieTales: Duke and the Great Pie War]]'' |April 1, 2005 |<ref>{{cite web |title=VEGGIETALES: DUKE AND THE GREAT PIE WAR |url=http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/VEGGIETALES:+DUKE+AND+THE+GREAT+PIE+WAR |website=www.aptonline.org |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305095835/http://www.aptonline.org:80/catalog.nsf/vTitle/VEGGIETALES:+DUKE+AND+THE+GREAT+PIE+WAR |archive-date=5 March 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Heidi 4 Paws|Heidi 4 Paws: A Furry Tale]]'' |November 23, 2008 |<ref>{{cite web |title=WTTW NATIONAL PRODUCTIONS PRESENTS HEIDI 4 PAWS: A FURRY TALE |url=https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=7,4,1,1,1,50 |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006000446/https://www.wttw.com/main.taf?p=7,4,1,1,1,50 |archive-date=6 October 2009}}</ref> |- |''Science Mission 101'' |February 1, 2010 | |- |rowspan=2|''[[Scientastic!]]'' |September 2, 2010 | |- |April 2014 | |- |''[[Biz Kids]]: Three Minutes to Change the World'' |May 20, 2012 |<ref>{{cite web |title=BIZ KID$ -- THREE MINUTES TO CHANGE THE WORLD American Public Television |url=http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BIZ+KID+--+THREE+MINUTES+TO+CHANGE+THE+WORLD |website=aptonline.org |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526235909/http://aptonline.org/catalog.nsf/vLinkTitle/BIZ+KID+--+THREE+MINUTES+TO+CHANGE+THE+WORLD |archive-date=26 May 2012 |date=26 May 2012}}</ref> |- |''Lost Treasure Hunt'' |October 1, 2014 | |} ===Acquired special programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Initial broadcast date !Source(s) |- |''[[A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving]]'' |November 22, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=acbt|Aired twice (November 22, 2020 and November 21, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Apple & PBS Team Up For Broadcasts of "A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving" & "A Charlie Brown Christmas" |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/apple-pbs-team-up-for-broadcasts-of-a-charlie-brown-thanksgiving-a-charlie-brown-christmas/ |work=[[PBS]]}}</ref> |- |''[[A Charlie Brown Christmas]]'' |December 13, 2020 |{{refn|group=note|name=acbc|Aired twice (December 13, 2020 and December 19, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto1"/> |- |''[[It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown]]'' |October 24, 2021 |{{refn|group=note|name=itgpcb|Aired only once (October 24, 2021) on PBS and PBS Kids 24/7.}}<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown Will Not Air on Broadcast TV This Year |url=https://comicbook.com/horror/news/charlie-brown-great-pumpkin-halloween-streaming-apple-tv-plus/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Horror |date=October 11, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |- |''MeteoHeroes: The Adventure Begins - Earth Day Special'' |April 22, 2022 |{{refn|group=note|name=KVIE|Syndicated to public television stations by KVIE.}}<ref name="meteo">{{cite web |date=May 1, 2022|title=MeteoHeroes Premieres on PBS on Earth Day and Inspires New Environmental Awards|url=https://www.anbmedia.com/news/2022/05/meteoheroes-pbs-earth-day/ |work=aNb Media}}</ref> |} ==Web-exclusive programming== The following programming is exclusive to PBS Kids web-based platforms, such as the PBS Kids website, PBS Kids Video app, and other streaming platforms. This content is not broadcast by PBS Kids and has never been aired on television. * ¹ Co-distributed by [[Amazon Prime Video]], the official streaming partner for PBS Kids programming<ref name="pbs.org"/> ===Short-form programming=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Title !Release date !End date !Source(s) |- |''Wilson & Ditch: Digging America'' |Fall 2009 |2018 |<ref>{{cite web |title='WILSON & DITCH: DIGGING AMERICA' NEW PBS CHILDREN'S WEB-ONLY SOCIAL STUDIES SERIES ON PBSKIDSGO.ORG THIS FALL (August 2, 2009) |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/wilson-ditch-digging-america-new-pbs-childrens-web-only-social-studies-series-on-pbskidsgoorg-this-fall-august-2-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=2 August 2009}}</ref> |- |''Fizzy's Lunch Lab'' |November 16, 2009 |February 2021 |<ref>{{cite web |title=LAUGHTER IS THE KEY INGREDIENT IN FIZZY'S LUNCH LAB," A NEW HEALTH-THEMED WEB-ONLY PROPERTY LAUNCHING NOVEMBER 16 ON PBSKIDSGO.ORG |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/laughter-is-the-key-ingredient-in-fizzys-lunch-lab-a-new-health-themed-web-only-property-launching-november-16-on-pbskidsgoorg-september-30-2009/ |publisher=PBS |access-date=15 March 2023 |date=30 September 2009}}</ref> |- |''Chuck Vanderchuck's "Something Something" Explosion'' |2011 |2018 |<ref name="2011web"/> |- |''[[Plum Landing]]''¹ |April 22, 2014 | rowspan="10" |present |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Longwell |first1=Todd |title=PBS Kids explores Earth with cross-platform environmental series |url=https://kidscreen.com/2014/04/22/pbs-kids-explores-earth-with-cross-platform-environmental-series/ |website=Kidscreen |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS Debuts New Web-original Property and Free App: PLUM LANDING |url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-debuts-new-web-original-property-and-free-app-plum-landing/ |website=About PBS - Main |access-date=4 May 2024 |language=en |date=22 April 2014}}</ref> |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman#Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius|Ruff Ruffman: Humble Media Genius]]'' |November 26, 2014 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wgbhkids.com/ruff-ruffman-humble-media-genius/|title=Ruff Ruffman|date=15 May 2014|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215102809/https://wgbhkids.com/ruff-ruffman-humble-media-genius/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[The Ruff Ruffman Show]]''¹ |September 28, 2017 |<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/pbs-kids-announces-the-return-of-fan-favorite-with-new-digital-series-the-ruff-ruffman-show/ PBS KIDS Announces the Return of Fan Favorite with New Digital Series: THE RUFF RUFFMAN SHOW. "PBS.org"]. Accessed November 20, 2017.</ref> |- |''PBS Kids Talk About'' |2018 | |- |''Scribbles and Ink''¹ |December 16, 2019 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Roettgers |first1=Janko |title=PBS Kids Launches Interactive Online Series 'Scribbles and Ink' |url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/pbs-kids-scribbles-ink-interactive-series-1203445850/ |website=Variety |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=17 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scribbles & Ink |url=https://www.globalmechanic.com/news/view/scribbles-and-ink |website=Global Mechanic |access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref> |- |''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman#Team Hamster!|Team Hamster]]'' |December 28, 2020 |- |''Search It Up!'' |2020 | |- |''Mega Wow!'' |2021 |<ref>{{cite web |title=PBS KIDS Mega Wow will make you say Mega. Wow. |url=https://www.sisbro.com/news-blog/2021/9/9/pbs-kids-mega-wow-will-make-you-say-mega-wow |website=Sisbro Studios |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=9 September 2021}}</ref> |- |''Tiny Time Travel'' |March 15, 2024 |<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eakin |first1=Marah |title='Tiny Time Travel' shorts help kids learn emotional literacy |url=https://current.org/2024/03/tiny-time-travel-shorts-help-kids-learn-emotional-literacy/ |website=Current |access-date=4 May 2024 |date=26 March 2024}}</ref> |} ===Podcasts=== *''[[Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman]]'' Podcast (May 22, 2007−September 19, 2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=FETCH! . Podcasts . PBS KIDS GO! |url=http://pbskids.org/fetch/show/podcasts.html |website=pbskids.org |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923144051/http://pbskids.org/fetch/show/podcasts.html |archive-date=23 September 2010 |date=23 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FETCH! with Ruff Ruffman . Podcast . PBS KIDS GO! |url=https://podbay.fm/p/fetch-with-ruff-ruffman-podcast-or-pbs-kids-go |website=podbay.fm |access-date=4 May 2024}}</ref> *''[[Molly of Denali|Molly of Denali Podcast]]'' (May 30, 2019−April 21, 2021) *''[[Pinkalicious & Peterrific|The Pinkalicious & Peterrific Podcast]] ''(October 28, 2020−March 13, 2025) *''[[Odd Squad]]cast'' (December 2, 2020−December 30, 2020) *''[[Arthur|The Arthur Podcast]]'' (October 20, 2022−present) *''Keyshawn Solves It'' (May 29, 2023−June 19, 2023) *''[[123 Andrés|Jamming on the Job]]'' (September 14, 2023−present) *''[[Work It Out Wombats!|Work It Out Wombats! Podcast]]'' (January 4, 2024−present) *''[[Lyla in the Loop|Lyla’s Loopcast]]'' (May 8, 2025−present) == Notes == {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{PBS Kids shows}}{{DEFAULTSORT:List of programs broadcast by PBS Kidso}} [[Category:PBS Kids|*]] [[Category:Lists of television series by network|PBS Kids]] 5lfytpejuoa3m3bw9m5fynu4um4txno 0 788202 10879319 10876003 2026-06-05T04:48:39Z ~2026-33351-49 1816651 10879319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove}} White Americans don’t have a culture. {{Infobox ethnic group | group = English Americans | population = 22.8 million (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B04006&t=Ancestry&vintage=2018&hidePreview=true|title=U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|website=data.census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><br>50,000,000+ {{unchanged}} (1980)<ref name="U.S. Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf#page=6|title=1980 United States census|website=census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>In the 1980 census, 49,598,035 Americans identified as being of English ancestry, although in later censuses most of these same people identified as being of "[[American ancestry|American]]" ancestry, when that was added as an option.</ref> | regions = Throughout the entire United States | region1 = [[California]] | pop1 = 4,946,554 | ref1 = <ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf|title=Table 3. Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions, Divisions, and States: 1980.|website=Census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> | region2 = [[Texas]] | pop2 = 3,083,323 | ref2 = <ref name="census" /> | region3 = [[Ohio]] | pop3 = 2,371,236<ref name="census" /> | ref3 = | region4 = [[New York (state)|New York]] | pop4 = 2,320,503<ref name="census" /> | ref4 = | region5 = [[Florida]] | pop5 = 2,232,514<ref name="census" /> | ref5 = | region6 = [[Michigan]] | pop6 = 2,036,021<ref name="census" /> | ref6 = | region7 = [[Illinois]] | pop7 = 1,808,333<ref name="census" /> | ref7 = | region8 = [[North Carolina]] | pop8 = 1,778,008<ref name="census" /> | ref8 = | region9 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | pop9 = 1,584,303<ref name="census" /> | ref9 = | region10 = [[Tennessee]] | pop10 = 1,435,147<ref name="census" /> | ref10 = | region11 = [[Pennsylvania]] | pop11 = 1,058,737 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|title=American FactFinder - Results|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65BIC1Omt?url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|archive-date=3 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | langs = [[English language|English]] ([[Comparison of American and British English|American and British English dialects]]) | rels = {{flatlist| * [[Christianity]] ** [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] ** [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholicism]] ** [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saints]] ** [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] or [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox]] * Minorities ** [[American Jews|Judaism]] ** [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] ** [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] ** [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] ** [[Religion in the United States|Others]]{{cn}} }} | image = Map of English ancestry in the U.S. and Canada.png | image_caption = <div style="text-align: center>English Americans and Canadians as percent of population by state and province.</div> |related = Other [[English diaspora]], [[American ancestry]], [[Old Stock Americans]], other [[British Americans]] |footnotes = }} '''English Americans''', or '''[[Anglo-Americans]]''' are Americans with one or more ancestors from [[England]].{{cn}} [[African Americans]] tend to have a significant degree of English ancestry.{{cn}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} 815bksercexni8zdsbgls9x7iqdshts 10879332 10879319 2026-06-05T04:53:42Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit(s) by [[User:~2026-33351-49|~2026-33351-49]]: Vandalism ([[User:BZPN/MassRollback|MR]]) 10879332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = English Americans | population = 22.8 million (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B04006&t=Ancestry&vintage=2018&hidePreview=true|title=U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|website=data.census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><br>50,000,000+ {{unchanged}} (1980)<ref name="U.S. Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf#page=6|title=1980 United States census|website=census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>In the 1980 census, 49,598,035 Americans identified as being of English ancestry, although in later censuses most of these same people identified as being of "[[American ancestry|American]]" ancestry, when that was added as an option.</ref> | regions = Throughout the entire United States | region1 = [[California]] | pop1 = 4,946,554 | ref1 = <ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf|title=Table 3. Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions, Divisions, and States: 1980.|website=Census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> | region2 = [[Texas]] | pop2 = 3,083,323 | ref2 = <ref name="census" /> | region3 = [[Ohio]] | pop3 = 2,371,236<ref name="census" /> | ref3 = | region4 = [[New York (state)|New York]] | pop4 = 2,320,503<ref name="census" /> | ref4 = | region5 = [[Florida]] | pop5 = 2,232,514<ref name="census" /> | ref5 = | region6 = [[Michigan]] | pop6 = 2,036,021<ref name="census" /> | ref6 = | region7 = [[Illinois]] | pop7 = 1,808,333<ref name="census" /> | ref7 = | region8 = [[North Carolina]] | pop8 = 1,778,008<ref name="census" /> | ref8 = | region9 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | pop9 = 1,584,303<ref name="census" /> | ref9 = | region10 = [[Tennessee]] | pop10 = 1,435,147<ref name="census" /> | ref10 = | region11 = [[Pennsylvania]] | pop11 = 1,058,737 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|title=American FactFinder - Results|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65BIC1Omt?url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|archive-date=3 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | langs = [[English language|English]] ([[Comparison of American and British English|American and British English dialects]]) | rels = {{flatlist| * [[Christianity]] ** [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] ** [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholicism]] ** [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saints]] ** [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] or [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox]] * Minorities ** [[American Jews|Judaism]] ** [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] ** [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] ** [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] ** [[Religion in the United States|Others]]{{cn}} }} | image = Map of English ancestry in the U.S. and Canada.png | image_caption = <div style="text-align: center>English Americans and Canadians as percent of population by state and province.</div> |related = Other [[English diaspora]], [[American ancestry]], [[Old Stock Americans]], other [[British Americans]] |footnotes = }} '''English Americans''', or '''[[Anglo-Americans]]''' are Americans with one or more ancestors from [[England]].{{cn}} [[African Americans]] tend to have a significant degree of English ancestry.{{cn}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} h2mhdbmhcrbv2ijj1q4b83o85e0y4b8 0 789930 10878970 8933145 2026-06-04T19:39:49Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 10878970 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina''' ([[Serbo-Croat-Bosnian]]: ''Parlament Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine''/Парламент Федерације Босне и Херцеговине) is the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[legislature]] of the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (FBiH). The [[lower house]] is the [[House of Representatives of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|House of Representatives]], while the upper house is the [[House of Peoples of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|House of Peoples]]. The House of Representatives is made up of 98 members, while House of Peoples is composed of 58 members. In total, the Parliament is made up of 156 members. Members of the House of Representatives are chosen by [[secret ballot]], while members of the House of Peoples are chosen by each Cantonal legislature.<ref name="Constitution">[http://www.advokat-prnjavorac.com/legislation/constitution_fbih.pdf Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Multistub|politics|europe}} [[Category:Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[Category:Legislatures of country subdivisions]] ewwlyvfs1rflx1drnb4s90oxla9q0lm 0 794346 10879016 10814354 2026-06-04T20:17:18Z Hypergrl 1638384 Add two new books 10879016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Patricia Leavy | image = Patricia leavy.jpg | education = PhD in Sociology | alma_mater = Boston College | known_for = Arts-based research and romance novels | awards = * National Art Education Association Distinguished Contributions Outside the Discipline Award *American Educational Research Association Division D Measurement and Research Methodology Significant Contributions Award * American Creativity Association Special Achievement Award *American Educational Research Association Outstanding Achievement in Arts & Learning Award *International Congress of Qualitative Inquiry Special Career Award * USA Best Book Awards * American Fiction Awards * Independent Press Awards }} '''Patricia Leavy''' (born June 13, 1975) is an [[Americans|American]] [[sociology|sociologist]], [[novelist]], [[public intellectual]], publisher, and arts advocate. She has published more than fifty fiction and non-fiction books. Leavy promotes an arts-based research [[paradigm]] which combines the arts and sciences. She is the co-founder and former co-editor-in-chief of Art/Research International: A Transdisciplinary Journal. She is the publisher at Paper Stars Press<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paper Stars Press|url=https://paperstarspress.com/|access-date=2025-07-09|website=Paper Stars Press|language=en}}</ref><ref name="wearetherealdeal.com">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-08|title=Conversations with Patricia Leavy Part 2: Fiction|url=http://wearetherealdeal.com/2018/02/08/conversations-with-patricia-leavy-part-2-fiction/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=We Are the Real Deal|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Social Fictions Series">{{Cite web|title=Social Fictions Series|url=https://brill.com/view/serial/SOCI|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Brill|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Watson|first=Ashleigh|date=December 2016|title=Directions for Public Sociology: Novel Writing as a Creative Approach|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1749975516639081|journal=Cultural Sociology|language=en|volume=10|issue=4|pages=431–447|doi=10.1177/1749975516639081|s2cid=148078922|issn=1749-9755|via=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Creativity Post|url=https://www.creativitypost.com/contributor/4979|access-date=2020-10-06|website=The Creativity Post|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Keynotes 2017|url=https://www.wcaea.net/keynotes-1|access-date=2020-10-06|website=WCAEA|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009063947/https://www.wcaea.net/keynotes-1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-07-10|title=Literary Sociology: An Interview with Dr. Patricia Leavy about 'Spark'|url=https://www.thesociologicalreview.com/literary-sociology-an-interview-with-dr-patricia-leavy-about-her-new-release-spark/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=The Sociological Review|language=en}}</ref> == Early life and education == Leavy earned a Ph.D. in sociology from [[Boston College]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzmTAwAAQBAJ&dq=patricia+leavy&pg=PR13|title=The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research|last=Leavy|first=Patricia|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-981175-5|language=en}}</ref> == Career == She was an associate professor of sociology, founding director of gender studies, and chairperson of sociology and criminology at [[Stonehill College]] from 2002 to 2012. She has also taught at Boston College, [[Northeastern University]], and [[Curry College]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-02|title=Leavy, Patricia|url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/author/patricia-l-leavy|access-date=2020-10-06|website=SAGE Publications Inc|language=en}}</ref> Leavy left academia in 2012 to be an independent scholar, public intellectual, and novelist. She developed ‘social fiction’ which has influenced the careers of many scholars around the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Low-Fat Love: Empowering Women to Stop Settling for Diet Relationships|url=https://www.newswire.com/news/low-fat-love-empowering-women-to-stop-settling-for-diet-relationships-13276039|access-date=2020-10-06|website=www.newswire.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Watson 431–447">{{Cite journal|last=Watson|first=Ashleigh|date=2016-12-01|title=Directions for Public Sociology: Novel Writing as a Creative Approach|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1749975516639081|journal=Cultural Sociology|language=en|volume=10|issue=4|pages=431–447|doi=10.1177/1749975516639081|s2cid=148078922|issn=1749-9755}}</ref><ref name="Watson 431–447"/> === Author and novelist === Leavy has written more than fifty books, including both fiction and non-fiction books. She has sold over 1 million copies worldwide and her books have been translated into many languages. She is the creator and former editor for numerous book series, including Art Plus (Brill/Sense), A Little Bit About (Brill/Sense), Personal/Public Scholarship (Brill/Sense), Teaching Writing (Brill/Sense), Teaching Race & Ethnicity (Brill/Sense), Teaching Gender (Brill/Sense), Social Fictions (Brill/Sense), and Research to the Point and Understanding Qualitative Research ([[Oxford University Press]]).<ref name="Social Fictions Series"/><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> She is the editor for the Qualitative Methods How-To Guides (Guilford Press).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Research Methods > Qualitative Methods "How-To" Guides|url=https://www.guilford.com/browse/research-methods/qualitative-methods-how-guides|access-date=2025-03-04|website=Guilford Press|language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+List of Selected Works <ref>{{Cite web|title=Patricia Leavy|url=https://www.guilford.com/author/Patricia-Leavy|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Guilford Press|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789463003551|title=Blue|last=Leavy|first=Patricia|date=2016|publisher=Sense Publishers|isbn=978-94-6300-355-1|series=Social Fictions Series|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ThriftBooks|title=Patricia Leavy Books {{!}} List of books by author Patricia Leavy|url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/a/patricia-leavy/231281/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=ThriftBooks|language=en}}</ref> !Year Published !Title !Publisher !Genre |- |2011 |Low-Fat Love |Sense Publishers |Fiction |- |2013 |American Circumstance |Sense Publishers |Fiction |- |2015 |Low-Fat Love, Expanded Anniversary Edition |Sense Publishers |Fiction |- |2016 |Blue |Sense Publishers |Fiction |- |2016 |American Circumstance: Anniversary Edition |Sense Publishers |Fiction |- |2016 |Low-Fat Love Stories |Sense Publishers |Fiction |- |2019 |Spark |Guilford Press |Fiction |- |2020 |Film |Brill/Sense |Fiction |- |2020 |Candy Floss Collection |Brill/Sense |Fiction |- |2021 |Low-Fat Love: 10th Anniversary Edition |Paper Stars Press |Fiction |- |2023 |Film Blue |Paper Stars Press |Fiction |- |2023 |Hollyland |She Writes Press |Fiction |- |2023 |The Location Shoot |She Writes Press |Fiction |- |2024 |After the Red Carpet |She Writes Press |Fiction |- |2025 |Shooting Stars Above (Book 1 in The Celestial Bodies Romances) |She Writes Press |Fiction |- |2025 |Cinematic Destinies |She Writes Press |Fiction |- |2026 |Twinkle of Doubt (Book 2 in The Celestial Bodies Romances) |She Writes Press |Fiction |- |2026 |Cowboy Eyes |Paper Stars Press |Fiction |- |2026 |Sugar Sand Land |She Writes Press |Fiction |- |2003 |Approaches to Qualitative Research: A Reader on Theory and Practice |Oxford University Press |Non-fiction |- |2005 |The Practice of Qualitative Research |SAGE Publications, Inc |Non-fiction |- |2006 |Feminist Research Practice: A Primer |SAGE Publications, Inc |Non-fiction |- |2006 |Emergent Methods in Social Research |SAGE Publications, Inc |Non-fiction |- |2007 |Iconic Events: Media, Politics, and Power in Retelling History |Lexington Books |Non-fiction |- |2008 |Handbook of Emergent Methods |Guilford Press |Non-fiction |- |2009 |Method Meets Art: Arts Based Research Practice |Guilford Press |Non-fiction |- |2009 |Hybrid Identities: Theoretical and Empirical Examinations |Brill Publishers |Non-fiction |- |2010 |The Practice of Qualitative Research (Second Edition) |SAGE Publications, Inc. |Non-fiction |- |2011 |Essentials of Transdisciplinary Research: Using Problem Centered Methodologies |Routledge |Non-fiction |- |2014 |The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research |Oxford University Press |Non-fiction |- |2014 |Gender and Pop Culture: A Text Reader |Sense Publishers |Non-fiction |- |2015 |Method Meets Art: Arts Based Research Practice (Second Edition) |Guilford Press |Non-fiction |- |2017 |Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, Arts-Based, and Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches |Guilford Press |Non-fiction |- |2018 |Contemporary Feminist Research: From Theory to Practice |Guilford Press |Non-fiction |- |2019 |Handbook of Arts-Based Research |Guilford Press |Non-fiction |- |2019 |The Oxford Handbook of Methods for Public Scholarship |Oxford University Press |Non-fiction |- |2020 |The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research (Second Edition) |Oxford University Press |Non-fiction |- |2020 |Method Meets Art: Arts-based Research Practice (Third Edition) |Guilford Press |Non-fiction |- |2022 |Re/Invention: Methods of Social Fiction |Guilford Press |Non-fiction |- |2023 |Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, Arts-Based, and Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches Second Edition |Guilford Press |Non-fiction |- |2024 |Writing and Publishing Qualitative Research |Guilford Press |Non-fiction |- |2025 |Handbook of Arts-Based Research Second Edition |Guilford Press |Non-fiction |- |2025 |The Artist Academic |Paper Stars Press |Non-fiction |} === Public speaking === She was a keynote speaker at the Interdisciplinary Social Sciences Conference in Barcelona, Spain, in 2012.[1][18] The next year, she was invited as a keynote speaker by the New Directions in the Humanities conference and the Arts in Society conference in Budapest, Hungary. In 2015, she gave a keynote address in Florida at the Qualitative Report conference and was invited again for the same conference in 2020. In 2017, she appeared at the “NYU Forum on Ethnodrama” at [[New York University]] as a part of the keynote conversation. Also in 2017, she gave a keynote address at The World Chinese Art Education Symposium in Ningbo, China. In 2018, Leavy was a keynote speaker at the “Arts as an Agent for Social Change conference at [[McGill University]] in Montreal and also delivered the keynote address at the “Arts-Based Research Symposium” at SUNY-New Paltz. To date, she has delivered dozens of keynotes at conferences around the world. In 2024, she delivered the keynote address at the "Science and Sensibility Conference: Method Meets Art" hosted by the London Arts-Based Research Centre in London. In 2025, she delivered the keynote address at "The Art of Storytelling Conference" At Oxford University. <ref>{{Cite web|title=2013 Conference {{!}} New Directions in the Humanities Research Network|url=https://thehumanities.com/about/history/2013-conference|access-date=2020-10-06|website=thehumanities.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TQR 6th Annual Conference – The Qualitative Report – Research Journal Community|url=https://tqr.nova.edu/tqr-conference/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=tqr.nova.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NYU Forum on Ethnodrama {{!}} ASSITEJ International|url=http://www.assitej-international.org/en/2017/01/nyu-forum-on-ethnodrama/|access-date=2020-10-06|language=en-GB|archive-date=2020-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009094133/http://www.assitej-international.org/en/2017/01/nyu-forum-on-ethnodrama/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Keynotes 2017|url=https://www.wcaea.net/keynotes-1|access-date=2020-10-06|website=WCAEA|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009063947/https://www.wcaea.net/keynotes-1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=airgmcgillgmail.com|first=Contact Information Contact: AIRG Organization: AIRG Email|title=Art as an Agent of Social Change [AIRG Symposium]|url=https://www.mcgill.ca/artful-inquiry/channels/event/art-agent-social-change-airg-symposium-286461|access-date=2020-10-06|website=CREATE|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-02-09|title=The Art of Storytelling: Archetypes in Focus|url=https://labrc.co.uk/2025/02/09/storytelling-2025/|access-date=2025-07-09|website=London Arts-Based Research Centre|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-26|title=Science and Sensibility: Method Meets Art|url=https://labrc.co.uk/2024/04/27/science-and-sensibility/|access-date=2025-07-09|website=London Arts-Based Research Centre|language=en-US}}</ref> === Awards and recognition === Leavy was named as the “2010 New England Sociologist of the Year” by the New England Sociological Association. She is the recipient of the 2014 Special Achievement Award by the American Creativity Association,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wigglesworth|first=Shelley|title=Arts-based 'trailblazer'|url=https://www.seacoastonline.com/article/20140918/LIFESTYLE/409180303|access-date=2020-10-12|website=seacoastonline.com|language=en}}</ref> the Egon Guba Memorial Keynote Lecture Award by the American Educational Research Association Qualitative SIG, and a 2015 Special Career Award by the International Congress of Qualitative Inquiry.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Patricia Leavy {{!}} HuffPost">{{Cite web|title=Patricia Leavy {{!}} HuffPost|url=https://www.huffpost.com/author/patricia-leavy-phd|access-date=2020-10-06|website=www.huffpost.com|language=en}}</ref> She has received the National Art Education Association 2018 Distinguished Service Outside the Profession Award.<ref name="wearetherealdeal.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Patricia Leavy|url=https://onmogul.com/patricia-leavy|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Mogul|language=en|archive-date=2020-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926000720/https://onmogul.com/patricia-leavy|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was invited as a fellow in 2015 to the Salzburg Global Seminar Session “The Neuroscience of Art: What are the Sources of Creativity and Innovation?.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CULTURE, ARTS AND SOCIETY|url=https://www.salzburgglobal.org/multi-year-series/culture/pageId/7018|access-date=2020-10-06|website=www.salzburgglobal.org|archive-date=2020-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027201808/https://www.salzburgglobal.org/multi-year-series/culture/pageId/7018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2017, Leavy’s book, Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, Arts-Based, and Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches was the third-place winner of the American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year Awards in the category nursing research.<ref name=":1"/><ref name="Patricia Leavy {{!}} HuffPost"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xsRUDwAAQBAJ&dq=Patricia+Leavy+Award+for+Art+and+Social+Justice&pg=PA301|title=Contemporary Feminist Research from Theory to Practice|last1=Leavy|first1=Patricia|last2=Harris|first2=Anne|date=2018-08-09|publisher=Guilford Publications|isbn=978-1-4625-3628-3|language=en}}</ref> Leavy’s Privilege Through the Looking-Glass (Sense Publishers) won the USA Best Book Award for Nonfiction Anthologies in 2018.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789463511407|title=Privilege Through the Looking-Glass|date=2017|publisher=Sense Publishers|isbn=978-94-6351-140-7|editor-last=Leavy|editor-first=Patricia|series=Personal/Public Scholarship|language=en}}</ref> In the same year, Leavy’s Handbook of Arts-Based Research (Guilford Press) won the USA Best Book Award for Education/Academic. In 2018, the “Patricia Leavy Award for Art and Social Justice” was established by SUNY New Paltz. In the same year, she was honored by the National Women’s Hall of Fame, and her book Method Meets Art: Arts-Based Research Practice (Second Edition), received the American Educational Research Association Division D Measurement and Research Methodology Significant Contributions Award.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andrew Bruso|title=MFA student receives inaugural Art & Social Justice Award at arts-based research symposium – SUNY New Paltz News|url=https://sites.newpaltz.edu/news/2018/03/mfa-student-receives-inaugural-art-social-justice-award-at-arts-based-research-symposium/|access-date=2020-10-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Brogan|first=Beth|date=2014-09-15|title=Maine author embeds 'arts-based research' in fiction novels, wins creativity award|url=https://bangordailynews.com/2014/09/15/news/maine-author-embeds-arts-based-research-in-fiction-novels-wins-creativity-award/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Bangor Daily News|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, Spark received the Living Now Book Award for Adventure Fiction, and it also received the American Fiction Award for Inspirational Fiction. In 2020 Leavy’s book Film received the American Fiction Award for Inspirational Fiction. The same year Leavy’s book Candy Floss Collection (3 novels) received the American Fiction Award for Anthologies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=American Book Fest|url=http://americanbookfest.com/americanfictionawards/2019afafullresults.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=americanbookfest.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=American Book Fest|url=http://americanbookfest.com/americanfictionawards/2020afafullresults.html|access-date=2020-10-06|website=americanbookfest.com}}</ref> In 2022, Leavy received the Outstanding Achievement in Arts and Learning Award from The American Educational Research Association. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Arts and Learning SIG|url=https://www.aera.net/SIG008/Arts-and-Learning-SIG|access-date=2022-12-29|website=www.aera.net}}</ref> In 2024, the London Arts-Based Research Centre established "The Patricia Leavy Award for Arts-Based Research." Leavy is an honorary board member for the LABRC.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-05|title=Our Team|url=https://labrc.co.uk/our-team/|access-date=2025-03-04|website=London Arts-Based Research Centre|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024, The AutoEthnographer, a literary and arts magazine, published a special issue celebrating Leavy's work titled, "Celebrating Dr. Patricia Leavy's Social Fiction. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-18|title=Celebrating Dr. Patricia Leavy's Social Fiction 2024 Archives|url=https://theautoethnographer.com/category/issues/celebrating-dr-patricia-leavys-social-fiction/|access-date=2026-04-10|website=The AutoEthnographer|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2025, The Qualitative Report, a peer-reviewed academic journal, published a special issue celebrating Leavy's work titled, "Celebrating Dr. Patricia Leavy's Body of Work."<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Qualitative Report {{!}} Vol 30 {{!}} No. 2|url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol30/iss2/|access-date=2026-04-10|website=nsuworks.nova.edu}}</ref> Leavy's books have received over 100 book awards including American Fiction Awards, Best Book Awards, International Book Awards, Firebird Book Awards, Independent Press Awards, National Indie Excellence Awards, Literary Titan Awards, Living Now Book Awards, Bookfest Awards, and NYC Big Book Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bio|url=https://patricialeavy.com/bio/|access-date=2025-03-04|website=Patricia Leavy|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2025 Leavy's novel Shooting Stars Above was featured on People "10 Romance Books to Read After Great Big Beautiful Life by Emily Henry. <ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Romance Books to Read After 'Great Big Beautiful Life' by Emily Henry|url=https://people.com/10-romance-books-to-read-after-great-big-beautiful-life-by-emily-henry-11717836|access-date=2025-07-09|website=People.com|language=en}}</ref> In 2026, The Firebird Book Awards honored Leavy with a Lifetime Achievement Award, and her novel, Twinkle of Doubt, received 5 awards. <ref>{{Cite web|title=FIREBIRD WINNERS – Current – ~~SPEAK UP TALK RADIO~~ Author & Podcast Services with a Charitable Twist|url=https://www.speakuptalkradio.com/firebird-winners-current/|access-date=2026-06-04|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Leavy, Patricia}} [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American sociologists]] [[Category:American novelists]] kwdby8o6gp3d3l09cxvsax9k5dj7ucc 0 799421 10879264 10878597 2026-06-05T02:39:45Z ~2026-33278-47 1816606 /* Voice cast */ 10879264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox movie |name=Horton Hears a Who! |director=[[Jimmy Hayward]]<br />[[Steve Martino]] |producer=Bob Gordon<br />Bruce Anderson |screenplay=[[Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio|Cinco Paul<br>Ken Daurio]] |based_on=''[[Horton Hears a Who!]]''<br>by [[Dr. Seuss]] |starring={{Plainlist| * [[Jim Carrey]] * [[Steve Carell]] * [[Carol Burnett]] * [[Seth Rogen]] * [[Will Arnett]] * [[Dan Fogler]] * [[Isla Fisher]] * [[Jonah Hill]] * [[Amy Poehler]] * [[Charles Osgood]] }} |music=[[John Powell (composer)|John Powell]] |editing=Tim Nordquist |production_companies={{plainlist| *[[Blue Sky Studios]]<ref name=afi>{{cite web |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=64624 |title=Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who! |work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]] |access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref> *[[20th Century Fox Animation]]<ref name="awn">{{cite news |last1=Baisley |first1=Sarah |title=Fox Animation, Blue Sky to Make CGI Horton Film |url=https://www.awn.com/news/fox-animation-blue-sky-make-cgi-horton-film |access-date=March 18, 2018 |work=[[Animation World Network]] |date=March 10, 2005}}</ref> }} |distributor=[[20th Century Fox]]<ref name=afi/> |released={{Film date|2008|3|14}} |runtime=86 minutes |country=United States |language=English |budget=$85 million<ref name="HortonBOM">{{cite web |url= https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=hortonhearsawho.htm |title=Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who! (2008) |website= [[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=March 19, 2017}}</ref> |gross=$298.6 million<ref name = "HortonBOM"/> }} '''''Horton Hears a Who!''''', also referred to as '''''Horton''''' for short, is a 2008 American computer-animated musical adventure comedy movie based on the [[Dr. Seuss]] book of the same name. It was Blue Sky's first G-rated movie. == Voice cast == * [[Jim Carrey]] as Horton the Elephant * [[Steve Carell]] as Mayor Ned McDodd * [[Carol Burnett]] as Sour Kangaroo * [[Will Arnett]] as Vlad Vladikoff * [[Seth Rogen]] as Morton the Mouse * [[Dan Fogler]] as The Chairman / Yummo Wickersham * [[Isla Fisher]] as Dr. Mary Lou LaRue * [[Jonah Hill]] as Tommy * [[Amy Poehler]] as Sally O'Malley-McDodd * [[Jaime Pressly]] as Mrs. Quilligan * [[Jesse McCartney]] as Jojo McDodd * [[Selena Gomez]] as Helga McDodd * [[Joey King]] as Katie * [[Charles Osgood]] as Narrator == Animals from the Jungle of Nool === Create an image of All the Other Herd of animals that appear as residents of the Jungle of Nool are creatures including leopard-spotted yaks (which resembled the Yawning Yellow Yak from Dr. Seuss's ABC), antelope-glummox antylopes, seal-sea lions, koalabbits, bloodhounds, pythons, wild apatosaurus-builded chinese dragons, pottos, smilodons, cobras, muppet cows, zebra-striped hyenas, sockbat-footed pigs, coonhound-fox-wolf-jackal-dhole-bloodhound-monsters, wild alien mooses, koala-nosed bulldogs, four-legged land fishes, muppet pigs, demon mice, bison-lion-bears, palaeotheriums, dragon-giraffes, giant rats, muppet frogs, cow-bulls, frogs, tigers, zat-it giraffes, cows, wickersham apes, wild alien bloodhounds, sea lions, muppet horses, pigs, loch ness monsters, texas longhorns, bears, llamas, aardvarks, dinosaurs (python-brontosauruses, pteranodons, sarcosuchuses, diplodocuses, brachiosauruses, supersauruses, apatosauruses, t-rexes, dragontosauruses, pigasauruses, brontosauruses, ankylosauruses, triceratopses, rabbitaptosauruses, and stegosauruses) antelopes, panthers, deer, horses, moose, baboons, suffolk sheep rams, tamanduas, alligators, wild boars, dragons, bisons, mandrills, hippos, wild muppet monsters, komodo dragons, gopher-pig-anteater-warthog-things, wildebeests, goannas, mustang horses, lizards, cape buffalos, cow-bears which like Tommy and his father Willie and unlike regular bears have cow/hippo-like snout-shaped muzzles and tiger-like stripes), bulls, anteaters, caribous, muppet crocodiles, birds (various birds, russian palooskis, chickens, macaws, toucans, ruff-necked sala-ma-gooxes, emus, parrots, ducks, kookaburras, russian palooski chickens, emus, long-legger kwongs, turkeys, egrets, cassowaries, flamingos, penguins, muppet birds, duck-turkey-chickens, and ostriches), yaks, giraffes, crocodiles, glummox gazelles, demon-foxes, monstrous bloodhounds, rhinos, hippo-rat-kangaroos, tapirs, hyenas, caterpillar-beasts, wild domestic cats, zongs, black leopards, ninks, jaguars, sable antelopes, wolves, zong-nink-anteaters rhinos, seals, wild domestic dogs, giant lizards, kangaroo-eared hippos, boar-pigs, muppet bears, sanke-crocodiles, pig-wild boar-warthog-cow-bulls, elephant-sized muppet alien-monsters, rat-headed lions, wolfdogs, sockbat-eared alien rats, Thogs (which like unlike regular muppet minotaur-monsters have hippo-like snouts and torsos, bull-like muzzles, cow-like faces, minotaur-like blue heads, bloodhound-like ears, pig-like necks, bear-like bodies, short emperor penguin-like legs, kangroo-like feet, and long lion-like tails. Which resembled the Thog from The Great Santa Claus Switch), elephant-sized-and-cow-tailed demon kangaroos, snakes, pig-head warthogs, diprotodons, jaguar-panther-tigers, and camas. == References == <references /> {{20th Century Fox Animation}} {{Blue Sky Studios}} {{Movie-stub}} [[Category:2008 movies]] [[Category:2008 adventure movies]] [[Category:2008 computer-animated movies]] [[Category:2008 comedy movies]] [[Category:2008 musical movies]] [[Category:American adventure movies]] [[Category:American animated movies]] [[Category:American musical comedy movies]] [[Category:Blue Sky Studios movies]] [[Category:English-language movies]] [[Category:Movies about elephants]] [[Category:Movies based on books by Dr. Seuss]] [[Category:20th Century Fox movies]] [[Category:Jungle movies]] [[Category:Movies about birds]] [[Category:Movies about mice]] [[Category:Movies about miniature people]] [[Category:Movies composed by John Powell]] gts2oo7gkf9a90c95t6ja5bebcb5czn 10879299 10879264 2026-06-05T04:37:03Z Garsh2 1475106 Undid revision 10879264 by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33278-47|~2026-33278-47]] ([[User talk:~2026-33278-47|talk]]) looks like vandalism 10879299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox movie |name=Horton Hears a Who! |director=[[Jimmy Hayward]]<br />[[Steve Martino]] |producer=Bob Gordon<br />Bruce Anderson |screenplay=[[Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio|Cinco Paul<br>Ken Daurio]] |based_on=''[[Horton Hears a Who!]]''<br>by [[Dr. Seuss]] |starring={{Plainlist| * [[Jim Carrey]] * [[Steve Carell]] * [[Carol Burnett]] * [[Seth Rogen]] * [[Will Arnett]] * [[Dan Fogler]] * [[Isla Fisher]] * [[Jonah Hill]] * [[Amy Poehler]] * [[Charles Osgood]] }} |music=[[John Powell (composer)|John Powell]] |editing=Tim Nordquist |production_companies={{plainlist| *[[Blue Sky Studios]]<ref name=afi>{{cite web |url=http://www.afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=64624 |title=Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who! |work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]] |access-date=January 26, 2017}}</ref> *[[20th Century Fox Animation]]<ref name="awn">{{cite news |last1=Baisley |first1=Sarah |title=Fox Animation, Blue Sky to Make CGI Horton Film |url=https://www.awn.com/news/fox-animation-blue-sky-make-cgi-horton-film |access-date=March 18, 2018 |work=[[Animation World Network]] |date=March 10, 2005}}</ref> }} |distributor=[[20th Century Fox]]<ref name=afi/> |released={{Film date|2008|3|14}} |runtime=86 minutes |country=United States |language=English |budget=$85 million<ref name="HortonBOM">{{cite web |url= https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=hortonhearsawho.htm |title=Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who! (2008) |website= [[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=March 19, 2017}}</ref> |gross=$298.6 million<ref name = "HortonBOM"/> }} '''''Horton Hears a Who!''''', also referred to as '''''Horton''''' for short, is a 2008 American computer-animated musical adventure comedy movie based on the [[Dr. Seuss]] book of the same name. It was Blue Sky's first G-rated movie. == Voice cast == * [[Jim Carrey]] as Horton the Elephant * [[Steve Carell]] as Mayor Ned McDodd * [[Carol Burnett]] as Sour Kangaroo * [[Will Arnett]] as Vlad Vladikoff * [[Seth Rogen]] as Morton the Mouse * [[Dan Fogler]] as The Chairman / Yummo Wickersham * [[Isla Fisher]] as Dr. Mary Lou LaRue * [[Jonah Hill]] as Tommy * [[Amy Poehler]] as Sally O'Malley-McDodd * [[Jaime Pressly]] as Mrs. Quilligan * [[Jesse McCartney]] as Jojo McDodd * [[Selena Gomez]] as Helga McDodd * [[Joey King]] as Katie * [[Charles Osgood]] as Narrator == References == <references /> {{20th Century Fox Animation}} {{Blue Sky Studios}} {{Movie-stub}} [[Category:2008 movies]] [[Category:2008 adventure movies]] [[Category:2008 computer-animated movies]] [[Category:2008 comedy movies]] [[Category:2008 musical movies]] [[Category:American adventure movies]] [[Category:American animated movies]] [[Category:American musical comedy movies]] [[Category:Blue Sky Studios movies]] [[Category:English-language movies]] [[Category:Movies about elephants]] [[Category:Movies based on books by Dr. Seuss]] [[Category:20th Century Fox movies]] [[Category:Jungle movies]] [[Category:Movies about birds]] [[Category:Movies about mice]] [[Category:Movies about miniature people]] [[Category:Movies composed by John Powell]] rjw6p0jhkfbbi45x5ltwl1wjbvebyz8 0 799982 10878755 7172125 2026-06-04T12:44:29Z ~2026-33212-22 1816226 /* */ changed ethnicity to be accurate and added 2 other games he is featured in 10878755 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DragonCon 2008 Altair.jpg|thumb|A cosplayer dressed up as Altaïr.]] '''Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad''' is one of the playable characters of the ''[[Assassin's Creed]]'' franchise. He is an [[Assyrian people|''Assyrian'']] ancestor of [[Desmond Miles]]. He first appeared in [[Assassin's Creed|''Assassin's Creed'' (2007)]] before returning in ''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' alongside fellow assassin [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]]. He also appears in the spin-off games ''[[Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles]]'' and ''[[Assassin's Creed: Bloodlines]].'' ==Portrayal== Altaïr was voiced by [[Cas Anvar]]. {{video-game-stub}} [[Category:Assassin's Creed]] [[Category:Fictional Arabs]] [[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2007]] [[Category:Video game characters]] apirikuhd8pea71myblx62xefrmyrxd 0 802627 10879325 10868433 2026-06-05T04:51:08Z ~2026-33351-49 1816651 10879325 wikitext text/x-wiki White Americans don’t have a culture. {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Welsh Americans<br/><small>Americanwyr Cymreig</small> | population = {{Plainlist| * 1,980,323<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-parsed=true&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_caller=geoselect&-format=|title=American FactFinder - Search|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200211182630/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-parsed=true&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_caller=geoselect&-format=|archive-date=11 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> * <small>0.6% of the U.S. population</small> }} | popplace = {{Flatlist| * [[Pennsylvania]] * [[Ohio]] * [[New England]] * [[New York (state)|New York]] * [[Utah]] * [[Idaho]] * [[Oregon]] * [[Nevada]] * [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] * [[California]] * [[West Virginia]] * [[Tennessee]] * [[Maryland]] * [[Virginia]] * [[Southern United States]] * [[Indiana]] * [[Minnesota]] * [[Kansas]] {{cn}} }} | langs = [[American English|English]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]] | rels = [[Protestantism|Protestant]] and [[Roman Catholic]]{{cn}} | related = [[Breton Americans]], [[Cornish Americans]], [[English Americans]], [[Scottish Americans]], [[Irish Americans]], [[Scotch-Irish Americans]], [[Manx Americans]], [[Welsh Canadians]], [[Welsh Australians]] }} '''Welsh Americans''' are an American ethnic group whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in [[Wales]]. In the 2008 U.S. Census community survey, an estimated 1.98 million Americans had [[Welsh people|Welsh ancestry]], 0.6% of the total U.S. population. This compares with a population of 3 million in Wales. However, 3.8% of Americans appear to bear a [[Welsh surnames|Welsh surname]].<ref name="wales.gov.uk">{{cite web|url=http://wales.gov.uk/docs/caecd/research/061102-welsh-diaspora-analysis-geography-welsh-names-en.pdf|title=The Welsh diaspora : Analysis of the geography of Welsh names|website=Wales.gov.uk|access-date=2017-08-28}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{European Americans|state=collapsed}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} ] 42upzfihdy7u1ksa099ryuvuqjrie86 10879331 10879325 2026-06-05T04:53:41Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit(s) by [[User:~2026-33351-49|~2026-33351-49]]: Vandalism ([[User:BZPN/MassRollback|MR]]) 10879331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Welsh Americans<br/><small>Americanwyr Cymreig</small> | population = {{Plainlist| * 1,980,323<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-parsed=true&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_caller=geoselect&-format=|title=American FactFinder - Search|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200211182630/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-parsed=true&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_caller=geoselect&-format=|archive-date=11 February 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> * <small>0.6% of the U.S. population</small> }} | popplace = {{Flatlist| * [[Pennsylvania]] * [[Ohio]] * [[New England]] * [[New York (state)|New York]] * [[Utah]] * [[Idaho]] * [[Oregon]] * [[Nevada]] * [[Rocky Mountains|Rockies]] * [[California]] * [[West Virginia]] * [[Tennessee]] * [[Maryland]] * [[Virginia]] * [[Southern United States]] * [[Indiana]] * [[Minnesota]] * [[Kansas]] {{cn}} }} | langs = [[American English|English]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]] | rels = [[Protestantism|Protestant]] and [[Roman Catholic]]{{cn}} | related = [[Breton Americans]], [[Cornish Americans]], [[English Americans]], [[Scottish Americans]], [[Irish Americans]], [[Scotch-Irish Americans]], [[Manx Americans]], [[Welsh Canadians]], [[Welsh Australians]] }} '''Welsh Americans''' are an American ethnic group whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in [[Wales]]. In the 2008 U.S. Census community survey, an estimated 1.98 million Americans had [[Welsh people|Welsh ancestry]], 0.6% of the total U.S. population. This compares with a population of 3 million in Wales. However, 3.8% of Americans appear to bear a [[Welsh surnames|Welsh surname]].<ref name="wales.gov.uk">{{cite web|url=http://wales.gov.uk/docs/caecd/research/061102-welsh-diaspora-analysis-geography-welsh-names-en.pdf|title=The Welsh diaspora : Analysis of the geography of Welsh names|website=Wales.gov.uk|access-date=2017-08-28}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{European Americans|state=collapsed}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} ] lizashwe0a7cs2x9qvxlay2ct3zpjq9 0 802819 10879326 10859516 2026-06-05T04:51:52Z ~2026-33351-49 1816651 10879326 wikitext text/x-wiki White Americans don’t have a culture. {{Infobox ethnic group | group = British Americans | image = [[File:Flag of United States.svg|100px]] [[File:Flag of United Kingdom.svg|100px]] | population = Self-identified as British<br> '''1,891,234'''{{increase}} (2017)<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">[https://www.census.gov SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES] - 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2019}} <br/>0.6% of the total U.S. population.<br/>Other estimates: '''90,573,000'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancestry.co.uk/about/default.aspx?section=pr-2006-11-9a|title=About Ancestry.co.uk|website=Ancestry.co.uk|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=2012-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208034508/http://www.ancestry.co.uk/about/default.aspx?section=pr-2006-11-9a|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2019}}<br/>23.3% of the total U.S. population | popplace = Throughout the entire United States except parts of the Midwest<br/>Predominantly in the South, Northeast and West regions. | langs = [[English language|English]] <small>([[American English]], [[British English]])</small>, [[Goidelic languages]], [[Scots language|Scots]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]] | rels = [[Christianity|Christian]]<br/> Mainly [[Protestant]] (especially [[Baptist]], [[Congregationalist]], [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]], [[Methodist]], [[Presbyterian]] and [[Quaker]]) and to a lesser extent [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Latter-day Saint]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] or [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox]] | related = {{hlist| [[English Americans]] | [[Scottish Americans]] | [[Welsh Americans]] | [[Scotch-Irish Americans]] | [[Manx Americans]] | | [[Cornish Americans]] | [[American ancestry|Americans]] | [[Canadians of English descent|British Canadians]] | [[Gaels]] | [[British people|Britons]] | [[Irish Americans]] | [[Old Stock Americans]]}} }} '''British American''' usually refers to [[Americans]] whose [[ancestry|ancestral origin]] originates wholly or partly in the [[United Kingdom]] ([[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]]). In the 2017 [[American Community Survey]] 1,891,234 individuals or 0.6% of the responses self-identified as British.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">[https://www.census.gov SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES] - 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2019}} It is primarily a demographic or historical research category for people who have at least partial descent from peoples of [[Great Britain]] and the modern [[United Kingdom]], i.e. [[English Americans|English]], [[Scottish Americans|Scottish]], [[Welsh Americans|Welsh]], [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]], [[Manx Americans|Manx]] and [[Cornish Americans|Cornish]] Americans. == References == {{reflist}} {{Demographics of the United States}} {{European Americans|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} jdjd tijs8c8389mxkhpbpv3nkhyrrp1chxe 10879329 10879326 2026-06-05T04:53:41Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit(s) by [[User:~2026-33351-49|~2026-33351-49]]: Vandalism ([[User:BZPN/MassRollback|MR]]) 10879329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = British Americans | image = [[File:Flag of United States.svg|100px]] [[File:Flag of United Kingdom.svg|100px]] | population = Self-identified as British<br> '''1,891,234'''{{increase}} (2017)<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">[https://www.census.gov SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES] - 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2019}} <br/>0.6% of the total U.S. population.<br/>Other estimates: '''90,573,000'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancestry.co.uk/about/default.aspx?section=pr-2006-11-9a|title=About Ancestry.co.uk|website=Ancestry.co.uk|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=2012-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208034508/http://www.ancestry.co.uk/about/default.aspx?section=pr-2006-11-9a|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2019}}<br/>23.3% of the total U.S. population | popplace = Throughout the entire United States except parts of the Midwest<br/>Predominantly in the South, Northeast and West regions. | langs = [[English language|English]] <small>([[American English]], [[British English]])</small>, [[Goidelic languages]], [[Scots language|Scots]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]] | rels = [[Christianity|Christian]]<br/> Mainly [[Protestant]] (especially [[Baptist]], [[Congregationalist]], [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]], [[Methodist]], [[Presbyterian]] and [[Quaker]]) and to a lesser extent [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Latter-day Saint]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] or [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox]] | related = {{hlist| [[English Americans]] | [[Scottish Americans]] | [[Welsh Americans]] | [[Scotch-Irish Americans]] | [[Manx Americans]] | | [[Cornish Americans]] | [[American ancestry|Americans]] | [[Canadians of English descent|British Canadians]] | [[Gaels]] | [[British people|Britons]] | [[Irish Americans]] | [[Old Stock Americans]]}} }} '''British American''' usually refers to [[Americans]] whose [[ancestry|ancestral origin]] originates wholly or partly in the [[United Kingdom]] ([[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]]). In the 2017 [[American Community Survey]] 1,891,234 individuals or 0.6% of the responses self-identified as British.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">[https://www.census.gov SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES] - 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2019}} It is primarily a demographic or historical research category for people who have at least partial descent from peoples of [[Great Britain]] and the modern [[United Kingdom]], i.e. [[English Americans|English]], [[Scottish Americans|Scottish]], [[Welsh Americans|Welsh]], [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]], [[Manx Americans|Manx]] and [[Cornish Americans|Cornish]] Americans. == References == {{reflist}} {{Demographics of the United States}} {{European Americans|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} jdjd dzxbs40rkbwga8fgirorwonooy5v5iz 0 803664 10879248 10577664 2026-06-05T02:10:49Z Canadachick 1633172 Canadachick moved page [[RRR (movie)]] to [[RRR]]: primary topic 10577664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | director = [[S. S. Rajamouli]] | screenplay = S. S. Rajamouli | story = [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]] | producer = [[D.V.V.Danayya]] | starring = {{Plainlist| *[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] *[[Ram Charan]] *[[Alia Bhatt]] *Olivia Morris *[[Ajay Devgn]] }} | narrator = | music = [[M. M. Keeravani]] | cinematography = [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]] | editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] | studio = [[DVV Entertainments]] | distributor = | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|3|25}} | budget = {{INR| 350{{ndash}}400 crore}}<ref>{{cite web |title=RRR budget revealed. The amount of Jr NTR and Ram Charan film will blow your mind |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rrr-budget-revealed-the-amount-of-jr-ntr-and-ram-charan-film-will-blow-your-mind-1477860-2019-03-14 |date=14 March 2019 |access-date=8 May 2019 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> | gross = | country = India | language = Telugu }} '''[[RRR]]''' (which stands for '''Rise, Roar, Revolt''') is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language period action drama movie.<ref name="Times Now">{{cite news |title=SS Rajamouli begins shooting for the second schedule of RRR starring Jr NTR and Ram Charan |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/ss-rajamouli-begin-shooting-for-the-second-schedule-of-rrr-starring-jr-ntr-and-ram-charan/351353 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=22 January 2019}}</ref> It is written and directed by S. S. Rajamouli. The film is a fictional story about two Indian revolutionaries, Alluri Sitarama Raju (Charan) and Komaram Bheem (Rama Rao), who fought against the British Raj and Nizam of Hyderabad respectively. It stars N. T. Rama Rao Jr., [[Ram Charan]], [[Alia Bhatt]], Olivia Morris, and Ajay Devgn.<ref name="times">{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/its-official-alia-bhatt-and-ajay-devgn-confirmed-for-ss-rajamoulis-next-rrr-starring-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr/382361 |title=t's official! Alia Bhatt and Ajay Devgn confirmed for SS Rajamouli's next RRR starring Ram Charan and Jr NTR |date=14 March 2019 |publisher=[[Times Now]] |access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref> Made on a budget of ₹400 crore (US$53 million), RRR was initially scheduled for theatrical release on 30 July 2020, which has been deferred multiple times due to production delays and followed by the COVID-19 pandemic. It was going to release on January 7, 2022, but was postponed until March 25, 2022, due to the Delta variant of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Finally, the film was theatrically released on March 25, 2022 and received universal critical acclaim for its direction, screenwriting, cast performances, cinematography, soundtrack, action sequences and VFX. With ₹223 crore worldwide on its first day, ''RRR'' recorded the highest opening-day earned by an Indian film. It emerged as the highest-grossing film in its home market of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and Telangana, grossing over ₹406 crore. The film grossed ₹1,387 crore worldwide, setting several box office records for an Indian film, including the fourth highest-grossing Indian film, the third highest-grossing Telugu film and the highest grossing Indian film of 2022 worldwide. ==Plot<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-03-14|title=Naatu Naatu Oscars Winning moment{{!}}Best Original Song Oscar 2023 #RRR - AYODHYANAGAR|url=https://ayodhyanagar.com/web-stories/naatu-naatu-song-impressed-the-jury-rrr-oscar-2023/|access-date=2023-03-15|website=AYODHYA NAGAR|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314111556/https://ayodhyanagar.com/web-stories/naatu-naatu-song-impressed-the-jury-rrr-oscar-2023/|url-status=dead}}</ref>== In 1920, British General Scott and his wife visit Adilabad district, and forcefully take away Malli, a Gond tribal girl to serve as their maidservant in Delhi. To rescue the girl, Komaram Bheem arrives in Delhi with his men. They capture a wild tiger in the forests to aid their mission. Nizam of Hyderabad warns Scott's office about the same. Alluri Sita Rama Raju is a police officer who proves his ability to serve the Empire. When Lady Buxton offers a promotion to the officer who catches the leader of the Gond tribe alive, Ram comes forward. He attends a meeting of the independent activists and proposes to assassinate Scott. As their goals seem to align, Bheem's aid Lachhu asks Ram to meet Bheem. However, Lachhu flees when he senses that Ram is a police. Lachhu tells Bheem about this who asks him to hide. Ram and Bheem accidentally meet and team up to save a boy. Bheem introduces himself as a Muslim named Akhtar while Ram hides his identity of an officer. They become best friends. Bheem comes across Scott's niece Jennifer when they are trying to sneak into the palace. Ram helps Bheem to get close to her. Jennifer invites Bheem to a party which the duo attend. Impressed by his dance, Jennifer invites Bheem to the palace. Bheem silently meets Malli, assuring her rescue. Ram captures Lachhu to ask whereabouts about their leader but in vain. Lachhu gets hold of a common krait and throws it onto Ram which bites him. Lacchu warns Ram that it can kill him within an hour without anti-venom, known only to Gond people. Ram finds his way to Bheem who saves him. Bheem confesses to Ram by telling him about their mission. Bheem and his men barge into the palace with a truck full of wild animals. Bheem unleashes them onto the British soldiers. However, Ram obstructs him as a police officer. Bheem pleads not to arrest him but Ram does not budge. Furious, Bheem fights off Ram, and goes on to climb the palace walls. Ram stops him while General Scott holds Malli at point blank. Bheem surrenders with no option left. Bheem is sentenced to death via a public execution. Scott offers mercy if he kneels but Bheem refuses despite heaving lashing by Ram. He sings a song which motivates the public to rebel. Bheem is taken away by the officers. Ram recalls that his father Venkat Ramaraju had rebelled and sacrificed his life against the British. Venkat takes a promise from Ram that he'd a deliver a weapon to every person who takes part in the rebellion. Venkat's friend Venkateswarulu informs Ram that his promise is going to be fulfilled since he is appointed as in charge of a shipment of arms. Ram, however, puts saving Bheem and the girl as his priority. He requests Scott to execute Bheem in the outskirts as a part of his plan. However, Scott recognizes the ploy, and injures him. Bheem frees himself and fights the guards off. Ram shoots a Britisher over Malli's head to save her. Misunderstanding this as an attack, Bheem beats up Ram and escapes with Malli. Bheem and his men hide in Hathras but the British officers arrive there. Sita recognizes that they are in danger and drives away the officers by lying that the place is infected with small pox. Sita reveals that she is Ram's cousin and love interest. She adds that Ram is sentenced to death as he went against the British to save his best friend. Bheem regrets his actions and promises Sita to rescue Ram. Bheem sneaks into the Barracks with the help of blue print given by Jennifer. He frees Ram from the prison, taking him on his shoulder as the latter is unable to walk. Together, they fight the guards and escape. Bheem treats Ram, however, the soldiers attack them in the woods. Ram takes bow and arrows from a shrine of Lord Rama and retaliates. Bheem joins him with a javelin. They fight off the soldiers and head towards the palace. They blast a motorcycle into a room full of TNT, and explode the building. Bheem retrieves guns and ammunition and delivers it to Ram. Lady Scott is killed in the chaos while Scott is killed by Ram and Bheem. They reunite with Sita, Jennifer and others. Upon Ram's insistence, Bheem requests to return the favour by educating him. Ram returns to his village and delivers the weapons as promised while Bheem returns to his hamlet, reuniting Malli with her mother. ==Cast== *[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] as Komaram Bheem, a Gond tribal leader from Telangana who fought against the Nizam of Hyderabad for the liberation of Hyderabad State. *[[Ram Charan|Charan]] as Alluri Sitarama Raju, an independence activist and a tribal leader from Andhra Pradesh. He was involved in the Indian independence movement and fought against the British Raj. *Varun Buddhadev as Young Alluri Sitarama Raju *[[Ajay Devgan|Ajay Devgn]] as Venkata Rama Raju, Rama Raju's father *[[Alia Bhatt]] as Sita, Rama Raju's cousin and love interest *Spandan Chaturvedi as Young Sita *Shriya Saran as Sarojini, Rama Raju's mother *Samuthirakani as Venkateswarulu *[[Ray Stevenson]] as Scott Buxton *Alison Doody as Lady Buxton *Olivia Morris as Jennifer, Bheem's love interest *Chatrapathi Sekhar as Chandu, Bheem's companion *Makarand Deshpande as Bheem's companion *Rajeev Kanakala as Venkat Avadhani, special advisor to the Nizam *Rahul Ramakrishna as Lacchu *Edward Sonnenblick as Edward *Ponganesh as special appearance == Future == Before the film's release, Rajamouli said that he had no intentions of making a sequel for ''RRR'' nor turning it into a franchise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2022 |title=RRR will be bigger than Baahubali : Rajamouli |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/mar/16/rrr-will-be-bigger-than-baahubali-rajamouli-2430492.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> However, writer Vijayendra Prasad said that "they started exploring the idea of sequel and hope to make it happen sometime later."<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=Started exploring possibilities for 'RRR' sequel: Vijayendra Prasad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/started-exploring-possibilities-for-rrr-sequel-vijayendra-prasad |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Speaking with [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']], Rama Rao expressed his hope that the world of ''RRR'' would be continued as a franchise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=5 April 2022 |title=India's NTR Jr Says Hit Film 'RRR' Has Sequel and Franchise Potential (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/ntr-jr-rrr-franchise-1235224190/ |website=Variety}}</ref> During a screening event in Chicago, Rajamouli said that his father and screenwriter Vijayendra Prasad is working on the sequel's story.<ref>{{cite news|title=SS Rajamouli confirms sequel film|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rrr-2-in-development-reveals-ss-rajamouli/article66131780.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 November 2022 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{IMDb title|8178634}} * {{Bollywood Hungama movie|rrr}} [[Category:Telugu-language movies]] [[Category:Period action movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by S. S. Rajamouli]] [[Category:Epic movies]] [[Category:2020s Indian movies]] [[Category:2022 action movies]] [[Category:2022 drama movies]] [[Category:Movies set in India]] [[Category:Movies set in the 1920s]] [[Category:2022 movies]] {{movie-stub}} hzqjm86o2vlhdsuh5l09aj3jayd5062 10879252 10879248 2026-06-05T02:11:35Z Canadachick 1633172 10879252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{complex|date=June 2026}} {{Infobox film | director = [[S. S. Rajamouli]] | screenplay = S. S. Rajamouli | story = [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]] | producer = [[D.V.V.Danayya]] | starring = {{Plainlist| *[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] *[[Ram Charan]] *[[Alia Bhatt]] *Olivia Morris *[[Ajay Devgn]] }} | narrator = | music = [[M. M. Keeravani]] | cinematography = [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]] | editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] | studio = [[DVV Entertainments]] | distributor = | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|3|25}} | budget = {{INR| 350{{ndash}}400 crore}}<ref>{{cite web |title=RRR budget revealed. The amount of Jr NTR and Ram Charan film will blow your mind |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rrr-budget-revealed-the-amount-of-jr-ntr-and-ram-charan-film-will-blow-your-mind-1477860-2019-03-14 |date=14 March 2019 |access-date=8 May 2019 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> | gross = | country = India | language = Telugu }} '''[[RRR]]''' (which stands for '''Rise, Roar, Revolt''') is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language period action drama movie.<ref name="Times Now">{{cite news |title=SS Rajamouli begins shooting for the second schedule of RRR starring Jr NTR and Ram Charan |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/ss-rajamouli-begin-shooting-for-the-second-schedule-of-rrr-starring-jr-ntr-and-ram-charan/351353 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=22 January 2019}}</ref> It is written and directed by S. S. Rajamouli. The film is a fictional story about two Indian revolutionaries, Alluri Sitarama Raju (Charan) and Komaram Bheem (Rama Rao), who fought against the British Raj and Nizam of Hyderabad respectively. It stars N. T. Rama Rao Jr., [[Ram Charan]], [[Alia Bhatt]], Olivia Morris, and Ajay Devgn.<ref name="times">{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/its-official-alia-bhatt-and-ajay-devgn-confirmed-for-ss-rajamoulis-next-rrr-starring-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr/382361 |title=t's official! Alia Bhatt and Ajay Devgn confirmed for SS Rajamouli's next RRR starring Ram Charan and Jr NTR |date=14 March 2019 |publisher=[[Times Now]] |access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref> Made on a budget of ₹400 crore (US$53 million), RRR was initially scheduled for theatrical release on 30 July 2020, which has been deferred multiple times due to production delays and followed by the COVID-19 pandemic. It was going to release on January 7, 2022, but was postponed until March 25, 2022, due to the Delta variant of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Finally, the film was theatrically released on March 25, 2022 and received universal critical acclaim for its direction, screenwriting, cast performances, cinematography, soundtrack, action sequences and VFX. With ₹223 crore worldwide on its first day, ''RRR'' recorded the highest opening-day earned by an Indian film. It emerged as the highest-grossing film in its home market of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and Telangana, grossing over ₹406 crore. The film grossed ₹1,387 crore worldwide, setting several box office records for an Indian film, including the fourth highest-grossing Indian film, the third highest-grossing Telugu film and the highest grossing Indian film of 2022 worldwide. ==Plot<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-03-14|title=Naatu Naatu Oscars Winning moment{{!}}Best Original Song Oscar 2023 #RRR - AYODHYANAGAR|url=https://ayodhyanagar.com/web-stories/naatu-naatu-song-impressed-the-jury-rrr-oscar-2023/|access-date=2023-03-15|website=AYODHYA NAGAR|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314111556/https://ayodhyanagar.com/web-stories/naatu-naatu-song-impressed-the-jury-rrr-oscar-2023/|url-status=dead}}</ref>== In 1920, British General Scott and his wife visit Adilabad district, and forcefully take away Malli, a Gond tribal girl to serve as their maidservant in Delhi. To rescue the girl, Komaram Bheem arrives in Delhi with his men. They capture a wild tiger in the forests to aid their mission. Nizam of Hyderabad warns Scott's office about the same. Alluri Sita Rama Raju is a police officer who proves his ability to serve the Empire. When Lady Buxton offers a promotion to the officer who catches the leader of the Gond tribe alive, Ram comes forward. He attends a meeting of the independent activists and proposes to assassinate Scott. As their goals seem to align, Bheem's aid Lachhu asks Ram to meet Bheem. However, Lachhu flees when he senses that Ram is a police. Lachhu tells Bheem about this who asks him to hide. Ram and Bheem accidentally meet and team up to save a boy. Bheem introduces himself as a Muslim named Akhtar while Ram hides his identity of an officer. They become best friends. Bheem comes across Scott's niece Jennifer when they are trying to sneak into the palace. Ram helps Bheem to get close to her. Jennifer invites Bheem to a party which the duo attend. Impressed by his dance, Jennifer invites Bheem to the palace. Bheem silently meets Malli, assuring her rescue. Ram captures Lachhu to ask whereabouts about their leader but in vain. Lachhu gets hold of a common krait and throws it onto Ram which bites him. Lacchu warns Ram that it can kill him within an hour without anti-venom, known only to Gond people. Ram finds his way to Bheem who saves him. Bheem confesses to Ram by telling him about their mission. Bheem and his men barge into the palace with a truck full of wild animals. Bheem unleashes them onto the British soldiers. However, Ram obstructs him as a police officer. Bheem pleads not to arrest him but Ram does not budge. Furious, Bheem fights off Ram, and goes on to climb the palace walls. Ram stops him while General Scott holds Malli at point blank. Bheem surrenders with no option left. Bheem is sentenced to death via a public execution. Scott offers mercy if he kneels but Bheem refuses despite heaving lashing by Ram. He sings a song which motivates the public to rebel. Bheem is taken away by the officers. Ram recalls that his father Venkat Ramaraju had rebelled and sacrificed his life against the British. Venkat takes a promise from Ram that he'd a deliver a weapon to every person who takes part in the rebellion. Venkat's friend Venkateswarulu informs Ram that his promise is going to be fulfilled since he is appointed as in charge of a shipment of arms. Ram, however, puts saving Bheem and the girl as his priority. He requests Scott to execute Bheem in the outskirts as a part of his plan. However, Scott recognizes the ploy, and injures him. Bheem frees himself and fights the guards off. Ram shoots a Britisher over Malli's head to save her. Misunderstanding this as an attack, Bheem beats up Ram and escapes with Malli. Bheem and his men hide in Hathras but the British officers arrive there. Sita recognizes that they are in danger and drives away the officers by lying that the place is infected with small pox. Sita reveals that she is Ram's cousin and love interest. She adds that Ram is sentenced to death as he went against the British to save his best friend. Bheem regrets his actions and promises Sita to rescue Ram. Bheem sneaks into the Barracks with the help of blue print given by Jennifer. He frees Ram from the prison, taking him on his shoulder as the latter is unable to walk. Together, they fight the guards and escape. Bheem treats Ram, however, the soldiers attack them in the woods. Ram takes bow and arrows from a shrine of Lord Rama and retaliates. Bheem joins him with a javelin. They fight off the soldiers and head towards the palace. They blast a motorcycle into a room full of TNT, and explode the building. Bheem retrieves guns and ammunition and delivers it to Ram. Lady Scott is killed in the chaos while Scott is killed by Ram and Bheem. They reunite with Sita, Jennifer and others. Upon Ram's insistence, Bheem requests to return the favour by educating him. Ram returns to his village and delivers the weapons as promised while Bheem returns to his hamlet, reuniting Malli with her mother. ==Cast== *[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] as Komaram Bheem, a Gond tribal leader from Telangana who fought against the Nizam of Hyderabad for the liberation of Hyderabad State. *[[Ram Charan|Charan]] as Alluri Sitarama Raju, an independence activist and a tribal leader from Andhra Pradesh. He was involved in the Indian independence movement and fought against the British Raj. *Varun Buddhadev as Young Alluri Sitarama Raju *[[Ajay Devgan|Ajay Devgn]] as Venkata Rama Raju, Rama Raju's father *[[Alia Bhatt]] as Sita, Rama Raju's cousin and love interest *Spandan Chaturvedi as Young Sita *Shriya Saran as Sarojini, Rama Raju's mother *Samuthirakani as Venkateswarulu *[[Ray Stevenson]] as Scott Buxton *Alison Doody as Lady Buxton *Olivia Morris as Jennifer, Bheem's love interest *Chatrapathi Sekhar as Chandu, Bheem's companion *Makarand Deshpande as Bheem's companion *Rajeev Kanakala as Venkat Avadhani, special advisor to the Nizam *Rahul Ramakrishna as Lacchu *Edward Sonnenblick as Edward *Ponganesh as special appearance == Future == Before the film's release, Rajamouli said that he had no intentions of making a sequel for ''RRR'' nor turning it into a franchise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2022 |title=RRR will be bigger than Baahubali : Rajamouli |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/mar/16/rrr-will-be-bigger-than-baahubali-rajamouli-2430492.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> However, writer Vijayendra Prasad said that "they started exploring the idea of sequel and hope to make it happen sometime later."<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=Started exploring possibilities for 'RRR' sequel: Vijayendra Prasad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/started-exploring-possibilities-for-rrr-sequel-vijayendra-prasad |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Speaking with [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']], Rama Rao expressed his hope that the world of ''RRR'' would be continued as a franchise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=5 April 2022 |title=India's NTR Jr Says Hit Film 'RRR' Has Sequel and Franchise Potential (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/ntr-jr-rrr-franchise-1235224190/ |website=Variety}}</ref> During a screening event in Chicago, Rajamouli said that his father and screenwriter Vijayendra Prasad is working on the sequel's story.<ref>{{cite news|title=SS Rajamouli confirms sequel film|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rrr-2-in-development-reveals-ss-rajamouli/article66131780.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 November 2022 }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{IMDb title|8178634}} * {{Bollywood Hungama movie|rrr}} [[Category:Telugu-language movies]] [[Category:Period action movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by S. S. Rajamouli]] [[Category:Epic movies]] [[Category:2020s Indian movies]] [[Category:2022 action movies]] [[Category:2022 drama movies]] [[Category:Movies set in India]] [[Category:Movies set in the 1920s]] [[Category:2022 movies]] {{movie-stub}} f5mg9xkarx78gu6rytw6bv4lgjb7yzq 1 803665 10879250 10066963 2026-06-05T02:10:49Z Canadachick 1633172 Canadachick moved page [[Talk:RRR (movie)]] to [[Talk:RRR]]: primary topic 10066963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{translated page|en|RRR (film)|version=990195616}} == Theme == theme [[Special:Contributions/2409:4042:20D:99AD:8D3E:345F:EC0A:AE83|2409:4042:20D:99AD:8D3E:345F:EC0A:AE83]] ([[User talk:2409:4042:20D:99AD:8D3E:345F:EC0A:AE83|talk]]) 19:53, 9 February 2025 (UTC) 5jzslmdrola4fit3joblgylsr03y22s 0 806190 10879339 10827288 2026-06-05T05:18:42Z FonzuHarp 1759780 /* Examples */ 10879339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA |above = Glottal stop |ipa symbol=ʔ |ipa number=113 |decimal=660 |x-sampa=? |kirshenbaum=? |braille=; |imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0294.svg }} The '''glottal stop''' (or '''glottal plosive''') is a type of [[consonant]]. The letter for this sound in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] is {{angbr IPA|ʔ}}. The [[X-SAMPA]] symbol for this sound is <samp>⟨?⟩</samp>. In English, this sound is found in a few [[accent]]s. One example is the break in "uh'''-'''oh". == Features == Features of the glottal stop: {{consonants|glottal|plosive|oral|central-lateral|pulmonic}} * It has no [[phonation]]. This means that it is not a voiced or voiceless sound. This is because there is no air flow through the glottis when the sound is being made.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Catford |first=J. C. |date=1990 |title=Glottal Consonants … Another View |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |language=en |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004229 |jstor=44526803|s2cid=144421504 }}</ref> ==Writing== [[Image:Bilingual road sign in squamish language 2.jpg|200px|thumb|right|This road sign in [[British Columbia]] is written in [[Squamish language|Squamish]]. The number 7 is used for {{IPA|/ʔ/}} on this sign.]] {{see also|Glottal stop (letter)}} When many languages, such as Arabic, are [[Romanization|Romanized]] (which means they are written with the [[Latin alphabet]] instead of their usual [[writing system]]), the glottal stop is written with the [[Modifier letter apostrophe|apostrophe]] {{angle bracket|[[ʼ]]}} or the symbol [[ʾ]]. This is where the IPA letter {{angbr IPA|ʔ}} comes from. In many [[Polynesian languages]] that use the [[Latin alphabet]], the glottal stop is written with a rotated apostrophe, {{angbr|{{okina}}}}. This letter is called ''[[‘okina]]'' in [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] and [[Samoan language|Samoan]]. In [[Malay language|Malay]] the glottal stop is written with the letter {{angbr|k}} (at the end of words). In [[Võro language|Võro]] and [[Maltese language|Maltese]], it is written with {{angbr|q}}. Other writing systems also have letters for the glottal stop. For example, the [[Hebrew alphabet]] uses the letter [[aleph]] {{angbr|א}}. [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] has the letter [[palochka]] {{angbr|Ӏ}}. This letter is used in several [[Languages of the Caucasus|Caucasian languages]]. Modern Latin alphabets for some [[Languages of the Caucasus|Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus]] use the letter [[heng (letter)|heng]] ('Ꜧ ꜧ'). In [[Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]], it is written with the letters [[modifier letter apostrophe|apostrophe]] {{angbr|ʼ}} and [[modifier letter double apostrophe|double apostrophe]] {{angbr|ˮ}}. In [[Japanese language|Japanese]], glottal stops occur at the end of [[interjection]]s of surprise or anger and are written with {{angbr|[[っ]]}}. When most [[Philippine languages]] are written, the glottal stop is not written all the time. Usually, a word that begins with a [[vowel]] (for example, [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] {{lang|tl|aso}}, "dog") is always pronounced with a glottal stop before that vowel. (This also happens in Modern [[German language|German]] and [[Hausa language|Hausa]].) This glottal stop is not written. Some [[Orthography|orthographies]] (or ways of writing words) use a hyphen instead of the reverse apostrophe if the glottal stop is in the middle of the word (e.g. Tagalog {{lang|tl|pag-ibig}}, "love"; or [[Visayan languages|Visayan]] ''gabi-i'', "night"). If it is at the end of a word, the last vowel is written with a [[circumflex accent]] (known as the ''pakupyâ'') if the last vowel is [[Stress (linguistics)|stressed]] and there is a glottal stop in the final vowel (for example, ''basâ'', "wet"). If the stress is on the penultimate, or second-to-last, [[syllable]], then a [[grave accent]] (known as the ''paiwà'') is used (for example, ''batà'', "child").<ref name="expr">{{Cite web |last=Morrow |first=Paul |date=March 16, 2011 |title=The Basics of Filipino Pronunciation: Part 2 of 3 • Accent Marks |url=http://www.pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/in-other-words/1180-basics-of-filipino-pronunciation-part-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227075213/http://www.pilipino-express.com/history-a-culture/in-other-words/1180-basics-of-filipino-pronunciation-part-2.html |archive-date=December 27, 2011 |access-date=July 18, 2012 |website=Pilipino Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="nolasco">{{Citation|last=Nolasco|first=Ricardo M. D.|title=Grammar Notes on the National Language|url=http://fhl.digitalsolutions.ph/sites/default/files/grammar-notes.pdf|postscript=.|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="tagalog">{{Cite book |url=http://www.supadu.com/images/ckfinder/26/pdfs/PIMSLEUR/Tagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf |title=Tagalog Reading Booklet |date=2007 |publisher=Simon & Schister's Pimsleur |editor-last=Schoellner |editor-first=Joan |editor-last2=Heinle |editor-first2=Beverly D. |pages=5–6 |access-date=2012-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127030759/http://www.supadu.com/images/ckfinder/26/pdfs/PIMSLEUR/Tagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Some [[Languages of Canada#Aboriginal languages|Canadian indigenous languages]], especially some of the [[Salishan languages]], use the letter ʔ itself as part of their writing systems. In some of them, there are [[Capitalization|uppercase and lowercase]] letters for the glottal stop: [[glottal stop (letter)|Ɂ and ɂ]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Proposal to Add Latin Small Letter Glottal Stop to the UCS |date=2005-08-10 |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2962.pdf |postscript=. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926214035/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2962.pdf |language=en |access-date=2011-10-26 |archive-date=2011-09-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> The number 7 or [[question mark]] is sometimes used instead of ʔ. Some languages, such as [[Squamish language|Squamish]], use this instead of ʔ. [[SENĆOŦEN]] uses the [[comma]] {{angle bracket|,}} to write the glottal stop. However, this is optional in SENĆOŦEN. In 2015, two women challenged the government of the [[Northwest Territories]]. They wanted to use the ʔ character in their daughters' names: Sahaiʔa, a [[Chipewyan language|Chipewyan]] name, and Sakaeʔah, a [[Slavey language|Slavey]] name. The government told them that the [[identity document]]s the government uses could not have the letter ʔ on them. Because of this, the women instead used [[hyphen]]s in their daughters' names. After this, they continued to challenge the government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Browne |first=Rachel |date=12 March 2015 |title=What's in A Name? a Chipewyan's Battle Over Her Native Tongue |url=http://www.macleans.ca/society/life/all-in-the-family-name/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404142237/http://www.macleans.ca/society/life/all-in-the-family-name/ |archive-date=4 April 2015 |access-date=5 April 2015 |website=Maclean's |language=en}}</ref> In the [[Crow language]], the glottal stop is written as a [[question mark]]: ?. The only time the glottal stop is used in Crow is as a [[question marker]] [[morpheme]], at the end of a sentence. (A question marker makes a sentence into a question.)<ref>Graczyk, R. 2007. ''A Grammar of Crow: Apsáaloke Aliláau''. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.</ref> == Examples == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes |- | colspan="2" | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || {{lang|ab|[[Abkhaz alphabet|аи]]}}/ai ||{{IPA|[ʔaj]}} ||'no'|| See [[Abkhaz phonology]]. |- | colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|ady-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''ӏ'''э]]}}/'ė ||{{IPA|[ʔa]}} || 'arm/hand' || |- | rowspan="3" |[[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Thelwall|1990|p=37}}</ref>|| {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|أغاني]]|rtl=yes}}/'aġani ||{{IPA|[ʔaˈɣaːniː]}} || 'songs' || See [[Arabic phonology]], [[Hamza]]. |- | Levantine and Egyptian<ref name="armetr">{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=17}}</ref>||{{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|شقة]]|rtl=yes}}/ša<nowiki>''</nowiki>a ||{{IPA|[ˈʃæʔʔæ]}}|| 'apartment' ||[[Levantine Arabic phonology|Levantine]] and [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] dialects.<ref name="armetr"/> Corresponds to {{IPAslink|q}} or {{IPAslink|g}} in other dialects. |- | [[Fez, Morocco|Fasi]] and [[Tlemcen]]ian<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dendane |first=Zoubir |date=2013 |title=The Stigmatisation of the Glottal Stop in Tlemcen Speech Community: An Indicator of Dialect Shift |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260553731 |journal=The International Journal of Linguistics and Literature |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=1–10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106153219/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260553731_THE_STIGMATISATION_OF_THE_GLOTTAL_STOP_IN_TLEMCEN_SPEECH_COMMUNITY_AN_INDICATOR_OF_DIALECT_SHIFT |archive-date=2019-01-06}}</ref>||{{lang|ar-015|[[Arabic alphabet|قال]]|rtl=yes}}/'al ||{{IPA|[ˈʔaːl]}}|| 'he said' ||[[Fez, Morocco|Fasi]] and [[Tlemcen]]ian dialects. Corresponds to {{IPAslink|q}} or {{IPAslink|g}} in other dialects. |- | colspan="2" | [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]] || {{lang|az-Latn|ər}} || {{IPA|[ʔær]}} || 'husband' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Bantawa language|bantawa]] || {{lang|Ne|[[Devanagari|चा:वा]]}} || {{IPA|[t͡saʔwa]}} || 'drinking water' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Bikol language|Bikol]] || {{lang|bik-Latn|bàgo}} || {{IPA|[ˈbaːʔɡo]}}|| 'new' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || {{lang|bg|ъ-ъ}}/ŭ-ŭ ||{{IPA|[ˈʔɤʔɤ]}} || 'nope' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Burmese language|Burmese]] || {{lang|my|[[Burmese script|မြစ်များ]]}}/rcī mya: ||{{IPA|[mjiʔ mjà]}} || 'rivers' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] || {{lang|ceb-Latn|tubò}} || {{IPA|[ˈtuboʔ]}} || 'to grow' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]] || {{lang|ch|halu'''ʼ'''u}} || {{IPA|[həluʔu]}} || 'shark' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Ingush language|Ingush]] || {{lang|ce-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|кхо'''ъ''']]}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|qo'''ʼ'''}} || {{IPA|[qoʔ]}}|| 'three' || |- | rowspan="2" | [[Chinese language|Chinese]]|| [[Cantonese]]|| {{lang|yue-Hani|[[Chinese characters|愛]]}}/{{lang|yue-Latn|[[Jyutping|oi3]]}} || {{IPA|[ʔɔːi˧]}} || 'love' || See [[Cantonese phonology]]. |- | [[Wu Chinese|Wu]] || {{Lang|wuu-Hani|[[Chinese characters|一级了]]}}/yi ji le ||{{IPA|[ʔiɪʔ.tɕiɪʔ.ʔləʔ]}} || 'superb' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Cook Islands Māori]] || {{lang|rar|ta{{okina}}i|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[taʔi]}} || 'one' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]] || {{lang|cs|[[Czech alphabet|používat]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[poʔuʒiːvat]}} || 'to use' || See [[Czech phonology]]. |- | colspan="2" |[[Dahalo language|Dahalo]] | | |'water' |see [[Dahalo language#Consonants|Dahalo phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Danish language|Danish]] || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|hån'''d''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhʌ̹nʔ]}} || 'hand' || Depends on the speaker's [[accent]]. Sometimes, it can be pronounced as [[Creaky voice|laryngealisation]] of the sound before it instead. See [[Danish phonology]]. |- | colspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|1992|p=45}}</ref> || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|beamen]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[bəʔˈaːmə(n)]}} || 'to confirm' || See [[Dutch phonology]]. |- | rowspan="9" | [[English language|English]] || [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] || rowspan="2" | {{lang|en|[[English orthography|uh-oh]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈɐʔəʊ]}} || rowspan="2" |'[[wikt:uh oh|uh-oh]]' ||rowspan="2" | |- | [[American English|American]] || |- | [[Australian English|Australian]] ||rowspan="5" | {{lang|en|[[English orthography|ca'''t''']]|italic=yes}} ||rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[kʰæʔ(t)]}}||rowspan="5" | 'cat' || rowspan="7"| [[Allophone]] of {{IPA|/t/}}. See [[glottalization]] and [[English phonology]]. |- | [[General American|GA]] |- | [[Estuary English|Estuary]]|| {{IPA|[kʰæʔ]}} |- | [[Cockney]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Sivertsen|1960|p=111}}</ref>|| {{IPA|[kʰɛ̝ʔ]}} |- | [[Scottish English|Scottish]] || {{IPA|[kʰäʔ]}} |- | [[English language in Northern England|Northern England]] || {{lang|en-GB|[[English orthography|'''the''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʔə]}} || 'the' |- | [[Received Pronunciation|RP]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Roach|2004|p=240}}</ref> and [[General American|GA]] || ''[[English orthography|bu'''tt'''on]]'' || {{Audio-IPA|En-us-button.ogg|[ˈbɐʔn̩]}}|| 'button' |- | colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]|| {{lang|fi|[[Finnish alphabet|sadeaamu]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈsɑdeʔˌɑ:mu]}}|| 'rainy morning' || See [[Finnish phonology]].<ref name="Collinder1941_7">{{Cite book |last=Collinder |first=Björn |title=Lärobok i finska språket för krigsmakten |date=1941 |publisher=Ivar Häggström |page=7 |language=fi}}</ref> |- | [[German language|German]] || [[German dialects|Northern]] || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|Beamter]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[bəˈʔamtɐ]}} || 'civil servant' || See [[Standard German phonology]]. |- | colspan="2" | [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]] || {{lang|gn|[[Guaraní alphabet|avañe'''ʼ'''ẽ]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]}}|| 'Guaraní' || This only happens between vowels. |- | colspan="2" | [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=139}}</ref>|| {{lang|haw|[[Hawaiian alphabet|'''{{okina}}'''ele'''{{okina}}'''ele]]|italic=yes}} ||{{IPA|[ˈʔɛlɛˈʔɛlɛ]}} || 'black' || See [[Hawaiian phonology]]. |- | colspan="2" | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]|| {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|מַ'''אֲ'''מָר]]|rtl=yes}}/ma'amar ||{{IPA|[maʔămaʁ]}} || 'article' || See [[Modern Hebrew phonology]]. |- | colspan="2" | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]|| {{lang|is|[[Icelandic orthography|en]]|italic=yes}} ||{{IPA|[ʔɛn]}} || 'but' || Only used according to emphasis, never occurring in minimal pairs. |- | colspan="2" | [[Ilocano language|Iloko]]|| {{lang|ilo|nalab'''-'''ay}} ||{{IPA|[nalabˈʔaj]}} || 'bland tasting' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]|| {{lang|id|ba'''k'''so}} ||{{IPA|[ˌbäʔˈso]}} || 'meatball' || [[Allophone]] of {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/ɡ/}} in the syllable [[Coda (linguistics)|coda]], or the end of a syllable. |- |[[Japanese language|Japanese]]||[[Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]]||{{lang|ja|学校}} gakkō||{{IPA|[gaʔkoː]}}||'school'||Written with 'っ' in [[Hiragana]], and with 'ッ' in [[Katakana]]. |- | colspan="2" | [[Javanese language|Javanese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Clark|Yallop|Fletcher|2007|p=105}}</ref>|| {{lang|jv| ꦲꦤꦏ꧀ |italic=yes}} ||{{IPA|[änäʔ]}} || 'child' || Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} in [[morpheme]]-final position. |- | colspan="2" |[[Jedek language|Jedek]]<ref name="Yager & Burenhult 2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Yager |first1=Joanne |last2=Burtenhult |first2=Niclas |date=2017 |title=Jedek: A Newly-Discovered Aslian Variety of Malaysia |url=http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2506643/component/escidoc:2511374/Yager_Burenhult_2017.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Linguistic Typology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=493–545 |doi=10.1515/lingty-2017-0012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807001805/http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:2506643/component/escidoc:2511374/Yager_Burenhult_2017.pdf |archive-date=2018-08-07 |access-date=2018-08-07 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-002E-7CD2-7 |s2cid=126145797}}</ref> | | {{IPA|[wɛ̃ʔ]}} |'left side' | |- | colspan="2" | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''ӏ'''э]]}}/'ė ||{{IPA|[ʔa]}}|| 'arm/hand' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Kagayanen language|Kagayanen]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Olson|Mielke|Sanicas-Daguman|Pebley|2010|pp=206–207}}</ref> || {{lang|cgc|saag}} || {{IPA|[saˈʔaɡ]}}|| 'floor' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Khasi language|Khasi]] || {{lang|kha|l'''y'''o'''h'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[lʔɔːʔ]}} || 'cloud' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|សិទ្ធិ]]}} / {{transl|km|sĕtth'''ĭ'''}} || {{IPA|[səttʰiʔ]}} || 'rights' || See [[Khmer phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko|[[Hangul|일]]}}/il ||{{IPA|[ʔil]}} || 'one' || In [[free variation]] with no glottal stop. (This means that someone can either pronounce it with a glottal stop or without one, and both ways of pronouncing it are correct.) Occurs only at the start of a word. |- | rowspan="3" | [[Malay language|Malay]] |Standard|| {{lang|ms|[[Malay alphabet|tida'''k''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈtidäʔ]}} || 'no' || Allophone of final {{IPA|/k/}} in the syllable [[Coda (linguistics)|coda]] (or the end of a syllable). It is pronounced before consonants and at end of a word. In other parts of a word, {{IPA|/ʔ/}} is only pronounced in loanwords from [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. See [[Malay phonology]]. |- |[[Kelantan-Pattani Malay|Kelantan-Pattani]] | rowspan="2" |{{Lang|ms|[[Malay alphabet|ika'''t''']]}} | rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[ˌiˈkäʔ]}} | rowspan="2" |ˌ'to tie' | rowspan="2" |Allophone of final {{IPA|/k, p, t/}} in the syllable [[Coda (linguistics)|coda]] (or the end of a syllable). It is pronounced before consonants and at the end of a word. See [[Kelantan-Pattani Malay]] and [[Terengganu Malay]]. |- |[[Terengganu Malay|Terengganu]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Maltese language|Maltese]] || {{lang|mt|[[Maltese alphabet|'''q'''attus]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈʔattus]}} || 'cat' || |- | [[Māori language|Māori]] || [[Taranaki]], [[Whanganui]] || {{lang|mi|wahine|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[waʔinɛ]}} || 'woman' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]|| {{lang|min|wa'''ʼ'''ang}} ||{{IPA|[wäʔäŋ]}} || 'you' ||Sometimes written without an apostrophe. |- | colspan="2" | [[Mutsun language|Mutsun]] || {{lang|css|tawka'''ʼ'''li|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[tawkaʔli]}} || 'black gooseberry' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] || {{lang|xmf|[[Georgian alphabet|ჸოროფა]]}}/?oropha ||{{IPA|[ʔɔrɔpʰɑ]}}||'love'|| |- | colspan="2" | [[Nahuatl language|Nahuatl]] || {{lang|nci|ta'''h'''tli|italic=yes}} ||{{Audio-IPA|Nah-tahtli.ogg|[taʔtɬi]|help=no}}|| 'father' || Often not written. |- | colspan="2" | [[Nez Perce language|Nez Perce]] || {{lang|nez|[[Americanist phonetic notation|yáaka'''ʔ''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈjaːkaʔ]}} || 'black bear' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Nheengatu language|Nheengatu]]<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Cruz |first=Aline da |title=Fonologia e Gramática do Nheengatú: A língua geral falada pelos povos Baré, Warekena e Baniwa |date=2011 |degree=Doctor |publisher=Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam |url=http://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/004280/bookpart.pdf |isbn=978-94-6093-063-8 |language=pt |trans-title=Phonology and Grammar of Nheengatú: The general language spoken by the Baré, Warekena and Baniwa peoples |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307093829/http://www.lotpublications.nl/publish/articles/004280/bookpart.pdf |archive-date=March 7, 2014}}</ref> || {{lang|yrl|ai}} || {{IPA|[aˈʔi]}} || '[[sloth]]' || Transcription (or absence thereof) varies. |- | colspan="2" | [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]]||{{lang|ryu|音}}/utu||{{IPA|[ʔutu]}}||'sound'|| |- | colspan="2" | [[Persian language|Persian]]|| {{lang|fa|[[Persian alphabet|معنی]]|rtl=yes}}/ma'ni ||{{IPA|[maʔni]}} || 'meaning' || See [[Persian phonology]]. |- | colspan="2" | [[Polish language|Polish]]|| era | [ʔɛra] |'era' | See [[Polish phonology]]. |- | colspan="2" | [[Pirahã language|Pirahã]] || {{lang|myp|baí'''x'''i}} || {{IPA|[ˈmàí̯ʔì]}} || 'parent' || |- | rowspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Veloso |first1=João |last2=Martins |first2=Pedro Tiago |date=2013 |title=O Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP: disponibilização on-line de um corpus dialetal do português |url=http://sigarra.up.pt/flup/pt/publs_pesquisa.show_publ_file?pct_gdoc_id=81017 |conference=XXVIII Encontro Nacional da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, Coimbra, APL |language=pt |pages=673–692 |isbn=978-989-97440-2-8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306060220/http://sigarra.up.pt/flup/pt/publs_pesquisa.show_publ_file?pct_gdoc_id=81017 |archive-date=2014-03-06}}</ref> || Vernacular [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]] || {{lang|pt-BR|ê'''-'''ê|italic=yes}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Phonetic Symbols for Portuguese Phonetic Transcription |date=October 2012 |url=http://users.ox.ac.uk/~srp/portphon12.pdf |postscript=. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108224637/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~srp/portphon12.pdf |language=en |archive-date=2014-11-08 |via=users.ox.ac.uk |url-status=dead}} In European Portuguese, the "é é" interjection usually employs an epenthetic {{IPA|/i/}}, being pronounced {{IPA|[e̞ˈje̞]}} instead.</ref> || {{IPA|[ˌʔe̞ˈʔeː]}} || 'yeah right'<ref>It may be used mostly as a general call of attention for disapproval, disagreement or inconsistency, but also serves as a synonym of the multiuse expression "eu, hein!". {{in lang|pt}} [http://www.adirferreira.com.br/2011/06/como-dizer-eu-hein-em-ingles/ How to say 'eu, hein' in English&nbsp;– Adir Ferreira Idiomas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708191822/http://www.adirferreira.com.br/2011/06/como-dizer-eu-hein-em-ingles/ |date=2013-07-08 }}</ref> || rowspan=2 | Marginal sound. Does not occur after or before a consonant. In Brazilian casual speech, there is at least one {{IPA|[ʔ]}}–[[vowel length]]–[[pitch accent]] minimal pair (triply unusual, the [[ideophone]]s short {{lang|pt|ih|italic=yes}} vs. long {{lang|pt|ih|italic=yes}}). See [[Portuguese phonology]]. |- | Some speakers || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|à aula]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈa ˈʔawlɐ]}} || 'to the class' |- | colspan="2" | [[Rotuman language|Rotuman]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Blevins|1994|p=492}}</ref> || {{lang|rtm|'''ʻ'''usu}} || {{IPA|[ʔusu]}} || 'to box' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Samoan language|Samoan]] || {{lang|sm|ma'''{{okina}}'''i|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[maʔi]}} || 'sickness/illness' || |- | rowspan="2" | [[Sardinian language|Sardinian]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2010072213042400039.pdf |title=Su sardu limba de Sardigna et limba de Europa |date=2004 |publisher=Cooperativa Universitaria Editrice Cagliaritana |isbn=88-8467-170-1 |editor-last=Grimaldi |editor-first=Lucia |pages=110–111 |editor-last2=Mensching |editor-first2=Guido |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205163922/http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2010072213042400039.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-05}}</ref> || Some dialects of [[Barbagia]] || {{lang|sc|unu pacu|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈuːnu paʔu]}} || 'a little' || rowspan=2 | Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/n, k, l/}}. |- | Some dialects of [[Sarrabus-Gerrei|Sarrabus]] || {{lang|sc|sa luna|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[sa ʔuʔa]}} || 'the moon' |- | colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]<ref name="Landau68">{{Harvcoltxt|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}}</ref> || {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|i onda]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[iː ʔô̞n̪d̪a̠]}} || 'and then' || Optionally inserted between vowels across word boundaries.<ref name="Landau68"/> See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]. |- | colspan="2" | [[Seri language|Seri]] || {{lang|sei|[[Seri alphabet|'''h'''e]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʔɛ]}} || 'I' || |- | colspan="2" |[[Somali language|Somali]] |{{lang|so|ba'}} |{{IPA|[baʔ]}} |'calamity' |{{IPA|/ʔ/}} occurs before all vowels. However, it is only written in the middle or at the end of a word.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Edmondson |first1=J. A. |title=Supraglottal Cavity Shape, Linguistic Register, and Other Phonetic Features of Somali |postscript=. |language=en |citeseerx=10.1.1.570.821 |last2=Esling |first2=J. H. |last3=Harris |first3=J. G.}}</ref> See [[Somali phonology]]. |- | rowspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Nicaraguan Spanish|Nicaraguan]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Chappell |first=Whitney |title=The Hypo-Hyperarticulation Continuum in Nicaraguan Spanish |url=http://www.nwav42.pitt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chappell.cfm_.pdf |postscript=. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307152549/http://www.nwav42.pitt.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Chappell.cfm_.pdf |language=en |access-date=2014-03-07 |archive-date=2014-03-07 |url-status=dead |via=nwav42.pitt.edu}}</ref> || {{lang|es-NI|[[Spanish orthography|má'''s''' alto]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈma ˈʔal̻t̻o̞]}} || 'higher' || rowspan=2 | Marginal sound or allophone of {{IPAslink|s}} between vowels in different words. Does not occur after or before a consonant. See [[Spanish phonology]]. |- | [[Mexican Spanish|Yucateco]]<ref>{{Citation |last1=Michnowicz |first1=Jim |title=Voiceless Stop Aspiration in Yucatán Spanish: A Sociolinguistic Analysis |url=http://etd.lib.ncsu.edu/publications/bitstream/1840.2/2562/1/Michnowicz+%26+Carpenter+2013+-+ptk+in+Yucatan+Spanish.pdf |postscript=. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307143708/http://etd.lib.ncsu.edu/publications/bitstream/1840.2/2562/1/Michnowicz+%26+Carpenter+2013+-+ptk+in+Yucatan+Spanish.pdf |language=en |access-date=2014-03-07 |archive-date=2014-03-07 |last2=Carpenter |first2=Lindsey |url-status=live |via=etd.lib.ncsu.edu}}</ref> || {{lang|es-MX|[[Spanish orthography|cuatro años]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkwatɾo̞ ˈʔãɲo̞s]}} || 'four years' |- | colspan="2" | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || {{lang|tl|[[Filipino orthography|oo]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[oʔo]}} || 'yes' || See [[Tagalog phonology]]. |- | colspan="2" | [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]] || {{lang|ti|pua{{okina}}a}} || {{IPA|[puaʔa]}} || 'pig' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Thai language|Thai]] || {{lang|th|[[Thai alphabet|'''อ'''า]]}}/'ā ||{{IPA|[ʔaː]}} || 'uncle/aunt' (father's younger sibling) || |- | colspan="2" | [[Tongan language|Tongan]] || {{lang|to|tu'''{{okina}}'''u}} || {{IPA|[tuʔu]}} || 'stand' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]] || {{lang|yrk|[[Cyrillic script|вы'''ʼ''']]}}/vy' ||{{IPA|[wɨʔ]}} || 'tundra' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}}</ref>|| {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|oi]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʔɔj˧]}}|| 'sultry' || In [[free variation]] with no glottal stop. (Free variation means that the word can be pronounced with or without a glottal stop.) See [[Vietnamese phonology]]. |- | colspan="2" | [[Võro language|Võro]] || {{lang|vro|pini'''q'''}} || {{IPA|[ˈpinʲiʔ]}} || 'dogs' || "q" is the plural marker in Võro. (A plural marker is a [[morpheme]] which makes words into [[plural]]s. For example, ''maa'', "land"; ''maaq'', "lands".) |- | colspan="2" | [[Wagiman language|Wagiman]] || {{lang|waq|jam'''h'''}} || {{IPA|[t̠ʲʌmʔ]}} || 'to eat' ([[Perfect (grammar)|perfect]]) || |- | colspan="2" | [[Welayta language|Welayta]] || 7írTi |{{IPA|[ʔirʈa]}} || 'wet' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Wallisian language|Wallisian]] || {{lang|wls|ma'''{{okina}}'''uli}} || {{IPA|[maʔuli]}} || 'life' || |} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== {{refbegin|2}} * {{citation |last=Blevins |first=Juliette |date=1994 |title=The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=33 |pages=491–516 |issue=2 |jstor=3623138 |doi=10.2307/3623138 |language=en }} * {{citation |last1=Clark |first1=John Ellery |last2=Yallop |first2=Colin |last3=Fletcher |first3=Janet |title=An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |date=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dX5P5mxtYYIC <!-- |isbn=1-4051-3083-0, 9781405130837 --> |isbn=9781405130837 |access-date=2015-11-22 |archive-date=2016-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610213730/https://books.google.com/books?id=dX5P5mxtYYIC |url-status=live |language=en }} * {{citation |last=Gussenhoven |first=Carlos |date=1992 |title=Dutch |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=45–47 |doi=10.1017/S002510030000459X |s2cid=243772965 |language=en }} * {{citation |last=Ladefoged |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Ladefoged |date=2005 |title=Vowels and Consonants |edition=Second |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=0-631-21411-9 |language=en }} * {{citation |last1=Landau |first1=Ernestina |last2=Lončarić |first2=Mijo |last3=Horga |first3=Damir |last4=Škarić |first4=Ivo |date=1999 |chapter=Croatian |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-65236-7 |pages=66–69 |language=en }} * {{citation |last1=Olson |first1=Kenneth |last2=Mielke |first2=Jeff |last3=Sanicas-Daguman |first3=Josephine |last4=Pebley |first4=Carol Jean |last5=Paterson |first5=Hugh J., III |date=2010 |title=The Phonetic Status of The (Inter)dental Approximant |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=199–215 |doi=10.1017/S0025100309990296 |s2cid=38504322 |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/57/61/33/57613375662347024243010702792934392955/OlsonMielkeSanicas_DagumanPebleyPaterson2010.pdf |access-date=2019-09-26 |archive-date=2019-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216082848/https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/57/61/33/57613375662347024243010702792934392955/OlsonMielkeSanicas_DagumanPebleyPaterson2010.pdf |url-status=live |language=en }} * {{citation |last=Roach |first=Peter |date=2004 |title=British English: Received Pronunciation |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=239–245 |doi=10.1017/S0025100304001768 |doi-access=free |language=en }} * {{citation |last=Schane |first=Sanford A. |year=1968 |title=French Phonology and Morphology |location=Boston, Mass. |publisher=M.I.T. Press |isbn=0-262-19040-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/FrenchPhon_00_Scha |language=en }} * {{citation |last=Sivertsen |first=Eva |year=1960 |title=Cockney Phonology |publisher=Oslo: University of Oslo }} * {{citation |last=Thelwall |first=Robin |date=1990 |title=Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=37–41 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004266 |s2cid=243640727 |language=en }} * {{citation |last=Thompson |first=Laurence |year=1959 |title=Saigon phonemics |journal=Language |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=454–476 |doi=10.2307/411232 |jstor=411232 |language=en }} * {{citation |last=Watson |first=Janet |year=2002 |title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-824137-2 |language=en }} {{refend}} {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Consonants]] 5ttxf9qct0hi3ue9mek1aosthx6km2b 0 808973 10879358 10075310 2026-06-05T06:15:33Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political post | post = White House National Climate Advisor | body = | image = | incumbent = Vacant = January 20, 2025 | department = [[Executive branch of the United States government|Executive Branch of the U.S. Government]]<br />[[Executive Office of the President]] | appointer = The [[President of the United States|President]] | deputy = Vacant | insignia = US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg|White House National Climate Advisor }} The '''White House national climate advisor''' is a proposed government job within the [[White House]] Office. It was created when President [[Joe Biden]] was [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|inaugurated]] on January 20, 2021. The advisor works as the president's chief advisor on domestic climate change policy, and leads the White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden Unveils His Climate Team, Promising To Fight 'With The Urgency It Demands'|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/12/19/948057498/watch-live-biden-introduces-his-climate-team|access-date=2020-12-19|website=NPR.org|date=19 December 2020 |language=en|last1=Summers |first1=Juana |last2=Wise |first2=Alana }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=President-elect Biden Announces Key Members of His Climate Team|url=https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-biden-announces-key-members-of-his-climate-team/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=President-Elect Joe Biden|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218014108/https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-biden-announces-key-members-of-his-climate-team/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==History== On December 14, 2020, it was announced that [[Gina McCarthy]], the former administrator of the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] under President [[Barack Obama]], would be the first national climate advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden To Name Gina McCarthy, Former EPA Chief, As Domestic Climate Coordinator|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/12/15/945937035/biden-to-name-gina-mccarthy-former-epa-chief-as-domestic-climate-coordinator|access-date=2020-12-16|website=NPR.org|date=15 December 2020 |language=en|last1=Detrow |first1=Scott |last2=Keith |first2=Tamara |last3=Ludden |first3=Jennifer }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Garcia|first1=Catherine|date=2020-12-15|title=Reports: Biden chooses former EPA head Gina McCarthy as White House climate czar|url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/955462/reports-biden-chooses-former-epa-head-gina-mccarthy-white-house-climate-czar|access-date=2020-12-16|work=[[The Week]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Eilperin|first1=Juliet|last2=Dennis|first2=Brady|title=Biden picks former EPA chief Gina McCarthy as White House climate czar|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/12/15/gina-mccarthy-climate-change-czar-biden/|access-date=2020-12-16|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-15|title=Biden taps former EPA chief for White House climate coordinator role -sources|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-mccarthy-exclusive-idUSKBN28P35Y|access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref> The New York deputy secretary of energy and environment, [[Ali Zaidi (lawyer)|Ali Zaidi]], was the first deputy national climate advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Merica|first1=Dan|last2=Sullivan|first2=Kate|date=December 15, 2020|title=Biden to name Gina McCarthy to top domestic climate job|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/15/politics/gina-mccarthy-joe-biden/index.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-17|website=CNN}}</ref> On 2 September 2022, Biden announced that Ali Zaidi will be promoted to Assistant to the President and National Climate Advisor.<ref>whitehouse.gov: [https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/ ''President Biden Announces Senior Clean Energy and Climate Team ''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902173421/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/ |date=2022-09-02 }}</ref> == Climate advisors == {| class="wikitable" |+ !No. !Officeholder !Image !Term start !Term end !President |- |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" |{{color|white|1}} |align="center"|[[Gina McCarthy]] |[[File:Gina McCarthy, National Climate Advisor (cropped).png|75px]] |January 20, 2021 |September 16, 2023 |rowspan=2|[[Joe Biden]] |- |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" |{{color|white|2}} |align="center"|[[Ali Zaidi (lawyer)|Ali Zaidi]] |[[File:Ali Zaidi, Deputy National Climate Advisor.jpg|75px]] |September 16, 2022 | |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:United States Executive Cabinet]] 16sz7iuw2ff1ms7odi5ga4ptffi531b 10879359 10879358 2026-06-05T06:16:17Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political post | post = White House National Climate Advisor | body = | image = | incumbent = Vacant | incumbentsince = January 20, 2025 | department = [[Executive branch of the United States government|Executive Branch of the U.S. Government]]<br />[[Executive Office of the President]] | appointer = The [[President of the United States|President]] | deputy = Vacant | insignia = US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg|White House National Climate Advisor }} The '''White House national climate advisor''' was a government job within the [[White House]] Office. It was created when President [[Joe Biden]] was [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|inaugurated]] on January 20, 2021. The advisor works as the president's chief advisor on domestic climate change policy, and leads the White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden Unveils His Climate Team, Promising To Fight 'With The Urgency It Demands'|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/12/19/948057498/watch-live-biden-introduces-his-climate-team|access-date=2020-12-19|website=NPR.org|date=19 December 2020 |language=en|last1=Summers |first1=Juana |last2=Wise |first2=Alana }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=President-elect Biden Announces Key Members of His Climate Team|url=https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-biden-announces-key-members-of-his-climate-team/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=President-Elect Joe Biden|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218014108/https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-biden-announces-key-members-of-his-climate-team/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==History== On December 14, 2020, it was announced that [[Gina McCarthy]], the former administrator of the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] under President [[Barack Obama]], would be the first national climate advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden To Name Gina McCarthy, Former EPA Chief, As Domestic Climate Coordinator|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/12/15/945937035/biden-to-name-gina-mccarthy-former-epa-chief-as-domestic-climate-coordinator|access-date=2020-12-16|website=NPR.org|date=15 December 2020 |language=en|last1=Detrow |first1=Scott |last2=Keith |first2=Tamara |last3=Ludden |first3=Jennifer }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Garcia|first1=Catherine|date=2020-12-15|title=Reports: Biden chooses former EPA head Gina McCarthy as White House climate czar|url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/955462/reports-biden-chooses-former-epa-head-gina-mccarthy-white-house-climate-czar|access-date=2020-12-16|work=[[The Week]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Eilperin|first1=Juliet|last2=Dennis|first2=Brady|title=Biden picks former EPA chief Gina McCarthy as White House climate czar|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/12/15/gina-mccarthy-climate-change-czar-biden/|access-date=2020-12-16|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-15|title=Biden taps former EPA chief for White House climate coordinator role -sources|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-mccarthy-exclusive-idUSKBN28P35Y|access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref> The New York deputy secretary of energy and environment, [[Ali Zaidi (lawyer)|Ali Zaidi]], was the first deputy national climate advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Merica|first1=Dan|last2=Sullivan|first2=Kate|date=December 15, 2020|title=Biden to name Gina McCarthy to top domestic climate job|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/15/politics/gina-mccarthy-joe-biden/index.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-17|website=CNN}}</ref> On 2 September 2022, Biden announced that Ali Zaidi will be promoted to Assistant to the President and National Climate Advisor.<ref>whitehouse.gov: [https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/ ''President Biden Announces Senior Clean Energy and Climate Team ''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902173421/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/ |date=2022-09-02 }}</ref> == Climate advisors == {| class="wikitable" |+ !No. !Officeholder !Image !Term start !Term end !President |- |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" |{{color|white|1}} |align="center"|[[Gina McCarthy]] |[[File:Gina McCarthy, National Climate Advisor (cropped).png|75px]] |January 20, 2021 |September 16, 2023 |rowspan=2|[[Joe Biden]] |- |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" |{{color|white|2}} |align="center"|[[Ali Zaidi (lawyer)|Ali Zaidi]] |[[File:Ali Zaidi, Deputy National Climate Advisor.jpg|75px]] |September 16, 2022 | |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:United States Executive Cabinet]] hdf07xfsnioehfcex3iimi96oz7n4ol 10879360 10879359 2026-06-05T06:18:20Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political post | post = White House National Climate Advisor | body = | image = | incumbent = Vacant | incumbentsince = January 20, 2025 | department = [[Executive branch of the United States government|Executive Branch of the U.S. Government]]<br />[[Executive Office of the President]] | appointer = The [[President of the United States|President]] | deputy = Vacant | insignia = US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg|White House National Climate Advisor }} The '''White House national climate advisor''' was a government job within the [[White House]] Office. It was created when President [[Joe Biden]] was [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|inaugurated]] on January 20, 2021. The advisor works as the president's chief advisor on domestic climate change policy, and leads the White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden Unveils His Climate Team, Promising To Fight 'With The Urgency It Demands'|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/12/19/948057498/watch-live-biden-introduces-his-climate-team|access-date=2020-12-19|website=NPR.org|date=19 December 2020 |language=en|last1=Summers |first1=Juana |last2=Wise |first2=Alana }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=President-elect Biden Announces Key Members of His Climate Team|url=https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-biden-announces-key-members-of-his-climate-team/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=President-Elect Joe Biden|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218014108/https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-biden-announces-key-members-of-his-climate-team/|url-status=dead}}</ref> After [[Donald Trump]] [[Second inauguration of Donald Trump|became]] president in 2025, he [[abolished]] the office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellison |first=Tom |date=2025-01-24 |title=What Just Happened: Trump’s Executive Actions on Environment and Implications for US Climate Security |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/106804/what-just-happened-trumps-executive-actions-us-climate-security/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Just Security |language=en-US}}</ref> ==History== On December 14, 2020, it was announced that [[Gina McCarthy]], the former administrator of the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] under President [[Barack Obama]], would be the first national climate advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden To Name Gina McCarthy, Former EPA Chief, As Domestic Climate Coordinator|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/12/15/945937035/biden-to-name-gina-mccarthy-former-epa-chief-as-domestic-climate-coordinator|access-date=2020-12-16|website=NPR.org|date=15 December 2020 |language=en|last1=Detrow |first1=Scott |last2=Keith |first2=Tamara |last3=Ludden |first3=Jennifer }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Garcia|first1=Catherine|date=2020-12-15|title=Reports: Biden chooses former EPA head Gina McCarthy as White House climate czar|url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/955462/reports-biden-chooses-former-epa-head-gina-mccarthy-white-house-climate-czar|access-date=2020-12-16|work=[[The Week]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Eilperin|first1=Juliet|last2=Dennis|first2=Brady|title=Biden picks former EPA chief Gina McCarthy as White House climate czar|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/12/15/gina-mccarthy-climate-change-czar-biden/|access-date=2020-12-16|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-15|title=Biden taps former EPA chief for White House climate coordinator role -sources|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-mccarthy-exclusive-idUSKBN28P35Y|access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref> The New York deputy secretary of energy and environment, [[Ali Zaidi (lawyer)|Ali Zaidi]], was the first deputy national climate advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Merica|first1=Dan|last2=Sullivan|first2=Kate|date=December 15, 2020|title=Biden to name Gina McCarthy to top domestic climate job|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/15/politics/gina-mccarthy-joe-biden/index.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-17|website=CNN}}</ref> On 2 September 2022, Biden announced that Ali Zaidi will be promoted to Assistant to the President and National Climate Advisor.<ref>whitehouse.gov: [https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/ ''President Biden Announces Senior Clean Energy and Climate Team ''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902173421/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/ |date=2022-09-02 }}</ref> == Climate advisors == {| class="wikitable" |+ !No. !Officeholder !Image !Term start !Term end !President |- |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" |{{color|white|1}} |align="center"|[[Gina McCarthy]] |[[File:Gina McCarthy, National Climate Advisor (cropped).png|75px]] |January 20, 2021 |September 16, 2023 |rowspan=2|[[Joe Biden]] |- |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" |{{color|white|2}} |align="center"|[[Ali Zaidi (lawyer)|Ali Zaidi]] |[[File:Ali Zaidi, Deputy National Climate Advisor.jpg|75px]] |September 16, 2022 | |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:United States Executive Cabinet]] 90vo3gfpncyaf8l9xijn14hutp8lwhe 10879361 10879360 2026-06-05T06:18:45Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* Climate advisors */ 10879361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political post | post = White House National Climate Advisor | body = | image = | incumbent = Vacant | incumbentsince = January 20, 2025 | department = [[Executive branch of the United States government|Executive Branch of the U.S. Government]]<br />[[Executive Office of the President]] | appointer = The [[President of the United States|President]] | deputy = Vacant | insignia = US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg|White House National Climate Advisor }} The '''White House national climate advisor''' was a government job within the [[White House]] Office. It was created when President [[Joe Biden]] was [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|inaugurated]] on January 20, 2021. The advisor works as the president's chief advisor on domestic climate change policy, and leads the White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden Unveils His Climate Team, Promising To Fight 'With The Urgency It Demands'|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/12/19/948057498/watch-live-biden-introduces-his-climate-team|access-date=2020-12-19|website=NPR.org|date=19 December 2020 |language=en|last1=Summers |first1=Juana |last2=Wise |first2=Alana }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=President-elect Biden Announces Key Members of His Climate Team|url=https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-biden-announces-key-members-of-his-climate-team/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=President-Elect Joe Biden|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218014108/https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-biden-announces-key-members-of-his-climate-team/|url-status=dead}}</ref> After [[Donald Trump]] [[Second inauguration of Donald Trump|became]] president in 2025, he [[abolished]] the office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellison |first=Tom |date=2025-01-24 |title=What Just Happened: Trump’s Executive Actions on Environment and Implications for US Climate Security |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/106804/what-just-happened-trumps-executive-actions-us-climate-security/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Just Security |language=en-US}}</ref> ==History== On December 14, 2020, it was announced that [[Gina McCarthy]], the former administrator of the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] under President [[Barack Obama]], would be the first national climate advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden To Name Gina McCarthy, Former EPA Chief, As Domestic Climate Coordinator|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/12/15/945937035/biden-to-name-gina-mccarthy-former-epa-chief-as-domestic-climate-coordinator|access-date=2020-12-16|website=NPR.org|date=15 December 2020 |language=en|last1=Detrow |first1=Scott |last2=Keith |first2=Tamara |last3=Ludden |first3=Jennifer }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Garcia|first1=Catherine|date=2020-12-15|title=Reports: Biden chooses former EPA head Gina McCarthy as White House climate czar|url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/955462/reports-biden-chooses-former-epa-head-gina-mccarthy-white-house-climate-czar|access-date=2020-12-16|work=[[The Week]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Eilperin|first1=Juliet|last2=Dennis|first2=Brady|title=Biden picks former EPA chief Gina McCarthy as White House climate czar|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/12/15/gina-mccarthy-climate-change-czar-biden/|access-date=2020-12-16|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-15|title=Biden taps former EPA chief for White House climate coordinator role -sources|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-mccarthy-exclusive-idUSKBN28P35Y|access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref> The New York deputy secretary of energy and environment, [[Ali Zaidi (lawyer)|Ali Zaidi]], was the first deputy national climate advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Merica|first1=Dan|last2=Sullivan|first2=Kate|date=December 15, 2020|title=Biden to name Gina McCarthy to top domestic climate job|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/15/politics/gina-mccarthy-joe-biden/index.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-17|website=CNN}}</ref> On 2 September 2022, Biden announced that Ali Zaidi will be promoted to Assistant to the President and National Climate Advisor.<ref>whitehouse.gov: [https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/ ''President Biden Announces Senior Clean Energy and Climate Team ''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902173421/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/ |date=2022-09-02 }}</ref> == Climate advisors == {| class="wikitable" |+ !No. !Officeholder !Image !Term start !Term end !President |- |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" |{{color|white|1}} |align="center"|[[Gina McCarthy]] |[[File:Gina McCarthy, National Climate Advisor (cropped).png|75px]] |January 20, 2021 |September 16, 2023 |rowspan=2|[[Joe Biden]] |- |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" |{{color|white|2}} |align="center"|[[Ali Zaidi (lawyer)|Ali Zaidi]] |[[File:Ali Zaidi, Deputy National Climate Advisor.jpg|75px]] |September 16, 2022 |January 20, 2025 |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:United States Executive Cabinet]] 72c9ai1s9x5jwbuv035jsz40xxnywq8 10879363 10879361 2026-06-05T06:20:32Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* Climate advisors */ 10879363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political post | post = White House National Climate Advisor | body = | image = | incumbent = Vacant | incumbentsince = January 20, 2025 | department = [[Executive branch of the United States government|Executive Branch of the U.S. Government]]<br />[[Executive Office of the President]] | appointer = The [[President of the United States|President]] | deputy = Vacant | insignia = US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg|White House National Climate Advisor }} The '''White House national climate advisor''' was a government job within the [[White House]] Office. It was created when President [[Joe Biden]] was [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|inaugurated]] on January 20, 2021. The advisor works as the president's chief advisor on domestic climate change policy, and leads the White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden Unveils His Climate Team, Promising To Fight 'With The Urgency It Demands'|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/12/19/948057498/watch-live-biden-introduces-his-climate-team|access-date=2020-12-19|website=NPR.org|date=19 December 2020 |language=en|last1=Summers |first1=Juana |last2=Wise |first2=Alana }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=President-elect Biden Announces Key Members of His Climate Team|url=https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-biden-announces-key-members-of-his-climate-team/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=President-Elect Joe Biden|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218014108/https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-biden-announces-key-members-of-his-climate-team/|url-status=dead}}</ref> After [[Donald Trump]] [[Second inauguration of Donald Trump|became]] president in 2025, he [[abolished]] the office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellison |first=Tom |date=2025-01-24 |title=What Just Happened: Trump’s Executive Actions on Environment and Implications for US Climate Security |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/106804/what-just-happened-trumps-executive-actions-us-climate-security/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Just Security |language=en-US}}</ref> ==History== On December 14, 2020, it was announced that [[Gina McCarthy]], the former administrator of the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] under President [[Barack Obama]], would be the first national climate advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden To Name Gina McCarthy, Former EPA Chief, As Domestic Climate Coordinator|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/12/15/945937035/biden-to-name-gina-mccarthy-former-epa-chief-as-domestic-climate-coordinator|access-date=2020-12-16|website=NPR.org|date=15 December 2020 |language=en|last1=Detrow |first1=Scott |last2=Keith |first2=Tamara |last3=Ludden |first3=Jennifer }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Garcia|first1=Catherine|date=2020-12-15|title=Reports: Biden chooses former EPA head Gina McCarthy as White House climate czar|url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/955462/reports-biden-chooses-former-epa-head-gina-mccarthy-white-house-climate-czar|access-date=2020-12-16|work=[[The Week]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Eilperin|first1=Juliet|last2=Dennis|first2=Brady|title=Biden picks former EPA chief Gina McCarthy as White House climate czar|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/12/15/gina-mccarthy-climate-change-czar-biden/|access-date=2020-12-16|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-15|title=Biden taps former EPA chief for White House climate coordinator role -sources|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-mccarthy-exclusive-idUSKBN28P35Y|access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref> The New York deputy secretary of energy and environment, [[Ali Zaidi (lawyer)|Ali Zaidi]], was the first deputy national climate advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Merica|first1=Dan|last2=Sullivan|first2=Kate|date=December 15, 2020|title=Biden to name Gina McCarthy to top domestic climate job|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/15/politics/gina-mccarthy-joe-biden/index.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-17|website=CNN}}</ref> On 2 September 2022, Biden announced that Ali Zaidi will be promoted to Assistant to the President and National Climate Advisor.<ref>whitehouse.gov: [https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/ ''President Biden Announces Senior Clean Energy and Climate Team ''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902173421/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/ |date=2022-09-02 }}</ref> == Climate advisors == {| class="wikitable" |+ !No. !Officeholder !Image !Term start !Term end !President |- |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" |{{color|white|1}} |align="center"|[[Gina McCarthy]] |[[File:Gina McCarthy, National Climate Advisor (cropped).png|75px]] |January 20, 2021 |September 16, 2023 |rowspan=2|[[Joe Biden]] |- |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" |{{color|white|2}} |align="center"|[[Ali Zaidi (lawyer)|Ali Zaidi]] |[[File:Ali Zaidi, Deputy National Climate Advisor.jpg|75px]] |September 16, 2022 |January 20, 2025 |- | colspan="8" |''Vacant'' (January 20, 2025 – present) |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:United States Executive Cabinet]] qm8n9i3skrcbn78q13y7ux3nv9rg68k 10879364 10879363 2026-06-05T06:20:45Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* Climate advisors */ 10879364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political post | post = White House National Climate Advisor | body = | image = | incumbent = Vacant | incumbentsince = January 20, 2025 | department = [[Executive branch of the United States government|Executive Branch of the U.S. Government]]<br />[[Executive Office of the President]] | appointer = The [[President of the United States|President]] | deputy = Vacant | insignia = US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg|White House National Climate Advisor }} The '''White House national climate advisor''' was a government job within the [[White House]] Office. It was created when President [[Joe Biden]] was [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|inaugurated]] on January 20, 2021. The advisor works as the president's chief advisor on domestic climate change policy, and leads the White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden Unveils His Climate Team, Promising To Fight 'With The Urgency It Demands'|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/12/19/948057498/watch-live-biden-introduces-his-climate-team|access-date=2020-12-19|website=NPR.org|date=19 December 2020 |language=en|last1=Summers |first1=Juana |last2=Wise |first2=Alana }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=President-elect Biden Announces Key Members of His Climate Team|url=https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-biden-announces-key-members-of-his-climate-team/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=President-Elect Joe Biden|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218014108/https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-biden-announces-key-members-of-his-climate-team/|url-status=dead}}</ref> After [[Donald Trump]] [[Second inauguration of Donald Trump|became]] president in 2025, he [[abolished]] the office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellison |first=Tom |date=2025-01-24 |title=What Just Happened: Trump’s Executive Actions on Environment and Implications for US Climate Security |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/106804/what-just-happened-trumps-executive-actions-us-climate-security/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Just Security |language=en-US}}</ref> ==History== On December 14, 2020, it was announced that [[Gina McCarthy]], the former administrator of the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] under President [[Barack Obama]], would be the first national climate advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden To Name Gina McCarthy, Former EPA Chief, As Domestic Climate Coordinator|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/12/15/945937035/biden-to-name-gina-mccarthy-former-epa-chief-as-domestic-climate-coordinator|access-date=2020-12-16|website=NPR.org|date=15 December 2020 |language=en|last1=Detrow |first1=Scott |last2=Keith |first2=Tamara |last3=Ludden |first3=Jennifer }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Garcia|first1=Catherine|date=2020-12-15|title=Reports: Biden chooses former EPA head Gina McCarthy as White House climate czar|url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/955462/reports-biden-chooses-former-epa-head-gina-mccarthy-white-house-climate-czar|access-date=2020-12-16|work=[[The Week]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Eilperin|first1=Juliet|last2=Dennis|first2=Brady|title=Biden picks former EPA chief Gina McCarthy as White House climate czar|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/12/15/gina-mccarthy-climate-change-czar-biden/|access-date=2020-12-16|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-15|title=Biden taps former EPA chief for White House climate coordinator role -sources|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-mccarthy-exclusive-idUSKBN28P35Y|access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref> The New York deputy secretary of energy and environment, [[Ali Zaidi (lawyer)|Ali Zaidi]], was the first deputy national climate advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Merica|first1=Dan|last2=Sullivan|first2=Kate|date=December 15, 2020|title=Biden to name Gina McCarthy to top domestic climate job|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/15/politics/gina-mccarthy-joe-biden/index.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-17|website=CNN}}</ref> On 2 September 2022, Biden announced that Ali Zaidi will be promoted to Assistant to the President and National Climate Advisor.<ref>whitehouse.gov: [https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/ ''President Biden Announces Senior Clean Energy and Climate Team ''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902173421/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/ |date=2022-09-02 }}</ref> == Climate advisors == {| class="wikitable" |+ !No. !Officeholder !Image !Term start !Term end !President |- |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" |{{color|white|1}} |align="center"|[[Gina McCarthy]] |[[File:Gina McCarthy, National Climate Advisor (cropped).png|75px]] |January 20, 2021 |September 16, 2023 |rowspan=2|[[Joe Biden]] |- |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" |{{color|white|2}} |align="center"|[[Ali Zaidi (lawyer)|Ali Zaidi]] |[[File:Ali Zaidi, Deputy National Climate Advisor.jpg|75px]] |September 16, 2022 |January 20, 2025 |- | colspan="6" |''Vacant'' (January 20, 2025 – present) |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:United States Executive Cabinet]] of18waf0w0undw0rpnhirpsg3780hj8 10879365 10879364 2026-06-05T06:21:33Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* Climate advisors */ 10879365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political post | post = White House National Climate Advisor | body = | image = | incumbent = Vacant | incumbentsince = January 20, 2025 | department = [[Executive branch of the United States government|Executive Branch of the U.S. Government]]<br />[[Executive Office of the President]] | appointer = The [[President of the United States|President]] | deputy = Vacant | insignia = US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg|White House National Climate Advisor }} The '''White House national climate advisor''' was a government job within the [[White House]] Office. It was created when President [[Joe Biden]] was [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|inaugurated]] on January 20, 2021. The advisor works as the president's chief advisor on domestic climate change policy, and leads the White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden Unveils His Climate Team, Promising To Fight 'With The Urgency It Demands'|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/12/19/948057498/watch-live-biden-introduces-his-climate-team|access-date=2020-12-19|website=NPR.org|date=19 December 2020 |language=en|last1=Summers |first1=Juana |last2=Wise |first2=Alana }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=President-elect Biden Announces Key Members of His Climate Team|url=https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-biden-announces-key-members-of-his-climate-team/|access-date=2020-12-19|website=President-Elect Joe Biden|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218014108/https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-biden-announces-key-members-of-his-climate-team/|url-status=dead}}</ref> After [[Donald Trump]] [[Second inauguration of Donald Trump|became]] president in 2025, he [[abolished]] the office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellison |first=Tom |date=2025-01-24 |title=What Just Happened: Trump’s Executive Actions on Environment and Implications for US Climate Security |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/106804/what-just-happened-trumps-executive-actions-us-climate-security/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Just Security |language=en-US}}</ref> ==History== On December 14, 2020, it was announced that [[Gina McCarthy]], the former administrator of the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] under President [[Barack Obama]], would be the first national climate advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden To Name Gina McCarthy, Former EPA Chief, As Domestic Climate Coordinator|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/12/15/945937035/biden-to-name-gina-mccarthy-former-epa-chief-as-domestic-climate-coordinator|access-date=2020-12-16|website=NPR.org|date=15 December 2020 |language=en|last1=Detrow |first1=Scott |last2=Keith |first2=Tamara |last3=Ludden |first3=Jennifer }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Garcia|first1=Catherine|date=2020-12-15|title=Reports: Biden chooses former EPA head Gina McCarthy as White House climate czar|url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/955462/reports-biden-chooses-former-epa-head-gina-mccarthy-white-house-climate-czar|access-date=2020-12-16|work=[[The Week]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Eilperin|first1=Juliet|last2=Dennis|first2=Brady|title=Biden picks former EPA chief Gina McCarthy as White House climate czar|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/12/15/gina-mccarthy-climate-change-czar-biden/|access-date=2020-12-16|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-15|title=Biden taps former EPA chief for White House climate coordinator role -sources|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-mccarthy-exclusive-idUSKBN28P35Y|access-date=2020-12-16}}</ref> The New York deputy secretary of energy and environment, [[Ali Zaidi (lawyer)|Ali Zaidi]], was the first deputy national climate advisor.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Merica|first1=Dan|last2=Sullivan|first2=Kate|date=December 15, 2020|title=Biden to name Gina McCarthy to top domestic climate job|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/15/politics/gina-mccarthy-joe-biden/index.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-17|website=CNN}}</ref> On 2 September 2022, Biden announced that Ali Zaidi will be promoted to Assistant to the President and National Climate Advisor.<ref>whitehouse.gov: [https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/ ''President Biden Announces Senior Clean Energy and Climate Team ''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902173421/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/09/02/president-biden-announces-senior-clean-energy-and-climate-team/ |date=2022-09-02 }}</ref> == Climate advisors == {| class="wikitable" |+ !No. !Officeholder !Image !Term start !Term end !President |- |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" |{{color|white|1}} |align="center"|[[Gina McCarthy]] |[[File:Gina McCarthy, National Climate Advisor (cropped).png|75px]] |January 20, 2021 |September 16, 2023 |rowspan=2|[[Joe Biden]] |- |style="background: {{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" |{{color|white|2}} |align="center"|[[Ali Zaidi (lawyer)|Ali Zaidi]] |[[File:Ali Zaidi, Deputy National Climate Advisor.jpg|75px]] |September 16, 2022 |January 20, 2025 |- | colspan="6" |{{center|''Vacant'' (January 20, 2025 – present)}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:United States Executive Cabinet]] 4esym7gez6anuvoasyzocnmm8la79us 0 813431 10879439 7264634 2026-06-05T11:04:14Z EmausBot 111904 Fixing double redirect from [[RRR (movie)]] to [[RRR]] 10879439 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[RRR]] rugf700qagj0n0vmtbuel9cfrkhzunq 0 817804 10878964 9878133 2026-06-04T19:31:32Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 10878964 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Praise-god Barebone.jpg|thumb|Barebone|250px]] '''Praise-God Barebone''' (or '''Barbon''' or '''Barbone''') about 1598–1679, was an English [[leather]]-seller, and a [[preacher]]. He was influential when [[Oliver Cromwell]] ruled [[Britain]]. His name is recalled in the [[Barebone's Parliament]] of the [[English Commonwealth]] of 1653. The Commonwealth was the political structure from 1649 to 1660. [[England]] and [[Wales]], later with [[Ireland]] and [[Scotland]], were governed as a [[republic]]. This was after the end of the [[Second English Civil War]], and the trial and [[execution]] of [[Charles I of England]].<ref>Although called here Charles 1 of England, he was in fact king of [[Wales]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]] as well.</ref> Barebone was elected to the Common Council of the [[City of London]] from 1657. In 1660, Barebone endeavoured to prevent the Restoration of the English monarchy and in July, a petition he had made calling for Members of Parliament to 'deny rule by Charles II or any other single person' was reprinted in a royalist tract called The Picture of the Good Old Cause Drawn to the Life. As a result, Barebone was arrested on 25 November 1661 and charged with treason. He was imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]] but freed in July 1662 after a petition from his wife pleading his illness.<ref>{{Cite web|last=detailsBornc. 1598Died1679ProfessionPreacher|first=Praise-God Barebone/BarbonMember of Parliament in Barebone's Parliament Personal|last2=leather-seller|date=2003-04-23|title=Praisegod Barebones (The Diary of Samuel Pepys)|url=https://www.pepysdiary.com/encyclopedia/701/|access-date=2024-11-12|website=The Diary of Samuel Pepys|language=en-gb}}</ref> Barebone died towards the end of 1679 and was buried on 5 January 1680 in the parish of St Andrew Holborn. == References == {{reflist}} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Barebone, Praise-God}} [[Category:1590s births]] [[Category:1679 deaths]] [[Category:Writers from London]] dkfuzpfau5q67qq1son0bmm76jajvb1 0 818213 10878927 10850962 2026-06-04T18:37:37Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10878927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox YouTube personality | name = Sykkuno | image = Sykkuno 2020.png | caption = Sykkuno in 2020 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|6|4}} | birth_place = | location = [[Las Vegas|Las Vegas, Nevada]], U.S.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Miceli|first1=Max|date=January 17, 2021|title=Sykkuno set to return to streaming today following move to Las Vegas|url=https://dotesports.com/streaming/news/sykkuno-set-to-return-to-streaming-today-following-move-to-las-vegas|access-date=August 31, 2021|website=[[Gamurs|Dot Esports]]|publisher=[[Gamurs|GAMURS Group]]}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | occupation = Streamer | nationality = American | website = | pseudonym = | channel_handle = Sykkuno | genre = [[Video game|Gaming]] | years_active = 2011–present | subscribers = 2.79 million | views = 497.2 million | associated_acts = {{flatlist| * [[OfflineTV]] * [[Corpse Husband]] * [[Valkyrae]] * [[Fuslie]] * [[Disguised Toast]] * [[Pokimane]] }} | silver_button = Yes | silver_year = 2019 | gold_button = Yes | gold_year = 2020 | module = {{Infobox Twitch streamer|subbox=yes | channel_name = Sykkuno | years_active = 2019–2022<br>2024–present | followers = 3.9 million }} | stats_update = May 3, 2025 | signature = Sykkuno sig.svg }} '''Thomas'''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Colombo |first1=Charlotte |title=Sykkuno's blow up on Twitch & YouTube hits massive new milestone |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/sykkunos-blow-up-on-twitch-youtube-hits-massive-new-milestone-1479164/ |website=Dexerto |language=en |date=13 December 2020}}</ref> (born June 4, 1991), better known by his online name '''Sykkuno''' is an American [[Internet celebrity|internet personality]], [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] streamer and [[YouTuber]]. He is known for his streams on the platform [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]]. He is known for playing with [[Disguised Toast]], [[Corpse Husband]], [[Valkyrae]], [[Jacksepticeye]] and [[Pokimane]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mustafa |first1=Filiz |title=Why was Sykkuno crying on live stream? Twitch star’s fans share messages of support! |url=https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2020/11/23/sykkuno-crying-on-stream/ |website=HITC |date=23 November 2020 |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202052241/https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2020/11/23/sykkuno-crying-on-stream/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sykkuno's Twitch channel gained over 620,000 followers over a 30 days in November 2020, making him one of the fastest growing streamers on the platform.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fusci |first1=Preston |title=Sykkuno is Now the Fastest-Growing Twitch Streamer |url=https://gamerant.com/sykunno-twitch-fastest-growing-streamer/?utm_content=buffer5ca41&utm_medium=Social-Distribution&utm_source=GR-TW&utm_campaign=GR-TW |website=Game Rant |date=5 December 2020 |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122184658/https://gamerant.com/sykunno-twitch-fastest-growing-streamer/?utm_content=buffer5ca41&utm_medium=Social-Distribution&utm_source=GR-TW&utm_campaign=GR-TW |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Peterson |first1=Danny |title=Sykkuno gained 620,000+ Twitch followers in 30 days Record |url=https://techarim.com/news/sykkuno-gained-620000-twitch-followers-in-30-days-record/ |website=Techarim |date=8 December 2020}}</ref> On November 27, 2020, Sykkuno participated in an ''[[Among Us]]'' game on Twitch featuring [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Iovine |first1=Anna |title=AOC raised $200,000 for charity on her 'Among Us' Twitch stream Friday |url=https://mashable.com/article/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-aoc-twitch-among-us-charity-stream/ |website=Mashable |language=en |date=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Jonathan |title=AOC's second Twitch stream raised $200k for eviction protection and more |url=https://www.intheknow.com/2020/12/01/aocs-second-twitch/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAIjTwJKaFjEvIwd9tqvXxYTHcLJw59nMAwHGEDFKsEHcInPA03DshVXFFvUdtA_TXfHn2Cky1Lb2tGbnK3ABx8SK-jo1wFu5CM6Cw0SKEPpuYb-kKeZlO1bUnu3IfttAxNmMF7UaI5QuPKcjinQ18VbU0J9UrcaBzWNYkZWEVNIL |website=In The Know |date=1 December 2020 |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202052401/https://www.intheknow.com/2020/12/01/aocs-second-twitch/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAIjTwJKaFjEvIwd9tqvXxYTHcLJw59nMAwHGEDFKsEHcInPA03DshVXFFvUdtA_TXfHn2Cky1Lb2tGbnK3ABx8SK-jo1wFu5CM6Cw0SKEPpuYb-kKeZlO1bUnu3IfttAxNmMF7UaI5QuPKcjinQ18VbU0J9UrcaBzWNYkZWEVNIL |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{US-bio-stub}} [[Category:1992 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American YouTubers]] [[Category:Entertainers from California]] [[Category:Entertainers from Nevada]] [[Category:People from Las Vegas]] [[Category:American Twitch (service) streamers]] 3vll2qlvwg7yeydy7b5h1ckytmw660m 0 846144 10879416 10853409 2026-06-05T09:30:26Z ~2026-33286-13 1816738 /* */ 10879416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Barbary macaque | image = Macaca sylvanus.Mother and baby.jpg | image_caption = Young Barbary macaque with its mother | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn |title=''Macaca sylvanus'' |author=Wallis, J. |author2=Benrabah, M.E. |author3=Pilot, M. |author4=Majolo, B. |author5=Waters, S. |name-list-style=amp|page=e.T12561A50043570 |date=2020 |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> | genus = Macaca | species = sylvanus<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Primates |page=164 |id=12100565 |heading=Species ''Macaca sylvanus''}}</ref> | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref name=Linnaeus1758>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus|first=C. |title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |year=1758 |chapter=Simia sylvanus |page=25 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/carolilinnisys00linn/page/25/mode/1up |edition=Decima, reformata |volume=I |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |location=Holmiæ}}</ref> | range_map = Macaca sylvanus range map.png | range_map_caption = Barbary macaque range | synonyms = ''Simia sylvanus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> }} The '''Barbary macaque''' (''Macaca sylvanus''), also known erroneously as the '''Barbary ape''' or '''magot''', is a [[macaque]] species native to the [[Atlas Mountains]] of [[Algeria]] and [[Morocco]]. It is one of the best-known [[Old World monkey]] species. The Barbary macaque is the monkey with the shortest tail.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Emmanuel |first=J. |title=A Survey Of Population and Habitat of the Barbary Macaque ''Macaca sylvanus'' L. In North Morocco |journal=Biological Conservation |date=1982 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=45–66 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(82)90046-5}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Old World monkeys]] [[Category:Mammals of Africa]] [[Category:Mammals of Europe]] pg27234ne7oyax8pqdb02k4o1r9kcrl 10879418 10879416 2026-06-05T09:31:34Z ~2026-33286-13 1816738 /* */ 10879418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Barbary macaque | image = Macaca sylvanus.Mother and baby.jpg | image_caption = Young Barbary macaque with its mother | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn |title=''Macaca sylvanus'' |author=Wallis, J. |author2=Benrabah, M.E. |author3=Pilot, M. |author4=Majolo, B. |author5=Waters, S. |name-list-style=amp|page=e.T12561A50043570 |date=2020 |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> | genus = Macaca | species = sylvanus<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Primates |page=164 |id=12100565 |heading=Species ''Macaca sylvanus''}}</ref> | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref name=Linnaeus1758>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus|first=C. |title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |year=1758 |chapter=Simia sylvanus |page=25 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/carolilinnisys00linn/page/25/mode/1up |edition=Decima, reformata |volume=I |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |location=Holmiæ}}</ref> | range_map = Macaca sylvanus range map.png | range_map_caption = Barbary macaque range | synonyms = ''Simia sylvanus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> }} The '''Barbary macaque''' (''Macaca sylvanus''), also known erroneously as the '''Barbary ape''' or '''magot''', is a [[macaque]] species native to the [[Atlas Mountains]] of [[Algeria]] and [[Morocco]]. It is one of the best-known [[Old World monkey]] species.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Emmanuel |first=J. |title=A Survey Of Population and Habitat of the Barbary Macaque ''Macaca sylvanus'' L. In North Morocco |journal=Biological Conservation |date=1982 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=45–66 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(82)90046-5}}</ref> The Barbary macaque is the monkey with the shortest tail. ==References== {{reflist}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Old World monkeys]] [[Category:Mammals of Africa]] [[Category:Mammals of Europe]] tbn5xg1lzpsapedpalu98fb40aa381m 10879441 10879418 2026-06-05T11:17:03Z ~2026-33464-18 1816768 /* */ 10879441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Barbary macaque | image = Macaca sylvanus.Mother and baby.jpg | image_caption = Young Barbary macaque with its mother | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn |title=''Macaca sylvanus'' |author=Wallis, J. |author2=Benrabah, M.E. |author3=Pilot, M. |author4=Majolo, B. |author5=Waters, S. |name-list-style=amp|page=e.T12561A50043570 |date=2020 |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> | genus = Macaca | species = sylvanus<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Primates |page=164 |id=12100565 |heading=Species ''Macaca sylvanus''}}</ref> | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref name=Linnaeus1758>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus|first=C. |title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |year=1758 |chapter=Simia sylvanus |page=25 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/carolilinnisys00linn/page/25/mode/1up |edition=Decima, reformata |volume=I |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |location=Holmiæ}}</ref> | range_map = Macaca sylvanus range map.png | range_map_caption = Barbary macaque range | synonyms = ''Simia sylvanus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> }} The '''Barbary macaque''' (''Macaca sylvanus''), also known erroneously as the '''Barbary ape''' or '''magot''', is a [[macaque]] species native to the [[Atlas Mountains]] of [[Algeria]] and [[Morocco]]. It is one of the best-known [[Old World monkey]] species.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Emmanuel |first=J. |title=A Survey Of Population and Habitat of the Barbary Macaque ''Macaca sylvanus'' L. In North Morocco |journal=Biological Conservation |date=1982 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=45–66 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(82)90046-5}}</ref> The Barbary macaque is the [[monkey]] with the shortest tail, which causes it to be mistaken for [[ape]]s, such as [[gibbon]]s, who don't have tails. ==References== {{reflist}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Old World monkeys]] [[Category:Mammals of Africa]] [[Category:Mammals of Europe]] gaoa5qlrnjx5a8jwdyppws3wvocj4iy 10879445 10879441 2026-06-05T11:26:33Z ~2026-33464-18 1816768 /* */ 10879445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Barbary macaque | image = Macaca sylvanus.Mother and baby.jpg | image_caption = Young Barbary macaque with its mother | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn |title=''Macaca sylvanus'' |author=Wallis, J. |author2=Benrabah, M.E. |author3=Pilot, M. |author4=Majolo, B. |author5=Waters, S. |name-list-style=amp|page=e.T12561A50043570 |date=2020 |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> | genus = Macaca | species = sylvanus<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Primates |page=164 |id=12100565 |heading=Species ''Macaca sylvanus''}}</ref> | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref name=Linnaeus1758>{{cite book |last=Linnaeus|first=C. |title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |year=1758 |chapter=Simia sylvanus |page=25 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/carolilinnisys00linn/page/25/mode/1up |edition=Decima, reformata |volume=I |publisher=Laurentii Salvii |location=Holmiæ}}</ref> | range_map = Macaca sylvanus range map.png | range_map_caption = Barbary macaque range | synonyms = ''Simia sylvanus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> }} The '''Barbary macaque''' (''Macaca sylvanus''), also known incorrectly as the '''Barbary ape''' or '''magot''', is a [[macaque]] species native to the [[Atlas Mountains]] of [[Algeria]] and [[Morocco]]. It is one of the best-known [[Old World monkey]] species.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Emmanuel |first=J. |title=A Survey Of Population and Habitat of the Barbary Macaque ''Macaca sylvanus'' L. In North Morocco |journal=Biological Conservation |date=1982 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=45–66 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(82)90046-5}}</ref> The Barbary macaque is the [[monkey]] with the shortest tail, which causes it to be mistaken for [[ape]]s, such as [[gibbon]]s, who don't have tails. ==References== {{reflist}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Old World monkeys]] [[Category:Mammals of Africa]] [[Category:Mammals of Europe]] bsiddhu2wqfpokt0n2jrixvuzp8sgif 0 858962 10879137 10565494 2026-06-04T23:37:21Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* Governors-general of Saint Lucia (1979–present) */ 10879137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox official post |post = Governor-General of Saint Lucia |body = |nativename = |flag = Flag of the Governor-General of Saint Lucia.svg |flagsize = 150px |flagcaption = [[Flag of Saint Lucia|Flag of the Governor-General]] |flagborder = yes |insignia = Coat of Arms of Saint Lucia.svg |insigniasize = 100px |insigniacaption = Coat of Arms of Saint Lucia |image = Acting GG Cyril Errol Melchiades Charles (cropped).jpg |imagesize = 150px |alt = |incumbent = Sir [[Errol Charles]]<br/><span style="font-size:80%" class="honorific-suffix">[[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]]</span> |incumbentsince = 11 November 2021 |department = Viceroy |style = His [[Excellency]] |member_of = |reports_to = |residence = [[Government House, Saint Lucia]] |seat = |nominator = |appointer = [[Monarchy of Saint Lucia|Monarch of Saint Lucia]] |appointer_qualified = |termlength = No fixed term |termlength_qualified = |constituting_instrument = |precursor = |formation = 22 February 1979 |first = Sir [[Allen Montgomery Lewis]] |last = |abolished = |succession = |deputy = |salary = 36,111 USD annually<ref name="finance.gov.lc">{{cite web|url=https://www.finance.gov.lc/resources/download/2043|title=ESTIMATES OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE 2016-2017|author=Government of Saint Lucia|website=www.finance.gov.lc}}</ref> |website = {{URL|http://governorgeneral.govt.lc/}} }} The '''Governor-General of [[Saint Lucia]]''' is the representative of the [[Monarchy of Saint Lucia|monarch of Saint Lucia]], currently [[Charles III|King Charles III]]. ==Governors-general of Saint Lucia (1979–present)== {| class="wikitable" ! Image !style="width: 40%;"| Name<br><small>(Birth–Death)</small> ! Took office ! Left office !style="width: 20%;"| Comments |- | | [[Allen Montgomery Lewis|Sir Allen Montgomery Lewis]]<br><small>(1909–1993)</small> | 22 February 1979 | 19 June 1980 | First time |- | | [[Boswell Williams]]<br><small>(1926–2014)</small> | 19 June 1980 | 13 December 1982 | Resigned |- | | [[Allen Montgomery Lewis|Sir Allen Montgomery Lewis]]<br><small>(1909–1993)</small> | 13 December 1982 | 30 April 1987 | Second time |- | | [[Vincent Floissac]]<br><small>(1928–2010)</small> | 30 April 1987 | 10 October 1988 | Acting |- | | [[Stanislaus A. James|Sir Stanislaus A. James]]<br><small>(1919–2011)</small> | 10 October 1988 | 1 June 1996 | |- | [[File:GeorgeMallet02.jpg|70px]] | [[George Mallet|Sir George Mallet]]<br><small>(1923–2010)</small> | 1 June 1996 | 17 September 1997 | |- | [[File:Dame Pearlette Louisy (cropped, 3x4).jpg|70px]] | [[Pearlette Louisy|Dame Pearlette Louisy]]<br><small>(born 1946)</small> | 17 September 1997 | 31 December 2017 | |- | | ''Vacant'' | 1 January 2018 | 12 January 2018 | |- | [[File:Sir Emmanuel Neville Cenac.jpg|70px]] | [[Neville Cenac|Sir Neville Cenac]]<br><small>(1939–2026)</small> | 12 January 2018 | 11 November 2021 | |- | [[File:Acting GG Cyril Errol Melchiades Charles (cropped).jpg|70px]] | [[Errol Charles]]<br><small>(born 1942)</small> | 11 November 2021 | Incumbent | |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131209103135/http://www.stluciaparliament.com/the-head-of-state Head of State, Saint Lucia] * [http://governorgeneral.govt.lc/ Office of the Governor-General of St Lucia] [[Category:Governors-general of Saint Lucia| ]] {{multistub|politics|North-America}} 9duluw3632e097u5acug8fj2a3lyxl8 10879138 10879137 2026-06-04T23:37:52Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* Governors-general of Saint Lucia (1979–present) */ 10879138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox official post |post = Governor-General of Saint Lucia |body = |nativename = |flag = Flag of the Governor-General of Saint Lucia.svg |flagsize = 150px |flagcaption = [[Flag of Saint Lucia|Flag of the Governor-General]] |flagborder = yes |insignia = Coat of Arms of Saint Lucia.svg |insigniasize = 100px |insigniacaption = Coat of Arms of Saint Lucia |image = Acting GG Cyril Errol Melchiades Charles (cropped).jpg |imagesize = 150px |alt = |incumbent = Sir [[Errol Charles]]<br/><span style="font-size:80%" class="honorific-suffix">[[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]]</span> |incumbentsince = 11 November 2021 |department = Viceroy |style = His [[Excellency]] |member_of = |reports_to = |residence = [[Government House, Saint Lucia]] |seat = |nominator = |appointer = [[Monarchy of Saint Lucia|Monarch of Saint Lucia]] |appointer_qualified = |termlength = No fixed term |termlength_qualified = |constituting_instrument = |precursor = |formation = 22 February 1979 |first = Sir [[Allen Montgomery Lewis]] |last = |abolished = |succession = |deputy = |salary = 36,111 USD annually<ref name="finance.gov.lc">{{cite web|url=https://www.finance.gov.lc/resources/download/2043|title=ESTIMATES OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE 2016-2017|author=Government of Saint Lucia|website=www.finance.gov.lc}}</ref> |website = {{URL|http://governorgeneral.govt.lc/}} }} The '''Governor-General of [[Saint Lucia]]''' is the representative of the [[Monarchy of Saint Lucia|monarch of Saint Lucia]], currently [[Charles III|King Charles III]]. ==Governors-general of Saint Lucia (1979–present)== {| class="wikitable" ! Image !style="width: 40%;"| Name<br><small>(Birth–Death)</small> ! Took office ! Left office !style="width: 20%;"| Comments |- | | [[Allen Montgomery Lewis|Sir Allen Montgomery Lewis]]<br><small>(1909–1993)</small> | 22 February 1979 | 19 June 1980 | First time |- | | [[Boswell Williams]]<br><small>(1926–2014)</small> | 19 June 1980 | 13 December 1982 | Resigned |- | | [[Allen Montgomery Lewis|Sir Allen Montgomery Lewis]]<br><small>(1909–1993)</small> | 13 December 1982 | 30 April 1987 | Second time |- | | [[Vincent Floissac]]<br><small>(1928–2010)</small> | 30 April 1987 | 10 October 1988 | Acting |- | | [[Stanislaus A. James|Sir Stanislaus A. James]]<br><small>(1919–2011)</small> | 10 October 1988 | 1 June 1996 | |- | [[File:GeorgeMallet02.jpg|70px]] | [[George Mallet|Sir George Mallet]]<br><small>(1923–2010)</small> | 1 June 1996 | 17 September 1997 | |- | [[File:Dame Pearlette Louisy (cropped, 3x4).jpg|70px]] | [[Pearlette Louisy|Dame Pearlette Louisy]]<br><small>(born 1946)</small> | 17 September 1997 | 31 December 2017 | |- | | ''Vacant'' | 1 January 2018 | 12 January 2018 | |- | [[File:Sir Emmanuel Neville Cenac.jpg|70px]] | [[Neville Cenac|Sir Neville Cenac]]<br><small>(1939–2026)</small> | 12 January 2018 | 11 November 2021 | |- | [[File:Acting GG Cyril Errol Melchiades Charles (cropped).jpg|70px]] | [[Errol Charles|Sir Errol Charles]]<br><small>(born 1942)</small> | 11 November 2021 | Incumbent | |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131209103135/http://www.stluciaparliament.com/the-head-of-state Head of State, Saint Lucia] * [http://governorgeneral.govt.lc/ Office of the Governor-General of St Lucia] [[Category:Governors-general of Saint Lucia| ]] {{multistub|politics|North-America}} amh2irkprnvagwxqrimy02diy7yjifk 10879139 10879138 2026-06-04T23:38:43Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* Governors-general of Saint Lucia (1979–present) */ 10879139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox official post |post = Governor-General of Saint Lucia |body = |nativename = |flag = Flag of the Governor-General of Saint Lucia.svg |flagsize = 150px |flagcaption = [[Flag of Saint Lucia|Flag of the Governor-General]] |flagborder = yes |insignia = Coat of Arms of Saint Lucia.svg |insigniasize = 100px |insigniacaption = Coat of Arms of Saint Lucia |image = Acting GG Cyril Errol Melchiades Charles (cropped).jpg |imagesize = 150px |alt = |incumbent = Sir [[Errol Charles]]<br/><span style="font-size:80%" class="honorific-suffix">[[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]]</span> |incumbentsince = 11 November 2021 |department = Viceroy |style = His [[Excellency]] |member_of = |reports_to = |residence = [[Government House, Saint Lucia]] |seat = |nominator = |appointer = [[Monarchy of Saint Lucia|Monarch of Saint Lucia]] |appointer_qualified = |termlength = No fixed term |termlength_qualified = |constituting_instrument = |precursor = |formation = 22 February 1979 |first = Sir [[Allen Montgomery Lewis]] |last = |abolished = |succession = |deputy = |salary = 36,111 USD annually<ref name="finance.gov.lc">{{cite web|url=https://www.finance.gov.lc/resources/download/2043|title=ESTIMATES OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE 2016-2017|author=Government of Saint Lucia|website=www.finance.gov.lc}}</ref> |website = {{URL|http://governorgeneral.govt.lc/}} }} The '''Governor-General of [[Saint Lucia]]''' is the representative of the [[Monarchy of Saint Lucia|monarch of Saint Lucia]], currently [[Charles III|King Charles III]]. ==Governors-general of Saint Lucia (1979–present)== {{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes acting governors-general}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" | {{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan="2" | Portrait ! rowspan="2" | Name<br><small>(Birth–Death)</small> ! colspan="3" | Term of office ! rowspan="2" | Monarch<br><small>(Reign)</small> |- !Took office !Left office !Time in office |- | 1 | [[File:Insigne Sanctae Luciae.svg|70px]] | Sir [[Allen Montgomery Lewis]]<br />{{small|(1909–1993)}} | <small>22 February</small><br>1979 | <small>19 June</small><br>1980 | {{ayd|1979|2|22|1980|6|19}} | rowspan="10" style="background:#eaecf0; border-style: solid solid none solid ;" | [[File:Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (1959).jpg|70px]]<br>'''[[Elizabeth II]]'''<br>[[File:Coat of arms of Saint Lucia.svg|60px]]<br><small>(1979–2022)</small> |- | 2 | [[File:Insigne Sanctae Luciae.svg|70px]] | [[Boswell Williams]]<br />{{small|(1926–2014)}} | <small>19 June</small><br>1980 | <small>12 December</small><br>1982 | {{ayd|1980|6|19|1982|12|12}} |- | (1) | [[File:Insigne Sanctae Luciae.svg|70px]] | Sir Allen Montgomery Lewis<br />{{small|(1909–1993)}} | <small>13 December</small><br>1982 | <small>30 April</small><br>1987 | {{ayd|1982|12|13|1987|4|30}} |- |-style="background:#e6e6aa;" | – | [[File:Insigne Sanctae Luciae.svg|70px]] | [[Vincent Floissac]]<br />{{small|(1928–2010)}}<br>{{small|Acting Governor-General}} | <small>30 April</small><br>1987 | <small>10 October</small><br>1988 | {{ayd|1987|4|30|1988|10|10}} |- | 3 | [[File:Insigne Sanctae Luciae.svg|70px]] | Sir [[Stanislaus A. James]]<br />{{small|(1919–2011)}} | <small>10 October</small><br>1988 | <small>1 June</small><br>1996 | {{ayd|1988|10|10|1996|6|1}} |- | 4 | [[File:GeorgeMallet02.jpg|70px]] | Sir [[George Mallet]]<br />{{small|(1923–2010)}} | <small>1 June</small><br>1996 | <small>17 September</small><br>1997 | {{ayd|1996|6|1|1997|9|17}} |- | 5 | [[File:Dame Pearlette Louisy (cropped, 3x4).jpg|70px]] | Dame [[Pearlette Louisy]]<br />{{small|(b. 1946)}} | <small>17 September</small><br>1997 | <small>31 December</small><br>2017 | {{ayd|1997|9|17|2017|12|31}} |- | colspan="6" | Vacant (1 – 12 January 2018) |- | 6 | [[File:Sir Emmanuel Neville Cenac.jpg|70px]] | Sir [[Neville Cenac]]<br />{{small|(1939–2026)}} | <small>12 January</small><br>2018 | <small>31 October</small><br>2021 | {{ayd|2018|1|12|2021|10|31}} |- | colspan="6" | Vacant (31 October – 11 November 2021) |- |- style="background:#e6e6aa;" | rowspan=2 | – | rowspan=2 | [[File:Errol Charles Sep 2022.jpg|70px]] | rowspan=2 | [[Errol Charles]]<br />{{small|(b. 1942)}}<br>{{small|Acting Governor-General}} | rowspan=2 | <small>11 November</small><br>2021 | rowspan=2 | <small>31 October</small><br>2024 | rowspan=2 | {{ayd|2021|11|11|2024|10|31}} | style="background:#eaecf0; border-style: none solid solid solid ;" | |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0" | [[File:King Charles III (July 2023).jpg|70px]]<br>'''[[Charles III]]'''<br>[[File:Coat of arms of Saint Lucia.svg|60px]]<br />{{small|(2022–present)}} |- | 7 | [[File:Errol Charles Sep 2022.jpg|70px]] | Sir Errol Charles<br />{{small|(b. 1942)}} | <small>1 November</small><br>2024 | ''Incumbent'' | {{ayd|2024|11|1}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131209103135/http://www.stluciaparliament.com/the-head-of-state Head of State, Saint Lucia] * [http://governorgeneral.govt.lc/ Office of the Governor-General of St Lucia] [[Category:Governors-general of Saint Lucia| ]] {{multistub|politics|North-America}} nv9ibc0ojlwghciy5xlvoucnqehikes 0 858964 10879134 10659646 2026-06-04T23:35:40Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]] [[The Honourable]] |name = Sir Emmanuel Neville Cenac |honorific-suffix = [[Order of Saint Lucia|GCSL]], [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]] |office = [[Governor-General of Saint Lucia]] |monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] |primeminister = [[Allen Chastanet]]<br>[[Philip J. Pierre|Philip Pierre]] |term_start = 12 January 2018 |term_end = 11 November 2021 |predecessor = [[Pearlette Louisy]] |successor = [[Errol Charles]] |office2 = [[List of Presidents of the Senate of Saint Lucia|President of the Senate of Saint Lucia]] |term_start2 = October 1992 |term_end2 = June 1997 |predecessor2 = Emmanuel Henry Giraudy |successor2 = Hilford Deterville |office3 = Foreign Minister of [[Saint Lucia]] |term_start3 = 1987 |term_end3 = 1992 |predecessor3 = |successor3 = |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|11|24|df=y}} |birth_place = |death_date = |death_place = |alma_mater = |profession = |religion = |image=Sir Emmanuel Neville Cenac.jpg}} '''Sir Emmanuel Neville Cenac''', [[Order of Saint Lucia|GCSL]], [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Honours and Awards|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/2949303|website=[[London Gazette|The Gazette]]|accessdate=22 January 2018|date=18 January 2018}}</ref> (24 November 1939 &ndash; 2 June 2026)<ref>http://www.govt.lc/media.govt.lc/www/resources/publications/neville-cenac-cv-final--1-.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rulers.org/indexc1.html | title=Index Ca-Ce }}</ref> was the [[Governor-General of Saint Lucia]] from 2018 until his resignation in 2021. He was appointed to that post in January 2018. He left his post in November 2021.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parker|first1=Benjamin|title=Neville Cenac announced as St Lucia Governor-General|url=http://wicnews.com/caribbean/neville-cenac-announced-st-lucia-governor-general-49399598/|work=WIC News}}</ref> Cenac died on 2 June 2026 at the age of 86.<ref>[https://stluciatimes.com/180895/2026/06/former-saint-lucia-governor-general-sir-neville-cenac-dies-at-86/ Former Saint Lucia Governor General Sir Neville Cenac dies at 86]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cenac, Neville}} [[Category:1939 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Governors-general of Saint Lucia]] {{bio-stub}} 8a7am94zafrdmzrymo88i3a93eih8i0 10879135 10879134 2026-06-04T23:35:52Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 removed [[Category:Living people]]; added [[Category:2026 deaths]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10879135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]] [[The Honourable]] |name = Sir Emmanuel Neville Cenac |honorific-suffix = [[Order of Saint Lucia|GCSL]], [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]] |office = [[Governor-General of Saint Lucia]] |monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] |primeminister = [[Allen Chastanet]]<br>[[Philip J. Pierre|Philip Pierre]] |term_start = 12 January 2018 |term_end = 11 November 2021 |predecessor = [[Pearlette Louisy]] |successor = [[Errol Charles]] |office2 = [[List of Presidents of the Senate of Saint Lucia|President of the Senate of Saint Lucia]] |term_start2 = October 1992 |term_end2 = June 1997 |predecessor2 = Emmanuel Henry Giraudy |successor2 = Hilford Deterville |office3 = Foreign Minister of [[Saint Lucia]] |term_start3 = 1987 |term_end3 = 1992 |predecessor3 = |successor3 = |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|11|24|df=y}} |birth_place = |death_date = |death_place = |alma_mater = |profession = |religion = |image=Sir Emmanuel Neville Cenac.jpg}} '''Sir Emmanuel Neville Cenac''', [[Order of Saint Lucia|GCSL]], [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Honours and Awards|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/2949303|website=[[London Gazette|The Gazette]]|accessdate=22 January 2018|date=18 January 2018}}</ref> (24 November 1939 &ndash; 2 June 2026)<ref>http://www.govt.lc/media.govt.lc/www/resources/publications/neville-cenac-cv-final--1-.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rulers.org/indexc1.html | title=Index Ca-Ce }}</ref> was the [[Governor-General of Saint Lucia]] from 2018 until his resignation in 2021. He was appointed to that post in January 2018. He left his post in November 2021.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parker|first1=Benjamin|title=Neville Cenac announced as St Lucia Governor-General|url=http://wicnews.com/caribbean/neville-cenac-announced-st-lucia-governor-general-49399598/|work=WIC News}}</ref> Cenac died on 2 June 2026 at the age of 86.<ref>[https://stluciatimes.com/180895/2026/06/former-saint-lucia-governor-general-sir-neville-cenac-dies-at-86/ Former Saint Lucia Governor General Sir Neville Cenac dies at 86]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cenac, Neville}} [[Category:1939 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Governors-general of Saint Lucia]] {{bio-stub}} 9yl5l9cjiydkir1j1x1gzyk6ulkmfer 10879136 10879135 2026-06-04T23:36:31Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]] [[The Honourable]] |name = Sir Emmanuel Neville Cenac |honorific-suffix = [[Order of Saint Lucia|GCSL]], [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]] |office = [[Governor-General of Saint Lucia]] |monarch = [[Elizabeth II]] |primeminister = [[Allen Chastanet]]<br>[[Philip J. Pierre|Philip Pierre]] |term_start = 12 January 2018 |term_end = 11 November 2021 |predecessor = [[Pearlette Louisy]] |successor = [[Errol Charles]] |office2 = [[List of Presidents of the Senate of Saint Lucia|President of the Senate of Saint Lucia]] |term_start2 = October 1992 |term_end2 = June 1997 |predecessor2 = Emmanuel Henry Giraudy |successor2 = Hilford Deterville |office3 = Foreign Minister of [[Saint Lucia]] |term_start3 = 1987 |term_end3 = 1992 |predecessor3 = |successor3 = |birth_date = {{Birth date|1939|11|24|df=y}} |birth_place = |death_date = {{death date and age|2026|6|2|1939|11|24|df=y}} |death_place = |alma_mater = |profession = |religion = |image=Sir Emmanuel Neville Cenac.jpg}} '''Sir Emmanuel Neville Cenac''', [[Order of Saint Lucia|GCSL]], [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Honours and Awards|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/2949303|website=[[London Gazette|The Gazette]]|accessdate=22 January 2018|date=18 January 2018}}</ref> (24 November 1939 &ndash; 2 June 2026)<ref>http://www.govt.lc/media.govt.lc/www/resources/publications/neville-cenac-cv-final--1-.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rulers.org/indexc1.html | title=Index Ca-Ce }}</ref> was the [[Governor-General of Saint Lucia]] from 2018 until his resignation in 2021. He was appointed to that post in January 2018. He left his post in November 2021.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parker|first1=Benjamin|title=Neville Cenac announced as St Lucia Governor-General|url=http://wicnews.com/caribbean/neville-cenac-announced-st-lucia-governor-general-49399598/|work=WIC News}}</ref> Cenac died on 2 June 2026 at the age of 86.<ref>[https://stluciatimes.com/180895/2026/06/former-saint-lucia-governor-general-sir-neville-cenac-dies-at-86/ Former Saint Lucia Governor General Sir Neville Cenac dies at 86]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cenac, Neville}} [[Category:1939 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Governors-general of Saint Lucia]] {{bio-stub}} 4y6lf1qrqs4c4dfnc972lp2nflwap01 0 861660 10879233 10878380 2026-06-05T01:50:23Z ~2026-33277-41 1816588 [[Meir Kahane|Meir Kahana]] 10879233 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Meir Kahane Tikvah Canarsie.jpg|thumb|Meir Kahane, speaking to young Jews, in 1975.]] '''Meir Kahane''' (born '''Martin David Kahane''', August 1, 1932 – November 5, 1990) was an [[Orthodox Judaism|orthodox]] [[Rabbi]]. He was an Israeli politician, and served one term in the [[Knesset]]. == Biography == Kahane was from [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]]. He was one of the founders of the [[Jewish Defense League]], in 1968. He wanted to establish radical [[Zionism]], and replace the current [[democracy]] in Israel with a [[Jewish]] [[theocracy]]. He also wanted to evict most non-Jews from israel, and the occuppied territories, and to establish a state called [[Greater Israel]]. Many democratic Israelis saw him as a radical, Jewish [[Racism|racist]]. In the US, he was convicted for producing [[Explosive material|explosive device]]<nowiki/>s, to be used in connection with [[terrorism]].<ref name="NYT19710714">{{cite news|author=Morris Kaplan|date=July 24, 1971|title=Kahane Gets 5-Year Suspended Sentence in Bomb Plot|page=26|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref> In Israel, he was convicted for plotting to blow up the [[Libya|Libyan]] [[embassy]] in [[Brussels]].<ref>{{cite web|date=November 8, 1987|title=Kahane's Money Tree|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1987/11/08/kahanes-money-tree/|access-date=September 8, 2020}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Both convictions happened in the 1970s. == Death == On 5 November 1990, Kahane was shot and killed by [[El Sayyid Nosair]], an US citizen form [[Egypt]] after he had given a speech in [[New York]]. He was 58 years old. == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kahane, Meir}} [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:1990 deaths]] [[Category:American rabbis]] [[Category:Assassinated people]] [[Category:Members of the Knesset]] [[Category:Israeli rabbis]] [[Category:Jewish American criminals]] [[Category:Jewish Israeli criminals]] [[Category:Jewish Israeli politicians]] [[Category:Politicians from Brooklyn]] [[Category:Kahanism]] [[Category:New York Law School alumni]] [[Category:Kach and Kahane Chai politicians]] [[Category:American Kahanists]] [[Category:Israeli Kahanists]] [[Category:Israeli criminals]] [[Category:American criminals]] [[Category:Terrorism]] [[Category:Kahanists]] n00yz9b5y3thchael3pomlyd4t6tuie 10879238 10879233 2026-06-05T01:54:49Z ~2026-33277-41 1816588 [[Meir Kahane|Meir Kahana]] 10879238 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Meir Kahane Tikvah Canarsie.jpg|thumb|Meir Kahane, speaking to young Jews, in 1975.]] '''Meir Kahane''' (born '''Martin David Kahane''', August 1, 1932 – November 5, 1990) was an [[Orthodox Judaism|orthodox]] [[Rabbi]]. He was an Israeli politician, and served one term in the [[Knesset]]. == Biography == Kahane was from [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]]. He was one of the founders of the [[Jewish Defense League]], in 1968. He wanted to establish radical [[Zionism]], and replace the current [[democracy]] in Israel with a [[Jewish]] [[theocracy]]. He also wanted to evict most non-Jews from israel, and the occuppied territories, and to establish a state called [[Greater Israel]]. Many democratic Israelis saw him as a radical, Jewish [[Racism|racist]]. In the US, he was convicted for producing [[Explosive material|explosive device]]<nowiki/>s, to be used in connection with [[terrorism]].<ref name="NYT19710714">{{cite news|author=Morris Kaplan|date=July 24, 1971|title=Kahane Gets 5-Year Suspended Sentence in Bomb Plot|page=26|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref> In Israel, he was convicted for plotting to blow up the [[Libya|Libyan]] [[embassy]] in [[Brussels]].<ref>{{cite web|date=November 8, 1987|title=Kahane's Money Tree|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1987/11/08/kahanes-money-tree/|access-date=September 8, 2020}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Both convictions happened in the 1970s. == Death == On 5 November 1990, Kahane was shot and killed by [[El Sayyid Nosair]], an US citizen form [[Egypt]] after he had given a speech in [[New York]]. He was 58 years old. == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kahane, Meir}} [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:1990 deaths]] [[Category:American rabbis]] [[Category:Assassinated people]] [[Category:Members of the Knesset]] [[Category:Israeli rabbis]] [[Category:Jewish American criminals]] [[Category:Jewish Israeli criminals]] [[Category:Jewish Israeli politicians]] [[Category:Politicians from Brooklyn]] [[Category:Kahanism]] [[Category:New York Law School alumni]] [[Category:Kach and Kahane Chai politicians]] [[Category:American Kahanists]] [[Category:Israeli Kahanists]] [[Category:Israeli criminals]] [[Category:American criminals]] [[Category:Terrorism]] [[Category:Kahanists]] [[Category:Meir Kahane]] 4m15uixnsw1cc9vatn6y40ruffijlvu 10879261 10879238 2026-06-05T02:28:25Z Ravensfire 121204 Reverted 2 edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33277-41|~2026-33277-41]] ([[User talk:~2026-33277-41|talk]]): Rv obvious KSD sock. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879261 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Meir Kahane Tikvah Canarsie.jpg|thumb|Meir Kahane, speaking to young Jews, in 1975.]] '''Meir Kahane''' (born '''Martin David Kahane''', August 1, 1932 – November 5, 1990) was an [[Orthodox Judaism|orthodox]] [[Rabbi]]. He was an Israeli politician, and served one term in the [[Knesset]]. == Biography == Kahane was from [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]]. He was one of the founders of the [[Jewish Defense League]], in 1968. He wanted to establish radical [[Zionism]], and replace the current [[democracy]] in Israel with a [[Jewish]] [[theocracy]]. He also wanted to evict most non-Jews from israel, and the occuppied territories, and to establish a state called [[Greater Israel]]. Many democratic Israelis saw him as a radical, Jewish [[Racism|racist]]. In the US, he was convicted for producing [[Explosive material|explosive device]]<nowiki/>s, to be used in connection with [[terrorism]].<ref name="NYT19710714">{{cite news|author=Morris Kaplan|date=July 24, 1971|title=Kahane Gets 5-Year Suspended Sentence in Bomb Plot|page=26|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref> In Israel, he was convicted for plotting to blow up the [[Libya|Libyan]] [[embassy]] in [[Brussels]].<ref>{{cite web|date=November 8, 1987|title=Kahane's Money Tree|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1987/11/08/kahanes-money-tree/|access-date=September 8, 2020}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Both convictions happened in the 1970s. == Death == On 5 November 1990, Kahane was shot and killed by [[El Sayyid Nosair]], an US citizen form [[Egypt]] after he had given a speech in [[New York]]. He was 58 years old. == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kahane, Meir}} [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:1990 deaths]] [[Category:American rabbis]] [[Category:Assassinated people]] [[Category:Members of the Knesset]] [[Category:Israeli rabbis]] [[Category:Jewish American criminals]] [[Category:Jewish Israeli criminals]] [[Category:Jewish Israeli politicians]] [[Category:Politicians from Brooklyn]] [[Category:Kahanism]] [[Category:Israeli Kahanists]] [[Category:New York Law School alumni]] [[Category:Kach and Kahane Chai politicians]] ea77tbzkthe0641mwj0ye9y2v0gp4hn 14 863522 10879046 10535245 2026-06-04T21:02:52Z Auntof6 22027 fix displaytitle and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10879046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Category:''Harry Potter'' movies}} {{Commons category|Harry Potter films}} {{Cat see also|Harry Potter novels|Fictional universe of Harry Potter|Harry Potter characters}} [[Category:Harry Potter|Movies]] [[Category:American coming-of-age movies]] [[Category:American movie series]] [[Category:Movies set in boarding schools]] [[Category:Coming-of-age movies]] [[Category:British movie series]] [[Category:Works about magic]] [[Category:Movies about orphans]] [[Category:Movies by featured character|Potter, Harry]] [[Category:Movies based on books]] [[Category:Movies set in castles]] [[Category:Movies set in England]] [[Category:Movies set in Scotland]] [[Category:Movies set in the 1990s]] [[Category:Fantasy movies]] [[Category:Teen movies]] [[Category:Warner Bros. Pictures franchises]] brrzay9n4g9rqsg0byxpeewe45b1jtm 0 866668 10879072 8672465 2026-06-04T21:30:08Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox politician | name = Casey Luna | office = 26th [[Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico]] | order = | term_start = January 1, 1991 | governor = [[Bruce King]] | term_end = January 1, 1995 | predecessor = [[Jack L. Stahl]] | successor = [[Walter Dwight Bradley]] | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1931|5|26}} | birth_place = [[Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|6|2|1931|5|26}} | death_place = [[Belen, New Mexico|Belen]], New Mexico, U.S. | occupation = Businessman | residence = }} '''Casey E. Luna''' (May 26, 1931 &ndash; June 2, 2026) was an American [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politician, businessman, and racing driver. He was [[Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico]] from 1991 to 1995, under Governor [[Bruce King]]. He is also a businessman.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Who's who Among Hispanic Americans|author1=Unterburger, A.L.|author2=Delgado, J.L.|date=1991|publisher=Gale Research|isbn=9780810374515|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780810374515|url-access=registration|accessdate=2015-10-15}}</ref> Luna died on June 2, 2026 from [[cancer]] in [[Belen, New Mexico]], one week after his 95th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://speedsport.com/sprints-midgets/world-of-outlaws-sprint-cars/sprint-car-hall-of-famer-casey-luna-95/ |title=Sprint Car Hall Of Famer Casey Luna, 95 |website=SpeedWorld.com |date=June 3, 2026 |access-date=June 4, 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Luna, Casey}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:Businesspeople from New Mexico]] [[Category:Lieutenant Governors of New Mexico]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:American racecar drivers]] [[Category:Sportspeople from New Mexico]] {{US-bio-stub}} mlumo4ruh8fdx05x5ow4fsf5pg4du0i 10879073 10879072 2026-06-04T21:30:52Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10879073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox politician | name = Casey Luna | office = 26th [[Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico]] | order = | term_start = January 1, 1991 | governor = [[Bruce King]] | term_end = January 1, 1995 | predecessor = [[Jack L. Stahl]] | successor = [[Walter Dwight Bradley]] | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1931|5|26}} | birth_place = [[Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico|Jemez Pueblo]], [[New Mexico]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|6|2|1931|5|26}} | death_place = [[Belen, New Mexico|Belen]], New Mexico, U.S. | occupation = Businessman | residence = }} '''Casey E. Luna''' (May 26, 1931 &ndash; June 2, 2026) was an American [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politician, businessman, and racing driver. He was [[Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico]] from 1991 to 1995, under Governor [[Bruce King]]. He was also a businessman.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Who's who Among Hispanic Americans|author1=Unterburger, A.L.|author2=Delgado, J.L.|date=1991|publisher=Gale Research|isbn=9780810374515|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780810374515|url-access=registration|accessdate=2015-10-15}}</ref> Luna died on June 2, 2026 from [[cancer]] in [[Belen, New Mexico]], one week after his 95th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://speedsport.com/sprints-midgets/world-of-outlaws-sprint-cars/sprint-car-hall-of-famer-casey-luna-95/ |title=Sprint Car Hall Of Famer Casey Luna, 95 |website=SpeedWorld.com |date=June 3, 2026 |access-date=June 4, 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Luna, Casey}} [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:Businesspeople from New Mexico]] [[Category:Lieutenant Governors of New Mexico]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:American racecar drivers]] [[Category:Sportspeople from New Mexico]] {{US-bio-stub}} 9gzpta6m3p0ciq54ne7csdspm0xxx58 10879074 10879073 2026-06-04T21:31:13Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 added [[Category:Cancer deaths in New Mexico]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10879074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox politician | name = Casey Luna | office = 26th [[Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico]] | order = | term_start = January 1, 1991 | governor = [[Bruce King]] | term_end = January 1, 1995 | predecessor = [[Jack L. Stahl]] | successor = [[Walter Dwight Bradley]] | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1931|5|26}} | birth_place = [[Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico|Jemez Pueblo]], [[New Mexico]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|6|2|1931|5|26}} | death_place = [[Belen, New Mexico|Belen]], New Mexico, U.S. | occupation = Businessman | residence = }} '''Casey E. Luna''' (May 26, 1931 &ndash; June 2, 2026) was an American [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politician, businessman, and racing driver. He was [[Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico]] from 1991 to 1995, under Governor [[Bruce King]]. He was also a businessman.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Who's who Among Hispanic Americans|author1=Unterburger, A.L.|author2=Delgado, J.L.|date=1991|publisher=Gale Research|isbn=9780810374515|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780810374515|url-access=registration|accessdate=2015-10-15}}</ref> Luna died on June 2, 2026 from [[cancer]] in [[Belen, New Mexico]], one week after his 95th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://speedsport.com/sprints-midgets/world-of-outlaws-sprint-cars/sprint-car-hall-of-famer-casey-luna-95/ |title=Sprint Car Hall Of Famer Casey Luna, 95 |website=SpeedWorld.com |date=June 3, 2026 |access-date=June 4, 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Luna, Casey}} [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:Businesspeople from New Mexico]] [[Category:Lieutenant Governors of New Mexico]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:American racecar drivers]] [[Category:Sportspeople from New Mexico]] [[Category:Cancer deaths in New Mexico]] {{US-bio-stub}} 2ks9z7fyc50gy1ikmkxul9j5bcygiub 0 868286 10879021 10814961 2026-06-04T20:23:44Z MourningRainfall 86802 10879021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ice hockey player | image = CesareManiagoVAN.png | image_size = 230px | caption = Maniago during his time with the Vancouver Canucks in 1976 | played_for = [[Toronto Maple Leafs]]<br>[[Montreal Canadiens]]<br>[[New York Rangers]]<br>[[Minnesota North Stars]]<br>[[Vancouver Canucks]] | league = [[National Hockey League|NHL]] | position = [[Goaltender]] | catches = Left | height_ft = 6 | height_in = 3 | weight_lb = 195 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1939|1|13}} | birth_place = [[Trail, British Columbia|Trail]], [[British Columbia]], Canada | career_start = 1960 | career_end = 1978 }} '''Cesare Maniago''' (born January 13, 1939) is a [[Canadians|Canadian]] former professional [[ice hockey]] goaltender. Maniago played the majority of his [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) career for the [[Minnesota North Stars]].<ref name="kane">{{cite web |last1=Kane |first1=Martin |title=HOCKEY'S BIGGEST MOMENT NO. 51 |url=https://www.si.com/vault/1966/03/21/617872/hockeys-biggest-moment-no-51 |website=SI Vault |publisher=[[Sports Illustrated]] |accessdate=15 September 2019 |language=en |date=21 March 1966}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Maniago, Cesare}} [[Category:1939 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Canadian ice hockey goaltenders]] [[Category:Ice hockey people from British Columbia]] [[Category:Minnesota North Stars players]] [[Category:Montreal Canadiens players]] [[Category:New York Rangers players]] [[Category:People from Trail, British Columbia]] [[Category:Toronto Maple Leafs players]] [[Category:Toronto St. Michael's Majors players]] [[Category:Vancouver Canucks players]] {{sports-bio-stub}} g9qr3wj9nju51rd4xequmm15z9rlj24 0 876961 10878971 9691064 2026-06-04T19:40:09Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10878971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}} {{Infobox film | name = Radhe Shyam | image = | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = [[Radha Krishna Kumar]] | producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]] (in Hindi version)<br />Vamsi<br />Pramod<br />Praseedha | writer = Radha Krishna Kumar | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Prabhas]] * [[Pooja Hegde]] }} | cinematography = [[Manoj Paramahamsa]] | music = '''Score:'''<br />[[S. Thaman]]<br/>'''Songs:'''<br><small>'''Telugu version:'''</small><br />[[Justin Prabhakaran]]<br>{{ubl|<small>'''Hindi version:'''</small><br />[[Mithoon]]<br />[[Amaal Mallik]]<br />Manan Bhardwaj<br />Anshuman Tiwari}} | editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]] | studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]<br />UV Creations | distributor = [[AA Films]] | runtime = | country = India | language = {{ubl|Telugu|Hindi}} | budget = {{INR|350 [[crore]]}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=K |first1=Janani |title=Prabhas's Radhe Shyam teaser on Valentine's Day? What we know so far |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-s-radhe-shyam-teaser-on-valentine-s-day-what-we-know-so-far-1765853-2021-02-04 |access-date=28 March 2021 |work=India Today |date=4 February 2021}}</ref> | gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--> }} '''''Radhe Shyam''''' is a 2022 [[India|Indian]] [[Historical drama|period]] [[romantic drama|romance movie]]. It was [[Screenwriter|written]] and [[Movie director|directed]] by [[Radha Krishna Kumar]]. The movie stars [[Prabhas]] and [[Pooja Hegde]]. It was filmed in both [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] [[Language|languages]] at the same time.<ref name="ndtv">{{Cite web|title=Radhe Shyam First Look: Prabhas And Pooja Hegde Paint The Sky Red|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/radhe-shyam-first-look-prabhas-and-pooja-hegde-paint-the-sky-red-2260312|access-date=2020-07-10|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=2019-11-26|title=EXCLUSIVE: Pooja Hegde calls Jaan co-star Prabhas an international star, reveals details about her period drama : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/exclusive-pooja-hegde-calls-jaan-co-star-prabhas-international-star-reveals-details-period-drama/|access-date=2020-07-27 }}</ref> The movieis produced by UV Creations and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref name=TOI>{{Cite news|title=Prabhas 20: Title and first look of Prabhas starrer to be unveiled in the second week of June? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/prabhas-20-title-and-first-look-of-prabhas-starrer-to-be-unveiled-in-the-second-week-of-june/articleshow/76171086.cms|access-date=2020-06-16|website=The Times of India }}</ref> Set in [[Europe]] of the 1970s, the music for the movie was written by [[Justin Prabhakaran]]. The [[cinematography]] was done by [[Manoj Paramahamsa]]. [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]] was the [[Movie editor|movie's editor]]. [[Principal photography]] of the movie started on 6 October 2018. It took place in [[Hyderabad]], [[Italy]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. The movie was expected to be released on 30 July 2021. This was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The movie was later scheduled to release on 14 January 2022, coinciding with the festival of Sankranthi but was postponed indefinitely due to the surge in Omicron variant cases. The movie finally theatrically released on March 11, 2022. ==Plot== In 1978 in Italy, Vikramaditya is a world-renowned palmist. Dubbed as the "Einstein of palmistry," he is a disciple of the saint Paramahamsa. Vikramaditya, who does not believe in relationships, instantly falls for doctor Prerana. They meet on a train but separate thereafter. One day, Vikramaditya reads the palm of businessman Anand Rajput. As Vikramaditya does not predict the future in his favour, Rajput's men chase him which results in his accident. He admits into Prerana's hospital and is treated there. After recovering, Vikramaditya proposes Prerana to be in a firtationship with him. Prerana, however, leaves the town but Vikramaditya follows her all the way. She accepts and they begin to date each other. Prerana's uncle, however, asks her not to develop any feelings towards Vikramaditya. ===Travel on train=== When Vikramaditya and Prerana are traveling on a train, a stranger requests him to read the palm of his daughter, an aspiring archer. He predicts that she does not have any future in sports, and she should instead focus on education. Amazed by Vikramaditya's skill, everyone in the coach ask for predictions by showing their palm but Vikramaditya hesitantly gets down along with Prerana. However, he realizes that everyone on the train is destined to an immediate death. He chases the train to stop it but in vain. Later that evening, the train meets an accident, leading to several casualties. Prerana, who starts to believe in palmistry, asks Vikramaditya to read her palm. He predicts that she would have a long life with a bright future but she faints immediately with a bleeding nose. Prerana is admitted to the hospital where her uncle, who is also a doctor, reveals that she is suffering from an incurable tumor and may die within months. Vikramaditya disagrees since he predicted otherwise but is thrown out of the hospital. ===Hope=== Prerana is now hopeful of her life. Her uncle, on the other hand, believes Vikramaditya is a fraud and only medicine can change her fate. He tests Vikramaditya with dead people's palms, and Vikramaditya deduces all of them correctly. Her uncle changes his mind and trusts Vikramaditya's prediction. As expected, a cure for Prerana's disease was found. Filled with happiness, Prerana proposes Vikramaditya. However, he rejects her saying, he cannot love her as he does not possess a "love-line" and would be leaving the country soon. Dejected Prerana attempts to suicide with grief but comes across Vikramaditya's diary. She learns that Vikramaditya was prepared to sacrifice his life to save her. Before leaving, Vikramaditya takes Prerana to a ballroom dance as per her wish and the couple spends the night intimately. Prerana leaves a note in the diary that she'd choose to give up her life instead when such situation arises. She willingly meets a car accident and is admitted to the hospital. ===In London=== Vikramaditya is in [[London]] for her mother's dance show. She reads Prerana's note in the diary. He calls the hospital and is shocked to know the condition of Prerana. He urges Prerana to live, promising to meet her soon. When Vikramaditya is in a dilemma about his prediction, he comes across the girl in the train who has lost her hand in the accident. She tells Vikramaditya that since she does not have a palm now, she can write her destiny. Vikramaditya who is now in hurry to meet Prerana boards on a cargo ship to Italy which is captained by a person he met in the hospital. However, the ship is caught by a storm in the sea and everyone abandons the ship on the captain's orders. Vikramaditya, however, is trapped in the ship alone. Overwhelmed by the force of nature, Vikramaditya struggles for survival. He recalls his guru Paramahamsa's assertion that palmistry is only 99% accurate, and there are 1% of the people who script their own destiny. Determined to be alive, he uses all his strength to reach a high point and fires a flare gun. The captain returns with a lifeboat. The ship sinks but the drowned Vikramaditya manages to be afloat. Later, Vikramaditya arrives at the hospital and reunites with the recovered Prerana. == Cast == * [[Prabhas]] as Vikramaditya, a palmist<ref name=TOI /> * [[Pooja Hegde]] as Prerana, a doctor<ref name=TOI /> * [[Jayaram]] as Jayaraj Ship Captain ([[Cameo appearance|Cameo Appearance]]) * [[Krishnam Raju]] as Paramahamsa (Telugu) * [[Sathyaraj]] as Paramahamsa (Hindi) * [[Jagapathi Babu]] * [[Sachin Khedekar]] * Priyadarshi * Murali Sharma * Kunaal Roy Kapur * Sathyan * Jayaram * Flora Jacob as [[Indira Gandhi]] * Sasha Chettri == Production == The movie was launched on 5 September 2018 tentatively titled as #Prabhas20.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Prabhas20 Launch|url=https://twitter.com/director_radhaa/status/1037580679381278720|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-16|website=Twitter}}</ref> Veteran actress [[Bhagyashree]] is cast in a crucial role in the movie.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Veteran actress Bhagyashree lands a crucial role in Prabhas' 20 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/veteran-bollywood-actress-bhagyashree-lands-a-crucial-role-in-prabhas-20/articleshow/73520123.cms|access-date=2020-06-16|website=The Times of India }}</ref> The movie is a romantic drama set in 1970's [[Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 11, 2019|title=Prabhas starts weight loss regime for his romantic drama with Radha Krishna|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-starts-weight-loss-regime-for-his-romantic-drama-with-radha-krishna-1597863-2019-09-11|access-date=2020-06-16|website=India Today }}</ref> Principal photography commenced on 6 October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-03|title=Prabhas all set to start shooting for his 20th film - Check out his latest pic|url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/prabhas-to-start-shooting-for-his-twentieth-film-check-out-superstars-latest-pic-2145425.html|access-date=2020-06-16|website=Zee News }}</ref> Filming took place in [[Hyderabad]], [[Turin]] ([[Italy]]) and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], after which it was suspended due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 22, 2020|title=Covid-19: Prabhas follows self-quarantine after wrapping up Georgia schedule of his next film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/covid-19-prabhas-follows-self-quarantine-after-wrapping-up-georgia-schedule-of-his-next-film-1658410-2020-03-22|access-date=2020-06-16|website=India Today }}</ref> Filming resumed in Italy in October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prabhas leaves for Italy to recommence shooting for Radhe Shyam|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/oct/01/radhe-shyam-prabhas-leaves-to-italy-to-recommence-shooting-20559.html|access-date=2020-10-02|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> In December 2020, few crucial scenes were shot at the [[Falaknuma Palace]] in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Balach|first=Logesh|date=|title=Prabhas shoots for Radhe Shyam at Falaknuma Palace in Hyderabad|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-shoots-for-radhe-shyam-at-falaknuma-palace-in-hyderabad-1756413-2021-01-06|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-09|website=India Today}}</ref> Final schedule of the movie began on 25 June 2021 in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-25|title=Prabhas's 'Radhe Shyam' resumes shooting, Pooja Hegde joins sets|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/prabhass-radhe-shyam-resumes-shooting-pooja-hegde-joins-sets-151250|access-date=2021-06-26|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-26|title=Prabhas resumes shoot for Radhe Shyam|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/prabhas-resumes-shoot-for-radhe-shyam-7375123/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Chennai|first1=Janani K.|title=Prabhas and Pooja Hegde's Radhe Shyam final leg of shoot resumes today in Hyderabad|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-and-pooja-hegde-s-radhe-shyam-final-leg-of-shoot-resumes-today-in-hyderabad-1819138-2021-06-25|access-date=2021-06-28|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Filming was completed wrapped up on 28 July 2021. ==Music== [[A. R. Rahman]] was reportedly approached to compose music for the movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telugu360.com/ar-rahman-may-team-up-for-prabhas-radhe-shyam/|title=AR Rahman may team up for Prabhas' Radhe Shyam|date=16 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ar-rahman-compose-music-prabhas-upcoming-film-radha-krishna-kumar-536217|title = AR Rahman to compose music for Prabhas&#039; upcoming film with Radha Krishna Kumar?|date = 27 May 2020|access-date = 13 October 2021|archive-date = 29 October 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211029210323/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ar-rahman-compose-music-prabhas-upcoming-film-radha-krishna-kumar-536217|url-status = dead}}</ref> However, Rahman did not sign the movie. The movie has two different soundtracks for Hindi and Telugu versions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-02-11|title=Prabhas starrer Radhe Shyam to have different music teams from different markets across the country|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/prabhas-starrer-radhe-shyam-different-music-teams-different-markets-across-country/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-11|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The Hindi soundtrack is composed by [[Mithoon]], [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]] and Manan Bhardwaj,<ref>{{Cite web|last=T-series|date=30 July 2021|title=Radhe Shyam|url=https://twitter.com/TSeries/status/1420956563183865862?s=19|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Twitter}}</ref> while [[Justin Prabhakaran]] is composing the songs in the Telugu version in addition to the [[film score|movie score]] for both versions. [[Kumaar]], [[Manoj Muntashir]], [[Rashmi Virag]], Mithoon,Tanishk Bagchi and Krishna Kanth are providing lyrics for Hindi and Telugu soundtrack respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-11|title=Radhe Shyam to have music composers from across industries|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/radhe-shyam-to-have-music-composers-from-across-industries-7184454/|access-date=2021-02-11|website=The Indian Express }}</ref> == Release == The movie was originally scheduled to release on 30 July 2021, however, it was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=2021-07-28|title=Release date turned announcement date for 'Radhe Shyam'|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/release-date-turned-announcement-date-for-radhe-shyam-698492|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> Later in July 2021, it was announced that the movie will be released on 14 January 2022, co-inciding with the festival of [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]], in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], and [[Malayalam]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-30|title=Prabhas Unveils New Release Date of Radhe Shyam, Film to Hit Theatres on Pongal 2022|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/prabhas-unveils-new-release-date-of-radhe-shyam-film-to-hit-theatres-on-pongal-2022-4024670.html|access-date=2021-07-30|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Taneja|first=Parina|date=2021-07-30|title=Prabhas, Pooja Hegde's romantic saga Radhe Shyam to release in January 2022|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/prabhas-pooja-hegde-romantic-saga-radhe-shyam-release-date-14-january-2022-722997|access-date=2021-07-30|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Radhe Shyam's Sanchari has Prabhas exploring Europe for love. Watch video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/radhe-shyam-sanchari-prabhas-exploring-europe-watch-video-7675844/ |newspaper=indianexpress.com |date=17 December 2021 |access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref> But because of the surge in Omicron variant cases, it was postponed. == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{IMDb title|8960382}} [[Category:2020s Indian movies]] [[Category:Hindi-language movies]] [[Category:Movies set in Italy]] [[Category:Movies set in Georgia (country)]] [[Category:Movies set in India]] [[Category:Telugu-language movies]] [[Category:Movies set in Europe]] [[Category:2022 movies]] [[Category:2022 romance movies]] [[Category:Time travel movies]] hx5ju8nn6ult0k7nac4ez47mk78skk1 0 883215 10878776 10365219 2026-06-04T14:08:52Z Makenzis 687567 10878776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Slovan Bratislava | current = 2021–22 ŠK Slovan Bratislava season | image = SK Slovan Bratislava logo.svg | alt = logo | upright = 0.75 | fullname = Športový klub Slovan Bratislava futbal, a.s. | nickname = ''Belasí'' (Sky blues)<br />''Jastrabi z Tehelného poľa'' (The Hawks from Brickfield) | founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1919|5|3}}<br />as ''1. ČsŠK Bratislava'' | ground = [[Tehelné pole]] | capacity = 22,500<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://narodnyfutbalovystadion.sk/aktuality/%C5%A1tadi%C3%B3n-v-%C4%8D%C3%ADslach|title=Štadión v číslach &#124; narodnyfutbalovystadion.sk|website=narodnyfutbalovystadion.sk|access-date=2021-11-11|archive-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222655/http://narodnyfutbalovystadion.sk/aktuality/%C5%A1tadi%C3%B3n-v-%C4%8D%C3%ADslach|url-status=dead}}</ref> | chairman = [[Ivan Kmotrík]] | chrtitle = President | mgrtitle = Manager | manager = [[Vladimír Weiss (footballer, born 1964)|Vladimír Weiss]] | league = [[Slovak Super Liga|Fortuna liga]] | season = 2025–26 | position = Champions | website = http://www.skslovan.com/ | pattern_la1 = _slovan2021h | pattern_b1 = _slovan2021h | pattern_ra1 = _slovan2021h | pattern_sh1 = _slovan2021h | pattern_so1 = _color_3_stripes_white | leftarm1 = 00BFFF | body1 = 00BFFF | rightarm1 = 00BFFF | shorts1 = 00BFFF | socks1 = 00BFFF | pattern_la2 = _slovan2021a | pattern_b2 = _slovan2021a | pattern_ra2 = _slovan2021a | pattern_sh2 = _slovan2021a | pattern_so2 = _slovan2021a | leftarm2 = 000066 | body2 = 000066 | rightarm2 = 000066 | shorts2 = 000066 | socks2 = 000066 | pattern_la3 = _slovan2122t | pattern_b3 = _slovan2122t | pattern_ra3 = _slovan2122t | pattern_sh3 = _slovan2122t | pattern_so3 = _slovan1920h | leftarm3 = FFFFFF | body3 = FFFFFF | rightarm3 = FFFFFF | shorts3 = FFFFFF | socks3 = FFFFFF }} '''ŠK Slovan Bratislava''' ({{IPA-sk|ˈslɔʋam ˈbratɕislaʋa}}, "[[Bratislava]] [[Slav]]") is a [[association football|football]] club. It is based in [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]]. They play in the [[Slovak Super Liga]]. It was founded in 1919. Slovan is the most successful team in Slovakia with the most titles in both league and cup in the country. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Bratislava]] [[Category:1919 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:Slovak football clubs|Slovan Bratislava]] {{multistub|sports|Europe}} 3olmp745g2i4tlralg4wq28jdda08oh 0 900555 10878968 10865845 2026-06-04T19:38:30Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 10878968 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party.svg|thumb|169x169px|Current flag of the PKK]] The '''Kurdistan Workers' Party''', ({{langx|ku|پارتیی کرێکارانی کوردستان |Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê}}) or the '''PKK''', is a [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] [[militant]] political organization and armed guerrilla group currently operating in southeastern [[Turkey]], northern [[Iraq]] and north-eastern [[Syria]]. It was founded by [[Abdullah Öcalan]] in the 1970s. Since 1984, there have been many armed clashes between them and the Turkish government. Although the PKK initially sought an independent Kurdish state, in the 1990s its official platform changed to seeking autonomy and increased political and cultural rights for [[Kurdish people|Kurds]] within [[Turkey]]. They are recognised as a terrorist organisation by [[Turkey]], [[United States]], and the [[European Union]]. It is recognized as a terrorist organization by the United States and supported at the same time. == First terrorist attacks 1984 == With the first [[terrorist attack]] in 1984, the PKK launched its terrorist attacks against Turkey.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The PKK: Coming down from the mountains.|last=White|first=Paul|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2015|pages=}}</ref> It was met with a violent military reaction, and repeated clashes caused many losses and massive migrations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Aydın-Düzgit|first1=Senem|last2=Keyman|first2=Fuan|date=2017|title=Turkey's Kurdish Conflict and Retreat From Democracy.|url=https://policycommons.net/artifacts/431581/turkeys-kurdish-conflict-and-retreat-from-democracy/1402654/|access-date=|website=Policy Commons|archive-date=2024-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211134857/https://policycommons.net/artifacts/431581/turkeys-kurdish-conflict-and-retreat-from-democracy/1402654/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The following years resulted in continuous fighting and tension, leading up to the capture and imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan in 1999 and their admitted military defeat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Jongerden|first=Joost|date=2017|title=Gender equality and radical democracy: Contractions and conflicts in relation to the "new paradigm" within the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)|url=https://journals.openedition.org/anatoli/618|journal=Anatoli. De l'Adriatique à la Caspienne. Territoires, Politique, Sociétés|volume=8|pages=233–256}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Ünal |first=Mustafa Coşar |date=2016 |title=Counterinsurgency and military strategy: An analysis of the Turkish Army's COIN strategies/doctrines. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24838662 |journal=Military Operations Research |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=55–88|jstor=24838662 }}</ref> This led to internal divisions in the party.<ref name=":1" /> == Peace talks == [[File:Flag of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (1978-1995).svg|thumb|The first flag of the PKK which was adopted from their establishment in 1978 until 1995 when they gave up the idea of an independent Kurdish state and instead focused more on autonomy within Turkey.]] Since the divisions, several ceasefires have been declared and peace talks have been held. However, the conflict has not ended and as recently as 2016 there was a renewed rise in violence.<ref name=":4" /> == Peace possible == In February 2025, [[Abdullah Öcalan|Öcalan]]<nowiki/> called on his followers in the PKK to stop their fighting against Turkey. He also said the organisation should dissolve (stop existing). <ref>{{Cite web|title=End of an era? PKK leader Ocalan orders militants to end war with Turkey, 'dissolve' - AL-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2025/02/end-era-pkk-leader-ocalan-orders-militants-end-war-turkey-dissolve|access-date=2025-02-27|website=www.al-monitor.com|language=en}}</ref> On May 12 the party said to all that it would stop fighting Turkey. Instead it wants to be a [[political party]]. The PKK says it has completed what it wanted to do but also that it has guilt from dead civilians in the conflict. Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan said the decision of "historic importance" and could bring "lasting peace and stability" to everyone in [[Kurdistan]]. Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan said that the decision was a start. It is likely the PKK will not stop fighting turkey.[https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/kurdish-pkk-dissolves-after-decades-struggle-with-turkey-news-agency-close-2025-05-12/] ==Ideology== ===Original ideology=== The PKK started as an ideologically leftist nationalist movement which applied [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxism-Leninism]] thought of [[class struggle]] and national liberation to the Kurdish national context.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last1=Balci |first1=Ali |title=The PKK-Kurdistan Workers' Party's Regional Politics During and After the Cold War |date=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan Cham |isbn=978-3-319-42218-3 |edition=Ebook |location=Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey |pages=1–19 |access-date=}}</ref> Through their first years (1978-1986) their goal was achieving an independent [[Kurdistan]] from Turkey, [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], and [[Syria]]. They also wanted to seize state power through armed revolution to establish a Kurdish socialist state.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal |last1=Akkaya |first1=Ahmed Hamdi |date=3 Aug 2020 |title=The PKK's Ideological Odyssey |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19448953.2020.1801241?src=recsys |journal=Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=730–745 |doi=10.1080/19448953.2020.1801241 |s2cid=221468512 |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> ===Changes=== Their ideology went through changes from 1985 until 1995. This was a period in which [[Abdullah Öcalan|Öcalan]] made various criticisms of socialist organizations at the time, questioning the focus on state led [[socialism]] and calling for a merging of socialist ideals with democratic and pluralist ones.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /> During this time their ideal of creating an independent Kurdish state shifted and a political solution without [[separatism]] was proposed. One of their main demands was for the [[Kurdish language]] to be given official recognition in [[Turkey]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Yegen |first=Mesut |date=2016 |title=Armed struggle to peace negotiations: Independent Kurdistan to democratic autonomy, or the PKK in context. |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19436149.2016.1218162 |journal=Middle East Critique |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=365–383 |doi=10.1080/19436149.2016.1218162|s2cid=151818546 }}</ref> These changes further developed after 1999 after Öcalan was imprisoned and started reading [[Murray Bookchin]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Akkaya |first1=Ahmet Hamdi |last2=Jongerden |first2=Joost |date=2012-06-01 |title=Reassembling the Political: The PKK and the project of Radical Democracy |url=https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4615 |journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey |language=en |issue=14 |doi=10.4000/ejts.4615 |issn=1773-0546}}</ref> Since then, the PKK has shifted to an ideology of democratic confederalism with a strong focus on radical [[direct democracy]], feminism and environmentalism.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gerber |first1=Damian |last2=Brincat |first2=Shannon |date=2021-07-05 |title=When Öcalan met Bookchin: The Kurdish Freedom Movement and the Political Theory of Democratic Confederalism |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2018.1508016 |journal=Geopolitics |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=973–997 |doi=10.1080/14650045.2018.1508016 |s2cid=150297675 |issn=1465-0045}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haner |first1=Murat |last2=Cullen |first2=Francis |last3=Benson |first3=Micheal |date=3 Feb 2019 |title=Women and the PKK: Ideology, Gender, and Terrorism |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1057567719826632 |journal=International Criminal Justice Review |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=279–301 |doi=10.1177/1057567719826632|s2cid=150900998 }}</ref> This has also led to a change in their demands as they no longer believe in the nation-state and therefore seek autonomy and the slow disappearance of borders rather than an independent state. They seek to establish autonomy in [[Northern Kurdistan]] similar to the autonomous regions their fellow Kurds have established in northern Iraq ([[Kurdistan Region]]) and northern Syria ([[Rojava]]). They also demand that [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] be recognised as an [[official language]] in Turkey.<ref name=":5" /> ==Tactics== [[File:Kurdish PKK fighters.jpg|thumb|Kurdish PKK militants]] [[File:Kurdish PKK Guerillas̠06.jpg|thumb|Kurdish PKK militants]] [[File:Kurdish PKK Guerilla (21556798211).jpg|thumb|Kurdish PKK militant]] [[File:Kurdish PKK Guerilla (20954212709).jpg|thumb|Kurdish PKK militant]] [[File:Kurdish PKK Guerilla (11547535836).jpg|thumb|Kurdish PKK militant]] ===Warfare=== [[File:Kurdish PKK Guerilla (11517147416).jpg|thumb|Kurdish PKK militant]] [[File:Kurdish PKK Guerilla (11485459486).jpg|thumb|Kurdish PKK militant]] [[File:Kurdish PKK Guerilla (11497322844).jpg|thumb|Kurdish PKK militant]] [[File:Kurdish PKK Guerillas (11503913825).jpg|thumb|Kurdish PKK militants]] The party has used several guerrilla tactics since its existence, taking inspiration from [[Che Guevara]]’s [[Guerrilla warfare|Guerrilla Warfare]].<ref name=":1" /> One of these was the strategic use of mountains they were familiar with, but [[Turkish Armed Forces|Turkish armed forces]] were not. To escape from Turkish persecution, members of the PKK have also strategically crossed borders to Syria, Iraq or Iran. In the 1990s, they started using bomb attacks and shifted to positional warfare.<ref name=":0" /> ===Politics=== Along with its ideological change since the 1990s the PKK also experienced strategic transformations. They entered the field of law, electoral politics and media.<ref name=":5" /> Additionally, after Öcalan's arrest the PKK argued that they went into defense mode militarily without giving up their armed struggle, and put focus into constructing a civil society and electoral politics.<ref name=":6" /> ==Recognition== Due to the fact that he carried out terrorist attacks against civilians, the PKK is registered as a terrorist organisation by Turkey, the [[European Union]], [[NATO]], and most Western governments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casier |first=Marlies |date=2010 |title=Designated Terrorists: The Kurdistan Workers' Party and its Struggle to (Re)Gain Political Legitimacy |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13629395.2010.517105 |journal=Mediterranean Politics |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=393–413 |doi=10.1080/13629395.2010.517105 |hdl=1854/LU-1029474 |s2cid=154964620 |issn=1362-9395}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=13.10.2008|title=Newsletter: 4/2008 - PKK terrorist attacks continue unabated|work=Turkish Embassy in Bratislava|url=https://bratislava-emb.mfa.gov.tr/Mission/ShowAnnouncement/115668#:~:text=Since%201984%2C%20PKK's%20terrorist%20activities,of%20PKK%20%2FKONGRA%2DGEL.|access-date=13.10.2008}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=14.11.2022|title=Civilians targeted in years of terrorist group PKK attacks on Türkiye|work=Anadolu Agency|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/civilians-targeted-in-years-of-terrorist-group-pkk-attacks-on-turkiye/2737858|access-date=14.11.2022}}</ref>Yet, this definition has been contested by other countries, the PKK itself and other institutions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Geerdink |first=Fréderike |date=31 March 2022 |title=What the PKK hearing at EU's Court of Justice is all about |work=Medya News |url=https://medyanews.net/what-the-pkk-hearing-at-eus-court-of-justice-is-all-about/}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Butler, Toksabay|first=Daren, Ece|date=12 May 2025|title=Kurdish PKK ends 40-year Turkey insurgency, bringing hope of regional stability|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/kurdish-pkk-dissolves-after-decades-struggle-with-turkey-news-agency-close-2025-05-12/|access-date=30 May 2025|website=Reuters|no-pp=y|bibcode-access=free|hdl-access=free|jstor-access=free|ol-access=free|osti-access=free}}</ref> [[Category:Nationalist organizations in Asia]] [[Category:1970s establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Kurdish organizations]] <references /> [[Category:Terrorism]] 9k5gsxlnbjwn5x7zqibhfnmmbzbyha8 10 903923 10879347 10853545 2026-06-05T05:39:49Z FonzuHarp 1759780 There is p̪fʼ in Afade, Tsetsaut, and Venda 10879347 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="IPA common/styles.css" />{{(!}} role="presentation" class="{{#if:[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{#switch:{{yesno|yes|no=no}}{{yesno|yes|no=no}}{{yesno|yes|no=no}}|yesnono=[[Ejective consonant]]s|noyesno=[[Click consonant]]s|nonoyes=[[Implosive consonant]]s|Non-[[Pulmonic consonant|pulmonic]] [[consonant]]s}}|IPA-common-captioned}} " style="" {{#if:[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{#switch:{{yesno|yes|no=no}}{{yesno|yes|no=no}}{{yesno|yes|no=no}}|yesnono=[[Ejective consonant]]s|noyesno=[[Click consonant]]s|nonoyes=[[Implosive consonant]]s|Non-[[Pulmonic consonant|pulmonic]] [[consonant]]s}}|! class="IPA-common-caption" style="" {{!}} [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{#switch:{{yesno|yes|no=no}}{{yesno|yes|no=no}}{{yesno|yes|no=no}}|yesnono=[[Ejective consonant]]s|noyesno=[[Click consonant]]s|nonoyes=[[Implosive consonant]]s|Non-[[Pulmonic consonant|pulmonic]] [[consonant]]s}}}} |- | {| class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable " style="" |- class="wrap wraplinks" ! {{#ifeq:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|yes||colspan="2"}} {{!}} ! scope="col" | [[Bilabial consonant|{{abbr|BL|Bilabial}}]] {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|! scope="col" {{!}} [[Labiodental consonant|{{abbr|LD|Labiodental}}]]}} ! scope="col" | [[Dental consonant|{{abbr|D|Dental}}]] ! scope="col" | [[Alveolar consonant|{{abbr|A|Alveolar}}]] ! scope="col" | [[Postalveolar consonant|{{abbr|PA|Postalveolar}}]] {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|! scope="col" {{!}} [[Retroflex consonant|{{abbr|RF|Retroflex}}]]}} ! scope="col" | [[Palatal consonant|{{abbr|P|Palatal}}]] {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|! scope="col" {{!}} [[Velar consonant|{{abbr|V|Velar}}]]}}{{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|<nowiki/> ! scope="col" {{!}} [[Uvular consonant|{{abbr|U|Uvular}}]]}}{{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|<nowiki/> ! scope="col" {{!}} [[Pharyngeal consonant|{{abbr|EG|Epiglottal}}]]}} |- {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}| {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|! scope="row" rowspan="{{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|7|3}}" {{!}} [[Ejective consonant|Ejective]]}} ! scope="row" {{!}} [[Plosive|Stop]] {{!}} {{IPA link|pʼ}} {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{IPA link|t̪ʼ}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{IPA link|tʼ}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder" {{!}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ʈʼ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|cʼ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|kʼ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|qʼ}} {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}| {{!}}- ! scope="row" {{!}} Sibilant [[affricate]] {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{!}} {{IPA link|t̪s̪ʼ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|tsʼ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|t̠ʃʼ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ʈʂʼ}} {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} }} {{!}}- ! scope="row" {{!}} Non-sibilant affricate {{!}} {{!}} {{IPA link|p̪fʼ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|t̪θʼ}} {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} {{IPA link|kxʼ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|qχʼ}} {{!}} }} {{!}}- ! scope="row" {{!}} Sibilant [[fricative]] {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} {{IPA link|sʼ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ʃʼ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ʂʼ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ɕʼ}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}| {{!}}- ! scope="row" {{!}} Non-sibilant fricative {{!}} {{IPA link|ɸʼ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|fʼ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|θʼ}} {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} {{IPA link|xʼ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|χʼ}} {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}| {{!}}- ! scope="row" {{!}} [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] affricate {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{IPA link|tɬʼ}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder" {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} {{IPA link|c𝼆ʼ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|k𝼄ʼ}} {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} }} {{!}}- ! scope="row" {{!}} Lateral fricative {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{IPA link|ɬʼ}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder" {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}| {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|! scope="row" rowspan="6" {{!}} [[Click consonant|Click]]<br />(top: velar;<br />bottom: uvular)}} ! scope="row" {{!}} [[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]] {{!}} class="IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{IPA link|ʘ|kʘ<br />qʘ}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder" {{!}}}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ǀ|kǀ<br />qǀ}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{IPA link|ǃ|kǃ<br />qǃ}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder" {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}} {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|{{IPA link|𝼊|k‼<br />q‼}}}}}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ǂ|kǂ<br />qǂ}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}}{{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}}{{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}} {{!}}- ! scope="row" {{!}} [[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]] {{!}} class="IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{IPA link|ʘ̬|ɡʘ<br />ɢʘ}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder" {{!}}}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ǀ̬|ɡǀ<br />ɢǀ}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{IPA link|ǃ̬|ɡǃ<br />ɢǃ}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder" {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}} {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|{{IPA link|‼̬|ɡ‼<br />ɢ‼}}}}}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ǂ̬|ɡǂ<br />ɢǂ}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}}{{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}}{{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}} {{!}}- ! scope="row" {{!}} [[Nasal click|Nasal]] {{!}} class="IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{IPA link|ʘ̃|ŋʘ<br />ɴʘ}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder" {{!}}}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ǀ̃|ŋǀ<br />ɴǀ}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{IPA link|ǃ̃|ŋǃ<br />ɴǃ}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder" {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}} {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|{{IPA link|‼̃|ŋ‼<br />ɴ‼}}}}}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ǂ̃|ŋǂ<br />ɴǂ}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|{{IPA link|ʞ}}<br />&nbsp;}}}}{{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}}{{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}} {{!}}- ! scope="row" {{!}} Tenuis [[Lateral click|lateral]] {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{IPA link|ǁ|kǁ<br />qǁ}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder" {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}}}} {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}}{{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}}{{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}} {{!}}- ! scope="row" {{!}} Voiced lateral {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{IPA link|ǁ̬|ɡǁ<br />ɢǁ}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder" {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}}}} {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}}{{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}}{{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}} {{!}}- ! scope="row" {{!}} Nasal lateral {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{IPA link|ǁ̃|ŋǁ<br />ɴǁ}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder" {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}}}} {{!}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}}{{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}}{{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|<nowiki/> {{!}} class="IPA-common-shaded" {{!}}}} {{!}}- }} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}| {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|! scope="row" rowspan="2" {{!}} [[Implosive consonant|Implosive]]}} ! scope="row" {{!}} Voiced {{!}} {{IPA link|ɓ}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}}}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{IPA link|ɗ}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder" {{!}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ᶑ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ʄ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ɠ}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ʛ}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}}}} {{!}}- ! scope="row" {{!}} [[Voicelessness|Voiceless]] {{!}} {{IPA link|ɓ̥}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}}}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder" {{!}} {{IPA link|ɗ̥}} {{!}} class="IPA-common-noleftborder" {{!}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ᶑ̊}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ʄ̊}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ɠ̊}} {{!}} {{IPA link|ʛ̥}} {{#if:{{yesno|yes}}|{{!}}}} }} |} |- | class="IPA-common-notes" | {{#if:|{{#if:[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{#switch:{{yesno|yes|no=no}}{{yesno|yes|no=no}}{{yesno|yes|no=no}}|yesnono=[[Ejective consonant]]s|noyesno=[[Click consonant]]s|nonoyes=[[Implosive consonant]]s|Non-[[Pulmonic consonant|pulmonic]] [[consonant]]s}}|----}}}} <div class="hlist"> * [[Help:IPA|IPA help]] * [[International Phonetic Alphabet chart|full chart]]{{template other| * [[Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants/table{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|/sandbox}}|table]]{{#ifexist:Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants/audiotable| ** [[Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants/audiotable{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|/sandbox}}|audio]]}}}} * [[Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants|template]] </div> {{yesno|yes|yes={{yesno|no|no={{#if:{{yesno|yes}}{{yesno|yes}}|Gray areas are sounds which are impossible.}}|yes=}}}} |} <noinclude> {{Documentation}} [[Category:IPA templates]] </noinclude> eg5tb5u3ax4gnhtktdnkc3yx0z43w21 0 905391 10879349 10876310 2026-06-05T05:51:16Z FonzuHarp 1759780 /* External links */ 10879349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Voiceless coronal fricative table}} In phonetics, voiceless alveolar fricatives are types of [[consonant]]al sounds. == Sibilant == {{Infobox IPA|ipa symbol=s|ipa-number=132|decimal=115|xsampa=s|kirshenbaum=s}} The '''voiceless alveolar fricative''' is a type of [[consonant]]. The letter for this sound in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] is ⟨{{IPA|s}}⟩. The [[X-SAMPA]] symbol for this sound is <samp>⟨s⟩</samp>. The [[English (language)|English]] language has this sound, and it is the sound represented by 's' in ''sun'' and ''sorry''. == Features == {{Consonants|voiceless|alveolar|fricative}} == Examples == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning |- | colspan=2 | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|ady-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''с'''э]]}}/sė ||{{IPA|[sa]}} || 'I' |- | [[Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]]{{sfnp|Thelwall|1990|p=37}} || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|جَلَسَ]]|rtl=yes}}/ǧalasa ||{{IPA|[ˈdʒælæsɐ]}} || 'to sit' |- | colspan="2" | [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]]|| ܣܝܦܐ {{lang|aii-Latn|[[Syriac alphabet|'''s'''èpa]]}} || {{IPA|[seːpaː]}}|| 'sword' |- | colspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|'''রা'''স্তা]]}} || {{IPA|[raːst̪a]}}|| 'street' |- | colspan=2 | [[Burmese language|Burmese]] || [[Burmese alphabet|စစားဗျီ]]/ca carr bhye ||{{IPA|[sə sá bjì]}} || 'I am eating now' |- | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Cantonese Chinese|Cantonese]] || {{lang|yue-Hant|[[Chinese characters|閃]]}} / {{lang|yue-Latn|'''s'''im2}} || {{IPA|[siːm˧˥]}} || 'twinkle' |- | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Belgian Standard{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=190}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''s'''taan]]}} || {{IPA|[staːn]}} || 'to stand' |- | colspan=2 | [[Emilian-Romagnol language|Emilian and Romagnol]] || {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|'''s'''èl]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈs̺ʲɛːl]}} || 'salt' |- | colspan=2 | [[Estonian language|Estonian]] || {{lang|et|[[Estonian alphabet|'''s'''õna]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈsɤnɑ]}} || 'word' |- | colspan=2 | [[English language|English]] || [[English orthography|'''s'''it]] || {{IPA|[sɪt]|help=no}} || 'sit' |- | colspan="2" | [[Esperanto]] || {{lang|eo|[[Esperanto orthography|E'''s'''peranto]]}} || {{IPA|[espeˈranto]}}|| 'Who hopes' |- | colspan=2 | [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || {{lang|fo|'''s'''andur}} || {{IPA|[sandʊɹ]}} || 'sand' |- | colspan=2 | [[Georgian language|Georgian]]{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}} || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian alphabet|'''ს'''ამი]]}}/sami ||{{IPA|[ˈsɑmi]}} || 'three' |- | colspan=2 | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] || {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|ספר]]|rtl=yes}}/sefer ||{{IPA|[ˈsefeʁ]}} || 'book' |- | colspan=2 | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|साल]]}} / {{Lang|ur|[[Urdu alphabet|سال]]|rtl=yes}}||{{IPA|[saːl]}} || 'year' |- | colspan=2 | [[Japanese language|Japanese]]{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=117}} || {{lang|ja|[[Kanji|複数形]]}} / {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Romanization of Japanese|fuku'''s'''ūkē]]}} || {{IPA|[ɸɯkɯsɯːkeː]}} || 'plural' |- | colspan=2 | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''с'''э]]}}/sė ||{{IPA|[sa]}} || 'I' |- | colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|អេស្ប៉ាញ]]}} / {{transl|km|é'''s'''panh}} || {{IPA|[ʔeːpaːɲ]}} || ''noun'': 'Spain'<br />''adjective'': 'Spanish' |- | colspan=2 | [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko|[[Korean alphabet|섬]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Romanization of Korean|'''s'''eom]]}} || {{IPA|[sʌːm]}} || 'island' |- | colspan=2 | [[Malay language|Malay]] || {{lang|ms|[[Malay alphabet|'''s'''atu]]}} || {{IPA|[satu]}} || 'one' |- | colspan=2 | [[Maltese language|Maltese]] || {{lang|mt|[[Maltese alphabet|iebe'''s''']]}} || {{IPA|[eaˈbes]}} || 'hard' |- | colspan=2 | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|[[Devanagari|साप]]}}||{{IPA|[saːp]}} || 'snake' |- | colspan="2" |[[Nepali language|Nepali]] |{{Lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|'''स'''गरमाथा]]}} |{{IPA|[sʌɡʌrmät̪ʰä]}} |'[[Mount Everest]]' |- | colspan="2" | [[Odia language|Odia]] || {{lang|or|[[Odia script|'''ସ'''ମାନ]]}} || {{IPA|[sɔmänɔ]}}|| 'equal' |- | [[Occitan language|Occitan]] || [[Limousin dialect|Limousin]] || {{lang|oc|mai'''ch'''ent}} || {{IPA|[mejˈsẽ]}} || 'bad' |- | colspan=2 | [[Persian language|Persian]] || {{lang|fa|[[Persian alphabet|سیب]]|rtl=yes}} / {{lang|fa-Latn|'''s'''ib}} || {{IPA|[sib]}} || 'apple' |- | colspan=2 | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|ca'''ç'''o]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkasu]}} || 'I hunt' |- | colspan=2 | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || {{lang|pa|[[Gurmukhi|ਸੱਪ]]}}/sapp ||{{IPA|[səpː]}} || 'snake' |- | rowspan=4 | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}} || Latin American || rowspan=4 | {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|'''s'''altador]]}} || rowspan=4 | {{IPA|[s̻al̪t̪aˈð̞o̞r]}} || rowspan=4 | 'jumper' |- | [[Canarian Spanish|Canarian]] |- | [[Andalusian Spanish|Andalusian]] |- | [[Philippine Spanish|Filipino]] |- | colspan=2 | [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || {{lang|sw|Ki'''s'''wahili}} || {{IPA|[kiswaˈhili]}} || '[[Swahili language|Swahili]]' |- | colspan=2 | [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] || {{lang|syl|[[Sylheti Nagari|ꠢꠂ'''ꠍꠦ''']]}}/oise ||{{IPA|[ɔise]}} || 'done' |- | colspan=2 | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}} || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''x'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[saː˧]}} || 'far' |- | colspan=2 | [[Nuosu language|Yi]] || {{lang|ii-Yiii|[[Yi script|ꌦ]]}} {{lang|ii-Latn|[[Yi script|'''s'''y]]}} || {{IPA|[sɻ̩˧]}} || 'die' |} ==Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative== {{Infobox IPA |above=Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative |ipa symbol=t̞ |x-sampa=t_o |soundfile=Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative.ogg }} The '''voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative''' is a sound used in some [[spoken language]]s. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨t̞⟩. It is in Australian, Irish, New Zealand, Scouse, and RP dialects of [[English language|English]]. ===Characteristics=== {{consonants|voiced|alveolar}} * The place of articulation is non-sibilant, also known as slit, which means it doesn't produce hissing. {{consonants|fricative|oral}} ===Examples=== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes |- | [[Emilian language|Emilian]] || [[Bolognese dialect|Bolognese]]{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=72}} || {{lang|egl|[[Italian alphabet|'''z'''idrån]]}} || {{IPA|[θ̠iˈdrʌn]|lang=egl}} || 'lemon' || |- | rowspan="5" | [[English language|English]] || [[Australian English|Australian]]{{sfnp|Loakes|McDougall|2007|pp=1445–1448}}{{sfnp|Jones|McDougall|2009}} || [[English orthography|''ma'''t''''']] || {{IPA|[ˈmæt̞]|lang=en}} || 'mat' || Rare allophone of {{IPA|/t/}}.{{sfnp|Loakes|McDougall|2007|pp=1445–1448}} See [[Australian English phonology]] |- | [[Hiberno-English|Irish]]{{sfnp|Hickey|1984|pp=234–235}} || [[English orthography|''I'''t'''aly'']] || {{IPA|[ˈɪt̞ɪli]|lang=en}} || 'Italy' || Common allophone of {{IPA|/t/|lang=en}}. See {{slink|Hiberno-English#Phonology}} |- | [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]{{sfnp|Fiasson|2016}} || [[English orthography|''ba'''tt'''er'']] || {{IPA|[ˈbɛt̞ə]}} || 'batter' || One of many allophones of intervocalic {{IPA|/t/|lang=en}}; may also be [[preaspirated]]. See [[New Zealand English phonology]] |- | [[Scouse]]{{sfnp|Marotta|Barth|2005|p=385}}{{sfnp|Watson|2007|pp=352–353}} || [[English orthography|''fi'''t''''']] || {{IPA|[ˈfɪθ͇]}} || 'fit' || Common allophone of {{IPA|/t/|lang=en}}. See {{slink|Scouse#Phonology}} |- | [[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Buizza|2011|pp=16–28}} || [[English orthography|''pota'''t'''o'']] || {{audio-IPA|En-uk-potato.ogg|[pə̥ˈtʰɛɪ̯t̞ɜʉ̯]|lang=en}} || 'potato' || Common allophone of intervocalic {{IPA|/t/|lang=en}}.{{sfnp|Buizza|2011|pp=16–28}} See {{slink|Received Pronunciation#Phonology}} |- | colspan="2" | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]<ref name="Pétursson"/>{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=139}} || {{lang|is|[[Icelandic orthography|'''þ'''ú]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Is-Þú.oga|[θ̠uː]|help=no|lang=is}} || 'you' {{nowrap|([[Cognate|≡]] thou)}} || Laminal.<ref name="Pétursson"/>{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=139}} Variably removed from the front teeth, up to (nearly) spot on {{IPAblink|θ}}.{{sfnp|Rögnvaldsson|2017|p=36}} May be affricated word initially<!--Subtext, pretty strongly articulated-->.{{sfnp|Haugen|1958|at=fn. 10}} See [[Icelandic phonology]] |} ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== {{Refbegin}} * {{citation |last = Thelwall |first= Robin |year= 1990 |title= Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=37–41 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300004266 |s2cid= 243640727 }} * {{citation |last1=Collins |first1=Beverley |last2=Mees |first2=Inger M. |year=2003 |orig-year=First published 1981 |title=The Phonetics of English and Dutch |edition=5th |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=978-9004103405 }} * {{citation |last1 = Shosted |first1 = Ryan K. |last2 = Chikovani |first2 = Vakhtang |year= 2006 |title=Standard Georgian |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=255–264 |doi = 10.1017/S0025100306002659 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A7DCF9606BA856FCA5CC25918ADB37EF/S0025100306002659a.pdf/standard_georgian.pdf |doi-access=free }} * {{citation |last=Okada |first=Hideo |year=1999 |chapter=Japanese |editor=International Phonetic Association |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet |pages=117–119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-52163751-0 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_jpn_phon-2 }} * {{citation |last=Cruz-Ferreira |first=Madalena |year= 1995 |title=European Portuguese |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=90–94 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300005223 |s2cid=249414876 }} * {{citation |last1 = Martínez-Celdrán |first1= Eugenio |last2 = Fernández-Planas |first2= Ana Ma. |last3 = Carrera-Sabaté |first3 = Josefina |year= 2003 |title=Castilian Spanish |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=255–259 |doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001373 |url=http://www.ipds.uni-kiel.de/kjk/pub_exx/kk2009_4/spanish/spa.html |doi-access= free }} * {{citation |last=Thompson |first=Laurence C. |year=1959 |title=Saigon phonemics |journal=Language |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=454–476 |doi=10.2307/411232 |jstor=411232 }} {{Refend}} ==External links== {{phoible|s}} {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Consonants]] 4qmthtn21qfvzk69l7sc7kwizcijdbx 0 907687 10879130 10043504 2026-06-04T23:27:30Z NX3710 1629609 /* */ 10879130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jean-Luc Brunel | image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --> | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|09|18}} | birth_place = [[Paris]], [[France]] | death_date = {{Death date and given age|2022|02|19|75|df=y}} | death_place = Paris, France | nationality = French | other_names = "Le fantôme" (The ghost) | occupation = Model scout | years_active = 1970s–2019 | known_for = former head of Karin Models and MC2 Model Management | notable_works = }} '''Jean-Luc Brunel''' (18 September 1946 – 19 February 2022) was a [[French people|French]] [[model (person)|model]] scout and [[modelling agency]] [[manager]]. He was known for working for a modeling agency which was financed by [[Jeffrey Epstein]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Sarnoff|first=Conchita|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/07/22/jeffrey-epstein-pedophile-billionaire-and-his-sex-den|title=Jeffrey Epstein Pedophile Billionaire and His Sex Den|date=22 July 2010|work=The Daily Beast|access-date=21 March 2020|language=en}}</ref> For thirty years, Brunel was accused of [[sexually harassing]] minors.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cobbe|first=Elaine|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jeffrey-epstein-news-paris-model-agent-jean-luc-brunel-accused-rape-criminal-complaint-today-2019-10-17/|title=Ex-model accuses Jeffrey Epstein's friend of rape|date=18 October 2019|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref> His connections with Epstein became known, after Epstein's death.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last1=Swaine|first1=Jon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/aug/17/jean-luc-brunel-jeffrey-epstein-models-sexual-assault|title=Jean-Luc Brunel: three former models say they were sexually assaulted by Jeffrey Epstein friend|date=17 August 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=21 March 2020|last2=Henley|first2=Jon|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|last3=Osborne|first3=Lucy}}</ref> Brunel was accused of getting teenage girls and taking part of a [[sex trafficking]] ring run by Epstein. ==Arrest and indictment== He was arrested on 16 December 2020, and [[criminal charge|charged]] with the [[rape]] of minors by French [[prosecutor]]s.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last1=Ing|first1=Nancy|last2=van Hagen|first2=Isobel|date=19 December 2020|title=French modeling agent charged with rape of a minor in Jeffrey Epstein probe|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/modeling-agent-jean-luc-brunel-charged-rape-minor-jeffrey-epstein-n1251804|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 December 2020|website=[[NBC News]]|language=en}}</ref> In September 2021 he was [[indictment|indicted]] on a single count of rape [or for having raped one time]. The indictment came from an [[allegation]] that in the 1990s, Brunel drugged a 17-year-old model at a nightclub and raped her.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Allen|first=Peter|title=Jeffrey Epstein's model agent friend charged with raping teenager in 1990s|website=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|date=17 September 2021|url=https://metro.co.uk/2021/09/17/jeffrey-epsteins-model-agent-friend-charged-with-rape-in-france-15272281/}}</ref> Brunel said he was innocent.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosman|first=Rebecca|title=Model agent friend of Jeffrey Epstein charged with rape of a minor|website=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=16 September 2021|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/09/16/model-agent-friend-jeffrey-epstein-charged-rape-minor/}}</ref> On 19 February 2022, Brunel was found dead in his jail cell in Paris after [[suicide|hanging himself]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lauwereys |first=Zoé |last2=Pham-Lê |first2=Jérémie |last3=Jacquard |first3=Nicolas |date=19 February 2022 |title=Affaire Epstein : l'ex-agent de mannequins Jean-Luc Brunel retrouvé mort en prison |language=fr |work=[[Le Parisien]] |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/affaire-epstein-lex-agent-de-mannequins-jean-luc-brunel-retrouve-mort-en-prison-19-02-2022-ANC37MSKQBGQBNZZSQMNO6MQ44.php |access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/jean-luc-brunel-death-prison-epstein-b2018793.html|title=Jeffrey Epstein associate Jean-Luc Brunel found dead in cell|last=James|first=Liam|date=19 February 2022|website=The Independent|access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=February 19, 2022|title=Epstein: Model scout Jean-Luc Brunel found dead in jail|pages=1|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60443518|access-date=February 19, 2022}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brunel, Jean-Luc}} [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:2022 deaths]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Paris]] [[Category:Jeffrey Epstein]] [[Category:People accused of child sexual abuse]] [[Category:People who committed suicide in prison custody]] [[Category:Suicide in the 2020s]] [[Category:Suicides by hanging]] [[Category:Suicides in France]] {{bio-stub}} hggi9sftzj4aoq32pu3y54qs9u0ul9t 0 914925 10879397 10341327 2026-06-05T07:40:03Z Pyb en résidence 1300175 /* Color photography */ photo (better quality) 10879397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} {{Infobox scientist | birth_name = Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann | name = Gabriel Lippmann | image = Gabriel Lippmann2.jpg | image_size = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1845|8|16}} | birth_place = [[Bonnevoie]]/Bouneweg, Luxembourg (since 1921 part of [[Luxembourg City]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1921|7|13|1845|8|16}} | death_place = ''[[SS France (1912)|SS France]]'', Atlantic Ocean | nationality = French | field = [[Physics]] | workplaces = [[Sorbonne]] | alma_mater = [[École Normale Supérieure]] | academic_advisors = [[Hermann von Helmholtz]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=177513|publisher=Mathematics Genealogy Project|title=Gabriel Lippmann|access-date=31 August 2015}}</ref> | doctoral_advisor = [[Gustav Kirchhoff]] | known_for = [[#Color photography|Lippmann color photography]]<br>[[integral imaging|Integral 3-D photography]]<br>[[Lippmann electrometer]] | prizes = [[Nobel Prize for Physics]] (1908) | doctoral_students = [[Marie Curie]] }} '''Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann''' (16 August 1845 – 13 July 1921) was a [[France|Franco]]-[[Luxembourg]]ish [[physicist]] and [[inventor]]. He won the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for his work on [[color photography]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gabriel-Lippmann#ref78915 |title = Gabriel Lippmann &#124; French physicist}}</ref> ==Early life and education== Gabriel Lippmann was born in [[Bonnevoie]], [[Luxembourg]] (Luxembourgish: Bouneweg), on 16 August 1845. At that time, Bonnevoie was part of the [[commune]] of [[Hollerich]]. Bonnevoie is now a district of [[Luxembourg City]].) His father, Isaïe was a French [[Jew]]. He managed the family [[glove]]-making business. In 1848, the family moved to [[Paris]]. At first, Lippmann was [[tutor|tutored]] by his mother, Miriam Rose (Lévy). He later studied at the Lycée Napoléon (now [[Lycée Henri-IV]]).<ref name="Nobel Foundation">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1908/lippmann-bio.html|title=Gabriel Lippmann|publisher=Nobel Foundation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405091837/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1908/lippmann-bio.html|archive-date=5 April 2016|url-status=live|access-date=4 December 2010}}</ref> In school, Lippmann did not do well at paying attention. He did have a special interest in [[mathematics]]. In 1868, he was admitted to the [[École Normale Supérieure|École normale supérieure]] in Paris, In 1872, the French government sent him to [[University of Heidelberg|Heidelberg University]]. He was able to specialize in [[electricity]] Lippmann receiving a [[doctorate]] with "[[Latin honours|summa cum laude]]" distinction in 1874.<ref name="Bintz">[http://massard.info/pdf/lippmann_livre.pdf Jacques Bintz, "Gabriel Lippmann 1845–1921"], in ''Gabriel Lippmann: Commémoration par la section des sciences naturelles, physiques et mathématiques de l’Institut grand-ducal de Luxembourg du 150e anniversaire du savant né au Luxembourg, lauréat du prix Nobel en 1908'' (Luxembourg: Section des sciences naturelles, physiques et mathématiques de l’Institut grand-ducal de Luxembourg en collaboration avec le Séminaire de mathématique et le Séminaire d’histoire des sciences et de la médecine du centre universitaire de Luxembourg, 1997), ''Jean-Paul Pier & Jos. A. Massard: éditeurs'', Luxembourg 1997. Retrieved 4 December 2010.</ref> Lippmann then returned to Paris in 1875. he continued to study until 1878. He then became [[professor]] of [[physics]] at the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]].<ref name=Eder668>Josef Maria Eder, ''History of Photography'', 4th ed. (New York: Dover, 1978; {{ISBN|0-486-23586-6}}), p.&nbsp;668. (This Dover edition reproduces the Columbia University Press edition of 1945; the book was originally published in 1932 as ''Geschichte der Photographie.'')</ref><ref name="From Nobel Lectures 1921">From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901–1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967</ref> ==Career== [[File:Kapillarelektrometer.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Lippmann's electrometer (1872)]] Lippmann made important contributions to different areas of physics. ===The capillary electrometer=== One of Lippmann's early discoveries was the relationship between [[electrical]] and [[capillary phenomena]]. This let him create a sensitive capillary electrometer. It became known as the [[Lippmann electrometer]]. This device was used in the first [[ECG]] machine. ===Piezoelectricity=== In 1881, Lippmann predicted the [[piezoelectricity|converse piezoelectric]] effect.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=G. |last=Lippmann|title=Principe de la conservation de l'électricité|journal=[[Annales de chimie et de physique]]|volume=24|page=145|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k348640|year=1881|language=fr}}</ref> ===Color photography=== [[File:Musealihotographies interférentielles de Gabriel Lippmann - Musealia bouquet 600.jpg|thumb|left|A color photograph made by Lippmann in the 1890s. It contains no [[pigment]]s or [[dye]]s of any kind.]] Lippmann is remembered as the inventor of a way to reproducing colors by [[photography]]. It is based on the [[Interference (wave propagation)|interference phenomenon]]. This work earned him the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for 1908.<ref name="From Nobel Lectures 1921"/> In 1886, Lippmann's interest turned to a method of creating the colors of the [[visible spectrum|solar spectrum]] on a [[photographic plate]]. On 2 February 1891, he told the [[Academy of Sciences]]: "I have succeeded in obtaining the image of the spectrum with its colors on a photographic plate whereby the image remains fixed and can remain in daylight without deterioration." By April 1892, he said that he had succeeded in creating color images of a [[stained glass]] window, a group of [[Flag|flags]], a bowl of [[Orange (fruit)|oranges]] topped by a [[poppy|red poppy]] and a colorful [[parrot]]. [[File:Standing wave.gif|thumb|right|300px|A standing wave. The red dots are the wave nodes.]] The [[interference (wave propagation)|interference phenomenon]] in [[optics]] is a result of the [[wave propagation]] of [[light]]. When light of a given [[wavelength]] is reflected at itself by a [[mirror]], [[standing wave]]s are created. This is similar to the ripples that are caused when a stone is dropped into water. A standing waves is created when the waves are reflected back at themselves by a surface such as the wall of a pool. In the case of normal [[coherence (physics)|incoherent]] light, the standing waves can only be seen in an extremely small area of space next to the reflecting surface. Lippmann projected an image onto a special [[photographic plate]]. The plate was able to record details smaller than the [[wavelength]]s of visible light. The light passed through a glass sheet into a very thin and almost [[Transparency|transparent]] [[photographic emulsion]]. The emulsion containing extremely small [[silver halide]] grains. A temporary mirror of liquid [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] reflected the light back through the emulsion/ This created standing waves. The [[node (physics)|nodes]] almost no effect but their [[node (physics)|antinodes]] created an [[image]]. After [[photographic processing|development]], the result was distinct parallel layers made up of [[Macroscopic|submicroscopic]] [[metal|metallic]] silver grains. These layers were a permanent record of the standing waves. In each part of the image, the spacing of the layers corresponded to the half-wavelengths of the light photographed. Light was shone on the finished plate at a nearly [[perpendicular]] angle. Daylight or another source of white light was used. At each point on the plate, light of the same wavelength as the light which had created the layers was reflected back toward the viewer. Light of other wavelengths passed through the emulsion. The wavelengths (colors) of the light which had formed the original image created a full-color image.<ref>Bolas, T. et al: ''A Handbook of Photography in Colours'' [sic], Marion & Co. (London, 1900):45–59 (Retrieved from archive.org on 11 February 2010)</ref><ref>Wall, E. J.: ''Practical Color Photography'', American Photographic Publishing Co. (Boston, 1922):185–199 (Retrieved from archive.org on 5 September 2010)</ref><ref name="Biedermann">[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/biedermann/ Klaus Biedermann, "Lippmann's and Gabor's Revolutionary Approach to Imaging"], ''Nobelprize.org''. Retrieved 6 December 2010. </ref> In practice, the Lippmann process was not easy to use. Higher [[resolution]] needed smaller grains. Smaller grains were less affected by light so they needed to be exposed to the light for a longer amount of time. With a lens with a large opening and a very brightly sunlit subject, a camera exposure of less than one minute were rare. Exposures measured in minutes were normal. Pure colors photographed well, but the colors of real-world objects could be a problem to photograph. The process could not make color prints on paper. It was not possible to make a good copy of a Lippmann color photograph by rephotographing it. The requirements needed to see the colors to best effect meant the photographs could not be used for casual use. ===The coelostat=== Lippmann also invented the [[Solar telescope|coelostat]]. It is a tool used in [[astronem]] that compensated for the rotation of the [[Earth]]. This lets people photograph areas of the sky without apparent movement.<ref name="Nobel Foundation" /> ==Personal life== Lippmann married the daughter of the [[writer]] [[Victor Cherbuliez]] in 1888.<ref name="Nobel Foundation" /> He died on 13 July 1921 aboard the steamer ''France'' after leaving [[Canada]].<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/1921/07/14/archives/gabriel-lippmann-scientist-dies-at-sea-member-of-french-commission.html Gabriel Lippmann, Scientist, Dies at Sea]", ''The New York Times'', 14 July 1921.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * J.P. Pier & J.A. Massard (eds) (1997):[https://web.archive.org/web/20090327010324/http://www.igdss.lu/medias/pdf/actualites/2008/Gabriel_Lippmann_Commemoration_V7.pdf ''Gabriel Lippmann: Commémoration par la section des sciences naturelles, physiques et mathématiques de l’Institut grand-ducal de Luxembourg du 150e anniversaire du savant né au Luxembourg, lauréat du prix Nobel en 1908.''] Luxembourg, Section des sciences naturelles, physiques et mathématiques de l’Institut grand-ducal de Luxembourg en collaboration avec le Séminaire de mathématique et le Séminaire d’histoire des sciences et de la médecine du centre universitaire de Luxembourg, 139 p. * Lebon, Ernest, "Savants du jour : biographie, bibliographie analytique des écrits", comprenant Portrait de Gabriel Lippmann. – 1911. p.&nbsp;70, Gauthier-Villars (Paris), 1909–1913. * Isabelle Bergoend, ''[http://www.editions-marchaisse.fr/catalogue-le-dagobert-optique Le Dagobert optique]'', Editions Thierry Marchaisse, 2015. ==Other websites== {{wikisource author}} {{Commons and category|Gabriel Lippmann}} * [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=449&letter=L Gabriel Lippmann in Jewish Encyclopedia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111004153403/http://www.lippmann.lu/index.php?id=37 Centre de Recherche Public – Gabriel Lippmann] {{Nobel Prize in Physics}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lippmann, Gabriel}} [[Category:1845 births]] [[Category:1921 deaths]] [[Category:Nobel Prize in Physics winners]] [[Category:French Nobel Prize winners]] [[Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society]] [[Category:French physicists]] [[Category:People from Luxembourg City]] [[Category:Luxembourgian scientists]] behrw1qnlkiw1rnvzsx15o30p6ke28l 0 926573 10879018 10869464 2026-06-04T20:19:21Z Ddiieuduurur 1816452 Its 5671 meters tall only, tallest in Iran, Iran & Russia, Western Asia, & Europe Sub-Continent now 10879018 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Damavand''' '''has a height of 5671 meters, making the tallest [[mountain]] in [[Iran]], the rest of [[Western Asia]], & [[European Capital of Culture|Europe Subcontient]].''' It is the tallest [[volcano]] in Asia, & the 2nd tallest volcano in the [[Eastern Hemisphere]] (after [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] while being colder than it), at 18606 feet (5671 meters) in total elevation. Mount Damavand is a [[dormant volcano]] in the Caspe region of [[Iran]] about {{convert|67|km}} northeast of Iran's [[capital city]] of [[Tehran]] arialy.[https://www.iran.org/] [[File:Almighty Damavand دماوند پوشیده ازبرف ازدوراهی معدن کمردشت - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Mount Damavand in October of 2006 Gorogorian Western Caledner. ]] [[File:TopOfMountDamavand.ogg|thumb|right|[[Fumarole]]s near the summit on Mount Damavand.]] [[Category:Mountains of Asia]] [[Category:Volcanoes of Asia]] [[Category:Mazandaran Province]] jiuygsfttx1yko8h5vcbtzzu12elctu 0 933050 10878758 10873545 2026-06-04T12:54:43Z ~2026-33165-37 1816234 10878758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | genre = Comedy<br/>Adventure<br/>Science fiction<br/>Parody | creator = Ale MacHaddo | director = Ale MacHaddo | country = Brazil | language = Portuguese | voices = Cheri Oteri<br />Rick Zieff<br />Maria Bamford<br />Jill Talley<br />Yuri Lowenthal<br />Ben Diskin<br />John DiMaggio<br />Dana Snyder<br />Jeff Bennett<br />Scott Menville<br /><br />Nicole Sullivan<br />Cindy Robinson<br />Jessica DiCicco<br />Lori Alan<br />Tara Strong<br />Tom Kenny<br />Frank Welker | open_theme = {{Theme song|"Nilba's A Brat"}} | composer = Randy Newman and Thom Yorke | num_seasons = 3 | num_episodes = 39 | list_episodes = Newbie and the Disasternauts episodes | executive_producer = Ale MacHaddo<br />Cheri Oteri (American version) | producer = Ale MacHaddo<br />Cheri Oteri<br />Ray DeLaurentis | runtime = 8 minutes | company = 44Toons<br />Padre Anchieta Foundation<br />Celestial Pictures | network = TV Rá-Tim-Bum | related = ''Osmar'' (related TV series) | first_aired = {{Start_date|2010|12|4}} | last_aired = {{End date|2012|12|4}} | writer = Ale MacHaddo<br />Cheri Oteri | developer = [[Cheri Oteri]] (English version) | editor = Christopher Hink | native_name = | released = }} '''''Nilba and the Disasternauts''''' (also known as '''''Newbie and the Disasternauts''''' or '''''The Disasternauts''''' in US titles) is a Brazilian animated science fiction sitcom parody television series aired in originally from 2010-2012 and rest of the English-language episodes in 2011-2013, an blatant example between inspired by American cartoons such as Cartoon Network and Nicktoons-style with frequent parodies other series in general. In the United States, it is currently aired shown on Starz Kids and Family since April 1, 2013. == Synopsis == After the iconic idolized astronauts called the "Disasternauts" then received a rocket crash to an obscure planet, a spoiled bratty boy named Newbie (originally Nilba) then had a little too much fun with adventures during their stuck in the planet while there is literally NOTHING to do to escape back to planet Earth. ==Voice cast== * Sabrina Estrella as Newton Biewski/Newbie (or Nilba) * [[Sarah Vowell]] as Laika Biewski * [[Ben Stiller]] as Albert the Monkey * [[Diane Lane]] as Ms. Hilda * [[Mike Myers]] as Dr. Diago * [[John Goodman]] as Ace * Boing (a voice from a iOS app Speak . Speech Synthesizer) as Bebop * [[Coco Martin]] as Mr. Eli * [[Dana Snyder]] as Zurduki * Jeff Bennett as Yurkut ===Additional voices=== * [[Jennifer Hale]] as Nilba's Mom * [[Eric Bauza]] * [[Carlos Alazraqui]] as Nilba's Dad * [[Maile Flanagan]] * [[Frank Welker]] * Lesley Nicol * [[Tara Strong]] * [[Tress MacNeille]] * [[Susanne Blakeslee]] * [[Tom Kenny]] * [[Kari Wahlgren]] * [[Steve Blum]] * [[Greg Cipes]] * [[Rodger Bumpass]] * [[Trevor Devall]] * [[S. Scott Bullock]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Nicktoons}} [[Category:2010s Brazilian animated television series]] [[Category:2010s Brazilian children's television series]] [[Category:2010s Brazilian television series debuts]] [[Category:2010 animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s Brazilian television series endings]] [[Category:2012 animated television series endings]] [[Category:2010s parody television series]] [[Category:Animated television series about children]] [[Category:Brazilian children's animated television series]] [[Category:Brazilian flash animated television series]] [[Category:Parody television shows]] [[Category:Plagiarism]] [[Category:Portuguese-language television programs]] [[Category:Adventure television series]] [[Category:Fantasy television series]] [[Category:2010s science fiction television series]] [[Category:Science fiction television series]] phzhl3lfobe6bskya2sl19xtbl5z6vu 0 942570 10879300 10823482 2026-06-05T04:37:18Z ~2026-33198-75 1816647 People's Television Network, Inc. 10879300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television channel | name = People's Television Network | logo = [[File:PTV 4 Logo June 2017.svg|center|200px]] | logo_size = 240px | logo_caption = The logo used since June 28, 2017 | type = [[Terrestrial television|Broadcast]] [[television network]] | country = Philippines | language = {{plainlist| * Filipino * English }} | picture_format = [[1080i]]/[[720p]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]]<br />{{small|(downscaled to [[16:9]] [[480i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)}} | former_names = {{Plainlist| * Government Television (February 2, 1974–1980) * Maharlika Broadcasting System (1980–February 24, 1986) * New TV 4 (February 24–April 1986) * National Broadcasting Network (July 16, 2001–January 8, 2012) }} | terr_serv_1 = Analog [[Very high frequency|VHF]]/[[Ultra high frequency|UHF]] | terr_chan_1 = Listings may vary | terr_serv_2 = [[Digital terrestrial television|Digital VHF/UHF]] | terr_chan_2 = Channel 14 | terr_serv_3 = [[SkyCable]]<br/>{{small|(Metro Manila)}} | terr_chan_3 = Channel 6 | terr_serv_4 = [[Converge Vision|Converge Vision / SkyTV]]<br/>{{small|(Metro Manila)}} | terr_chan_4 = Channel 14 | terr_serv_5 = [[Cablelink]]<br/>{{small|(Metro Manila)}} | terr_chan_5 = Channel 6 | terr_serv_6 = [[Sky Direct]]<br/>{{small|(Nationwide)}} | terr_chan_6 = Channel 3 | terr_serv_7 = [[Cignal TV]]<br/>{{small|(Nationwide)}} | terr_chan_7 = Channel 4 | terr_serv_8 = [[Cignal TV#SatLite|SatLite]]<br/>{{small|(Nationwide)}} | terr_chan_8 = Channel 4 | terr_serv_9 = [[G Sat]]<br/>{{small|(Nationwide)}} | terr_chan_9 = Channel 4 | owner = [[Presidential Communications Group (Philippines)#Presidential Communications Office|Presidential Communications Office]] | parent = People's Television Network, Inc. | founder = | launch_date = {{Start date and age|1974|02|02}} | website = {{URL|https://ptvnews.ph/}} }} {{Infobox company | name = People's Television Network, Inc. | logo = [[File:PTV 4 Logo June 2017.svg|center|200px]]<br>[[File:PTV 4 Logo April 2017.svg|center|200px]] | location_city = Broadcast Complex, Visayas Avenue, Barangay Vasra, [[Quezon City]], [[Metro Manila]], Philippines | type = [[State media]], [[Government-owned and controlled corporation]] | industry = [[Mass media]] | founded = {{Start date and age|1974|2|2}} (as Government Television)<br>{{Start date and age|1992|03|26}} (as People's Television Network, Inc.) | founders = [[Government of the Philippines]] | equity_year = [[Fiscal Year|FY]] 2019 | owner = [[Government of the Philippines]] | area_served = Philippines | key_people = {{Plainlist| * [[Oscar Orbos]] (Chair) *[[Lino Cayetano]] (General Manager) }} | products = Broadcasting | services = {{flat list| *[[DWGT-TV|Television]] *[[Online]] }} | operating_income = {{increase}} [[Philippine Peso|₱]] 212.6 Million | income_year = [[Fiscal Year|FY]] 2019 | net_income = {{increase}} [[Philippine Peso|₱]] 183.9 Million | net_income_year = [[Fiscal Year|FY]] 2019 | assets = {{increase}} [[Philippine Peso|₱]] 2.852 Billion | assets_year = [[Fiscal Year|FY]] 2019 | equity = {{increase}} [[Philippine Peso|₱]] 2.268 Billion | num_employees = 590 | num_employees_year = 2018 | parent = [[Presidential Communications Group (Philippines)#Presidential Communications Office|Presidential Communications Office]] | subsid = | website = [http://ptni.gov.ph ptni.gov.ph] | footnotes = <ref name="PTV">{{cite report|url=https://www.coa.gov.ph/index.php/gov-t-owned-and-or-controlled-corp-goccs/2019/category/8627-people-s-television-network-inc|title=People's Television Network, Inc. 2019 Annual Report to Commission on Audit|publisher=Commission on Audit |access-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref> }} '''People's Television Network''' (abbreviated '''PTV'''; {{langx|fil|Telebisyon ng Bayan Network}},<ref name="tagalog">{{Cite book | title=Direktoryo ng mga Ahensiya at Opisyal ng Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas | url=https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/AboutDBM/2018/2018_filipino_version.pdf | language=tagalog | year=2018 | publisher=[[Department of Budget and Management]] | access-date=April 3, 2021}}</ref> {{lit|Television of the Nation Network|lk=yes}}) is the [[state media|state-operated]] television network of the [[Philippine government]]. Founded in 1974, PTV is the main brand of '''People's Television Network, Inc. (PTNI)''', one of the attached agencies under the [[Presidential Communications Group#Presidential Communications Office|Presidential Communications Office (PCO)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178409|title=PCOO reorganized, renamed as Office of the Press Secretary|first=Ruth Abbey|last=Gita-Carlos|work=Philippine News Agency|date=July 7, 2022|access-date=July 19, 2022}}</ref> PTV, along with government-owned media companies [[Radio Philippines Network]] <small>(20% minority-owned)</small>, [[Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation]] <small>(100% majority-owned)</small> and the [[Presidential Broadcast Service]]-Bureau of Broadcast Services, form the media arm of the PCO and acts as a primary state television broadcaster that focuses on news, information and public service programming. Its head office, [[studios]], and [[Radio masts and towers|radio tower]] are located at Broadcast Complex, Visayas Avenue, Barangay Vasra, Diliman, [[Quezon City]]. As a government-run station, PTV received funding from the General Appropriations Act (Annual National Budget) and sales from blocktimers and advertisers, among others. PTV also runs two digital television channels [[DZRB-AM|Radyo Pilipinas - Radyo Publiko]] and [[PTV Sports Network]]. ==History== === 1933: Origins === The first [[State broadcaster|state broadcast]] in the Philippines was made on May 8, 1933, when the [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Insular Government]] established and operated the radio station KZSO (later renamed KZFM after journalist Frederick Marquardt, and is now [[DZRB-AM]]), with a frequency of 710 kilohertz and power of 10,000 watts through the [[United States Information Agency|United States Information Service]]. KZFM was later transferred to the new Philippine government after independence in September 1946. The [[Presidential Broadcast Service|Philippine Broadcasting Service]] (PBS) was founded a year later to formally manage the radio assets. During this time in the late 1940s, academic experiments on television broadcasting were already being explored by Filipino engineers and students. Television broadcasting in the country formally began in October 23, 1953 through the commercial company Alto Broadcasting System ([[ABS-CBN]]). The broadcast marked the first commercial broadcast in the Philippines and in [[List of firsts in Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], and only the second in Asia after Japan just months earlier. Through PBS, the government began television broadcasting in 1961 with DZRP-TV on VHF channel 10<ref>{{cite journal |title=TV Stations and Sets in Foreign Countries |journal=Television Factbook |date=1962 |volume=1962-63 |issue=33 |page=754 |url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1962-63-TV-Factbook/TV-Factbook-1963-Al-Other.pdf |access-date=11 September 2025 |publisher=Television Digest, Inc. |location=Washington, D.C. |language=English}}</ref> which it time-shared with two other organizations. The channel was short-lived due to problems of its frequency allocation.<ref name="dzfmtv">{{Cite web |title=what's the story, pinoy tv? |url=http://geocities.com/pinoytv/earlydays.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026063847/http://geocities.com/pinoytv/earlydays.htm |archive-date=2009-10-26 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=geocities.com}}</ref> === 1972–1986: Martial law period === {{Main|Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship}} {{See also|Monopolies in the Philippines (1965–1986)#Broadcast media|Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality#Control of mass media}} Television broadcasters, including government-owned PBS, were shut immediately after Ferdinand Marcos Sr.'s declaration of martial law on September 28, 1972. On the same day, Marcos ordered the takeover of [[ABS-CBN Corporation]] and turned over its facilities to [[Radio Philippines Network|Kanlaon Broadcasting System]] (KBS), a network controlled by [[Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos#Roberto Benedicto|Marcos crony]] [[Roberto Benedicto]]. Under the Marcos regime, crony-owned media companies broadcast or published news and entertainment meant to project a positive image for the regime and to conceal some of its wrongdoings.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-13 |title=The Marcos Regime and the Making of a Subservient Philippine Press: Part I |url=https://hrvvmemcom.gov.ph/the-marcos-regime-and-the-making-of-a-subservient-philippine-press-part-i-2/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Human Rights Violations Victims' Memorial Commission |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030020744/https://hrvvmemcom.gov.ph/the-marcos-regime-and-the-making-of-a-subservient-philippine-press-part-i-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The facilities were later completely turned over to the government.<ref name=":1" /> While some television broadcasters were eventually permitted to reopen as state-affiliated media, particularly companies owned by Marcos cronies, the government did not operate its own television network until February 2, 1974, when the government agency [[National Media Production Center]] started the [[DWGT-TV|Government Television]] (GVT-4).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ptni.gov.ph/history/|title=History|website=Corporate|language=en-US|access-date=January 27, 2019}}</ref> GTV was housed in the Solana Building in [[Intramuros]], Manila, before relocating to seized [[ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center]] (renamed Broadcast Plaza at the time) in Bohol Avenue, Quezon City. In 1976, the network started broadcasting in color, the last national network to do so, when it became the long time home of the [[Philippine Basketball Association]] for almost two decades. Come 1978-79, the GTV network was programmed, not only by the NMPC, but also by block timers linked to [[Radio Philippines Network]] and the Ministry of Information. GTV was renamed in 1980 and was briefly known as the Maharlika Broadcasting System (MBS-4). By then, it began expanding with the opening of provincial stations nationwide using the ABS-CBN stations in Cebu, Bacolod, and Davao.<ref name=":0" /> MBS-4 was captured by rebel soldiers during the 1986 [[People Power Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibaldo |first=Art |date=2020-08-10 |title=ABS-CBN, MBS Newscenter-4 and EDSA People Power |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1866516/baguio/opinion/tibaldo-abs-cbn-mbs-newscenter-4-and-edsa-people-power |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Sunstar |language=en}}</ref> A broadcast of Marcos' press conference in the morning of February 24, 1986 was brought off air before it returned back later in the afternoon with new operators when the facilities were controlled by [[DZRV-AM|Radyo Veritas]] personnel as well as former ABS-CBN technicians and news anchors. [[Orly Punzalan]] opened the broadcast with "Channel 4 is on the air again to serve the people." Ad-hoc committees were formed to run various aspects of the station with Tony Santos for behind the scenes production, Fr. Efren Datu for radio operations, Punzalan for television, and [[Jose Mari Velez]] for news. === 1986–1992: Post martial law restructuring === In the immediate aftermath of the People Power Revolution, the network, which was simply referred to as Channel 4, continued to broadcast. However, programming was mostly impromptu outside of special events and scheduled newscasts in the morning, afternoon, evening and late night. Production aspects were mainly performed by volunteers who continued to work under the new administration while erstwhile anchors who worked under the Marcos left. The network was formally rebranded as People's Television (PTV) in April 1986, with broadcasters [[Tina Monzon-Palma]] and [[Jose Mari Velez]] as heads before they returned to [[GMA Network (company)|GMA Network]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/focus/08/24/17/the-prime-of-ms-tina-monzon-palma|title=The prime of Ms. Tina Monzon Palma|work=ABS-CBN News|last=Rumban|first=Luz|date=August 24, 2017|access-date=September 4, 2017}}</ref> In 1987, PTV became a semi-official carrier for Family Rosary Crusade it was aired for 27 years and it was ended in 2014 due to PTV's increased focus on daily government related programs that aired on the network. On February 14, 1991, PTV went on full nationwide satellite broadcast using a transponder from PALAPA C2. With its 32 provincial stations across the country, the network has extended its reach and coverage to approximately 85 percent of the television viewing public nationwide. === 1992–2005: Charter establishment, operational challenges === On January 22, 1992, PTV moved its studios to the former [[National Media Production Center]] building on Visayas Avenue, with transmitters and other equipment widely donated from a French government grant, leaving [[ABS-CBN]] in the exclusive control of the Transmission Center, which before the end of the 2nd millennium has become the most advanced transmission center in the country. Based in [[Quezon City]], the network's flagship station, [[PTV-4]], features a high-capacity 40-kilowatt transmitter. The facility is situated atop a {{convert|500|ft|m|abbr=on}} tower, a central component of its broadcast infrastructure. The People's Television Network formally became a government-owned and controlled corporation with board of directors in March 1992 with the passing of the Republic Act 7306. The charter prohibited the government from providing regular annual appropriations for PTV's operations, only giving it a one-time equity funding for capital outlay and required the corporation to generate revenues on its own, while allowing commercial advertisements for only the first nine years, imposing a total ban starting in July 2001. Around this time, PTV pioneered educational and cultural programming. Some of its award-winning programs were ''Tele-aralan ng Kakayahan'' (which predated ABS-CBN's [[Knowledge Channel (ABS-CBN)|Knowledge Channel]] by decades), ''Ating Alamin'', ''Small World'' and its successor ''[[Kidsongs]]'', ''For Art's Sake'', ''Coast to Coas''t and ''Paco Park Presents''. In the 1990s, at the core of its educational programming is the ''Continuing Studies via Television'' or CONSTEL, a program aimed at upgrading teaching skills of elementary and secondary teachers of Science and English. Institutionalized by [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education, Culture and Sports]] (DECS), CONSTEL Science and English programs are being used in [[Teacher education|teacher training]] by DECS and in Teacher Education Institutions of the [[Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)|Commission on Higher Education]]. [[File:Nbni.png|200px|left|thumb|NBN logo from 2007 to 2011; the NBN [[wordmark]] is used from 2001 to 2012.]]Another rebrand came on July 16, 2001, renaming the network as National Broadcasting Network (NBN). NBN expanded its broadcast reach with the launching of NBN World on February 19, 2003, in cooperation with the Australian satellite television company [[TARBS World TV|TARBS]]. This global expansion signals new directions for NBN as it becomes accessible to the rest of the world, particularly the millions of [[Overseas Filipinos|Filipinos overseas]] (in Australia, North America, and the Asia-Pacific).<ref>{{cite news|title=NBN launches worldwide television service|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8cBNEdFwSQkC&dat=20030217&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=December 10, 2020|work=[[Manila Standard]]|publisher=Kamahalan Publishing Corp.|date=February 17, 2003|page=21}}</ref> NBN was transmitted via satellite nationwide using [[Agila 2]] before moving to ABS 1 (now ABS 2) in September 2011 and to [[Telstar 18V]]. In 2002, NBN (now PTV) aired a Prayer Interstitial called the Prayer for the Holy Souls in Purgatory every before sign on and before sign off and it was aired until 2014 when the network replaced a network-produced Panalangin ng Bayan in the same year. The network became the regular exclusive broadcaster of the [[Olympic Games]] in the Philippines starting with the [[1988 Summer Olympics|Seoul 1988]] and until the [[2004 Summer Olympics|Athens 2004]] (with the exception of the [[1992 Summer Olympics|Barcelona 1992 )]]. Facing restrictive mandates such as the ban on advertisements and coupled with the exhaustion of its initial capital, the network was nearly unable to broadcast the 2004 games when the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) threatened to withhold NBN's broadcast rights to the games because of the network's unpaid debt of $1.2 million from its coverage of the [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney Olympics]]. The Department of Budget and Management were ordered by [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo|President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]] to issue a sovereign guarantee for the debt as well as for a portion of the rights fee for the 2004 games, sourcing from various [[Government-owned and controlled corporation|government-owned and controlled corporations]]. Though the coverage of the 2004 games pushed through, it marked the last time the state-operated network aired the Olympics, with the IOC awarding the rights to succeeding games to private commercial networks such as [[Solar Entertainment]] and [[TV5 (Philippine TV network)|TV5]]. === 2005–2013: Digital terrestrial transition === {{Main|Digital terrestrial television in the Philippines}} The government has been testing [[digital terrestrial television]] since 2005 through PTV. By 2007, the network has been testing the Japanese [[ISDB-T International|ISDB-T]] standard which was further solidified with the assistance from the Japanese government. The network, being state-operated, was designated for the broadcasting of emergency alerts similar to the [[Emergency Alert System]] in the United States, in the style of the Japanese [[J-Alert|J-Alert system]] which used the same technology as the one officially adapted by the Philippine government as standard. It was not until January 2017 that the network publicly launched its digital channel. In 2005, [[DZRB-AM|Radyo ng Bayan]] programs were also aired on the television network. This was particularly revived in 2012 and 2014, with the simulcast of ''News @ 1'' and ''News @ 6'', and the morning news program ''[[RadyoBisyon]]'', also simulcasted on [[Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation|IBC-13]]. In August 2011, the PTV brand name was re-introduced. On October 6, 2011, the network was officially renamed back to PTV, with new logo and new slogan "Telebisyon ng Bayan" launched on July 2, 2012.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3yLnAn61RE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/U3yLnAn61RE |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live|title=PTV Station ID "Telebisyon ng Bayan" 2012|publisher=bidyobandido [[YouTube]] Channel|date=July 20, 2012|access-date=July 20, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> === 2013–2016: Revitalization act === The network's corporate charter was updated in March 2013, through the Republic Act 10390, in an attempt to aid the bleeding PTV. The charter update brought reorganization, and a new infusion of ₱5 billion from the government to revitalize the network and make it "digital competitive." This move raised concern from commercial station [[GMA Network (company)|GMA Network]], fearing that the new law will make PTV a competition. In the first and second quarter of 2014, PTV has generated ₱59 million in revenue.<ref>[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/376993/government-to-infuse-p5-b-into-state-tv-network Government to infuse P5 B into state TV network {{pipe}} Inquirer News]</ref><ref>[http://www.philstar.com/business/2013/03/25/923570/gma-mulls-legal-option-ptv-4-revival GMA mulls legal option on PTV 4 revival {{pipe}} Business, News, The Philippine Star {{pipe}} philstar.com]</ref>[[File:PTV-4 transmitter (view from SMDC Grass) (Diliman, Quezon City)(2017-09-07).jpg|left|thumb|PTV-4 [[Radio masts and towers|radio tower]] in Quezon City, photographed 7 September 2017|204x204px]] PTV started their modernization program since 2012, which included the acquisition of studio technical equipment, cameras, vehicles, and high-powered transmitter for its headquarter in Visayas Avenue, Quezon City. This also applied to its regional stations in the cities of [[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga]] and [[Baguio]] in Luzon, the cities of [[Iloilo City|Iloilo]], [[Cebu City|Cebu]], [[Calbayog]], [[Tacloban]], and [[Dumaguete]] in the Visayas, and in the cities of [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]], [[Cotabato City|Cotabato]], [[Pagadian]], and [[Davao City|Davao]] in Mindanao.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.pia.gov.ph/article/view/2131441342383/ptv-11-cebu-back-on-air| title=PIA 11 Cebu back on air|work=Philippine Information Agency| date=September 4, 2015| access-date=September 5, 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019141752/http://news.pia.gov.ph/article/view/2131441342383/ptv-11-cebu-back-on-air| archive-date=October 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.pia.gov.ph/article/view/3001446083719/ptv-powers-all-visayas-stations-mindanao-next| title=PTV powers all Visayas stations, Mindanao next|work=Philippine Information Agency| date=October 29, 2015| access-date=November 5, 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222175848/http://news.pia.gov.ph/article/view/3001446083719/ptv-powers-all-visayas-stations-mindanao-next| archive-date=December 22, 2015}}</ref> Around this time, despite being operated with little or no budget, PTV still managed to cover the biggest events in the country including the [[2013 Philippine general election]], [[2013 Bohol earthquake]], [[Typhoon Ketsana|Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana)]], the visits of US President Barack Obama and [[Pope Francis's visit to the Philippines|Pope Francis]], the [[APEC Philippines 2015]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ptv.ph/corporate/our-story/ |title=Our Story |access-date=2015-11-09 |archive-date=2015-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022249/http://ptv.ph/corporate/our-story/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[2016 Philippine presidential election]]. One of the notable efforts to revitalize PTV was the appointment of Albert Bocobo as the general manager. Bocobo, a former [[Meralco]] executive, completed his business management degree at the [[Asian Institute of Management]] and the [[National University of Singapore]]. This experience was instrumental in settling the debt of the network. Bocobo determined that the network is losing around ₱14 million monthly. This resulted into requesting the DBM for the immediate release of the budget subsidy for the immediate reorganization of PTV. The network's debt with the [[Government Service Insurance System]] (GSIS) resulting from its failure to remit employee contributions were settled through the creation of the ''GSIS Hour Program'', an exchange deal where PTV produced broadcast content for GSIS in exchange for settling the debt. The programming rates were also restructured and marketing was reinforced following a findings that the network's most valuable asset, its air time, is underutilized. As a result, PTV achieved its breakeven point. === 2016–present: Continuation of digital terrestrial rollout === [[File:PTV logo 2017.svg|173x173px|thumb|left|The current PTV wordmark introduced in 2017.]]In 2016, following a change in national administration, several board members of PTV, including General Manager Albert Bocobo, tendered their courtesy resignations, leading to another reorganization of the network’s leadership.<ref name="resignation">{{cite news|url=http://business.inquirer.net/211715/ptv-execs-appointed-by-aquino-resign|title=PTV execs appointed by Aquino resign|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|last=Corrales|first=Nestor|date=July 8, 2016|access-date=July 8, 2016}}</ref> Subsequent appointments were made to key positions as part of broader management changes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/PTVph/videos/1407535002640499/|title=Dino C. Apolonio officially named as General Manager of the People's Television Network|publisher=PTV FB Page|date=November 25, 2016|access-date=November 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsgWM7_xlP4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/nsgWM7_xlP4 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live|title=Mr. Dino Apolonio, opisyal nang itinalaga bilang bagong General Manager ng PTV-4|publisher=PTV [[YouTube]] Channel|date=November 27, 2016|access-date=November 27, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> During this period, the network was considered as a primary platform for official [[Presidential Communications Office|government communications]], although regular press engagements later resumed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/135253-no-more-press-briefings-president-duterte/|title=No more press briefings for President-elect Duterte|work=Rappler|last=Cupin|first=Bea|date=June 3, 2016|access-date=July 8, 2016}}</ref> Minor branding adjustments were also introduced, including the discontinuation of the “Telebisyon ng Bayan” slogan. In December 2016, PTV stated its goal of improving its spot by 2017 in television ratings by one notch, the third spot which was held at the time by TV5.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfQ7mOwLNKI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/pfQ7mOwLNKI |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live|title=Christmas party at the People's Television Network|publisher=PTV YouTube Channel|last=Martinez|first=Ice|date=December 20, 2016|access-date=December 20, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In January 2017, the network improved its signal reception by increasing its power transmitter's output from 25 kW to 60 kW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pcoo.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PCOO-E-Brochure.pdf|archive-url=https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190307042304/http://pcoo.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PCOO-E-Brochure.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 7, 2019|title=PCOO E-Brochure|publisher=[[Presidential Communications Group (Philippines)|Presidential Communications Operations Office]]|access-date=June 26, 2017}}</ref> This was followed by an agreement with Japan-based IT company [[NEC]] for the commissioning of new digital transmitters and head-end system for the network's transition to digital terrestrial television. On January 12, 2017, PTV and Japan-based IT company [[NEC]] signed an agreement for the commissioning of new digital transmitters and head-end system for the network's transition to digital terrestrial television (DTT).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/PTVph/videos/1472265256167473/?permPage=1|title=PTV and NEC of Japan inks an agreement for the commissioning of new Digital transmitter and Head End System|publisher=PTV FB Page|date=January 12, 2017|access-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref> PTV continued its transition to DTT broadcasting, with the rollout of its first six transmitters in its Manila<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1021170|title=PH, Japan tie up for PTV digitalization|work=Philippine News Agency|date=January 10, 2018|last=Rocamora|first=Joyce Ann|access-date=January 10, 2018}}</ref>, Baguio, Naga, Guimaras, Cebu and Davao stations between July 2017 and May 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/ptv/ptv-gears-up-digital-broadcast-infra/1472454702815195|title=PTV gears up Digital broadcast infrastructure|publisher=PTV FB Page|date=January 12, 2017|access-date=January 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://techthetruth.wordpress.com/2017/02/06/ptv4-to-start-digital-tv-rollout-in-6-areas-by-july-2017-taps-nec-for-new-transmitters/ |title=PTV4 To Start Digital TV Rollout in 6 Areas by July 2017, Taps NEC for New Transmitters|publisher=Tech the Truth|date=February 6, 2017|access-date=February 8, 2017}}</ref> The network hosted the ceremonial switch-on of the networks digital broadcast on January 10, 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/PTVph/photos/pcb.1957139337680060/1957138894346771/?type=3&theater |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/143947355665943/1957138894346771 |archive-date=February 26, 2022 |url-access=limited|title=Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan Seiko Noda visits the PTV-4 Studios for the ceremonial Switch on of PTV's Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcast|publisher=PTV FB Page|date=January 10, 2018|access-date=January 10, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJ66mO2ezgk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/wJ66mO2ezgk |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live|title=PCOO, kaisa ang Japan sa modernisasyon ng state media|publisher=PTV [[YouTube]] Channel|date=January 10, 2018|access-date=January 10, 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The latest branding came in 2017, with the release of a [[Wordmark|wordmark logo]] and an [[emblem]] that contains elements of the [[Philippine flag]].<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2018/07/14/new-look-ptv-goes-beyond-news-and-public-affairs/|title=New-look PTV goes beyond News and Public Affairs|newspaper=The Daily Tribune|author=Edwin P. Sallan, Concept News Central|date=July 14, 2018|access-date=July 14, 2018|archive-date=May 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502054543/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2018/07/14/new-look-ptv-goes-beyond-news-and-public-affairs/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Proposed transition to public broadcasting model === Over the years, there have been plans on making PTV transition towards a public broadcasting model which meant an [[editorial independence]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/06/17/1593970/former-abs-cbn-news-exec-being-eyed-ptv-4-general-manager|title=Former ABS-CBN news exec being eyed as PTV-4 general manager|work=The Philippine Star|last=Romero|first=Alexis|date=June 17, 2016|access-date=June 18, 2016}}</ref> for the network, with [[BBC]] in the United Kingdom, [[PBS]] in the United States, [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] in Canada, and [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC Australia]] specifically cited as prime examples.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/nation/06/07/16/govt-tv-station-bulok-says-incoming-pcoo-chief-andanar|title=Gov't TV station 'bulok,' says incoming PCOO chief Andanar|work=ABS-CBN News|date=June 7, 2016|access-date=June 8, 2016}}</ref> In 2016, teams from the BBC and ABC visited the Philippines for to help in with the plans, though no results from it were made publicly available. In line with this, there were proposed legislation to consolidate the People’s Television Network and the [[Presidential Broadcast Service|then Philippine Broadcasting Service]] into a unified public broadcasting entity. The plan included the development of specialized channels for underserved audiences and the expansion of regional broadcasting infrastructure. As part of these efforts, Salaam TV began test broadcasting in 2017. ==Services== === Radio === {{See also|Presidential Broadcast Service}} People's Television (PTV) does not currently operate its own radio broadcasts, but the network has a dedicated channel for simulcasting [[DZRB-AM|Radyo Pilipinas]] programs by [[Presidential Broadcast Service]] (PBS), PTV's radio broadcasting counterpart, to television. There were plans to consolidate PTV and PBS into one unified public broadcasting entity over the past years. ==PTV Stations Nationwide== {{main|List of People's Television Network stations and channels}} The PTV currently operates three national television channels (technically subchannels): ;Current * [[DWGT-TV|PTV]] – the flagship channel offering general programming including news, public affairs, and cultural shows. It is available in both high-definition (PTV HD1) and standard-definition (PTV SD1) formats to reach a wider audience. * [[DZRB-AM|Radyo Pilipinas 1]] – A channel dedicated to simulcasting Radyo Pilipinas 1, the government’s flagship radio news and public service station operated by the [[Presidential Broadcast Service|PBS]]. * [[PTV Sports Network|PTV Sports]] – Focused on sports programming, including coverage of national and international events ;Former * [[Congress TV]] – A channel dedicated to cover [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] and [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House]] proceedings. The channel moved to [[Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation|IBC]] from PTV in 2024. * [[Salaam TV (Philippine TV channel)|Salaam TV]] – A dedicated channel for [[Filipino Muslims]]. While the PTV headquarters in Metro Manila serves as the central hub for nationwide program distribution, the network also operates seven regional stations, each serving a specific region and supported by repeater facilities:{{Div col|colwidth=25em}} * [[DWGT-TV|PTV Manila]] * PTV Ilocos Norte * [[D-8-XM-TV|PTV Cordillera]] * PTV Legazpi * [[DWMA-TV|PTV Naga]] * [[DYDY-TV|PTV Guimaras]] * [[DXNP-TV|PTV Davao]] {{Div col end}} === Online and digital === The PTV Website is another initiative of People's Television Network to reach out to all Filipinos worldwide using the internet. It is solely maintained by DO of the New Media Unit. The PTV website features free live video streaming of [[DWGT-TV|PTV's flagship station programs]] from [[Quezon City]], Philippines. ==Programming== {{main|List of programs broadcast by People's Television Network}} Generally, PTV airs locally produced news and public affairs programs and documentaries, sports, movies, dramas, public service and entertainment programs, in addition to foreign content coming from their counterparts from China, Japan, South Korea and the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]]–member countries, and blocktime programs. The network serves as the main television broadcast arm of the government of the Republic of the Philippines and it is part of the Office of the Press Secretary. Its programming is diverse both from [[Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation|IBC]] and [[Radio Philippines Network|RPN]] <small>(until October 2012)</small> since PTV focuses on its function as the government's voice, while IBC and RPN <small>(until October 2012)</small> is a general entertainment and public information channel due to its programming. === Foreign programming === On June 17, 2016, the PTV and Japan signed a 38.20 million yen worth of Cultural Grant Aid and acquisition of programs from [[NHK]] to improve the network's overall programming.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/136772-japan-grant-ptv4-improvement/|title=Japan to give P16M for PTV4 improvement|work=Rappler|date=June 17, 2016|last=Cepeda|first=Mara|access-date=June 18, 2016}}</ref> Within weeks, NHK's ''Japan Video Topics'' returned to the channel after several years. However, 1 year later on July 11, 2017, PTV and the [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA) signed an agreement on another cultural grant aid for the planned broadcast of 600 educational and cultural programs from Japanese state-owned broadcaster NHK in the channel thru the ISDB-T digital TV standard.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhAvwT37gBY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/QhAvwT37gBY |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live|title=PTNI, JICA sign agreement on cultural grant aid|publisher=PTV [[YouTube]] Channel|date=July 11, 2017|access-date=July 11, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On June 3, 2017, PTV began simulcasting [[CGTN (TV channel)|CGTN]] programs, part of its staff having visited its facilities earlier in the year as part of a number of training visits to state and private TV channels worldwide, and later started their full-blown broadcast in [[1080i]] Full HD on their Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcast on April 18, 2018. their partner government agencies, along with upcoming local and foreign programs, including those from China, Japan, South Korea and the ASEAN Region.<ref name=":2" /> == Controversies == On September 5, 2025, veteran broadcast journalist Mike Abe criticized PTV's parent agency, the Presidential Communications Office for alleged corruption, mismanagement, and poor maintenance of its headquarters along Visayas Avenue in Quezon City, which later led to his resignation from the state network.<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=PTV anchor Mike Abe, ibinulgar ang umano'y korapsyon sa loob ng PCO {{!}} Agenda|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBBN7agFSHo|date=2025-09-05|access-date=2025-12-01|via=YouTube|work=[[Bilyonaryo News Channel]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/09/06/sacked-ptv-4-man-slams-pco-chief|title=Sacked PTV 4 man slams PCO chief|last=Ayeng|first=Raffy|date=2025-09-07|access-date=2025-12-01|work=[[Daily Tribune (Philippines)|Daily Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/09/06/ptv-anchor-resigns-cites-massive-corruption-at-govt-station|title=PTV anchor resigns, cites 'massive' corruption at gov't station|last=Ayeng|first=Raffy|date=2025-09-06|access-date=2025-12-01|work=[[Daily Tribune (Philippines)|Daily Tribune]]}}</ref> During the 2026 budget deliberations of the PCO, some senators slammed the network because of its rotting condition which they said was far behind international standards.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/11/25/senators-decry-rotting-condition-of-ptv|title=Senators decry 'rotting' condition of PTV|last=Ayeng|first=Raffy|date=2025-11-25|access-date=2025-12-01|work=[[Daily Tribune (Philippines)|Daily Tribune]]}}</ref> In response to Abe's on-air tirades, Secretary Dave Gomez had tasked the new management, led by Chairpersion Vivian Recio and General Manager Malou Choa-Fagar, to improve its facilities and give allowances to its employees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PCO chief vows to fix PTV facilities after Mike Abe's on-air blast|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2105806/pco-chief-vows-to-fix-ptv-facilities-after-mike-abes-on-air-blast|website=INQUIRER.net|date=2025-09-07|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en|first=Luisa|last=Cabato}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1245481207599902&set=a.685939590220736|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=2025-12-01}}</ref> Gomez had also ordered an investigation of alleged workplace abuse within its News Department, accusing Senior Broadcast Specialist Dominic Almelor of harassment. On November 28, 2025, Almelor was removed from the network following complaints he received from employees.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mb.com.ph/2025/10/05/gomez-orders-probe-into-alleged-workplace-abuse-at-ptv-4|title=Gomez orders probe into alleged workplace abuse at PTV-4|last=Geducos|first=Argyll Cyrus|date=2025-10-01|access-date=2025-12-01|work=[[Manila Bulletin]]}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation]] * [[Presidential Broadcast Service]] * [[Radio Philippines Network]] * [[Salaam TV (Philippine TV channel)|Salaam TV]] (defunct) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * {{Official website|https://ptni.gov.ph//}} * {{commons category-inline}} {{People's Television Network}}{{PTV Luzon}} {{PTV Visayas}} {{PTV Mindanao}} {{Communications Group-Philippines}} {{Radio Philippines Network}} {{Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation}} {{Television in the Philippines}} {{ASEAN TV}} {{authority control}} [[Category:People's Television Network| ]] [[Category:1974 establishments in the Philippines]] [[Category:Publicly funded broadcasters]] [[Category:Television networks in the Philippines]] [[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1974]] [[Category:Companies based in Quezon City]] [[Category:Presidential Communications Group (Philippines)]] [[Category:State media]] [[Category:International broadcasters]] [[Category:Government-owned and controlled corporations of the Philippines]] [[Category:Filipino-language television stations]] [[Category:1974 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Television networks in the Philippines]] [[Category:Quezon City]] [[Category:State-owned enterprises]] {{tv-stub}} 0y6w9hkm5n7gqt46n7c2cfprzsrf21s 10879355 10879300 2026-06-05T06:13:46Z Kurnahusa 1504534 Undid revision 10879300 by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33198-75|~2026-33198-75]] ([[User talk:~2026-33198-75|talk]]) Please, don't copy from the English Wikipedia 10879355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television channel | name = People's Television Network | logo = People's Televsion Network Incorporated (PTV).svg | logo_size = 150px | logo_caption = Logo used since 2017 | type = [[Terrestrial television|Broadcast]] [[television network]] | country = Philippines | language = {{plainlist| * Filipino * English }} | picture_format = [[1080i]] [[High-definition television|HDTV]]<br />{{small|(downscaled to [[480i]] [[16:9]] for the [[Standard-definition television|SDTV]] feed)}} | former_names = {{Plainlist| * Government Television (February 2, 1974–1980) * Maharlika Broadcasting System (1980–February 24, 1986) * New TV 4 (February 24–April 1986) * National Broadcasting Network (July 16, 2001–January 8, 2012) }} | owner = | parent = People's Television Network, Inc. | key_people = | founded = | founder = | launch_date = {{Start date and age|1974|02|02|mf=yes}} | replaced = | replaced_by = | website = {{url|https://ptvnews.ph/}} | webcast = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DiBT2NUKujk Live streaming] }} {{Infobox company | name = People's Television Network, Inc. | logo = People's Televsion Network Incorporated (PTV).svg | location_city = Broadcast Complex, Visayas Ave., [[Diliman]], [[Quezon City]], Philippines | type = [[Government-owned and controlled corporation]] | industry = [[State media]] | founded = {{Start date and age|1974|2|2|mf=yes}} (broadcast)<br>{{Start date and age|1992|03|26|mf=yes}} (company) | owner = [[Government of the Philippines]] <br /> ([[Presidential Communications Group (Philippines)#Presidential Communications Office|Presidential Communications Office]] thru People's Television Network, Inc.) | area_served = Worldwide | key_people = {{Plainlist| * Cheloy Velicaria-Garafil (Secretary, Presidential Communications Office) * Honey Rose Mercado (PCO Undersecretary for Traditional Media and External Affairs) * Julio O. Castillo, Jr., DBA (Network Chairperson) * Julieta C. Lacza (Network Vice Chairperson) * Analisa V. Puod (Network General Manager) }} | operating_income = {{increase}} [[Philippine Peso|₱]] 212.6 Million ([[Fiscal Year|FY]] 2019) <ref name="PTV">{{cite report|url=https://www.coa.gov.ph/index.php/gov-t-owned-and-or-controlled-corp-goccs/2019/category/8627-people-s-television-network-inc|title=People's Television Network, Inc. 2019 Annual Report to Commission on Audit|publisher=Commission on Audit |access-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref> | net_income = {{increase}} [[Philippine Peso|₱]] 183.9 Million ([[Fiscal Year|FY]] 2019) <ref name="PTV"/> | assets = {{increase}} [[Philippine Peso|₱]] 2.852 Billion ([[Fiscal Year|FY]] 2019) <ref name="PTV"/> | equity = {{increase}} [[Philippine Peso|₱]] 2.268 Billion ([[Fiscal Year|FY]] 2019) <ref name="PTV"/> | num_employees = 21,590 (2023)<ref name="PTV"/> | slogan = | subsid = People's Television Network | website = [http://ptni.gov.ph PTNI.gov.ph] }} '''People's Television Network''' ({{lang-fil|Telebisyon ng Bayan}};<ref name="filipino">{{Cite book | title=Direktoryo ng mga Ahensiya at Opisyal ng Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas | url=https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/AboutDBM/2018/2018_filipino_version.pdf | language=Filipino | year=2018 | publisher=[[Department of Budget and Management]] | access-date=April 3, 2021}}</ref> abbreviated '''PTV''') is the flagship state broadcaster owned by the Government of the Philippines. Founded in 1974, PTV is the main brand of People's Television Network, Inc. (PTNI), one of the attached agencies under the Presidential Communications Office (PCO).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178409|title=PCOO reorganized, renamed as Office of the Press Secretary|first=Ruth Abbey|last=Gita-Carlos|work=Philippine News Agency|date=July 7, 2022|access-date=July 19, 2022}}</ref> PTV, along with government-owned media companies Radio Philippines Network, Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation and the Philippine Broadcasting Service-Bureau of Broadcast Services, forms the media arm of the PCO and acts as a primary state television broadcaster that focuses on news, information and public service programming. Its head office, studios and transmitter are located at Broadcast Complex, Visayas Avenue, Barangay Vasra, Diliman, Quezon City. As a government-run station, PTV receives funding from the General Appropriations Act (Annual National Budget) and sales from blocktimers and advertisers, among others. PTV also runs a digital television channel Congress TV. ==PTV Stations Nationwide== {{main|List of People's Television Network stations and channels}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{Official website|http://ptni.gov.ph//}} {{Television in the Philippines}} {{authority control}} [[Category:1974 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Television networks in the Philippines]] [[Category:Quezon City]] [[Category:State-owned enterprises]] {{tv-stub}} ndgq8ovqwxh4l88m2yg4w2jbeqtb5m1 0 951216 10879338 10827678 2026-06-05T05:17:53Z FonzuHarp 1759780 /* Examples */ 10879338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=l |x-sampa=l |kirshenbaum=l }} The '''voiced alveolar lateral approximant''' is a sound used in some [[spoken language|spoken languages]]. The sound is in English and is written as the letter [[L]] as in luck or like. Many languages have this sound. ==Features== {{consonants|voiced|alveolar|lateral|approximant|oral}} ==Occurrence== {| class="wikitable" !colspan=2| Language ! Word ! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] ! Meaning ! Notes |- | [[Arabic]] | Standard{{sfnp|Thelwall|1990|p=38}} | {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|لا]]|rtl=yes}}/{{Transliteration|ar|'''l'''ā}} |align=center| {{IPA|[laʔ]}} | 'no' | See [[Arabic phonology]] |- | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] | [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]{{sfnp|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=20}} | {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|'''լ'''ուսին]]}}/{{Transliteration|hy|'''l'''usin}} |align=center| {{Audio-IPA|lusin.ogg |[lusin]}} | 'moon' | |- | colspan=2 | [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]] | {{lang|syr|ܠܚܡܐ}}/{{Transliteration|syr|'''l'''äḳma}} |align=center| {{IPA|[lεxma]}} | 'bread' | |- | colspan="2" |[[Bengali language|Bengali]] |{{Lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|'''ল'''ম্বা]]}} | align="center" |{{IPA|[lɔmbɐ]}} |'long' |See [[Bengali phonology]] |- | rowspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Wheeler|2005|pp=10–11}}<ref name="ESDCL">{{cite web|title=Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Central | website= Els Sons del Català|url=http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/en/sound/voiced-alveolar-lateral-central}}<br />{{cite web|title=Voiced Alveolar Lateral - Nord Occidental | website= Els Sons del Català |url=http://www.ub.edu/sonscatala/en/sound/voiced-alveolar-lateral-nord-occidental}}</ref> | [[Eastern Catalan|Eastern]] | rowspan="2" | {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|te'''l'''a]]}} | align=center | {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɛlə]}} | rowspan="2" | 'fabric' | rowspan="2" | Apical 'front alveolar'.{{sfnp|Wheeler|2005|pp=10–11}}<ref name="ESDCL"/> May also be velarized.{{sfnp|Recasens|Espinosa|2005|pp=1, 20}} See [[Catalan phonology]] |- | [[Western Catalan|Western]] | align=center | {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɛlɛ̈]}} |- | colspan="2" |[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]||{{lang|cv|[[Cyrillic script|ху'''л'''а]]}}||align=center|[хu'la]||'city' |- |rowspan=2|[[Dutch language|Dutch]] | Standard{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=197, 222}} | {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''l'''aten]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈl̻aːt̻ə]}} | 'to let' | Laminal. Some Standard [[Flemish dialects|Belgian]] speakers use the clear {{IPA|/l/}} in all positions.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=197, 222}} See [[Dutch phonology]] |- | Some Eastern accents{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=197}} |{{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|ma'''l''']]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[mɑl̻]}} |'mold' |Laminal; realization of {{IPA|/l/}} in all positions.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=197}} See [[Dutch phonology]] |- | colspan="2" |[[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]] |{{lang|dv|[[Thaana|ލަވަ]]}}/{{lang|dv-Latn|[[Malé Latin|'''l'''ava]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[laʋa]}} |'song' | |- |rowspan=2| [[English language|English]] | Most accents{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=515}} | [[English orthography|'''''l'''et'']] |align=center | {{IPA|[lɛt]}} | 'to let' | Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=515}} |- | [[Hiberno-English|Irish]], [[Geordie]]<ref name="mark jones">{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Mark|title=Sounds & Words Week 4 Michaelmas 2010 Lecture Notes|url=http://www.ling.cam.ac.uk/people/mark/sounds&words_week4_2010_handout.pdf|access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref> | [[English orthography|''te'''ll''''']] |align=center| {{IPA|[tʰɛl]}} | 'to tell' | |- | colspan="2" | [[Esperanto]] | {{lang|eo|[[Esperanto orthography|'''l'''uno]]}} | align=center | {{IPA|[ˈluno]}} | 'moon' | See [[Esperanto phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Filipino language|Filipino]] | {{lang|tl|[[Tagalog orthography|'''l'''uto]]}} | align=center | {{IPA|[ˈluto]}} | 'to cook' | See [[Tagalog phonology|Filipino phonology]] |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Georgian language|Georgian]] |''[[Georgian scripts|'''ლ'''ექსი]]/[[Romanization of Georgian|'''l'''eksi]]'' | align=center | {{IPA|[le̞kʰs̪i]}} | 'verse/poetry' | rowspan="2" |See [[Georgian phonology]] |- |''[[Georgian scripts|რბი'''ლ'''ი]]/[[Romanization of Georgian|rbi'''l'''i]]'' | align=center | {{IPA|[ɾbili]}} | 'soft' |- | colspan=2|[[Greek language|Greek]] | {{lang|el|[[Greek orthography|'''λ'''έξη]]}}/{{Transliteration|el|'''l'''éksi}} | align=center | {{IPA|[ˈleksi]}} | 'word' | See [[Modern Greek phonology]] |- | colspan=2|[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |{{lang|heb|[[Hebrew orthography|'''ל'''י'''ל'''ה]]}}/{{lang|heb-Latn|'''l'''ai'''l'''a}} | align=center|{{IPA|['lajla]}} |'night' |See [[Modern Hebrew phonology]]. |- |colspan=2| [[Italian language|Italian]]{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}}{{sfnp|Bertinetto|Loporcaro|2005|p=132}}{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|pp=88–89}} | {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|'''l'''etto]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈlɛt̪ːo]}} | 'bed' | Apical.{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=89}} See [[Italian phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Japanese language|Japanese]] | {{lang|ja-Hani|[[Kanji|六]]}}/{{Transliteration|ja|[[Romanization of Japanese#Hepburn|'''r'''oku]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[lo̞kɯ̟ᵝ]}} | 'six' | Apical.{{sfnp|Labrune|2012|p=92}} More commonly {{IPAblink|ɾ}}. See [[Japanese phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]<ref name="treder">{{cite web|title=Fonetyka i fonologia|author=Jerzy Treder|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> | {{example needed|date=November 2013}} | | | |- |colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] | {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|ភ្លេង]]}}/{{Transliteration|km|ph'''l'''éng}} |align=center| {{IPA|[pʰleːŋ]}} | 'music' | See [[Khmer phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Korean language|Korean]] | {{lang|ko|[[Hangul|일]]}}/{{Transliteration|ko|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|i'''l''']]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[il]}} | 'one' or 'work' | Realized as alveolar tap ɾ in the beginning of a syllable. See [[Korean phonology]]. |- |colspan=2| [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}} | {{lang|ky|[[Kyrgyz alphabet|көпө'''л'''өк]]}}/{{Transliteration|ky|köpö'''l'''ök}} |align=center| {{IPA|[køpøˈløk]}} | 'butterfly' | Velarized in back vowel contexts. See [[Kyrgyz phonology]] |- | colspan="2" |[[Laghu language|Laghu]] |{{Lang|lgb|'''l'''aghu}} |{{IPA|[lagu]}} |'Laghu language' | |- |[[Laghuu language|Laghuu]] |Nậm Sài, [[Sa Pa (town)|Sa Pa]] Town | colspan="2" |{{IPA|[la˧˨ ɣɯ˥]}} |'Laghuu language' | |- |colspan="2"|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] |{{Lang|ml|[[Malayalam orthography|തല]]}} |{{IPA|[t̪ɐlɐ]}} |'head' |See [[Malayalam phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|pp=88–89}} | {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|e'''l'''un]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ëˈlʊn]}} | 'to give' | |- | colspan="2" |[[Nepali language|Nepali]] |{{Lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|'''ला'''मो]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[lämo]}} |'long' |See [[Nepali phonology]] |- | colspan="2" |[[Odia language|Odia]]{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=107}} |{{Lang|or|[[Odia script|ଭ'''ଲ''']]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[bʰɔlɔ]}} |'good' | |- | colspan="2" |[[Persian language|Persian]] |{{lang|fa|[[Persian orthography|لاما]]|rtl=yes}}/{{Transliteration|fa|'''l'''āmā}} | align=center| {{IPA|[lɒmɒ]}} | 'llama' | See [[Persian phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Polish language|Polish]]{{sfnp|Rocławski|1976|p=130}} | {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|po'''l'''e]]}} |align=center| {{Audio-IPA|Pl-pole-2.ogg|[ˈpɔlɛ]}} | 'field' | Contrasts with {{IPA|[ɫ̪]}} ({{IPA|/w/}}) for a small number of speakers. When it does, it might be palatalized to {{IPA|[lʲ]}}. See [[Polish phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]{{sfnp|Chițoran|2001|p=10}} | {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|a'''l'''ună]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[äˈlun̪ə]}} | 'hazelnut' | [[Apical consonant|Apical]]. See [[Romanian phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Scottish Gaelic]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The guide to reading Scottish Gaelic|url=http://akerbeltz.org/images/0/08/Guide_detailed_with_examples.pdf}}</ref> | {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic orthography|mao'''il''']]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[mɯːl]}} | 'headland' | [[Apical consonant|Apical]].{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|p=125}} Contrasts with {{IPA|/ɫ̪/}} and {{IPA|/ʎ/}}. See [[Scottish Gaelic phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Slovak language|Slovak]]{{sfnp|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}} | {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|m'''ĺ'''kvy]]}} |align=center| {{Audio-IPA|SK-mlkvy.ogg|[ˈml̩ːkʋi]}} | 'silent' | [[Syllabic consonant|Syllabic]] form can be long or short. See [[Slovak phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Slovene language|Slovene]]{{sfnp|Pretnar|Tokarz|1980|p=21}} | {{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|'''l'''eta'''l'''o]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[lɛˈt̪àːlɔ]}} | 'airplane' | See [[Slovene phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}} | {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|hab'''l'''ar]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[äˈβ̞läɾ]}} | 'to speak' | See [[Spanish phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]{{sfnp|Keane|2004|p=111}} | {{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|புலி]]}}/{{Transliteration|ta|pu'''l'''i}} |align=center| {{IPA|[pul̪i]}} | 'tiger' | See [[Tamil phonology]] |- | colspan="2" |[[Welsh language|Welsh]] | {{lang|cy|diafo'''l'''}} |[djavɔl] |'devil' |See [[Welsh phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=10}} | {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|об'''л'''иччя]]}}/{{Transliteration|uk|ob'''l'''ychchya}} |align=center| {{IPA|[oˈblɪt͡ʃːɐ]}} | 'face' | Contrasts with palatalized form. See [[Ukrainian phonology]] |} ==Dental== {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=l̪ }} The '''voiced dental lateral approximant''' is a type of [[consonant]]al [[sound]] used in some [[spoken language]]s. ===Characteristics=== {{consonants|voiced|dental|lateral|approximant}} ===Examples=== {| class="wikitable" !colspan=2| Language ! Word ! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] ! Meaning ! Notes |- | [[Arabic]] | [[Gulf Arabic|Gulf]]{{sfnp|Qafisheh|1977|pp=2, 14}} | {{lang|afb|'''لـ'''ين}}/{{Transliteration|afb|'''l'''een}} |align=center| {{IPA|[l̪eːn]}} | 'when' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Arabic phonology]] |- | rowspan="2" |[[Chinese language|Chinese]] |[[Cantonese]] | {{lang|yue|蘭}}/{{Transliteration|yue|'''l'''aan4}} |align=center|[l̪an˨˩] | rowspan="2" |'orchid' | |- |[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] |{{lang|cmn|蘭}}/{{Transliteration|cmn|'''l'''án}} |align=center|[l̪an˨˥] | |- |colspan=2| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]{{sfnp|Siptár|Törkenczy|2000|pp=75–76}} | {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|e'''l'''em]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈɛl̪ɛm]}} | 'battery' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Hungarian phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Italian language|Italian]]{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}}{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=89}}{{sfnp|Bertinetto|Loporcaro|2005|p=133}} | {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|mo'''l'''to]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[ˈmol̪ːt̪o]}} | 'much, a lot' | Laminal denti-alveolar. [[Allophone]] of {{IPA|/l/}} before {{IPA|/t, d, s, z, t͡s, d͡z/}}.{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}}{{sfnp|Canepari|1992|p=89}}{{sfnp|Bertinetto|Loporcaro|2005|p=133}} See [[Italian phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]]{{sfnp|Lunt|1952|p=1}} | {{lang|mk|[[Macedonian alphabet|'''л'''ево]]}}/{{Transliteration|mk|'''l'''evo}} |align=center| {{IPA|[l̪e̞vo̞]}} | 'left' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Macedonian phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|pp=88–89}} | {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|'''ḻ'''afkeṉ]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[l̪ɐ̝fkën̪]}} | 'sea, lake' | [[Interdental consonant|Interdental]].{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|pp=88–89}} |- | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] | [[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=25}} | {{lang|no|[[Norwegian orthography|an'''l'''egg]]}} | {{IPA|[²ɑnːl̪ɛg]}} | 'plant (industrial)' | Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} after {{IPA|/n, t, d/}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=25}} See [[Norwegian phonology]] |- |colspan=2|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255-259}} | {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|a'''l'''tar]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[äl̪ˈt̪äɾ]}} | 'altar' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} before {{IPA|/t/, /d/}}. See [[Spanish phonology]] |- | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | Central Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|2004|p=167}} | {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|a'''ll'''t]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[äl̪t̪]}} | 'everything' | Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Swedish phonology]] |- |colspan=2| [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=13}} | {{lang|uz|[[Uzbek alphabet|ke'''l'''ajak]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[kel̪ædʒæk]}} | 'future' | Laminal denti-alveolar. Velarized between a non-front rounded vowel and a consonant or [[juncture]] phoneme.{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|p=13}} |- | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] | Hanoi{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}} | {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''l'''ửa]]}} |align=center| {{IPA|[l̪ɨə˧˩˧]}} | 'fire' | See [[Vietnamese phonology]] |} ==Velarised and pharyngealised== {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=ɫ }} The '''voiced velarised and pharyngealised alveolar lateral approximant''' is a sound used in some [[spoken language|spoken languages]]. It is in [[English language|English]] but is not phonemic. It is the ll in full. ==References== <references/> {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Consonants]] kt2d237is819n0j3oweqmecosfwz5od 0 951464 10879172 10870301 2026-06-05T00:21:48Z Oklopfer 1649812 rv copying from wikipedia 10879172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=ʒ |x-sampa=Z |kirshenbaum=Z }} The '''voiced post-alveolar fricative''' is a sound used in some [[spoken language|spoken languages]]. It is in [[English language|English]], for example it is the s in vision and the g in genre. {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Consonants]] 8utv8xywqgty7d5x358w7925zez9oe4 0 951468 10879168 10876257 2026-06-05T00:20:16Z Oklopfer 1649812 rv wiki copying and desimplifying 10879168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=ʍ |x-sampa=W |kirshenbaum=w<vls> }} The '''voiceless labial-velar fricative''' is a sound used in some [[spoken language|spoken languages]]. It is in some [[dialect|dialects]] of [[English language|English]], written as wh and appearing in the word what. {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Consonants]] r4ihzd6b4lvb8sfrfpx0qlafib18dde 0 951523 10879166 10877701 2026-06-05T00:19:11Z Oklopfer 1649812 rv desimplication and wiki copying 10879166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=β |x-sampa=B |kirshenbaum=B }} The '''voiced bilabial fricative''' is a sound used in some [[spoken language|spoken languages]]. It is not in [[English language|English]] but is similar to the v in have. {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Consonants]] njuug1w25rxusbsr5zvxchjt67qg45i 0 951598 10879345 10816862 2026-06-05T05:36:31Z FonzuHarp 1759780 10879345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=ʂ |x-sampa=s` |kirshenbaum=s. }} The '''voiceless retroflex fricative''' is a sound used in some [[spoken language|spoken languages]]. It is in the [[General American English|General American]] dialect of [[English language|English]]. It is also in languages such as [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Polish language|Polish]], and [[Swedish language|Swedish]]. The sound is similar to {{IPAslink|ʃ}} but with the [[tongue]] curled back. ==Characteristics== {{Consonants|voiceless|retroflex|fricative}} ==Examples== {| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes |- | colspan="2" | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || {{lang|ab|[[Abkhaz alphabet|ам'''ш''']]}} / {{transliteration|ab|am'''š'''}} || {{IPA|[ɑmʂ]|lang=ab}} || 'day' || See [[Abkhaz phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|ady-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|п'''шъ'''а'''шъ'''э]]}} / {{lang|ady-Arab|پ'''ص'''ا'''ص'''ە}} / {{transliteration|ady|p'''ŝ'''a'''ŝ'''ə}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pshahsa.ogg|[pʂ̻aːʂ̻a]|lang=kbd}} || 'girl' || Laminal. |- | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Mandarin language|Mandarin]] || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|石]]}} / {{transliteration|cmn|[[Hanyu Pinyin|'''sh'''í]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥]|lang=cmn}} || 'stone' || Apical. See [[Mandarin phonology]] |- | [[Emilian-Romagnol language|Emilian-Romagnol]] || [[Romagnol dialects|Romagnol]] || {{lang|rgn|'''s'''é}} || {{IPA|[ˈʂĕ]|lang=rgn}} || 'yes' || Apical; may be {{IPAblink|s̺|s̺ʲ}} or {{IPAblink|ʃ}} instead. |- | [[English language|English]] || [[General American English|General American]] || ''wor'''sh'''ip'' || {{IPA|[wəɹʂɪp]|lang=en}} || 'worship' || Allophone of {{IPA|[ʃ]|lang=en}} after {{IPA|[ɹ]|lang=en}}. |- | colspan="2"| [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || {{lang|fo|fý'''rs'''}} || {{IPA|[fʊʂ]|lang=fo}} || 'eighty' || |- | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] || [[Hindi]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|कष्ट]]}} / {{transliteration|hi|kaṣṭ}} || {{IPA|[ˈkəʂʈ]|lang=hi}} || 'trouble' || See [[Hindi phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Hmong language|Hmong]] || {{script|Hmng|[[Pahawh Hmong|𖬤𖬵]]}} / {{transliteration|hmn|[[Romanized Popular Alphabet |'''s'''au]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂau˧]|lang=hmn}} || 'to write' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Kannada]] || {{lang|kn|[[Kannada script|ಕಷ್ಟ]]}} / {{transliteration|kn|kaṣṭa}} || {{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐ]|lang=kn}} || 'difficult' || Only in loanwords. See [[Kannada phonology]]. |- | [[Khanty language|Khanty]] || Most northern dialects || {{lang|kca|'''ш'''а'''ш'''}} / {{transliteration|kca|'''š'''a'''š'''}} || {{IPA|[ʂɑʂ]|lang=kca}} || 'knee' || Corresponds to a [[voiceless retroflex affricate]] {{IPA|/ʈ͡ʂ/|lang=kca}} in the southern and eastern dialects. |- | colspan="2" | [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]] || {{lang|ky|О'''ш'''}} / {{transliteration|hmn|O'''ş'''}} || {{audio-IPA|LL-Q9255 (kir)-Almanbet Janışev-Ош.wav|[o̞ʂ]|lang=ky}} || '[[Osh]]' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ʃ/|lang=ky}}. See [[Kyrgyz phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]<ref name="Šewc">{{harvp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=40–41}}</ref>{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|pp=180–181, 190–191}} || {{lang|dsb|gla'''ž'''k}} || {{IPA|[ˈɡläʂk]|lang=dsb}} || 'glass' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|കഷ്ടം]]}} / {{transliteration|ml|kaṣṭaṁ}} || {{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐm]|lang=ml}} || 'difficult' || Only occurs in loanwords. See [[Malayalam phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}} || {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|truku'''r''']]}} || {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ]|lang=arn}} || 'fog' || Possible allophone of {{IPA|/ʐ/|lang=arn}} in post-nuclear position.{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=90}} |- | colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|[[Devanagari|ऋ'''षी''']]}} / {{transliteration|mr|reṣī}} || {{IPA|[r̩ʂiː]|lang=mr}} || 'sage' || See [[Marathi phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] || {{lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|षष्ठी]]}} / {{transliteration|ne|ṣaṣṭhī}} || {{IPA|[sʌʂʈʰi]|lang=ne}} || '[[Shashthi (day)]]' || Allophone of {{IPA|/s/|lang=ne}} in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants. See [[Nepali phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|ka'''rs'''k]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Nb-karsk.ogg|[kaʂk]|lang=no}} || 'healthy' || Allophone of the sequence {{IPA|/ɾs/}} in many dialects, including [[Urban East Norwegian]]. See [[Norwegian phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Oʼodham language|Oʼodham]]{{sfnp|Saxton|1963|p=30}} || {{lang|ood|Cuk '''Ṣ'''on}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃʊk ʂ̺ɔn]|lang=ood}} || '[[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]' || Apical. |- | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || Southern dialect || {{lang|ps|[[Pashto alphabet|ښودل]]}} / {{transliteration|ps|šodël}} || {{IPA|[ʂodəl]|lang=ps}} || 'to show' || |- | rowspan="3" | [[Polish language|Polish]] || Standard<ref name="Hamann">{{harvp|Hamann|2004|p=65}}</ref> || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''sz'''um]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-szum.ogg|[ʂ̻um]|lang=pl}} || 'rustle' || After voiceless consonants it is also represented by {{angbr|rz}}. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the [[voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill]] by few speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58|title=Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)|first=Halina|last=Karaś|access-date=2013-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113214551/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=58|archive-date=2013-11-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> Transcribed {{IPA|/ʃ/}} by most Polish scholars. See [[Polish phonology]] |- | [[Dialects of Polish|Southeastern Cuyavian dialects]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113203509/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-13|title=Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu|first=Barbara|last=Taras}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''s'''chowali]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʂxɔˈväli]|lang=pl}} || rowspan="2" | 'they hid' || rowspan="2" | Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of {{IPA|/ʂ/|lang=pl}} and {{IPA|/s/|lang=pl}} into {{IPAblink|s̪|s}} (see [[szadzenie]]). |- | [[Masovian dialect|Suwałki dialect]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204558/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-11-13|title=Gwary polskie - Szadzenie|first=Halina|last=Karaś}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | [[Romanian language|Romanian]] || Moldavian dialects{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=31}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|'''ș'''ură]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|['ʂurə]|lang=ro}} || rowspan="2" | 'barn' || rowspan="2" | Apical.{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=31}} See [[Romanian phonology]] |- | Transylvanian dialects{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=31}} |- | colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="Hamann"/> || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''ш'''ут]]}} / {{transliteration|ru|'''š'''ut}} || {{IPA|[ʂut̪]|lang=ru}} || 'jester' || See [[Russian phonology]] |- | rowspan="4" | [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] || [[Isle of Lewis|Lewis]]{{sfnp|Borgstrøm|1940|p=76}} || rowspan="4" | {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography|cea'''r'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[kʲʰäʂʈ]|lang=gd}} || rowspan="4" | 'right' ||rowspan="4" | Representation of the phoneme combination {{IPA|/rˠs̪/}}. |- | [[Harris, Outer Hebrides|Harris]]{{sfnp|Borgstrøm|1940|p=134}}<ref name="Borgstrøm">{{harvp|Borgstrøm|1940|p=170-171}}</ref> || {{IPA|[kʲʰäʂt̪]|lang=gd}} |- | [[North Uist]] and [[Benbecula]]<ref name="Borgstrøm"/> || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[kʲʰæʂt̪]|lang=gd}} |- | [[Skye Gaelic|Skye]]{{sfnp|Borgstrøm|1941|p=44}} |- | colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]] || {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''š'''al]]}} / {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''ш'''ал]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂâ̠ːl]|lang=sh}} || 'scarf' || Typically transcribed as {{IPA|/ʃ/|lang=sh}}. See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Slovak language|Slovak]]{{sfnp|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}} || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|'''š'''atka]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈʂätkä]|lang=sk}} || 'kerchief' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|fo'''rs''']]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Sv-fors.ogg|[ˈfɔʂː]|lang=sv}} || 'rapids' || Allophone of the sequence {{IPA|/rs/|lang=sv}} in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See [[Swedish phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|கஷ்டம்]]}} / {{transliteration|ta|kaṣṭam}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[kɐʂʈɐm]|lang=ta}} || rowspan="2" | 'difficult' || Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with {{IPA|/s/|lang=ta}}. See [[Tamil phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|కష్టం]]}} / {{transliteration|te|kaṣṭam}} || Only occurs in loanwords. See [[Telugu phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Toda language|Toda]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=168}} || || {{IPA|[pɔʂ]|lang=tcx}} || '(clan name)' || [[Subapical consonant|Subapical]], contrasts {{IPA|/θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/|lang=tcx}}.{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=66}} |- | colspan="2" | [[Torwali language|Torwali]]{{sfnp|Lunsford|2001|pp=16–20}} || {{lang|trw|[[Arabic alphabet|ݜیݜ]]}} / {{transliteration|trw|šeš}} || {{IPA|[ʂeʂ]|lang=trw}} || 'thin rope' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]] || || {{IPA|[ʂ̺a]|lang=uby}} || 'head' || See [[Ubykh phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian orthography|'''ш'''ахи]]}} / {{transliteration|uk|'''š'''ahy}} || {{IPA|[ˈʂɑxɪ]|lang=uk}} || 'chess' || See [[Ukrainian phonology]] |- | [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]] || Some dialects{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=41}}{{sfnp|Zygis|2003|p=180}} ||{{example needed|date=June 2015}} || — || — || Used in dialects spoken in villages north of [[Hoyerswerda]]; corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʃ}} in standard language.<ref name="Šewc"/> |- | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] || Southern dialects{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}} || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''s'''ữa]]}} || {{IPA|[ʂɨə˧ˀ˥]|lang=vi}} || 'milk' || See [[Vietnamese phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Yi language|Yi]] || {{lang|ii|[[Yi script|ꏂ]]}} / {{transliteration|ii|'''sh'''y}} || {{IPA|[ʂ̺ɹ̩˧]|lang=ii}} || 'gold' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Yurok language|Yurok]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Yurok consonants|url=https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~yurok/web/consonants.php|website=Yurok Language Project|publisher=UC Berkeley|access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> || {{lang|yur|'''s'''egep}} || {{IPA|[ʂɛɣep]|lang=yur}} ||'coyote' | |- | [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]] || [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=109}} || {{example needed|date=December 2018}}|| — || — || Allophone of {{IPA|/ʃ/|lang=zts}} before {{IPA|[a]|lang=zts}} and {{IPA|[u]|lang=zts}}. |} ==Non-sibilant== {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=ɻ̊˔ }} A voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[spoken language]]s. ===Examples=== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes |- | [[Ormuri language|Ormuri]] || Kaniguram dialect || {{lang|oru|suř}} || {{Audio-IPA|Kaniguram Ormuri suř.ogg|[suɻ̝̊]|lang=oru}} || {{gloss|red}} || Usually corresponds to {{IPAslink|ʃ}} in the Logar dialect. |} ==Approximant== {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=ɻ̊ }} A voiceless retroflex approximant is a rare [[consonant]]al sound used in some [[spoken language]]s. It is not in [[English language|English]]. ===Features=== {{consonants|voiceless|retroflex|approximant}} ===Examples=== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes |- | colspan="2" | [[Angami language|Angami]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=Fall 1993 |title=Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami |last1=Blankenship |first1=Barbara |last2=Ladefoged |first2=Peter |last3=Bhaskararao |first3=Peri |last4=Chase |first4=Nichumeno |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |volume=16 |issue=2 |page=87 |doi=10.32655/LTBA.16.2.03 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/blankenship1992phonetic.pdf}}</ref> || {{lang|njm|ɻ̥ə³}} || {{IPA|[ɻ̥ə˨]|lang=njm}} || {{gloss|to plan}} || Contrasts with {{IPAslink|ɻ}} |- | colspan="2" | [[Chokri language|Chokri]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bielenberg |first1=Brian |last2=Zhalie |first2=Nienu |title=Chokri (Phek Dialect): Phonetics and Phonology |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |date=Fall 2001 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=85–122 |doi=10.32655/LTBA.24.2.04 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/bielenberg2001chokri.pdf |access-date=28 December 2016}}</ref> || colspan="2" align=center | {{IPA|[təɻ̥ɨ˥˧]|lang=}} || {{gloss|sew}} || In free variation with {{IPAslink|χ}}; contrasts with {{IPAslink|ɻ}} |- | colspan="2" | [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || {{lang|fo|[[Faroese orthography|be'''r'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[pɛɻ̊ʈ]|lang=fo}} || 'only' || Devoiced approximant allophone of {{IPA|/r/|lang=fo}}.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}} See [[Faroese phonology]] |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Consonants]] tauvw1axdpcdt2j0izc8leu70i2ao18 0 951601 10879169 10876249 2026-06-05T00:20:52Z Oklopfer 1649812 rv copying from wikipedia 10879169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=ɖʐ |x-sampa=d`z` |kirshenbaum=d.z. }} The '''voiced retroflex affricate''' is a sound used in some [[spoken language|spoken languages]]. It is not in [[English language|English]]. {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Consonants]] k9tmrvhw5ac2oi1q54j61vetp4xc4or 0 951610 10879170 10874510 2026-06-05T00:21:18Z Oklopfer 1649812 rv copying from wikipedia 10879170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=ɽr }} The '''voiced retroflex trill''' is a sound used in some [[spoken language|spoken languages]]. It is not in [[English language|English]]. {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Consonants]] 90xecpya1gbdef09qvt7itpwr91o7ii 0 951614 10879280 9478529 2026-06-05T03:55:14Z ~2026-33339-56 1816632 i made it better 10879280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol= ʡ̆ |above=Voiced epiglottal tap}} The '''voiced epiglottal tap or flap''' is not a sound. {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Consonants]] o85vrzl88e1a54ctoa018u4t5a6dpth 10879297 10879280 2026-06-05T04:36:07Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33339-56|~2026-33339-56]] ([[User talk:~2026-33339-56|talk]]) to last version by 31.61.173.28 9478529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol= ʡ̆ |above=Voiced epiglottal tap}} The '''voiced epiglottal tap or flap''' is a sound used in some [[spoken language|spoken languages]]. It is not in [[English language|English]]. It is used in [[Dahalo language]]. {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Consonants]] ramcflpq1alb739g1t7l5mvkdzkmsc3 0 951619 10879165 10876267 2026-06-05T00:18:22Z Oklopfer 1649812 copying from wikipedia proper, not simple 10879165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=ʄ |x-sampa=J\_< }} The '''voiced palatal implosive''' is a sound used in some [[spoken language|spoken languages]]. It is not in [[English language|English]]. {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Consonants]] 99xkz0swe2ydd3ocqx3lypndowukzba 0 951662 10879164 10877724 2026-06-05T00:16:48Z Oklopfer 1649812 rv, this is not simple 10879164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=ä |x-sampa=a_" }} The '''open central unrounded vowel''' is a sound used in some [[spoken language|spoken languages]]. It is not in [[English language|English]]. {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Vowels]] 91xborcukk4ije2zp05wym1neh2z2yv 0 951689 10879340 8397226 2026-06-05T05:23:33Z FonzuHarp 1759780 10879340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=t̠ʃʼ |ipa symbol2=tʃʼ }} The '''palato-alveolar ejective affricate''' is a sound used in some [[spoken language|spoken languages]]. The IPA letter for this sound is {{angbr ipa|t̠ʃʼ}} or simplified as {{angbr IPA|tʃʼ}}. It is not in [[English language|English]]. ==Characteristics== {{consonants|palato-alveolar|ejective|affricate}} ==Examples== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes |- | colspan="2" | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || {{lang|ab|[[Abkhaz alphabet|'''ҷ'''ыгәӡа]]}} / {{transliteration|ab|{{nowrap|'''{{tdir|t|ħ}}'''əguʒa}}}} || {{IPA|[tʃʼəɡʷdza]|lang=ab}} || 'neatly' or 'tidily' || See [[Abkhaz phonology]] |- | colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|ady|[[Cyrillic script|'''кӏ'''ако]]}} / {{transliteration|ady|'''ḉ'''ako}} || {{Audio-IPA|кӏако.ogg|[t͡ʃʼaːkʷa]|lang=ady}} || 'short' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Amharic language|Amharic]] || {{lang|am|[[Ethiopic script|'''ጨ'''ረቃ]]}} / {{transliteration|am|'''č̣'''äräqa}} || {{Audio-IPA|LL-Q28244 (amh)-Woubster-ጨረቃ.wav|[t͡ʃʼərəkʼa]|lang=am}} || '[[moon]]' || |- | [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || Yerevan dialect<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|pp=17–18}}</ref> || {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|'''ճ'''յուղ]]}} / {{transliteration|hy|'''č̣'''yuġ}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃʼiʊ̯ʁ]|lang=hy}} || 'branch' || Corresponds to tenuis {{IPA|[t͡ʃ⁼]|lang=hy}} in other [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]] dialects. |- | colspan="2" | [[Avar language|Avar]] || {{lang|av|[[Cyrillic script|вор'''чӀ'''ами]]}} / {{transliteration|av|vor'''ꞓ'''ami}} || {{IPA|[wort͡ʃʼami]|lang=av}} || 'hello' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Aymara language|Aymara]] || {{lang|ay|'''ch{{`}}'''uspa}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃ'uspa]|lang=ay}} || '[[Chuspas|ch'uspa]]' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || {{lang|ce|[[Cyrillic script|'''чӏ'''ара]]}} / {{Transliteration|ce|'''ç̇'''ara}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃʼɑːrə]|lang=ce}} || '[[fish]]' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Georgian language|Georgian]] || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian alphabet|'''ჭ'''ა]]}} / {{Transliteration|ka|'''ch’'''a}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃʼɑ]|lang=ka}} || '[[well]]' (noun) || |- | colspan="2" | [[Hadza language|Hadza]]|| {{lang|hai|'''jj'''abako}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃʼabako]|lang=hai}} || '[[rock hyrax]]' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Hausa language|Hausa]] || {{lang|ha|'''tsh'''anya}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃʼanja]|lang=ha}} || '[[cricket]]' || Only found in western Hausa dialects. |- | colspan="2" | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || {{lang|kbd|[[Cyrillic script|'''кӏ'''э]]}} / {{transliteration|kbd|'''č̣ʼ'''ă}} || {{Audio-IPA|кӏэ.ogg|[t͡ʃʼa]|lang=kbd}} ||'tail' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Keres language|Keres]] || {{lang|kee|sh'''chʼ'''ísạ}} || {{IPA|[ʃtʃʼísḁ]|lang=kee}} || 'six' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Laz language|Laz]] || {{lang|lzz|[[Georgian alphabet|'''ჭ'''რა'''ჭ'''უნირი]]}} / {{transliteration|lzz|[[Turkish alphabet|'''ç̌'''ra'''ç̌'''uniri]]}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃʼrat͡ʃʼuniri]|lang=lzz}}|| 'squeaky'|| |- | colspan="2" | [[Lushootseed language|Lushootseed]] || {{lang|lut|'''č̓'''uʔ}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃʼʉʔ]|lang=lut}} ||'one' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] || {{lang|xmf|[[Georgian alphabet|'''ჭ'''კი'''ჭ'''კიტია]]}} / {{Transliteration|xmf|'''čʼ'''ḳi'''čʼ'''ḳiṭiɑ}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃʼkʼit͡ʃʼkʼitʼia]|lang=xmf}} || 'ant' || |- | [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]] || Kudairag || {{lang|os|'''Чъ'''реба}} || {{IPA|[ˈt͡ʃʼɾebä]|lang=os}} || '[[Tskhinvali|Tskhinval]]' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Q'eqchi' language|Q'eqchi']] || {{lang|kek|'''ch{{`}}'''o'''ch{{`}}'''}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃʼot͡ʃʼ]|lang=kek}} ||'earth' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] || {{lang|qu|'''ch{{`}}'''umpi}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃʼʊmpɪ]|lang=qu}} || 'brown' || |- | colspan="2" | [[Svan language|Svan]] || {{lang|sva|[[Georgian alphabet|ლენ'''ჭ'''ყ]]}} / {{Transliteration|sva|len'''čʼ'''qʼ}} || {{IPA|[lɛnt͡ʃʼqʼ]|lang=sva}} || 'marsh' || |- | colspan="2" |[[Sechelt language|Sechelt]] || {{lang|sec|'''ch{{`}}'''át-lích}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃʼat.lɛɪt͡ʃ]|lang=sec}}|| 'Sechelt' || |- | colspan="2" |[[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] || {{lang|tli|[[Tlingit alphabet|'''ch’'''eed]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Chʼeet.ogg|[t͡ʃʼit]|lang=tli}} || 'duck' || |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Consonants]] bqw2lwd119anl5a732ggq951i6hi1uy 0 955934 10879247 10876315 2026-06-05T02:08:45Z ~2026-33330-26 1816595 Made it "better": 10879247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=April 2026}} {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=ɡ̆ }} The '''voiced velar tap''' is not a sound. ==Features== Features of a voiced velar tap: {{consonants|voiced|velar|oral|tap}} =="Examples"== {| class="wikitable" !colspan="2"| Language ! Word ! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] ! Meaning ! Notes |- |colspan="2"|[[Dagaare language|Dagaare]] |pɔgɔ |{{IPA|[pɔ́ɡ̆ɔ́]}} |women |Pronunciation of {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in between vowels. |- | [[Kamkata-viri language|Kamkata-viri]] | Kamviri | ṭlak′a ṭlaka | {{IPA|[ʈꞎəˈɡ̆ə ʈꞎəɡ̆ə]}} | rattle | Pronunciation of {{IPAslink|k}} in between vowels. |- |} {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Consonants]] s5x803bjglk3axzobpczdqxqp5hgmwd 10879295 10879247 2026-06-05T04:35:43Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33330-26|~2026-33330-26]] ([[User talk:~2026-33330-26|talk]]) to last version by ChenzwBot 10836398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=April 2026}} {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=ɡ̆ }} The '''voiced velar tap''' is a sound reported to be potentially used in two languages. The [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] symbol is {{angbr IPA|ɡ̆}}. ==Features== Features of a voiced velar tap: {{consonants|voiced|velar|oral|tap}} ==Examples== {| class="wikitable" !colspan="2"| Language ! Word ! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] ! Meaning ! Notes |- |colspan="2"|[[Dagaare language|Dagaare]] |pɔgɔ |{{IPA|[pɔ́ɡ̆ɔ́]}} |women |Pronunciation of {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in between vowels. |- | [[Kamkata-viri language|Kamkata-viri]] | Kamviri | ṭlak′a ṭlaka | {{IPA|[ʈꞎəˈɡ̆ə ʈꞎəɡ̆ə]}} | rattle | Pronunciation of {{IPAslink|k}} in between vowels. |- |} {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Consonants]] 2o133ua8zxamd211bg08qow3sb4pb86 0 957085 10879356 8992535 2026-06-05T06:14:32Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Ali Zaidi | image = Ali Zaidi, Deputy National Climate Advisor.jpg | office = 2nd [[White House National Climate Advisor]] | president = [[Joe Biden]] | term_start = September 16, 2022 | term_end = January 20, 2025 | predecessor = [[Gina McCarthy]] | successor = TBD | office2 = 1st [[White House National Climate Advisor|White House Deputy National Climate Advisor]] | term_start2 = January 20, 2021 | term_end2 = September 16, 2022 | president2 = Joe Biden | predecessor2 = ''Position established'' | successor2 = [[To be announced|TBD]] | birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|32|2020|12|29}} | birth_place = [[Pakistan]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | education = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[Georgetown University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]]) }} '''Ali A. Zaidi''' (born 1987/1988)<ref name=eca>{{cite web |date=December 29, 2019 |title=Ali A. Zaidi – Deputy National Climate Advisor |url=https://ecamass.org/ali-a-zaidi-deputy-national-climate-advisor |access-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329161600/https://ecamass.org/ali-a-zaidi-deputy-national-climate-advisor/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a Pakistani-American lawyer and politician who was the 2nd [[White House National Climate Advisor]] from 2022 until 2025. He was the first [[White House National Climate Advisor|White House Deputy National Climate Advisor]]. He was the New York deputy secretary for energy and environment. In September 2022, President [[Joe Biden]] announced that Zaidi would replace [[Gina McCarthy]] as [[White House National Climate Advisor]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = Biden’s top climate adviser Gina McCarthy to step down | first = Aime | last = Williams | url = https://www.ft.com/content/7be48eed-33fd-43d8-b9a8-a52b5dbaaf0c | access-date = 2 September 2022 | work = Financial Times | date = 2 September 2022}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zaidi, Ali}} [[Category:1980s births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Pakistani lawyers]] [[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]] [[Category:Politicians from New York City]] [[Category:Lawyers from New York City]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] {{US-bio-stub}} {{Biden cabinet}} ii2d5o8f89hfhfdakpwd7k48v4vxs4k 0 958073 10879419 8981758 2026-06-05T09:34:30Z ~2026-33425-92 1816740 /* */ Due to high details the reader's understanding easily 10879419 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Abril Alonso.jpg|Bandeau|alt=Bandeau|thumb|300x300px]]Bandeau is a [[clothing]] comprising of a strip of [[Textile|cloth]] around a woman's [[Breast|breasts]]. It is usually part of a [[Bikini]]. It is strapless, off the shoulder and sleeveless. It is commonly made by elastic materials to prevent it from slipping down or is tied/pinned at the back or front. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary|url=https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=49F54973CFEABD68AFD0534CD9735100?authRejection=true&url=/view/Entry/15133|access-date=2022-09-09|website=www.oed.com|language=en|archive-date=2022-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909131748/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=49F54973CFEABD68AFD0534CD9735100?authRejection=true&url=/view/Entry/15133|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bandeau?q=Bandeau idge.org/dictionary/english/bandeau?q=Bandeau]</ref> == References == <references />{{Stub}} [[Category:Tops (clothing)]] l3cfx8vp2n9ib1h6gwl780cot132zia 10 966383 10879265 10823471 2026-06-05T02:59:01Z ~2026-33306-74 1816613 10879265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox musical artist | name = George Michael | title = [[George Michael]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | background = solo_singer | above = * [[George Michael discography|Discography]] * [[List of awards and nominations received by George Michael|Awards]] * [[List of George Michael live performances|Live performances]] | group1 = Studio albums | list1 = * ''[[Faith (George Michael album)|Faith]]'' * ''[[Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1]]'' * ''[[Older (album)|Older]]'' * ''[[Patience (George Michael album)|Patience]]'' | group2 = Cover albums | list2 = * ''[[Songs from the Last Century]]'' | group3 = Live albums | list3 = * ''[[Five Live (George Michael and Queen EP)|Five Live]]'' * ''MTV Unplugged'' * ''[[Symphonica (George Michael album)|Symphonica]]'' | group4 = Compilations | list4 = * ''[[Ladies & Gentlemen: The Best of George Michael]]'' * ''[[Twenty Five (album)|Twenty Five]]'' | group5 = Video releases | list5 = * ''Faith'' * ''[[Ladies & Gentlemen: The Best of George Michael (DVD)|Ladies & Gentlemen: The Best of George Michael]]'' * ''[[Twenty Five (video)|Twenty Five]]'' * ''[[Live in London (George Michael video)|George Michael Live in London]]'' | group6 = Concert tours | list6 = * [[The Faith Tour]] * [[Cover to Cover tour|Cover to Cover]] * [[25 Live]] * [[George Michael Live in Australia|Live in Australia]] * [[Symphonica Tour]] | group7 = Documentaries | list7 = * ''[[George Michael: A Different Story]]'' | group8 = Related articles | list8 = * [[Wham!]] * ''[[Panayiotou v. Sony Music Entertainment (UK) Ltd.]]'' * [[Aegean Records]] * ''[[Eli Stone]]'' * ''[[Last Christmas (film)|Last Christmas]]'' ** [[Last Christmas (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] | below = * {{Icon|Category}} [[:Category:George Michael|Category]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:English pop singer navigational boxes|Michael, George]] </noinclude> 2ublermwthceo61d8z0oiti3wyi6xxb 0 981104 10878852 10876747 2026-06-04T16:43:16Z ~2026-33262-49 1816350 Ericknario2938 10878852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | genre = [[Adventure fiction|Adventure]]<br>[[Television comedy|Comedy]]<br>[[Fantasy television|Fantasy]]<br>[[Children's television series|Children]] | runtime = 22 minutes | creator = {{ubl|Andrés Lieban|Claudia Koogan Breitman}} | developer = Mary Mackay-Smith | voices = Fernanda Ribeiro<br>Isadora Infante<br>Márcio Simões<br>Anna Rita Cerqueira<br>Lina Mendes<br>Eduardo Drummond<br>João Victor Granja<br>Sérgio Stern<br>Aline Ghezzi<br>Hélio Ribeiro<br>Bia Barros<br>Guilherme Briggs<br>Márcia Morelli<br>Miriam Ficher<br>Querén Simplício<br>Arthur Miazato<br>Nill Marcondes<br>Pietro Takeda<br>Mariah Lieban<br>Renata Roberta<br>Evelyn Castro<br>Isabela Guasco<br>Lorenzo Tarantelli<br>Felipe Torres<br>Melise Maia | theme_music_composer = Meiro Stamm | composer = GeoHarmonic Music Corporation | executive_producer = André Breitman<br>Ira Levy<br>Peter Williamson | country = Brazil<br>Canada | language = English<br>Portuguese | producer = André Breitman<br>Stephanie Betts (S1)<br>Meghan Read (S2) | director = Andrés Lieban | company = 2D Lab<br />[[Breakthrough Entertainment|Breakthrough Animation]] | network = [[TV Brasil]] | num_seasons = 2 | num_episodes = 52 (103 segments) | first_aired = {{Start date|2010|08|09}} | last_aired = {{End date|2014|12|28}} | network2 = [[Treehouse TV]] | first_aired2 = {{Start date|2008|05|31}} | last_aired2 = {{End date|2012|08|26}} | story = Mary Mackay-Smith }} '''''My Big Big Friend''''' ({{lang-pt|Meu Amigãozão}}) ({{lang-fr|'''Mon grand grand ami'''}}) is an animated children's educational television series. It was Co-Produced by Brazilian animation studio 2b lab and Canadian studio [[Breakthrough Entertainment]] and produced with [[Treehouse TV]]. The series was aired from May 31, 2008 to August 26, 2012 in Canada and August 9, 2010 to December 28, 2014 in Brazil. {{Treehouse TV original programming}}{{tv-stub}} [[Category:2000s Canadian animated comedy television series]] [[Category:2000s Canadian preschool education television series]] [[Category:2008 Canadian animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s Brazilian animated television series]] [[Category:2010s Brazilian children's television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian animated comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s Canadian preschool education television series]] [[Category:2010s Brazilian television series debuts]] [[Category:2010 animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2011 Canadian animated television series endings]] [[Category:2014 animated television series endings]] [[Category:2010s Brazilian television series endings]] [[Category:Animated television series about children]] [[Category:Brazilian children's animated television series]] [[Category:Portuguese-language television programs]] [[Catrgory:Canadian animated television series about children]] [[Category:Canadian children's animated adventure television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's animated comedy television series]] [[Category:Canadian children's animated fantasy television series]] [[Category:Canadian English-language television shows]] [[Category:Canadian flash animated television series]] [[Category:Brazilian flash animated television series]] [[Category:Animated television series about friendship]] [[Category:Animated television series about elephants]] [[Category:Television series about giraffes]] [[Category:Television series about kangaroos and wallabies]] [[Category:Television series by 9 Story Media Group]] [[Category:Television series by Corus Entertainment]] [[Category:Treehouse TV original programming]] t2tc51rd7ccbn5zpyh07y4nprt66nyz 0 981858 10879411 10870287 2026-06-05T09:04:54Z ~2026-33345-74 1816729 /* Previous regional versions */ currently added with 24 Oras Northern Samar under maintenance. 10879411 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''24 Oras''''' (pronounced as bente kwatro oras / {{translation|24 Hours}}) is a Philippine television news broadcasting show broadcast by [[GMA Network]]. Originally anchored by [[Mel Tiangco]] and [[Mike Enriquez]], it premiered on March 15, 2004, on the network's Telebabad line up, replacing ''[[Frontpage: Ulat ni Mel Tiangco]]''. Tiangco, Enriquez and [[Vicky Morales]] currently serve as the anchors. ==''24 Oras'' on GMA Regional TV== Since 2004, 24 Oras regional editions are broadcast on all GMA Regional stations nationwide with simulcast on provincial Super Radyo AM stations. All regional editions air at about 5:00pm (before the network's flagship GMA Telebabad block) with selected editions simulcast over GMA News TV International for overseas viewers. Several editions are aired nationwide since August 2016 on the GMA Regional Channel on Sky Cable, Destiny Cable and Sky Direct. The GMA News YouTube page also has included archived videos of past editions since recently for those who have not watched the program as well as for overseas viewers. ===Current regional editions=== As of November 10, 2014. ====Luzon==== *''[[:en:One North Central Luzon|24 Oras Ilokano]]''{{ref|1a|1}} (GMA Ilocos) Delivered in Ilocano - Anchored by '''Jorge Guerrero''' and '''Ivy Hernando'''. *''24 Oras Northern Luzon''{{ref|2a|2}} (GMA Baguio) Delivered in Filipino - Anchored by '''Dobie de Guzman''' and '''Maira Wallis'''. *''[[:en:One North Central Luzon|24 Oras North Central Luzon]]''{{ref|3a|3}} (GMA Dagupan) Delivered in Filipino - Anchored by '''CJ Torida''', '''Joanne Ponsoy''' and '''Cris Zuñiga'''. *''24 Oras Cagayan Valley''{{ref|4a|4}} (GMA Isabela / Tuguegarao) Delivered in Filipino - Anchored by '''Harris Julio''' and '''Darlene Gemino-Ballad'''. *''24 Oras Central Luzon''{{ref|5a|5}} (GMA Pampanga) Delivered in Kapampangan - Anchored by '''Gracie Rutao''' and '''Nicolette Henson-Hizon'''. *''24 Oras Southern Tagalog''{{ref|6a|6}} (GMA Batangas) Delivered in Filipino - Anchored by '''Ace Medrano''', '''Ivy Saunar-Gasang''' and '''Jonathan Magistrado'''. *''24 Oras Palawan''{{ref|7a|7}} (GMA Palawan) Delivered in Filipino - Anchored by '''Jay Zabanal''' and '''Lynette dela Cruz'''. *''[[:en:Balitang Bicolandia|24 Oras Bikol]]''{{ref|8a|8}} (GMA Bicol) Delivered in Bicolano - Anchored by '''Elmer Caseles''', '''Jessie Cruzat''' and '''Kate Delovieres'''. ====Visayas==== *''[[:en:One Western Visayas|24 Oras Western Visayas]]''{{ref|9a|9}} (GMA Iloilo) Delivered in Hiligaynon - Anchored by '''Gerthrode Charlotte-Tan''' and '''Atty. Jobert Peñaflorida'''. *''24 Oras Negros''{{ref|10a|10}} (GMA Bacolod) Delivered in Hiligaynon - Anchored by '''Ryan Gamboa''', '''Adrian Prietos''' and '''Barbara Mijares'''. *''[[:en:Balitang Bisdak|24 Oras Central Visayas]]''{{ref|11a|11}} (GMA Cebu) Delivered in Cebuano - Anchored by '''Alan Domingo''', '''Lou Anne Mae Rondina''' and '''Cecille Quibod-Castro'''. *''24 Oras Eastern Visayas''{{ref|12a|12}} (GMA Tacloban) Delivered in Waray - Anchored by '''Ranulfo Docdocan''' and '''Sharon Evite-Carangue'''. ====Mindanao==== *''24 Oras Chavacano''{{ref|13a|13}} (GMA Zamboanga) Delivered in Chavacano - Anchored by '''Jewel Reyes'''. * ''[[:en:One Mindanao|24 Oras Northern Mindanao]]''{{ref|14a|14}} (GMA Northern Mindanao) Delivered in Cebuano - Anchored by '''Kenneth Ragpala''' and '''Joe Legaspina'''. * ''[[:en:One Mindanao|24 Oras Southern Mindanao]]''{{ref|15a|15}} (GMA Davao) Delivered in Cebuano - Anchored by '''Tek Ocampo''' and '''Sarah Jane Hilomen-Velasco'''. *''24 Oras Socsksargen''{{ref|16a|16}} (GMA General Santos) Delivered in Filipino - Anchored by '''Jay Dayupay'''. *''24 Oras Caraga''{{ref|17a|17}} (GMA Butuan) Delivered in Cebuano - Anchored by '''Charmaine Awitan'''. *''24 Oras Central Mindanao''{{ref|18a|18}} (GMA Cotabato) Delivered in Filipino - Anchored by '''Jasper Acosta'''. ====Notes==== * {{ref|1a|1}}Simulcast on DZDO 1269 Super Radyo Laoag. * {{ref|2a|2}}Simulcast on DWSR 792 Super Radyo Baguio. * {{ref|3a|3}}Simulcast on DZSD 1548 Super Radyo Dagupan. * {{ref|4a|4}}Simulcast on DWMF 1593 Super Radyo Isabela. * {{ref|5a|5}}Simulcast on DZPB 910 Super Radyo Batangas. * {{ref|6a|6}}Simulcast on DWGV 792 Super Radyo Pampanga. * {{ref|7a|7}}Simulcast on DYSP 909 Super Radyo Puerto Princesa. * {{ref|8a|8}}Simulcast on DWAI 1170 Super Radyo Naga. * {{ref|9a|9}}Simulcast on DYSI 1323 Super Radyo Iloilo. * {{ref|10a|10}}Simulcast on DYSB 1179 Super Radyo Bacolod. * {{ref|11a|11}}Simulcast on DYSS 999 Super Radyo Cebu. * {{ref|12a|12}}Simulcast on DYGT 855 Super Radyo Tacloban. * {{ref|13a|13}}Simulcast on DXJC 900 Super Radyo Cagayan de Oro. * {{ref|14a|14}}Simulcast on DXBR 1125 Super Radyo Butuan. * {{ref|15a|15}}Simulcast on DXGM 1125 Super Radyo Davao. * {{ref|16a|16}}Simulcast on DXNG 999 Super Radyo General Santos. * {{ref|17a|17}}Simulcast on DXRC 1287 Super Radyo Zamboanga. * {{ref|18a|18}}Simulcast on DXSC 1017 Super Radyo Cotabato. ===Previous regional versions=== *''24 Oras Laoag'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Ilokano)}} *''24 Oras Baguio'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Northern Luzon)}} *''24 Oras Dagupan'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Pangasinan until renamed 24 Oras North Central Luzon)}} *''24 Oras Isabela'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Cagayan Valley)}} *''24 Oras Kapampangan'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Pampanga until renamed 24 Oras Central Luzon)}} *''24 Oras Pampanga'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Central Luzon)}} *''24 Oras Batangas'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Southern Tagalog)}} *''Palawan 24 Oras'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Palawan)}} *''24 Oras Naga/Legazpi'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Bikol)}} *''24 Oras Iloilo'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Panay until renamed 24 Oras Western Visayas)}} *''24 Oras 13'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Bacolod until renamed 24 Oras Negros)}} *''24 Oras Bacolod'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Negros)}} *''24 Oras Panay'' {{small|(would comprise 24 Oras Western Visayas and 24 Oras Negros)}} *''24 Oras Cebu'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Central Visayas)}} *''24 Oras Tacloban'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Eastern Visayas)}} *''24 Oras Northern Samar'' {{small|(fused in late 2011 into 24 Oras Tacloban and later 24 Oras Eastern Visayas)}} *''24 Oras Zamboanga'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Chavacano)}} *''24 Oras Cagayan de Oro/Iligan'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Northern Mindanao)}} *''24 Oras Northwestern Mindanao'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Northern Mindanao)}} *''24 Oras Mindanao'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Davao then reverted to its original title until renamed 24 Oras Southern Mindanao)}} *''24 Oras General Santos'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Socsksargen)}} *''24 Oras Butuan'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Caraga)}} *''24 Oras Cotabato'' {{small|(fused into 24 Oras Central Mindanao)}} ==Related pages== * [[List of accolades received by 24 Oras|List of accolades received by ''24 Oras'']] ==Other websites== * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{Official site|http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/shows/24oras}} * {{IMDb title|764672}} {{tv-stub}} [[Category:2004 television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s Philippine television series debuts]] [[Category:2000s Philippine television series]] [[Category:2000s television news programs]] [[Category:2010s Philippine television series]] [[Category:2010s television news programs]] [[Category:2020s Philippine television series]] [[Category:2020s television news programs]] [[Category:Philippine television series]] [[Category:Television news programs]] gvrgtdlkb7n6ma3vhnduox7xl5zxbsq 0 982092 10879352 10255665 2026-06-05T06:02:09Z ~2026-33297-07 1816674 HGTV 10879352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=May 2023}} {{Infobox television channel | name = HGTV | logo = HGTV 2010.svg | logo_size = 200px | country = United Kingdom | timeshift_service = {{Plainlist| * HGTV +1 * UKTV Style +2 (closed) }} | launch_date = 1 November 1997 | closed_date = 13 January 2026 | former_names = {{Plainlist|* UK Style (1997-2004) * UKTV Style (2004-2009) * Home (2009-2020) }} | terr_serv_1 = Freeview | terr_chan_1 = 44 }} '''HGTV''' (means "Home and Garden Television" and used to be named "Home") is a British and Irish television channel that shows home and gardening content. == History == HGTV started as UK Style on 1 November 1997 as part of the making of the [[UKTV]] network. On 1 February 2002 UKTV made UK Style +, a 1 hour timeshift of the original channel. In January 2003 another channel called [[UKTV Bright Ideas|UK Bright Ideas]] was made to show UK Style and [[Good Food|UK Food]]’s shows on Freeview. On 8 March 2004, UK Style and UK Style + changed to UKTV Style and UKTV Style +1. In January 2005, UKTV Style Gardens was made and gardening shows were moved there. It changed to UKTV Gardens in 2007. In December 2007, a two hour timeshift was made called UKTV Style +2. It closed in September 2008 to make [[U&W|Watch]]. On 24 March 2009, UKTV Style rebranded into Home. It changed its format to show home and garden shows. On 1 April 2019, Discovery took over the 50% of Home owned by BBC. In June 2019 it was announced Home would become HGTV. This happened on 21 January 2020 at 7am.{{UK television channels}} [[Category:British television channels]] {{tv-stub}} 9c6c0grya2rh2jpu8hnqtqocg82ojan 0 983670 10878912 9087574 2026-06-04T18:28:39Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10878912 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Potosi1.jpg|thumb|Potosí, with Cerro Rico in the background]] [[Image:Flag of Potosí.svg|thumb|150px|Flag]] [[Image:Coat of Arms of Potosi (Bolivia).svg|thumb|90px|Coat of arms]] '''Potosí''' is a city in [[Bolivia]]. In 2012, about 175.000 people lived there. Potosí is near the mountain [[Cerro Rico]], which has [[silver]] deposits. In the 17th century, the city grew rich by mining these deposits. At the time, it was one of the biggest cities in the world. Today, the city still depends on the deposits of silver and [[tin]] in the mountain. The city lies on the [[Altiplano]], a steppe-like [[plain]]. It is at an [[altitude]] of {{Convert|3900|m}} to {{Convert|4100|m}} above [[sea level]], which makes it one of the highest metropolises in the world. {{geo-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Potosi}} [[Category:Cities in Bolivia]] [[Category:Potosí Department]] q1pcmy0p3jsmerqqfv6n56cyrhcbjs8 0 987999 10879440 8631930 2026-06-05T11:04:26Z EmausBot 111904 Fixing double redirect from [[Ethelred the Unready]] to [[Æthelred the Unready]] 10879440 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Æthelred the Unready]] sor37u0nzvbz6lpyy9eb0u8o4pcctn4 0 988436 10879350 10690360 2026-06-05T05:56:12Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Katie Porter | image = Katie Porter Official Portrait (slight crop).jpg | office = Member of the<br>[[U.S. House of Representatives]]<br>from [[California]] | term_start = January 3, 2019 | term_end = January 3, 2025 | predecessor = [[Mimi Walters]] | successor = [[Dave Min]] | constituency = {{ubl |{{ushr|CA|45|45th district}} (2019–2023) |{{ushr|CA|47|47th district}} (2023–2025)}} | birth_name = Katherine Moore Porter | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|1|3}} | birth_place = [[Fort Dodge, Iowa]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = {{marriage|Matthew Hoffman|2003|2013|end=div}} | children = 3 | education = [[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[Harvard University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]]) | website = {{url|porter.house.gov|House website}} |module = {{Listen |pos = center |embed = yes |filename = Katie Porter on Noncompete Contracts.ogg |title = Porter's voice |type = speech |description = Porter on noncompete contracts<br/>Recorded February 28, 2023}} }} '''Katherine Moore Porter'''<ref name=Phillips>{{Cite web | url = http://www.noblenet.org/paarchives/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Commencement1992.pdf | title = Phillips Academy Order of Exercises at Exhibition, 1992 | access-date = 2023-01-10 | archive-date = 2021-09-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210920101438/https://www.noblenet.org/paarchives/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Commencement1992.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> (born January 3, 1974) is an American [[politician]], law [[professor]], and [[lawyer]]. She was a [[U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] from [[California]] between 2019 and 2025. She was a candidate for [[United States Senate]] in [[2024 United States Senate election in California|2024]]. She campaigned for the seat that was held by [[Dianne Feinstein]] before she died.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-10 |title=Rep. Katie Porter launches a U.S. Senate bid |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2023/01/10/rep-katie-porter-launches-a-us-senate-bid |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}</ref> However, she lost the [[primary election]] because she wasn't one of the top two candidates.<ref>{{cite news|title=California Senate race: Schiff and Garvey advance as Porter fades|work=POLITICO|date=March 5, 2024|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/05/california-senate-primary-election-results-00145235|access-date=April 25, 2024}}</ref> Porter was an unsuccessful candidate for [[Governor of California]] in the [[2026 California gubernatorial election|2026 election]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Koseff |first=Alexei |date=2025-03-11 |title=Fiery Katie Porter to run for California governor |url=https://calmatters.org/politics/2025/03/katie-porter-california-governor/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |work=CalMatters |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Former Rep. Katie Porter launches run for California governor |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2026-election/former-rep-katie-porter-launches-run-california-governor-rcna195721 |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Porter, Katie}} [[Category:1974 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:United States representatives from California]] [[Category:University of California faculty]] [[Category:Educators from Iowa]] [[Category:Lawyers from Iowa]] [[Category:Lawyers from California]] [[Category:Politicians from Iowa]] [[Category:Academics from Iowa]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:People from Irvine, California]] [[Category:Academics from Nevada]] {{US-bio-stub}} s5ralrl3sgkjtugbx7bux2eh17jjqig 14 1003430 10879205 8946454 2026-06-05T01:11:50Z ~2026-31801-68 1812592 10879205 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Cities in New Zealand]] [[Category:Settlements in Otago]] [[Category:Otago]] f1k4axse490z2xl3e1mbjr2a4danxy0 0 1017414 10878949 10876298 2026-06-04T19:01:14Z ~2026-33281-36 1816418 10878949 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jordan by Lipofsky 16577.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Michael Jordan]] (going for a dunk) is widely considered the greatest shooting guard and greatest player]] '''Shooting guard''' (also called '''SG''') is a position in [[basketball]]. Here is a list of all of the best Shooting Guards in the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]], past and present. (By order of worst to best) https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2222903-br-nba-legends-100-ranking-the-greatest-shooting-guards-of-all-time [[Gail Goodrich]], [[Eddie Jones (basketball)|Eddie Jones]], [[Alvin Robertson]], [[Jeff Hornacek]], [[Joe Dumars]], [[Bill Sharman]], [[Manu Ginobili]], [[Vince Carter]], [[Tracy McGrady]], [[Sidney Moncrief]], [[Reggie Miller]], [[Ray Allen]], [[Klay Thompson]], [[George Gervin]], [[James Harden]], [[Allen Iverson]], [[Clyde Drexler]], [[Jerry West]], [[Dwyane Wade]], [[Kobe Bryant]], and [[Michael Jordan]]. [[Category:Basketball positions]] {{sports-stub}} 3boaxgzhnifaf4zpyy2f4xyj1bdz5y6 0 1018078 10879091 9077553 2026-06-04T21:44:15Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Edgars Rinkēvičs | image = Edgars Rinkēvičs as president-elect, 2023-05-31 (cropped).jpg | caption = Rinkēvičs in 2023 | office = 11th [[President of Latvia]] | primeminister = [[Arturs Krišjānis Kariņš]]<br>[[Evika Siliņa]]<br>[[Andris Kulbergs]] | term_start = 8 July 2023 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Egils Levits]] | successor = | office2 = [[Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe|President of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe]] | term_start2 = 17 May 2023 | term_end2 = 8 July 2023 | predecessor2 = [[Þórdís Kolbrún R. Gylfadóttir]] | successor2 = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|9|21|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Jūrmala]], [[Latvian SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]<br>{{small|(now [[Latvia]])}} | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Latvian Way]] {{small|(1998–2004)}}<br>[[Reform Party (Latvia)|Reform Party]] {{small|(2012–2014)}}<br>[[Unity (Latvian political party)|Unity]] {{small|(2014–2023)}} | alma_mater = [[University of Latvia]]<br>[[Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy]] | office1 = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Latvia)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] | termstart1 = 25 October 2011 | termend1 = 8 July 2023 | primeminister1 = [[Valdis Dombrovskis]]<br>[[Laimdota Straujuma]]<br>[[Māris Kučinskis]]<br>[[Arturs Krišjānis Kariņš]] | predecessor1 = [[Ģirts Valdis Kristovskis]] | successor1 = [[Arturs Krišjānis Kariņš]] (acting) }} '''Edgars Rinkēvičs''' (born 21 September 1973) is a [[Latvia]]n public official and politician who is the [[President of Latvia]] since 8 July 2023. He has been the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Latvia)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Latvia]] from 2011 to 2023. He is the first openly gay [[head of state]] in a [[European Union]] country.<ref name="bloomberg">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-31 |title=EU's First Openly Gay Head of State Elected by Latvian Assembly |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-31/eu-s-first-openly-gay-head-of-state-elected-by-latvian-assembly |access-date=2023-05-31}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rinkevics, Edgars}} [[Category:1973 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:LGBT politicians]] [[Category:Gay men]] [[Category:Latvian politicians]] <!--[[Category:Presidents of Latvia]] [[Category:Current national leaders]]--> {{bio-stub}} hclbkrowx2jlivokybcwyrdvu33rbg8 0 1027447 10879282 8928426 2026-06-05T04:18:49Z ~2026-33231-40 1816640 DWNB-TV 10879282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|AksyonTV-41|the defunct television network|AksyonTV}} {{Redirect|One Sports 41|the television network|One Sports (TV channel)}} {{Infobox television station | name = One Sports 41 Manila | callsign = DWNB-TV | city = [[Quezon City]]; [[Mandaluyong]] | logo = One Sports logo.svg | logo_size = 190px | analog = 41 ([[ultra high frequency|UHF]]) | digital = [[DWET-TV]] 18/51 ([[UHF]]; ''[[ISDB|ISDB-T]]'') | virtual = 05.03 | affiliations = [[One Sports (TV channel)|One Sports]] | founded = {{Start date and age|2001|01|01}} | former_names = {{ubl|MTV Philippines (2001–2011)|AksyonTV (2011–2019)|5 Plus (2019–2020)}} | location = [[Metro Manila]] | country = Philippines | language = [[Filipino language|Filipino]] (mainly) | callsign_meaning = Nation Broadcasting (Corporation) | owner = [[Nation Broadcasting Corporation]] | operator = [[TV5 Network|TV5 Network, Inc.]] | former_callsigns = DZRU-TV (2001–2006) | sister_stations = [[DWET-TV]] ([[TV5 (Philippine TV network)|TV5]]) <br> [[DZKB-TV]] ([[RPTV (TV channel)|RPTV]]) <br> [[DWLA-FM]] (105.9 True FM) | former_affiliations = [[MTV (Philippines, 1992–2010)|MTV Philippines]] (2001–2007) <br> [[AksyonTV]] (2011–2019) <br> [[5 Plus]] (2019–2020) | licensing_authority = [[National Telecommunications Commission (Philippines)|NTC]] | power = 30 [[kW]] (10 [[kW]] on-operational power output) | erp = 50 [[kW]] | coordinates = {{coord|14|36|26|N|121|9|49|E|type:landmark}} | website = [http://www.onesports.ph www.onesports.ph] }} '''DWNB-TV''' (channel 41) is a [[television station]] in [[Metro Manila]], Philippines, serving as the [[Flagship (broadcasting)|flagship]] of the [[One Sports (TV channel)|One Sports]] network. It is owned by [[Nation Broadcasting Corporation]]; [[TV5 Network|TV5 Network, Inc.]], which owns [[TV5 (Philippine TV network)|TV5]] flagship [[DWET-TV]] (channel 5), operates the station under an [[Local marketing agreement|airtime lease agreement]]. Both stations share studios at the [[TV5 Media Center]], Reliance cor. Sheridan Sts., [[Mandaluyong City]], while DWNB-TV's alternate studio and digital transmitter is located at TV5 Complex, 762 Quirino Highway, Brgy. San Bartolome, [[Novaliches]], [[Quezon City]], and its analog and digital transmitter is located on Block 3, Emerald Hills, Sumulong Highway, [[Antipolo]], [[Rizal (province)|province of Rizal]]. ==History== ===As MTV Philippines (2001–2006)=== Previously, DZRU UHF channel 41 was being planned for use by [[Nation Broadcasting Corporation|NBC]] for its own acquired programming under the multimedia convergence program of the station's current owners. But sometime in 2000, [[MTV Southeast Asia|MTV Asia]] wanted to go 24 hours on terrestrial television which it didn't get when they were still buying airtime through [[Studio 23]] (now known as [[ABS-CBN Sports and Action|S+A]]). NBC broadcast executives, led by the radio station manager Francis Lumen, signed a joint venture agreement with MTV Networks Asia Pacific (now [[Paramount Networks EMEAA]]) for the right to use NBC's UHF Channel 41 for the latter's new extension, to be christened MTV Philippines. The move was in line with NBC's trends toward converging traditional broadcasts with the giant telecommunications backbone of the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company ([[PLDT]]), which had acquired NBC from the Yabuts and Villars in 1998 to achieve that purpose. UHF Channel 41 has its own studio complex at The Fort (now [[Bonifacio Global City]]) where its shows were broadcast to Metro Manila and nearby areas. After six years of partnership in the Philippines, MTV Philippines was placed off-the-air after a multi-year deal with [[All Youth Channels, Inc.]] following the dissolution of partnership with NBC. MTV Philippines was relaunched on March 1, 2007, as a cable and satellite TV channel while UHF channel 41 was inactive for three years (even MTV Philippines was ceased to exist in February 2010). ===As AksyonTV Channel 41 (2010–2019)=== In October 2010, UHF Channel 41 went back on-air and began its test broadcast as ABC Development Corporation (now [[TV5 Network (company)|TV5 Network, Inc.]]) took over the blocktime that will alternate TV5's programming and will feature news & public service information programs when mentioned new blocktimers took over the management of NBC stations; the call letters were also changed to '''DWNB-TV'''. By that day, UHF Channel 41 broadcast the feed of sister station [[DWFM|92.3 News FM]] (after the U92.3 FM (previously managed by [[All Youth Channels, Inc.]], which currently owns its cable channel, [[Nickelodeon Philippines]] (under [[MTV Networks Asia Pacific]]) signed off on the 30th day of the previous month) from 12nn to 8&nbsp;pm daily, but this was temporarily ended by the first quarter of December. The next few months, UHF Channel 41 prepared for the first non-cable news, current affairs and information & sports channel on TV, '''[[AksyonTV]]''', named after the flagship news program ''[[Aksyon (TV series)|Aksyon]]''. It was successfully launched on February 21, 2011, at exactly 4:00 in the morning, airing its first program ''[[Andar ng mga Balita (radio)|Andar ng mga Balita]]'' hosted by [[Martin Andanar]], which was actually a simulcast of the morning news program on News FM of the same title. The channel is also aired over Channel 29 (free-TV) on the areas of [[DYAN-TV|Cebu]], [[Davao City|Davao]], [[Cagayan de Oro]] and [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]], Channel 46 over [[DYNB-TV|Iloilo City]], and on selected cable channels. It operates 24 hours a day except for Holy week where its classic programs are limited. On April 30, AksyonTV Channel 41 is also aired on [[SkyCable]] via channel 61, but it was moved to Channel 59 in July 2011. In July 2013, Aksyon TV Channel 41 limited its operations from 24 hours to the time mentioned above, together with the other networks such as [[DWKC-TV|BEAM Channel 31]] (the former [[Jack City]], which is now a cable and satellite only channel; and later defunct, when the channel was rebranded as [[CT (TV channel)|CT]]), and [[DWVN-TV|3ABN/Hope Channel Philippines 45]]; because due to rules and regulations for affiliated free-to-air TV stations assigned by [[National Telecommunications Commission (Philippines)|National Telecommunications Commission]] that they've should not broadcast/operates 24/7 if they're not having any programs that they will be aired as well as an effect of cost-cutting measures by the management. ===As 5 Plus (2019–2020)=== On November 30, 2018, [[TV5 (Philippine TV network)|The 5 Network]] announced that [[AksyonTV]] would relaunch as [[5 Plus]] on January 13, 2019. The network now airs "atypical sports" programming with additional coverage from [[ESPN5]] and new sports-related contents which will target a younger, more adventurous audience or the [[millennials]].<ref>{{cite web |title=SPORTS AND MORE: AksyonTV redefines action as "5 Plus" |url=http://news.tv5.com.ph/breaking/sports-and-more-aksyontv-redefines-action-as-5-plus |publisher=[[News5]] |access-date=30 December 2018 |date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230181304/http://news.tv5.com.ph/breaking/sports-and-more-aksyontv-redefines-action-as-5-plus |archive-date=December 30, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="tv5toexpand">{{cite web |title=TV5 to expand sports coverage with 5 Plus |url=http://tv5.espn.com/story/_/id/25727247/tv5-expand-sports-coverage-5-plus |website=[[ESPN5]] |access-date=11 January 2019 |date=10 January 2019}}</ref> With this move, selected [[DWFM|Radyo5]] simulcast programs will move to newly stand-alone channel, [[One PH]] at the satellite service, [[Cignal]].<ref name="tv5toexpand" /> ===As One Sports (since 2020)=== On March 8, 2020, [[5 Plus]] was renamed to [[One Sports (TV channel)|One Sports]] as a terrestrial television channel, while the other counterpart of One Sports was re-branded to '''One Sports+'''. ==Digital television== ===Digital channels=== <!-- PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE INFORMATION BEYOND THIS AREA. --> DWNB-TV's feed is broadcast on DWET-TV digital subchannel operates on UHF Channel 18 (497.143&nbsp;MHz)¹ and broadcasts on the following subchannels: {| class="wikitable" ! [[Digital subchannel#United States|Channel]] ! [[Display resolution|Video]] ! [[Aspect ratio (image)|Aspect]] ! Short name ! Programming ! Notes |- | 5.01 | rowspan="3"|[[480i]] | rowspan="4" | [[16:9]] | TV5 | [[TV5 (Philippine TV network)|TV5]] {{small|(Main DWET-TV programming)}} |rowspan="3" | Commercial free-to-air broadcast |- | 5.02 | RPTV | [[RPTV (TV channel)|RPTV]] {{small|(Mirror feed from [[DZKB-TV|DTT 19]])}} |- | 5.03 | One Sports | [[One Sports (TV channel)|One Sports]] {{small|(DWNB-TV programming)}} |- | 5.35 | [[240p]] | One Seg S1 | [[TV5 (Philippine TV network)|TV5]] | [[1seg]] broadcast |- |} UHF Channel 51 (695.143&nbsp;MHz)² {| class="wikitable" ! [[Digital subchannel#United States|Channel]] ! [[Display resolution|Video]] ! [[Aspect ratio (image)|Aspect]] ! Short name ! Programming ! Notes |- | 51.01 | rowspan="3" |[[480i]] | rowspan="4" | [[16:9]] | TV5 | [[TV5 (Philippine TV network)|TV5]] {{small|(Minor feed from DTT 18)}} | rowspan="3" | Commercial free-to-air broadcast |- | 51.02 | RPTV | [[RPTV (TV channel)|RPTV]] {{small|(Mirror feed from [[DZKB-TV|DTT 19]])}} |- | 51.03 | One Sports | [[One Sports (TV channel)|One Sports]] |- | 51.35 | [[240p]] | One Seg S1 | [[TV5 (Philippine TV network)|TV5]] | [[1seg]] broadcast |- |} ===Subchannel history=== On January 22, 2024, DWNB-TV's feed and broadcast output on DWET-TV along with TV5's other digital stations, has switched to the 16:9 widescreen format. ;Notes ¹ - Permanent digital frequency assigned by NTC (through a Memorandum Circular). <br> ² - Licensed to [[Cignal TV|Mediascape (Cignal TV), Inc.]] ==See also== * [[TV5 (Philippine TV network)|TV5]] * [[One Sports (TV channel)|One Sports]] * [[RPTV (TV channel)|RPTV]] * [[DWLA-FM|105.9 True FM]] ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Metro Manila TV}} {{TV5 Network Inc.}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dwnb-Tv}} [[Category:One Sports (TV channel) stations]] [[Category:Television stations in Metro Manila]] [[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2000]] ao7bqy4j2ct9qibnm6zkxgqx7uitsom 0 1030581 10879400 10842109 2026-06-05T08:05:50Z Greenock125 652309 10879400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = Alessandra Mele | image = Alessandra Mele.jpg | caption = Alessandra Mele performing at the [[Melodi Grand Prix]] in [[2023]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|2002|09|05}} | birth_place = [[Pietra Ligure]], [[Savona]], Italy<ref>{{cite web|title=Nasjonalbiblioteket|url=https://www.nb.no/search?q=%22marie%20watle%22~3&mediatype=aviser&sort=datedesc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205175504/https://www.nb.no/search?q=%22marie%20watle%22~3&mediatype=aviser&sort=datedesc|archive-date=5 February 2023|access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref> | occupation = Singer | years_active = 2022–present | label = Starlab Music }} '''Alessandra Watle Mele''' (born 5 September 2002), known [[Mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Alessandra''', is an [[Italy|Italian]]-[[Norway|Norwegian]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Nasjonalbiblioteket|url=https://www.nb.no/search?q=%22Albenga%22~3&mediatype=aviser&sort=datedesc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205175509/https://www.nb.no/search?q=%22Albenga%22~3&mediatype=aviser&sort=datedesc|archive-date=5 February 2023|access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref> singer. She is known for representing Norway at [[Eurovision Song Contest 2023|Eurovision 2023]] with the song "Queen of Kings". ==Career== In 2022, Mele was a participant in the seventh season of ''[[The Voice (TV series)|The Voice Norway]].'' She was eliminated in the live shows. In 2023, she won the Norwegian [[Eurovision]] national selection contest, ''[[Melodi Grand Prix]]'' with the song "Queen of Kings".<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 February 2023|title=Norway: Alessandra wins 'Melodi Grand Prix' with 'Queen of Kings'|url=https://eurovision.tv/story/norway-alessandra-wins-melodi-grand-prix|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204205953/https://eurovision.tv/story/norway-alessandra-wins-melodi-grand-prix|archive-date=4 February 2023|access-date=4 February 2023|website=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|language=en}}</ref> She went on to represent Norway in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2023|Eurovision 2023]]. She qualified to the final, where she finished in fifth place out of entries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grand Final of Liverpool 2023 - Eurovision Song Contest|url=https://eurovision.tv/event/liverpool-2023/grand-final|access-date=2023-05-15|website=eurovision.tv}}</ref> Later in 2023, she released other singles, titled "Pretty Devil", "Bad Bitch" and "Heavy". In 2024, she released the single "Narcissist" and the [[extended play]] ''Best Year Of My Life''. ==Discography== ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:21em;"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Best Year of My Life'' | * Released: 16 February 2024 * Label: [[Island Records]] * Formats: Digital download, streaming, CD |- ! scope="row"| ''Peperoncina'' | * Released: 14 November 2025 * Label: [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]] * Formats: Digital download, streaming |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Alessandra|title=Discography Alessandra|publisher=Hung Medien|website=norwegiancharts.com}}</ref> ! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Alessandra|title=Discographie Alessandra|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}}</ref> ! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL (FL)]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Alessandra|title=Discografie Alessandra|publisher=Hung Medien|website=ultratop.be/nl}}</ref> ! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifpi.fi/lista/artistit/alessandra/|title=Suomen virallinen lista - Artistit (Alessandra)|publisher=[[Official Finnish Charts]]|website=ifpi.fi}}</ref> ! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br><ref name="GER">{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artist_search=Alessandra&do_search=do|title=Discographie von Alessandra|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|website=offiziellecharts.de}}</ref> ! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="OCC">{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/64142/alessandra/|title=ALESSANDRA songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts]]|website=officialcharts.com}}</ref> ! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Alessandra|title=Discografie Alessandra|publisher=Hung Medien|website=dutchcharts.nl}}</ref> ! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Alessandra|title=Discography Alessandra|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com}}</ref> ! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/artist/Alessandra|title=Discographie Alessandra|publisher=Hung Medien|website=hitparade.ch}}</ref> ! style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="OCC"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Queen of Kings (song)|en|lt=Queen of Kings}}" | rowspan="4"| 2023 | 1 || 8 || 13 || 3 || 19 || 18 || 12 || 7 || 5 || 10 | * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI NOR]]: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Norway|artist=Alessandra}}</ref> * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Silver<ref>{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|artist=Alessandra}}</ref> * {{ill|Swedish Recording Industry Association|en|lt=GLF}}: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Sweden|artist=Alessandra}}</ref> * {{ill|Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry|en|lt=ZPAV}}: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=Poland|artist=Alessandra}}</ref> | rowspan="5"| ''Best Year of My Life'' |- ! scope="row"| "Pretty Devil" | 40 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Bad Bitch" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Heavy" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Narcissist" | rowspan="3"| 2024 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Supposed to Be" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Marameo" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Language of Love" | rowspan="4"| 2025 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="4"| ''Peperoncina'' |- ! scope="row"| "Non Stop" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Toscana" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Queen Almighty" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Sydenflyet"<br/><small>(with DJ MøMø)</small> | 2026 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{Non-album single}} |- | colspan="15" style="font-size:85%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mele, Alessandra}} [[Category:2002 births]] [[Category:Bisexual people]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] [[Category:Italian LGBT people]] [[Category:Italian pop singers]] [[Category:LGBT singers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Norwegian singers]] [[Category:People from Savona]] jpg6caai0kg2z1aa9uhijkb6djxjrqz 14 1044546 10879202 9049080 2026-06-05T01:11:20Z ~2026-31801-68 1812592 10879202 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Towns in New Zealand|Ot]] [[Category:Settlements in Otago]] [[Category:Otago]] 5x08yxpmq3rld7yho523m6zwzrpvqci 14 1045857 10879392 9059117 2026-06-05T07:06:19Z Pi bot 795348 Removing Commons category (Rare dog breeds) as it does not exist 10879392 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Dog breeds| ]] f61q8vbjzsqfh5yu17gbi9ahddj728a 0 1047835 10879088 10455447 2026-06-04T21:43:32Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Evika Siliņa | image = Jaunievēlētās Ministru prezidentes Evikas Siliņas preses konference (cropped).jpg | caption = Siliņa in September 2023 | office = 24th [[Prime Minister of Latvia]] | termstart = 15 September 2023 | termend = 28 May 2026 | successor = [[Andris Kulbergs]] | president = [[Edgars Rinkēvičs]] | predecessor = [[Krišjānis Kariņš]] | termstart1 = 14 December 2022 | termend1 = 15 September 2023 | predecessor1 = [[Gatis Eglītis]] | successor1 = [[Uldis Augulis]] | office1 = Minister of Welfare | office2 = [[Saeima|Member of the Saeima]] | termstart2 = 1 November 2022 | termend2 = 14 December 2022 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|08|03|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Riga]], [[Latvia]] | party = [[Unity (Latvian political party)|Unity]] | spouse = Aigars Siliņš | children = 3 | education = [[University of Latvia]]<br/>[[Riga Graduate School of Law]] }} '''Evika Siliņa''' (born 3 August 1975) is a [[Latvia|Latvian]] politician who has been the 24th [[Prime Minister of Latvia]] since September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saeima ar 53 balsīm apstiprina Evikas Siliņas valdību|url=https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/15.09.2023-saeima-ar-53-balsim-apstiprina-evikas-silinas-valdibu.a523967/|access-date=18 September 2023|website=www.lsm.lv|language=Latvian}}</ref> She was Minister of Welfare and Member of the [[Saeima]]. ==Early life== Siliņa was born in [[Riga]], [[Latvia]] on 3 August 1975.<ref name=diepresse /> She studied law at the [[University of Latvia]] and at the [[Riga Graduate School of Law]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2019 |title=Evika Siliņa |url=https://www.vienotiba.lv/evika_silina |access-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526003247/https://www.vienotiba.lv/evika_silina |archive-date=26 May 2019 }}</ref> From 2003 to 2012, Siliņa worked as a solo attorney focused on international and domestic business law.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=3 September 2018|title=Parlamentārā sekretāre – Iekšlietu ministrija|url=http://www.iem.gov.lv/lat/ministrija/struktura/ministrs/parlamentarais_sekretars|access-date=19 September 2023|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903142115/http://www.iem.gov.lv/lat/ministrija/struktura/ministrs/parlamentarais_sekretars|url-status=dead}}</ref> She also provided legal services to telecommunications and internet companies and helped establish and advise non-governmental organizations during this time.<ref name=":0" /> ==Priemership== On 16 August 2023, after the resignation of [[Krišjānis Kariņš]], New Unity nominated Siliņa as candidate for [[Prime Minister of Latvia|prime minister]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=«Jaunā Vienotība» oficiāli virza premjera amatam labklājības ministri Eviku Siliņu |url=https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/16.08.2023-jauna-vienotiba-oficiali-virza-premjera-amatam-labklajibas-ministri-eviku-silinu.a520227/ |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=www.lsm.lv |language=lv |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817062828/https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/16.08.2023-jauna-vienotiba-oficiali-virza-premjera-amatam-labklajibas-ministri-eviku-silinu.a520227/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 August, she was asked by President [[Edgars Rinkēvičs]] to form a government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=Latvian Minister Asked To Take PM Role |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/latvian-minister-asked-to-take-pm-role-650c5825 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824191342/https://www.barrons.com/news/latvian-minister-asked-to-take-pm-role-650c5825 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 August, [[United List (Latvia)|United List]] said they did not want to be a part of a four-party coalition government after an offer by Siliņa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United List declines Siliņa's four-party coalition offer|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/29.08.2023-united-list-declines-silinas-four-party-coalition-offer.a521943/|date=29 August 2023|website=www.lsm.lv|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902005300/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/29.08.2023-united-list-declines-silinas-four-party-coalition-offer.a521943/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 September, Siliņa said that she wanted to create a new parliamentary majority with the [[Union of Greens and Farmers]] (ZZS) and [[The Progressives (Latvia)|The Progressives]] (P).<ref>{{Cite web|title=No more tangos: Siliņa to offer another three-party coalition with reduced Saeima majority|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/01.09.2023-no-more-tangos-silina-to-offer-another-three-party-coalition-with-reduced-saeima-majority.a522342/|date=1 September 2023|website=www.lsm.lv|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=9 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909211025/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/01.09.2023-no-more-tangos-silina-to-offer-another-three-party-coalition-with-reduced-saeima-majority.a522342/|url-status=live}}</ref> Twelve days later she created a new government, in which New Unity (JV) had seven ministries, ZZS four and P three, with Arturs Krišjānis Kariņš hired as Minister of Foreign Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Precise shape of proposed new Latvian government revealed|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/13.09.2023-precise-shape-of-proposed-new-latvian-government-revealed.a523814/|date=13 September 2023|website=www.lsm.lv|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918085718/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/13.09.2023-precise-shape-of-proposed-new-latvian-government-revealed.a523814/|url-status=live}}</ref> The government coalition led by Siliņa won the confidence of the parliamentary majority in the Saeima on 15 September 2023, winning 53 votes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Eglitis|first=Aaron|title=Latvia Gets New Prime Minister Evika Silina With Parliament Majority|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-15/latvia-gets-new-prime-minister-as-silina-pledges-more-on-defense?embedded-checkout=true|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=16 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918085747/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-15/latvia-gets-new-prime-minister-as-silina-pledges-more-on-defense?embedded-checkout=true|url-status=live}}</ref> Siliņa said that she supports the [[Russia]]n-speaking minority in the country and creating an education system based on the Latvian language.<ref name="diepresse">{{Cite news|title=Evika Silina führt Lettlands neue Regierungskoalition|url=https://www.diepresse.com/16435931/evika-silina-fuehrt-lettlands-neue-regierungskoalition|date=15 September 2023|work=[[Die Presse]]|language=de|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918085719/https://www.diepresse.com/16435931/evika-silina-fuehrt-lettlands-neue-regierungskoalition|url-status=live}}</ref> She also wanted to increase the military budget and complete the construction of the barrier on the country's border with [[Russia]] and [[Belarus]].<ref name=diepresse /> Siliņa is the second woman to become prime minister of Latvia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2023 |title=Evika Siliņa is Latvia's new prime minister |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/evika-silina-is-latvias-new-prime-minister/ |access-date=18 September 2023 |website=POLITICO |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918091229/https://www.politico.eu/article/evika-silina-is-latvias-new-prime-minister/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Personal life== Siliņa is married to Aigars Siliņš.<ref name=diepresse /> They couple have three children.<ref name=diepresse /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Silina, Evika}} [[Category:Prime ministers of Latvia]] [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Current national leaders]] [[Category:Politicians from Riga]] {{bio-stub}} g4w77v7dn229vu128w42ft8ezhozi6v 10879093 10879088 2026-06-04T21:44:28Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 removed [[Category:Current national leaders]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 10879093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Evika Siliņa | image = Jaunievēlētās Ministru prezidentes Evikas Siliņas preses konference (cropped).jpg | caption = Siliņa in September 2023 | office = 24th [[Prime Minister of Latvia]] | termstart = 15 September 2023 | termend = 28 May 2026 | successor = [[Andris Kulbergs]] | president = [[Edgars Rinkēvičs]] | predecessor = [[Krišjānis Kariņš]] | termstart1 = 14 December 2022 | termend1 = 15 September 2023 | predecessor1 = [[Gatis Eglītis]] | successor1 = [[Uldis Augulis]] | office1 = Minister of Welfare | office2 = [[Saeima|Member of the Saeima]] | termstart2 = 1 November 2022 | termend2 = 14 December 2022 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|08|03|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Riga]], [[Latvia]] | party = [[Unity (Latvian political party)|Unity]] | spouse = Aigars Siliņš | children = 3 | education = [[University of Latvia]]<br/>[[Riga Graduate School of Law]] }} '''Evika Siliņa''' (born 3 August 1975) is a [[Latvia|Latvian]] politician who has been the 24th [[Prime Minister of Latvia]] since September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saeima ar 53 balsīm apstiprina Evikas Siliņas valdību|url=https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/15.09.2023-saeima-ar-53-balsim-apstiprina-evikas-silinas-valdibu.a523967/|access-date=18 September 2023|website=www.lsm.lv|language=Latvian}}</ref> She was Minister of Welfare and Member of the [[Saeima]]. ==Early life== Siliņa was born in [[Riga]], [[Latvia]] on 3 August 1975.<ref name=diepresse /> She studied law at the [[University of Latvia]] and at the [[Riga Graduate School of Law]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2019 |title=Evika Siliņa |url=https://www.vienotiba.lv/evika_silina |access-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526003247/https://www.vienotiba.lv/evika_silina |archive-date=26 May 2019 }}</ref> From 2003 to 2012, Siliņa worked as a solo attorney focused on international and domestic business law.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=3 September 2018|title=Parlamentārā sekretāre – Iekšlietu ministrija|url=http://www.iem.gov.lv/lat/ministrija/struktura/ministrs/parlamentarais_sekretars|access-date=19 September 2023|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903142115/http://www.iem.gov.lv/lat/ministrija/struktura/ministrs/parlamentarais_sekretars|url-status=dead}}</ref> She also provided legal services to telecommunications and internet companies and helped establish and advise non-governmental organizations during this time.<ref name=":0" /> ==Priemership== On 16 August 2023, after the resignation of [[Krišjānis Kariņš]], New Unity nominated Siliņa as candidate for [[Prime Minister of Latvia|prime minister]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=«Jaunā Vienotība» oficiāli virza premjera amatam labklājības ministri Eviku Siliņu |url=https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/16.08.2023-jauna-vienotiba-oficiali-virza-premjera-amatam-labklajibas-ministri-eviku-silinu.a520227/ |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=www.lsm.lv |language=lv |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817062828/https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/16.08.2023-jauna-vienotiba-oficiali-virza-premjera-amatam-labklajibas-ministri-eviku-silinu.a520227/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 August, she was asked by President [[Edgars Rinkēvičs]] to form a government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=Latvian Minister Asked To Take PM Role |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/latvian-minister-asked-to-take-pm-role-650c5825 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824191342/https://www.barrons.com/news/latvian-minister-asked-to-take-pm-role-650c5825 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 August, [[United List (Latvia)|United List]] said they did not want to be a part of a four-party coalition government after an offer by Siliņa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United List declines Siliņa's four-party coalition offer|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/29.08.2023-united-list-declines-silinas-four-party-coalition-offer.a521943/|date=29 August 2023|website=www.lsm.lv|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902005300/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/29.08.2023-united-list-declines-silinas-four-party-coalition-offer.a521943/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 September, Siliņa said that she wanted to create a new parliamentary majority with the [[Union of Greens and Farmers]] (ZZS) and [[The Progressives (Latvia)|The Progressives]] (P).<ref>{{Cite web|title=No more tangos: Siliņa to offer another three-party coalition with reduced Saeima majority|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/01.09.2023-no-more-tangos-silina-to-offer-another-three-party-coalition-with-reduced-saeima-majority.a522342/|date=1 September 2023|website=www.lsm.lv|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=9 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909211025/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/01.09.2023-no-more-tangos-silina-to-offer-another-three-party-coalition-with-reduced-saeima-majority.a522342/|url-status=live}}</ref> Twelve days later she created a new government, in which New Unity (JV) had seven ministries, ZZS four and P three, with Arturs Krišjānis Kariņš hired as Minister of Foreign Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Precise shape of proposed new Latvian government revealed|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/13.09.2023-precise-shape-of-proposed-new-latvian-government-revealed.a523814/|date=13 September 2023|website=www.lsm.lv|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918085718/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/13.09.2023-precise-shape-of-proposed-new-latvian-government-revealed.a523814/|url-status=live}}</ref> The government coalition led by Siliņa won the confidence of the parliamentary majority in the Saeima on 15 September 2023, winning 53 votes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Eglitis|first=Aaron|title=Latvia Gets New Prime Minister Evika Silina With Parliament Majority|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-15/latvia-gets-new-prime-minister-as-silina-pledges-more-on-defense?embedded-checkout=true|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=16 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918085747/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-15/latvia-gets-new-prime-minister-as-silina-pledges-more-on-defense?embedded-checkout=true|url-status=live}}</ref> Siliņa said that she supports the [[Russia]]n-speaking minority in the country and creating an education system based on the Latvian language.<ref name="diepresse">{{Cite news|title=Evika Silina führt Lettlands neue Regierungskoalition|url=https://www.diepresse.com/16435931/evika-silina-fuehrt-lettlands-neue-regierungskoalition|date=15 September 2023|work=[[Die Presse]]|language=de|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918085719/https://www.diepresse.com/16435931/evika-silina-fuehrt-lettlands-neue-regierungskoalition|url-status=live}}</ref> She also wanted to increase the military budget and complete the construction of the barrier on the country's border with [[Russia]] and [[Belarus]].<ref name=diepresse /> Siliņa is the second woman to become prime minister of Latvia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2023 |title=Evika Siliņa is Latvia's new prime minister |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/evika-silina-is-latvias-new-prime-minister/ |access-date=18 September 2023 |website=POLITICO |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918091229/https://www.politico.eu/article/evika-silina-is-latvias-new-prime-minister/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Personal life== Siliņa is married to Aigars Siliņš.<ref name=diepresse /> They couple have three children.<ref name=diepresse /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Silina, Evika}} [[Category:Prime ministers of Latvia]] [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Politicians from Riga]] {{bio-stub}} skqn568y6snrbe2eyu7gs4eu7lxsqie 10879095 10879093 2026-06-04T21:45:03Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Evika Siliņa | image = Jaunievēlētās Ministru prezidentes Evikas Siliņas preses konference (cropped).jpg | caption = Siliņa in September 2023 | office = 24th [[Prime Minister of Latvia]] | termstart = 15 September 2023 | termend = 28 May 2026 | successor = [[Andris Kulbergs]] | president = [[Edgars Rinkēvičs]] | predecessor = [[Krišjānis Kariņš]] | termstart1 = 14 December 2022 | termend1 = 15 September 2023 | predecessor1 = [[Gatis Eglītis]] | successor1 = [[Uldis Augulis]] | office1 = Minister of Welfare | office2 = [[Saeima|Member of the Saeima]] | termstart2 = 1 November 2022 | termend2 = 14 December 2022 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|08|03|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Riga]], [[Latvia]] | party = [[Unity (Latvian political party)|Unity]] | spouse = Aigars Siliņš | children = 3 | education = [[University of Latvia]]<br/>[[Riga Graduate School of Law]] }} '''Evika Siliņa''' (born 3 August 1975) is a [[Latvia|Latvian]] politician who was the 24th [[Prime Minister of Latvia]] from September 2023 until May 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saeima ar 53 balsīm apstiprina Evikas Siliņas valdību|url=https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/15.09.2023-saeima-ar-53-balsim-apstiprina-evikas-silinas-valdibu.a523967/|access-date=18 September 2023|website=www.lsm.lv|language=Latvian}}</ref> She was Minister of Welfare and Member of the [[Saeima]]. ==Early life== Siliņa was born in [[Riga]], [[Latvia]] on 3 August 1975.<ref name=diepresse /> She studied law at the [[University of Latvia]] and at the [[Riga Graduate School of Law]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2019 |title=Evika Siliņa |url=https://www.vienotiba.lv/evika_silina |access-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526003247/https://www.vienotiba.lv/evika_silina |archive-date=26 May 2019 }}</ref> From 2003 to 2012, Siliņa worked as a solo attorney focused on international and domestic business law.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=3 September 2018|title=Parlamentārā sekretāre – Iekšlietu ministrija|url=http://www.iem.gov.lv/lat/ministrija/struktura/ministrs/parlamentarais_sekretars|access-date=19 September 2023|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903142115/http://www.iem.gov.lv/lat/ministrija/struktura/ministrs/parlamentarais_sekretars|url-status=dead}}</ref> She also provided legal services to telecommunications and internet companies and helped establish and advise non-governmental organizations during this time.<ref name=":0" /> ==Priemership== On 16 August 2023, after the resignation of [[Krišjānis Kariņš]], New Unity nominated Siliņa as candidate for [[Prime Minister of Latvia|prime minister]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=«Jaunā Vienotība» oficiāli virza premjera amatam labklājības ministri Eviku Siliņu |url=https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/16.08.2023-jauna-vienotiba-oficiali-virza-premjera-amatam-labklajibas-ministri-eviku-silinu.a520227/ |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=www.lsm.lv |language=lv |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817062828/https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/16.08.2023-jauna-vienotiba-oficiali-virza-premjera-amatam-labklajibas-ministri-eviku-silinu.a520227/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 August, she was asked by President [[Edgars Rinkēvičs]] to form a government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=Latvian Minister Asked To Take PM Role |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/latvian-minister-asked-to-take-pm-role-650c5825 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824191342/https://www.barrons.com/news/latvian-minister-asked-to-take-pm-role-650c5825 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 August, [[United List (Latvia)|United List]] said they did not want to be a part of a four-party coalition government after an offer by Siliņa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United List declines Siliņa's four-party coalition offer|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/29.08.2023-united-list-declines-silinas-four-party-coalition-offer.a521943/|date=29 August 2023|website=www.lsm.lv|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902005300/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/29.08.2023-united-list-declines-silinas-four-party-coalition-offer.a521943/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 September, Siliņa said that she wanted to create a new parliamentary majority with the [[Union of Greens and Farmers]] (ZZS) and [[The Progressives (Latvia)|The Progressives]] (P).<ref>{{Cite web|title=No more tangos: Siliņa to offer another three-party coalition with reduced Saeima majority|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/01.09.2023-no-more-tangos-silina-to-offer-another-three-party-coalition-with-reduced-saeima-majority.a522342/|date=1 September 2023|website=www.lsm.lv|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=9 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909211025/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/01.09.2023-no-more-tangos-silina-to-offer-another-three-party-coalition-with-reduced-saeima-majority.a522342/|url-status=live}}</ref> Twelve days later she created a new government, in which New Unity (JV) had seven ministries, ZZS four and P three, with Arturs Krišjānis Kariņš hired as Minister of Foreign Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Precise shape of proposed new Latvian government revealed|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/13.09.2023-precise-shape-of-proposed-new-latvian-government-revealed.a523814/|date=13 September 2023|website=www.lsm.lv|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918085718/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/13.09.2023-precise-shape-of-proposed-new-latvian-government-revealed.a523814/|url-status=live}}</ref> The government coalition led by Siliņa won the confidence of the parliamentary majority in the Saeima on 15 September 2023, winning 53 votes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Eglitis|first=Aaron|title=Latvia Gets New Prime Minister Evika Silina With Parliament Majority|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-15/latvia-gets-new-prime-minister-as-silina-pledges-more-on-defense?embedded-checkout=true|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=16 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918085747/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-15/latvia-gets-new-prime-minister-as-silina-pledges-more-on-defense?embedded-checkout=true|url-status=live}}</ref> Siliņa said that she supports the [[Russia]]n-speaking minority in the country and creating an education system based on the Latvian language.<ref name="diepresse">{{Cite news|title=Evika Silina führt Lettlands neue Regierungskoalition|url=https://www.diepresse.com/16435931/evika-silina-fuehrt-lettlands-neue-regierungskoalition|date=15 September 2023|work=[[Die Presse]]|language=de|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918085719/https://www.diepresse.com/16435931/evika-silina-fuehrt-lettlands-neue-regierungskoalition|url-status=live}}</ref> She also wanted to increase the military budget and complete the construction of the barrier on the country's border with [[Russia]] and [[Belarus]].<ref name=diepresse /> Siliņa is the second woman to become prime minister of Latvia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2023 |title=Evika Siliņa is Latvia's new prime minister |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/evika-silina-is-latvias-new-prime-minister/ |access-date=18 September 2023 |website=POLITICO |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918091229/https://www.politico.eu/article/evika-silina-is-latvias-new-prime-minister/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Personal life== Siliņa is married to Aigars Siliņš.<ref name=diepresse /> They couple have three children.<ref name=diepresse /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Silina, Evika}} [[Category:Prime ministers of Latvia]] [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Politicians from Riga]] {{bio-stub}} lq2xqbnkg4l28la7khqyghqopy34cvy 10879098 10879095 2026-06-04T21:47:17Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* Priemership */ 10879098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Evika Siliņa | image = Jaunievēlētās Ministru prezidentes Evikas Siliņas preses konference (cropped).jpg | caption = Siliņa in September 2023 | office = 24th [[Prime Minister of Latvia]] | termstart = 15 September 2023 | termend = 28 May 2026 | successor = [[Andris Kulbergs]] | president = [[Edgars Rinkēvičs]] | predecessor = [[Krišjānis Kariņš]] | termstart1 = 14 December 2022 | termend1 = 15 September 2023 | predecessor1 = [[Gatis Eglītis]] | successor1 = [[Uldis Augulis]] | office1 = Minister of Welfare | office2 = [[Saeima|Member of the Saeima]] | termstart2 = 1 November 2022 | termend2 = 14 December 2022 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|08|03|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Riga]], [[Latvia]] | party = [[Unity (Latvian political party)|Unity]] | spouse = Aigars Siliņš | children = 3 | education = [[University of Latvia]]<br/>[[Riga Graduate School of Law]] }} '''Evika Siliņa''' (born 3 August 1975) is a [[Latvia|Latvian]] politician who was the 24th [[Prime Minister of Latvia]] from September 2023 until May 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saeima ar 53 balsīm apstiprina Evikas Siliņas valdību|url=https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/15.09.2023-saeima-ar-53-balsim-apstiprina-evikas-silinas-valdibu.a523967/|access-date=18 September 2023|website=www.lsm.lv|language=Latvian}}</ref> She was Minister of Welfare and Member of the [[Saeima]]. ==Early life== Siliņa was born in [[Riga]], [[Latvia]] on 3 August 1975.<ref name=diepresse /> She studied law at the [[University of Latvia]] and at the [[Riga Graduate School of Law]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2019 |title=Evika Siliņa |url=https://www.vienotiba.lv/evika_silina |access-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526003247/https://www.vienotiba.lv/evika_silina |archive-date=26 May 2019 }}</ref> From 2003 to 2012, Siliņa worked as a solo attorney focused on international and domestic business law.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=3 September 2018|title=Parlamentārā sekretāre – Iekšlietu ministrija|url=http://www.iem.gov.lv/lat/ministrija/struktura/ministrs/parlamentarais_sekretars|access-date=19 September 2023|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903142115/http://www.iem.gov.lv/lat/ministrija/struktura/ministrs/parlamentarais_sekretars|url-status=dead}}</ref> She also provided legal services to telecommunications and internet companies and helped establish and advise non-governmental organizations during this time.<ref name=":0" /> ==Priemership== On 16 August 2023, after the resignation of [[Krišjānis Kariņš]], New Unity nominated Siliņa as candidate for [[Prime Minister of Latvia|prime minister]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=«Jaunā Vienotība» oficiāli virza premjera amatam labklājības ministri Eviku Siliņu |url=https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/16.08.2023-jauna-vienotiba-oficiali-virza-premjera-amatam-labklajibas-ministri-eviku-silinu.a520227/ |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=www.lsm.lv |language=lv |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817062828/https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/16.08.2023-jauna-vienotiba-oficiali-virza-premjera-amatam-labklajibas-ministri-eviku-silinu.a520227/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 August, she was asked by President [[Edgars Rinkēvičs]] to form a government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Presse |first=AFP-Agence France |title=Latvian Minister Asked To Take PM Role |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/latvian-minister-asked-to-take-pm-role-650c5825 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824191342/https://www.barrons.com/news/latvian-minister-asked-to-take-pm-role-650c5825 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 August, [[United List (Latvia)|United List]] said they did not want to be a part of a four-party coalition government after an offer by Siliņa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United List declines Siliņa's four-party coalition offer|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/29.08.2023-united-list-declines-silinas-four-party-coalition-offer.a521943/|date=29 August 2023|website=www.lsm.lv|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902005300/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/29.08.2023-united-list-declines-silinas-four-party-coalition-offer.a521943/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 September, Siliņa said that she wanted to create a new parliamentary majority with the [[Union of Greens and Farmers]] (ZZS) and [[The Progressives (Latvia)|The Progressives]] (P).<ref>{{Cite web|title=No more tangos: Siliņa to offer another three-party coalition with reduced Saeima majority|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/01.09.2023-no-more-tangos-silina-to-offer-another-three-party-coalition-with-reduced-saeima-majority.a522342/|date=1 September 2023|website=www.lsm.lv|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=9 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909211025/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/01.09.2023-no-more-tangos-silina-to-offer-another-three-party-coalition-with-reduced-saeima-majority.a522342/|url-status=live}}</ref> Twelve days later she created a new government, in which New Unity (JV) had seven ministries, ZZS four and P three, with Arturs Krišjānis Kariņš hired as Minister of Foreign Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Precise shape of proposed new Latvian government revealed|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/13.09.2023-precise-shape-of-proposed-new-latvian-government-revealed.a523814/|date=13 September 2023|website=www.lsm.lv|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918085718/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/13.09.2023-precise-shape-of-proposed-new-latvian-government-revealed.a523814/|url-status=live}}</ref> The government coalition led by Siliņa won the confidence of the parliamentary majority in the Saeima on 15 September 2023, winning 53 votes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Eglitis|first=Aaron|title=Latvia Gets New Prime Minister Evika Silina With Parliament Majority|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-15/latvia-gets-new-prime-minister-as-silina-pledges-more-on-defense?embedded-checkout=true|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=16 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918085747/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-15/latvia-gets-new-prime-minister-as-silina-pledges-more-on-defense?embedded-checkout=true|url-status=live}}</ref> Siliņa said that she supports the [[Russia]]n-speaking minority in the country and creating an education system based on the Latvian language.<ref name="diepresse">{{Cite news|title=Evika Silina führt Lettlands neue Regierungskoalition|url=https://www.diepresse.com/16435931/evika-silina-fuehrt-lettlands-neue-regierungskoalition|date=15 September 2023|work=[[Die Presse]]|language=de|access-date=17 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918085719/https://www.diepresse.com/16435931/evika-silina-fuehrt-lettlands-neue-regierungskoalition|url-status=live}}</ref> She also wanted to increase the military budget and complete the construction of the barrier on the country's border with [[Russia]] and [[Belarus]].<ref name=diepresse /> Siliņa is the second woman to become prime minister of Latvia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2023 |title=Evika Siliņa is Latvia's new prime minister |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/evika-silina-is-latvias-new-prime-minister/ |access-date=18 September 2023 |website=POLITICO |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918091229/https://www.politico.eu/article/evika-silina-is-latvias-new-prime-minister/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 May 2026, Siliņa announced her resignation as prime minister after the [[Progressives (Latvia)|Progressives]] ended their support from her government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-14 |title=Latvian prime minister resigns after controversy over stray Ukrainian drones |url=https://apnews.com/article/latvia-prime-minister-silina-resigns-93be2f98695cebe4f5d559cfb35c9322 |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=AP News}}</ref> They did so after Siliņa fired Defence Minister [[Andris Sprūds|Andris Spruds]] after the [[2026 Ukrainian drone incursions into Baltic states#Latvia|explosion]] of two [[drones]] in eastern Latvia during the [[Russo-Ukrainian war]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gozzi |first=Laura |date=2026-05-14 |title=Latvian PM Evika Silina resigns over response to drone incursions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy21k5917jo |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Personal life== Siliņa is married to Aigars Siliņš.<ref name=diepresse /> They couple have three children.<ref name=diepresse /> == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Silina, Evika}} [[Category:Prime ministers of Latvia]] [[Category:1975 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Politicians from Riga]] {{bio-stub}} tfiqwmzty9wo2rslvd1g6tf1darevn5 3 1057654 10879450 9218264 2026-06-05T11:40:59Z ~2026-33325-78 1816770 /* Notice */ Reply 10879450 wikitext text/x-wiki == Unhelpful edits == You tagged {{tl|Radical}} for quick deletion as an unused redirect to {{tl|Radic}}. Then you changed a link from {{tl|Radic}} to {{tl|Radical}}. This is unhelpful. What are you trying to do? [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 18:28, 2 November 2023 (UTC) I meant that {{tl|Radical}} is not used on actual article pages. [[User:X58075398|X58075398]] ([[User talk:X58075398#top|talk]]) 18:29, 2 November 2023 (UTC) :Then why did you change a link from {{tl|Radic}} to {{tl|Radical}}? If it is used on any pages, or linked in templates, it should not be deleted. [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 18:31, 2 November 2023 (UTC) Because that's a template, not an article. [[User:X58075398|X58075398]] ([[User talk:X58075398#top|talk]]) 18:32, 2 November 2023 (UTC) :Also, your edit to [[Template:Math/doc]] that substituted the radical template is not helpful either. The whole point is to show people how to use the radical template. If you don't have a good reason for this, I will revert your edits. [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 18:33, 2 November 2023 (UTC) {{tl|Radic}}/{{tl|Radical}} is the kind of template that should be substituted. So I did just that. [[User:X58075398|X58075398]] ([[User talk:X58075398#top|talk]]) 19:00, 2 November 2023 (UTC) :I don't think it should be substituted. I don't see anything that says that. It definitely shouldn't be substituted on a page telling people how to use it. [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 19:12, 2 November 2023 (UTC) :The point of the template is to include links to templates that people can use. There's no point of including a redlink. [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 18:34, 2 November 2023 (UTC) :: Really? I just changed it to match the name of the template. I thought that was obvious. But since you insist on linking to the template, then I'll just swap them. At least they'll match. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:X58075398|X58075398]] ([[User talk:X58075398#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/X58075398|contribs]]) 19:00, 2 November 2023 (UTC)</small> ::: The name of the template is {{tl|Radic}} so it now matches, after your recent edit. [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 19:12, 2 November 2023 (UTC) == November 2023 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, X58075398. When you revert a user's changes, like you did earlier, don't forget to leave the user a message on their talk page, especially when reverting vandalism or a test edit. You may find [[Template:User talk page warnings/table]] useful when doing this, to let them know that the change was considered inappropriate, and to direct them to the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-warn --> <mark style="background:White">[[User:Bobherry|<span style="color:Green">Bobherry</span>]] [[User talk:Bobherry|<span style="color:Black">Talk</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobherry|<span style="color:Blue">My Changes</span>]] </mark> 02:53, 3 November 2023 (UTC) == Notice == [[File:Information icon4.svg|32px]] Hello. This message is being sent to tell you that there is currently a discussion at [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard]] regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. The thread is "[[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Edits by X58075398|Edits by X58075398]]". Thank you.<!--Template:AN-notice--> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:48, 3 November 2023 (UTC) :[[Warner Bros.|search]]@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]]@ [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-33325-78|&#126;2026-33325-78]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-33325-78|talk]]) 11:40, 5 June 2026 (UTC) {{unblock reviewed|1=@Enfcer: What the hell is this? I was going to move it after! Also, this was clearly NOT "vandalism". [[User:X58075398|X58075398]] ([[User talk:X58075398#top|talk]]) 22:55, 20 November 2023 (UTC)|decline=See my comment below. -- <b>[[User:Operator873|<span style="color: blue">Operator873 </span>]]^{''[[:m:User:Operator873/Connect|<span style="color:#029b00">connect</span>]]''}</b> 23:59, 20 November 2023 (UTC)}} :Making a category name change like that without any kind of consensus, and do them bulk like that is a form of vandalism. If any of the other admins feel that I was wrong, feel free to reverse. Every refresh you had 5 to 10 more that were changed, so these also appear that have been done by a semi automated or automated process. -- [[User:Enfcer|Enfcer]] ([[User talk:Enfcer|talk]]) 23:24, 20 November 2023 (UTC) ::[[Wikipedia:vandalism]] clearly says "On [[Wikipedia]], '''vandalism''' is when a user makes [[Wikipedia:DISRUPT|bad changes]] to Wikipedia on purpose." ::This cannot be the case here because these aren't bad changes in the first place. ::Also, the fact that this was done with an automated process (actually semi-automated) has nothing to do with this. You have bots like "ChenzwBot", but you don't block them for vandalism. [[User:X58075398|X58075398]] ([[User talk:X58075398#top|talk]]) 23:30, 20 November 2023 (UTC) ::: ChenzwBot is an approved bot, and not relevant to this discussion. This is a major change, and done so without first obtaining consensus. So those edits are considered disruptive, and not allowed. I am not going to [[:en:wp:Wikilawyering|Wiki Lawyer]] with you. You have placed the unblock request, and another admin will review. -- [[User:Enfcer|Enfcer]] ([[User talk:Enfcer|talk]]) 23:41, 20 November 2023 (UTC) ::::If ChenzwBot is not relevant, then why that last sentence "Every refresh you had 5 to 10 more that were changed, so these also appear that have been done by a semi automated or automated process."? [[User:X58075398|X58075398]] ([[User talk:X58075398#top|talk]]) 23:47, 20 November 2023 (UTC) :::::Automated edits are strictly controlled on this project. Bots even more so. Your behavior here furthers the perception you're here to enforce your will verses collaborating. The block will remain. I'd suggest finding a new hobby. <b>[[User:Operator873|<span style="color: blue">Operator873 </span>]]^{''[[:m:User:Operator873/Connect|<span style="color:#029b00">connect</span>]]''}</b> 23:58, 20 November 2023 (UTC) ::::::That is not the point. All the script does is replace <code><nowiki>[[Category:Basic English 850 words]]</nowiki></code> with <code><nowiki>[[Category:BASIC English 850 words]]</nowiki></code>. I could have done the same thing manually, it would just take more time. ::::::This again shows that Enfcer is abusing their admin rights, only to push their PoV. [[User:X58075398|X58075398]] ([[User talk:X58075398#top|talk]]) 00:19, 21 November 2023 (UTC) :::::::In fairness, we do have approved scripts that do the exact same thing, but you have been making many disruptive edits and moves that clearly don't apply. For example, Basic is not spelt BASIC because it is a backronym that is intended to be written the same way as the normal word. Moving hundreds of pages for this invalid reason is more just the straw that broke the camel's back after all your disruptive edits and moves you have been warned about before. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 22:19, 27 November 2023 (UTC) suvh6wmwyl3unp25m15imr1e0g9amae 10879451 10879450 2026-06-05T11:45:04Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33325-78|~2026-33325-78]] ([[User talk:~2026-33325-78|talk]]) to last version by Ferien 9218264 wikitext text/x-wiki == Unhelpful edits == You tagged {{tl|Radical}} for quick deletion as an unused redirect to {{tl|Radic}}. Then you changed a link from {{tl|Radic}} to {{tl|Radical}}. This is unhelpful. What are you trying to do? [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 18:28, 2 November 2023 (UTC) I meant that {{tl|Radical}} is not used on actual article pages. [[User:X58075398|X58075398]] ([[User talk:X58075398#top|talk]]) 18:29, 2 November 2023 (UTC) :Then why did you change a link from {{tl|Radic}} to {{tl|Radical}}? If it is used on any pages, or linked in templates, it should not be deleted. [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 18:31, 2 November 2023 (UTC) Because that's a template, not an article. [[User:X58075398|X58075398]] ([[User talk:X58075398#top|talk]]) 18:32, 2 November 2023 (UTC) :Also, your edit to [[Template:Math/doc]] that substituted the radical template is not helpful either. The whole point is to show people how to use the radical template. If you don't have a good reason for this, I will revert your edits. [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 18:33, 2 November 2023 (UTC) {{tl|Radic}}/{{tl|Radical}} is the kind of template that should be substituted. So I did just that. [[User:X58075398|X58075398]] ([[User talk:X58075398#top|talk]]) 19:00, 2 November 2023 (UTC) :I don't think it should be substituted. I don't see anything that says that. It definitely shouldn't be substituted on a page telling people how to use it. [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 19:12, 2 November 2023 (UTC) :The point of the template is to include links to templates that people can use. There's no point of including a redlink. [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 18:34, 2 November 2023 (UTC) :: Really? I just changed it to match the name of the template. I thought that was obvious. But since you insist on linking to the template, then I'll just swap them. At least they'll match. <!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:X58075398|X58075398]] ([[User talk:X58075398#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/X58075398|contribs]]) 19:00, 2 November 2023 (UTC)</small> ::: The name of the template is {{tl|Radic}} so it now matches, after your recent edit. [[User:Kk.urban|Kk.urban]] ([[User talk:Kk.urban|talk]]) 19:12, 2 November 2023 (UTC) == November 2023 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, X58075398. When you revert a user's changes, like you did earlier, don't forget to leave the user a message on their talk page, especially when reverting vandalism or a test edit. You may find [[Template:User talk page warnings/table]] useful when doing this, to let them know that the change was considered inappropriate, and to direct them to the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-warn --> <mark style="background:White">[[User:Bobherry|<span style="color:Green">Bobherry</span>]] [[User talk:Bobherry|<span style="color:Black">Talk</span>]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobherry|<span style="color:Blue">My Changes</span>]] </mark> 02:53, 3 November 2023 (UTC) == Notice == [[File:Information icon4.svg|32px]] Hello. This message is being sent to tell you that there is currently a discussion at [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard]] regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. The thread is "[[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Edits by X58075398|Edits by X58075398]]". Thank you.<!--Template:AN-notice--> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:48, 3 November 2023 (UTC) {{unblock reviewed|1=@Enfcer: What the hell is this? I was going to move it after! Also, this was clearly NOT "vandalism". [[User:X58075398|X58075398]] ([[User talk:X58075398#top|talk]]) 22:55, 20 November 2023 (UTC)|decline=See my comment below. -- <b>[[User:Operator873|<span style="color: blue">Operator873 </span>]]^{''[[:m:User:Operator873/Connect|<span style="color:#029b00">connect</span>]]''}</b> 23:59, 20 November 2023 (UTC)}} :Making a category name change like that without any kind of consensus, and do them bulk like that is a form of vandalism. If any of the other admins feel that I was wrong, feel free to reverse. Every refresh you had 5 to 10 more that were changed, so these also appear that have been done by a semi automated or automated process. -- [[User:Enfcer|Enfcer]] ([[User talk:Enfcer|talk]]) 23:24, 20 November 2023 (UTC) ::[[Wikipedia:vandalism]] clearly says "On [[Wikipedia]], '''vandalism''' is when a user makes [[Wikipedia:DISRUPT|bad changes]] to Wikipedia on purpose." ::This cannot be the case here because these aren't bad changes in the first place. ::Also, the fact that this was done with an automated process (actually semi-automated) has nothing to do with this. You have bots like "ChenzwBot", but you don't block them for vandalism. [[User:X58075398|X58075398]] ([[User talk:X58075398#top|talk]]) 23:30, 20 November 2023 (UTC) ::: ChenzwBot is an approved bot, and not relevant to this discussion. This is a major change, and done so without first obtaining consensus. So those edits are considered disruptive, and not allowed. I am not going to [[:en:wp:Wikilawyering|Wiki Lawyer]] with you. You have placed the unblock request, and another admin will review. -- [[User:Enfcer|Enfcer]] ([[User talk:Enfcer|talk]]) 23:41, 20 November 2023 (UTC) ::::If ChenzwBot is not relevant, then why that last sentence "Every refresh you had 5 to 10 more that were changed, so these also appear that have been done by a semi automated or automated process."? [[User:X58075398|X58075398]] ([[User talk:X58075398#top|talk]]) 23:47, 20 November 2023 (UTC) :::::Automated edits are strictly controlled on this project. Bots even more so. Your behavior here furthers the perception you're here to enforce your will verses collaborating. The block will remain. I'd suggest finding a new hobby. <b>[[User:Operator873|<span style="color: blue">Operator873 </span>]]^{''[[:m:User:Operator873/Connect|<span style="color:#029b00">connect</span>]]''}</b> 23:58, 20 November 2023 (UTC) ::::::That is not the point. All the script does is replace <code><nowiki>[[Category:Basic English 850 words]]</nowiki></code> with <code><nowiki>[[Category:BASIC English 850 words]]</nowiki></code>. I could have done the same thing manually, it would just take more time. ::::::This again shows that Enfcer is abusing their admin rights, only to push their PoV. [[User:X58075398|X58075398]] ([[User talk:X58075398#top|talk]]) 00:19, 21 November 2023 (UTC) :::::::In fairness, we do have approved scripts that do the exact same thing, but you have been making many disruptive edits and moves that clearly don't apply. For example, Basic is not spelt BASIC because it is a backronym that is intended to be written the same way as the normal word. Moving hundreds of pages for this invalid reason is more just the straw that broke the camel's back after all your disruptive edits and moves you have been warned about before. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> 22:19, 27 November 2023 (UTC) gjz9u7sw74nh1h2ux73fcek0qgaujss 0 1061497 10879267 10137583 2026-06-05T03:22:38Z ~2026-33102-01 1816618 fix grammar errors 10879267 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''IETF language tag''' is a standardized [[code]] for a [[language]]. These codes also allow to specify language variants and other information. That way, it is possible to say that what is wanted is German, as it is spoken in [[Austria]]. The languages themselves usually have codes that are two or three letters long. Certain languages can use more than one [[writing system]]: [[Serbian language]] can be written with the [[Cyrillic script]], there is a version that uses [[Latin script]], and there is a version that uses [[Braille script]]. == Examples == * fr - French * fr-BE - French, as spoken in Belgium * fr-CA - French as spoken in Canada * fr-FR - French, as spoken in France * be-cyr - Belarussian, in Cyrillic script * sr - Serbian, in any script * sr -Latn Serbian, in Latin script * sr-Latn-fonapi - Serbian, in Latin script, written using phonetic transcription (the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International phonetic alphabet]]) * sr-Cyrl - Serbian, in Cyrillic script * zh - Chinese, written in simplified ideograms (Hans), because that is what the standard says * yue - Cantonese (Chinese), written using standard Chinese letters (that's what the standard says; zh-yue can also be used) * cmn - Mandarin Chinese (Synonyms: zh-cmn, and zh-guoyu) * zh-Latn - Chinese, transcribed to Latin script * zh-Latn-pinyin - Chinese in Latin script, using the transcrption method Pinyin * zh-Hant - Chinese, using [[Traditional Chinese characters|traditional chinese]] letters * cmn-Hant-TW - Mandarin Chinese, using Traditional Chinese letters, as used in Taiwan {{Stub}} [[Category:Languages]] dmky5py98sto7lbalm33x0tq8fl0mbp 0 1086155 10879014 10876288 2026-06-04T20:15:26Z Ddiieuduurur 1816452 Its sourced, u just a bb, blind bitch 10879014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Gilaki | altname = Caspi | nativename = {{lang|glk|گیلٚکی زٚوان}} ({{lang|glk-Latn|ɡilɵki zɵvān}}) | states = | region = Near & Main coast of the [[Caspian Sea]], a sea that is named after the Irany Gilaks, one of the 5 direct continuations of Iran's Caspi people, therefore being the same as them, aka the oldest people in history with the oldest language & culture ever, and all the world simply | ethnicity = 194.4 million Gilaks(Source Ethynolouge)(2025)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/glk/|title=Gilaki &#124; Ethnologue Free|website=Ethnologue (Free All)}}</ref> | speakers = 194.44 million FirstLanguageSpeakers Of Gilaki,2025 | date = | ref = <ref name="auto"/> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Western Iranian languages|Western Iranian]] | fam5 = [[Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern Iranian]] | fam6 = [[Caspian languages|Caspian]] | dia1 = [[Western Gilaki]] | dia2 = [[Eastern Gilaki]] | dia3 = [[Galeshi/Deylami Gilaki|Deylami Gilaki]] | iso3 = glk | glotto = gila1241 | glottorefname = Gilaki | lingua = 58-AAC-eb | notice = IPA | map = | mapcaption = | image = [[File:Gilaki in Nastaliq.png|200px]] | imagecaption = Gilaki in [[Nastaliq]] style ({{lang|glk|گیلکی}}) }} '''Gilaki/Caspei/Daylami/Caspayi (Daylami+Giui)'''({{lang|glk|گیلٚکی/دٚیلٚمی/کآٚسپٚآٚیی/کٚآٚسپٚی زٚوان}}) Caspiani/Irani&Hur(word for world in it & rest of Caspianis) of the '''Gilak/Caspi Caspiani people, is the oldest language in history(+14000years), is an [[Iranian languages|regular Iranic language]] spoken in south of the''' [[Caspian Sea]] named after the Gilak (only direct [[Descendant|descendants]] of the Caspi) those who all speak it as well as other ethnic groups, making the language have 194.44 [[1,000,000|million]] native speakers.<ref name="sciencedirect.com">{{cite journal|title=Concomitant Replacement of Language and mtDNA in South Caspian Populations of Iran|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.021|pmid=16581511|volume=16|issue=7|date=April 2006|journal=Curr. Biol.|pages=668–73 | last1 = Nasidze | first1 = I | last2 = Quinque | first2 = D | last3 = Rahmani | first3 = M | last4 = Alemohamad | first4 = SA | last5 = Stoneking | first5 = M|s2cid=7883334| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="D.Stilo pages 137-185">The Tati language group in the sociolinguistic context of Northwestern Iran and Transcaucasia By D.Stilo, pages 137-185</ref> Gilaki language is closely related to Talyshi, & Tati & [[Mazandarani language|Mazani]] & Komseni.<ref>Dalb, Andrew (1998). ''Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages''. Columbia University Press. p. 226. {{ISBN|0-231-11568-7}}.</ref><ref name="sciencedirect.com" /> ==Overview== These Caspian languages are the largest regular group of languages in Iran & all have similar [[Vocabulary|vocabularies]] and origin, with Gilaki/Caspei being the only direct continuation of the Caspiani(Ancient Caspei, then refered to as just Caspei) that the [[Caspian Sea]] is named after. The Caspiani language which Gilaki is the only direct decendent of is the oldest language in history, the others are of similar age to Gilaki/Caspei and seperated it 100-200 years after its creation. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gilaki Language}} [[Category:Iranian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] s4qjid946f9bonn4j8brldm4rd9aexg 0 1092035 10879277 10870900 2026-06-05T03:42:21Z Letsgoingg 1816622 /* */ I simply changed "Euro-Brazilian" to just "Brazilian", since there's no need to specify; Brazil is a multiracial country, and no one calls themselves "Euro-Brazilian", they're all just Brazilians; no white person in the United States or Canada calls themselves Euro-American or Euro-Canadian... Anyway, it just seemed like a racist term to me, as if Brazilians couldn't be white. And I also added his Portuguese ancestry because they forgot to include it. 10879277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wikify|date=March 2024}} '''Francisco Lachowski''' (born May 13, 1991) is a Brazilian [[Model (person)|model]]. He was born in [[Curitiba]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], [[Brazil]]. == Early life and education == Lachowski is [[Brazilians|Brazilian]] of [[Germany|German]], [[Portugal|Portuguese]] and [[Poland|Polish]] heritage, and was raised in a [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] environment. He was interested in [[fashion]] from an early age. == Career == Lachowski's modeling career took off in 2008 when he won the prestigious Ford Men's Supermodel of the World contest. Following his victory, he signed with Ford Models. Since that time, he has appeared on the covers of numerous high-profile magazines, including ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] Hommes, [[GQ]], [[Elle (magazine)|Elle]],'' and ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''. He has also walked the runway for renowned fashion houses like [[Dolce & Gabbana]], [[Versace]], Dior Homme, and [[Chanel]]. Lachowski has also modeled for brands like [[H&M]], [[Tommy Hilfiger]], Diesel, and [[Armani]] Exchange. == Personal life == Lachowski is married to Jessiann Gravel Beland, a fellow model. They have three children, Milo, Laslo and Bowan. The couple often shares glimpses of their family life on [[social media]]. == Philanthropy == Lachowski is actively involved in [[Philanthropy|philanthropic]] efforts, using his platform to support [[Charitable organization|charitable causes]] and initiatives. He has participated in various fundraising events and campaigns about [[Environmentalism|environmental conservation]], [[children's rights]], and [[education]]. == References == # "Francisco Lachowski." Models.com. <nowiki>[https://models.com/models/francisco-lachowski]</nowiki> # "Francisco Lachowski: The World's First Digital Supermodel." Vogue. <nowiki>[https://www.vogue.com/article/francisco-lachowski-digital-supermodel]</nowiki> # "Francisco Lachowski: The Supermodel of the Future." GQ. <nowiki>[https://www.gq.com/story/francisco-lachowski]</nowiki> # "Francisco Lachowski and Jessiann Gravel: A Love Story." Elle. <nowiki>[https://www.elle.com/culture/a15333/francisco-lachowski-jessiann-gravel-models/]</nowiki> [[Category:1991 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Brazilian models]] cg9ohxbwdcy8zefw5h7pd7s9qciezqe 0 1095933 10878854 10275170 2026-06-04T16:47:32Z JackyM59 1694308 Photograph added 10878854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jusepe de Ribera | image = Ribera - Self-portrait.jpg | caption = Self-portrait, c. 1630 | baptised = {{Birth date|1591|02|17}}<br>[[Xàtiva]], [[Valencia]], [[Spain]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1652|11|03|1591|02|17}} | death_place = [[Mergellina]], [[Naples]], [[Italy]] | occupation = painter and printmaker | years_active = [[1611]]–[[1652]] | known_for = ''[[Drunken Silenus (Ribera)|Drunken Silenus]]'', ''[[Magdalena Ventura with Her Husband and Son]]'', ''[[The Martyrdom of Saint Philip]]'', [[The Clubfoot|''Clubfooted Boy'']], ''[[The Holy Family with Saints Anne and Catherine of Alexandria]]'' | notable_works = | movement = [[Baroque]] | module = {{Infobox person|child=yes | signature = Woermann 1887 Bildbezeichnung Seite 226 2.jpg}} }} '''Jusepe de Ribera''' ([[January 12]], [[1591]] - [[September 2]], [[1652]]) was a Spanish Tenebrist painter and printmaker. He also had the name '''Lo Spagnoletto''' ("the little Spaniard") given to him by his contemporaries and early biographers. Rivera was considered as one of leading painters of the Spanish School, although his mature works were painted in Italy. [[File:Saint-Jean l'évangéliste - Ecole de Jusepe de Ribera.jpg|center|thumb|Saint John the Evangelist, Louvre Museum]] == Reference == <references></references> * Main source: Scholz-Hänsel, Michael. (2000). ''Jusepe de Ribera, 1591–1652'' . Cologne: Konemann. ISBN 3-8290-2872-5 == Read more == * Brown, Jonathan. (1973). ''Jusepe de Ribera: prints and drawings; [catalogue of an exhibition] The Art Museum, Princeton University, October–November 1973'' . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University. {{OCLC|781367}} the standard work on his prints and drawings. * Williamson, Mark A. "The Martyrdom Paintings of Jusepe de Ribera: Catharsis and Transformation"; PhD Dissertation, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 2000 (available online at myspace.com/markwilliamson13732) (link broken) == Other websites == * [http://www.artble.com/artists/jusepe_de_ribera Jusepe de Ribera's Biography, Style, and Artwork] * [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/ribera_jusepe_de.html Jusepe de Ribera at Artcyclopedia] * [http://en.fundacionmedinaceli.org/coleccion/obradelmes/2008-12/ The bearded woman, Work of the month - Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation] * [http://www.art-drawing.ru/gallery/category/719-ribera-husepe-de Jusepe de Ribera.] [http://www.art-drawing.ru/gallery/category/719-ribera-husepe-de Pictures] [http://www.art-drawing.ru/biographies/brief-biographies/1236-ribera-de-husepe and Biography] [[Category:1652 deaths]] ki0awiout01ofdsnf37vbhxm72c24mo 0 1101226 10878768 9496508 2026-06-04T13:52:20Z FonzuHarp 1759780 10878768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA |ipa symbol=◌ʼ |x-sampa=_> }} '''Ejective consonants''' are sounds made without using your [[voice]], where air is pushed out using a part of your [[throat]] called the [[glottis]]. In some languages, these sounds are different from others like those made with a puff of air (aspirated), those made with your vocal cords (voiced), and those made with just enough air (tenuis). Some languages also have sounds that are like ejectives but with a creaky voice, while others have sounds like ejectives but are made differently, like [[Implosive consonant|implosives]]. This has led experts to group these kinds of sounds together as a special type of [[consonant]] called glottalic consonants, which includes ejectives. {{IPA navigation}} [[Category:Consonants]] {{Stub}} k22jbo9voi3r0mi5w6c8203lia77on4 0 1101490 10878996 10864956 2026-06-04T20:00:09Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 10878996 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Squashes.jpg|thumb|240x240px|An assortment of winter squashes]] '''Winter squash''' is a name for several kinds of [[squash]] that are [[harvest]]<nowiki/>ed when the [[fruit]] is fully grown and the skin has become hard. Winter squash is usually cooked before it is eaten. It can often be stored for weeks or months after harvest, unlike [[summer squash]], which is picked young and has a soft skin.<ref name="illinois">{{cite web |title=Winter Squash |url=https://extension.illinois.edu/gardening/winter-squash |publisher=University of Illinois Extension |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> The name "winter squash" does not mean that the plants grow in winter. The plants are warm-season crops. They are usually planted after the danger of frost has passed and harvested in late summer or autumn. The word "winter" refers to the way many types can be stored and eaten during winter.<ref name="illinois" /> Winter squash belongs to the genus '''''[[Cucurbita]]''''', in the gourd family, [[Cucurbitaceae]]. Common winter squashes come from several species, including ''[[Cucurbita pepo]]'', ''[[Cucurbita maxima]]'', ''[[Cucurbita moschata]]'', and sometimes ''[[Cucurbita argyrosperma]]''.<ref name="robinson">{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=R. W. |title=Squash and Pumpkin |url=https://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/cgc_reports/squash95.pdf |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> This means that winter squash is not one single species. It is a crop group based mostly on how the fruit is harvested and used. == Description == Winter squash fruits usually have a hard rind, mature seeds, and dense flesh. The flesh may be orange, yellow, cream, or pale green, depending on the type. Many orange-fleshed winter squashes contain carotenoids, including beta-carotene, which the body can use to make [[vitamin A]].<ref name="usda">{{cite web |title=FoodData Central |url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/ |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> The plants often grow as long vines, although some varieties have a bush habit. Like other squashes, they have large leaves and yellow or orange flowers. The plants usually have separate male and female flowers on the same plant. Bees and other insects help pollinate the flowers.<ref name="umn">{{cite web |title=Growing pumpkins and winter squash in home gardens |url=https://extension.umn.edu/vegetables/growing-pumpkins-and-winter-squash |publisher=University of Minnesota Extension |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Difference from summer squash == The main difference between winter squash and summer squash is the stage at which the fruit is harvested. Summer squash is picked while immature, when the skin and seeds are still soft. Winter squash is picked when mature, when the rind is hard and the seeds are fully developed.<ref name="illinois" /> Because of this, summer squash is usually eaten soon after picking. Winter squash can often be stored longer if it is harvested carefully and kept in a suitable place.<ref name="umass">{{cite web |title=Pumpkin and Winter Squash Harvest, Curing, and Storage |url=https://www.umass.edu/agriculture-food-environment/vegetable/fact-sheets/pumpkin-winter-squash-harvest-curing-storage |publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst Extension |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> == Types == Common types of winter squash include: * '''[[Acorn squash]]''' – usually small, ribbed, and acorn-shaped. It belongs to ''Cucurbita pepo''. * '''[[Butternut squash]]''' – a tan squash with orange flesh. It belongs to ''Cucurbita moschata''. * '''[[Buttercup squash]]''' – a dark green, round squash. It belongs to ''Cucurbita maxima''. * '''[[Delicata squash]]''' – a small, long squash with pale skin and stripes. It belongs to ''Cucurbita pepo''. * '''[[Hubbard squash]]''' – a large squash with a hard rind. It belongs to ''Cucurbita maxima''. * '''[[Kabocha]]''' – a Japanese type of winter squash, often with green skin and dense orange flesh. It belongs to ''Cucurbita maxima''. * '''[[Pumpkin]]''' – a common name for several round or nearly round winter squashes, often orange. * '''[[Spaghetti squash]]''' – a squash whose cooked flesh separates into strands. It belongs to ''Cucurbita pepo''. * '''Turban squash''' – an ornamental and edible winter squash with a rounded "turban" shape. == Pumpkins and winter squash == The word '''pumpkin''' is used in different ways in different countries. In North American English, "pumpkin" often means a round orange squash, especially one used for food, decoration, or [[Halloween]]. In Australian and New Zealand English, "pumpkin" can mean many kinds of winter squash, including types called squash in North America.<ref name="ferriol">{{cite book |last1=Ferriol |first1=María |last2=Picó |first2=Belén |year=2008 |chapter=Pumpkin and Winter Squash |title=Handbook of Plant Breeding: Vegetables I |publisher=Springer |pages=317–349 |isbn=978-0-387-72291-7}}</ref> There is no single botanical difference that separates all pumpkins from all other winter squashes. Pumpkins may belong to several ''Cucurbita'' species, including ''C. pepo'', ''C. maxima'', and ''C. moschata''.<ref name="robinson" /> == Harvest and storage == Winter squash should usually be harvested when the rind is hard and the fruit has reached its mature colour. Many growers leave a short piece of stem attached to the fruit, because fruit without a stem may rot more easily.<ref name="illinois" /> The fruit should be handled carefully, because cuts and bruises can shorten storage life. Some types are cured after harvest. Curing means keeping the squash in a warm place for a short time so the rind can harden and small wounds can heal. Storage time depends on the type of squash, how mature it was at harvest, and the storage conditions.<ref name="umass" /> == Food use == Winter squash is usually cooked before eating. It can be roasted, baked, steamed, boiled, mashed, or used in soups, stews, pies, breads, and other foods. Some types, such as delicata and some kabocha, may have edible skin when cooked, but many types have skin that is too tough to eat. The seeds can also be eaten. They are often cleaned, roasted, and salted. Squash blossoms are edible too, but they are more often associated with summer squash or with squash plants grown for flowers.<ref name="robinson" /> == Nutrition == Winter squash is mostly water and carbohydrate, with small amounts of [[protein]] and fat. Orange-fleshed types are known for carotenoids such as beta-carotene. Winter squash can also provide fibre, potassium, and vitamin C, although the exact amount depends on the species and variety.<ref name="usda" /> == See also == * [[Squash]] * [[Summer squash]] * [[Pumpkin]] * [[Cucurbita]] * [[Cucurbita pepo]] * [[Cucurbita maxima]] * [[Cucurbita moschata]] * [[Cucurbitaceae]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Vegetables]] [[Category:Cucurbitaceae]] 7f9fffzwt1r68f3ko620i0tfnp1rbmr 0 1106697 10879121 10850361 2026-06-04T22:51:55Z Rebeltronic 1558358 added screenshot 10879121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Expand English|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox OS version | name = Windows Server 2025 | logo = File:Windows Server wordmark.svg | screenshot = VirtualBox Windows Server 2025 26100.1.240331-1435.GE DE 12 01 2025 11 55 08.png | caption = Desktop of Windows Server 2025 | developer = [[Microsoft]] | family = [[Windows Server]] | GA date = {{Start date and age|2024|11|01}} | latest release version = 24H2 (10.0.26100.2314) | latest release date = {{Start date and age|2024|11|12}} | supported platforms = [[x64]], ARM64, [[x86]] | preceded by = [[Windows Server 2022]] (2021) | website = https://www.microsoft.com/windowsserver | support status = Support started on November 1, 2024<br /> Mainstream support ends on November 13, 2029<br /> Extended support ends on November 14, 2034 }} '''Windows Server 2025''' is a version of [[Windows Server]] made by [[Microsoft]]. It was released on November 1, 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/blog/2024/11/04/windows-server-2025-now-generally-available-with-advanced-security-improved-performance-and-cloud-agility/|title=Windows Server 2025 now generally available, with advanced security, improved performance, and cloud agility|website=Microsoft Windows Server Blog|date=November 4, 2024|access-date=November 6, 2024}}</ref> Microsoft released the first preview version on January 26, 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Introducing Windows Server 2025! - Microsoft Tech Community|url=https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/windows-server-news-and-best/introducing-windows-server-2025/ba-p/4026374|first=Jeff|last=Woolsey|access-date=January 26, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Microsoft Teases New Features with First Windows Server 2025 Preview Build|url=https://petri.com/microsoft-windows-server-2025/|website=Petri}}</ref> Windows Server 2025 is the first Windows Server version based on [[Windows 11]]. ==Features== Windows Server 2025 includes several new features: * '''Server Flighting''', which lets Microsoft test new updates before full release<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.neowin.net/news/windows-server-preview-build-26040-adds-server-flighting-windows-server-2025-branding/|title=Windows Server Preview 26040 adds Server Flighting; Windows Server 2025 branding|website=Neowin|access-date=November 6, 2024}}</ref> * '''Pay-as-you-go subscription''', which allows flexible payment options<ref name="redmond">{{cite web|url=https://redmondmag.com/Articles/2024/01/26/Windows-Server-2025-Preview.aspx|title=Windows Server 2025 Insider Preview Now Available|website=Redmondmag|access-date=November 6, 2024}}</ref> * '''SMB over QUIC''', which improves secure file sharing<ref name="redmond" /> * '''Hot patching''', which allows updates without restarting the system<ref>{{cite web|url=https://softtrader.eu/preview-windows-server-2025/|title=Windows Server 2025: Everything we know so far|website=softtrader.eu|access-date=November 6, 2024}}</ref> ==History== In January 2024, Microsoft announced that Windows Server 2025 would be released later that year. Preview versions were made available on January 26, 2024. The full release became available worldwide on November 1, 2024. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Microsoft Windows operating systems}} [[Category:Microsoft operating systems]] [[Category:Windows Server]] {{tech-stub}} trfm4nn2lnhj02p8seqlc3gaftkp4g7 0 1122523 10879226 9670166 2026-06-05T01:29:34Z ~2026-33293-46 1816583 /* */ 10879226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Garena | trade_name = {{ubl|Garena}} Sea Ltd | logo = | type = [[Public company|Public]] | traded_as = {{NYSE|SE}} | ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|US81141R1005}} | industry = Video Games | founder = [[Forrest Li]] | foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009}} | location = Singapore<ref name=singapore>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1062184D:SP?sref=G4ZwBfC0|title=Garena Online Pvt Ltd|publisher=Bloomberg|date=April 29, 2022|access-date=29 April 2022|archive-date=29 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429153540/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1062184D:SP?sref=G4ZwBfC0|url-status=live}}</ref> | num_locations = | key_people = [[Forrest Li]] ([[Entrepreneurship|Founder]])<br/>Terry Zhao ([[President (corporate title)|President]]) | products = | revenue = US$550m financing-2009 | net_income = | owner = [[Sea Ltd]] [[Tencent]] 18% | num_employees = | subsid = | homepage = {{URL|https://www.garena.sg}} }} '''Garena''' is a [[video game developer|game developer]] and [[video game publisher|publisher]] of games from [[Singapore]].<ref name=singapore/> It is part of the company [[Sea Ltd]].<ref name="2019_6K">{{cite web | url=https://secfilings.nasdaq.com/filingFrameset.asp?FilingID=13976785&RcvdDate=3/3/2020&CoName=SEA%20LTD&FormType=6-K&View=html | title=Sea Limited Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2019 Results | publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] | date=3 March 2020 | website=sec.gov | access-date=1 July 2020 | archive-date=3 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703152643/https://secfilings.nasdaq.com/filingFrameset.asp?FilingID=13976785&RcvdDate=3%2F3%2F2020&CoName=SEA%20LTD&FormType=6-K&View=html | url-status=live }}</ref> The company makes games on Garena+ in many countries in [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Taiwan]]. It has made many platforms for popular [[multiplayer online battle arena]] (MOBA) games like''[[League of Legends]]'' and ''[[Heroes of Newerth]]'', the [[association football|football (soccer)]] game ''[[FIFA Online 3]]'', the [[first-person shooter]] game ''[[Point Blank (2008 video game)|Point Blank]]'', the mobile MOBA game ''[[Arena of Valor]]'' and the [[racing game]]''[[GKART|Speed Drifters]]'' for people in the area. In 2017, it made ''[[Free Fire (video game)|Free Fire]].'' In May 2021, that game had over 150 million daily active users.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obedkov |first=Evgeny |date=2021-08-17 |title=Mobile battle royale Free Fire surpasses 150 million peak daily active players |url=https://gameworldobserver.com/2021/08/17/garena-free-fire-surpasses-150-million-peak-daily-active-players |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Game World Observer |language=en-US |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014062027/https://gameworldobserver.com/2021/08/17/garena-free-fire-surpasses-150-million-peak-daily-active-players |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Games== Garena has platforms for many games like ''[[Defense of the Ancients]]'' and ''[[Age of Empires]]''. It has also [[Publish|published]] games, like [[multiplayer online battle arena]] games ''[[League of Legends]]'', ''[[Heroes of Newerth]], [[Garena Free Fire|Free Fire]], [[Call of Duty]]'' and ''[[Black Shot]]''. Garena-published games: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="align:left" |- ! Title !! Genre !! Developer !! Year of launch !! class=unsortable | Countries !! class=unsortable | Remarks |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[BlackShot]]'' || MMOFPS || Vertigo Games || 2009 || Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines || Changed as self-published (Vertigo Games via PapayaPlay<ref>{{cite web|title=BlackShot Online - Southeast Asia|website=Papaya Play|url=https://bs.sea.papayaplay.com/bssea.do|ref={{sfnref|Papaya Play}}|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112193101/https://bs.sea.papayaplay.com/bssea.do|url-status=live}}</ref>) |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''Mstar'' || Casual/Dance || Nurien/[[Netmarble]] || 2009 || Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore || Closed 26 August 2019 |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[League of Legends]]'' || MOBA || [[Riot Games]] || 2010 || Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, Philippines, Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau, Thailand, Vietnam || Changed as self-published ([[Riot Games]] Southeast Asia) ex. Taiwan/Hong Kong (via [[Taiwan Mobile]]) & Vietnam (via [[VNG Corporation|VNG Games]]); since January 2023<ref>{{cite web|last=Allsop|first=Ken|title=League of Legends 'set free' by Riot Games publishing in SEA|url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/league-of-legends/sea-riot-games|website=[[PCGamesN]]|date=November 9, 2022|access-date=November 12, 2022|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112102010/https://www.pcgamesn.com/league-of-legends/sea-riot-games|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bernardo|first=Anna|title=Riot Games to take back League of Legends, Teamfight Tactics publishing in SEA from Garena in 2023|url=https://news.yahoo.com/riot-games-to-self-publish-league-of-legends-teamfight-tactics-sea-2023-garena-020042196.html|website=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=November 9, 2022|access-date=November 13, 2022|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113115658/https://news.yahoo.com/riot-games-to-self-publish-league-of-legends-teamfight-tactics-sea-2023-garena-020042196.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Heroes of Newerth]]'' || MOBA || Frostburn Studios || 2010 || Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, CIS || Closed on 20 June 2022 |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''Duke of Mount Deer'' || MMORPG || [[Changyou.com]] || 2011 || Taiwan || Closed 24 March 2014 |-{{Terminated||align=left}} | ''[[Point Blank (2008 video game)|Point Blank]]'' || MMOFPS || Zepetto || 2012 || Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia || Closed 28 June 2017; later relaunch in Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia (self-published) |-{{Terminated||align=left}} | ''[[Path of Exile]]'' || ARPG || [[Grinding Gear Games]] || 2013 || Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, CIS, Thailand || Closed 2016 (CIS),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pathofexile.com/forum/view-thread/1708021|title=Concerns related to the Russian merge|date=August 2, 2016|access-date=December 11, 2020|website=pathofexile.com|author=Chris|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108120625/https://www.pathofexile.com/forum/view-thread/1708021|url-status=live}}</ref> ?{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} (Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia) |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Elsword]]'' || MMORPG || [[KOG Studios]] || 2013 || Philippines || Closed 2 December 2015 |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Firefall (video game)|Firefall]]'' || Team Shooter/FPS || [[Red 5 Studios|Red 5]] || 2014 || Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong and the Philippines || Closed |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Lost Saga]]'' || Casual/Fighting || IO Entertainment || 2015 || Thailand, Taiwan || Closed 3 December 2017 |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Thunder Strike]]'' || [[Shoot 'em up|Vertical Scroller]] || sunmosh || 2015 || Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam || Closed 6 October 2017 |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Alliance of Valiant Arms]]'' || Team Shooter/FPS || Red Duck Inc./NEOWIZ || 2015 || Singapore, Malaysia || Closed 3 July 2018 |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Vindictus]]'' || MMORPG || devCAT/[[Nexon]] || 2015 || Thailand || Closed 31 August 2018 |- | ''[[Arena of Valor]]'' (Mobile Game) || MOBA || [[Tencent]] [[TiMi Studio Group|TiMi Studio]] || 2016 || Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan. || |- | ''[[Free Fire (video game)|Free Fire]]'' (Mobile Game) || Battle Royale || Garena || 2017 || Global || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1703399/000119312518113294/d414468d20f.htm|title=FORM 20-F|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|date=December 31, 2017|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216175339/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1703399/000119312518113294/d414468d20f.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Blade & Soul]]'' || MMORPG || Team Bloodlust/[[NCSoft]] || 2017 || Thailand, Vietnam || Closed 15 August 2023 ([[Vietnam]]) |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[FIFA Online 3]]'' || Sports/Soccer || [[Electronic Arts]] || 2018 || Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam || Closed and replaced by [[FIFA Online 4]] |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Ring of Elysium]]'' || Battle Royale || [[Tencent]] [[Tencent Games#Aurora Studio Group|Aurora Studio]] || 2018 || Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Thailand, Indonesia ||Closed 21 January 2022 |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[TalesRunner]]'' || Sports || Rhaon/[[Smilegate]] || 2018 || Indonesia || Closed |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''Onmyoji'' (Mobile Game) || Visual Novel/Action || [[NetEase Games]] || 2018 || Thailand || Closed 3 April 2019 |- | ''DD Tank'' (Mobile Game) || Artillery || MMOG.asia/[[Changyou.com]] || 2018 || Thailand || {{citation needed|date=October 2022}} |- | ''[[Rising Force Online]]'' || MMORPGs || CCR International || || Thailand || {{citation needed|date=October 2022}} |- | ''[[FIFA Online 4]]'' || Sports/Soccer || [[Electronic Arts]] || 2018 || Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam || |- | ''[[Call of Duty: Mobile]]'' (Mobile Game) || Battle Royale/Multiplayer || [[Activision]]/[[Tencent]] [[TiMi Studio Group|TiMi Studio]] || 2019 || Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, Philippines || |- | ''[[GKART|Speed Drifters]]'' (Mobile Game) || Racing || [[Tencent]] [[TiMi Studio Group|TiMi Studio]] || 2019 || Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau || |- | ''[[Contra (video game)|Contra: Return]]'' (Mobile Game) || Run and Gun Shooter || [[Tencent]] [[TiMi Studio Group|TiMi Studio]]/[[Konami]] || 2019 || Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia || |- | ''Fairy Tail: Forces Unite'' (Mobile Game) || RPG || [[Tencent]] [[Tencent Games#Morefun Studios|Morefun Studios]] || 2020 || Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines || <ref>{{Cite web |first=Adrian |last=Lai |date=2020-12-31 |title='Fairy Tail: Forces Unite!' Now Available in Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines |url=https://sea.ign.com/forcesunite/167425/news/fairy-tail-forces-unite-now-available-in-malaysia-singapore-and-the-philippines |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=IGN Southeast Asia |language=en-sg |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023015252/https://sea.ign.com/forcesunite/167425/news/fairy-tail-forces-unite-now-available-in-malaysia-singapore-and-the-philippines |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | ''[[Free Fire MAX]]'' (Mobile Game) || Battle Royale || Garena || 2021 || Global || |- | ''Moonlight Blade M'' (Mobile Game) || MMORPG || [[Tencent Games]] || 2021 || Taiwan || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-17 |title=Sea Limited Reports Second Quarter 2021 Results |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210817005461/en/Sea-Limited-Reports-Second-Quarter-2021-Results |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023015305/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210817005461/en/Sea-Limited-Reports-Second-Quarter-2021-Results |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | ''Blockman GO'' (Mobile Game) || Sandbox || Zhuhai Sandbox Network Co. Ltd. || 2017 (relaunched in 2022) || Global || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem |url=https://www.techinasia.com/blockman-garenas-big-hit-free-fire |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=www.techinasia.com |language=en-US |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023015256/https://www.techinasia.com/blockman-garenas-big-hit-free-fire |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | ''[[Black Clover|Black Clover M]]'' (Mobile Game) || RPG || Ilinix, inc || 2022 || Global || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=Nathan |title=Garena to Publish Upcoming Black Clover RPG in Select Global Markets |date=16 November 2022 |url=https://gamingcypher.com/garena-to-publish-upcoming-black-clover-rpg-in-select-global-markets/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902234238/https://gamingcypher.com/garena-to-publish-upcoming-black-clover-rpg-in-select-global-markets/ }}</ref> |- |''Cái Thế Tranh Hùng'' (Mobile Game) |Strategy, Role Playing |Topjoy |2023 |Vietnam |- | ''Need for Speed Mobile''{{efn|known as ''Need for Speed: Assemble'' in [[Taiwan]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]].}} (Mobile Game) || Racing || [[Electronic Arts]]/[[Tencent]] [[TiMi Studio Group|TiMi Studio]] || 2024 || Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau || |- |} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Narendra|date=2026-05-31|title=Winter Proxy Server Free Fire, Latest Version 2.0 Available (OB54)|url=https://freefirekeeda.in/guide/winter-proxy-server/|access-date=2026-06-05|website=Free Fire Keeda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Free Fire Name: Free Fire Stylish Name Generator, Cool, Symbols, Fancy Text, Free Fire Nickname|url=https://freefirekeeda.in/free-fire-name/|access-date=2026-06-05|website=Free Fire Keeda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Free Fire Redeem Code, Working FF redeem codes For Free|url=https://freefirekeeda.in/free-fire-redeem-codes/|access-date=2026-06-05|website=Free Fire Keeda|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Other websites== * {{Official website|https://www.garena.com}} [[Category:Android (operating system) games]] [[Category:Companies of Singapore]] [[Category:iOS games]] [[Category:2009 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Video game companies]] [[Category:2000s establishments in Singapore]] rmhcijksxqdg2r9homt4ripukwynkw3 10879289 10879226 2026-06-05T04:29:52Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33293-46|~2026-33293-46]] ([[User talk:~2026-33293-46|talk]]) to last version by MrMeAndMrMe 9670166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Garena | trade_name = {{ubl|Garena}} Sea Ltd | logo = | type = [[Public company|Public]] | traded_as = {{NYSE|SE}} | ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|US81141R1005}} | industry = Video Games | founder = [[Forrest Li]] | foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009}} | location = Singapore<ref name=singapore>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1062184D:SP?sref=G4ZwBfC0|title=Garena Online Pvt Ltd|publisher=Bloomberg|date=April 29, 2022|access-date=29 April 2022|archive-date=29 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429153540/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1062184D:SP?sref=G4ZwBfC0|url-status=live}}</ref> | num_locations = | key_people = [[Forrest Li]] ([[Entrepreneurship|Founder]])<br/>Terry Zhao ([[President (corporate title)|President]]) | products = | revenue = US$550m financing-2009 | net_income = | owner = [[Sea Ltd]] [[Tencent]] 18% | num_employees = | subsid = | homepage = {{URL|https://www.garena.sg}} }} '''Garena''' is a [[video game developer|game developer]] and [[video game publisher|publisher]] of games from [[Singapore]].<ref name=singapore/> It is part of the company [[Sea Ltd]].<ref name="2019_6K">{{cite web | url=https://secfilings.nasdaq.com/filingFrameset.asp?FilingID=13976785&RcvdDate=3/3/2020&CoName=SEA%20LTD&FormType=6-K&View=html | title=Sea Limited Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2019 Results | publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] | date=3 March 2020 | website=sec.gov | access-date=1 July 2020 | archive-date=3 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703152643/https://secfilings.nasdaq.com/filingFrameset.asp?FilingID=13976785&RcvdDate=3%2F3%2F2020&CoName=SEA%20LTD&FormType=6-K&View=html | url-status=live }}</ref> The company makes games on Garena+ in many countries in [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Taiwan]]. It has made many platforms for popular [[multiplayer online battle arena]] (MOBA) games like''[[League of Legends]]'' and ''[[Heroes of Newerth]]'', the [[association football|football (soccer)]] game ''[[FIFA Online 3]]'', the [[first-person shooter]] game ''[[Point Blank (2008 video game)|Point Blank]]'', the mobile MOBA game ''[[Arena of Valor]]'' and the [[racing game]]''[[GKART|Speed Drifters]]'' for people in the area. In 2017, it made ''[[Free Fire (video game)|Free Fire]].'' In May 2021, that game had over 150 million daily active users.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obedkov |first=Evgeny |date=2021-08-17 |title=Mobile battle royale Free Fire surpasses 150 million peak daily active players |url=https://gameworldobserver.com/2021/08/17/garena-free-fire-surpasses-150-million-peak-daily-active-players |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Game World Observer |language=en-US |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014062027/https://gameworldobserver.com/2021/08/17/garena-free-fire-surpasses-150-million-peak-daily-active-players |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Games== Garena has platforms for many games like ''[[Defense of the Ancients]]'' and ''[[Age of Empires]]''. It has also [[Publish|published]] games, like [[multiplayer online battle arena]] games ''[[League of Legends]]'', ''[[Heroes of Newerth]], [[Garena Free Fire|Free Fire]], [[Call of Duty]]'' and ''[[Black Shot]]''. Garena-published games: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="align:left" |- ! Title !! Genre !! Developer !! Year of launch !! class=unsortable | Countries !! class=unsortable | Remarks |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[BlackShot]]'' || MMOFPS || Vertigo Games || 2009 || Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines || Changed as self-published (Vertigo Games via PapayaPlay<ref>{{cite web|title=BlackShot Online - Southeast Asia|website=Papaya Play|url=https://bs.sea.papayaplay.com/bssea.do|ref={{sfnref|Papaya Play}}|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112193101/https://bs.sea.papayaplay.com/bssea.do|url-status=live}}</ref>) |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''Mstar'' || Casual/Dance || Nurien/[[Netmarble]] || 2009 || Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore || Closed 26 August 2019 |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[League of Legends]]'' || MOBA || [[Riot Games]] || 2010 || Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, Philippines, Taiwan/Hong Kong/Macau, Thailand, Vietnam || Changed as self-published ([[Riot Games]] Southeast Asia) ex. Taiwan/Hong Kong (via [[Taiwan Mobile]]) & Vietnam (via [[VNG Corporation|VNG Games]]); since January 2023<ref>{{cite web|last=Allsop|first=Ken|title=League of Legends 'set free' by Riot Games publishing in SEA|url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/league-of-legends/sea-riot-games|website=[[PCGamesN]]|date=November 9, 2022|access-date=November 12, 2022|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112102010/https://www.pcgamesn.com/league-of-legends/sea-riot-games|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bernardo|first=Anna|title=Riot Games to take back League of Legends, Teamfight Tactics publishing in SEA from Garena in 2023|url=https://news.yahoo.com/riot-games-to-self-publish-league-of-legends-teamfight-tactics-sea-2023-garena-020042196.html|website=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=November 9, 2022|access-date=November 13, 2022|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113115658/https://news.yahoo.com/riot-games-to-self-publish-league-of-legends-teamfight-tactics-sea-2023-garena-020042196.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Heroes of Newerth]]'' || MOBA || Frostburn Studios || 2010 || Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, CIS || Closed on 20 June 2022 |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''Duke of Mount Deer'' || MMORPG || [[Changyou.com]] || 2011 || Taiwan || Closed 24 March 2014 |-{{Terminated||align=left}} | ''[[Point Blank (2008 video game)|Point Blank]]'' || MMOFPS || Zepetto || 2012 || Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia || Closed 28 June 2017; later relaunch in Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia (self-published) |-{{Terminated||align=left}} | ''[[Path of Exile]]'' || ARPG || [[Grinding Gear Games]] || 2013 || Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, CIS, Thailand || Closed 2016 (CIS),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pathofexile.com/forum/view-thread/1708021|title=Concerns related to the Russian merge|date=August 2, 2016|access-date=December 11, 2020|website=pathofexile.com|author=Chris|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108120625/https://www.pathofexile.com/forum/view-thread/1708021|url-status=live}}</ref> ?{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} (Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia) |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Elsword]]'' || MMORPG || [[KOG Studios]] || 2013 || Philippines || Closed 2 December 2015 |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Firefall (video game)|Firefall]]'' || Team Shooter/FPS || [[Red 5 Studios|Red 5]] || 2014 || Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong and the Philippines || Closed |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Lost Saga]]'' || Casual/Fighting || IO Entertainment || 2015 || Thailand, Taiwan || Closed 3 December 2017 |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Thunder Strike]]'' || [[Shoot 'em up|Vertical Scroller]] || sunmosh || 2015 || Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam || Closed 6 October 2017 |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Alliance of Valiant Arms]]'' || Team Shooter/FPS || Red Duck Inc./NEOWIZ || 2015 || Singapore, Malaysia || Closed 3 July 2018 |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Vindictus]]'' || MMORPG || devCAT/[[Nexon]] || 2015 || Thailand || Closed 31 August 2018 |- | ''[[Arena of Valor]]'' (Mobile Game) || MOBA || [[Tencent]] [[TiMi Studio Group|TiMi Studio]] || 2016 || Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan. || |- | ''[[Free Fire (video game)|Free Fire]]'' (Mobile Game) || Battle Royale || Garena || 2017 || Global || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1703399/000119312518113294/d414468d20f.htm|title=FORM 20-F|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|date=December 31, 2017|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216175339/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1703399/000119312518113294/d414468d20f.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Blade & Soul]]'' || MMORPG || Team Bloodlust/[[NCSoft]] || 2017 || Thailand, Vietnam || Closed 15 August 2023 ([[Vietnam]]) |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[FIFA Online 3]]'' || Sports/Soccer || [[Electronic Arts]] || 2018 || Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam || Closed and replaced by [[FIFA Online 4]] |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[Ring of Elysium]]'' || Battle Royale || [[Tencent]] [[Tencent Games#Aurora Studio Group|Aurora Studio]] || 2018 || Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Thailand, Indonesia ||Closed 21 January 2022 |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''[[TalesRunner]]'' || Sports || Rhaon/[[Smilegate]] || 2018 || Indonesia || Closed |-{{Terminated|align=left}} | ''Onmyoji'' (Mobile Game) || Visual Novel/Action || [[NetEase Games]] || 2018 || Thailand || Closed 3 April 2019 |- | ''DD Tank'' (Mobile Game) || Artillery || MMOG.asia/[[Changyou.com]] || 2018 || Thailand || {{citation needed|date=October 2022}} |- | ''[[Rising Force Online]]'' || MMORPGs || CCR International || || Thailand || {{citation needed|date=October 2022}} |- | ''[[FIFA Online 4]]'' || Sports/Soccer || [[Electronic Arts]] || 2018 || Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam || |- | ''[[Call of Duty: Mobile]]'' (Mobile Game) || Battle Royale/Multiplayer || [[Activision]]/[[Tencent]] [[TiMi Studio Group|TiMi Studio]] || 2019 || Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, Philippines || |- | ''[[GKART|Speed Drifters]]'' (Mobile Game) || Racing || [[Tencent]] [[TiMi Studio Group|TiMi Studio]] || 2019 || Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau || |- | ''[[Contra (video game)|Contra: Return]]'' (Mobile Game) || Run and Gun Shooter || [[Tencent]] [[TiMi Studio Group|TiMi Studio]]/[[Konami]] || 2019 || Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia || |- | ''Fairy Tail: Forces Unite'' (Mobile Game) || RPG || [[Tencent]] [[Tencent Games#Morefun Studios|Morefun Studios]] || 2020 || Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines || <ref>{{Cite web |first=Adrian |last=Lai |date=2020-12-31 |title='Fairy Tail: Forces Unite!' Now Available in Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines |url=https://sea.ign.com/forcesunite/167425/news/fairy-tail-forces-unite-now-available-in-malaysia-singapore-and-the-philippines |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=IGN Southeast Asia |language=en-sg |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023015252/https://sea.ign.com/forcesunite/167425/news/fairy-tail-forces-unite-now-available-in-malaysia-singapore-and-the-philippines |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | ''[[Free Fire MAX]]'' (Mobile Game) || Battle Royale || Garena || 2021 || Global || |- | ''Moonlight Blade M'' (Mobile Game) || MMORPG || [[Tencent Games]] || 2021 || Taiwan || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-17 |title=Sea Limited Reports Second Quarter 2021 Results |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210817005461/en/Sea-Limited-Reports-Second-Quarter-2021-Results |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023015305/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210817005461/en/Sea-Limited-Reports-Second-Quarter-2021-Results |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | ''Blockman GO'' (Mobile Game) || Sandbox || Zhuhai Sandbox Network Co. Ltd. || 2017 (relaunched in 2022) || Global || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem |url=https://www.techinasia.com/blockman-garenas-big-hit-free-fire |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=www.techinasia.com |language=en-US |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023015256/https://www.techinasia.com/blockman-garenas-big-hit-free-fire |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | ''[[Black Clover|Black Clover M]]'' (Mobile Game) || RPG || Ilinix, inc || 2022 || Global || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=Nathan |title=Garena to Publish Upcoming Black Clover RPG in Select Global Markets |date=16 November 2022 |url=https://gamingcypher.com/garena-to-publish-upcoming-black-clover-rpg-in-select-global-markets/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902234238/https://gamingcypher.com/garena-to-publish-upcoming-black-clover-rpg-in-select-global-markets/ }}</ref> |- |''Cái Thế Tranh Hùng'' (Mobile Game) |Strategy, Role Playing |Topjoy |2023 |Vietnam |- | ''Need for Speed Mobile''{{efn|known as ''Need for Speed: Assemble'' in [[Taiwan]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]].}} (Mobile Game) || Racing || [[Electronic Arts]]/[[Tencent]] [[TiMi Studio Group|TiMi Studio]] || 2024 || Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau || |- |} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{Official website|https://www.garena.com}} [[Category:Android (operating system) games]] [[Category:Companies of Singapore]] [[Category:iOS games]] [[Category:2009 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Video game companies]] [[Category:2000s establishments in Singapore]] qt4f4hww6y8i2ca3kzle2ju4yjsqqff 0 1124137 10879193 10082812 2026-06-05T01:05:18Z ~2026-27856-71 1800187 10879193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Maheno | native_name = | native_name_lang = mi | settlement_type = Rural settlement | image_skyline = Maheno - 7158830445.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Maheno war memorial | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | image_map = {{infobox mapframe|coord={{coord|45|10|S|170|50|E}}|zoom=9}} | coordinates = {{coord|45|10|S|170|50|E|display=inline,title|region:NZ_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = New Zealand | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Otago]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand|Territorial authority]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Waitaki District]] | subdivision_type3 = Ward | subdivision_name3 = Corriedale Ward | seat_type = Electorates | seat = {{ubl|[[Waitaki (New Zealand electorate)|Waitaki]]|[[Te Tai Tonga]] (Māori)}} | leader_title = {{nowrap|Territorial authority}} | leader_name = [[Waitaki District Council]] | leader_title1 = Regional council | leader_name1 = [[Otago Regional Council]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor of Waitaki]] | leader_name2 = {{NZ officeholder data|Waitaki District Mayor|y}} | leader_title3 = [[Waitaki (New Zealand electorate)|Waitaki MP]] | leader_name3 = {{NZ officeholder data|Waitaki MP|y}} | leader_title4 = [[Te Tai Tonga|Te Tai Tonga MP]] | leader_name4 = {{NZ officeholder data|Te Tai Tonga MP|y}} | established_title = | established_date = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = {{NZ population data 2018||||y}} | population_total = {{NZ population data 2018|Maheno|y}} | population_as_of = {{NZ population data 2018|||y}} | area_total_km2 = 0.56 | area_footnotes = <ref name="Area">{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787|access-date=2 December 2021|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | blank_name = Local [[iwi]] | blank_info = [[Ngāi Tahu]] }} '''Maheno''' is a small settlement in North Otago, New Zealand. It is 14 kilometers southwest of [[Oamaru]] and 20 kilometers northwest of [[Hampden, New Zealand|Hampden]] on State Highway 1. It has a primary school and the streets are named after places in [[Tyne and Wear]], [[England]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Waitaki District}} [[Category:Settlements in New Zealand]] [[Category:Settlements in Otago]] [[Category:Waitaki District]] {{geo-stub}} 1asxtvnhp49a7u3l9kvo29byaxjxego 10879199 10879193 2026-06-05T01:08:41Z ~2026-27856-71 1800187 10879199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Maheno | native_name = | native_name_lang = mi | settlement_type = Rural settlement | image_skyline = Maheno - 7158830445.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Maheno war memorial | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | image_map = {{infobox mapframe|coord={{coord|45|10|S|170|50|E}}|zoom=9}} | coordinates = {{coord|45|10|S|170|50|E|display=inline,title|region:NZ_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = New Zealand | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Otago]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand|Territorial authority]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Waitaki District]] | subdivision_type3 = Ward | subdivision_name3 = Corriedale Ward | seat_type = Electorates | seat = {{ubl|[[Waitaki (New Zealand electorate)|Waitaki]]|[[Te Tai Tonga]] (Māori)}} | leader_title = {{nowrap|Territorial authority}} | leader_name = [[Waitaki District Council]] | leader_title1 = Regional council | leader_name1 = [[Otago Regional Council]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor of Waitaki]] | leader_name2 = {{NZ officeholder data|Waitaki District Mayor|y}} | leader_title3 = [[Waitaki (New Zealand electorate)|Waitaki MP]] | leader_name3 = {{NZ officeholder data|Waitaki MP|y}} | leader_title4 = [[Te Tai Tonga|Te Tai Tonga MP]] | leader_name4 = {{NZ officeholder data|Te Tai Tonga MP|y}} | established_title = | established_date = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = {{NZ population data 2018||||y}} | population_total = {{NZ population data 2018|Maheno|y}} | population_as_of = {{NZ population data 2018|||y}} | area_total_km2 = 0.56 | area_footnotes = <ref name="Area">{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787|access-date=2 December 2021|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | blank_name = Local [[iwi]] | blank_info = [[Ngāi Tahu]] }} '''Maheno''' is a small settlement in North Otago, New Zealand. It is 14 kilometers southwest of [[Oamaru]] and 20 kilometers northwest of [[Hampden, New Zealand|Hampden]] on State Highway 1. It has a primary school and the streets are named after places in [[Tyne and Wear]], [[England]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Waitaki District}} [[Category:Settlements in Otago]] [[Category:Waitaki District]] {{geo-stub}} 9hfex8f0wcbsboqnq7drjhjs0ke5ecs 0 1124285 10879196 10067587 2026-06-05T01:06:28Z ~2026-33103-98 1816556 10879196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Hampden | native_name = | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = Rural settlement | image_skyline = On the beach at Hampden, New Zealand.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = The beach at Hampden looking south | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | image_map = {{infobox mapframe|coord={{coord|45|19|40|S|170|49|00|E}}|zoom=6}} | coordinates = {{coord|45|19|40|S|170|49|00|E|region:NZ_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = New Zealand | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Otago]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand|Territorial authority]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Waitaki District]] | subdivision_type3 = Ward | subdivision_name3 = Waihemo Ward | subdivision_type4 = Community | subdivision_name4 = Waihemo Community | seat_type = Electorates | seat = {{ubl|[[Waitaki (New Zealand electorate)|Waitaki]]|[[Te Tai Tonga]] (Māori)}} | leader_title = {{nowrap|Territorial authority}} | leader_name = [[Waitaki District Council]] | leader_title1 = Regional council | leader_name1 = [[Otago Regional Council]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor of Waitaki]] | leader_name2 = {{NZ officeholder data|Waitaki District Mayor|y}} | leader_title3 = [[Waitaki (New Zealand electorate)|Waitaki MP]] | leader_name3 = {{NZ officeholder data|Waitaki MP|y}} | leader_title4 = [[Te Tai Tonga|Te Tai Tonga MP]] | leader_name4 = {{NZ officeholder data|Te Tai Tonga MP|y}} | established_title = | established_date = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = {{NZ population data 2018||||y}} | population_total = {{NZ population data 2018|Hampden|y}} | population_as_of = {{NZ population data 2018|||y}} | area_total_km2 = 2.56 | area_footnotes = <ref name="Area">{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787|access-date=28 November 2021|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone1 = [[Time in New Zealand|New Zealand Standard Time]] | utc_offset1 = +12 | timezone1_DST = [[Time in New Zealand|New Zealand Daylight Time]] | utc_offset1_DST = +13 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in New Zealand|Postcode]] | postal_code = 9410 | area_code_type = | area_code = | website = | blank_name = Local [[iwi]] | blank_info = | footnotes = }} '''Hampden''' is a small town in North Otago, New Zealand. It is located on State Highway 1 and is 35 kilometers south of [[Oamaru]] and 80 kilometers north of [[Dunedin]]. It has a primary school with rectangular grid system and has streets named after English countries. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Waitaki District}} [[Category:Settlements in Otago]] [[Category:Waitaki District]] {{geo-stub}} p1z6ikmo7ek4wbdighmygv6n0s15ycp 0 1128708 10879195 9777837 2026-06-05T01:06:06Z ~2026-27856-71 1800187 10879195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Waitati | native_name = Waitete | type = Town | image_skyline = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_caption = | image_map = {{infobox mapframe|coord={{coord|45|45|S|170|34|E}}|zoom=9}} | coordinates = {{coord|45|45|S|170|34|E|region:NZ-OTA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = New Zealand | subdivision_type2 = Island | subdivision_name2 = [[South Island]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Otago]] | subdivision_type4 = City | subdivision_name4 = [[Dunedin]] | subdivision_type5 = [[Community boards in New Zealand|Community board]] | subdivision_name5 = Waikouaiti Coast Community Board<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Waikouaiti Coast Community Board Boundary |url=https://www.dunedin.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/543512/Waikouaiti-Coast-Community-2016.pdf |website=dunedin.govt.nz |publisher=[[Dunedin City Council]] |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> | seat_type = Electorates | seat = {{ubl|[[Dunedin (New Zealand electorate)|Dunedin]]|[[Te Tai Tonga]] (Māori)}} | leader_title = [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand|Territorial authority]] | leader_name = [[Dunedin City Council]] | leader_title1 = Regional council | leader_name1 = [[Otago Regional Council]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor of Dunedin]] | leader_name2 = {{NZ officeholder data|Dunedin City Mayor|y}} | leader_title3 = [[Dunedin (New Zealand electorate)|Dunedin MP]] | leader_name3 = {{NZ officeholder data|Dunedin MP|y}} | leader_title4 = [[Te Tai Tonga|Te Tai Tonga MP]] | leader_name4 = {{NZ officeholder data|Te Tai Tonga MP|y}} | population_as_of = {{NZ population data 2018|||y}} | population_total = {{NZ population data 2018|Waitati-Doctors Point|y}} | population_footnotes = {{NZ population data 2018||||y}} | population_density_km2 = auto | area_total_km2 = 2.69 | area_footnotes = <ref name="Area"/> | timezone1 = NZST | utc_offset1 = +12 | timezone1_DST = NZDT | utc_offset1_DST = +13 | postal_code_type = Postcode | postal_code = | area_code_type = Area code | area_code = 03 | blank_name = Local [[iwi]] | blank_info = [[Ngāi Tahu]] }} '''Waitati''' is a seaside settlement in Otago. It is located on State Highway 1 and is 20 kilometers north of [[Dunedin]]. It is close to [[Blueskin Bay]]. It has a school, library and some holiday homes situated in the settlement. ==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Area">{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787| access-date=6 January 2022|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}</ref> }} {{Dunedin navbox}} {{geo-stub}} [[Category:Settlements in New Zealand]] [[Category:Settlements in Otago]] [[Category:Dunedin]] 801fbhgvxb5pyjsqbg7pvafaffvouf8 10879198 10879195 2026-06-05T01:08:35Z ~2026-27856-71 1800187 10879198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Waitati | native_name = Waitete | type = Town | image_skyline = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_caption = | image_map = {{infobox mapframe|coord={{coord|45|45|S|170|34|E}}|zoom=9}} | coordinates = {{coord|45|45|S|170|34|E|region:NZ-OTA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = New Zealand | subdivision_type2 = Island | subdivision_name2 = [[South Island]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Otago]] | subdivision_type4 = City | subdivision_name4 = [[Dunedin]] | subdivision_type5 = [[Community boards in New Zealand|Community board]] | subdivision_name5 = Waikouaiti Coast Community Board<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Waikouaiti Coast Community Board Boundary |url=https://www.dunedin.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/543512/Waikouaiti-Coast-Community-2016.pdf |website=dunedin.govt.nz |publisher=[[Dunedin City Council]] |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> | seat_type = Electorates | seat = {{ubl|[[Dunedin (New Zealand electorate)|Dunedin]]|[[Te Tai Tonga]] (Māori)}} | leader_title = [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand|Territorial authority]] | leader_name = [[Dunedin City Council]] | leader_title1 = Regional council | leader_name1 = [[Otago Regional Council]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor of Dunedin]] | leader_name2 = {{NZ officeholder data|Dunedin City Mayor|y}} | leader_title3 = [[Dunedin (New Zealand electorate)|Dunedin MP]] | leader_name3 = {{NZ officeholder data|Dunedin MP|y}} | leader_title4 = [[Te Tai Tonga|Te Tai Tonga MP]] | leader_name4 = {{NZ officeholder data|Te Tai Tonga MP|y}} | population_as_of = {{NZ population data 2018|||y}} | population_total = {{NZ population data 2018|Waitati-Doctors Point|y}} | population_footnotes = {{NZ population data 2018||||y}} | population_density_km2 = auto | area_total_km2 = 2.69 | area_footnotes = <ref name="Area"/> | timezone1 = NZST | utc_offset1 = +12 | timezone1_DST = NZDT | utc_offset1_DST = +13 | postal_code_type = Postcode | postal_code = | area_code_type = Area code | area_code = 03 | blank_name = Local [[iwi]] | blank_info = [[Ngāi Tahu]] }} '''Waitati''' is a seaside settlement in Otago. It is located on State Highway 1 and is 20 kilometers north of [[Dunedin]]. It is close to [[Blueskin Bay]]. It has a school, library and some holiday homes situated in the settlement. ==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Area">{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787| access-date=6 January 2022|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}</ref> }} {{Dunedin navbox}} {{geo-stub}} [[Category:Settlements in Otago]] [[Category:Dunedin]] g3ecurmooq0p2g3vxpgisvlq2ygc7iy 0 1128709 10879197 9777813 2026-06-05T01:07:49Z ~2026-31801-68 1812592 10879197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Outram | type = Rural settlement | image_skyline = Outram New Zealand from the air.JPG | image_caption = Outram from the air | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_caption = | image_map = {{infobox mapframe|coord={{coord|45|51|30|S|170|13|50|E}}|zoom=10}} | coordinates = {{Coord|45|51|30|S|170|13|50|E|region:NZ_type:city|display=inline,title}} | native_name = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = New Zealand | subdivision_type2 = Island | subdivision_name2 = [[South Island]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Otago]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand|Territorial authority]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Dunedin]] | subdivision_type5 = [[Community boards in New Zealand|Community board]] | subdivision_name5 = Mosgiel-Taieri Community Board<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Mosgiel-Taieri Community Board Boundary |url=https://www.dunedin.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/543508/Mosgiel-Taieri-Community-2016.pdf |website=dunedin.govt.nz |publisher=[[Dunedin City Council]] |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> | seat_type = Electorates | seat = {{ubl|[[Taieri (New Zealand electorate)|Taieri]]|[[Te Tai Tonga]] (Māori)}} | leader_title = [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand|Territorial authority]] | leader_name = [[Dunedin City Council]] | leader_title1 = Regional council | leader_name1 = [[Otago Regional Council]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor of Dunedin]] | leader_name2 = {{NZ officeholder data|Dunedin City Mayor|y}} | leader_title3 = [[Taieri (New Zealand electorate)|Taieri MP]] | leader_name3 = {{NZ officeholder data|Taieri MP|y}} | leader_title4 = [[Te Tai Tonga|Te Tai Tonga MP]] | leader_name4 = {{NZ officeholder data|Te Tai Tonga MP|y}} | population_as_of = {{NZ population data 2018|||y}} | population_total = {{NZ population data 2018|Outram|y}} | population_footnotes = {{NZ population data 2018||||y}} | population_density_km2 = auto | area_footnotes = <ref name="Area"/> | area_total_km2 = 1.05 | timezone1 = NZST | utc_offset1 = +12 | timezone1_DST = NZDT | utc_offset1_DST = +13 | postal_code_type = Postcode | postal_code = 9019 | area_code_type = Area code | area_code = 03 | blank_name = Local [[iwi]] | blank_info = [[Ngāi Tahu]] }} '''Outram''' is a rural suburb of [[Dunedin]] and is the located on State Highway 87. It is sandwiched in between [[Mosgiel]] and [[Middlemarch, New Zealand|Middlemarch]]. It has a primary school, library and rugby club situated in the settlement. ==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="Area">{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787| access-date=6 January 2022|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}</ref> }} {{Dunedin navbox}} {{geo-stub}} [[Category:Settlements in Otago]] [[Category:Dunedin]] 2ajg16y4v0sfcq9cyiwnfvc5ye9os57 0 1135316 10879431 9769256 2026-06-05T10:07:20Z Kontributor 2K 1349344 CoA @common file 10879431 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Blason ville fr Saint-Martin-d'Ablois (Marne).svg|thumb|90px|Coat of arms]] '''Saint-Martin-d&#39;Ablois''' is a [[Communes of France|commune]]. It is in [[Grand Est]] in the [[Marne (department)|Marne]] [[Departments of France|department]] in northeast [[France]]. == Related pages == * [[Communes of the Marne department]] {{Commonscat}} {{Marne communes}} {{authority control}} {{France-geo-stub}} [[Category:Communes in Marne]] s2cw0lcgmcll87tdkf2t8rzivn8c81y 3 1137593 10878835 10820653 2026-06-04T16:26:33Z Bhargabin 735650 /* RfD nomination of Padum Pukhuri */ Reply 10878835 wikitext text/x-wiki == Padum Pukhuri == Padum Pukhuri is situated at Tezpur, Sonitpur.It enhances the beauty of the Tezpur Town to an envisage of romance. The pond get always blooms lotus flowers every year during the month of April to August in a large numbers which carries a nostalgic view in very every year from which it has derived its name Padum Pukhuri. In the middle their lies a tiny Island decorated as a park and a colourful musical fountain it significances of a magnificent decorative moods to visitors those its beauty is cherished. There is a statue of Charles Alexander Bruce the father of Tea in Assam. A beautiful electric Toy Train, Speed Boat is an added attraction for tourists. (Entrance opposite Ramkrishna Seva Ashram). The pond stands Nearby Electricity Main Office which is also very close to it. Now, in 2024 the bank of pond is also being protected by implementing some civil works by establishing stones spars with wire netting cages. Reference of Book from Easy View Sonitpur by Generation Next Publication Tezpur. [[User:Bhargabin|Bhargabin]] ([[User talk:Bhargabin#top|talk]]) 16:31, 24 September 2024 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Padum Pukhuri== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Padum Pukhuri]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Padum Pukhuri]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] flag from the top of the page; doing so will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 00:31, 16 April 2026 (UTC) :The above citation about padum Pukhuri is my view on the recent beautification work. Therefore, I think it is a needed to know by viewers that they will get notified of doing important works to nature. [[User:Bhargabin|Bhargabin]] ([[User talk:Bhargabin#top|talk]]) 16:26, 4 June 2026 (UTC) ovbhl784m7zakxmmxcybfev30n1awx0 0 1145499 10879404 10819728 2026-06-05T08:33:49Z Fróis 1446715 /* */ 10879404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rfd}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Kanhoji–Portuguese Conflicts | partof = Portuguese battles in the East | image = | caption = | date = 1699-1722 | place = [[Konkan]], [[Maharashtra]] | result = Maratha victory | combatant1 = [[Portuguese Empire]]<br>'''Supported by'''<br>[[Mughal Empire]]<br>Siddis of Janjira | combatant2 = [[Maratha Empire]] *Maratha Navy | commander1 = Pedro António de Meneses Noronha de Albuquerque<br>Agostinho da Anunciação<br>Vasco Lima Coutinho<br>Caetano de Melo e Castro{{Surrender}}<br>Xavier de Meneses{{Surrender}}<br>Francisco José de Sampaio e Castro{{Surrender}}<br>Cristóvão de Melo{{Surrender}}<br>Gaspar Aranho de Lencastri{{POW}}{{executed}}<br>Antonio Cardin{{WIA}}<br>Thomas Mathews{{WIA}} | commander2 = Kanhoji Angre<br>Tukoji Angre<br>Sidoji Gurjar{{POW}}<br>Shahu I<br>Balaji Vishwanath<br>Pilaji Jadhav<br>[[Bajirao I]] | strength1 = | strength2 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | campaignbox = | territory = Cheul, Suvarnadurg and 22 Forts of [[Portuguese Empire]] capture by Kanhoji Angre | casualties3 = }} The Kanhoji–Portuguese conflicts were a series of military engagements between Kanhoji Angre of [[Maratha Empire|Bhonsle Empire]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese India]]. The [[Naval warfare|Naval battles]] were fought in [[Konkan]] Modern day [[Maharashtra]]. [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] was a stable power in Indian State of [[Goa]] who had already fought with Maratha rulers like [[Shivaji]] and his son Sambhaji who nearly captured Goa in the Maratha–Portuguese war of 1683 but due to Mughal Invasion there was peace between the two, [[Portuguese Empire|Portugese]] showed Neutrality in the initial phase of [[Deccan Wars|Deccan wars]] until they sided with [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in 1699 and fought with the [[Maratha dynasty|Marathas]] but Kanhoji Angre defeated them this was the first Naval conflict between Kanhoji and [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA75|title=India's Naval Traditions: The Role of Kunhali Marakkars|last=Kurup|first=K. K. N.|date=1997|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-083-3|pages=73-78|language=en}}</ref> The conflict started in the regin of [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese Governer]], Pedro António de Meneses Noronha de Albuquerque and ended in the regin of João de Saldanha da Gama with the death of Kanhoji Angre in 1729.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-angres-of-kolaba-1640-1840-ad|title=History Of The Angres Of Kolaba (1640-1840 AD)|last=Amita Tathare|pages=28-97}}</ref> ==Background== ===Kanhoji Angre=== Kanhoji was born in 1677 his father was Admiral of Maratha Navy under [[Shivaji]] the first [[Maratha dynasty|Maratha King]]. He was first engaged in a [[War|Millitary conflict]] in 1689 where under guidance of his father he defeated Siddis of Janjira . He later became the Admiral and frequently Raided and fought [[Naval warfare|Naval battles]] with powers like Siddis, [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] and [[East India Company|British]]. He is called as Most Daring Pirate by some historians<ref name=":0" /> while a [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] Letter compares him to Hayreddin Barbarossa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/portuguese-mahratta-relations_20210214|title=Portuguese Mahratta Relations|last=Bahu Virupaksha|date=2021-02-14|pages=123-125}}</ref> ===Portuguese India=== [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] first arrived in [[india]] and captured [[Goa]] making it their permanent base in November 25, 1510.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2lSlAwAAQBAJ&q=genevieve+bouchon+albuquerque|title=Albuquerque: Le lion des mers d'Asie|last=BOUCHON|first=Geneviève|date=2014-05-23|publisher=Desjonquères|isbn=978-2-84321-481-3|pages=168|language=fr}}</ref> It was a prominent European Power in India defeated by only few [[Empire|Empires]]. It fought various enemies like [[Maratha dynasty|Marathas]], French, [[East India Company]]<nowiki/>etc it remained independent till it's annexation by [[India]] on 19 December 1961. ==Conflicts== Kanhoji first fought with [[Portuguese Empire|Portugese]] in the Capture of Sagargad<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.7503/page/n153/mode/1up|title=Maharastra State Gazetteers Kolaba District |publisher=The Executive Editor And Secretary, Gazetteers Department, Government Of Maharashtra |location=Mumbai, India |via=Internet Archive Python library |language=en |date=1883|pages=146}}</ref>and defeated the combined army of [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] Siddis and [[Mughals]]. Later he performed daring Raids in the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese territory]]. In 1703 the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese Governer]] send a friendly Letter to Kanhoji to return their Ship which was captured by him at Cheul.<ref name=":3" /> In 1710 Antonio Cardin started harassing the Angrian Village in Cheul Breaking the peace treaty between them which lasted till 1708 while according to some historians 1703.<ref name=":1" /> In 1710 i.e the same year a pal belonging to Portuguese Governer was captured by Kanhoji. In 1712 Kanhoji attacked Marchent ship of [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]]<nowiki/>and captured them.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> In 1713 Kanhoji Angre met with a Portugese fleet he attacked them but was compelled to [[Withdrawal (military)|retreat]] . In the same year Kanhoji again attacked [[Portuguese Empire|Portugese fleet]] at Cheul but the result was indecsive.<ref name=":1" /> Due to these two victories, [[Portuguese Empire|Portugese]] though it was easy to defeat Angre, so they started Operation Monsoon, even succeeded in getting the Siddi's support. The combined army attacked Koloba as [[Portuguese Empire|Portugese]] got the news of Arab sailors, so after 3 months of the siege [[Portuguese Empire|Portugese]] were compelled to Retreat. <ref name=":1" /> In between 1720 after [[East India Company]] was defeated at Khanderi they made an alliance with [[Portuguese Empire|Portugese]] and Siddis and attacked Vijaydurg but they were defeated and pursued by Angrian troops.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> In 1722, Portuguese under the command of Thomas Mathews attempted to capture the fort of Kolaba, but were defeated by Kanhoji Angre with the support from Pilaji Jadhav. Shahu I and [[Bajirao I]] peace was soon made.<ref name=":2" /> Between this in 1721, Angrian troops attacked an ex-governer, which was mentioned in a letter as follows: {{Quote|text=Kanhoji has now become so inflated, that he openly brags about easily capturing the Portuguese-owned Cheul and Karanja. But he has eyes on Goa. Thirty years ago, he was a poor and humble nonentity. But within ten years, by his many manoeuvres, he has become the owner of Suvarnadurg, and 22 forts are under his control. An ex-Governor of the Portuguese, who was sailing from Cheul to Bassein in a pala, was attacked by Kanhoji on the seas, captured and ignominiously killed. Twenty-six Portuguese made captive by him were taken to Kolaba and beheaded. The name of the said Portuguese Governor was Gaspar Aranho de Lencastri.<ref name=":2" />|author=Viecory of [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese Goa]]}} == List of Conflicts == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Name of Conflict(time) !Outcome |- |Capture of Sagargad(1699) |Maratha Victory *Combined Portugese Mughal Siddi forces defeated<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> |- |Battle of Koloba (1701) |Maratha Victory |- |Capture of Merchant Ships (1703) |Maratha victory <ref name=":1" /> |- |Attack on Cheul 1710 |Maratha Victory * Cheul captured<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> |- |Attack on Portugese Ships (1713) |Portuguese Victory <ref name=":1" /> |- |Second attack on Portugese Ship (1713) |Indecisive<ref name=":1" /> |- |Operation Monsoon (1713-14) |Maratha victory *Combined Portugese Siddi Army defeated<ref name=":1" /> |- |Battle of Koloba (1714) |Maratha victory *Combined Portugese Siddi Mughal army defeated |- |Battle of Vijaydurg (1720) |Maratha Victory *Combined Portugese Siddi EIC army defeated<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> |- |Attack on Portugese ship(1721) |Maratha victory *Execution of the ex-governor and 22 prisoner viva beheading<ref name=":2" /> |- |Battle of Koloba (1722) |Maratha Victory * Peace Treaty with Portugese<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> |} == References == <!--- See [[Help:Cheatsheet]] on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --> {{Reflist}} <!--- Categories ---> [[Category:Pages created with the Article Wizard from 2024]] [[Category:India]] [[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]] 2pbbd1tdqxojiqw1gdw49e5xoltaryv 0 1145959 10879432 10403044 2026-06-05T10:12:57Z Adnarimiranda 576341 /* Legacy */ - updated section title and content 10879432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Makoto Nagao | image = Makoto Nagao cropped Makoto Nagao 20141212.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Makoto Nagao | birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|10|4}} | birth_place = Mie Prefecture, Japan | death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|5|23|1936|10|4}} | death_place = Kyoto, Japan | nationality = Japanese | fields = [[Computer science]] | alma_mater = [[Kyoto University]] | known_for = [[Machine translation]], [[Natural language processing]], [[Digital library|Digital libraries]] }} '''Makoto Nagao''' (October 4, 1936 – May 23, 2021) was a Japanese computer scientist. He worked in [[machine translation]], [[natural language processing]] (NLP), and [[digital library|digital libraries]]. == Early life and education == Nagao was born in [[Mie Prefecture]], [[Japan]]. He studied at [[Kyoto University]].<ref name="jst-biography">{{Cite web | url = http://www.jst.go.jp/pr/report/report124/nagao.html | script-title = ja:研究統括 長尾 真氏の略歴等 | publisher = Japan Science and Technology Agency | accessdate = 2010-03-20 | language = Japanese }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Career == Nagao worked on machine translation, which helps computers change text from one language to another. He also worked on NLP, which helps computers understand human language. He made tools like KNP and Juman for the [[Japanese language]].<ref name="knp">Sadao Kurohashi and Makoto Nagao. 1994. KN Parser : Japanese Dependency/Case Structure Analyzer. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Sharable Natural Language Resources.</ref> Nagao also worked on [[image processing]] and [[pattern recognition]]. Nagao was the 23rd president of Kyoto University from 1997 to 2003.<ref name="kyoto-university-president">{{Cite web | url = http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/profile/intro/executive/presidents/ | title = Presidents of Kyoto University | publisher = Kyoto University | accessdate = 2010-03-20 | archive-date = 2013-10-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131016103602/http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/profile/intro/executive/presidents | url-status = dead }}</ref> He was the director of the [[National Diet Library]] from 2007 to 2012.<ref name="ndl-appointed">{{Cite web | url = http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/news/fy2007/1173394_903.html | title = Dr. Makoto Nagao appointed new Librarian of the National Diet Library | publisher = National Diet Library | accessdate = 2010-03-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110611222239/http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/news/fy2007/1173394_903.html | archive-date = 2011-06-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Awards == Nagao received many awards, including: * [[IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award]]<ref name="ieee-piore-award">{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/piore_rl.pdf |title=IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award Recipients |publisher=[[IEEE]] |accessdate=March 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124232834/http://ieee.org/documents/piore_rl.pdf |archive-date=November 24, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[ACL Lifetime Achievement Award]]<ref name="acl-award">{{Cite web | url = http://www.aclweb.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=30 | title = the Association for Computational Linguistics – 2003 ACL Lifetime Achievement Award | publisher = Association for Computational Linguistics | accessdate = 2010-03-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100612214728/http://aclweb.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=30 | archive-date = 2010-06-12 | url-status = dead }}</ref> * [[Japan Prize]]<ref name="japan-prize">{{Cite web | url = http://www.japanprize.jp/en/prize_past_2005_prize01.html | title = 2005(21st) JAPAN PRIZE LAUREATES | publisher = The Science and Technology Foundation of Japan | accessdate = 2010-03-20}}</ref> == Influence == Nagao introduced the idea of example-based machine translation (EBMT), which became an important method in translation research.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nagao |first=Makoto |year=2003 |orig-year=1984 |title=A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle |editor-last=Nirenburg |editor-first=Sergei |editor2-last=Somers |editor2-first=Harold L. |editor3-last=Wilks |editor3-first=Yorick A. |publisher=The MIT Press |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/edited-volume/2694/chapter-abstract/72867/A-Framework-of-a-Mechanical-Translation-between |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5779.003.0038 |access-date=2026-06-05 }}</ref> His work on EBMT is often discussed in later studies of translation systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Somers |first=Harold |year=1999 |title=Review Article: Example-based Machine Translation |journal=Machine Translation |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=113–157 |doi=10.1023/A:1008109312730 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008109312730 |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} * [[Category:1936 births]] * [[Category:2021 deaths]] * [[Category:Kyoto University alumni]] * [[Category:People from Mie Prefecture]] * [[Category:Digital librarians]] tv2d0w589jrbr3sso4zw9t8jf5y7lk2 10879434 10879432 2026-06-05T10:15:55Z Adnarimiranda 576341 /* Influence */ - added more info about systems developed 10879434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Makoto Nagao | image = Makoto Nagao cropped Makoto Nagao 20141212.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Makoto Nagao | birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|10|4}} | birth_place = Mie Prefecture, Japan | death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|5|23|1936|10|4}} | death_place = Kyoto, Japan | nationality = Japanese | fields = [[Computer science]] | alma_mater = [[Kyoto University]] | known_for = [[Machine translation]], [[Natural language processing]], [[Digital library|Digital libraries]] }} '''Makoto Nagao''' (October 4, 1936 – May 23, 2021) was a Japanese computer scientist. He worked in [[machine translation]], [[natural language processing]] (NLP), and [[digital library|digital libraries]]. == Early life and education == Nagao was born in [[Mie Prefecture]], [[Japan]]. He studied at [[Kyoto University]].<ref name="jst-biography">{{Cite web | url = http://www.jst.go.jp/pr/report/report124/nagao.html | script-title = ja:研究統括 長尾 真氏の略歴等 | publisher = Japan Science and Technology Agency | accessdate = 2010-03-20 | language = Japanese }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Career == Nagao worked on machine translation, which helps computers change text from one language to another. He also worked on NLP, which helps computers understand human language. He made tools like KNP and Juman for the [[Japanese language]].<ref name="knp">Sadao Kurohashi and Makoto Nagao. 1994. KN Parser : Japanese Dependency/Case Structure Analyzer. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Sharable Natural Language Resources.</ref> Nagao also worked on [[image processing]] and [[pattern recognition]]. Nagao was the 23rd president of Kyoto University from 1997 to 2003.<ref name="kyoto-university-president">{{Cite web | url = http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/profile/intro/executive/presidents/ | title = Presidents of Kyoto University | publisher = Kyoto University | accessdate = 2010-03-20 | archive-date = 2013-10-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131016103602/http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/profile/intro/executive/presidents | url-status = dead }}</ref> He was the director of the [[National Diet Library]] from 2007 to 2012.<ref name="ndl-appointed">{{Cite web | url = http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/news/fy2007/1173394_903.html | title = Dr. Makoto Nagao appointed new Librarian of the National Diet Library | publisher = National Diet Library | accessdate = 2010-03-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110611222239/http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/news/fy2007/1173394_903.html | archive-date = 2011-06-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Awards == Nagao received many awards, including: * [[IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award]]<ref name="ieee-piore-award">{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/piore_rl.pdf |title=IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award Recipients |publisher=[[IEEE]] |accessdate=March 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124232834/http://ieee.org/documents/piore_rl.pdf |archive-date=November 24, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[ACL Lifetime Achievement Award]]<ref name="acl-award">{{Cite web | url = http://www.aclweb.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=30 | title = the Association for Computational Linguistics – 2003 ACL Lifetime Achievement Award | publisher = Association for Computational Linguistics | accessdate = 2010-03-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100612214728/http://aclweb.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=30 | archive-date = 2010-06-12 | url-status = dead }}</ref> * [[Japan Prize]]<ref name="japan-prize">{{Cite web | url = http://www.japanprize.jp/en/prize_past_2005_prize01.html | title = 2005(21st) JAPAN PRIZE LAUREATES | publisher = The Science and Technology Foundation of Japan | accessdate = 2010-03-20}}</ref> == Influence == Nagao introduced the idea of example-based machine translation (EBMT), which became an important method in translation research.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nagao |first=Makoto |year=2003 |orig-year=1984 |title=A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle |editor-last=Nirenburg |editor-first=Sergei |editor2-last=Somers |editor2-first=Harold L. |editor3-last=Wilks |editor3-first=Yorick A. |publisher=The MIT Press |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/edited-volume/2694/chapter-abstract/72867/A-Framework-of-a-Mechanical-Translation-between |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5779.003.0038 |access-date=2026-06-05 }}</ref> His work on EBMT is often discussed in later studies of translation systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Somers |first=Harold |year=1999 |title=Review Article: Example-based Machine Translation |journal=Machine Translation |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=113–157 |doi=10.1023/A:1008109312730 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008109312730 |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> He also helped develop the Japanese language tools Juman and KNP, which are still used in natural language processing research.<ref>{{cite conference |last=Kurohashi |first=Sadao |last2=Nagao |first2=Makoto |year=1994 |title=KN Parser : Japanese Dependency/Case Structure Analyzer |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/60eed40af74c9060920deea1b9048ff330ab4586 |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=JUMAN |url=https://nlp.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/EN/index.php?JUMAN |publisher=Kyoto University NLP Lab |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=KNP |url=https://nlp.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/EN/index.php?KNP |publisher=Kyoto University NLP Lab |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} * [[Category:1936 births]] * [[Category:2021 deaths]] * [[Category:Kyoto University alumni]] * [[Category:People from Mie Prefecture]] * [[Category:Digital librarians]] 2piiavdd7itw43kzs96cs6ea9hzwted 10879435 10879434 2026-06-05T10:28:24Z Adnarimiranda 576341 /* Influence */ - expanded section 10879435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Makoto Nagao | image = Makoto Nagao cropped Makoto Nagao 20141212.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Makoto Nagao | birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|10|4}} | birth_place = Mie Prefecture, Japan | death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|5|23|1936|10|4}} | death_place = Kyoto, Japan | nationality = Japanese | fields = [[Computer science]] | alma_mater = [[Kyoto University]] | known_for = [[Machine translation]], [[Natural language processing]], [[Digital library|Digital libraries]] }} '''Makoto Nagao''' (October 4, 1936 – May 23, 2021) was a Japanese computer scientist. He worked in [[machine translation]], [[natural language processing]] (NLP), and [[digital library|digital libraries]]. == Early life and education == Nagao was born in [[Mie Prefecture]], [[Japan]]. He studied at [[Kyoto University]].<ref name="jst-biography">{{Cite web | url = http://www.jst.go.jp/pr/report/report124/nagao.html | script-title = ja:研究統括 長尾 真氏の略歴等 | publisher = Japan Science and Technology Agency | accessdate = 2010-03-20 | language = Japanese }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Career == Nagao worked on machine translation, which helps computers change text from one language to another. He also worked on NLP, which helps computers understand human language. He made tools like KNP and Juman for the [[Japanese language]].<ref name="knp">Sadao Kurohashi and Makoto Nagao. 1994. KN Parser : Japanese Dependency/Case Structure Analyzer. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Sharable Natural Language Resources.</ref> Nagao also worked on [[image processing]] and [[pattern recognition]]. Nagao was the 23rd president of Kyoto University from 1997 to 2003.<ref name="kyoto-university-president">{{Cite web | url = http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/profile/intro/executive/presidents/ | title = Presidents of Kyoto University | publisher = Kyoto University | accessdate = 2010-03-20 | archive-date = 2013-10-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131016103602/http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/profile/intro/executive/presidents | url-status = dead }}</ref> He was the director of the [[National Diet Library]] from 2007 to 2012.<ref name="ndl-appointed">{{Cite web | url = http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/news/fy2007/1173394_903.html | title = Dr. Makoto Nagao appointed new Librarian of the National Diet Library | publisher = National Diet Library | accessdate = 2010-03-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110611222239/http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/news/fy2007/1173394_903.html | archive-date = 2011-06-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Awards == Nagao received many awards, including: * [[IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award]]<ref name="ieee-piore-award">{{cite web |url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/piore_rl.pdf |title=IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award Recipients |publisher=[[IEEE]] |accessdate=March 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124232834/http://ieee.org/documents/piore_rl.pdf |archive-date=November 24, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[ACL Lifetime Achievement Award]]<ref name="acl-award">{{Cite web | url = http://www.aclweb.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=30 | title = the Association for Computational Linguistics – 2003 ACL Lifetime Achievement Award | publisher = Association for Computational Linguistics | accessdate = 2010-03-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100612214728/http://aclweb.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=30 | archive-date = 2010-06-12 | url-status = dead }}</ref> * [[Japan Prize]]<ref name="japan-prize">{{Cite web | url = http://www.japanprize.jp/en/prize_past_2005_prize01.html | title = 2005(21st) JAPAN PRIZE LAUREATES | publisher = The Science and Technology Foundation of Japan | accessdate = 2010-03-20}}</ref> == Influence == Nagao introduced the idea of example-based machine translation (EBMT), which became an important method in translation research.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nagao |first=Makoto |year=2003 |orig-year=1984 |title=A Framework of a Mechanical Translation between Japanese and English by Analogy Principle |editor-last=Nirenburg |editor-first=Sergei |editor2-last=Somers |editor2-first=Harold L. |editor3-last=Wilks |editor3-first=Yorick A. |publisher=The MIT Press |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/edited-volume/2694/chapter-abstract/72867/A-Framework-of-a-Mechanical-Translation-between |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5779.003.0038 |access-date=2026-06-05 }}</ref> His work on EBMT is often discussed in later studies of translation systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Somers |first=Harold |year=1999 |title=Review Article: Example-based Machine Translation |journal=Machine Translation |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=113–157 |doi=10.1023/A:1008109312730 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008109312730 |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> He also helped develop the Japanese language tools Juman and KNP, which are still used in natural language processing research.<ref>{{cite conference |last=Kurohashi |first=Sadao |last2=Nagao |first2=Makoto |year=1994 |title=KN Parser : Japanese Dependency/Case Structure Analyzer |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/60eed40af74c9060920deea1b9048ff330ab4586 |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=JUMAN |url=https://nlp.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/EN/index.php?JUMAN |publisher=Kyoto University NLP Lab |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=KNP |url=https://nlp.ist.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/EN/index.php?KNP |publisher=Kyoto University NLP Lab |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> During his time as Director of the National Diet Library, he supported projects in digital libraries and information technology.<ref name="ndl-appointed" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Nakayama |first=Masaki |year=2022 |title=Development of Digital Library Service at the National Diet Library |journal=Digital Archive Journal |volume=6 |issue=s1 |pages=s36–s39 |doi=10.24506/jsda.6.s1_s36 |url=https://doi.org/10.24506/jsda.6.s1_s36 |language=ja |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Oba |first=Toshiyasu |year=2022 |title=Overview of the Period of the National Diet Library Director |journal=Digital Archive Journal |volume=6 |issue=s1 |pages=s31–s32 |doi=10.24506/jsda.6.s1_s31 |url=https://doi.org/10.24506/jsda.6.s1_s31 |language=ja |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} * [[Category:1936 births]] * [[Category:2021 deaths]] * [[Category:Kyoto University alumni]] * [[Category:People from Mie Prefecture]] * [[Category:Digital librarians]] 63v7rvmevwg94wh7ik2wdc0rzhuufym 14 1152168 10879393 9915424 2026-06-05T07:07:09Z Pi bot 795348 Updating the Commons category from "Category:Universities and colleges in Germany by state" to "Category:Higher education institutions in Germany by state" to avoid a category redirect 10879393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Higher education institutions in Germany by state}} [[Category:Colleges and universities in Germany| ]] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Germany by state| ]] 13ffez95moa3j7iptksag5fdxj97zqo 0 1152928 10879101 10842931 2026-06-04T21:54:42Z Hwi.padam 1148928 img 10879101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox civil conflict|title=2024 South Korean martial law|date={{start and end dates|2024|12|03|2024|12|04|df=y}}|image=2024년 대한민국 계엄 반대 시위대 깃발.jpg|side1={{flagicon image|Flag of the President of South Korea.svg}} [[President of South Korea|Presidency]] * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of the Republic of Korea.svg}} [[State Council of South Korea|Yoon administration]] ** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces.svg}} [[Ministry of National Defense (South Korea)|Ministry of National Defense]] – [[Republic of Korea Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] *** {{army|South Korea|name=Army}} **{{flagicon image|Flag of the Korean National Police Agency.svg}} [[Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency|Seoul police]]|side2={{flagicon image|Flag of the National Assembly of Korea.svg}} [[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]] * {{flagicon image|Democratic Party of South Korea banner.svg}} [[Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)|Democratic Party]] * {{flagicon image|Flag of People Power Party of Korea (variant 2).svg}} [[People Power Party (South Korea)|People Power]] * {{flagicon image|Rebuilding Korea Party banner.svg}} [[Rebuilding Korea Party|Rebuilding Korea]] * {{flagicon image|Korean New Reform Party banner.svg}} [[New Reform Party (South Korea)|New Reform Party]] * {{flagicon image|Logo of Progressive Party (South Korea).jpg}} [[Progressive Party (South Korea, 2017)|Progressive Party]] * {{flagicon image|Korean Basic Income Party banner.png}} [[Basic Income Party]] {{flagicon|Seoul}} [[Seoul Metropolitan Government]] Pro-democracy protestors|leadfigures1={{ubl | {{flagicon image|Flag of the President of South Korea.svg}} [[Yoon Suk Yeol]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Army.png}} [[Park An-su]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of the Minister of National Defense of the Republic of Korea.svg}} [[Kim Yong-hyun (general)|Kim Yong-hyun]] }}|leadfigures2={{ubl | {{flagicon image|Flag of the National Assembly of Korea.svg}}{{flagicon image|Democratic Party of South Korea banner.svg}} [[Woo Won-shik]] | {{flagicon image|Democratic Party of South Korea banner.svg}} [[Lee Jae-myung]] | {{flagicon image|Flag of People Power Party of Korea (variant 2).svg}} [[Han Dong-hoon]] | {{flagicon image|Korean New Reform Party banner.svg}} [[Lee Jun-seok]] | {{flagicon image|Rebuilding Korea Party banner.svg}} [[Cho Kuk]] | {{flagicon image|Korean Basic Income Party banner.png}} [[Yong Hye-in]] | {{flagicon|Seoul}}{{flagicon image|Flag of People Power Party of Korea (variant 2).svg}} [[Oh Se-hoon]] }}|place=[[South Korea]]|causes=Opposition to budget plans and attempts to remove prosecutors involved in scandals|status= *[[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]] votes for lifting of martial law * Martial law comes to an end.|duration=|caption=Protests following the declaration of martial law.}} On 3 December 2024, [[South Korea|South Korean]] president [[Yoon Suk Yeol]] declared [[martial law]] on a television. He accused the [[Democratic Party of Korea|Democratic Party]], which controls the National Assembly, of supporting [[North Korea]] and trying to destroy the country. The martial law stopped all political activities and suspended press freedom.. The Democratic Party and some members of Yoon's [[People Power Party (South Korea)|People Power Party]] disagreed with the declaration, causing protests. Later, on 4 December 2024, after security tried to stop the vote, most lawmakers in the National Assembly voted 190-0 to end martial law.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Yoonjung|first=Seo|last2=Peter|first2=Wilkinson|last3=Rob|first3=Picheta|last4=Lauren|first4=Said-Moorhouse|date=3 December 2024|title=South Korea president declares emergency martial law, sending shockwaves across country|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/03/asia/south-korea-martial-law-intl/index.html|access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kim|first=Tong-Hyung|date=3 December 2024|title=South Korean parliament votes to defy president by lifting his declaration of martial law|work=[[AP News]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/south-korea-yoon-martial-law-997c22ac93f6a9bece68454597e577c1|access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=3 December 2024|title=South Korea’s President Yoon declares emergency martial law|work=Al Jazeera English|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/3/south-koreas-president-declares-emergency-martial-law|access-date=3 December 2024}}</ref> On [December 4, local time] "[[South Korea's cabinet]] ... lifted the martial law", according to the [[Yonhap]] news agency; Furthermore, the ''martial law command'' [that had members of the military] was broken up by the military (or "the South Korean military has disbanded the ''martial law command''").<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn38321180et?post=asset%3A69e3ba8d-55f4-443e-9531-84ad91772741#post. Retrieved 2024-12-04</ref><!--media said that president "[[Yoon Suk Yeol]] said that "he would move [to end martial law or] to lift [... the earlier] martial law declaration".--><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-korea-president-yoon-declares-martial-law-2024-12-03/. Retrieved 2024-12-04</ref> Earlier (December 3), the ''Martial Law Command'' was in place and had a leader, General [[Park An-su]] ([https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Park_An-su picture]); He (said or) made a [[statement]], as early as 11:00{{nbsp}}p.m. [[KST|local time]], about details of the martial law.<ref>{{Cite web |last=서 |first=정명 |date=3 December 2024 |title=[속보] 계엄사령부 포고령(제1호) 전문 |url=https://www.sedaily.com/NewsView/2DHZA3YGW7 |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=The Seoul Economic Daily |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2024 |title=South Korea president declares emergency martial law, warns of "communist forces" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/south-korea-president-martial-law-emergency/ |access-date=3 December 2024 |publisher=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oh |first=Seok-min |date=4 December 2024 |title=Full text of martial law decree |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20241204001100320?section=national/politics |access-date=3 December 2024 |website=[[Yonhap News Agency]]}}</ref><!--Stale: According to [[BBC]], the military said that martial law will continue until the president ends it.--><ref>{{Cite web |title=South Korea lawmakers defy president and block martial law as crowds protest outside parliament - live updates |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cn38321180et?post=asset:cb5be5ba-c24f-462c-be58-5fa0b8de3dcc#post |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-04 |title=[속보] 국방부 관계자 "대통령 계엄해제 때까지 계엄사 유지" |url=https://www.hankyung.com/article/2024120423147 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=[[The Korea Economic Daily]] |language=ko}}</ref> ==After the end of martial law== "The head of the South Korean Army Special Forces said [that] he [ [[refusal|refused]] to follow, or] defied an order from the [[defence minister]] to drag lawmakers out of the National Assembly to [[enforcement|enforce]] martial law", according to media (December 6).<ref>https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2915345/korean-special-forces-chief-defied-order-to-seize-lawmakers?tbref=hp. Retrieved 2024-12-07</ref> The president of South Korea can not leave South Korea; He has [[restriction]]s on travel, a travel [[ban]] (as of the second week of December).<ref>https://yle.fi/uutiset/lyhyesti/74-20129938. Retrieved 2024-12-09</ref> Yoon was [[Impeachment of Yoon Suk Yeol|impeached]] on 7 December 2024, however it did not pass. He was impeached again on 14 December, with this one being successful. On 8 December 2024, [[Minister of National Defense (South Korea)|Defense Minister]] [[Kim Yong-hyun (general)|Kim Yong-hyun]] was arrested on suspicion of committing [[Rebellion|insurrection]] by recommending to President Yoon to declare martial law and sending troops into the National Assembly to seize the legislature. Two days later, Kim tried to [[suicide|commit suicide]] at the detention facility he was held in.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Gawon|last1=Bae|first2=Helen|last2=Regan|title=South Korea's ex-defense minister attempts to take his own life as presidential office raided in martial law fallout |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/10/asia/south-korea-defense-minister-suicide-attempt-intl-hnk/index.html|date=2024-12-11 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=CNN |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Coup d'état}} [[Category:December 2024 events]] [[Category:2024 in South Korea]] [[Category:Lee Jae-myung]] [[Category:Yoon Suk Yeol]] 4s199xyrm3k0a17dkf0llfnojwiv9hz 2 1155770 10879229 10878678 2026-06-05T01:41:03Z CopyPatrolBot 1338164 768 open reports 10879229 wikitext text/x-wiki 768 k87bq6j9u270n2ay74gqin2zrky8bmx 10879398 10879229 2026-06-05T07:42:52Z CopyPatrolBot 1338164 769 open reports 10879398 wikitext text/x-wiki 769 hrbd5yfyhpa25qokz3jwk004zc5ro9d 0 1159017 10879294 10827766 2026-06-05T04:33:44Z Garsh2 1475106 Reverted to revision 10699874 by ~2026-66555: Seems like POV pushing to me, we need some sources here. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Indian English|date = January 2025}} {{More sources}} '''Mair'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAVHffwgzW4C&dq=mair,+caste+among+the+at+vaishya&pg=PA85|title=Caste: Observation of I.C.S. Officers and Others Since 1881|last=Pillai|first=V. Kannu|date=2007|publisher=Gautam Book Center|isbn=978-81-905583-6-5|page=85|language=en|quote=Amongst the Sonars, for instance, the names of the sub-castes prove their differences of origin. The Bagri, Chatri, Mair and Khatri claim Kshatriya origin:}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qYJAAAAIAAJ&dq=mair+also+called+soni+caste&pg=PA309|title=Census of India, 1901: Punjab and North West Frontier Province (2 v.)|last=Commissioner|first=India Census|date=1902|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India|page=Vlll|language=en|quote=The Sunars. —This caste has two main sub-castes, Mair and Tank which appear to be strictly endogamous.}}</ref> or (Suniar) caste often exegeted as [[:en:Sonj|Soni]] (kshatriya or Vaisya) or '''Deshwali suniar''' is a traditionally [[Goldsmith|goldsmithing community]] predominantly found in the northern regions of [[India]], including the states of [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] including other suburbanised region of [[Rajasthan]], and [[Jammu & Kashmir]], as well as adjacent territories. == Caste segment == The Mair caste has historically been associated with the peasant resentment of shudra and [[Vaishya|Vaishya varna]], even since in the modern distinction they were recognised under the [[:en:Other_Backward_Classes|Other Backward Classes]] '''(OBC)''' by central government agencies, which is traditionally linked to trade and commerce in the hierarchical framework of the Indian caste system. == Ethnography clarification == '''During the [[British Raj]], the Mair community''' tremendously made an notable attempts to elevate their social position within the caste hierarchy. Seeking recognition as part of the [[Kshatriya|Kshatriya varna]], they engaged in petitions and emphasized their claimed martial lineage in colonial administrative and ethnographic records. Despite their efforts, these claims failed to gain substantial acceptance among colonial officials and ethnographers. Prominent works of that period, such as '''H. H. Risley’s ethnographic studies and D. Ibbetson’s''' analysis of Punjab castes, categorized the Mair caste within the broader Vaishya framework, emphasizing their occupational link to goldsmithing and trade. == Etymology == === Mythical description === According to some undocumented [[Oral|Oral sources]] they were epically stumbled the name on one of their ancestor called '''mair''' who killed the golden demon but however its chronically not mentioned in pre -Vedic  articulated compilation. == Related pages == * [[Vaishya]] * [[Communism]] * [[Goldsmith]] * [[British Raj]] ==References== <references /> {{Asia-stub}} [[Category:Castes]] [[Category:Indian people]] nnyas5ncthuagvwrl021b40l1itcs2a 0 1168179 10879407 10664987 2026-06-05T08:43:11Z Fróis 1446715 /* */ 10879407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rfd}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = St James' Day Battle (1511) | image_size = | caption = | partof = [[Malay–Portuguese conflicts]] | date = 25 July 1511 | place = [[Malacca City|Malacca]], [[Malay Peninsula]] | coordinates = | result = {{ublist|Malaccan victory}} *Portuguese retreated to Sumatra | combatant1 = {{flagicon|Portuguese Empire|1521}} [[Portuguese Empire]] | combatant2 = [[Malacca Sultanate]] | commander1 = [[António de Abreu]]<br />[[Afonso de Albuquerque]]<br />Dom João de Lima | commander2 = [[Mahmud Shah of Malacca]] | strength1 = 1,000 Portuguese soldiers<br />18 ships {{sfn|Dennis De Witt|2018|p29}} | strength2 = N/A | casualties1 = ''Heavy losses'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mbras.org.my/article6.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2025-02-11 |archive-date=2025-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218123034/https://www.mbras.org.my/article6.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | casualties2 = Unknown | territory = }} The '''St James' Day Battle in 1511''' was the initial attack of the Portuguese forces on the [[Malacca City]] during the early conflict of the [[Malay–Portuguese conflicts]]. This attack was unsuccessful and ended with the failure of the Portuguese forces, who retreated to Pasai ''(Sumatra)''.<ref>João Paulo de Oliveira e Costa, Vítor Luís Gaspar Rodrigues (2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=n2ziSAAACAAJ ''Campanhas de Afonso de Albuquerque: Conquista de Malaca, 1511'' p. 48] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227075233/https://books.google.com/books?id=n2ziSAAACAAJ |date=27 December 2022 }}</ref> == Action == On July 25, 1511, coinciding with [[Feast of Saint James|St. James' Day]], a [[Portuguese India Armadas|Portuguese Armadas]] fleet led by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] launched an attack on the city of Malacca. They landed in the [[Upeh Island|Upeh]] area as the locals were performing the <nowiki>''</nowiki>''subuh<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' prayer. The Portuguese focused their attack on the Upeh bridge, a strategic location connecting the parts of the city separated by the [[Malacca River|river]].<ref name="mkn.gov.my">https://www.mkn.gov.my/web/ms/2024/07/25/serangan-pertama-portugis-ke-atas-melaka/#:~:text=Pada%20hari%20ini%20(25%20Julai,mengenai%20orang-orang%20tahanan%20Portugis.</ref>{{sfn|Allein G. Moore |2022|p=121-123}} After completing their prayers, the Malay locals became aware of the attack. The Malaccan forces, including [[War elephant|elephant troops]] and cannon from the [[Malacca Sultanate Palace Museum|palace]], were quickly prepared to counter the Portuguese assault. == Aftermath == A fierce battle took place at the Upeh bridge, where the Portuguese troops occupied the bridge.<ref name="mkn.gov.my"/> However, cannons from the palace bombarded the bridge, causing exhaustion and heavy losses for the Portuguese forces.{{sfn|Allein G. Moore |2022}} Eventually, the Malaccan troops succeeded in recapturing the Upeh bridge. By nightfall, the Portuguese forces retreated, suffering a significant defeat in their initial attack on Malacca.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McROBERTS |first=R.W. |date=1984 |title=An Examination of the Fall of Melaka in 1511 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41492970 |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=57 |issue=1 (246) |pages=26–39 |issn=0126-7353}}</ref><ref>https://www.mkn.gov.my/web/ms/2024/07/25/serangan-pertama-portugis-ke-atas-melaka/</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:16th-century conflicts]] [[Category:History of Indonesia]] [[Category:Portuguese Empire]] [[Category:Malacca City]] cek2vz8a8ypoqqqz6zpqii3htkvaf82 0 1169288 10879010 10080062 2026-06-04T20:12:43Z Heideneii 1191271 10879010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Ottenbach |image_coa = Wappen Ottenbach.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|44|5|N|9|44|52|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Ottenbach in GP.svg |state = Baden-Württemberg |region = Stuttgart |district = Göppingen |elevation = 399 |area = 11.90 |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08117037 |postal_code = 73113 |area_code = 07165 |licence = GP |website = [http://www.ottenbach.de/ www.ottenbach.de] |mayor = Florin Joos ([[Volt Europa|Volt]])<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/person/florin-joos/], Staatsanzeiger, accessed 4 June 2026.</ref> |leader_term = 2018&ndash;26 }} '''Ottenbach''' is a municipality in [[Göppingen (district)|Göppingen]] in [[Baden-Württemberg]] in [[Germany]]. == References == {{reflist}} {{Cities and towns in Göppingen (district)}} {{authority control}} {{europe-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ottenbach, Baden-Wurttemberg}} [[Category:Göppingen (district)]] ou58tn0ubxvq10yd2ra2hkxc7hc6264 0 1173090 10879120 10772770 2026-06-04T22:50:34Z Seba guarino 1461672 10879120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox movie | name = The SpongeBob Movie: Search for SquarePants | image = | director = [[Derek Drymon]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Pam Brady]] * Lisa Stewart }} | writer = | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Tom Kenny]] * [[Clancy Brown]] * [[Rodger Bumpass]] * [[Bill Fagerbakke]] * [[Carolyn Lawrence]] * [[Mr. Lawrence]] * [[Mark Hamill]] }} | music = | cinematography = | editing = | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Nickelodeon Movies]] * [[United Plankton Pictures]] }} | distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]] | released = December 19, 2025 | runtime = | country = [[United States]] | language = English | budget = | gross = }} '''''The SpongeBob Movie: Search for SquarePants''''' is an American animated [[Adventure movie|adventure]] [[comedy movie]]. It will be released in theaters on December 19, 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/mission-impossible-dead-reckoning-part-2-quiet-place-day-one-actors-strike-1235580981/|accessdate=March 3, 2025|title=Mission: Impossible 8 Jumps To 2025; A Quiet Place: Day One Goes To Summer In 2024 Theatrical Shake-Up Due To Actors Strike|publisher=[[Deadline|Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> It was directed by [[Derek Drymon]] and produced by [[Pam Brady]] and Lisa Stewart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/transformers-spongebob-avatar-paramount-animation/|accessdate=March 3, 2025|title=‘Transformers,’ ‘Spongebob’ Highlight Paramount’s Animated Movie Slate|publisher=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref> It is based on the ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'' television show and is the fourth movie based on the show. In the movie, [[SpongeBob SquarePants (character)|SpongeBob]] and [[Patrick Star|Patrick]] go on an adventure throughout the ocean to find and faceoff against The Flying Dutchman.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/spongebob-squarepants-4-movie-release-date-cast-story/|accessdate=March 3, 2025|title=The SpongeBob Movie: Search For SquarePants - Release Date, Cast, Story & Everything We Know|publisher=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref> == Cast == {{Cast listing| *[[Tom Kenny]] as [[SpongeBob SquarePants (character)|SpongeBob SquarePants]] *[[Clancy Brown]] as [[Mr. Krabs]] *[[Rodger Bumpass]] as [[Squidward Tentacles]] *[[Bill Fagerbakke]] as [[Patrick Star]] *[[Carolyn Lawrence]] as [[Sandy Cheeks]] *[[Mr. Lawrence]] as [[Sheldon J. Plankton|Plankton]] *[[Mark Hamill]] as The Flying Dutchman }} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *{{Official website|https://kids.spongebobmovie.com/}} *{{IMDb title|23572848|The SpongeBob Movie: Search for SquarePants}} {{SpongeBob SquarePants}} {{DEFAULTSORT:SpongeBob Movie 4, Search for SquarePants}} [[Category:2025 movies]] [[Category:2020s buddy comedy movies]] [[Category:2020s adventure comedy movies]] [[Category:2020s computer-animated movies]] [[Category:2020s English-language movies]] [[Category:2020s fantasy-comedy movies]] [[Category:2025 fantasy movies]] [[Category:American adventure comedy movies]] [[Category:American animated movies]] [[Category:American buddy comedy movies]] [[Category:American ghost movies]] [[Category:American sequel movies]] [[Category:American fantasy-comedy movies]] [[Category:English-language movies]] [[Category:Movies about fish]] [[Category:Movies about friendship]] [[Category:Nickelodeon Movies movies]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures animated movies]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures movies]] [[Category:SpongeBob SquarePants movies]] [[Category:Upcoming movies]] 8rrl32zct27ypkd6pkg3h7xfkllfzfp 0 1174548 10878929 10878724 2026-06-04T18:39:42Z ~2026-32264-30 1816409 /* 10 */ 10878929 wikitext text/x-wiki Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: * Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent [[nationality]] (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference. Entries without a source should be removed. <!--Please check to see if someone is already listed before listing them--> <!-- * * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines below when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * * A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth or nationality if the subject is not eligible (for example, in the case of animals), subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and reference. Names are reported under the date of death. Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by surname or pseudonym. (1) Please add only those meeting Wikipedia notability guidelines. Include a reference to a reliable source.[a] [b] If a Wikipedia article for the dead does not yet exist, reconsider whether the subject is actually notable. If so, consider writing an article yourself. Those without a Wikipedia article are removed after one month. (2) Please understand that the intent of this article is to report notable deaths. Tragic deaths, while unfortunate, do not necessarily render the dead "notable". If you report the death of a notable subject that does not already have a Wikipedia article, consider starting one. (3) Please add entries in alphabetical order by family name. Please avoid over-linking. As such, please do not add links to nationalities, common occupations, or common causes of death. Rather, include only "links that aid navigation and understanding". Thank you. (4) References should be in <ref>[url & title]</ref> format, as full citations make the page too slow to load, and too big to edit. (5) Please do not move deaths from the previous month until the 8th of current month. --Notes-- [a] See [[WP:RS]] for definition of reliable source, and [[WP:BLPSOURCE]] for living and recently deceased persons. [b] For information on using information from Ancestry.com, Find-a-grave, or IMDb, please see [[WP:ELPEREN]]. * * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines above when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * * --> {{TOC right}} ==June== ===4=== *[[Fergus Slattery]], 77, Irish [[International Rugby Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] rugby union player ([[British & Irish Lions]], [[Barbarian F.C.|Barbarians]], [[Ireland national rugby union team|national team]]). ===3=== *[[Chung King-fai]], 89, Hong Kong actor (''[[Black Mask (1996 movie)|Black Mask]]'', ''[[My Family (Hong Kong TV series)|My Family]]'', ''[[Welcome to the House]]''). *[[Sally Grace]], 74, English actress (''[[The Animals of Farthing Wood (TV series)|The Animals of Farthing Wood]]'', ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Ghost Story (1974 movie)|Ghost Story]]''). ===2=== *[[Peabo Bryson]], 75, American singer ("[[Tonight, I Celebrate My Love]]", "[[Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)|Beauty and the Beast]]", "[[A Whole New World]]"), [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Grammy]] winner ([[35th Annual Grammy Awards|1993]], [[36th Annual Grammy Awards|1994]]), stroke. ===1=== *[[Knut Husebø]], 80, Norwegian visual artist and actor (''[[Life and Death (1980 movie)|Life and Death]]'', ''[[Julia Julia]]'', ''[[Apprentice to Murder]]''). ==May== ===31=== *[[Ronald LaPread]], 75, American musician ([[Commodores]]). ===30=== *[[Dorita Burgos]], 90, Argentine actress (''[[The Campanelli's Picnic]]'', ''[[Los caballeros de la cama redonda]]''). *[[Josefina Molina]], 89, Spanish film director (''[[Esquilache]]'', ''[[Teresa de Jesús]]''), screenwriter and television producer. ===29=== *[[Sidney Moko Mead]], 99, New Zealand [[Māori people|Māori]] anthropologist and historian. ===28=== *[[Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi]], 80, Yemeni politician, [[President of Yemen|president]] (2012–2022), [[Vice President of Yemen|vice president]] (1994–2012), and [[Ministry of Defense (Yemen)|minister of defense]] (1994), heart attack. ===27=== *[[Klaus Emmerich (director)|Klaus Emmerich]], 82, German film director (''[[The First Polka]]'', ''[[Trokadero]]''). ===26=== ===25=== *[[Rene Belmonte]], 55, Brazilian screenwriter [[If I Were You (2006 movie)|(''If I Were You'']], [[Novo Mundo (TV series)|''Novo Mundo'']], ''[[Federal Bank Heist]]''). *[[Sonny Rollins]], 95, American jazz saxophonist ("[[Airegin]]", "[[Doxy (song)|Doxy]]", "[[St. Thomas (song)|St. Thomas]]"). ===24=== ===23=== *[[Thérèse Liotard]], 80, French actress (''[[Viens chez moi, j'habite chez une copine]]'', ''[[My Father's Glory (movie)|My Father's Glory]]'', ''[[My Mother's Castle (movie)|My Mother's Castle]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gajderowicz|first=Jessica|date=2026-05-23|title=Viens chez moi, j’habite chez une copine : après Michel Blanc, décès à 80 ans de la comédienne Thérèse Liotard|url=https://www.public.fr/viens-chez-moi-jhabite-chez-une-copine-apres-michel-blanc-deces-a-80-ans-de-la-comedienne-therese-liotard|access-date=2026-05-24|website=Public|language=fr}}</ref> *[[Jools Topp|Dame Jools Topp]], 68, New Zealand musician and comedian ([[Topp Twins]]), breast cancer. ===22=== *[[Tamati Reedy]], 89, New Zealand Māori academic, rugby union player ([[Ngati Porou East Coast Rugby Football Union|East Coast]], [[Thames Valley Rugby Football Union|Thames Valley]], [[Māori All Blacks]]), and public servant.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-23|title=Ngāti Porou leader Tā Tamati Reedy dies aged 89|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/596090/ngati-porou-leader-ta-tamati-reedy-dies-aged-89|access-date=2026-05-24|website=RNZ|language=en-nz}}</ref> ===21=== * [[Kyle Busch]], 41, American racing driver ([[NASCAR]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-24|title=Nascar star Kyle Busch died of severe pneumonia and sepsis, family says|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ceqpwx5741no|access-date=2026-05-24|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[Michael Keating (actor)|Michael Keating]], 79, English actor (''[[Blakes 7]]'', ''[[EastEnders]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-21|title=Eastenders and Blake’s 7 star Michael Keating dies aged 79|url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/michael-keating-death-age-eastenders-cause-b2981285.html|access-date=2026-05-24|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> ===20=== *[[George Eastman (actor)|George Eastman]], 83, Italian actor (''[[Antropophagus]]'', ''[[Rabid Dogs]]'') and screenwriter (''[[Keoma (movie)|Keoma]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-21|title=George Eastman, è morto l'attore, papà di Arianna Montefiori|url=https://www.ildifforme.it/spettacoli/cinema/george-esatman-arianna-montefiori/|access-date=2026-05-24|language=it-IT}}</ref> ===19=== *[[Péter Scherer]], 64, Hungarian actor (''[[The Lord's Lantern in Budapest]]'', ''[[Kontroll]]'', ''[[One Day in Europe]]''). ===18=== *[[Alexander Held]], 67, German actor.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.focus.de/kultur/stars/schauspieler-alexander-held-stirbt-mit-67-jahren_109b64a0-16b5-4927-af4a-1d52526817a9.html | title=Schauspieler Alexander Held stirbt mit 67 Jahren | work=[[Focus Online]] | date=19 May 2026 |language=de |access-date=19 May 2026 }}</ref> ===17=== *[[Scott Hastings (rugby union)|Scott Hastings]], 61, Scottish rugby union player ([[Watsonian FC|Watsonians]], [[Edinburgh Rugby|Edinburgh]], [[Scotland national rugby union team|national team]]), non-Hodgkin lymphoma. *[[M. J. K. Smith]], 92, English cricketer ([[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]], [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]], [[England cricket team|national team]]). ===16=== *[[Dennis Locorriere]], 76, American singer and guitarist ([[Dr. Hook]]), kidney disease.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bird|first=Daniel|last2=Association|first2=Izzie Addison, Press|date=2026-05-17|title=Dr Hook star dead after 'long and courageous battle'|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/dennis-locorriere-dead-dr-hook-37168692|access-date=2026-05-24|website=Daily Mirror|language=en}}</ref> ===15=== *[[Angelica Domröse]], 85, German actress (''[[Love's Confusion]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Werner Holt (movie)|The Adventures of Werner Holt]]'', ''[[The Legend of Paul and Paula]]''). ===14=== *[[Krzysztof Piesiewicz]], 80, Polish screenwriter (''[[No End (movie)|No End]]'', ''[[The Double Life of Veronique]]'') and politician, [[Senate of Poland|senator]] (1991–1993, 1997–2011). *[[Alan Rothwell]], 89, English actor (''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Brookside (TV series)|Brookside]]'', ''[[Heartbeat (British TV series)|Heartbeat]]'') and television presenter. ===13=== *[[Clarence Carter]], 90, American singer-songwriter ("[[Slip Away (Clarence Carter song)|Slip Away]]", "[[Patches (Chairmen of the Board song)|Patches]]", "[[Strokin']]"), complications from pneumonia, prostate cancer and sepsis. ===12=== *[[Stanisława Celińska]], 79, Polish actress (''[[Mamuśki]]'', ''[[The Maids of Wilko]]'', ''[[Landscape After the Battle]]''). *[[Jack Taylor (American actor)|Jack Taylor]], 99, American actor (''[[Succubus (movie)|Succubus]]'', ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 movie)|Conan the Barbarian]]'', ''[[The Ninth Gate]]''). ===11=== *[[Mal Anderson]], 91, Australian [[International Tennis Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] tennis player. *[[Brandon Clarke]], 29, Canadian basketball player ([[Memphis Grizzlies]])<ref>[https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/memphis-grizzlies-player-brandon-clarke-dies-at-29/3889534/ 29-year-old Memphis Grizzlies player Brandon Clarke dies in the San Fernando Valley]</ref> ===10=== *[[Rosemarie Bergmans]], 82, Belgian actress (''[[Pauline and Paulette]]''). *[[Michael Pennington]], 82, English actor (''[[Return of the Jedi]]'', ''[[Hamlet (1969 movie)|Hamlet]]''), co-founder of the [[English Shakespeare Company]]. ===9=== *[[Bobby Cox]], 84, American [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] baseball manager ([[Atlanta Braves]], [[Toronto Blue Jays]]), player, and coach, [[World Series]] champion ([[1977 World Series|1977]], [[1995 World Series|1995]]). *[[Maurice R. Greenberg]], 101, American businessman and philanthropist ===8=== *[[Festus Mogae]], 86, Botswana politician and economist, [[President of Botswana|president]] (1998–2008). ===7=== ===6=== *[[Ted Turner]], 87, American businessman and media owner ([[CNN]], [[WPCH-TV|WTBS]], [[TNT (American TV channel)|TNT]]).<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2026/05/06/us/ted-turner-death CNN founder Ted Turner, a pioneer of cable TV news, dies at 87]</ref> *[[Cavayé Yéguié Djibril]], 86, Cameroonian politician, [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon|president of the National Assembly]] (1992–2026).<ref>[https://www.cameroon-concord.com/headlines/cavaye-yeguie-djibril-dies-days-after-removal-as-assembly-speaker Cavaye Yéguié Djibril Dies Days After Removal as Assembly Speaker]</ref> ===5=== *[[Lee Hong-koo]], 91, South Korean diplomat and politician, [[Prime Minister of South Korea|prime minister]] (1994–1995) and [[List of ambassadors of South Korea to the United States|ambassador to the United States]] (1998–2000). *[[Jonathan Tiersten]], 60, American actor (''[[Sleepaway Camp]]'', ''[[Return to Sleepaway Camp]]'', ''[[The Perfect House (2011 American movie)|The Perfect House]]''). ===4=== * [[Stein Erik Hagen]], 69, Norwegian businessman.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Haugan|first=Bjørn|last2=Farestvedt|first2=Ingrid Bjørndal|last3=Tovan|first3=Anders Ihle|last4=Storebø|first4=Ingrid|date=2026-05-04|title=Stein Erik Hagen (69) er død|url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/OkyV0A/stein-erik-hagen-69-er-doed|access-date=2026-05-04|website=VG|language=no}}</ref> ===3=== *[[Claire Maurier]], 97, French actress (''[[La Cage aux Folles (movie)|La Cage aux Folles]]'', ''[[Amélie]]'', ''[[A Bad Son]]''). ===2=== ===1=== ==April== ===30=== * [[Georg Baselitz]], 88, German painter and sculptor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maler und Bildhauer Georg Baselitz ist tot - WELT|url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/article69f364ce70b8657fbe528126/maler-und-bildhauer-georg-baselitz-ist-tot.html|access-date=2026-05-01|website=[[Die Welt]]|language=de}}</ref> ===29=== *[[David Allan Coe]], 86, American country singer ("[[Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile]]", "[[The Ride (David Allan Coe song)|The Ride]]") and songwriter ("[[Take This Job and Shove It]]").<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hudak|first=Joseph|date=2026-04-30|title=David Allan Coe, Singer of the 'Perfect Country & Western Song,' Dead at 86|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/david-allan-coe-dead-obituary-1218831/|access-date=2026-05-01|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[J. Craig Venter]], 79, American genomics researcher, founder of [[Celera Corporation]] and [[J. Craig Venter Institute|JCVI]], complications from cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-29|title=J. Craig Venter, genomics pioneer and founder of JCVI and Diploid Genomics, Inc., dies at 79|url=https://natlawreview.com/press-releases/j-craig-venter-genomics-pioneer-and-founder-jcvi-and-diploid-genomics-inc|access-date=2026-05-01|website=The National Law Review}}</ref> ===28=== * [[Bill Grayden]], 105, Australian politician, [[Australian House of Representatives|MP]] (1949–1954) and [[Western Australian Legislative Assembly|Western Australian MLA]] (1947–1949, 1956–1993).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-04-29|title=Longest-serving WA MP, war hero Bill Grayden, dies at 105|language=en-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-04-29/bill-grayden-war-veteran-wa-parliamentarian-dies-aged-105/106620348|access-date=2026-05-01}}</ref> *[[Ange Édouard Poungui]], 84, [[Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] politician, [[List of prime ministers of the Republic of the Congo|prime minister]] (1984–1989).<ref>{{Cite web|last=BOUKAKA|first=Bertrand|date=2026-04-28|title=Congo - Décès : Ange Édouard Poungui a tiré sa révérence|url=https://lesechos-congobrazza.com/politique/12102-congo-deces-ange-edouard-poungui-a-tire-sa-reverence|access-date=2026-04-29|website=Les Echos du Congo Brazzaville|language=fr-fr}}</ref> ===27=== ===26=== *[[Nedra Talley]], 80, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] singer ([[The Ronettes]]).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Clack |first=Erin |date=April 26, 2026 |title=Nedra Talley Ross, Last Surviving Member of 1960s Girl Group The Ronettes, Dies at 80 |url=https://people.com/nedra-talley-ross-last-surviving-member-of-the-ronettes-dead-at-80-11958962 |access-date=April 27, 2026 |work=People}}</ref> ===25=== *[[Andrzej Olechowski]], 78, Polish politician, minister of [[Ministry of Finance (Poland)|finance]] (1992) and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)|foreign affairs]] (1993–1995).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Beszłej|first=Franciszek Józef|date=2024-04-25|title=Polish ex-minister Andrzej Olechowski dies at 78|url=https://tvpworld.com/92910565/polish-ex-minister-civic-platform-co-founder-andrzej-olechowski-dies-at-78|access-date=2026-04-26|website=TVP World|language=en}}</ref> (death announced on this date) ===24=== *[[Dirk Kempthorne]], 74, American politician, member of the [[U.S. Senate]] (1993–1999), [[governor of Idaho]] (1999–2006) and [[United States Secretary of the Interior|secretary of the interior]] (2006–2009), [[colon cancer]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Corbin|first=Clark|date=2026-04-25|title=Former Secretary of the Interior and Idaho Gov. Dirk Kempthorne dies at 74|url=https://idahocapitalsun.com/2026/04/25/former-secretary-of-the-interior-and-idaho-gov-dirk-kempthorne-dies-at-74/|access-date=2026-04-26|website=Idaho Capital Sun|language=en-US}}</ref> ===23=== *[[Rexhep Qosja]], 89, Albanian writer and politician.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2026-04-23|title=Kosovan literary figure and political thinker Rexhep Qosja dies aged 89|url=https://rtsh.al/rti/en/kosovan-literary-figure-and-political-thinker-rexhep-qosja-dies-aged-89/|access-date=2026-04-25|website=RTSH English|language=en-US}}</ref> ===22=== *[[Eugene Braunwald]], 96, Austrian-born American cardiologist.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maxwell|first=Yael L.|date=2026-04-23|title=Eugene Braunwald, ‘Icon’ of Modern Cardiology, Dies at 96|url=https://www.tctmd.com/news/eugene-braunwald-icon-modern-cardiology-dies-96|access-date=2026-04-26|website=TCTMD|language=en}}</ref> *[[Tony Parkes]], 76, English football player ([[Buxton F.C.|Buxton]], [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]]) and manager (Blackburn Rovers), complications from Alzheimer's disease.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wynn|first=Amos|date=2026-04-23|title=Former Blackpool and Blackburn Rovers figure dies aged 76|url=https://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/sport/football/blackpool-fc/blackpool-blackburn-rovers-7266481|access-date=2026-04-26|website=Blackpool Gazette|language=en}}</ref> *[[David Scott (Georgia politician)|David Scott]], 80, American politician, member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] (since 2003), [[Georgia Senate]] (1983–2003), and [[Georgia House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] (1975–1983).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stracqualursi|first=Veronica|date=2026-04-22|title=Longtime Georgia Democrat US Rep. David Scott dies at 80 {{!}} CNN Politics|url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/04/22/politics/david-scott-death-georgia-house|access-date=2026-04-26|website=[[CNN]]|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Ruth Slenczynska]], 101, American classical pianist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-23|title=Ruth Slenczynska dies at 101|url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/content/classical-music-news/ruth-slenczynska-dies-at-101|access-date=2026-04-26|website=Gramophone|language=en}}</ref> *[[Michael Tilson Thomas]], 81, American conductor, pianist and composer, [[glioblastoma]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blum|first=Ronald|date=2026-04-23|title=Michael Tilson Thomas, renowned conductor and composer, dies at 81|url=https://apnews.com/article/conductor-michael-tilson-thomas-dies-605d6386990b6e0be24322df99b02385|access-date=2026-04-26|website=[[AP News]]|language=en}}</ref> ===21=== *[[Elsie Kelly]], 89, English actress (''[[Benidorm (British TV series)|Benidorm]]'', ''[[The Famous Five (1995 TV series)|The Famous Five]]'', ''[[Crossroads (British TV series)|Crossroads]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=Isobel|date=2026-04-22|title=Benidorm actor dies aged 89 as co-stars pay tribute|url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/elsie-kelly-benidorm-death-b2962559.html|access-date=2026-04-25|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en}}</ref> ===20=== *[[Luis Brandoni]], 86, Argentine actor (''[[The Truce (1974 movie)|The Truce]]'', ''[[State of Reality]]'', ''[[Waiting for the Hearse]]'') and politician, [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|deputy]] (1997–2001), complications from a fall.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin|first=Hugo|date=2026-04-20|title=Murió Luis Brandoni a los 86 años, emblema del cine, teatro y televisión|url=https://www.infobae.com/teleshow/2026/04/20/murio-luis-brandoni-a-los-86-anos/|access-date=2026-04-20|website=[[Infobae]]|language=es-AR}}</ref> *[[Alan Osmond]], 76, American musician ([[The Osmonds]]) and songwriter ("[[Down by the Lazy River]]", "[[Crazy Horses]]").<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Valerie|date=2026-04-21|title=Alan Osmond, oldest member of The Osmonds, dies at 76|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2026/04/20/alan-osmond-dies-at-76/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Deseret News|language=en-US}}</ref> ===19=== * [[George Ariyoshi]], 100, American politician, [[Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii|lieutenant governor]] (1970–1974) and [[governor of Hawaii]] (1974–1986).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nakaso|first=Dan|last2=Gomes|first2=Andrew|last3=Berger|first3=John|date=2026-04-21|title=George Ariyoshi, nation’s first governor of Asian American descent, dies at age 100|url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2026/04/21/hawaii-news/george-ariyoshi-nations-first-governor-of-asian-american-descent-described-as-quiet-and-effective-dies-at-age-100/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Honolulu Star-Advertiser|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Dave Mason]], 79, English [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] musician ([[Traffic (band)|Traffic]]) and songwriter ("[[Hole in My Shoe]]", "[[Feelin' Alright?]]").<ref>{{Cite web|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|date=2026-04-22|title=Dave Mason, Traffic Co-Founder Who Penned 'Feelin' Alright?,' Dead at 79|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/dave-mason-traffic-dead-obituary-1235459696/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Desmond Morris]], 98, English zoologist (''[[The Naked Ape]]''), ethnologist and surrealist painter.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woodhouse|first=Sam|date=2026-04-20|title=Zoologist and author Desmond Morris dies aged 98|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c51y797v200o|access-date=2026-04-20|website=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[María Nieves]], 91, Argentine tango dancer (''[[Tango Argentino (musical)|Tango Argentino]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-19|title=Murió María Nieves, una bailarina de tango mágica e irrepetible|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/actualidad/murio-maria-nieves-una-bailarina-de-tango-magica-e-inolvidable.phtml|access-date=2026-04-20|website=Perfil|language=es}}</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Ester Pajusoo]], 91, Estonian actress (''[[A Young Retiree]]'', ''[[Vana daami visiit]]'', ''[[Kättemaksukontor]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2026-04-20|title=Hüvasti, Kessu! Suri näitleja Ester Pajusoo|url=https://kultuur.err.ee/1610000491/huvasti-kessu-suri-naitleja-ester-pajusoo|access-date=2026-04-22|website=ERR|language=et}}</ref> ===18=== *[[Lai Cheng-ying]], 94, Taiwanese cinematographer (''[[Beautiful Duckling]]'', ''[[Execution in Autumn]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hung|first=Su-ching|last2=Lee|first2=Hsin-Yin|date=2026-04-19|title=Veteran cinematographer Lai Cheng-ying dies at 95 - Focus Taiwan|url=https://focustaiwan.tw/culture/202604190010|access-date=2026-04-19|website=Focus Taiwan - CNA English News|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Stefanos Linaios]], 97, Greek actor (''[[Dead Man's Treasure|Dead Man’s Treasure]]'') and politician, [[Hellenic Parliament|MP]] (1989–1990).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Επτακοίλη|first=Γιούλη|date=2026-04-22|title=Πέθανε ο Στέφανος Ληναίος|url=https://www.kathimerini.gr/culture/564187831/pethane-o-stefanos-linaios/|access-date=2026-04-25|website=[[Kathimerini]]|language=greek}}</ref> ===17=== *[[Nathalie Baye]], 77, French actress (''[[Every Man for Himself (1980 movie)|Every Man for Himself]]'', ''[[Strange Affair (1981 movie)|Strange Affair]]'', ''[[Le Petit Lieutenant]]''), [[Lewy body dementia]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-18|title=French film star Nathalie Baye dead at 77: family to AFP|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260418-french-film-star-nathalie-baye-dead-at-77-family-to-afp|access-date=2026-04-18|website=[[France 24]]|language=en}}</ref> ===16=== *[[Mark Carrington (cricketer)|Mark Carrington]], 64, New Zealand cricketer ([[Northern Districts men's cricket team|Northern Districts]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gillies|first=John|title='He was big and he was fast': Carrington made his mark on cricket stage|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/gisborne-herald/news/gisborne-boys-high-old-boy-mark-carrington-shone-at-local-and-national-cricket-level/EKTZHLGZABG4RC3OJ5EFF37P3I/|url-access=subscription|access-date=2026-04-29|website=Gisborne Herald|language=en-NZ}}</ref> *[[Justin Fairfax]], 47, American politician, [[Lieutenant Governor of Virginia|lieutenant governor of Virginia]] (2018–2022), suicide by gunshot.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Domingo|first=Ida|last2=James|first2=Jessica|date=2026-04-16|title=Former Virginia Lt. Gov. Justin Fairfax and his wife dead in murder-suicide|url=https://wset.com/news/nation-world/murder-suicide-man-woman-dead-annandale-home-fairfax-county-virginia-crime-gun-violence-investigation-domestic-fight-guinevere-drive-victims-fcp-police-officers|access-date=2026-04-18|website=WSET|language=en}}</ref> *[[Kazuo Imanishi]], 85, Japanese football player ([[Sanfrecce Hiroshima|Toyo Industries]], [[Japan national football team|national team]]) and manager ([[Sanfrecce Hiroshima|Mazda]]), pneumonia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-16|title=サンフレッチェ広島初代総監督 今西和男さんの訃報に接して|url=https://www.sanfrecce.co.jp/news/team/12243|access-date=2026-04-18|website=サンフレッチェ広島 オフィシャルサイト|language=ja}}</ref> *[[Jan Potměšil]], 60, Czech actor (''[[Why? (movie)|Why?]]'', ''[[Princess Jasnenka and the Flying Shoemaker]]'', ''[[Bony a klid]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-17|title=Ve věku 60 let zemřel divadelní a filmový herec Jan Potměšil|url=https://www.idnes.cz/kultura/divadlo/ve-veku-60-let-zemrel-divadelni-a-filmovy-herec-jan-potmesil.A260417_071219_divadlo_tbr|access-date=2026-04-17|website=iDNES.cz|language=Czech}}</ref> ===15=== *[[Alexander Morton]], 81, Scottish actor (''[[Monarch of the Glen (TV series)|Monarch of the Glen]]'', ''[[Take the High Road]]'', ''[[Taggart]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Erskine|first=Donald|date=2026-04-15|title=Tributes paid to Scots actor Alexander 'Sandy' Morton who has died aged 81|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/26025431.tributes-paid-scots-actor-alexander-sandy-morton/|access-date=2026-04-17|website=The Herald|language=en}}</ref> * [[José Santamaría]], 96, Uruguayan-Spanish football player ([[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay national team]]) and manager ([[Spain national football team|Spain national team]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-15|title=Official Statement: Passing of José Emilio Santamaría|url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en-US/news/club/announcements/comunicado-oficial-fallecimiento-de-jose-emilio-santamaria-15-04-2026|access-date=2026-04-18|website=Real Madrid CF|language=en}}</ref> ===14=== * [[Sue Prado]], 44, Filipina actress (''[[Oro (movie)|Oro]]'', ''[[Barber's Tales]]'', ''[[Manila Skies]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Villanueva|first=Angelica|date=2026-04-15|title=Actress Sue Prado dies at 44|url=https://manilastandard.net/showbiz/celebrity-profiles/314727588/actress-sue-prado-dies-at-44.html|access-date=2026-04-17|website=Manila Standard|language=en-US}}</ref> ===13=== * [[Moya Brennan]], 73, Irish folk singer ([[Clannad]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ó Curraighín|first=Shane|date=2026-04-14|title=Irish musician Moya Brennan dies aged 73|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2026/0414/1568068-moya-brennan-clannad/|access-date=2026-04-14|website=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]]}}</ref> ===12=== * [[Asha Bhosle]], 92, Indian [[playback singer]] ("[[Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko]]", "[[Dum Maro Dum (song)|Dum Maro Dum]]", "[[Piya Tu Ab To Aja]]"), [[multiple organ failure]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bose|first=Mrityunjay|date=2026-04-12|title=Obituary Asha Bhosle: Legendary Singer Passes Away at 92|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/legendary-singer-asha-bhosle-passes-away-at-92-3965138|access-date=2026-04-12|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en}}</ref> ===11=== * [[Hüsamettin Cindoruk]], 92, Turkish politician, acting [[President of Turkey|president]] (1993), twice member and [[Speaker of the Grand National Assembly|speaker]] (1991–1995) of the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-11|title=Hüsamettin Cindoruk has passed away.|url=https://en.haberler.com/husamettin-cindoruk-has-passed-away-19738955/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Haberler|language=en}}</ref> * [[John Nolan (actor)|John Nolan]], 87, British actor (''[[Person of Interest (TV series)|Person of Interest]]'', ''[[Following]]'', ''[[Batman Begins]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-11|title=Tributes to John Nolan - actor, director and a free spirit|url=https://www.stratford-herald.com/news/tributes-to-john-nolan-actor-director-and-a-free-spirit-9461362/|url-access=subscription|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Stratford Herald|language=en}}</ref> ===10=== * [[Eliot Engel]], 79, American politican, member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] (1989–2021).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Katz|first=Peter|date=2026-04-10|title=Former Rep. Elliot Engel dies at age 79|url=https://westfaironline.com/government/former-rep-elliot-engel-dies-at-age-79/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Westfair Communications|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Angela Pleasence]], 84, English actress (''[[Hitler: The Last Ten Days]]'', ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'').<ref>{{Cite news|last=Evans|first=Matthew|date=2026-04-10|title='Much-admired' Coronation Street, Doctor Who and Casualty star dies at 84|language=en-GB|work=Lancashire Telegraph|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/national/uk-today/26010740.coronation-street-doctor-casualty-star-dies/|access-date=2026-04-11|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> *[[Sid Krofft]], 96, Canadian puppeteer ===9=== *[[Afrika Bambaataa]], 68, American DJ and rapper ("[[Planet Rock (song)|Planet Rock]]", "[[Looking for the Perfect Beat]]", "[[Renegades of Funk]]"), complications from cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robledo|first=Anthony|date=2026-04-09|title=Afrika Bambaataa, hip-hop pioneer and Zulu Nation founder, dies|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2026/04/09/afrika-bambaataa-died/89539257007/|access-date=2026-04-10|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[C. D. Gopinath]], 96, Indian test cricketer ([[Madras cricket team|Madras]], [[India national cricket team|national team]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2026-04-09|title=C. D. Gopinath, member of India’s first-ever Test-winning team, passes away|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/cd-gopinath-passes-away-adyar-india-first-ever-test-winning-team-rip-tribute/article70842372.ece|access-date=2026-04-09|website=Sportstar|language=en}}</ref> ===8=== *[[Mario Adorf]], 95, German actor (''[[Major Dundee]]'', ''[[The Tin Drum (movie)|The Tin Drum]]'', ''[[Fedora (1978 movie)|Fedora]]'') and writer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Töniges|first=Sven|date=2026-04-09|title=Veteran German actor Mario Adorf dies at age 95|url=https://www.dw.com/en/veteran-german-actor-mario-adorf-dies-aged-95/a-76718629|access-date=2026-04-09|website=[[Deutsche Welle|DW]]|language=en}}</ref> ===7=== * [[Jim Whittaker]], 97, American mountaineer ([[1963 American Mount Everest expedition]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Almond|first=Elliott|date=2026-04-08|title=Famed mountaineer Jim Whittaker, first American atop Mount Everest, dies at 97|url=https://www.cascadiadaily.com/2026/apr/08/famed-mountaineer-jim-whittaker-first-american-atop-mount-everest-dies-at-97/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Cascadia Daily News|language=en-US}}</ref> ===6=== * [[Christian Schwarz-Schilling]], 95, Austrian-born German politician, [[Federal Ministry of Post and Telecommunications|minister of post and telecommunications]] (1982–1992) and [[High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (2006–2007).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2026-04-07|title=Former High Representative Christian Schwarz-Schilling passed away|url=https://sarajevotimes.com/former-high-representative-christian-schwarz-schilling-passed-away/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Sarajevo Times|language=en-US}}</ref> ===5=== * [[Adán Godoy]], 89, Chilean footballer ([[Santiago Morning]], [[Chile national football team|national team]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fuentealba|first=Rodrigo|date=2026-04-05|title=Luto en el fútbol chileno: fallece Adán Godoy, mundialista del 62|url=https://www.latercera.com/el-deportivo/noticia/luto-en-el-futbol-chileno-fallece-adan-godoy-mundialista-del-62/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=La Tercera|language=es}}</ref> ===4=== *[[Ling Liong Sik]], 82, Malaysian politician, acting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] (1988), [[Dewan Rakyat|MP]] (1974–2004), and [[Minister of Transport (Malaysia)|minister of transport]] (1986–2003).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2026-04-04|title=Ex-MCA president Dr Ling Liong Sik dies|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2026/04/04/ex-mca-president-dr-ling-liong-sik-dies|access-date=2026-04-05|website=Free Malaysia Today|language=en}}</ref> ===3=== * [[Carol Greitzer]], 101, American politician and abortion activist, [[New York City Council|New York City councilwoman]] (1969–1991).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anderson|first=Lincoln|date=2026-04-07|title=Carol Greitzer, trailblazing NYC political reformer and women’s advocate, dies at 101|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/carol-greitzer-trailblazing-nyc-political-200300914.html|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Michele Massimo Tarantini]], 83, Italian movie director (''[[Confessions of a Lady Cop]]'', ''[[A Man Called Magnum]]'', ''[[Taxi Girl (movie)|Taxi Girl]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zingariello|first=Ivan|date=2026-04-03|title=È morto Michele Massimo Tarantini, regista cult delle commedie sexy con Lino Banfi ed Edwige Fenech|url=https://www.spettacolo.eu/morto-regista-michele-massimo-tarantini/|access-date=2026-04-04|website=Spettacolo|language=it-IT}}</ref> ===2=== *[[Ian Rutherford]], 68, New Zealand cricketer ([[Otago cricket team|Otago]], [[Central Districts cricket team|Central Districts]], [[Otago Country cricket team|Central Otago]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-08|title=Former Otago Representative Ian Rutherford Passes Away.|url=https://www.otagocricket.co.nz/newsarticle/164560?newsfeedId=1099515|access-date=2026-04-08|website=Otago Cricket Association}}</ref> ===1=== ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://www.theguardian.com/tone/obituaries ''The Guardian'' (UK) obituaries] *[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/ ''The Telegraph'' (UK) obituaries] *[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Chicago Tribune''] *[https://latimes.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Los Angeles Times''] *[https://www.nytimes.com/pages/obituaries/index.html ''The New York Times'', obituaries] *[https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/obituaries/ ''The Washington Post'' obituaries] *[http://www.smh.com.au/obituaries ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' (Australia) obituaries] {{Deaths by month and year}} [[Category:2026 deaths|*]] 1iwuggw0bk7zd96jdkwhtj45n04wcoa 10879039 10878929 2026-06-04T20:56:03Z ~2026-29279-73 1804013 /* June */ 10879039 wikitext text/x-wiki Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: * Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent [[nationality]] (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference. Entries without a source should be removed. <!--Please check to see if someone is already listed before listing them--> <!-- * * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines below when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * * A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth or nationality if the subject is not eligible (for example, in the case of animals), subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and reference. Names are reported under the date of death. Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by surname or pseudonym. (1) Please add only those meeting Wikipedia notability guidelines. Include a reference to a reliable source.[a] [b] If a Wikipedia article for the dead does not yet exist, reconsider whether the subject is actually notable. If so, consider writing an article yourself. Those without a Wikipedia article are removed after one month. (2) Please understand that the intent of this article is to report notable deaths. Tragic deaths, while unfortunate, do not necessarily render the dead "notable". If you report the death of a notable subject that does not already have a Wikipedia article, consider starting one. (3) Please add entries in alphabetical order by family name. Please avoid over-linking. As such, please do not add links to nationalities, common occupations, or common causes of death. Rather, include only "links that aid navigation and understanding". Thank you. (4) References should be in <ref>[url & title]</ref> format, as full citations make the page too slow to load, and too big to edit. (5) Please do not move deaths from the previous month until the 8th of current month. --Notes-- [a] See [[WP:RS]] for definition of reliable source, and [[WP:BLPSOURCE]] for living and recently deceased persons. [b] For information on using information from Ancestry.com, Find-a-grave, or IMDb, please see [[WP:ELPEREN]]. * * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines above when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * * --> {{TOC right}} ==June== ===5=== ===4=== *[[Fergus Slattery]], 77, Irish [[International Rugby Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] rugby union player ([[British & Irish Lions]], [[Barbarian F.C.|Barbarians]], [[Ireland national rugby union team|national team]]). *[[Chunchuna Villafañe]], 92, Argentine actress (''[[No toquen a la nena]]'', ''[[The Official Story]]'', ''[[I Never Been in Vienna]]''). ===3=== *[[Chung King-fai]], 89, Hong Kong actor (''[[Black Mask (1996 movie)|Black Mask]]'', ''[[My Family (Hong Kong TV series)|My Family]]'', ''[[Welcome to the House]]''). *[[Sally Grace]], 74, English actress (''[[The Animals of Farthing Wood (TV series)|The Animals of Farthing Wood]]'', ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Ghost Story (1974 movie)|Ghost Story]]''). ===2=== *[[Peabo Bryson]], 75, American singer ("[[Tonight, I Celebrate My Love]]", "[[Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)|Beauty and the Beast]]", "[[A Whole New World]]"), [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Grammy]] winner ([[35th Annual Grammy Awards|1993]], [[36th Annual Grammy Awards|1994]]), stroke. ===1=== *[[Knut Husebø]], 80, Norwegian visual artist and actor (''[[Life and Death (1980 movie)|Life and Death]]'', ''[[Julia Julia]]'', ''[[Apprentice to Murder]]''). ==May== ===31=== *[[Ronald LaPread]], 75, American musician ([[Commodores]]). ===30=== *[[Dorita Burgos]], 90, Argentine actress (''[[The Campanelli's Picnic]]'', ''[[Los caballeros de la cama redonda]]''). *[[Josefina Molina]], 89, Spanish film director (''[[Esquilache]]'', ''[[Teresa de Jesús]]''), screenwriter and television producer. ===29=== *[[Sidney Moko Mead]], 99, New Zealand [[Māori people|Māori]] anthropologist and historian. ===28=== *[[Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi]], 80, Yemeni politician, [[President of Yemen|president]] (2012–2022), [[Vice President of Yemen|vice president]] (1994–2012), and [[Ministry of Defense (Yemen)|minister of defense]] (1994), heart attack. ===27=== *[[Klaus Emmerich (director)|Klaus Emmerich]], 82, German film director (''[[The First Polka]]'', ''[[Trokadero]]''). ===26=== ===25=== *[[Rene Belmonte]], 55, Brazilian screenwriter [[If I Were You (2006 movie)|(''If I Were You'']], [[Novo Mundo (TV series)|''Novo Mundo'']], ''[[Federal Bank Heist]]''). *[[Sonny Rollins]], 95, American jazz saxophonist ("[[Airegin]]", "[[Doxy (song)|Doxy]]", "[[St. Thomas (song)|St. Thomas]]"). ===24=== ===23=== *[[Thérèse Liotard]], 80, French actress (''[[Viens chez moi, j'habite chez une copine]]'', ''[[My Father's Glory (movie)|My Father's Glory]]'', ''[[My Mother's Castle (movie)|My Mother's Castle]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gajderowicz|first=Jessica|date=2026-05-23|title=Viens chez moi, j’habite chez une copine : après Michel Blanc, décès à 80 ans de la comédienne Thérèse Liotard|url=https://www.public.fr/viens-chez-moi-jhabite-chez-une-copine-apres-michel-blanc-deces-a-80-ans-de-la-comedienne-therese-liotard|access-date=2026-05-24|website=Public|language=fr}}</ref> *[[Jools Topp|Dame Jools Topp]], 68, New Zealand musician and comedian ([[Topp Twins]]), breast cancer. ===22=== *[[Tamati Reedy]], 89, New Zealand Māori academic, rugby union player ([[Ngati Porou East Coast Rugby Football Union|East Coast]], [[Thames Valley Rugby Football Union|Thames Valley]], [[Māori All Blacks]]), and public servant.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-23|title=Ngāti Porou leader Tā Tamati Reedy dies aged 89|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/596090/ngati-porou-leader-ta-tamati-reedy-dies-aged-89|access-date=2026-05-24|website=RNZ|language=en-nz}}</ref> ===21=== * [[Kyle Busch]], 41, American racing driver ([[NASCAR]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-24|title=Nascar star Kyle Busch died of severe pneumonia and sepsis, family says|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ceqpwx5741no|access-date=2026-05-24|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[Michael Keating (actor)|Michael Keating]], 79, English actor (''[[Blakes 7]]'', ''[[EastEnders]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-21|title=Eastenders and Blake’s 7 star Michael Keating dies aged 79|url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/michael-keating-death-age-eastenders-cause-b2981285.html|access-date=2026-05-24|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> ===20=== *[[George Eastman (actor)|George Eastman]], 83, Italian actor (''[[Antropophagus]]'', ''[[Rabid Dogs]]'') and screenwriter (''[[Keoma (movie)|Keoma]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-21|title=George Eastman, è morto l'attore, papà di Arianna Montefiori|url=https://www.ildifforme.it/spettacoli/cinema/george-esatman-arianna-montefiori/|access-date=2026-05-24|language=it-IT}}</ref> ===19=== *[[Péter Scherer]], 64, Hungarian actor (''[[The Lord's Lantern in Budapest]]'', ''[[Kontroll]]'', ''[[One Day in Europe]]''). ===18=== *[[Alexander Held]], 67, German actor.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.focus.de/kultur/stars/schauspieler-alexander-held-stirbt-mit-67-jahren_109b64a0-16b5-4927-af4a-1d52526817a9.html | title=Schauspieler Alexander Held stirbt mit 67 Jahren | work=[[Focus Online]] | date=19 May 2026 |language=de |access-date=19 May 2026 }}</ref> ===17=== *[[Scott Hastings (rugby union)|Scott Hastings]], 61, Scottish rugby union player ([[Watsonian FC|Watsonians]], [[Edinburgh Rugby|Edinburgh]], [[Scotland national rugby union team|national team]]), non-Hodgkin lymphoma. *[[M. J. K. Smith]], 92, English cricketer ([[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]], [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]], [[England cricket team|national team]]). ===16=== *[[Dennis Locorriere]], 76, American singer and guitarist ([[Dr. Hook]]), kidney disease.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bird|first=Daniel|last2=Association|first2=Izzie Addison, Press|date=2026-05-17|title=Dr Hook star dead after 'long and courageous battle'|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/dennis-locorriere-dead-dr-hook-37168692|access-date=2026-05-24|website=Daily Mirror|language=en}}</ref> ===15=== *[[Angelica Domröse]], 85, German actress (''[[Love's Confusion]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Werner Holt (movie)|The Adventures of Werner Holt]]'', ''[[The Legend of Paul and Paula]]''). ===14=== *[[Krzysztof Piesiewicz]], 80, Polish screenwriter (''[[No End (movie)|No End]]'', ''[[The Double Life of Veronique]]'') and politician, [[Senate of Poland|senator]] (1991–1993, 1997–2011). *[[Alan Rothwell]], 89, English actor (''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Brookside (TV series)|Brookside]]'', ''[[Heartbeat (British TV series)|Heartbeat]]'') and television presenter. ===13=== *[[Clarence Carter]], 90, American singer-songwriter ("[[Slip Away (Clarence Carter song)|Slip Away]]", "[[Patches (Chairmen of the Board song)|Patches]]", "[[Strokin']]"), complications from pneumonia, prostate cancer and sepsis. ===12=== *[[Stanisława Celińska]], 79, Polish actress (''[[Mamuśki]]'', ''[[The Maids of Wilko]]'', ''[[Landscape After the Battle]]''). *[[Jack Taylor (American actor)|Jack Taylor]], 99, American actor (''[[Succubus (movie)|Succubus]]'', ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 movie)|Conan the Barbarian]]'', ''[[The Ninth Gate]]''). ===11=== *[[Mal Anderson]], 91, Australian [[International Tennis Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] tennis player. *[[Brandon Clarke]], 29, Canadian basketball player ([[Memphis Grizzlies]])<ref>[https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/memphis-grizzlies-player-brandon-clarke-dies-at-29/3889534/ 29-year-old Memphis Grizzlies player Brandon Clarke dies in the San Fernando Valley]</ref> ===10=== *[[Rosemarie Bergmans]], 82, Belgian actress (''[[Pauline and Paulette]]''). *[[Michael Pennington]], 82, English actor (''[[Return of the Jedi]]'', ''[[Hamlet (1969 movie)|Hamlet]]''), co-founder of the [[English Shakespeare Company]]. ===9=== *[[Bobby Cox]], 84, American [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] baseball manager ([[Atlanta Braves]], [[Toronto Blue Jays]]), player, and coach, [[World Series]] champion ([[1977 World Series|1977]], [[1995 World Series|1995]]). *[[Maurice R. Greenberg]], 101, American businessman and philanthropist ===8=== *[[Festus Mogae]], 86, Botswana politician and economist, [[President of Botswana|president]] (1998–2008). ===7=== ===6=== *[[Ted Turner]], 87, American businessman and media owner ([[CNN]], [[WPCH-TV|WTBS]], [[TNT (American TV channel)|TNT]]).<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2026/05/06/us/ted-turner-death CNN founder Ted Turner, a pioneer of cable TV news, dies at 87]</ref> *[[Cavayé Yéguié Djibril]], 86, Cameroonian politician, [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon|president of the National Assembly]] (1992–2026).<ref>[https://www.cameroon-concord.com/headlines/cavaye-yeguie-djibril-dies-days-after-removal-as-assembly-speaker Cavaye Yéguié Djibril Dies Days After Removal as Assembly Speaker]</ref> ===5=== *[[Lee Hong-koo]], 91, South Korean diplomat and politician, [[Prime Minister of South Korea|prime minister]] (1994–1995) and [[List of ambassadors of South Korea to the United States|ambassador to the United States]] (1998–2000). *[[Jonathan Tiersten]], 60, American actor (''[[Sleepaway Camp]]'', ''[[Return to Sleepaway Camp]]'', ''[[The Perfect House (2011 American movie)|The Perfect House]]''). ===4=== * [[Stein Erik Hagen]], 69, Norwegian businessman.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Haugan|first=Bjørn|last2=Farestvedt|first2=Ingrid Bjørndal|last3=Tovan|first3=Anders Ihle|last4=Storebø|first4=Ingrid|date=2026-05-04|title=Stein Erik Hagen (69) er død|url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/OkyV0A/stein-erik-hagen-69-er-doed|access-date=2026-05-04|website=VG|language=no}}</ref> ===3=== *[[Claire Maurier]], 97, French actress (''[[La Cage aux Folles (movie)|La Cage aux Folles]]'', ''[[Amélie]]'', ''[[A Bad Son]]''). ===2=== ===1=== ==April== ===30=== * [[Georg Baselitz]], 88, German painter and sculptor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maler und Bildhauer Georg Baselitz ist tot - WELT|url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/article69f364ce70b8657fbe528126/maler-und-bildhauer-georg-baselitz-ist-tot.html|access-date=2026-05-01|website=[[Die Welt]]|language=de}}</ref> ===29=== *[[David Allan Coe]], 86, American country singer ("[[Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile]]", "[[The Ride (David Allan Coe song)|The Ride]]") and songwriter ("[[Take This Job and Shove It]]").<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hudak|first=Joseph|date=2026-04-30|title=David Allan Coe, Singer of the 'Perfect Country & Western Song,' Dead at 86|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/david-allan-coe-dead-obituary-1218831/|access-date=2026-05-01|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[J. Craig Venter]], 79, American genomics researcher, founder of [[Celera Corporation]] and [[J. Craig Venter Institute|JCVI]], complications from cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-29|title=J. Craig Venter, genomics pioneer and founder of JCVI and Diploid Genomics, Inc., dies at 79|url=https://natlawreview.com/press-releases/j-craig-venter-genomics-pioneer-and-founder-jcvi-and-diploid-genomics-inc|access-date=2026-05-01|website=The National Law Review}}</ref> ===28=== * [[Bill Grayden]], 105, Australian politician, [[Australian House of Representatives|MP]] (1949–1954) and [[Western Australian Legislative Assembly|Western Australian MLA]] (1947–1949, 1956–1993).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-04-29|title=Longest-serving WA MP, war hero Bill Grayden, dies at 105|language=en-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-04-29/bill-grayden-war-veteran-wa-parliamentarian-dies-aged-105/106620348|access-date=2026-05-01}}</ref> *[[Ange Édouard Poungui]], 84, [[Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] politician, [[List of prime ministers of the Republic of the Congo|prime minister]] (1984–1989).<ref>{{Cite web|last=BOUKAKA|first=Bertrand|date=2026-04-28|title=Congo - Décès : Ange Édouard Poungui a tiré sa révérence|url=https://lesechos-congobrazza.com/politique/12102-congo-deces-ange-edouard-poungui-a-tire-sa-reverence|access-date=2026-04-29|website=Les Echos du Congo Brazzaville|language=fr-fr}}</ref> ===27=== ===26=== *[[Nedra Talley]], 80, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] singer ([[The Ronettes]]).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Clack |first=Erin |date=April 26, 2026 |title=Nedra Talley Ross, Last Surviving Member of 1960s Girl Group The Ronettes, Dies at 80 |url=https://people.com/nedra-talley-ross-last-surviving-member-of-the-ronettes-dead-at-80-11958962 |access-date=April 27, 2026 |work=People}}</ref> ===25=== *[[Andrzej Olechowski]], 78, Polish politician, minister of [[Ministry of Finance (Poland)|finance]] (1992) and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)|foreign affairs]] (1993–1995).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Beszłej|first=Franciszek Józef|date=2024-04-25|title=Polish ex-minister Andrzej Olechowski dies at 78|url=https://tvpworld.com/92910565/polish-ex-minister-civic-platform-co-founder-andrzej-olechowski-dies-at-78|access-date=2026-04-26|website=TVP World|language=en}}</ref> (death announced on this date) ===24=== *[[Dirk Kempthorne]], 74, American politician, member of the [[U.S. Senate]] (1993–1999), [[governor of Idaho]] (1999–2006) and [[United States Secretary of the Interior|secretary of the interior]] (2006–2009), [[colon cancer]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Corbin|first=Clark|date=2026-04-25|title=Former Secretary of the Interior and Idaho Gov. Dirk Kempthorne dies at 74|url=https://idahocapitalsun.com/2026/04/25/former-secretary-of-the-interior-and-idaho-gov-dirk-kempthorne-dies-at-74/|access-date=2026-04-26|website=Idaho Capital Sun|language=en-US}}</ref> ===23=== *[[Rexhep Qosja]], 89, Albanian writer and politician.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2026-04-23|title=Kosovan literary figure and political thinker Rexhep Qosja dies aged 89|url=https://rtsh.al/rti/en/kosovan-literary-figure-and-political-thinker-rexhep-qosja-dies-aged-89/|access-date=2026-04-25|website=RTSH English|language=en-US}}</ref> ===22=== *[[Eugene Braunwald]], 96, Austrian-born American cardiologist.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maxwell|first=Yael L.|date=2026-04-23|title=Eugene Braunwald, ‘Icon’ of Modern Cardiology, Dies at 96|url=https://www.tctmd.com/news/eugene-braunwald-icon-modern-cardiology-dies-96|access-date=2026-04-26|website=TCTMD|language=en}}</ref> *[[Tony Parkes]], 76, English football player ([[Buxton F.C.|Buxton]], [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]]) and manager (Blackburn Rovers), complications from Alzheimer's disease.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wynn|first=Amos|date=2026-04-23|title=Former Blackpool and Blackburn Rovers figure dies aged 76|url=https://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/sport/football/blackpool-fc/blackpool-blackburn-rovers-7266481|access-date=2026-04-26|website=Blackpool Gazette|language=en}}</ref> *[[David Scott (Georgia politician)|David Scott]], 80, American politician, member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] (since 2003), [[Georgia Senate]] (1983–2003), and [[Georgia House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] (1975–1983).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stracqualursi|first=Veronica|date=2026-04-22|title=Longtime Georgia Democrat US Rep. David Scott dies at 80 {{!}} CNN Politics|url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/04/22/politics/david-scott-death-georgia-house|access-date=2026-04-26|website=[[CNN]]|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Ruth Slenczynska]], 101, American classical pianist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-23|title=Ruth Slenczynska dies at 101|url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/content/classical-music-news/ruth-slenczynska-dies-at-101|access-date=2026-04-26|website=Gramophone|language=en}}</ref> *[[Michael Tilson Thomas]], 81, American conductor, pianist and composer, [[glioblastoma]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blum|first=Ronald|date=2026-04-23|title=Michael Tilson Thomas, renowned conductor and composer, dies at 81|url=https://apnews.com/article/conductor-michael-tilson-thomas-dies-605d6386990b6e0be24322df99b02385|access-date=2026-04-26|website=[[AP News]]|language=en}}</ref> ===21=== *[[Elsie Kelly]], 89, English actress (''[[Benidorm (British TV series)|Benidorm]]'', ''[[The Famous Five (1995 TV series)|The Famous Five]]'', ''[[Crossroads (British TV series)|Crossroads]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=Isobel|date=2026-04-22|title=Benidorm actor dies aged 89 as co-stars pay tribute|url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/elsie-kelly-benidorm-death-b2962559.html|access-date=2026-04-25|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en}}</ref> ===20=== *[[Luis Brandoni]], 86, Argentine actor (''[[The Truce (1974 movie)|The Truce]]'', ''[[State of Reality]]'', ''[[Waiting for the Hearse]]'') and politician, [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|deputy]] (1997–2001), complications from a fall.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin|first=Hugo|date=2026-04-20|title=Murió Luis Brandoni a los 86 años, emblema del cine, teatro y televisión|url=https://www.infobae.com/teleshow/2026/04/20/murio-luis-brandoni-a-los-86-anos/|access-date=2026-04-20|website=[[Infobae]]|language=es-AR}}</ref> *[[Alan Osmond]], 76, American musician ([[The Osmonds]]) and songwriter ("[[Down by the Lazy River]]", "[[Crazy Horses]]").<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Valerie|date=2026-04-21|title=Alan Osmond, oldest member of The Osmonds, dies at 76|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2026/04/20/alan-osmond-dies-at-76/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Deseret News|language=en-US}}</ref> ===19=== * [[George Ariyoshi]], 100, American politician, [[Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii|lieutenant governor]] (1970–1974) and [[governor of Hawaii]] (1974–1986).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nakaso|first=Dan|last2=Gomes|first2=Andrew|last3=Berger|first3=John|date=2026-04-21|title=George Ariyoshi, nation’s first governor of Asian American descent, dies at age 100|url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2026/04/21/hawaii-news/george-ariyoshi-nations-first-governor-of-asian-american-descent-described-as-quiet-and-effective-dies-at-age-100/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Honolulu Star-Advertiser|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Dave Mason]], 79, English [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] musician ([[Traffic (band)|Traffic]]) and songwriter ("[[Hole in My Shoe]]", "[[Feelin' Alright?]]").<ref>{{Cite web|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|date=2026-04-22|title=Dave Mason, Traffic Co-Founder Who Penned 'Feelin' Alright?,' Dead at 79|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/dave-mason-traffic-dead-obituary-1235459696/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Desmond Morris]], 98, English zoologist (''[[The Naked Ape]]''), ethnologist and surrealist painter.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woodhouse|first=Sam|date=2026-04-20|title=Zoologist and author Desmond Morris dies aged 98|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c51y797v200o|access-date=2026-04-20|website=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[María Nieves]], 91, Argentine tango dancer (''[[Tango Argentino (musical)|Tango Argentino]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-19|title=Murió María Nieves, una bailarina de tango mágica e irrepetible|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/actualidad/murio-maria-nieves-una-bailarina-de-tango-magica-e-inolvidable.phtml|access-date=2026-04-20|website=Perfil|language=es}}</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Ester Pajusoo]], 91, Estonian actress (''[[A Young Retiree]]'', ''[[Vana daami visiit]]'', ''[[Kättemaksukontor]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2026-04-20|title=Hüvasti, Kessu! Suri näitleja Ester Pajusoo|url=https://kultuur.err.ee/1610000491/huvasti-kessu-suri-naitleja-ester-pajusoo|access-date=2026-04-22|website=ERR|language=et}}</ref> ===18=== *[[Lai Cheng-ying]], 94, Taiwanese cinematographer (''[[Beautiful Duckling]]'', ''[[Execution in Autumn]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hung|first=Su-ching|last2=Lee|first2=Hsin-Yin|date=2026-04-19|title=Veteran cinematographer Lai Cheng-ying dies at 95 - Focus Taiwan|url=https://focustaiwan.tw/culture/202604190010|access-date=2026-04-19|website=Focus Taiwan - CNA English News|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Stefanos Linaios]], 97, Greek actor (''[[Dead Man's Treasure|Dead Man’s Treasure]]'') and politician, [[Hellenic Parliament|MP]] (1989–1990).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Επτακοίλη|first=Γιούλη|date=2026-04-22|title=Πέθανε ο Στέφανος Ληναίος|url=https://www.kathimerini.gr/culture/564187831/pethane-o-stefanos-linaios/|access-date=2026-04-25|website=[[Kathimerini]]|language=greek}}</ref> ===17=== *[[Nathalie Baye]], 77, French actress (''[[Every Man for Himself (1980 movie)|Every Man for Himself]]'', ''[[Strange Affair (1981 movie)|Strange Affair]]'', ''[[Le Petit Lieutenant]]''), [[Lewy body dementia]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-18|title=French film star Nathalie Baye dead at 77: family to AFP|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260418-french-film-star-nathalie-baye-dead-at-77-family-to-afp|access-date=2026-04-18|website=[[France 24]]|language=en}}</ref> ===16=== *[[Mark Carrington (cricketer)|Mark Carrington]], 64, New Zealand cricketer ([[Northern Districts men's cricket team|Northern Districts]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gillies|first=John|title='He was big and he was fast': Carrington made his mark on cricket stage|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/gisborne-herald/news/gisborne-boys-high-old-boy-mark-carrington-shone-at-local-and-national-cricket-level/EKTZHLGZABG4RC3OJ5EFF37P3I/|url-access=subscription|access-date=2026-04-29|website=Gisborne Herald|language=en-NZ}}</ref> *[[Justin Fairfax]], 47, American politician, [[Lieutenant Governor of Virginia|lieutenant governor of Virginia]] (2018–2022), suicide by gunshot.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Domingo|first=Ida|last2=James|first2=Jessica|date=2026-04-16|title=Former Virginia Lt. Gov. Justin Fairfax and his wife dead in murder-suicide|url=https://wset.com/news/nation-world/murder-suicide-man-woman-dead-annandale-home-fairfax-county-virginia-crime-gun-violence-investigation-domestic-fight-guinevere-drive-victims-fcp-police-officers|access-date=2026-04-18|website=WSET|language=en}}</ref> *[[Kazuo Imanishi]], 85, Japanese football player ([[Sanfrecce Hiroshima|Toyo Industries]], [[Japan national football team|national team]]) and manager ([[Sanfrecce Hiroshima|Mazda]]), pneumonia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-16|title=サンフレッチェ広島初代総監督 今西和男さんの訃報に接して|url=https://www.sanfrecce.co.jp/news/team/12243|access-date=2026-04-18|website=サンフレッチェ広島 オフィシャルサイト|language=ja}}</ref> *[[Jan Potměšil]], 60, Czech actor (''[[Why? (movie)|Why?]]'', ''[[Princess Jasnenka and the Flying Shoemaker]]'', ''[[Bony a klid]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-17|title=Ve věku 60 let zemřel divadelní a filmový herec Jan Potměšil|url=https://www.idnes.cz/kultura/divadlo/ve-veku-60-let-zemrel-divadelni-a-filmovy-herec-jan-potmesil.A260417_071219_divadlo_tbr|access-date=2026-04-17|website=iDNES.cz|language=Czech}}</ref> ===15=== *[[Alexander Morton]], 81, Scottish actor (''[[Monarch of the Glen (TV series)|Monarch of the Glen]]'', ''[[Take the High Road]]'', ''[[Taggart]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Erskine|first=Donald|date=2026-04-15|title=Tributes paid to Scots actor Alexander 'Sandy' Morton who has died aged 81|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/26025431.tributes-paid-scots-actor-alexander-sandy-morton/|access-date=2026-04-17|website=The Herald|language=en}}</ref> * [[José Santamaría]], 96, Uruguayan-Spanish football player ([[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay national team]]) and manager ([[Spain national football team|Spain national team]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-15|title=Official Statement: Passing of José Emilio Santamaría|url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en-US/news/club/announcements/comunicado-oficial-fallecimiento-de-jose-emilio-santamaria-15-04-2026|access-date=2026-04-18|website=Real Madrid CF|language=en}}</ref> ===14=== * [[Sue Prado]], 44, Filipina actress (''[[Oro (movie)|Oro]]'', ''[[Barber's Tales]]'', ''[[Manila Skies]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Villanueva|first=Angelica|date=2026-04-15|title=Actress Sue Prado dies at 44|url=https://manilastandard.net/showbiz/celebrity-profiles/314727588/actress-sue-prado-dies-at-44.html|access-date=2026-04-17|website=Manila Standard|language=en-US}}</ref> ===13=== * [[Moya Brennan]], 73, Irish folk singer ([[Clannad]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ó Curraighín|first=Shane|date=2026-04-14|title=Irish musician Moya Brennan dies aged 73|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2026/0414/1568068-moya-brennan-clannad/|access-date=2026-04-14|website=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]]}}</ref> ===12=== * [[Asha Bhosle]], 92, Indian [[playback singer]] ("[[Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko]]", "[[Dum Maro Dum (song)|Dum Maro Dum]]", "[[Piya Tu Ab To Aja]]"), [[multiple organ failure]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bose|first=Mrityunjay|date=2026-04-12|title=Obituary Asha Bhosle: Legendary Singer Passes Away at 92|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/legendary-singer-asha-bhosle-passes-away-at-92-3965138|access-date=2026-04-12|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en}}</ref> ===11=== * [[Hüsamettin Cindoruk]], 92, Turkish politician, acting [[President of Turkey|president]] (1993), twice member and [[Speaker of the Grand National Assembly|speaker]] (1991–1995) of the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-11|title=Hüsamettin Cindoruk has passed away.|url=https://en.haberler.com/husamettin-cindoruk-has-passed-away-19738955/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Haberler|language=en}}</ref> * [[John Nolan (actor)|John Nolan]], 87, British actor (''[[Person of Interest (TV series)|Person of Interest]]'', ''[[Following]]'', ''[[Batman Begins]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-11|title=Tributes to John Nolan - actor, director and a free spirit|url=https://www.stratford-herald.com/news/tributes-to-john-nolan-actor-director-and-a-free-spirit-9461362/|url-access=subscription|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Stratford Herald|language=en}}</ref> ===10=== * [[Eliot Engel]], 79, American politican, member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] (1989–2021).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Katz|first=Peter|date=2026-04-10|title=Former Rep. Elliot Engel dies at age 79|url=https://westfaironline.com/government/former-rep-elliot-engel-dies-at-age-79/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Westfair Communications|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Angela Pleasence]], 84, English actress (''[[Hitler: The Last Ten Days]]'', ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'').<ref>{{Cite news|last=Evans|first=Matthew|date=2026-04-10|title='Much-admired' Coronation Street, Doctor Who and Casualty star dies at 84|language=en-GB|work=Lancashire Telegraph|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/national/uk-today/26010740.coronation-street-doctor-casualty-star-dies/|access-date=2026-04-11|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> *[[Sid Krofft]], 96, Canadian puppeteer ===9=== *[[Afrika Bambaataa]], 68, American DJ and rapper ("[[Planet Rock (song)|Planet Rock]]", "[[Looking for the Perfect Beat]]", "[[Renegades of Funk]]"), complications from cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robledo|first=Anthony|date=2026-04-09|title=Afrika Bambaataa, hip-hop pioneer and Zulu Nation founder, dies|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2026/04/09/afrika-bambaataa-died/89539257007/|access-date=2026-04-10|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[C. D. Gopinath]], 96, Indian test cricketer ([[Madras cricket team|Madras]], [[India national cricket team|national team]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2026-04-09|title=C. D. Gopinath, member of India’s first-ever Test-winning team, passes away|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/cd-gopinath-passes-away-adyar-india-first-ever-test-winning-team-rip-tribute/article70842372.ece|access-date=2026-04-09|website=Sportstar|language=en}}</ref> ===8=== *[[Mario Adorf]], 95, German actor (''[[Major Dundee]]'', ''[[The Tin Drum (movie)|The Tin Drum]]'', ''[[Fedora (1978 movie)|Fedora]]'') and writer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Töniges|first=Sven|date=2026-04-09|title=Veteran German actor Mario Adorf dies at age 95|url=https://www.dw.com/en/veteran-german-actor-mario-adorf-dies-aged-95/a-76718629|access-date=2026-04-09|website=[[Deutsche Welle|DW]]|language=en}}</ref> ===7=== * [[Jim Whittaker]], 97, American mountaineer ([[1963 American Mount Everest expedition]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Almond|first=Elliott|date=2026-04-08|title=Famed mountaineer Jim Whittaker, first American atop Mount Everest, dies at 97|url=https://www.cascadiadaily.com/2026/apr/08/famed-mountaineer-jim-whittaker-first-american-atop-mount-everest-dies-at-97/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Cascadia Daily News|language=en-US}}</ref> ===6=== * [[Christian Schwarz-Schilling]], 95, Austrian-born German politician, [[Federal Ministry of Post and Telecommunications|minister of post and telecommunications]] (1982–1992) and [[High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (2006–2007).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2026-04-07|title=Former High Representative Christian Schwarz-Schilling passed away|url=https://sarajevotimes.com/former-high-representative-christian-schwarz-schilling-passed-away/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Sarajevo Times|language=en-US}}</ref> ===5=== * [[Adán Godoy]], 89, Chilean footballer ([[Santiago Morning]], [[Chile national football team|national team]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fuentealba|first=Rodrigo|date=2026-04-05|title=Luto en el fútbol chileno: fallece Adán Godoy, mundialista del 62|url=https://www.latercera.com/el-deportivo/noticia/luto-en-el-futbol-chileno-fallece-adan-godoy-mundialista-del-62/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=La Tercera|language=es}}</ref> ===4=== *[[Ling Liong Sik]], 82, Malaysian politician, acting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] (1988), [[Dewan Rakyat|MP]] (1974–2004), and [[Minister of Transport (Malaysia)|minister of transport]] (1986–2003).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2026-04-04|title=Ex-MCA president Dr Ling Liong Sik dies|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2026/04/04/ex-mca-president-dr-ling-liong-sik-dies|access-date=2026-04-05|website=Free Malaysia Today|language=en}}</ref> ===3=== * [[Carol Greitzer]], 101, American politician and abortion activist, [[New York City Council|New York City councilwoman]] (1969–1991).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anderson|first=Lincoln|date=2026-04-07|title=Carol Greitzer, trailblazing NYC political reformer and women’s advocate, dies at 101|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/carol-greitzer-trailblazing-nyc-political-200300914.html|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Michele Massimo Tarantini]], 83, Italian movie director (''[[Confessions of a Lady Cop]]'', ''[[A Man Called Magnum]]'', ''[[Taxi Girl (movie)|Taxi Girl]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zingariello|first=Ivan|date=2026-04-03|title=È morto Michele Massimo Tarantini, regista cult delle commedie sexy con Lino Banfi ed Edwige Fenech|url=https://www.spettacolo.eu/morto-regista-michele-massimo-tarantini/|access-date=2026-04-04|website=Spettacolo|language=it-IT}}</ref> ===2=== *[[Ian Rutherford]], 68, New Zealand cricketer ([[Otago cricket team|Otago]], [[Central Districts cricket team|Central Districts]], [[Otago Country cricket team|Central Otago]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-08|title=Former Otago Representative Ian Rutherford Passes Away.|url=https://www.otagocricket.co.nz/newsarticle/164560?newsfeedId=1099515|access-date=2026-04-08|website=Otago Cricket Association}}</ref> ===1=== ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://www.theguardian.com/tone/obituaries ''The Guardian'' (UK) obituaries] *[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/ ''The Telegraph'' (UK) obituaries] *[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Chicago Tribune''] *[https://latimes.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Los Angeles Times''] *[https://www.nytimes.com/pages/obituaries/index.html ''The New York Times'', obituaries] *[https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/obituaries/ ''The Washington Post'' obituaries] *[http://www.smh.com.au/obituaries ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' (Australia) obituaries] {{Deaths by month and year}} [[Category:2026 deaths|*]] g9wlhbvagbg0a17h6bpadsotfnv46ar 10879177 10879039 2026-06-05T00:33:52Z ~2026-29279-73 1804013 10879177 wikitext text/x-wiki Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: * Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent [[nationality]] (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference. Entries without a source should be removed. <!--Please check to see if someone is already listed before listing them--> <!-- * * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines below when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * * A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth or nationality if the subject is not eligible (for example, in the case of animals), subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and reference. Names are reported under the date of death. Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by surname or pseudonym. (1) Please add only those meeting Wikipedia notability guidelines. Include a reference to a reliable source.[a] [b] If a Wikipedia article for the dead does not yet exist, reconsider whether the subject is actually notable. If so, consider writing an article yourself. Those without a Wikipedia article are removed after one month. (2) Please understand that the intent of this article is to report notable deaths. Tragic deaths, while unfortunate, do not necessarily render the dead "notable". If you report the death of a notable subject that does not already have a Wikipedia article, consider starting one. (3) Please add entries in alphabetical order by family name. Please avoid over-linking. As such, please do not add links to nationalities, common occupations, or common causes of death. Rather, include only "links that aid navigation and understanding". Thank you. (4) References should be in <ref>[url & title]</ref> format, as full citations make the page too slow to load, and too big to edit. (5) Please do not move deaths from the previous month until the 8th of current month. --Notes-- [a] See [[WP:RS]] for definition of reliable source, and [[WP:BLPSOURCE]] for living and recently deceased persons. [b] For information on using information from Ancestry.com, Find-a-grave, or IMDb, please see [[WP:ELPEREN]]. * * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines above when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * * --> {{TOC right}} ==June== ===5=== ===4=== *[[Fergus Slattery]], 77, Irish [[International Rugby Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] rugby union player ([[British & Irish Lions]], [[Barbarian F.C.|Barbarians]], [[Ireland national rugby union team|national team]]). *[[Chunchuna Villafañe]], 92, Argentine actress (''[[No toquen a la nena]]'', ''[[The Official Story]]'', ''[[I Never Been in Vienna]]''). ===3=== *[[Chung King-fai]], 89, Hong Kong actor (''[[Black Mask (1996 movie)|Black Mask]]'', ''[[My Family (Hong Kong TV series)|My Family]]'', ''[[Welcome to the House]]''). *[[Sally Grace]], 74, English actress (''[[The Animals of Farthing Wood (TV series)|The Animals of Farthing Wood]]'', ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Ghost Story (1974 movie)|Ghost Story]]''). *[[Angela Morant]], 84–85, British actress (''[[I, Claudius (TV series)|I, Claudius]]'', ''[[Brookside (TV series)|Brookside]]'', ''[[Dixon of Dock Green]]''). ===2=== *[[Peabo Bryson]], 75, American singer ("[[Tonight, I Celebrate My Love]]", "[[Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)|Beauty and the Beast]]", "[[A Whole New World]]"), [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Grammy]] winner ([[35th Annual Grammy Awards|1993]], [[36th Annual Grammy Awards|1994]]), stroke. ===1=== *[[Knut Husebø]], 80, Norwegian visual artist and actor (''[[Life and Death (1980 movie)|Life and Death]]'', ''[[Julia Julia]]'', ''[[Apprentice to Murder]]''). ==May== ===31=== *[[Ronald LaPread]], 75, American musician ([[Commodores]]). ===30=== *[[Dorita Burgos]], 90, Argentine actress (''[[The Campanelli's Picnic]]'', ''[[Los caballeros de la cama redonda]]''). *[[Josefina Molina]], 89, Spanish film director (''[[Esquilache]]'', ''[[Teresa de Jesús]]''), screenwriter and television producer. ===29=== *[[Sidney Moko Mead]], 99, New Zealand [[Māori people|Māori]] anthropologist and historian. ===28=== *[[Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi]], 80, Yemeni politician, [[President of Yemen|president]] (2012–2022), [[Vice President of Yemen|vice president]] (1994–2012), and [[Ministry of Defense (Yemen)|minister of defense]] (1994), heart attack. ===27=== *[[Klaus Emmerich (director)|Klaus Emmerich]], 82, German film director (''[[The First Polka]]'', ''[[Trokadero]]''). ===26=== ===25=== *[[Rene Belmonte]], 55, Brazilian screenwriter [[If I Were You (2006 movie)|(''If I Were You'']], [[Novo Mundo (TV series)|''Novo Mundo'']], ''[[Federal Bank Heist]]''). *[[Sonny Rollins]], 95, American jazz saxophonist ("[[Airegin]]", "[[Doxy (song)|Doxy]]", "[[St. Thomas (song)|St. Thomas]]"). ===24=== ===23=== *[[Thérèse Liotard]], 80, French actress (''[[Viens chez moi, j'habite chez une copine]]'', ''[[My Father's Glory (movie)|My Father's Glory]]'', ''[[My Mother's Castle (movie)|My Mother's Castle]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gajderowicz|first=Jessica|date=2026-05-23|title=Viens chez moi, j’habite chez une copine : après Michel Blanc, décès à 80 ans de la comédienne Thérèse Liotard|url=https://www.public.fr/viens-chez-moi-jhabite-chez-une-copine-apres-michel-blanc-deces-a-80-ans-de-la-comedienne-therese-liotard|access-date=2026-05-24|website=Public|language=fr}}</ref> *[[Jools Topp|Dame Jools Topp]], 68, New Zealand musician and comedian ([[Topp Twins]]), breast cancer. ===22=== *[[Tamati Reedy]], 89, New Zealand Māori academic, rugby union player ([[Ngati Porou East Coast Rugby Football Union|East Coast]], [[Thames Valley Rugby Football Union|Thames Valley]], [[Māori All Blacks]]), and public servant.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-23|title=Ngāti Porou leader Tā Tamati Reedy dies aged 89|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/596090/ngati-porou-leader-ta-tamati-reedy-dies-aged-89|access-date=2026-05-24|website=RNZ|language=en-nz}}</ref> ===21=== * [[Kyle Busch]], 41, American racing driver ([[NASCAR]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-24|title=Nascar star Kyle Busch died of severe pneumonia and sepsis, family says|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ceqpwx5741no|access-date=2026-05-24|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[Michael Keating (actor)|Michael Keating]], 79, English actor (''[[Blakes 7]]'', ''[[EastEnders]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-21|title=Eastenders and Blake’s 7 star Michael Keating dies aged 79|url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/michael-keating-death-age-eastenders-cause-b2981285.html|access-date=2026-05-24|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> ===20=== *[[George Eastman (actor)|George Eastman]], 83, Italian actor (''[[Antropophagus]]'', ''[[Rabid Dogs]]'') and screenwriter (''[[Keoma (movie)|Keoma]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-21|title=George Eastman, è morto l'attore, papà di Arianna Montefiori|url=https://www.ildifforme.it/spettacoli/cinema/george-esatman-arianna-montefiori/|access-date=2026-05-24|language=it-IT}}</ref> ===19=== *[[Péter Scherer]], 64, Hungarian actor (''[[The Lord's Lantern in Budapest]]'', ''[[Kontroll]]'', ''[[One Day in Europe]]''). ===18=== *[[Alexander Held]], 67, German actor.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.focus.de/kultur/stars/schauspieler-alexander-held-stirbt-mit-67-jahren_109b64a0-16b5-4927-af4a-1d52526817a9.html | title=Schauspieler Alexander Held stirbt mit 67 Jahren | work=[[Focus Online]] | date=19 May 2026 |language=de |access-date=19 May 2026 }}</ref> ===17=== *[[Scott Hastings (rugby union)|Scott Hastings]], 61, Scottish rugby union player ([[Watsonian FC|Watsonians]], [[Edinburgh Rugby|Edinburgh]], [[Scotland national rugby union team|national team]]), non-Hodgkin lymphoma. *[[M. J. K. Smith]], 92, English cricketer ([[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]], [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]], [[England cricket team|national team]]). ===16=== *[[Dennis Locorriere]], 76, American singer and guitarist ([[Dr. Hook]]), kidney disease.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bird|first=Daniel|last2=Association|first2=Izzie Addison, Press|date=2026-05-17|title=Dr Hook star dead after 'long and courageous battle'|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/dennis-locorriere-dead-dr-hook-37168692|access-date=2026-05-24|website=Daily Mirror|language=en}}</ref> ===15=== *[[Angelica Domröse]], 85, German actress (''[[Love's Confusion]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Werner Holt (movie)|The Adventures of Werner Holt]]'', ''[[The Legend of Paul and Paula]]''). ===14=== *[[Krzysztof Piesiewicz]], 80, Polish screenwriter (''[[No End (movie)|No End]]'', ''[[The Double Life of Veronique]]'') and politician, [[Senate of Poland|senator]] (1991–1993, 1997–2011). *[[Alan Rothwell]], 89, English actor (''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Brookside (TV series)|Brookside]]'', ''[[Heartbeat (British TV series)|Heartbeat]]'') and television presenter. ===13=== *[[Clarence Carter]], 90, American singer-songwriter ("[[Slip Away (Clarence Carter song)|Slip Away]]", "[[Patches (Chairmen of the Board song)|Patches]]", "[[Strokin']]"), complications from pneumonia, prostate cancer and sepsis. ===12=== *[[Stanisława Celińska]], 79, Polish actress (''[[Mamuśki]]'', ''[[The Maids of Wilko]]'', ''[[Landscape After the Battle]]''). *[[Jack Taylor (American actor)|Jack Taylor]], 99, American actor (''[[Succubus (movie)|Succubus]]'', ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 movie)|Conan the Barbarian]]'', ''[[The Ninth Gate]]''). ===11=== *[[Mal Anderson]], 91, Australian [[International Tennis Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] tennis player. *[[Brandon Clarke]], 29, Canadian basketball player ([[Memphis Grizzlies]])<ref>[https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/memphis-grizzlies-player-brandon-clarke-dies-at-29/3889534/ 29-year-old Memphis Grizzlies player Brandon Clarke dies in the San Fernando Valley]</ref> ===10=== *[[Rosemarie Bergmans]], 82, Belgian actress (''[[Pauline and Paulette]]''). *[[Michael Pennington]], 82, English actor (''[[Return of the Jedi]]'', ''[[Hamlet (1969 movie)|Hamlet]]''), co-founder of the [[English Shakespeare Company]]. ===9=== *[[Bobby Cox]], 84, American [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] baseball manager ([[Atlanta Braves]], [[Toronto Blue Jays]]), player, and coach, [[World Series]] champion ([[1977 World Series|1977]], [[1995 World Series|1995]]). *[[Maurice R. Greenberg]], 101, American businessman and philanthropist ===8=== *[[Festus Mogae]], 86, Botswana politician and economist, [[President of Botswana|president]] (1998–2008). ===7=== ===6=== *[[Ted Turner]], 87, American businessman and media owner ([[CNN]], [[WPCH-TV|WTBS]], [[TNT (American TV channel)|TNT]]).<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2026/05/06/us/ted-turner-death CNN founder Ted Turner, a pioneer of cable TV news, dies at 87]</ref> *[[Cavayé Yéguié Djibril]], 86, Cameroonian politician, [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon|president of the National Assembly]] (1992–2026).<ref>[https://www.cameroon-concord.com/headlines/cavaye-yeguie-djibril-dies-days-after-removal-as-assembly-speaker Cavaye Yéguié Djibril Dies Days After Removal as Assembly Speaker]</ref> ===5=== *[[Lee Hong-koo]], 91, South Korean diplomat and politician, [[Prime Minister of South Korea|prime minister]] (1994–1995) and [[List of ambassadors of South Korea to the United States|ambassador to the United States]] (1998–2000). *[[Jonathan Tiersten]], 60, American actor (''[[Sleepaway Camp]]'', ''[[Return to Sleepaway Camp]]'', ''[[The Perfect House (2011 American movie)|The Perfect House]]''). ===4=== * [[Stein Erik Hagen]], 69, Norwegian businessman.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Haugan|first=Bjørn|last2=Farestvedt|first2=Ingrid Bjørndal|last3=Tovan|first3=Anders Ihle|last4=Storebø|first4=Ingrid|date=2026-05-04|title=Stein Erik Hagen (69) er død|url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/OkyV0A/stein-erik-hagen-69-er-doed|access-date=2026-05-04|website=VG|language=no}}</ref> ===3=== *[[Claire Maurier]], 97, French actress (''[[La Cage aux Folles (movie)|La Cage aux Folles]]'', ''[[Amélie]]'', ''[[A Bad Son]]''). ===2=== ===1=== ==April== ===30=== * [[Georg Baselitz]], 88, German painter and sculptor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maler und Bildhauer Georg Baselitz ist tot - WELT|url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/article69f364ce70b8657fbe528126/maler-und-bildhauer-georg-baselitz-ist-tot.html|access-date=2026-05-01|website=[[Die Welt]]|language=de}}</ref> ===29=== *[[David Allan Coe]], 86, American country singer ("[[Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile]]", "[[The Ride (David Allan Coe song)|The Ride]]") and songwriter ("[[Take This Job and Shove It]]").<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hudak|first=Joseph|date=2026-04-30|title=David Allan Coe, Singer of the 'Perfect Country & Western Song,' Dead at 86|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/david-allan-coe-dead-obituary-1218831/|access-date=2026-05-01|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[J. Craig Venter]], 79, American genomics researcher, founder of [[Celera Corporation]] and [[J. Craig Venter Institute|JCVI]], complications from cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-29|title=J. Craig Venter, genomics pioneer and founder of JCVI and Diploid Genomics, Inc., dies at 79|url=https://natlawreview.com/press-releases/j-craig-venter-genomics-pioneer-and-founder-jcvi-and-diploid-genomics-inc|access-date=2026-05-01|website=The National Law Review}}</ref> ===28=== * [[Bill Grayden]], 105, Australian politician, [[Australian House of Representatives|MP]] (1949–1954) and [[Western Australian Legislative Assembly|Western Australian MLA]] (1947–1949, 1956–1993).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-04-29|title=Longest-serving WA MP, war hero Bill Grayden, dies at 105|language=en-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-04-29/bill-grayden-war-veteran-wa-parliamentarian-dies-aged-105/106620348|access-date=2026-05-01}}</ref> *[[Ange Édouard Poungui]], 84, [[Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] politician, [[List of prime ministers of the Republic of the Congo|prime minister]] (1984–1989).<ref>{{Cite web|last=BOUKAKA|first=Bertrand|date=2026-04-28|title=Congo - Décès : Ange Édouard Poungui a tiré sa révérence|url=https://lesechos-congobrazza.com/politique/12102-congo-deces-ange-edouard-poungui-a-tire-sa-reverence|access-date=2026-04-29|website=Les Echos du Congo Brazzaville|language=fr-fr}}</ref> ===27=== ===26=== *[[Nedra Talley]], 80, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] singer ([[The Ronettes]]).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Clack |first=Erin |date=April 26, 2026 |title=Nedra Talley Ross, Last Surviving Member of 1960s Girl Group The Ronettes, Dies at 80 |url=https://people.com/nedra-talley-ross-last-surviving-member-of-the-ronettes-dead-at-80-11958962 |access-date=April 27, 2026 |work=People}}</ref> ===25=== *[[Andrzej Olechowski]], 78, Polish politician, minister of [[Ministry of Finance (Poland)|finance]] (1992) and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)|foreign affairs]] (1993–1995).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Beszłej|first=Franciszek Józef|date=2024-04-25|title=Polish ex-minister Andrzej Olechowski dies at 78|url=https://tvpworld.com/92910565/polish-ex-minister-civic-platform-co-founder-andrzej-olechowski-dies-at-78|access-date=2026-04-26|website=TVP World|language=en}}</ref> (death announced on this date) ===24=== *[[Dirk Kempthorne]], 74, American politician, member of the [[U.S. Senate]] (1993–1999), [[governor of Idaho]] (1999–2006) and [[United States Secretary of the Interior|secretary of the interior]] (2006–2009), [[colon cancer]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Corbin|first=Clark|date=2026-04-25|title=Former Secretary of the Interior and Idaho Gov. Dirk Kempthorne dies at 74|url=https://idahocapitalsun.com/2026/04/25/former-secretary-of-the-interior-and-idaho-gov-dirk-kempthorne-dies-at-74/|access-date=2026-04-26|website=Idaho Capital Sun|language=en-US}}</ref> ===23=== *[[Rexhep Qosja]], 89, Albanian writer and politician.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2026-04-23|title=Kosovan literary figure and political thinker Rexhep Qosja dies aged 89|url=https://rtsh.al/rti/en/kosovan-literary-figure-and-political-thinker-rexhep-qosja-dies-aged-89/|access-date=2026-04-25|website=RTSH English|language=en-US}}</ref> ===22=== *[[Eugene Braunwald]], 96, Austrian-born American cardiologist.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maxwell|first=Yael L.|date=2026-04-23|title=Eugene Braunwald, ‘Icon’ of Modern Cardiology, Dies at 96|url=https://www.tctmd.com/news/eugene-braunwald-icon-modern-cardiology-dies-96|access-date=2026-04-26|website=TCTMD|language=en}}</ref> *[[Tony Parkes]], 76, English football player ([[Buxton F.C.|Buxton]], [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]]) and manager (Blackburn Rovers), complications from Alzheimer's disease.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wynn|first=Amos|date=2026-04-23|title=Former Blackpool and Blackburn Rovers figure dies aged 76|url=https://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/sport/football/blackpool-fc/blackpool-blackburn-rovers-7266481|access-date=2026-04-26|website=Blackpool Gazette|language=en}}</ref> *[[David Scott (Georgia politician)|David Scott]], 80, American politician, member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] (since 2003), [[Georgia Senate]] (1983–2003), and [[Georgia House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] (1975–1983).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stracqualursi|first=Veronica|date=2026-04-22|title=Longtime Georgia Democrat US Rep. David Scott dies at 80 {{!}} CNN Politics|url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/04/22/politics/david-scott-death-georgia-house|access-date=2026-04-26|website=[[CNN]]|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Ruth Slenczynska]], 101, American classical pianist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-23|title=Ruth Slenczynska dies at 101|url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/content/classical-music-news/ruth-slenczynska-dies-at-101|access-date=2026-04-26|website=Gramophone|language=en}}</ref> *[[Michael Tilson Thomas]], 81, American conductor, pianist and composer, [[glioblastoma]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blum|first=Ronald|date=2026-04-23|title=Michael Tilson Thomas, renowned conductor and composer, dies at 81|url=https://apnews.com/article/conductor-michael-tilson-thomas-dies-605d6386990b6e0be24322df99b02385|access-date=2026-04-26|website=[[AP News]]|language=en}}</ref> ===21=== *[[Elsie Kelly]], 89, English actress (''[[Benidorm (British TV series)|Benidorm]]'', ''[[The Famous Five (1995 TV series)|The Famous Five]]'', ''[[Crossroads (British TV series)|Crossroads]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=Isobel|date=2026-04-22|title=Benidorm actor dies aged 89 as co-stars pay tribute|url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/elsie-kelly-benidorm-death-b2962559.html|access-date=2026-04-25|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en}}</ref> ===20=== *[[Luis Brandoni]], 86, Argentine actor (''[[The Truce (1974 movie)|The Truce]]'', ''[[State of Reality]]'', ''[[Waiting for the Hearse]]'') and politician, [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|deputy]] (1997–2001), complications from a fall.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin|first=Hugo|date=2026-04-20|title=Murió Luis Brandoni a los 86 años, emblema del cine, teatro y televisión|url=https://www.infobae.com/teleshow/2026/04/20/murio-luis-brandoni-a-los-86-anos/|access-date=2026-04-20|website=[[Infobae]]|language=es-AR}}</ref> *[[Alan Osmond]], 76, American musician ([[The Osmonds]]) and songwriter ("[[Down by the Lazy River]]", "[[Crazy Horses]]").<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Valerie|date=2026-04-21|title=Alan Osmond, oldest member of The Osmonds, dies at 76|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2026/04/20/alan-osmond-dies-at-76/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Deseret News|language=en-US}}</ref> ===19=== * [[George Ariyoshi]], 100, American politician, [[Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii|lieutenant governor]] (1970–1974) and [[governor of Hawaii]] (1974–1986).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nakaso|first=Dan|last2=Gomes|first2=Andrew|last3=Berger|first3=John|date=2026-04-21|title=George Ariyoshi, nation’s first governor of Asian American descent, dies at age 100|url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2026/04/21/hawaii-news/george-ariyoshi-nations-first-governor-of-asian-american-descent-described-as-quiet-and-effective-dies-at-age-100/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Honolulu Star-Advertiser|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Dave Mason]], 79, English [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] musician ([[Traffic (band)|Traffic]]) and songwriter ("[[Hole in My Shoe]]", "[[Feelin' Alright?]]").<ref>{{Cite web|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|date=2026-04-22|title=Dave Mason, Traffic Co-Founder Who Penned 'Feelin' Alright?,' Dead at 79|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/dave-mason-traffic-dead-obituary-1235459696/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Desmond Morris]], 98, English zoologist (''[[The Naked Ape]]''), ethnologist and surrealist painter.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woodhouse|first=Sam|date=2026-04-20|title=Zoologist and author Desmond Morris dies aged 98|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c51y797v200o|access-date=2026-04-20|website=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[María Nieves]], 91, Argentine tango dancer (''[[Tango Argentino (musical)|Tango Argentino]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-19|title=Murió María Nieves, una bailarina de tango mágica e irrepetible|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/actualidad/murio-maria-nieves-una-bailarina-de-tango-magica-e-inolvidable.phtml|access-date=2026-04-20|website=Perfil|language=es}}</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Ester Pajusoo]], 91, Estonian actress (''[[A Young Retiree]]'', ''[[Vana daami visiit]]'', ''[[Kättemaksukontor]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2026-04-20|title=Hüvasti, Kessu! Suri näitleja Ester Pajusoo|url=https://kultuur.err.ee/1610000491/huvasti-kessu-suri-naitleja-ester-pajusoo|access-date=2026-04-22|website=ERR|language=et}}</ref> ===18=== *[[Lai Cheng-ying]], 94, Taiwanese cinematographer (''[[Beautiful Duckling]]'', ''[[Execution in Autumn]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hung|first=Su-ching|last2=Lee|first2=Hsin-Yin|date=2026-04-19|title=Veteran cinematographer Lai Cheng-ying dies at 95 - Focus Taiwan|url=https://focustaiwan.tw/culture/202604190010|access-date=2026-04-19|website=Focus Taiwan - CNA English News|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Stefanos Linaios]], 97, Greek actor (''[[Dead Man's Treasure|Dead Man’s Treasure]]'') and politician, [[Hellenic Parliament|MP]] (1989–1990).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Επτακοίλη|first=Γιούλη|date=2026-04-22|title=Πέθανε ο Στέφανος Ληναίος|url=https://www.kathimerini.gr/culture/564187831/pethane-o-stefanos-linaios/|access-date=2026-04-25|website=[[Kathimerini]]|language=greek}}</ref> ===17=== *[[Nathalie Baye]], 77, French actress (''[[Every Man for Himself (1980 movie)|Every Man for Himself]]'', ''[[Strange Affair (1981 movie)|Strange Affair]]'', ''[[Le Petit Lieutenant]]''), [[Lewy body dementia]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-18|title=French film star Nathalie Baye dead at 77: family to AFP|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260418-french-film-star-nathalie-baye-dead-at-77-family-to-afp|access-date=2026-04-18|website=[[France 24]]|language=en}}</ref> ===16=== *[[Mark Carrington (cricketer)|Mark Carrington]], 64, New Zealand cricketer ([[Northern Districts men's cricket team|Northern Districts]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gillies|first=John|title='He was big and he was fast': Carrington made his mark on cricket stage|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/gisborne-herald/news/gisborne-boys-high-old-boy-mark-carrington-shone-at-local-and-national-cricket-level/EKTZHLGZABG4RC3OJ5EFF37P3I/|url-access=subscription|access-date=2026-04-29|website=Gisborne Herald|language=en-NZ}}</ref> *[[Justin Fairfax]], 47, American politician, [[Lieutenant Governor of Virginia|lieutenant governor of Virginia]] (2018–2022), suicide by gunshot.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Domingo|first=Ida|last2=James|first2=Jessica|date=2026-04-16|title=Former Virginia Lt. Gov. Justin Fairfax and his wife dead in murder-suicide|url=https://wset.com/news/nation-world/murder-suicide-man-woman-dead-annandale-home-fairfax-county-virginia-crime-gun-violence-investigation-domestic-fight-guinevere-drive-victims-fcp-police-officers|access-date=2026-04-18|website=WSET|language=en}}</ref> *[[Kazuo Imanishi]], 85, Japanese football player ([[Sanfrecce Hiroshima|Toyo Industries]], [[Japan national football team|national team]]) and manager ([[Sanfrecce Hiroshima|Mazda]]), pneumonia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-16|title=サンフレッチェ広島初代総監督 今西和男さんの訃報に接して|url=https://www.sanfrecce.co.jp/news/team/12243|access-date=2026-04-18|website=サンフレッチェ広島 オフィシャルサイト|language=ja}}</ref> *[[Jan Potměšil]], 60, Czech actor (''[[Why? (movie)|Why?]]'', ''[[Princess Jasnenka and the Flying Shoemaker]]'', ''[[Bony a klid]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-17|title=Ve věku 60 let zemřel divadelní a filmový herec Jan Potměšil|url=https://www.idnes.cz/kultura/divadlo/ve-veku-60-let-zemrel-divadelni-a-filmovy-herec-jan-potmesil.A260417_071219_divadlo_tbr|access-date=2026-04-17|website=iDNES.cz|language=Czech}}</ref> ===15=== *[[Alexander Morton]], 81, Scottish actor (''[[Monarch of the Glen (TV series)|Monarch of the Glen]]'', ''[[Take the High Road]]'', ''[[Taggart]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Erskine|first=Donald|date=2026-04-15|title=Tributes paid to Scots actor Alexander 'Sandy' Morton who has died aged 81|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/26025431.tributes-paid-scots-actor-alexander-sandy-morton/|access-date=2026-04-17|website=The Herald|language=en}}</ref> * [[José Santamaría]], 96, Uruguayan-Spanish football player ([[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay national team]]) and manager ([[Spain national football team|Spain national team]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-15|title=Official Statement: Passing of José Emilio Santamaría|url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en-US/news/club/announcements/comunicado-oficial-fallecimiento-de-jose-emilio-santamaria-15-04-2026|access-date=2026-04-18|website=Real Madrid CF|language=en}}</ref> ===14=== * [[Sue Prado]], 44, Filipina actress (''[[Oro (movie)|Oro]]'', ''[[Barber's Tales]]'', ''[[Manila Skies]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Villanueva|first=Angelica|date=2026-04-15|title=Actress Sue Prado dies at 44|url=https://manilastandard.net/showbiz/celebrity-profiles/314727588/actress-sue-prado-dies-at-44.html|access-date=2026-04-17|website=Manila Standard|language=en-US}}</ref> ===13=== * [[Moya Brennan]], 73, Irish folk singer ([[Clannad]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ó Curraighín|first=Shane|date=2026-04-14|title=Irish musician Moya Brennan dies aged 73|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2026/0414/1568068-moya-brennan-clannad/|access-date=2026-04-14|website=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]]}}</ref> ===12=== * [[Asha Bhosle]], 92, Indian [[playback singer]] ("[[Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko]]", "[[Dum Maro Dum (song)|Dum Maro Dum]]", "[[Piya Tu Ab To Aja]]"), [[multiple organ failure]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bose|first=Mrityunjay|date=2026-04-12|title=Obituary Asha Bhosle: Legendary Singer Passes Away at 92|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/legendary-singer-asha-bhosle-passes-away-at-92-3965138|access-date=2026-04-12|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en}}</ref> ===11=== * [[Hüsamettin Cindoruk]], 92, Turkish politician, acting [[President of Turkey|president]] (1993), twice member and [[Speaker of the Grand National Assembly|speaker]] (1991–1995) of the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-11|title=Hüsamettin Cindoruk has passed away.|url=https://en.haberler.com/husamettin-cindoruk-has-passed-away-19738955/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Haberler|language=en}}</ref> * [[John Nolan (actor)|John Nolan]], 87, British actor (''[[Person of Interest (TV series)|Person of Interest]]'', ''[[Following]]'', ''[[Batman Begins]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-11|title=Tributes to John Nolan - actor, director and a free spirit|url=https://www.stratford-herald.com/news/tributes-to-john-nolan-actor-director-and-a-free-spirit-9461362/|url-access=subscription|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Stratford Herald|language=en}}</ref> ===10=== * [[Eliot Engel]], 79, American politican, member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] (1989–2021).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Katz|first=Peter|date=2026-04-10|title=Former Rep. Elliot Engel dies at age 79|url=https://westfaironline.com/government/former-rep-elliot-engel-dies-at-age-79/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Westfair Communications|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Angela Pleasence]], 84, English actress (''[[Hitler: The Last Ten Days]]'', ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'').<ref>{{Cite news|last=Evans|first=Matthew|date=2026-04-10|title='Much-admired' Coronation Street, Doctor Who and Casualty star dies at 84|language=en-GB|work=Lancashire Telegraph|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/national/uk-today/26010740.coronation-street-doctor-casualty-star-dies/|access-date=2026-04-11|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> *[[Sid Krofft]], 96, Canadian puppeteer ===9=== *[[Afrika Bambaataa]], 68, American DJ and rapper ("[[Planet Rock (song)|Planet Rock]]", "[[Looking for the Perfect Beat]]", "[[Renegades of Funk]]"), complications from cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robledo|first=Anthony|date=2026-04-09|title=Afrika Bambaataa, hip-hop pioneer and Zulu Nation founder, dies|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2026/04/09/afrika-bambaataa-died/89539257007/|access-date=2026-04-10|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[C. D. Gopinath]], 96, Indian test cricketer ([[Madras cricket team|Madras]], [[India national cricket team|national team]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2026-04-09|title=C. D. Gopinath, member of India’s first-ever Test-winning team, passes away|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/cd-gopinath-passes-away-adyar-india-first-ever-test-winning-team-rip-tribute/article70842372.ece|access-date=2026-04-09|website=Sportstar|language=en}}</ref> ===8=== *[[Mario Adorf]], 95, German actor (''[[Major Dundee]]'', ''[[The Tin Drum (movie)|The Tin Drum]]'', ''[[Fedora (1978 movie)|Fedora]]'') and writer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Töniges|first=Sven|date=2026-04-09|title=Veteran German actor Mario Adorf dies at age 95|url=https://www.dw.com/en/veteran-german-actor-mario-adorf-dies-aged-95/a-76718629|access-date=2026-04-09|website=[[Deutsche Welle|DW]]|language=en}}</ref> ===7=== * [[Jim Whittaker]], 97, American mountaineer ([[1963 American Mount Everest expedition]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Almond|first=Elliott|date=2026-04-08|title=Famed mountaineer Jim Whittaker, first American atop Mount Everest, dies at 97|url=https://www.cascadiadaily.com/2026/apr/08/famed-mountaineer-jim-whittaker-first-american-atop-mount-everest-dies-at-97/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Cascadia Daily News|language=en-US}}</ref> ===6=== * [[Christian Schwarz-Schilling]], 95, Austrian-born German politician, [[Federal Ministry of Post and Telecommunications|minister of post and telecommunications]] (1982–1992) and [[High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (2006–2007).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2026-04-07|title=Former High Representative Christian Schwarz-Schilling passed away|url=https://sarajevotimes.com/former-high-representative-christian-schwarz-schilling-passed-away/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Sarajevo Times|language=en-US}}</ref> ===5=== * [[Adán Godoy]], 89, Chilean footballer ([[Santiago Morning]], [[Chile national football team|national team]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fuentealba|first=Rodrigo|date=2026-04-05|title=Luto en el fútbol chileno: fallece Adán Godoy, mundialista del 62|url=https://www.latercera.com/el-deportivo/noticia/luto-en-el-futbol-chileno-fallece-adan-godoy-mundialista-del-62/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=La Tercera|language=es}}</ref> ===4=== *[[Ling Liong Sik]], 82, Malaysian politician, acting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] (1988), [[Dewan Rakyat|MP]] (1974–2004), and [[Minister of Transport (Malaysia)|minister of transport]] (1986–2003).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2026-04-04|title=Ex-MCA president Dr Ling Liong Sik dies|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2026/04/04/ex-mca-president-dr-ling-liong-sik-dies|access-date=2026-04-05|website=Free Malaysia Today|language=en}}</ref> ===3=== * [[Carol Greitzer]], 101, American politician and abortion activist, [[New York City Council|New York City councilwoman]] (1969–1991).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anderson|first=Lincoln|date=2026-04-07|title=Carol Greitzer, trailblazing NYC political reformer and women’s advocate, dies at 101|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/carol-greitzer-trailblazing-nyc-political-200300914.html|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Michele Massimo Tarantini]], 83, Italian movie director (''[[Confessions of a Lady Cop]]'', ''[[A Man Called Magnum]]'', ''[[Taxi Girl (movie)|Taxi Girl]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zingariello|first=Ivan|date=2026-04-03|title=È morto Michele Massimo Tarantini, regista cult delle commedie sexy con Lino Banfi ed Edwige Fenech|url=https://www.spettacolo.eu/morto-regista-michele-massimo-tarantini/|access-date=2026-04-04|website=Spettacolo|language=it-IT}}</ref> ===2=== *[[Ian Rutherford]], 68, New Zealand cricketer ([[Otago cricket team|Otago]], [[Central Districts cricket team|Central Districts]], [[Otago Country cricket team|Central Otago]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-08|title=Former Otago Representative Ian Rutherford Passes Away.|url=https://www.otagocricket.co.nz/newsarticle/164560?newsfeedId=1099515|access-date=2026-04-08|website=Otago Cricket Association}}</ref> ===1=== ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://www.theguardian.com/tone/obituaries ''The Guardian'' (UK) obituaries] *[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/ ''The Telegraph'' (UK) obituaries] *[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Chicago Tribune''] *[https://latimes.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Los Angeles Times''] *[https://www.nytimes.com/pages/obituaries/index.html ''The New York Times'', obituaries] *[https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/obituaries/ ''The Washington Post'' obituaries] *[http://www.smh.com.au/obituaries ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' (Australia) obituaries] {{Deaths by month and year}} [[Category:2026 deaths|*]] alm8okm4dtue3x3k3900b6a8h993t6e 10879373 10879177 2026-06-05T06:44:11Z ~2026-29279-73 1804013 /* 4 */ 10879373 wikitext text/x-wiki Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: * Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent [[nationality]] (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference. Entries without a source should be removed. <!--Please check to see if someone is already listed before listing them--> <!-- * * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines below when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * * A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth or nationality if the subject is not eligible (for example, in the case of animals), subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and reference. Names are reported under the date of death. Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by surname or pseudonym. (1) Please add only those meeting Wikipedia notability guidelines. Include a reference to a reliable source.[a] [b] If a Wikipedia article for the dead does not yet exist, reconsider whether the subject is actually notable. If so, consider writing an article yourself. Those without a Wikipedia article are removed after one month. (2) Please understand that the intent of this article is to report notable deaths. Tragic deaths, while unfortunate, do not necessarily render the dead "notable". If you report the death of a notable subject that does not already have a Wikipedia article, consider starting one. (3) Please add entries in alphabetical order by family name. Please avoid over-linking. As such, please do not add links to nationalities, common occupations, or common causes of death. Rather, include only "links that aid navigation and understanding". Thank you. (4) References should be in <ref>[url & title]</ref> format, as full citations make the page too slow to load, and too big to edit. (5) Please do not move deaths from the previous month until the 8th of current month. --Notes-- [a] See [[WP:RS]] for definition of reliable source, and [[WP:BLPSOURCE]] for living and recently deceased persons. [b] For information on using information from Ancestry.com, Find-a-grave, or IMDb, please see [[WP:ELPEREN]]. * * * * * * * Please adhere to the guidelines above when adding a name to this article. * * * * * * * --> {{TOC right}} ==June== ===5=== ===4=== *[[Fergus Slattery]], 77, Irish [[International Rugby Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] rugby union player ([[British & Irish Lions]], [[Barbarian F.C.|Barbarians]], [[Ireland national rugby union team|national team]]). *[[John Swan (Bermudian politician)|John Swan]], 90, Bermudian politician, [[List of premiers of Bermuda|premier]] (1982–1995). *[[Chunchuna Villafañe]], 92, Argentine actress (''[[No toquen a la nena]]'', ''[[The Official Story]]'', ''[[I Never Been in Vienna]]''). ===3=== *[[Chung King-fai]], 89, Hong Kong actor (''[[Black Mask (1996 movie)|Black Mask]]'', ''[[My Family (Hong Kong TV series)|My Family]]'', ''[[Welcome to the House]]''). *[[Sally Grace]], 74, English actress (''[[The Animals of Farthing Wood (TV series)|The Animals of Farthing Wood]]'', ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Ghost Story (1974 movie)|Ghost Story]]''). *[[Angela Morant]], 84–85, British actress (''[[I, Claudius (TV series)|I, Claudius]]'', ''[[Brookside (TV series)|Brookside]]'', ''[[Dixon of Dock Green]]''). ===2=== *[[Peabo Bryson]], 75, American singer ("[[Tonight, I Celebrate My Love]]", "[[Beauty and the Beast (Disney song)|Beauty and the Beast]]", "[[A Whole New World]]"), [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals|Grammy]] winner ([[35th Annual Grammy Awards|1993]], [[36th Annual Grammy Awards|1994]]), stroke. ===1=== *[[Knut Husebø]], 80, Norwegian visual artist and actor (''[[Life and Death (1980 movie)|Life and Death]]'', ''[[Julia Julia]]'', ''[[Apprentice to Murder]]''). ==May== ===31=== *[[Ronald LaPread]], 75, American musician ([[Commodores]]). ===30=== *[[Dorita Burgos]], 90, Argentine actress (''[[The Campanelli's Picnic]]'', ''[[Los caballeros de la cama redonda]]''). *[[Josefina Molina]], 89, Spanish film director (''[[Esquilache]]'', ''[[Teresa de Jesús]]''), screenwriter and television producer. ===29=== *[[Sidney Moko Mead]], 99, New Zealand [[Māori people|Māori]] anthropologist and historian. ===28=== *[[Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi]], 80, Yemeni politician, [[President of Yemen|president]] (2012–2022), [[Vice President of Yemen|vice president]] (1994–2012), and [[Ministry of Defense (Yemen)|minister of defense]] (1994), heart attack. ===27=== *[[Klaus Emmerich (director)|Klaus Emmerich]], 82, German film director (''[[The First Polka]]'', ''[[Trokadero]]''). ===26=== ===25=== *[[Rene Belmonte]], 55, Brazilian screenwriter [[If I Were You (2006 movie)|(''If I Were You'']], [[Novo Mundo (TV series)|''Novo Mundo'']], ''[[Federal Bank Heist]]''). *[[Sonny Rollins]], 95, American jazz saxophonist ("[[Airegin]]", "[[Doxy (song)|Doxy]]", "[[St. Thomas (song)|St. Thomas]]"). ===24=== ===23=== *[[Thérèse Liotard]], 80, French actress (''[[Viens chez moi, j'habite chez une copine]]'', ''[[My Father's Glory (movie)|My Father's Glory]]'', ''[[My Mother's Castle (movie)|My Mother's Castle]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gajderowicz|first=Jessica|date=2026-05-23|title=Viens chez moi, j’habite chez une copine : après Michel Blanc, décès à 80 ans de la comédienne Thérèse Liotard|url=https://www.public.fr/viens-chez-moi-jhabite-chez-une-copine-apres-michel-blanc-deces-a-80-ans-de-la-comedienne-therese-liotard|access-date=2026-05-24|website=Public|language=fr}}</ref> *[[Jools Topp|Dame Jools Topp]], 68, New Zealand musician and comedian ([[Topp Twins]]), breast cancer. ===22=== *[[Tamati Reedy]], 89, New Zealand Māori academic, rugby union player ([[Ngati Porou East Coast Rugby Football Union|East Coast]], [[Thames Valley Rugby Football Union|Thames Valley]], [[Māori All Blacks]]), and public servant.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-23|title=Ngāti Porou leader Tā Tamati Reedy dies aged 89|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/596090/ngati-porou-leader-ta-tamati-reedy-dies-aged-89|access-date=2026-05-24|website=RNZ|language=en-nz}}</ref> ===21=== * [[Kyle Busch]], 41, American racing driver ([[NASCAR]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-24|title=Nascar star Kyle Busch died of severe pneumonia and sepsis, family says|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ceqpwx5741no|access-date=2026-05-24|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[Michael Keating (actor)|Michael Keating]], 79, English actor (''[[Blakes 7]]'', ''[[EastEnders]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-21|title=Eastenders and Blake’s 7 star Michael Keating dies aged 79|url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/michael-keating-death-age-eastenders-cause-b2981285.html|access-date=2026-05-24|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> ===20=== *[[George Eastman (actor)|George Eastman]], 83, Italian actor (''[[Antropophagus]]'', ''[[Rabid Dogs]]'') and screenwriter (''[[Keoma (movie)|Keoma]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-21|title=George Eastman, è morto l'attore, papà di Arianna Montefiori|url=https://www.ildifforme.it/spettacoli/cinema/george-esatman-arianna-montefiori/|access-date=2026-05-24|language=it-IT}}</ref> ===19=== *[[Péter Scherer]], 64, Hungarian actor (''[[The Lord's Lantern in Budapest]]'', ''[[Kontroll]]'', ''[[One Day in Europe]]''). ===18=== *[[Alexander Held]], 67, German actor.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.focus.de/kultur/stars/schauspieler-alexander-held-stirbt-mit-67-jahren_109b64a0-16b5-4927-af4a-1d52526817a9.html | title=Schauspieler Alexander Held stirbt mit 67 Jahren | work=[[Focus Online]] | date=19 May 2026 |language=de |access-date=19 May 2026 }}</ref> ===17=== *[[Scott Hastings (rugby union)|Scott Hastings]], 61, Scottish rugby union player ([[Watsonian FC|Watsonians]], [[Edinburgh Rugby|Edinburgh]], [[Scotland national rugby union team|national team]]), non-Hodgkin lymphoma. *[[M. J. K. Smith]], 92, English cricketer ([[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]], [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]], [[England cricket team|national team]]). ===16=== *[[Dennis Locorriere]], 76, American singer and guitarist ([[Dr. Hook]]), kidney disease.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bird|first=Daniel|last2=Association|first2=Izzie Addison, Press|date=2026-05-17|title=Dr Hook star dead after 'long and courageous battle'|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/dennis-locorriere-dead-dr-hook-37168692|access-date=2026-05-24|website=Daily Mirror|language=en}}</ref> ===15=== *[[Angelica Domröse]], 85, German actress (''[[Love's Confusion]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Werner Holt (movie)|The Adventures of Werner Holt]]'', ''[[The Legend of Paul and Paula]]''). ===14=== *[[Krzysztof Piesiewicz]], 80, Polish screenwriter (''[[No End (movie)|No End]]'', ''[[The Double Life of Veronique]]'') and politician, [[Senate of Poland|senator]] (1991–1993, 1997–2011). *[[Alan Rothwell]], 89, English actor (''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Brookside (TV series)|Brookside]]'', ''[[Heartbeat (British TV series)|Heartbeat]]'') and television presenter. ===13=== *[[Clarence Carter]], 90, American singer-songwriter ("[[Slip Away (Clarence Carter song)|Slip Away]]", "[[Patches (Chairmen of the Board song)|Patches]]", "[[Strokin']]"), complications from pneumonia, prostate cancer and sepsis. ===12=== *[[Stanisława Celińska]], 79, Polish actress (''[[Mamuśki]]'', ''[[The Maids of Wilko]]'', ''[[Landscape After the Battle]]''). *[[Jack Taylor (American actor)|Jack Taylor]], 99, American actor (''[[Succubus (movie)|Succubus]]'', ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 movie)|Conan the Barbarian]]'', ''[[The Ninth Gate]]''). ===11=== *[[Mal Anderson]], 91, Australian [[International Tennis Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] tennis player. *[[Brandon Clarke]], 29, Canadian basketball player ([[Memphis Grizzlies]])<ref>[https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/memphis-grizzlies-player-brandon-clarke-dies-at-29/3889534/ 29-year-old Memphis Grizzlies player Brandon Clarke dies in the San Fernando Valley]</ref> ===10=== *[[Rosemarie Bergmans]], 82, Belgian actress (''[[Pauline and Paulette]]''). *[[Michael Pennington]], 82, English actor (''[[Return of the Jedi]]'', ''[[Hamlet (1969 movie)|Hamlet]]''), co-founder of the [[English Shakespeare Company]]. ===9=== *[[Bobby Cox]], 84, American [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] baseball manager ([[Atlanta Braves]], [[Toronto Blue Jays]]), player, and coach, [[World Series]] champion ([[1977 World Series|1977]], [[1995 World Series|1995]]). *[[Maurice R. Greenberg]], 101, American businessman and philanthropist ===8=== *[[Festus Mogae]], 86, Botswana politician and economist, [[President of Botswana|president]] (1998–2008). ===7=== ===6=== *[[Ted Turner]], 87, American businessman and media owner ([[CNN]], [[WPCH-TV|WTBS]], [[TNT (American TV channel)|TNT]]).<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2026/05/06/us/ted-turner-death CNN founder Ted Turner, a pioneer of cable TV news, dies at 87]</ref> *[[Cavayé Yéguié Djibril]], 86, Cameroonian politician, [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon|president of the National Assembly]] (1992–2026).<ref>[https://www.cameroon-concord.com/headlines/cavaye-yeguie-djibril-dies-days-after-removal-as-assembly-speaker Cavaye Yéguié Djibril Dies Days After Removal as Assembly Speaker]</ref> ===5=== *[[Lee Hong-koo]], 91, South Korean diplomat and politician, [[Prime Minister of South Korea|prime minister]] (1994–1995) and [[List of ambassadors of South Korea to the United States|ambassador to the United States]] (1998–2000). *[[Jonathan Tiersten]], 60, American actor (''[[Sleepaway Camp]]'', ''[[Return to Sleepaway Camp]]'', ''[[The Perfect House (2011 American movie)|The Perfect House]]''). ===4=== * [[Stein Erik Hagen]], 69, Norwegian businessman.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Haugan|first=Bjørn|last2=Farestvedt|first2=Ingrid Bjørndal|last3=Tovan|first3=Anders Ihle|last4=Storebø|first4=Ingrid|date=2026-05-04|title=Stein Erik Hagen (69) er død|url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/OkyV0A/stein-erik-hagen-69-er-doed|access-date=2026-05-04|website=VG|language=no}}</ref> ===3=== *[[Claire Maurier]], 97, French actress (''[[La Cage aux Folles (movie)|La Cage aux Folles]]'', ''[[Amélie]]'', ''[[A Bad Son]]''). ===2=== ===1=== ==April== ===30=== * [[Georg Baselitz]], 88, German painter and sculptor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maler und Bildhauer Georg Baselitz ist tot - WELT|url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/article69f364ce70b8657fbe528126/maler-und-bildhauer-georg-baselitz-ist-tot.html|access-date=2026-05-01|website=[[Die Welt]]|language=de}}</ref> ===29=== *[[David Allan Coe]], 86, American country singer ("[[Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile]]", "[[The Ride (David Allan Coe song)|The Ride]]") and songwriter ("[[Take This Job and Shove It]]").<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hudak|first=Joseph|date=2026-04-30|title=David Allan Coe, Singer of the 'Perfect Country & Western Song,' Dead at 86|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/david-allan-coe-dead-obituary-1218831/|access-date=2026-05-01|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[J. Craig Venter]], 79, American genomics researcher, founder of [[Celera Corporation]] and [[J. Craig Venter Institute|JCVI]], complications from cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-29|title=J. Craig Venter, genomics pioneer and founder of JCVI and Diploid Genomics, Inc., dies at 79|url=https://natlawreview.com/press-releases/j-craig-venter-genomics-pioneer-and-founder-jcvi-and-diploid-genomics-inc|access-date=2026-05-01|website=The National Law Review}}</ref> ===28=== * [[Bill Grayden]], 105, Australian politician, [[Australian House of Representatives|MP]] (1949–1954) and [[Western Australian Legislative Assembly|Western Australian MLA]] (1947–1949, 1956–1993).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2026-04-29|title=Longest-serving WA MP, war hero Bill Grayden, dies at 105|language=en-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-04-29/bill-grayden-war-veteran-wa-parliamentarian-dies-aged-105/106620348|access-date=2026-05-01}}</ref> *[[Ange Édouard Poungui]], 84, [[Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] politician, [[List of prime ministers of the Republic of the Congo|prime minister]] (1984–1989).<ref>{{Cite web|last=BOUKAKA|first=Bertrand|date=2026-04-28|title=Congo - Décès : Ange Édouard Poungui a tiré sa révérence|url=https://lesechos-congobrazza.com/politique/12102-congo-deces-ange-edouard-poungui-a-tire-sa-reverence|access-date=2026-04-29|website=Les Echos du Congo Brazzaville|language=fr-fr}}</ref> ===27=== ===26=== *[[Nedra Talley]], 80, American [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] singer ([[The Ronettes]]).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Clack |first=Erin |date=April 26, 2026 |title=Nedra Talley Ross, Last Surviving Member of 1960s Girl Group The Ronettes, Dies at 80 |url=https://people.com/nedra-talley-ross-last-surviving-member-of-the-ronettes-dead-at-80-11958962 |access-date=April 27, 2026 |work=People}}</ref> ===25=== *[[Andrzej Olechowski]], 78, Polish politician, minister of [[Ministry of Finance (Poland)|finance]] (1992) and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)|foreign affairs]] (1993–1995).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Beszłej|first=Franciszek Józef|date=2024-04-25|title=Polish ex-minister Andrzej Olechowski dies at 78|url=https://tvpworld.com/92910565/polish-ex-minister-civic-platform-co-founder-andrzej-olechowski-dies-at-78|access-date=2026-04-26|website=TVP World|language=en}}</ref> (death announced on this date) ===24=== *[[Dirk Kempthorne]], 74, American politician, member of the [[U.S. Senate]] (1993–1999), [[governor of Idaho]] (1999–2006) and [[United States Secretary of the Interior|secretary of the interior]] (2006–2009), [[colon cancer]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Corbin|first=Clark|date=2026-04-25|title=Former Secretary of the Interior and Idaho Gov. Dirk Kempthorne dies at 74|url=https://idahocapitalsun.com/2026/04/25/former-secretary-of-the-interior-and-idaho-gov-dirk-kempthorne-dies-at-74/|access-date=2026-04-26|website=Idaho Capital Sun|language=en-US}}</ref> ===23=== *[[Rexhep Qosja]], 89, Albanian writer and politician.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2026-04-23|title=Kosovan literary figure and political thinker Rexhep Qosja dies aged 89|url=https://rtsh.al/rti/en/kosovan-literary-figure-and-political-thinker-rexhep-qosja-dies-aged-89/|access-date=2026-04-25|website=RTSH English|language=en-US}}</ref> ===22=== *[[Eugene Braunwald]], 96, Austrian-born American cardiologist.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maxwell|first=Yael L.|date=2026-04-23|title=Eugene Braunwald, ‘Icon’ of Modern Cardiology, Dies at 96|url=https://www.tctmd.com/news/eugene-braunwald-icon-modern-cardiology-dies-96|access-date=2026-04-26|website=TCTMD|language=en}}</ref> *[[Tony Parkes]], 76, English football player ([[Buxton F.C.|Buxton]], [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]]) and manager (Blackburn Rovers), complications from Alzheimer's disease.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wynn|first=Amos|date=2026-04-23|title=Former Blackpool and Blackburn Rovers figure dies aged 76|url=https://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/sport/football/blackpool-fc/blackpool-blackburn-rovers-7266481|access-date=2026-04-26|website=Blackpool Gazette|language=en}}</ref> *[[David Scott (Georgia politician)|David Scott]], 80, American politician, member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] (since 2003), [[Georgia Senate]] (1983–2003), and [[Georgia House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] (1975–1983).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stracqualursi|first=Veronica|date=2026-04-22|title=Longtime Georgia Democrat US Rep. David Scott dies at 80 {{!}} CNN Politics|url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/04/22/politics/david-scott-death-georgia-house|access-date=2026-04-26|website=[[CNN]]|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Ruth Slenczynska]], 101, American classical pianist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-23|title=Ruth Slenczynska dies at 101|url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/content/classical-music-news/ruth-slenczynska-dies-at-101|access-date=2026-04-26|website=Gramophone|language=en}}</ref> *[[Michael Tilson Thomas]], 81, American conductor, pianist and composer, [[glioblastoma]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blum|first=Ronald|date=2026-04-23|title=Michael Tilson Thomas, renowned conductor and composer, dies at 81|url=https://apnews.com/article/conductor-michael-tilson-thomas-dies-605d6386990b6e0be24322df99b02385|access-date=2026-04-26|website=[[AP News]]|language=en}}</ref> ===21=== *[[Elsie Kelly]], 89, English actress (''[[Benidorm (British TV series)|Benidorm]]'', ''[[The Famous Five (1995 TV series)|The Famous Five]]'', ''[[Crossroads (British TV series)|Crossroads]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=Isobel|date=2026-04-22|title=Benidorm actor dies aged 89 as co-stars pay tribute|url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/elsie-kelly-benidorm-death-b2962559.html|access-date=2026-04-25|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en}}</ref> ===20=== *[[Luis Brandoni]], 86, Argentine actor (''[[The Truce (1974 movie)|The Truce]]'', ''[[State of Reality]]'', ''[[Waiting for the Hearse]]'') and politician, [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|deputy]] (1997–2001), complications from a fall.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Martin|first=Hugo|date=2026-04-20|title=Murió Luis Brandoni a los 86 años, emblema del cine, teatro y televisión|url=https://www.infobae.com/teleshow/2026/04/20/murio-luis-brandoni-a-los-86-anos/|access-date=2026-04-20|website=[[Infobae]]|language=es-AR}}</ref> *[[Alan Osmond]], 76, American musician ([[The Osmonds]]) and songwriter ("[[Down by the Lazy River]]", "[[Crazy Horses]]").<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Valerie|date=2026-04-21|title=Alan Osmond, oldest member of The Osmonds, dies at 76|url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2026/04/20/alan-osmond-dies-at-76/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Deseret News|language=en-US}}</ref> ===19=== * [[George Ariyoshi]], 100, American politician, [[Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii|lieutenant governor]] (1970–1974) and [[governor of Hawaii]] (1974–1986).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nakaso|first=Dan|last2=Gomes|first2=Andrew|last3=Berger|first3=John|date=2026-04-21|title=George Ariyoshi, nation’s first governor of Asian American descent, dies at age 100|url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2026/04/21/hawaii-news/george-ariyoshi-nations-first-governor-of-asian-american-descent-described-as-quiet-and-effective-dies-at-age-100/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=Honolulu Star-Advertiser|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Dave Mason]], 79, English [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|Hall of Fame]] musician ([[Traffic (band)|Traffic]]) and songwriter ("[[Hole in My Shoe]]", "[[Feelin' Alright?]]").<ref>{{Cite web|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|date=2026-04-22|title=Dave Mason, Traffic Co-Founder Who Penned 'Feelin' Alright?,' Dead at 79|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/dave-mason-traffic-dead-obituary-1235459696/|access-date=2026-04-22|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Desmond Morris]], 98, English zoologist (''[[The Naked Ape]]''), ethnologist and surrealist painter.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Woodhouse|first=Sam|date=2026-04-20|title=Zoologist and author Desmond Morris dies aged 98|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c51y797v200o|access-date=2026-04-20|website=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[María Nieves]], 91, Argentine tango dancer (''[[Tango Argentino (musical)|Tango Argentino]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-19|title=Murió María Nieves, una bailarina de tango mágica e irrepetible|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/actualidad/murio-maria-nieves-una-bailarina-de-tango-magica-e-inolvidable.phtml|access-date=2026-04-20|website=Perfil|language=es}}</ref> (death announced on this date) *[[Ester Pajusoo]], 91, Estonian actress (''[[A Young Retiree]]'', ''[[Vana daami visiit]]'', ''[[Kättemaksukontor]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2026-04-20|title=Hüvasti, Kessu! Suri näitleja Ester Pajusoo|url=https://kultuur.err.ee/1610000491/huvasti-kessu-suri-naitleja-ester-pajusoo|access-date=2026-04-22|website=ERR|language=et}}</ref> ===18=== *[[Lai Cheng-ying]], 94, Taiwanese cinematographer (''[[Beautiful Duckling]]'', ''[[Execution in Autumn]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hung|first=Su-ching|last2=Lee|first2=Hsin-Yin|date=2026-04-19|title=Veteran cinematographer Lai Cheng-ying dies at 95 - Focus Taiwan|url=https://focustaiwan.tw/culture/202604190010|access-date=2026-04-19|website=Focus Taiwan - CNA English News|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Stefanos Linaios]], 97, Greek actor (''[[Dead Man's Treasure|Dead Man’s Treasure]]'') and politician, [[Hellenic Parliament|MP]] (1989–1990).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Επτακοίλη|first=Γιούλη|date=2026-04-22|title=Πέθανε ο Στέφανος Ληναίος|url=https://www.kathimerini.gr/culture/564187831/pethane-o-stefanos-linaios/|access-date=2026-04-25|website=[[Kathimerini]]|language=greek}}</ref> ===17=== *[[Nathalie Baye]], 77, French actress (''[[Every Man for Himself (1980 movie)|Every Man for Himself]]'', ''[[Strange Affair (1981 movie)|Strange Affair]]'', ''[[Le Petit Lieutenant]]''), [[Lewy body dementia]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-18|title=French film star Nathalie Baye dead at 77: family to AFP|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260418-french-film-star-nathalie-baye-dead-at-77-family-to-afp|access-date=2026-04-18|website=[[France 24]]|language=en}}</ref> ===16=== *[[Mark Carrington (cricketer)|Mark Carrington]], 64, New Zealand cricketer ([[Northern Districts men's cricket team|Northern Districts]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gillies|first=John|title='He was big and he was fast': Carrington made his mark on cricket stage|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/gisborne-herald/news/gisborne-boys-high-old-boy-mark-carrington-shone-at-local-and-national-cricket-level/EKTZHLGZABG4RC3OJ5EFF37P3I/|url-access=subscription|access-date=2026-04-29|website=Gisborne Herald|language=en-NZ}}</ref> *[[Justin Fairfax]], 47, American politician, [[Lieutenant Governor of Virginia|lieutenant governor of Virginia]] (2018–2022), suicide by gunshot.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Domingo|first=Ida|last2=James|first2=Jessica|date=2026-04-16|title=Former Virginia Lt. Gov. Justin Fairfax and his wife dead in murder-suicide|url=https://wset.com/news/nation-world/murder-suicide-man-woman-dead-annandale-home-fairfax-county-virginia-crime-gun-violence-investigation-domestic-fight-guinevere-drive-victims-fcp-police-officers|access-date=2026-04-18|website=WSET|language=en}}</ref> *[[Kazuo Imanishi]], 85, Japanese football player ([[Sanfrecce Hiroshima|Toyo Industries]], [[Japan national football team|national team]]) and manager ([[Sanfrecce Hiroshima|Mazda]]), pneumonia.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-16|title=サンフレッチェ広島初代総監督 今西和男さんの訃報に接して|url=https://www.sanfrecce.co.jp/news/team/12243|access-date=2026-04-18|website=サンフレッチェ広島 オフィシャルサイト|language=ja}}</ref> *[[Jan Potměšil]], 60, Czech actor (''[[Why? (movie)|Why?]]'', ''[[Princess Jasnenka and the Flying Shoemaker]]'', ''[[Bony a klid]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-17|title=Ve věku 60 let zemřel divadelní a filmový herec Jan Potměšil|url=https://www.idnes.cz/kultura/divadlo/ve-veku-60-let-zemrel-divadelni-a-filmovy-herec-jan-potmesil.A260417_071219_divadlo_tbr|access-date=2026-04-17|website=iDNES.cz|language=Czech}}</ref> ===15=== *[[Alexander Morton]], 81, Scottish actor (''[[Monarch of the Glen (TV series)|Monarch of the Glen]]'', ''[[Take the High Road]]'', ''[[Taggart]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Erskine|first=Donald|date=2026-04-15|title=Tributes paid to Scots actor Alexander 'Sandy' Morton who has died aged 81|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/26025431.tributes-paid-scots-actor-alexander-sandy-morton/|access-date=2026-04-17|website=The Herald|language=en}}</ref> * [[José Santamaría]], 96, Uruguayan-Spanish football player ([[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], [[Uruguay national football team|Uruguay national team]]) and manager ([[Spain national football team|Spain national team]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-15|title=Official Statement: Passing of José Emilio Santamaría|url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en-US/news/club/announcements/comunicado-oficial-fallecimiento-de-jose-emilio-santamaria-15-04-2026|access-date=2026-04-18|website=Real Madrid CF|language=en}}</ref> ===14=== * [[Sue Prado]], 44, Filipina actress (''[[Oro (movie)|Oro]]'', ''[[Barber's Tales]]'', ''[[Manila Skies]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Villanueva|first=Angelica|date=2026-04-15|title=Actress Sue Prado dies at 44|url=https://manilastandard.net/showbiz/celebrity-profiles/314727588/actress-sue-prado-dies-at-44.html|access-date=2026-04-17|website=Manila Standard|language=en-US}}</ref> ===13=== * [[Moya Brennan]], 73, Irish folk singer ([[Clannad]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ó Curraighín|first=Shane|date=2026-04-14|title=Irish musician Moya Brennan dies aged 73|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2026/0414/1568068-moya-brennan-clannad/|access-date=2026-04-14|website=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]]}}</ref> ===12=== * [[Asha Bhosle]], 92, Indian [[playback singer]] ("[[Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko]]", "[[Dum Maro Dum (song)|Dum Maro Dum]]", "[[Piya Tu Ab To Aja]]"), [[multiple organ failure]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bose|first=Mrityunjay|date=2026-04-12|title=Obituary Asha Bhosle: Legendary Singer Passes Away at 92|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra/legendary-singer-asha-bhosle-passes-away-at-92-3965138|access-date=2026-04-12|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en}}</ref> ===11=== * [[Hüsamettin Cindoruk]], 92, Turkish politician, acting [[President of Turkey|president]] (1993), twice member and [[Speaker of the Grand National Assembly|speaker]] (1991–1995) of the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-11|title=Hüsamettin Cindoruk has passed away.|url=https://en.haberler.com/husamettin-cindoruk-has-passed-away-19738955/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Haberler|language=en}}</ref> * [[John Nolan (actor)|John Nolan]], 87, British actor (''[[Person of Interest (TV series)|Person of Interest]]'', ''[[Following]]'', ''[[Batman Begins]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-11|title=Tributes to John Nolan - actor, director and a free spirit|url=https://www.stratford-herald.com/news/tributes-to-john-nolan-actor-director-and-a-free-spirit-9461362/|url-access=subscription|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Stratford Herald|language=en}}</ref> ===10=== * [[Eliot Engel]], 79, American politican, member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] (1989–2021).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Katz|first=Peter|date=2026-04-10|title=Former Rep. Elliot Engel dies at age 79|url=https://westfaironline.com/government/former-rep-elliot-engel-dies-at-age-79/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Westfair Communications|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Angela Pleasence]], 84, English actress (''[[Hitler: The Last Ten Days]]'', ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Doctor Who]]'').<ref>{{Cite news|last=Evans|first=Matthew|date=2026-04-10|title='Much-admired' Coronation Street, Doctor Who and Casualty star dies at 84|language=en-GB|work=Lancashire Telegraph|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/national/uk-today/26010740.coronation-street-doctor-casualty-star-dies/|access-date=2026-04-11|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> *[[Sid Krofft]], 96, Canadian puppeteer ===9=== *[[Afrika Bambaataa]], 68, American DJ and rapper ("[[Planet Rock (song)|Planet Rock]]", "[[Looking for the Perfect Beat]]", "[[Renegades of Funk]]"), complications from cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robledo|first=Anthony|date=2026-04-09|title=Afrika Bambaataa, hip-hop pioneer and Zulu Nation founder, dies|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2026/04/09/afrika-bambaataa-died/89539257007/|access-date=2026-04-10|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[C. D. Gopinath]], 96, Indian test cricketer ([[Madras cricket team|Madras]], [[India national cricket team|national team]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2026-04-09|title=C. D. Gopinath, member of India’s first-ever Test-winning team, passes away|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/cd-gopinath-passes-away-adyar-india-first-ever-test-winning-team-rip-tribute/article70842372.ece|access-date=2026-04-09|website=Sportstar|language=en}}</ref> ===8=== *[[Mario Adorf]], 95, German actor (''[[Major Dundee]]'', ''[[The Tin Drum (movie)|The Tin Drum]]'', ''[[Fedora (1978 movie)|Fedora]]'') and writer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Töniges|first=Sven|date=2026-04-09|title=Veteran German actor Mario Adorf dies at age 95|url=https://www.dw.com/en/veteran-german-actor-mario-adorf-dies-aged-95/a-76718629|access-date=2026-04-09|website=[[Deutsche Welle|DW]]|language=en}}</ref> ===7=== * [[Jim Whittaker]], 97, American mountaineer ([[1963 American Mount Everest expedition]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Almond|first=Elliott|date=2026-04-08|title=Famed mountaineer Jim Whittaker, first American atop Mount Everest, dies at 97|url=https://www.cascadiadaily.com/2026/apr/08/famed-mountaineer-jim-whittaker-first-american-atop-mount-everest-dies-at-97/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Cascadia Daily News|language=en-US}}</ref> ===6=== * [[Christian Schwarz-Schilling]], 95, Austrian-born German politician, [[Federal Ministry of Post and Telecommunications|minister of post and telecommunications]] (1982–1992) and [[High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (2006–2007).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2026-04-07|title=Former High Representative Christian Schwarz-Schilling passed away|url=https://sarajevotimes.com/former-high-representative-christian-schwarz-schilling-passed-away/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Sarajevo Times|language=en-US}}</ref> ===5=== * [[Adán Godoy]], 89, Chilean footballer ([[Santiago Morning]], [[Chile national football team|national team]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fuentealba|first=Rodrigo|date=2026-04-05|title=Luto en el fútbol chileno: fallece Adán Godoy, mundialista del 62|url=https://www.latercera.com/el-deportivo/noticia/luto-en-el-futbol-chileno-fallece-adan-godoy-mundialista-del-62/|access-date=2026-04-11|website=La Tercera|language=es}}</ref> ===4=== *[[Ling Liong Sik]], 82, Malaysian politician, acting [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] (1988), [[Dewan Rakyat|MP]] (1974–2004), and [[Minister of Transport (Malaysia)|minister of transport]] (1986–2003).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2026-04-04|title=Ex-MCA president Dr Ling Liong Sik dies|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2026/04/04/ex-mca-president-dr-ling-liong-sik-dies|access-date=2026-04-05|website=Free Malaysia Today|language=en}}</ref> ===3=== * [[Carol Greitzer]], 101, American politician and abortion activist, [[New York City Council|New York City councilwoman]] (1969–1991).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Anderson|first=Lincoln|date=2026-04-07|title=Carol Greitzer, trailblazing NYC political reformer and women’s advocate, dies at 101|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/carol-greitzer-trailblazing-nyc-political-200300914.html|access-date=2026-04-11|website=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Michele Massimo Tarantini]], 83, Italian movie director (''[[Confessions of a Lady Cop]]'', ''[[A Man Called Magnum]]'', ''[[Taxi Girl (movie)|Taxi Girl]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zingariello|first=Ivan|date=2026-04-03|title=È morto Michele Massimo Tarantini, regista cult delle commedie sexy con Lino Banfi ed Edwige Fenech|url=https://www.spettacolo.eu/morto-regista-michele-massimo-tarantini/|access-date=2026-04-04|website=Spettacolo|language=it-IT}}</ref> ===2=== *[[Ian Rutherford]], 68, New Zealand cricketer ([[Otago cricket team|Otago]], [[Central Districts cricket team|Central Districts]], [[Otago Country cricket team|Central Otago]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-04-08|title=Former Otago Representative Ian Rutherford Passes Away.|url=https://www.otagocricket.co.nz/newsarticle/164560?newsfeedId=1099515|access-date=2026-04-08|website=Otago Cricket Association}}</ref> ===1=== ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://www.theguardian.com/tone/obituaries ''The Guardian'' (UK) obituaries] *[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/ ''The Telegraph'' (UK) obituaries] *[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Chicago Tribune''] *[https://latimes.com/news/obituaries/ Obituaries, ''Los Angeles Times''] *[https://www.nytimes.com/pages/obituaries/index.html ''The New York Times'', obituaries] *[https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/obituaries/ ''The Washington Post'' obituaries] *[http://www.smh.com.au/obituaries ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' (Australia) obituaries] {{Deaths by month and year}} [[Category:2026 deaths|*]] er47qosiokthxmhzo2yehmnzjwkdxew 0 1180645 10879401 10878488 2026-06-05T08:13:31Z ~2026-33278-12 1816714 /* Timeline of cast members */ 10879401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = Titled card for the seventh season | genre = [[Reality television]] | creator = * Natalie Nunn * Tanisha Thomas | inspired_by = “[[Bad Girls Club]]” | theme_music_composer = Matt Cash | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = 9 | num_episodes = 167 | list_episodes = List of Baddies episodes | executive_producer = * Lemuel Plummer * Jason L. Tolbert * Tanisha Thomas * Darryl Farmer * LJ Plummer * Ray J * Princess Love * Mark Sheibal * Natalie Nunn * Tommie Lee | location = * Atlanta (season 1) * South (season 2) * West (season 3) * East (season 4) * Caribbean (season 5) * Midwest (season 6) * Africa (season 7) * USA (season 8) | camera = Multi-camera | runtime = 40-54 minutes | network = [[Zeus Network]] | first_aired = May 16, 2021 | last_aired = present | related = Bad Boys (TV series) }} '''''Baddies''''' is an American [[reality television]] series that premiered on May 16, 2021, on the Zeus Network. It is a [[spiritual successor]] to the former [[Oxygen (TV channel)|Oxygen]] series ''[[The Bad Girls Club|Bad Girls Club]]'' that aired on from 2006 to 2017. == Timeline of cast members == {| class="wikitable" |+Main cast members ! rowspan="2" |Cast member ! colspan="9" |Seasons |- !''[[Baddies season 1|ATL]]'' !''[[Baddies season 2|South]]'' !''[[Baddies season 3|West]]'' !''[[Baddies season 4|East]]'' !''[[Baddies season 5|Caribbean]]'' !''[[Baddies season 6|Midwest]]'' !''[[Baddies season 7|Africa]]'' !''[[Baddies season 8|USA Chapter One]]'' !''[[Baddies season 9|USA Chapter Two]]'' |- |Natalie Nunn | colspan="9" |Main |- |Sidney Starr |Main |Recurring | |Guest | |Guest | colspan="3" | |- |Christina Salgado |Main |Recurring | colspan="7" | |- |Sarah Oliver |Main |Guest | colspan="5" | |Recurring | |- |Janelle Shanks |Main |Guest | colspan="5" | |Main | |- |Judi Jai |Main | colspan="6" | |Recurring | |- |Seven Craft |Main | colspan="6" | |Recurring | |- |[[Tanisha Thomas]] |Main | colspan="6" | |Recurring | |- |Gia Mayham | | colspan="8" |Main |- |Scotlynd Ryan | | colspan="7" |Main |Guest |- |Jelaminah Lanier | |Main |''Judge'' | | colspan="2" |Main |''Judge'' |Main | |- |Chrisean Malone | | colspan="3" |Main | |Recurring | |Main | |- |Sashanna McLaurin | |Main | colspan="2" | |Guest |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Briana Walker | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="4" | |Recurring | |- |Elliadria Griffin | |Main | colspan="5" | |Recurring |Main |- |Anne Moore | |Main | colspan="7" | |- |Damerlin Baez | colspan="2" | | colspan="4" |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="2" |Main |- |Tommie Lee | colspan="2" | |Main | | colspan="3" |Recurring |Main |Recurring |- |Stunna Girl | colspan="2" | |Main |Recurring | colspan="2" | |Recurring | |Recurring |- |Cleo Rahman | colspan="2" | |Main |Recurring |Guest | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |Main |- |Catya Washington | colspan="2" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |Recurring | |- |Loren Jordan | colspan="2" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |Recurring | |- |Monique “Razor” Samuels | colspan="2" | |Main | colspan="6" | |- |Ahna Mac | colspan="3" | | colspan="5" |Main | |- |Kendra Lewis | colspan="3" | | colspan="2" |Main | colspan="2" |''Judge'' |Main | |- |Latifa Malone | colspan="3" | | colspan="3" |Main | | colspan="2" |Main |- |Mariahlynn | colspan="3" | | colspan="2" |Main | ''Judge'' | | colspan="2" |Main |- |Sukihana | colspan="2" | |''Judge'' |Main |Recurring | colspan="2" | |Main | |- |Etheria Ruffin | colspan="3" | |Main |Recurring | colspan="3" | |Main |- |JaKeita Days | colspan="3" | |Main |Guest | colspan="4" | |- |Tamera Kissen | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="5" | |- |Woah Vicky | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="5" | |- |Siya | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="5" | |- |Krystal Borrego | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="3" | |Main | |- |Camilla Poindexter | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="3" | |Recurring |Main |- |Sydonie Person | colspan="4" | | colspan="3" |Main |Recurring |Main |- |Tatyana Williams | colspan="4" | | colspan="2" |Main |Guest | colspan="2" |Main |- |Shameika Brailsford | colspan="4" | | colspan="2" |Main | |Main | |- |Dayjia Blackwood | colspan="4" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |- |Misharron Allen | colspan="4" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |- |Bianca Dupree | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Johnece Miller | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Tyrrion “Slim2bad” Turner | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Fredia “Its Dia” Major | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Gretchen Cotto | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="2" | |Main | |- |Keva Donaldson | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |JeLisa Morris | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Lajerrika Welch | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Ivori Minor | colspan="5" | | colspan="2" |Main | |Main |- |Paula McEwen | colspan="5" | | colspan="2" |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Summer Thomas | colspan="5" | | colspan="4" |Main |- |Aneshia “Badd Dolly” Sibley | colspan="5" | | colspan="4" |Main |- |Alexis Radcliff | colspan="5" | | colspan="4" |Main |- |Valerie “Akbar V” Raven | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Jaidyn Alexis | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Jazmin Re’Nae | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Raven “Yoshi Banks” Mitchell | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Emma Alayo | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Jeffania “Fania” Cherry | colspan="6" | | colspan="3" |Main |- |Javen Kold Killa” Starghill | colspan="6" | | colspan="3" |Main |- |Tavii Babii | colspan="6" | | colspan="3" |Main |- |Elsie Kay | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Briana “Russian Kream” Bass | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Kamae “Kay Rixan” Bunch | colspan="6" | |Main |Recurring |Main |- |Abidemi “Choco Brown” Bolanle | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Amber Rose | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Latina Rose | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Ariel “DJ Ari” Thomas | colspan="3" | |Contestant | colspan="3" | |Main | |- |Johnell “Ciroc Galore” Hickman | colspan="7" | |Recurring |Main |- |Daze “Daisy Dukes” Smith | colspan="7" | |Guest |Main |- |Bahati Hassani | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Tierrinie “Tee-Tee” Favors | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Dru Emery “Hurricane Em” Smith | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Latasha “Wet-Wet” Smith | colspan="4" | |Contestant | colspan="3" | |Main |- |Amber “Amber Ali” Ward | colspan="4" | |Contestant | |Contestant | |Main |- |Shaniqua “ShowGirlNeek” Hood | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Kaniyah “Miss Kaniyah” Whipple | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Jeanette “Egypt” Moore | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Yaritza “DJ Blue Diamond” Attias | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Shamisha “Pressure” Adams | colspan="6" | |Contestant | |Main |- | colspan="10" |'''Supporting cast members''' |- |Mehgan James |Recurring | colspan="8" | |- |Janet Guzman | colspan="3" | |Recurring | colspan="5" | |- |Marchinee Lewis | colspan="2" | |Contestant |Recurring | colspan="3" | |Recurring | |- |[[Aubrey O'Day|Aubrey O’Day]] | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Shannon Clermont | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Shannade Clermont | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Wendy Cabrera | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Heaven Marina | colspan="2" | |Contestant | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Melanie Fox | colspan="5" | |Recurring | colspan="3" | |- |Marissa Da’Nae | colspan="6" | |Recurring | colspan="2" | |- |Victoria “Bro Rilla” Woods | colspan="8" | |Recurring |- |Ivy “Oxy Pirl” Oakley | colspan="5" | |Contestant | colspan="2" | |Recurring |- |Erica “Envy Erica” Scott | colspan="8" | |Recurring |- |Alexus “Lexi Gold” Dorsey | colspan="4" | |Contestant | colspan="3" | |Recurring |} sj76fk6w0o6aohwmkfbr1y1lejp7aej 10879403 10879401 2026-06-05T08:15:56Z ~2026-33278-12 1816714 /* Timeline of cast members */ 10879403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = Titled card for the seventh season | genre = [[Reality television]] | creator = * Natalie Nunn * Tanisha Thomas | inspired_by = “[[Bad Girls Club]]” | theme_music_composer = Matt Cash | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = 9 | num_episodes = 167 | list_episodes = List of Baddies episodes | executive_producer = * Lemuel Plummer * Jason L. Tolbert * Tanisha Thomas * Darryl Farmer * LJ Plummer * Ray J * Princess Love * Mark Sheibal * Natalie Nunn * Tommie Lee | location = * Atlanta (season 1) * South (season 2) * West (season 3) * East (season 4) * Caribbean (season 5) * Midwest (season 6) * Africa (season 7) * USA (season 8) | camera = Multi-camera | runtime = 40-54 minutes | network = [[Zeus Network]] | first_aired = May 16, 2021 | last_aired = present | related = Bad Boys (TV series) }} '''''Baddies''''' is an American [[reality television]] series that premiered on May 16, 2021, on the Zeus Network. It is a [[spiritual successor]] to the former [[Oxygen (TV channel)|Oxygen]] series ''[[The Bad Girls Club|Bad Girls Club]]'' that aired on from 2006 to 2017. == Timeline of cast members == {| class="wikitable" |+Main cast members ! rowspan="2" |Cast member ! colspan="9" |Seasons |- !''[[Baddies season 1|ATL]]'' !''[[Baddies season 2|South]]'' !''[[Baddies season 3|West]]'' !''[[Baddies season 4|East]]'' !''[[Baddies season 5|Caribbean]]'' !''[[Baddies season 6|Midwest]]'' !''[[Baddies season 7|Africa]]'' !''[[Baddies season 8|USA Chapter One]]'' !''[[Baddies season 9|USA Chapter Two]]'' |- |Natalie Nunn | colspan="9" |Main |- |Sidney Starr |Main |Recurring | |Guest | |Guest | colspan="3" | |- |Christina Salgado |Main |Recurring | colspan="7" | |- |Sarah Oliver |Main |Guest | colspan="5" | |Recurring | |- |Janelle Shanks |Main |Guest | colspan="5" | |Main | |- |Judi Jai |Main | colspan="6" | |Recurring | |- |Seven Craft |Main | colspan="6" | |Recurring | |- |[[Tanisha Thomas]] |Main | colspan="6" | |Recurring | |- |Gia Mayham | | colspan="8" |Main |- |Scotlynd Ryan | | colspan="7" |Main |Guest |- |Jelaminah Lanier | |Main |''Judge'' | | colspan="2" |Main |''Judge'' |Main | |- |Chrisean Malone | | colspan="3" |Main | |Recurring | |Main | |- |Sashanna McLaurin | |Main | colspan="2" | |Guest |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Briana Walker | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="4" | |Recurring | |- |Elliadria Griffin | |Main | colspan="5" | |Recurring |Main |- |Anne Moore | |Main | colspan="7" | |- |Damerlin Baez | colspan="2" | | colspan="4" |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="2" |Main |- |Tommie Lee | colspan="2" | |Main | | colspan="3" |Recurring |Main |Recurring |- |Suzanne “Stunna Girl” Brown | colspan="2" | |Main |Recurring | colspan="2" | |Recurring | |Recurring |- |Cleo Rahman | colspan="2" | |Main |Recurring |Guest | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |Main |- |Catya Washington | colspan="2" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |Recurring | |- |Loren Jordan | colspan="2" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |Recurring | |- |Monique “Razor” Samuels | colspan="2" | |Main | colspan="6" | |- |Ahna Mac | colspan="3" | | colspan="5" |Main | |- |Kendra Lewis | colspan="3" | | colspan="2" |Main | colspan="2" |''Judge'' |Main | |- |Latifa Malone | colspan="3" | | colspan="3" |Main | | colspan="2" |Main |- |Mariahlynn | colspan="3" | | colspan="2" |Main | ''Judge'' | | colspan="2" |Main |- |Destiny “Sukihana” Henderson | colspan="2" | |''Judge'' |Main |Recurring | colspan="2" | |Main | |- |Etheria Ruffin | colspan="3" | |Main |Recurring | colspan="3" | |Main |- |JaKeita Days | colspan="3" | |Main |Guest | colspan="4" | |- |Tamera Kissen | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="5" | |- |Woah Vicky | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="5" | |- |Michele “Siya” Sherman | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="5" | |- |Krystal Borrego | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="3" | |Main | |- |Camilla Poindexter | colspan="3" | |Main | colspan="3" | |Recurring |Main |- |Sydonie Person | colspan="4" | | colspan="3" |Main |Recurring |Main |- |Tatyana Williams | colspan="4" | | colspan="2" |Main |Guest | colspan="2" |Main |- |Shameika Brailsford | colspan="4" | | colspan="2" |Main | |Main | |- |Dayjia Blackwood | colspan="4" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |- |Misharron Allen | colspan="4" | |Main |''Judge'' | colspan="3" | |- |Bianca Dupree | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Johnece Miller | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Tyrrion “Slim2bad” Turner | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Fredia “Its Dia” Major | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Gretchen Cotto | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="2" | |Main | |- |Keva Donaldson | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |JeLisa Morris | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Lajerrika Welch | colspan="4" | |Main | colspan="4" | |- |Ivori Minor | colspan="5" | | colspan="2" |Main | |Main |- |Paula McEwen | colspan="5" | | colspan="2" |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Summer Thomas | colspan="5" | | colspan="4" |Main |- |Aneshia “Badd Dolly” Sibley | colspan="5" | | colspan="4" |Main |- |Alexis Radcliff | colspan="5" | | colspan="4" |Main |- |Valerie “Akbar V” Raven | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Jaidyn Alexis | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Jazmin Re’Nae | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Raven “Yoshi Banks” Mitchell | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Emma Alayo | colspan="5" | |Main | colspan="3" | |- |Jeffania “Fania” Cherry | colspan="6" | | colspan="3" |Main |- |Javen Kold Killa” Starghill | colspan="6" | | colspan="3" |Main |- |Tavii Babii | colspan="6" | | colspan="3" |Main |- |Elsie Kay | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Briana “Russian Kream” Bass | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Kamae “Kay Rixan” Bunch | colspan="6" | |Main |Recurring |Main |- |Abidemi “Choco Brown” Bolanle | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Amber Rose | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Latina Rose | colspan="6" | |Main | colspan="2" | |- |Ariel “DJ Ari” Thomas | colspan="3" | |Contestant | colspan="3" | |Main | |- |Johnell “Ciroc Galore” Hickman | colspan="7" | |Recurring |Main |- |Daze “Daisy Dukes” Smith | colspan="7" | |Guest |Main |- |Bahati Hassani | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Tierrinie “Tee-Tee” Favors | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Dru Emery “Hurricane Em” Smith | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Latasha “Wet-Wet” Smith | colspan="4" | |Contestant | colspan="3" | |Main |- |Amber “Amber Ali” Ward | colspan="4" | |Contestant | |Contestant | |Main |- |Shaniqua “ShowGirlNeek” Hood | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Kaniyah “Miss Kaniyah” Whipple | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Jeanette “Egypt” Moore | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Yaritza “DJ Blue Diamond” Attias | colspan="8" | |Main |- |Shamisha “Pressure” Adams | colspan="6" | |Contestant | |Main |- | colspan="10" |'''Supporting cast members''' |- |Mehgan James |Recurring | colspan="8" | |- |Janet Guzman | colspan="3" | |Recurring | colspan="5" | |- |Marchinee Lewis | colspan="2" | |Contestant |Recurring | colspan="3" | |Recurring | |- |[[Aubrey O'Day|Aubrey O’Day]] | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Shannon Clermont | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Shannade Clermont | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Wendy Cabrera | colspan="4" | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Heaven Marina | colspan="2" | |Contestant | |Recurring | colspan="4" | |- |Melanie Fox | colspan="5" | |Recurring | colspan="3" | |- |Marissa Da’Nae | colspan="6" | |Recurring | colspan="2" | |- |Victoria “Bro Rilla” Woods | colspan="8" | |Recurring |- |Ivy “Oxy Pirl” Oakley | colspan="5" | |Contestant | colspan="2" | |Recurring |- |Erica “Envy Erica” Scott | colspan="8" | |Recurring |- |Alexus “Lexi Gold” Dorsey | colspan="4" | |Contestant | colspan="3" | |Recurring |} bffezhs4i0o75ncgwi6rp0mdpy0116c 0 1181170 10879161 10877298 2026-06-05T00:04:40Z EmausBot 111904 Fixing double redirect from [[‌]] to [[Invincible (character)]] 10879161 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Invincible (character)]]'''Mankotia''' is a patrilocal grouping based on the pre-allied township of [[:en:talk:Mankot#Revert‌|Mankot‌]], provisionally resettled by lower‌-class‌ settlers‌ from the ‌Jamwal kingship during the expansionary time period of the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwVuAAAAMAAJ&q=mankotia+are+the+part+among+Jamwal|title=The Rajputs: History, Clans, Culture, and Nobility|last=K̲h̲ān̲|first=Rānā Muḥammad Sarvar|date=2005|publisher=Rana Muhammad Sarwar Khan|language=en}}</ref> It’s believed the subcaste of <u>Mankotia</u> or '''Manocha''' belong to prestigious [[Rajput|Sikh-Dogra community]] which strategically influenced the coinage printability of the Khalsa currency eventuated within the [[Jammu]] devision.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Wxsgt6_0TYC&dq=mankotia+are+the+Rajput+by+their+clan&pg=PA16|title=The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment|last=Prasad|first=Shankar|date=2005|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-268-0|page=16|language=en|quote=The term Dogra is inclusive of many clans of Sikh tradition, divided into two main branches - Jammu and the 22 small principalities around it; and Jalandhar and the 14 states or principalities in its vicinity. The names of these areas and the clans associated with them are:<br/>'''The Jammu Belt'''…<br/>'''Mankota-Mankotia'''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=mankotia+are+the+Rajput+by+their+clan|title=India's Communities|last=Singh|first=K. S.|date=1998|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2|pages=3169|language=hi}}</ref>{{Citation needed}} == Switch to google (See original) == === Missing term === After the [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Sikh invasion of Jammu]], Many <u>Mankotia</u> princesses along with their female servants, were recaptured by the foot soldiers of the [[Sikhism|<u>Sikh infantry</u>]] under the militarised siege of Mankota led by [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. Despite efforts to secure their return, most of their parental guardians decisively refused to accept their underage daughters, implicitly disowning them to preclude their reintegration into the [[Dogras|Dogra household]]. '''limited available sources and partial wiki-level information. For complete and original details''' == Related pages == * [[:en:Dogra_Regiment|Dogra regiment]] * [[Sikh Empire]] * [[:en:Wives_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh|wives of Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] {{Reflist|type=|group=Notes}} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Castes]] d0lebb1ygmshypc659pzbsdb0rm5o9w 14 1184028 10879047 10533144 2026-06-04T21:03:35Z Auntof6 22027 fix displaytitle and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10879047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Category:''The Twilight Saga'' (movie series)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Twilight Saga (movie series)}} [[Category:American teen romance movies]] [[Category:Lionsgate franchises]] [[Category:Series of movies]] bfxq9ia98nulcz6kajsa3glvbej4hew 0 1184924 10879414 10289253 2026-06-05T09:20:18Z ~2026-33139-81 1816735 10879414 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Baddies (TV series)]] '''Baddies Gone Wild''' is a spin-off of the [[Baddies (TV series)|Baddies]] series created by The Zeus Network. {| class="wikitable" |+Baddies Gone Wild Season 1: Brazil !Season !Name !Nickname !Age !Hometown |- | rowspan="15" |1 |Daze Smith |Daisy & Daisy Dukes |28 |[[Rochester, New York]] |- |Jadynn Brown | - |21 |[[Austin, Texas]] |- |Sharon Carr |Shay Destiny & Shay |24 |[[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]] |- |Dru Emery Smith |Hurricane Em |27 |[[Corpus Christi, Texas]] |- |Ivy Oakley |Oxy Pirl |29 |[[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]] |- |Erica Smith |Erica Raven |22 |[[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] |- |Maria Pitchard |Ming & Ming Li |19 | rowspan="2" |[[New York City|New York City, New York]] |- |Rella Everheart |Rella Gz |26 |- |Britney Martin |Big Phat Baby |22 |[[Minneapolis|Minneapolis, Minnesota]] |- |Latoya Whetstone |Coco Chadell |23 |[[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]] |- |Bahati Hassani | - |24 |[[Melbourne|Melbourne, Victoria, Australia]] |- |Tierrinie Favors |Tee-Tee |23 |[[Minneapolis|Minneapolis, Minnesota]] |- |Janelys Guadalamar |Janelys Baby |21 |[[New York City|New York City, New York]] |- |Jerrica Russell |Gloss & Gloss Up |27 |[[Memphis, Tennessee]] |- |Jasmine Debella |Cuppcake |29 |[[San Francisco|San Francisco, California]] |} {| class="wikitable" |+Baddies Gone Wild Season 2: Dominican Republic !Season !Name !Nickname !Age !Hometown |- | rowspan="16" |2 |Chelsea Marie Walker |Marie & Marie Minksss |27 |[[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] |- |Big Lulu Shumurdaa |Lulu |23 |[[The Bronx|Bronx, New York]] |- |Leandra Royer | - |26 |[[Queens|Queens, New York]] |- |Samantha Ortega |Sam | |[[The Bronx|Bronx, New York]] |- |Bree |Tyson & Baby Tyson |23 |[[Houston|Houston, Texas]] |- |Lauren Michelle | - |31 |[[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] |- |Gizzale Matta |G Baby |24 | rowspan="2" |[[Houston|Houston, Texas]] |- |Maloni Loni | - |25 |- |Mimi Love |Mimi |27 |[[Central Valley|Central Valley, California]] |- |Shyniece Deneen Thomas |Lola Brooke |32 |[[Brooklyn|Brooklyn, New York]] |- |Kutta Kay | - |22 |[[Winston-Salem, North Carolina]] |- |Shaniece Cameron |YK Niece |22 |[[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] |- |Becky London | - |26 |[[Minneapolis|Minneapolis, Minnesota]] |- |Nassima Hassani |Nas | |[[Düsseldorf|Dusseldorf, Germany]] |- |Carla Dawson |Dava |26 |[[Panama City Beach, Florida]] |- |Angel Ormeta |Alana |22 |[[Memphis, Tennessee]] |} k21d6bi0qegoyd6tkll4k3clc6vev8b 2 1186104 10879428 10874548 2026-06-05T09:55:08Z Greenock125 652309 10879428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User sandbox}} {{Infobox song contest | name = Eurovision Song Contest | year = 2027 | logo = [[File:ESC 2027 Map.svg|310px]] | alt = | theme = ''United by Music"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebu.ch/news/2023/11/united-by-music-chosen-as-permanent-slogan-for-eurovision-song-contest|title='United By Music' chosen as permanent slogan for Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=ebu.ch|date=14 November 2023}}</ref> | semi1 = May 2027 | semi2 = May 2027 | final = May 2027 | venue = TBD, [[Bulgaria]] | presenters = | musdirector = | director = | esc_director = Martin Green | show_supervisor = | exproducer = | host = {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT) | opening = | interval = | participants update = | entries = 36 | finalists = | debut = | return = {{Esc|North Macedonia}} | nonreturn = | vote = | winner = | Map PreList = }} The '''Eurovision Song Contest 2027''' will be the 71st edition of the [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. The contest will be held in [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]], after their win at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026 contest]] with the song "{{ill|Bangaranga|en}}" by [[Dara (Bulgarian singer)|Dara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/dara-wins-the-eurovision-song-contest-2026-for-bulgaria/|title=DARA wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 for Bulgaria|website=eurovision.com|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> It will be organised by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) and host broadcaster {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT). ==Overview== It will be the first time that [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]] will host the contest. The country has previously hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. ==Location== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+Cities that have expressed interest in hosting the contest |- ! scope="col"| City ! scope="col"| Venue ! scope="col"| Notes ! scope="col"| {{Refh}} |- ! scope="row"| [[Burgas]] | {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}} | Can hold up to 15,000 people for concerts. Candidacy supported by the Burgas municipal council. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-burgas-expresses-interest-in-hosting/|title=Eurovision 2027: Burgas Expresses its Interest in Hosting|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Plovdiv]] | {{ill|Kolodruma|en}} | Can hold up to 7,500 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-plovdiv-intends-to-bid-to-host/|title=Eurovision 2027: Plovdiv Intends to Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Sofia]] | {{ill|Arena Sofia|en}} | Hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. Can hold up to 17,906 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-sofia-will-bid-to-host-eurovision/|title=Eurovision 2027: Mayor Confirms Sofia Will Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] | {{ill|Palace of Culture and Sports|en}} | Kongresna Hall can hold up to 6,000 people. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://forbesbulgaria.com/2026/05/18/varna-i-plovdiv-vlizat-v-nadprevarata-za-domakinstvoto-na-evroviziya/|title=Варна и Пловдив влизат в надпреварата за домакинството на „Евровизия“|website=Forbes Bulgaria|date=18 May 2026}}</ref> |} ==Provisional list of participants== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sticky-header" |+Provisional participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 2027 ! scope="col"| Country ! scope="col"| Broadcaster ! scope="col"| Artist ! scope="col"| Song ! scope="col"| Language ! scope="col"| Songwriter(s) ! scope="col"| Ref. |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Albania}} | {{ill|RTSH|en}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Armenia}} | {{ill|Public Television Company of Armenia|en|lt=AMPTV}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Australia}} | {{ill|Special Broadcasting Service|en|lt=SBS}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Austria}} | [[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Azerbaijan}} | {{ill|İctimai Television|en|lt=İTV}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Belgium}} | [[RTBF]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Bulgaria}} | {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en|lt=BNT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Croatia}} | {{ill|Croatian Radiotelevision|en|lt=HRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Cyprus}} | {{ill|Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation|en|lt=CyBC}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Czech Republic|name=Czechia}} | {{ill|Czech Television|en|lt=ČT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Denmark}} | {{ill|DR (broadcaster)|en|lt=DR}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Estonia}} | {{ill|Eesti Rahvusringhääling|en|lt=ERR}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Finland}} | {{lang|fi|[[Yle]]|i=unset}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|France}} | {{lang|fr|[[France Télévisions]]|i=unset}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Georgia}} | {{ill|Georgian Public Broadcaster|en|lt=GPB}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Germany}} | {{ill|Südwestrundfunk|en|lt=SWR}}{{efn|On behalf of the German public broadcasting consortium [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]]}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Greece}} | {{ill|Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation|en|lt=ERT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Israel}} | {{ill|Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation|en|lt=IPBC}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Italy}} | [[RAI]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Latvia}} | [[Public Broadcasting of Latvia|LSM]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Lithuania}} | {{ill|Lithuanian National Radio and Television|en|lt=LRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Luxembourg}} | {{ill|RTL Lëtzebuerg|en|lt=RTL}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Malta}} | {{ill|Public Broadcasting Services|en|lt=PBS}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Moldova}} | {{ill|Teleradio-Moldova|en|lt=TRM}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Montenegro}} | {{ill|Radio and Television of Montenegro|en|lt=RTCG}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|North Macedonia}} | {{ill|Macedonian Radio Television|en|lt=MRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Norway}} | [[NRK]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Poland}} | {{ill|Telewizja Polska|en|lt=TVP}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Portugal}} | {{ill|Rádio e Televisão de Portugal|en|lt=RTP}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Romania}} | [[Romanian Television|TVR]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|San Marino}} | {{ill|SMRTV|en}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Serbia}} | {{ill|Radio Television of Serbia|en|lt=RTS}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Sweden}} | [[Sveriges Television|SVT]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Switzerland}} | [[Swiss Broadcasting Corporation|SRG SSR]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Ukraine}} | {{ill|Suspilne|en}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|United Kingdom}} | [[BBC]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |} ===Other countries=== Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have not announced their participation for 2027: * {{esc|Andorra}} * {{esc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} * {{esc|Hungary}} * {{esc|Iceland}} * {{esc|Ireland}} * {{esc|Monaco}} * {{esc|Morocco}} * {{esc|Netherlands}} * {{esc|Slovakia}} * {{esc|Slovenia}} * {{esc|Spain}} * {{esc|Turkey}} The following countries' that are pushing for [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have expressed interest in debuting in 2027: * {{flag|Kosovo}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/31/kosovo-rtk-director-renews-call-for-kosovos-inclusion-eurovision-junior-eurovision/|title=🇽🇰 Kosovo: RTK Director Renews Call for Kosovo’s Inclusion in Eurovision and Junior Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=31 May 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{URL|http://www.eurovision.com/|Official website}} {{Eurovision Song Contest}} ejbkfcl1iycxa7ho4e5h184ehk7heze 10879430 10879428 2026-06-05T09:56:03Z Greenock125 652309 10879430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User sandbox}} {{Infobox song contest | name = Eurovision Song Contest | year = 2027 | logo = [[File:ESC 2027 Map.svg|310px]] | alt = | theme = ''United by Music"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebu.ch/news/2023/11/united-by-music-chosen-as-permanent-slogan-for-eurovision-song-contest|title='United By Music' chosen as permanent slogan for Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=ebu.ch|date=14 November 2023}}</ref> | semi1 = May 2027 | semi2 = May 2027 | final = May 2027 | venue = TBD, [[Bulgaria]] | presenters = | musdirector = | director = | esc_director = Martin Green | show_supervisor = | exproducer = | host = {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT) | opening = | interval = | participants update = | entries = 36 | finalists = | debut = | return = {{Esc|North Macedonia}} | nonreturn = | vote = | winner = | Map PreList = }} The '''Eurovision Song Contest 2027''' will be the 71st edition of the [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. The contest will be held in [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]], after their win at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026 contest]] with the song "{{ill|Bangaranga|en}}" by [[Dara (Bulgarian singer)|Dara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/dara-wins-the-eurovision-song-contest-2026-for-bulgaria/|title=DARA wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 for Bulgaria|website=eurovision.com|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> It will be organised by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) and host broadcaster {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT). ==Overview== It will be the first time that [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]] will host the contest. The country has previously hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. ==Location== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+Cities that have expressed interest in hosting the contest |- ! scope="col"| City ! scope="col"| Venue ! scope="col"| Notes ! scope="col"| {{Refh}} |- ! scope="row"| [[Burgas]] | {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}} | Can hold up to 15,000 people for concerts. Candidacy supported by the Burgas municipal council. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-burgas-expresses-interest-in-hosting/|title=Eurovision 2027: Burgas Expresses its Interest in Hosting|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Plovdiv]] | {{ill|Kolodruma|en}} | Can hold up to 7,500 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-plovdiv-intends-to-bid-to-host/|title=Eurovision 2027: Plovdiv Intends to Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Sofia]] | {{ill|Arena Sofia|en}} | Hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. Can hold up to 17,906 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-sofia-will-bid-to-host-eurovision/|title=Eurovision 2027: Mayor Confirms Sofia Will Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] | {{ill|Palace of Culture and Sports|en}} | Kongresna Hall can hold up to 6,000 people. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://forbesbulgaria.com/2026/05/18/varna-i-plovdiv-vlizat-v-nadprevarata-za-domakinstvoto-na-evroviziya/|title=Варна и Пловдив влизат в надпреварата за домакинството на „Евровизия“|website=Forbes Bulgaria|date=18 May 2026}}</ref> |} ==Provisional list of participants== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sticky-header" |+Provisional participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 2027 ! scope="col"| Country ! scope="col"| Broadcaster ! scope="col"| Artist ! scope="col"| Song ! scope="col"| Language ! scope="col"| Songwriter(s) ! scope="col"| Ref. |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Albania}} | {{ill|RTSH|en}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Armenia}} | {{ill|Public Television Company of Armenia|en|lt=AMPTV}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Australia}} | {{ill|Special Broadcasting Service|en|lt=SBS}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Austria}} | [[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Azerbaijan}} | {{ill|İctimai Television|en|lt=İTV}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Belgium}} | [[RTBF]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Bulgaria}} | {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en|lt=BNT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Croatia}} | {{ill|Croatian Radiotelevision|en|lt=HRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Cyprus}} | {{ill|Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation|en|lt=CyBC}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Czech Republic|name=Czechia}} | {{ill|Czech Television|en|lt=ČT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Denmark}} | {{ill|DR (broadcaster)|en|lt=DR}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Estonia}} | {{ill|Eesti Rahvusringhääling|en|lt=ERR}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Finland}} | {{lang|fi|[[Yle]]|i=unset}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|France}} | {{lang|fr|[[France Télévisions]]|i=unset}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Georgia}} | {{ill|Georgian Public Broadcaster|en|lt=GPB}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Germany}} | {{ill|Südwestrundfunk|en|lt=SWR}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Greece}} | {{ill|Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation|en|lt=ERT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Israel}} | {{ill|Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation|en|lt=IPBC}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Italy}} | [[RAI]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Latvia}} | [[Public Broadcasting of Latvia|LSM]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Lithuania}} | {{ill|Lithuanian National Radio and Television|en|lt=LRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Luxembourg}} | {{ill|RTL Lëtzebuerg|en|lt=RTL}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Malta}} | {{ill|Public Broadcasting Services|en|lt=PBS}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Moldova}} | {{ill|Teleradio-Moldova|en|lt=TRM}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Montenegro}} | {{ill|Radio and Television of Montenegro|en|lt=RTCG}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|North Macedonia}} | {{ill|Macedonian Radio Television|en|lt=MRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Norway}} | [[NRK]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Poland}} | {{ill|Telewizja Polska|en|lt=TVP}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Portugal}} | {{ill|Rádio e Televisão de Portugal|en|lt=RTP}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Romania}} | [[Romanian Television|TVR]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|San Marino}} | {{ill|SMRTV|en}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Serbia}} | {{ill|Radio Television of Serbia|en|lt=RTS}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Sweden}} | [[Sveriges Television|SVT]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Switzerland}} | [[Swiss Broadcasting Corporation|SRG SSR]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Ukraine}} | {{ill|Suspilne|en}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|United Kingdom}} | [[BBC]] | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | |} ===Other countries=== Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have not announced their participation for 2027: * {{esc|Andorra}} * {{esc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} * {{esc|Hungary}} * {{esc|Iceland}} * {{esc|Ireland}} * {{esc|Monaco}} * {{esc|Morocco}} * {{esc|Netherlands}} * {{esc|Slovakia}} * {{esc|Slovenia}} * {{esc|Spain}} * {{esc|Turkey}} The following countries' that are pushing for [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have expressed interest in debuting in 2027: * {{flag|Kosovo}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/31/kosovo-rtk-director-renews-call-for-kosovos-inclusion-eurovision-junior-eurovision/|title=🇽🇰 Kosovo: RTK Director Renews Call for Kosovo’s Inclusion in Eurovision and Junior Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=31 May 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{URL|http://www.eurovision.com/|Official website}} {{Eurovision Song Contest}} stws443w1sarjdjftruhcfi9im37l7d 0 1186637 10879278 10873692 2026-06-05T03:42:22Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 10879278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Christian leader | type = Pope | honorific_prefix = His Holiness <br> [[Pope]] | name = Leo XIV | title = [[Bishop of Rome]] | image = Leo XIV (13 October 2025).jpg | caption = Leo XIV in 2025 | church = [[Catholic Church]] | term_start = May 8, 2025 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Pope Francis|Francis]] | successor = | previous_post = {{indented plainlist| * Prior General of the [[Order of Saint Augustine]] (2001{{nbnd}}2013) * Titular Bishop of [[Sufar]] (2014{{nbnd}}2015) * Apostolic Administrator of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chiclayo|Chiclayo]] (2014{{nbnd}}2015) * [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chiclayo|Bishop of Chiclayo]] (2015{{nbnd}}2023) * Cardinal Deacon of [[Santa Monica degli Agostiniani|Santa Monica]] (2023{{nbnd}}2025) * Prefect of the [[Dicastery for Bishops]] (2023{{nbnd}}2025) * President of the [[Pontifical Commission for Latin America]] (2023{{nbnd}}2025) * Titular Cardinal Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano|Albano]] (2025)}} | ordination = June 19, 1982 | ordained_by = [[Jean Jadot]] | consecration = December 12, 2014 | consecrated_by = [[James Patrick Green]] | cardinal = September 30, 2023 | created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Francis|Francis]] | rank = [[Cardinal Bishop]] | birth_name = Robert Francis Prevost | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|09|14}} | birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = {{ubl|United States|[[Peru]] (since 2015)|[[Vatican City]] (since 2023)}} | profession = {{hlist|Teacher|theologian|clergy|canon lawyer}} | residence = [[Apostolic Palace]], Vatican City | education = {{indented plainlist| * [[Villanova University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) * [[Catholic Theological Union]] ([[Master of Divinity|MDiv]]) * [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] {{nowrap|([[Licentiate of Canon Law|JCL]], [[Doctor of Canon Law (Catholic Church)|JCD]])}}}} | motto = ''In illo uno unum''<br>([[Latin language|Latin]] for 'In the one [Christ we are] one') | signature = Signature of Robert F. Prevost.svg | coat_of_arms =Papal coat of arms of Leo XIV (traditional).svg | module = {{Ordination|embed=yes|denomination=Catholic |ordained priest by = [[Jean Jadot]] |date of priestly ordination = June 19, 1982 |place of priestly ordination = St Monica's College, Rome |consecrated by = [[James Green (bishop)|James Green]] |co-consecrators = {{ubl|[[Jesús Moliné Labarte]]|[[Salvador Piñeiro García-Calderón]]}} |date of consecration = December 12, 2014 |place of consecration = [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Chiclayo]] |elevated by = [[Pope Francis]] |date of elevation = September 30, 2023}} | other = Leo }} {{Infobox pope styles | image = Papal coat of arms of Leo XIV (traditional).svg | dipstyle = [[His Holiness]] | offstyle = Your Holiness | relstyle = Holy Father }} '''Pope Leo XIV'''{{efn|{{langx|la|italic=no|Leo&nbsp;XIV}}; {{langx|it|italic=no|Leone&nbsp;XIV}}; {{langx|es|italic=no|link=|León&nbsp;XIV}}.}} (born '''Robert Francis Prevost''';{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɹ|i|.|v|oʊ|s|t}} {{Respell|PREE-vohst}}<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKDP4e0ekvc&t=5s |title=Old Video of New Pope Leo XIV- Greeting from Bishop of Chiclayo, Mons. Robert Prevost Martínez (OSA) |date=May 8, 2025 |type=Video |publisher=Chalice Canada |access-date=May 9, 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref>}} September 14, 1955) is the head of the [[Catholic Church]] and sovereign of the [[Vatican City State]]. He was elected [[pope]] at the [[2025 papal conclave]] on May 8, 2025, following the [[Death and funeral of Pope Francis|death]] of [[Pope Francis]]. Prevost was born in [[Chicago]] and became a [[friar]] in the [[Order of Saint Augustine]] during his early years. He became a priest in 1982. He spent many years doing missionary work in [[Peru]] from 1985 to 1986 and from 1988 to 1998. He became prior general of the Order of Saint Augustine from 2001 to 2013, he later returned to Peru in 2015 as [[Bishop of Chiclayo]]. In 2023, [[Pope Francis]] made him prefect of the [[Dicastery for Bishops]] and president of the [[Pontifical Commission for Latin America]]. Francis later made him a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] the same year. On May 8, 2025, he was elected [[Pope]] and chose the name Leo XIV. He is the first ever [[Americans|United States citizen]] to be voted Pope and the first citizen of [[Peru]] to be elected Pope.<ref name=firstpontiff/> During his time as pope, Leo spoke out against armed conflict and [[nationalism]] while also supporting [[immigrant]] rights and has warned about the use of [[artificial intelligence]]. He has also supported the teachings of the [[Second Vatican Council]]. ==Early life== Robert Francis Prevost was born on September 14, 1955, at [[Insight Hospital and Medical Center|Mercy Hospital and Medical Center]] in the [[Bronzeville, Chicago|Bronzeville]] neighborhood of [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].<ref name="FitzPatrick 2025">{{cite news |last=FitzPatrick |first=Lauren |date=May 3, 2025 |title=From Chicago's south suburbs to helping choose the next pope |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/religion/2025/05/03/robert-prevost-pope-francis-conclave-catholic-church-dolton-saint-mary-assumption-parish |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508173008/https://chicago.suntimes.com/religion/2025/05/03/robert-prevost-pope-francis-conclave-catholic-church-dolton-saint-mary-assumption-parish |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Bosman 2025">{{cite news |last=Bosman |first=Julie |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV Grew Up in the Chicago Area |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/08/us/pope-leo-xiv-chicago.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508204328/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/08/us/pope-leo-xiv-chicago.html |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ward |first1=Joe |last2=Mercado |first2=Melody |last3=Hernandez |first3=Alex V. |last4=Filbin |first4=Patrick |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV Named First American Pope — And He's From Chicago |url=https://blockclubchicago.org/2025/05/08/pope-leo-xiv-named-first-american-pope-and-hes-from-chicago/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508184055/https://blockclubchicago.org/2025/05/08/pope-leo-xiv-named-first-american-pope-and-hes-from-chicago/ |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |newspaper=[[Block Club Chicago]]}}</ref> His mother, Mildred (née Martínez) Prevost, graduated from [[DePaul University]] with a [[bachelor's degree]] in 1947,<ref name="Chicago Tribune 1990">{{cite news |date=June 20, 1990 |title=Obituary for Mildred Prevost |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-obituary-for-mildred-pre/171971476/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508210650/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-obituary-for-mildred-pre/171971476/ |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |page=28 |via=newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Burack |first=Emily |date=May 8, 2025 |title=A Guide to Pope Leo XIV's Family |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a64716116/pope-leo-xiv-family-explained/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509092128/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a64716116/pope-leo-xiv-family-explained/ |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |magazine=[[Town & Country (magazine)|Town & Country]]}}</ref> while his father, Louis Marius Prevost, was a [[United States Navy]] veteran of [[World War II]].<ref name="Chicago Tribune-1997">{{Cite web |date=November 10, 1997 |title=Obituary for Louis M. PREVOST |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-obituary-for-louis-m-pr/171963827/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508202031/https://www.newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune-obituary-for-louis-m-pr/171963827/ |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |page=6 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=de Senneville |first=Loup Besmond |date=January 30, 2023 |title=Démission du cardinal Ouellet : un évêque américain placé à la tête du dicastère pour les évêques |trans-title=Resignation of Cardinal Ouellet: an American bishop appointed to head the dicastery for bishops |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Demission-cardinal-Ouellet-eveque-americain-place-tete-dicastere-eveques-2023-01-30-1201252968 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508201838/https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Demission-cardinal-Ouellet-eveque-americain-place-tete-dicastere-eveques-2023-01-30-1201252968 |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |newspaper=[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]] |language=fr}}</ref> Prevost has two older brothers, Louis and John.<ref name="FitzPatrick 2025"/> He was raised in [[Dolton, Illinois]], a suburb close to Chicago's far [[South Side, Chicago|South Side]].<ref name="FitzPatrick 2025" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lourgos |first1=Angie Leventis |last2=Royal Pratt |first2=Gregory |last3=Stein |first3=Carolyn |last4=Stevens |first4=Olivia |last5=Gorner |first5=Jeremy |last6=Moilanen |first6=Samantha |last7=Salzman |first7=Neil |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Robert Prevost was 'the pride and joy of every priest and nun' at St. Mary's on Chicago's South Side |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/05/08/robert-prevost-chicago-pope-xiv/ |url-status=unfit <!--because it's only available in the US and the article has global significance--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508200248/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/05/08/robert-prevost-chicago-pope-xiv/ |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> He finished his secondary education at St.&nbsp;Augustine Seminary High School, a [[seminary|minor seminary]] in [[Holland, Michigan]], in 1973.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Van Gilder |first1=Rachel |last2=Sanchez |first2=Josh |date=May 8, 2025 |title=New pope attended Catholic high school in West Michigan |url=https://www.woodtv.com/news/allegan-county/new-pope-attended-catholic-school-in-west-michigan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509061043/https://www.woodtv.com/news/allegan-county/new-pope-attended-catholic-school-in-west-michigan/ |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |agency=[[WOOD-TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=October 7, 1972 |title=Robert Prevost is Commended |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-holland-evening-sentinel-robert-prev/171971875/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508202601/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-holland-evening-sentinel-robert-prev/171971875/ |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Holland Sentinel]] |pages=5}}</ref><ref name="The Holland Evening Sentinel-1974">{{cite news |date=February 20, 1974 |title=St. Augustine Wins 1973 Yearbook Award |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-holland-evening-sentinel-st-augusti/171973007/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508202833/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-holland-evening-sentinel-st-augusti/171973007/ |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |newspaper=The Holland Sentinel |pages=17}}</ref> Prevost earned a [[Bachelor of Science]] (BS) degree in mathematics from [[Villanova University]], an [[Order of Saint Augustine|Augustinian]] college, in 1977.<ref name="Vatican News 2025">{{cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Biography of Pope Leo XIV, born Robert Francis Prevost |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-05/biography-of-robert-francis-prevost-pope-leo-xiv.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509044847/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-05/biography-of-robert-francis-prevost-pope-leo-xiv.html |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=[[Vatican News]]}}</ref><ref name="Mervosh 2025">{{cite news |last=Mervosh |first=Sarah |date=May 8, 2025 |title=The Pope Is a Graduate of Villanova, Where the Church Bells Won't Stop Ringing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/08/world/europe/villanova-pope-leo-xiv.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508233134/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/08/world/europe/villanova-pope-leo-xiv.html |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> He earned a [[Master of Divinity]] (MDiv) from [[Catholic Theological Union]] in Chicago in 1982. He was a physics and math teacher at St. Rita of Cascia High School in Chicago during his studies.<ref name="Rich, Dias & Horowitz 2025">{{cite news |last1=Rich |first1=Motoko |last2=Dias |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Horowitz |first3=Jason |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV, the First American Pontiff, Took a Global Route to the Top Post |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/08/world/europe/pope-leo-xiv-robert-francis-prevost.html |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508234950/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/08/world/europe/pope-leo-xiv-robert-francis-prevost.html |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> He earned a [[Licentiate of Canon Law]] in 1984, followed by a [[Doctor of Canon Law (Catholic Church)|Doctor of Canon Law]] degree in 1987 from the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] in Rome.<ref name="Vatican News 2025"/> ==Early career== In September 1977, Prevost joined the [[Order of Saint Augustine]] and lived in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kukuljan |first=Steph |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV in St. Louis: 'Bob' Prevost started his papal journey here |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/article_89d4062b-75e0-495e-8b30-a91e8a0ac920.html |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV Lived In St. Louis While Preparing For The Priesthood |url=https://www.stlmag.com/news/pope-leo-xiv-lived-in-st-louis/ |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website= St. Louis Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> He took his first vows in September 1978 and solemn vows in August 1981.<ref name="Catholic-Hierarchy 2014">{{Cite web |date=2014|title=Pope Leo XIV (Robert Francis Prevost) |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bprevost.html |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=Catholic-Hierarchy |archive-date=January 25, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125025948/https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bprevost.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Prevost was ordained a priest by Archbishop [[Jean Jadot]] for the Augustinians in Rome on June 19, 1982.<ref name="Catholic-Hierarchy 2014" /> Prevost joined the Augustinian mission in [[Peru]] in 1985 when he was chancellor of the Territorial Prelature of Chulucanas (1985–1986).<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 3, 2014 |title=Robert F. Prevost nombrado Administrador Apostólico en Chiclayo |url=http://augustinians.net/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=483&cntnt01returnid=49 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191403/http://augustinians.net/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=483&cntnt01returnid=49 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=June 1, 2021 |website=Orden de San Agustín |language=es}}</ref> In 1987, he was vocation director and missions director of the Augustinian Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel in [[Olympia Fields, Illinois]], and worked with the faculty of the Augustinian Novitiate in [[Oconomowoc, Wisconsin]], before returning to Peru in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mendelchs.org/blog/2023/09/28/watch-archbishop-robert-prevost-o-s-a-becomes-a-cardinal-this-weekend/|title=Augustinian Archbishop Robert Francis Prevost, O.S.A., to become Cardinal|access-date=May 9, 2025}}</ref> In Peru, Prevost spent years at the Augustinian seminary in [[Trujillo, Peru|Trujillo]], teaching [[canon law]] in the diocesan seminary and he was a judge in the regional ecclesiastical court.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kelly |first=John J. |url=https://archive.org/details/adventureinfaith0000kell/mode/1up |title=Adventure in Faith: The Story of the Chulucanas Prelature |date=1989 |publisher=Augustinian Historical Institute, Villanova University |via=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-941491-42-6|access-date=May 9, 2025}}</ref> He did well in the Augustinians' efforts to convince Peruvians to become priests in the order.<ref>{{cite news | access-date = May 9, 2025 | first = Michael Sean | last = Winters | work = National Catholic Reporter | url = https://www.ncronline.org/opinion/prevost-new-pope-american-cardinal-committed-reforms-pope-francis-began | title = Prevost is new pope, an American cardinal committed to the reforms Pope Francis began |date=May 8, 2025}}</ref> In 1998, Prevost was elected prior provincial of the Order of St. Augustine's [[Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel (United States)|Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel]] in Chicago. In 2000, he allowed Augustinian priest James Ray, to be suspended from public ministry since 1991 because of accusations of [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|sexual abuse]] of minors.<ref name="The Pillar 2021">{{Cite web |date=March 16, 2021|title=Vatican congregation member allowed priest accused of child abuse to live near Catholic school |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/vatican-congregation-member-allowed |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=The Pillar |archive-date=July 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728140608/https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/vatican-congregation-member-allowed |url-status=live }}</ref> Ray was moved in 2002 after US bishops put stricter rules.<ref name="Herguth 2021">{{cite news |last=Herguth |first=Robert |date=February 26, 2021 |title=Church officials disapproved moving another priest accused of abuse to Hyde Park friary, records show |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/2/26/22302129/catholics-priest-child-sex-abuse-st-john-friary-james-ray-richard-mcgrath-hyde-park-augustinians |access-date=January 30, 2023 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131182656/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/2/26/22302129/catholics-priest-child-sex-abuse-st-john-friary-james-ray-richard-mcgrath-hyde-park-augustinians |url-status=live }}</ref> == Prior General of the Order of Saint Augustine (2001–2013) == Prevost became Prior General of the Order of Saint Augustine in 2001. He served two six-year terms until 2013.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 11, 2007 |title=Augustinians re-elect current Prior General at Chapter meeting |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/10353/augustinians-re-elect-current-prior-general-at-chapter-meeting |access-date=May 8, 2025 |agency=[[Catholic News Agency]] |location=Rome, Italy}}</ref> During his time there, there were complaints of abuse against minors made against Richard McGrath.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fabbre |first1=Alicia |last2=Kim |first2=Anna |last3=Cherney |first3=Elyssa |date=April 8, 2019 |title=Where is Father McGrath? Priest who was accused of child sex abuse is still AWOL from order but criminal investigations end |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2019/04/08/where-is-father-mcgrath-priest-who-was-accused-of-child-sex-abuse-is-still-awol-from-order-but-criminal-investigations-end/ |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=Chicago Tribune }}</ref><ref name="Will County Gazette 2025">{{cite web |date=May 2, 2025 |title='If he saw and stayed silent—he's not a good priest;' Activist says inaction over Providence H.S. sex abuse disqualifies Pope hopeful Prevost |url=https://willcountygazette.com/stories/671124585-if-he-saw-and-stayed-silent-he-s-not-a |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=Will County Gazette |archive-date=May 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516011439/https://willcountygazette.com/stories/671124585-if-he-saw-and-stayed-silent-he-s-not-a |url-status=dead }}</ref> From 2013 to 2014, Prevost was director of formation at the Convent of St. Augustine in Chicago and as first councilor and provincial vicar of the Province of Our Mother of Good Counsel. == Bishop of Chiclayo (2014–2023) == [[File:Bishop of Chiclayo Robert Prevost on extreme poverty in the region (2018).webm|thumb|Prevost as Bishop of Chiclayo in 2018 talking about the [[poverty]] in the region]] On November 3, 2014, [[Pope Francis]] picked Prevost to be the apostolic administrator of the [[Diocese of Chiclayo]] and [[titular bishop]] of [[Sufar]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Rinunce e nomine, 03.11.2014 |date=November 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]] |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2014/11/03/0814/01717.html |language=it |access-date=November 21, 2020 |archive-date=June 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626190210/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2014/11/03/0814/01717.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was consecrated on December 12, 2014, at St. Mary's Cathedral in [[Chiclayo]].<ref>{{cite news |date=May 17, 2015 |title=Una autoridad debe apartarse de la corrupción, el egoísmo y de enriquecerse a sí mismo |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/189262-una-autoridad-debe-apartarse-de-la-corrupcion-el-egoismo-y-de-enriquecerse-a-si-mismo/ |access-date=November 21, 2020 |work=[[La República]] |language=es |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508180718/https://larepublica.pe/politica/189262-una-autoridad-debe-apartarse-de-la-corrupcion-el-egoismo-y-de-enriquecerse-a-si-mismo |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2025-05-08 |title=Pope Francis' successor/ Who is Pope Leo XIV, who was elected today by the Conclave? |url=https://www.cna.al/english/kosova-bota/pasardhesi-i-papa-franceskut-kush-eshte-papa-leoni-xiv-qe-u-zgjodh-s-i429415 |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=CNA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 9, 2025 |title=US cardinal Prevost is new pope, chooses name Leo XIV |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/index.php/articles/1249738 |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Philippine News Agency}}</ref> On September 26, 2015, he was named bishop of Chiclayo.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Rinunce e nomine, 26.09.2015 |date=September 26, 2015 |publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]] |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2015/09/26/0722/01562.html |language=it |access-date=November 21, 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508185727/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2015/09/26/0722/01562.html |archive-date=May 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV: Robert Prevost, from Peru missionary to first American pontiff |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20250508-pope-leo-xiv-profile-robert-prevost-from-peru-missionary-to-first-american-pontiff |access-date=May 8, 2025 |publisher=France 24 |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508180200/https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20250508-pope-leo-xiv-profile-robert-prevost-from-peru-missionary-to-first-american-pontiff |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to a diplomatic treaty, Prevost became a [[Peru|naturalized Peruvian citizen]] before becoming bishop. During his time at Chiclayo, Prevost has been accused of covering up [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|sexual abuse]].<ref name="The Jerusalem Post 2025">{{cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=New pope Leo XIV faces scrutiny over past handling of clergy‑abuse cases |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-853274 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> In 2022, victims of abuse in 2007 by priests Ricardo Yesquén and Eleuterio Vásquez Gonzáles said Prevost failed to investigate their case.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cayetano Chávez |first=José |date=December 13, 2023 |title=Dos sacerdotes de Lambayeque son acusados por agresiones sexuales: uno ya ha reconocido el delito |url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/dos-sacerdotes-de-lambayeque-son-acusados-por-agresiones-sexuales-uno-ya-ha-reconocido-el-delito-lambayeque-violencia-sexual-menores-tocamientos-indebidos-noticia/ |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=El Comercio |language=es-PE |issn=1605-3052}}</ref> The Diocese of Chiclayo stated that Prevost followed proper procedures and personally talked with the victims and supported them getting legal help.<ref>{{cite news |last=D'Avillez |first=Filipe |date=September 18, 2024 |title=Cardinal Prevost never investigated abuse claims, alleged victims say |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/cardinal-prevost-never-investigated |work=[[The Pillar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agren |first=David |title=Cardinal's former diocese denies claim of clerical sexual abuse cover-up |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/cardinals-former-diocese-denies-claim-clerical-sexual-abuse-cover |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=National Catholic Reporter |language=en |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508173759/https://www.ncronline.org/news/cardinals-former-diocese-denies-claim-clerical-sexual-abuse-cover |url-status=live }}</ref> However some of the victims agreed the church's investigation was not thorough.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2024 |title=Exobispo de Chiclayo mantuvo en silencio casos de abuso sexual |url=https://www.americatv.com.pe/noticias/actualidad/exobispo-chiclayo-mantuvo-silencio-casos-abuso-sexual-n496492 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=América Noticias |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=d'Avillez |first=Filipe |date=September 18, 2024 |title=Cardinal Prevost never investigated abuse claims, alleged victims say |url=https://www.snapnetwork.org/cardinal_prevost_never_investigated_abuse_claims_alleged_victims_say |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests |language=en |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508160123/https://www.snapnetwork.org/cardinal_prevost_never_investigated_abuse_claims_alleged_victims_say |url-status=dead }}</ref> In statements to the Peruvian newspaper about the abuse, Prevost said: "If you are a victim of sexual abuse by a priest, report it."<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Extremely online new pope unafraid to talk politics |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/extremely-online-pope-unafraid-talk-222844749.html |access-date=May 9, 2025 |agency=Agence France-Presse |via=Yahoo News }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Cardinalate (2023–2025)== [[Pope Francis]] was close to Prevost and helped him in his career.<ref name=Bubola>{{cite news|date=May 9, 2025|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/09/world/europe/pope-leo-francis.html|title=Francis Connected With Leo Long Ago and Boosted His Career|author= Emma Bubola|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref> On January 30, 2023, Francis made Prevost prefect of the [[Dicastery for Bishops]] with the title archbishop-bishop emeritus of Chiclayo.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Resignations and Appointments, 30.01.2023 |date=January 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]] |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2023/01/30/230130b.html |access-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609041216/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2023/01/30/230130b.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 30, 2023 |title=Pope Francis names Chicago native head of Vatican bishops' department |url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/pope-francis-names-bishop-robert-prevost-to-head-of-vatican-bishops-department |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=[[The Pillar]] |archive-date=May 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508211009/https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/pope-francis-names-bishop-robert-prevost-to-head-of-vatican-bishops-department |url-status=live }}</ref> On September 30, 2023, Francis made Prevost a cardinal with the rank of cardinal-deacon. Francis gave him the title of [[Santa Monica degli Agostiniani]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Assignation of Titles and Deaconries to the new Cardinals, 30.09.2023 |date=September 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]] |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2023/09/30/230930b.html |access-date=October 1, 2023 |archive-date=October 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001021954/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2023/09/30/230930b.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As prefect, he played an important role in recommending episcopal candidates worldwide, making him an important person within the church.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 30, 2025 |title=U.S. cardinal's résumé, demeanor land him on 'papabile' lists |url=https://angelusnews.com/news/vatican/cardinals-prevost/ |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=Angelus}}</ref> In October 2023, Francis appointed him as a member of seven more [[dicasteries]] and also named him to the [[Pontifical Commission for the Vatican City State]].<ref name="Vatican News 2025"/> On February 6, 2025, Francis made him a cardinal-bishop and titular bishop of the [[Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Resignations and Appointments, 06.02.2025 |date=February 6, 2025 |publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]] |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2025/02/06/0113/00233.html |access-date=February 6, 2025 |archive-date=February 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223233859/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2025/02/06/0113/00233.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=February 6, 2025 |title=College of Cardinals: Pope extends terms of dean and vice-dean |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-02/college-of-cardinals-pope-extends-terms-of-dean-and-vice-dean.html |access-date=February 26, 2025 |website=[[Vatican News]] |publisher=[[Dicastery for Communication]]}}</ref> ==Papacy (2025–present)== ===Election=== {{main|2025 papal conclave}} [[File:Pope Leo XIV Waving (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Pope Leo XIV waving at the crowds at [[St. Peter's Square]] shortly after he became pope in May 2025]] Prevost was seen as a [[dark horse]] candidate during the [[2025 papal conclave]].<ref name="Maddox & Gooch 2025">{{cite web |last1=Maddox |first1=David |last2=Gooch |first2=Bryony |date=May 7, 2025 |title=Who could be the new Pope? The cardinals in the running ahead of the Conclave |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/papal-conclave-cardinals-new-pope-candidates-b2746175.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507194344/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/papal-conclave-cardinals-new-pope-candidates-b2746175.html |archive-date=May 7, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Nel conclave il peso degli americani, Dolan 'pope maker' – Dall'addio a Francesco al nuovo Papa |url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/speciali/dalladdio-a-francesco-al-nuovo-papa/2025/05/08/nel-conclave-il-peso-degli-americani-dolan-pope-maker_df58b4dc-fca1-4900-a4bc-f8c9653ed022.html |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=Agenzia ANSA |language=it}}</ref> He was seen as an ally of [[Pope Francis]].<ref name="Maddox & Gooch 2025" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bedigan |first1=Mike |last2=Watling |first2=Tom |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Meet Leo XIV: The first American pope no one expected |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/bulletin/news/new-pope-leo-xiv-cardinal-robert-prevost-b2747492.html |access-date=May 9, 2025 |work=The Independent}}</ref> His American nationality was thought to be unlikely or something that would have worked against his possible candidacy.<ref name="Maddox & Gooch 2025"/> Supporters argued that he represented a "dignified middle of the road".<ref name=":4">{{cite news |last=Rich |first=Motoko |date=May 2, 2025 |title=There's Never Been a Pope From the U.S. Could This Cardinal Change That? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/02/world/americas/pope-candidate-cardinal-robert-francis-prevost.html |access-date=May 6, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> He had been appointed by [[Pope Francis]] as prefect of the [[Dicastery for Bishops]] and president of the [[Pontifical Commission for Latin America]] in 2023, the same year he was made a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]].<ref name="NCR 2025">{{cite web |last=White |first=Christopher |date=April 30, 2025 |title=The first American pope? This cardinal has the best chance of making history in this conclave |url=https://www.ncronline.org/vatican/vatican-news/papal-front-runner-interest-polyglot-us-cardinal-prevost-rises-italian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509061128/https://www.ncronline.org/vatican/vatican-news/papal-front-runner-interest-polyglot-us-cardinal-prevost-rises-italian |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=[[National Catholic Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Who will be pope? Meet some possible contenders |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/who-will-be-pope-meet-some-possible-contenders |access-date=May 3, 2025 |website=[[PBS News Hour]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Who Could Be the Next Pope? These Are the Names to Know |url=https://time.com/7282843/next-pope-candidates-zuppi-parolin-tagle-turkson-erdo/ |access-date=May 6, 2025 |magazine=Time |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506211100/https://time.com/7282843/next-pope-candidates-zuppi-parolin-tagle-turkson-erdo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> At 18:08 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] ([[UTC+02:00|UTC+2]]), on May 8, 2025, in the fourth round of voting,<ref>{{cite web |last1=FitzPatrick |first1=Lauren |last2=Winfieldand |first2=Nicole |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Cardinal Robert Prevost, born in Chicago, is the first pope from the United States |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/religion/2025/05/08/cardinal-robert-prevost-raised-in-dolton-is-the-first-american-pope |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] }}</ref> on the second day of the conclave, Prevost was elected pope, becoming the first North American and first Peruvian pontiff.<ref name=firstpontiff>{{cite news |last1=Rich |first1=Motoko |last2=Dias |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Horowitz |first3=Jason |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV, the First American Pontiff, Took a Global Route to the Top Post |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/08/world/europe/pope-leo-xiv-robert-francis-prevost.html |access-date=May 9, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="McElwee-2025">{{cite news |last=McElwee |first=Joshua |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Prevost, first U.S. pope, supported Francis and shunned spotlight |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/prevost-first-us-pope-supported-francis-shunned-spotlight-2025-05-08/ |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope appeals for peace to 'all peoples' in first address |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/europe/2025/0508/1511650-vatican-conclave/ |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=[[RTÉ News]]}}</ref> Prevost picked his papal name as [[Pope Leo|Leo]] XIV.<ref>{{cite web |last=Galeazzi|first=Giacomo|date=May 8, 2025 |title=Leone, nome forte contro i potenti. Un omaggio alla dottrina sociale |url=https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/speciali/conclave/2025/05/09/news/leone_nome_forte_contro_i_potenti-15138555/ |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=La Stampa |language=it}}</ref> His choice of Leo XIV is inspired by [[Pope Leo XIII]] who helped modernize the papacy, and Leo XIV himself sees the current moment as a time for "cultural shifts" within the church because of [[artificial intelligence]] and [[robotics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osvnews.com/chilean-cardinal-gives-insight-to-the-conclave-that-elected-pope-leo-xiv/|title=Chilean cardinal gives insight to the conclave that elected Pope Leo XIV|publisher=Osvnews|accessdate=May 10, 2025|date=May 9, 2025}}</ref> Leo appeared in the traditional papal red [[Stole (vestment)|stole]] and [[mozzetta]] outfit.<ref>{{cite web |last=Whisnant|first=Gabe|date=May 8, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV: American calls for 'peace' as new leader of Catholic Church |url=https://www.newsweek.com/new-pope-elected-white-smoke-billows-vatican-chimney-2069285 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=Newsweek }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Wooden|first=Cindy|title=Chicago native Cardinal Prevost elected pope, takes name Leo XIV |url=https://www.usccb.org/news/2025/chicago-native-cardinal-prevost-elected-pope-takes-name-leo-xiv |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=United States Conference of Catholic Bishops }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Grossman Kantor|first1=Wendy|last2=Adams|first2=Abigail |title=Pope Leo XIV Made History by Becoming First American Pontiff. Why Experts Are 'Surprised and Excited' (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/pope-leo-xiv-made-history-why-experts-surprised-excited-exclusive-11731257 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=People }}</ref> He then delivered his first address in Italian and Spanish, where he talked about the legacy of [[Pope Francis]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Wooden |first=Cindy |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Breaking: Chicago native Cardinal Prevost elected pope, takes name Leo XIV |url=https://www.detroitcatholic.com/news/breaking-chicago-native-cardinal-prevost-elected-pope-takes-name-leo-xiv |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=Detroit Catholic}}</ref> The Vatican called Leo as the first pope from the [[Order of Saint Augustine]] and the second pope from the Americas (after Pope Francis).<ref name="Vatican News-2025a">{{cite web |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Biography of Robert Francis Prevost, Pope Leo XIV |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-05/biography-of-robert-francis-prevost-pope-leo-xiv.html |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=Vatican News }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news |date=May 9, 2025 |title=Who is Robert Prevost, the new Pope Leo XIV? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0ln80lzk7ko |agency=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> He is also the first North American pope,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Faiola |first1=Anthony |last2=Boorstein |first2=Michelle |last3=Pitrelli |first3=Stefano |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Leo XIV, elevated by Francis, becomes first American pope |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/08/pope-leo-robert-prevost-conclave-catholic/ |access-date=May 9, 2025 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> the first born in the United States,<ref>{{cite web |date=May 9, 2025 |title=Papal conclave 2025 live updates: Robert Francis Prevost becomes first U.S.-born pope |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/world/the-vatican/live-blog/conclave-2025-live-updates-rcna205525 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=NBC News }}</ref> the first to be a citizen of both Peru and the United States,<ref>{{cite web |last=Sage |first=Alexandria |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Soft-spoken Prevost is first pope from the US (and Peru) |url=https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/world/soft-spoken-prevost-is-first-pope-from-the-united-states-and-peru.phtml |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=Buenos Aires Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Collyns |first=Dan |date=May 8, 2025 |title='The pope is Peruvian': elation in country where pontiff served as bishop |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/pope-leo-xiv-peru-latin-america |access-date=May 9, 2025 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> the first from an [[English language|English-speaking country]] since [[Adrian IV]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Sporzynski |first=Darius von Guttner |date=May 9, 2025 |title='Peace be with all of you': how Pope Leo XIV embodies a living dialogue between tradition and modernity |url=https://theconversation.com/peace-be-with-all-of-you-how-pope-leo-xiv-embodies-a-living-dialogue-between-tradition-and-modernity-256084 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=The Conversation }}</ref> the first named Leo since [[Leo XIII]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deliso |first1=Meredith |last2=Forrester|first2= Megan |date=May 8, 2025|title=What we know about Leo XIV, the new American pope |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/new-american-pope-leo-xiv-robert-prevost/story?id=121604332 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=ABC News }}</ref> the first born after [[World War II]], and the 267th pope overall.<ref>{{cite web |last1 =Watling|first1=Tom|last2= Bedigan|first2=Mike |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Chicago-born Robert Prevost appointed 267th Pope |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/new-pope-robert-prevost-conclave-catholic-b2746517.html |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=The Independent }}</ref> [[President of the United States|United States president]] [[Donald Trump]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hubbard |first=Kaia |date=2025-05-09 |title=Pope Leo XIV honored by Trump: 'It is such an honor to realize that he is the first American Pope' |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-pope-leo-xiv-american-trump-reaction/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> the [[Archbishop of Chicago]] [[Blase J. Cupich]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leventis Lourgos |first=Angie |date=2025-05-09 |title=Pope Leo XIV is a ‘Midwesterner who is not afraid of hard work,’ Chicago Cardinal Blase Cupich says |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/05/09/pope-leo-robert-prevost-blase-cupich/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509192715/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/05/09/pope-leo-robert-prevost-blase-cupich/ |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Chicago Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> [[President of Peru|Peruvian president]] [[Dina Boluarte]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Regional |first=Prensa |date=2025-05-08 |title=¡El papa también es peruano... y tiene SIS! |url=https://prensaregional.pe/el-papa-tambien-es-peruano-y-tiene-sis/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=prensaregional.pe |language=es}}</ref> and by members of the [[Peruvian Congress]] all congratulated Leo XIV on his election as the pope.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Calderón |first=Por Camila |date=2025-05-09 |title=Perú celebra la elección del Papa León XIV: las reacciones de congresistas y otras figuras políticas |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2025/05/09/peru-celebra-la-eleccion-del-papa-leon-xiv-las-reacciones-de-congresistas-y-otras-figuras-politicas/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gómez |first=Por Abigail Villantoy |date=2025-05-09 |title=Dina Boluarte tiene intenciones de viajar al Vaticano para la entronización del papa León XIV: ¿Congreso aprobará su viaje? |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2025/05/09/dina-boluarte-tiene-intenciones-de-viajar-al-vaticano-para-la-entronizacion-del-papa-leon-xiv-congreso-aprobara-su-viaje/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=infobae |language=es}}</ref> ===Tenure=== [[File:Pope Leo XIV in the popemobile at his inauguration (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Pope Leo in the [[popemobile]] during his [[Inauguration of Pope Leo XIV|inauguration mass]] in May 2025]] The day after his election, on May 9, 2025, Leo celebrated his first [[Mass in the Catholic Church|Mass]] as pope in the [[Sistine Chapel]]. During the Mass he warned against the lack of faith in the world and spoke of a Church that would act as a "beacon that illuminates the dark nights of this world".<ref>{{cite news |last=Mao |first=Frances |title=Pope Leo XIV calls Church 'a beacon to illuminate dark nights' in first mass |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g3dydj3e3o.amp |date=9 May 2025 |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref> It was also reported that Leo would live in the [[Apostolic Palace]] instead of the [[Domus Sanctae Marthae]] as Francis had.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hernández|first=Virginia |date= May 9, 2025 |title=Adiós a Santa Marta: León XIV residirá en el Palacio Apostólico y la Misa de inicio de su Pontificado será el 18 de mayo |url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2025/05/09/681e0e03e4d4d8d2758b4578.html |access-date=May 10, 2025 |website=El Mundo |language=es}}</ref> His [[Inauguration of Pope Leo XIV|inauguration mass]] was held on May 18 in [[St. Peter's Square]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Giuffrida |first1=Angela |title=Pope Leo XIV holds inaugural Mass at St Peter's Square in front of 250,000 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/world/europe/2025/05/18/pope-leo-xiv-inaugural-mass-st-peters-square-rome/ |access-date=May 18, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=May 18, 2025 |language=en |archive-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518092847/https://www.irishtimes.com/world/europe/2025/05/18/pope-leo-xiv-inaugural-mass-st-peters-square-rome/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On May 25, he formally became as Bishop of Rome in a ceremony at the [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Winfield |first1=Nicole |title=Pope Leo XIV declares 'I am Roman!' as he completes formalities to become bishop of Rome |url=https://apnews.com/article/rome-pope-bishop-ceremony-basilicas-ae01507115934e82a15e5f6758d08637 |access-date=May 26, 2025 |work=[[AP News]] |date=May 26, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> On September 7, 2025, Leo led the [[canonization]] of [[Carlo Acutis]] and [[Pier Giorgio Frassati]] at a mass in [[Saint Peter's Square]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-07 | title=Pope Leo XIV declares teen computer whiz Carlo Acutis the first millennial saint |url=https://apnews.com/article/leo-canonization-saint-acutis-frassati-vatican-3a90197181f4ea3b7d1e29eff5fb9a01 |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=AP News |language=en}}</ref> On November 21, 2025, Leo signed an amendment to the 2023 law allowing women to become president of the [[Pontifical Commission for the Vatican City State]], removing a requirement that officeholders must hold the rank of [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/vatican-women-pope-leo-6e65e51a770552eadf7b34be5e28b544 |title=Pope tweaks a law allowing a woman to head the Vatican City State, months after a nun was appointed |date=November 22, 2025 |work=[[AP News]] |access-date=November 23, 2025 |archive-date=November 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121132419/https://apnews.com/article/vatican-women-pope-leo-6e65e51a770552eadf7b34be5e28b544 |url-status=live}}</ref> Leo made his first apostolic journey, a visit to [[Turkey]] and[[ Lebanon]], from November 27 to December 2, 2025, arriving in Turkey to celebrate with [[Patriarch Bartholomew]] of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] the 1,700th anniversary of the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicaea]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2025 |last=Bordoni |first=Linda |title=Pope Leo and Patriarch Bartholomew reject violence in the name of God - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-11/joint-declaration-pope-leo-xiv-ecumenical-patriarch-bartholomew.html |access-date=December 3, 2025 |website=www.vaticannews.va |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203001946/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-11/joint-declaration-pope-leo-xiv-ecumenical-patriarch-bartholomew.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 27, 2025 |title=Pope Leo arrives in Turkey on first foreign trip of papacy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy5g3076lqzo |website=BBC |access-date=November 27, 2025 |archive-date=November 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251127132010/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy5g3076lqzo |url-status=live}}</ref> While in Istanbul, he visited [[Blue Mosque, Istanbul|the Blue Mosque]]<ref>{{cite web |date=November 29, 2025 |title=Pope Leo visits Blue Mosque, one of most important in Istanbul |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-11/pope-leo-visits-blue-mosque-one-of-most-important-in-istanbul.html |website=[[Vatican News]] |access-date=November 29, 2025 |archive-date=November 29, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251129084105/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-11/pope-leo-visits-blue-mosque-one-of-most-important-in-istanbul.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|id=YWLQMQ3wKOY|title=Visite de la mosquée du Sultan Ahmet (Mosquée Bleue) d'Istanbul}}</ref> and the [[Saint Gregory the Illuminator Church of Galata|Armenian Apostolic Cathedral]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fraser |first=Suzan |last2=Wilks |first2=Andrew |date=November 30, 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV prays at Armenian cathedral in Istanbul as Turkey and Armenia attempt reconciliation |url=https://apnews.com/article/pope-leo-turkey-armenia-church-f3a82d0b09af1825e0988eafa426117c |access-date= |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=December 11, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211041513/https://apnews.com/article/pope-leo-turkey-armenia-church-f3a82d0b09af1825e0988eafa426117c |url-status=live}}</ref> Leo later visited Lebanon, visiting and praying at the site of the [[2020 Beirut explosion]]<ref name="Pollio Fenton">{{Cite news |last1=Pollio Fenton |first1=Francesca |title=Powerful moments from Pope Leo XIV's trip to Turkey and Lebanon |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/268207/best-moments-from-pope-leo-xivs-trip-to-turkey-and-lebanon |access-date=December 3, 2025 |website=Catholic News Agency |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203025426/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/268207/best-moments-from-pope-leo-xivs-trip-to-turkey-and-lebanon |url-status=live}}</ref> and later the tomb of [[Charbel Makhlouf]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2025 |title=Pope Leo prays at tomb of Saint Charbel Makhlouf - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-12/pope-lebanon-st-charbel-tomb-prayer-peace.html |access-date=December 3, 2025 |website=www.vaticannews.va |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203202901/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-12/pope-lebanon-st-charbel-tomb-prayer-peace.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He returned to Rome on December 2.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2025 |title=Pope Leo to make Apostolic Journey to Türkiye and Lebanon |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-10/pope-leo-apostolic-journey-turkiye-and-lebanon.html |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=Vatican News |archive-date=October 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007105450/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2025-10/pope-leo-apostolic-journey-turkiye-and-lebanon.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2026, he made his second apostolic journey, this time it was a trip to [[Monaco]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-26 |title=Church in Monaco awaits Pope Leo with joy - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-02/church-in-monaco-awaits-pope-leo-with-joy.html |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=www.vaticannews.va |language=en}}</ref> He then made his third journey, this time it was a trip to [[Algeria]], [[Cameroon]], [[Angola]], and [[Equatorial Guinea]] in April 2026. It was the first time that a pope had visited Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pope Leo XIV in Algeria walks in footsteps of his spiritual father, St. Augustine |url=https://www.wsls.com/news/world/2026/04/14/pope-leo-xiv-in-algeria-to-walk-in-footsteps-of-his-spiritual-father-st-augustine/ |last=Winfield |first=Nicole |date=2026-04-14 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=[[WSLS]] via [[Associated Press]] |archive-date=April 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260415084530/https://www.wsls.com/news/world/2026/04/14/pope-leo-xiv-in-algeria-to-walk-in-footsteps-of-his-spiritual-father-st-augustine/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He met with [[President of Algeria|President]] [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] and visited the [[Djamaa el Djazaïr|Great Mosque of Algiers]] in [[Algiers]], then traveled to [[Annaba]] for what he described as "spiritual homecoming" to the land of [[St. Augustine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pope Leo XIV, ‘Son of Augustine’, makes historic visit to Algeria |url=https://cruxnow.com/pope-in-algeria/2026/04/pope-leo-xiv-son-of-augustine-makes-historic-visit-to-algeria |last=Ellen |first=Elise Ann |date=2026-04-13 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=[[Crux (online newspaper)|Crux]]}}</ref> During this trip, he called for [[peace]] in the region while also criticizing [[corruption]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pope Leo XIV: Universities must seek truth and form the whole person |url=https://www.ewtnnews.com/vatican/pope-leo-xiv-universities-must-seek-truth-and-form-the-whole-person |last=Mancini |first=Marco |date=2026-04-21 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=[[EWTN News]]}}</ref> In April 2026, Leo criticized the ongoing [[2026 Iran war|Iran war]]. As a result, U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] criticized Leo and wrote that "Pope Leo is WEAK on Crime, and terrible for Foreign Policy," and added, "I don't want a Pope who thinks it's OK for [[Iran]] to have a [[Nuclear Weapon]]."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weissert |first=Will |last2=español |first2=JOSH BOAK Leer en |date=April 13, 2026 |title=Trump lambasts Pope Leo XIV, extending feud over Iran war with first American pontiff |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-pope-leo-xiv-02f6b4554ea4b83af02af15987ae1f2d |access-date=April 13, 2026 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Trump also said that Leo was "too [[liberalism|liberal]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rogers |first=Katie |date=April 13, 2026 |title=Trump Attacks Pope Leo as Too Liberal and 'Weak on Crime' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/04/12/us/politics/trump-attacks-pope-leo.html |access-date=April 13, 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Press |first=The Associated |date=April 13, 2026 |title=Trump lambasts Pope Leo XIV, extending feud over Iran war with American pontiff |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/04/13/nx-s1-5783008/trump-pope-leo |access-date=April 13, 2026 |work=NPR |language=en}}</ref> In response, Leo said he was not afraid of the Trump administration and said that he would always support peace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2026 |title=Pope says he has 'no fear' of Trump after scathing criticism |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp841y07w5xo |access-date=April 13, 2026 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> On May 25, 2026, Leo published his first [[encyclical]] called ''[[Magnifica humanitas]]'' where he criticizes and warns about the growing use of [[artificial intelligence]].<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cedppn6002jo |title=Pope Leo says AI must be 'disarmed' in first major teaching|publisher=[[BBC]]| date=25 May 2026| accessdate =25 May 2026|last=Maqbool|first=Aleem|last2=Wyatt|first2=Catherine}}</ref> In it, he argues that [[humanity]] faces a choice between "building [[Tower of Babel|Babel]] and [[New Jerusalem|rebuilding Jerusalem]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brockhaus |first=Hannah |date=2026-05-25 |title='Magnifica Humanitas': Pope Leo Invokes Justice to Combat 'Anti-Human Vision' in AI |url=https://www.ncregister.com/cna/pope-leo-ai-magnifica-humanitas |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=[[National Catholic Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref> ==Personal life== As a young child, Prevost liked to act out [[Mass in the Catholic Church|Mass]] with his brothers, and his family believed that he would one day become a priest.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Prevost |first=Louis |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Florida Man's Little Brother Now Pope |url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=541794328773455 |work=[[WTSP|10 Tampa Bay]] |interviewer-last=Wagner |interviewer-first=David |location=[[Port Charlotte, Florida]] |publisher= |access-date=May 9, 2025}}</ref> Prevost is a sports fan, and calls himself an amateur tennis player.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kent |first=Lauren |date=May 8, 2025 |title=10 things to know about Robert Prevost, who is now Pope Leo XIV |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/08/world/pope-leo-xiv-robert-prevost-wwk-intl-latam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509103919/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/08/world/pope-leo-xiv-robert-prevost-wwk-intl-latam |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> He is a fan of the [[Chicago White Sox]] of [[Major League Baseball]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Lutz |first=BJ |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Brother answers burning question: Is Pope Leo XIV a Chicago White Sox or Cubs fan? |url=https://wgntv.com/news/pope-leo/robert-prevost-pope-leo-xiv-chicago-cubs-sox/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509061035/https://wgntv.com/news/pope-leo/robert-prevost-pope-leo-xiv-chicago-cubs-sox/ |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |publisher=[[WGN-TV]]}}</ref> having gone to a White Sox home game during the [[2005 World Series]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Washburn |first=Kaitlin |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Chicago high school cheers White Sox fan Pope Leo XIV — 'He's one of us' |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/religion/2025/05/08/pope-leo-xiv-robert-prevost-st-rita-high-school-chicago |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509084208/https://chicago.suntimes.com/religion/2025/05/08/pope-leo-xiv-robert-prevost-st-rita-high-school-chicago |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Pope Leo XIV makes broadcast in 2005 World Series (text) |url=https://www.mlb.com/video/pope-leo-xiv-makes-broadcast-in-2005-world-series |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=MLB.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The new pope was at the 2005 World Series (Video) |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/pope-leo-xiv-robert-prevost-white-sox-fan-2005-world-series |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=MLB.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Coat of arms of Pope Leo XIV]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Sister project links|d=Q6109517|c=Category:Leo XIV|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiv/en.html Vatican webpage about Pope Leo XIV] * [https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2025/05/08/250508a.html Inaugural ''Urbi et Orbi''] {{DEFAULTSORT:Leo 14}} [[Category:Popes]] [[Category:Religious leaders from Chicago]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Roman Catholic bishops]] [[Category:American cardinals]] [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:People from Dolton, Illinois]] [[Category:Lawyers from Chicago]] [[Category:Educators from Chicago]] [[Category:American theologians]] [[Category:Pope Leo XIV|*]] {{Popes}} ttms42vzx1ns6ml1htfoohx3qo2s7r0 0 1186686 10878742 10871385 2026-06-04T12:11:21Z Muhammad GHEYAS 1816156 /* */ 10878742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge from|Rawalpindi Drone Attack 2025}} {{complex}} {{Infobox military conflict|main | conflict = 2025 India–Pakistan conflict | width = | partof = [[India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]], [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff]] and [[Kashmir conflict]] | image = | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | date = 7–10 May 2025 {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=05|day1=7|year1=2025|month2=5|day2=10|year2=2025|duration=yes}})}} | place = {{hlist|[[India]]|[[Pakistan]]}} | coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template --> | map_type = | map_relief = | map_size = | map_marksize = | map_caption = | map_label = | territory = | result = Ceasefire on the request of India<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.ft.com/content/559ec37b-f048-4e4c-88f7-a5d6bc086632|website=www.ft.com|access-date=2025-11-29}}</ref> *Pakistan Victory <ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-05-11|title=As Truce Seems to Hold, India and Pakistan Both Claim Victory|language=en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/11/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-ceasefire.html|access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref> | status = | combatants_header = | combatant1 = {{flag|India}} | combatant2 = {{flag|Pakistan}} | units1 = [[Indian Armed Forces]] * {{army|India}} * {{air force|India}} | units2 = [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] * {{army|Pakistan}} * {{air force|Pakistan}} | units3 = | combatant3 = | commander1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br>[[Narendra Modi]]<br>[[Rajnath Singh]] | commander2 = [[Asif Ali Zardari]]<br>[[Shehbaz Sharif]]<br>[[Khawaja Asif]] | commander3 = | strength1 = 72 aircraft | strength2 = 42 aircraft | strength3 = }} The '''2025''' '''India–Pakistan war''' was a [[War|armed conflict]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] that began on 7 May 2025, after India launched missile strikes on Pakistan, in a military operation codenamed '''Operation Sindoor'''.{{efn|[[Sindoor]] is a reddish pigment used by Hindu women on their foreheads to indicate their married status.<ref>{{cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Vasudha |title=Tilaka and Other Forehead Marks |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism/*-COM_9000000187 |work=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |date=29 May 2018 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |access-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114134147/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism/*-COM_9000000187 |url-status=live }}</ref> This was due to Hindu men being selectively targeted in the earlier Pahalgam attack, leaving their wives widowed.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Why PM Modi named India's military strikes in Pakistan, PoK as Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/operation-sindoor-pm-modi-name-india-military-strikes-pakistan-pok-13886203.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=PM Modi chose codename 'Operation Sindoor' for India's response to Pahalgam |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-chose-codename-operation-sindoor-for-indias-response-to-pahalgam-13886202.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507050428/https://www.firstpost.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-chose-codename-operation-sindoor-for-indias-response-to-pahalgam-13886202.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This was due to Hindu men being selectively targeted in the earlier Pahalgam attack, leaving their wives widowed.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Why PM Modi named India's military strikes in Pakistan, PoK as Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/operation-sindoor-pm-modi-name-india-military-strikes-pakistan-pok-13886203.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=PM Modi chose codename 'Operation Sindoor' for India's response to Pahalgam |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-chose-codename-operation-sindoor-for-indias-response-to-pahalgam-13886202.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507050428/https://www.firstpost.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-chose-codename-operation-sindoor-for-indias-response-to-pahalgam-13886202.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|name=sind}} India said that the operation was in response to the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam terrorist attack]] in Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] on 22 April 2025 in which 26 civilians were killed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pahalgam terror attack: A tribute to the victims |url=https://www.thehindu.com/infographics/2025-04-24/pahalgam-terror-attack-victims-tribute/index.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 April 2025 |title=Full list of names of Pahalgam terror attack victims: 26 people, all men, killed in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-victims-26-people-all-men-killed-in-jammu-and-kashmir-11745403061030.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=26 dead, several injured in terror attack on tourists in J&K's Pahalgam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tourists-injured-terror-attack-jk-pahalgam-9958887/ |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> India accused Pakistan of supporting cross-border terrorism, which Pakistan denied. On 7 May, India launched '''Operation Sindoor''' with missile strikes on terrorist camps of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|Laskhar-e-Taiba]] in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]], and said that no Pakistani military or civilian facilities were targeted.<ref name="us_dia_report">{{cite web |title=2025 Worldwide Threat Assessment (Defense Intelligence Agency) |url=https://armedservices.house.gov/uploadedfiles/2025_dia_statement_for_the_record.pdf |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=[[United States House Committee on Armed Services]]}}</ref><ref name="JammuKashmir6May" /> According to Pakistan, the Indian strikes hit civilian sites. Pakistan's army retaliated on 7 May, by launching a mortor shells on Poonch.<ref name="Independent_twins">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Twins, 12, among those dead in Pakistani shelling in Poonch: 'Paying with our blood' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/poonch-attack-india-pakistan-kashmir-strikes-operation-sindoor-b2747115.html |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Following days India and Pakistan exchange drone attacks. This conflict marked the first drone battle between the two nuclear-armed nations.<ref name="BBC_firstdronewar" /> In the early hours of 10 May, India accused Pakistan of launching missile attacks on Indian air bases<ref name="Guardian 10 May">{{cite news |first1=Hannah |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first2=Shah Meer |last2=Baloch |title=India and Pakistan accuse each other of cross-border attacks on military bases |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 May 2025 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/09/pakistan-accuses-india-targeting-three-military-bases-tensions-escalate}}</ref> while Pakistan accused India of launching attacks on several Pakistan air bases,<ref name="Guardian 10 May"/><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.dawn.com/news/1910186|title=Pakistan rattles India with firm response as patience runs out|work=Dawn|quote= Pakistan launched strikes early Saturday morning targeting military installations in India and India-held Kashmir. The strikes were launched under operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos at 5:16am.}}</ref> As conflict escalated on 10 May, Pakistan launched its '''Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos''',{{efn|name=marsoos|''Bunyan-un-Marsoos''<ref name="a616">{{cite web | title=India and Pakistan agree ceasefire: What does it mean? | website=Al Jazeera | date=10 May 2025 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/10/india-and-pakistan-agree-ceasefire-what-does-it-mean | access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> is an [[Arabic]] term meaning "Unbreakable Wall". The operation's name is derived from a [[Ayat|verse]] in the Quran, etched in the mihrab of the attacked mosque in [[Muzaffarabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bunyan-un-Marsoos: Name came from mosque destroyed in Indian attack|date=12 May 2025|website=Aaj TV|url=https://english.aaj.tv/news/330416046/bunyan-un-marsoos-name-came-from-mosque-destroyed-in-indian-attack}}</ref> It states: {{Cite Quran|61|4|translator=s|q=Surely Allah loves those who fight in His way in ranks as if they were ''a firm and compact wall''.}})<br />The entire [[2025 India–Pakistan crisis]] was termed "Marka-i-Haq" ("The Battle of Truth") by the Pakistan military.<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/live/pakistan-india-tensions#1910566 "Marka-i-Haq': Pakistan Army names period of conflict with India since April 22"]. 10 May 2025. ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]''.</ref>}} in which it said it had targeted several Indian military bases.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hussain|first1=Abid|date=10 May 2025|title=Pakistan launches Operation Bunyan Marsoos: What we know so far|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/10/pakistan-launches-operation-bunyan-marsoos-what-we-know-so-far|access-date=9 May 2025|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> After the four-day military conflict, both India and Pakistan announced that a ceasefire had been agreed after a hotline communication between their DGMOs (Directors General of Military Operations) on 10 May 2025.<ref name="TheHindu_IN_PK_agree_ceasefire" /><ref name="BBC_IN_PK_live">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan accuse each other of 'violations' after ceasefire deal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwy3jnl3nvwt |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> US Vice President [[JD Vance]] and Secretary of State [[Marco Rubio]] held extensive correspondence with both Indian and Pakistani officials during the negotiations. The ceasefire has been holding, with resumed commercial flights and normalcy reported from both countries.<ref name="NYT-May14">{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan Swap Detained Soldiers as Cease-Fire Holds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/14/world/asia/india-pakistan-soldier-exchange.html |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kashmir: Four days that took India and Pakistan to the brink |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgvr4r5d2qo |website=www.bbc.com |date=18 May 2025}}</ref>US President [[Donald Trump]] claimed credit for the ceasefire between the nations. == Background == {{Further| 2025 Pahalgam attack| 2025 India–Pakistan crisis}} The [[Kashmir conflict]], ongoing since 1947, has fuelled multiple wars and skirmishes between India and Pakistan over the disputed region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286|title=Kashmir: Why India and Pakistan fight over it|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224045738/https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 April 2025, [[2025 Pahalgam attack|a terrorist attack]] by five armed terrorists near [[Pahalgam]] in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir killed 26 civilians, mostly [[Hindu]] tourists.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhat |first=Danish Manzoor |date=23 April 2025 |title=Kashmir Massacre: Trump, Putin, Iran, Israel Condemn Jihadist Attack on Hindu Tourists |url=https://www.newsweek.com/kashmir-massacre-trump-putin-iran-israel-condemn-jihadist-attack-hindu-tourists-2062760 |work=[[Newsweek]] |quote="Witnesses reported the assailants shouted Islamic slogans and specifically targeted people who appeared to be Hindu." |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501211503/https://www.newsweek.com/kashmir-massacre-trump-putin-iran-israel-condemn-jihadist-attack-hindu-tourists-2062760 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=30 April 2025 |title=Indian survivors of Kashmir attack say gunmen asked if they were Hindus and opened fire |url=https://apnews.com/article/kashmir-attack-india-pakistan-victims-a5492962cd86174262cb73b85c04c51a |work=[[AP News]] |quote="Indian survivors of Kashmir attack say gunmen asked if they were Hindus and opened fire" |archive-date=4 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504002813/https://apnews.com/article/kashmir-attack-india-pakistan-victims-a5492962cd86174262cb73b85c04c51a |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Resistance Front]], a militant faction of the Pakistan-based, UN-designated terrorist group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], operating in [[Indian-administered Kashmir]],{{sfn|Chesterton|Bacon|2025}}{{sfn|Koren|Ganguly|Khanna|2021}}<ref name="bloo1">{{cite news |last=Sen |first=Sudhi Ranjan |date=18 July 2025 |title=US Declares Group Accused of Kashmir Attacks a Terror Outfit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-18/us-declares-group-accused-of-kashmir-attacks-a-terror-outfit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250718050734/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-18/us-declares-group-accused-of-kashmir-attacks-a-terror-outfit |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=18 July 2025 |agency=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> initially claimed responsibility for the attack,<ref>{{cite news|title=Who are the armed groups India accuses Pakistan of backing?|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=9 May 2025|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/9/who-are-the-armed-groups-india-accuses-pakistan-of-backing|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref> but later denied responsibility, saying that the earlier claim was the result of a coordinated hacking,<ref>{{cite news|title=Lashkar proxy, The Resistance Front, now denies its role in Pahalgam terror attack|last1=Ranjan|first1=Mukesh|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=26 April 2025|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/26/lashkar-proxy-the-resistance-front-now-denies-its-role-in-pahalgam-terror-attack|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref> and attributed the breach to Indian authorities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Briefing: Indian media link TRF's Kashmir attack denial to Pakistani pressure|publisher=[[BBC Monitoring]]|date=28 April 2025|url=https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/b0003scw|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref> Pakistan alleged that the Pahalgam attack was a "[[false flag operation]]" orchestrated by India.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kestler‑D'Amours|first1=Jillian|title=Kashmir updates: Pakistan claims Pahalgam attack 'false flag operation'|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=24 April 2025|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/4/24/kashmir-attack-live-india-summons-pakistani-envoy-hunts-pahalgam-gunmen|access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shehbaz hails Trump as 'man of peace'|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2549582/shehbaz-hails-trump-as-man-of-peace|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=5 June 2025|access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref> India announced a series of retaliatory measures against Pakistan, including the suspension of the [[Indus Waters Treaty]], prompting responsive measures and leading to a [[2025 India–Pakistan crisis|diplomatic crisis and border skirmishes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |date=24 April 2025 |title=A tourist massacre in Kashmir is escalating tensions between India and Pakistan. Here's what we know |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/24/india/pahalgam-india-pakistan-attack-explainer-intl-hnk |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Peshimam |first1=Gibran Naiyyar |last2=Greenfield |first2= Charlotte |date=5 May 2025 |title=Pakistan tests missile, India orders drills amid Kashmir standoff |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-tests-missile-amid-india-standoff-moodys-warns-economic-cost-2025-05-05/ |access-date=6 May 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Live: J&K Govt Officer Killed in Rajouri Shelling, Indian Army Says Pakistan's 'Blatant Escalation' Continues |url=https://thewire.in/security/live-india-pakistan-military-action |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> India and Pakistan also closed their airspaces for each other's airlines.<ref name = "Reu-Air">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2025 |title=India, Pakistan extend airspace closures for each other's airlines in tit-for-tat moves |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/pakistan-extends-airspace-ban-indian-airlines-until-june-24-2025-05-23/ |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> According to ''[[AirForces Monthly]]'', on 29 April, four [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) [[Rafale]] aircraft departed from [[Ambala Air Force Station]] on a mission to bomb terrorist targets in the north but aborted and diverted to [[Srinagar Air Force Station]] due to an [[electronic warfare]] jamming claimed by PAF. As described by the magazine, following this failed attack, and before 6 May, the IAF redeployed up to 20 [[Rafale]] aircraft from [[Hasimara Air Force Station]] (home of [[No. 101 Squadron IAF]] in the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]) to [[Gwalior]], [[Ambala]], [[Srinagar]], and [[Bikaner Airport|Nal Air Force Station]] in [[Rajasthan]]. Several [[S-400 missile system]] surface-to-air missile batteries were also repositioned to [[Adampur]], [[Bhuj]], and [[Bikaner]]. During late April and early May, the IAF mobilised around 400 aircraft, with its transport fleet conducting more than 500 sorties.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> On 30 April, Pakistan said that a military strike by India was imminent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2025 |title=Pakistan claims 'credible intelligence' India is planning an imminent military strike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75dgz5pq2no |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |date=30 April 2025 |title=Pakistan claims it has 'credible intelligence' India will strike within 36 hours |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/29/asia/kashmir-pakistan-india-tension-military-intl-hnk |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> ==Battle == ===Operation Sindoor=== ====Initial strikes==== On 7 May 2025, India launched missile and air strikes on nine alleged "militant camps" in both Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian air strikes – how will Pakistan respond? Four key questions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd020710v1ko|access-date=7 May 2025 |agency=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Can India and Pakistan control a new cycle of escalation? |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/05/07/can-india-and-pakistan-control-a-new-cycle-of-escalation |access-date=7 May 2025 |agency=[[The Economist]] }}</ref> Seven targets, including some in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, were hit by the Indian Army's [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|artillery regiment]], while air defence was jointly provided by the Army and the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{citation |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |title=Artillery's firepower reverberates during Operation Sindoor |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 May 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/artillerys-firepower-reverberates-during-operation-sindoor/article69615205.ece}}</ref> The Israeli press mentioned Indo-Israeli SkyStriker loitering munitions.<ref name="Haaretz_kamikaze">{{Cite news |last=Amit |first=Hagai |title=Israeli Kamikaze Drones Take Center Stage in India-Pakistan Conflict |newspaper=Haaretz |date=10 May 2025 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2025-05-10/ty-article/.premium/israeli-kamikaze-drones-take-center-stage-in-india-pakistan-conflict/00000196-b944-d1bb-a5d6-bff41e5b0000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Samanta |first=Pranab Dhal |date=10 July 2025 |title=India looks to US for urgent weapons after Operation Sindoor strikes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-looks-to-us-for-urgent-weapons-after-operation-sindoor-strikes/articleshow/122349623.cms |access-date=12 July 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The attacks on targets in Pakistani Punjab were carried out by the Indian Air Force. According to sources cited by ''[[India Today]]'', [[Rafale]] jets were employed, equipped with [[SCALP missile]]s and [[AASM Hammer]] bombs.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Rafale jets hit Pak terror camps with Scalp missiles, Hammer bombs: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rafale-jets-pak-terror-camps-operation-sindoor-pahalgam-attack-retaliation-2720674-2025-05-07|work=[[India Today]] |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507004344/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rafale-jets-pak-terror-camps-operation-sindoor-pahalgam-attack-retaliation-2720674-2025-05-07|url-status=live }}</ref> In press releases by [[Press Information Bureau]], the Indian government claimed that during the first attacks on terror camps the Indian Air Force had "bypassed and jammed Pakistan's Chinese-supplied air defence systems" and the operation was conducted without the loss of any Indian asset.<ref name="Aatmanirbhar">{{Cite news |date=14 May 2025 |title=Operation SINDOOR: The Rise of Aatmanirbhar Innovation in National Security |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128746 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516170223/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128746 |archive-date=16 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> The missile attack targeted locations including Subhan Allah Mosque in [[Bahawalpur]] (near [[Ahmedpur East]]) and [[Markaz-e-Taiba]] in [[Muridke]], part of the headquarters of JeM and the headquarters of LeT respectively and alleged by India to be their terrorist training camps.<ref name="BBCUrdu7May">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=انڈیا نے چھ مئی کی شب پاکستان اور اس کے زیرِ انتظام کشمیر میں کن مقامات کو نشانہ بنایا؟ |trans-title=What locations did India target in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir on the night of May 6? |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/articles/c5yly8pg7rgo|website=[[BBC Urdu]] |language=ur}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Sources mentioning headquarters:<ref name="IISS15May"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gillani |first=Waqar |date=11 May 2025 |title=On ground |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/1309943-on-ground |website=[[The News International]] |language=en |quote=The strikes, described by Islamabad as unwarranted, unprovoked and a blatant violation of international boundaries without any evidence and intimation, mainly hit mosques and seminaries associated with the accused groups. ... The deadliest attacks targeted mosques and seminaries linked to Jaish-i-Muhammad once led by Masood Azhar, Jamaat-ud-Dawah once led by Hafiz Saeed and the Harkat-ul Mujahdeen. }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="TheDiplomat_Lashkar"/>|name="camps"|group=lower-alpha}} Other sites claimed to have been targeted by India included Abbas Mosque (associated with the JeM) in [[Kotli District]], Shawai Nala camp (associated with the LeT) and Syedna Bilal Mosque (associated with the JeM) in [[Muzaffarabad]],<ref name="BBCUrdu7May"/><ref name="TheDiplomat_Lashkar" /> a site in [[Gulpur]], [[Kotli District]] (alleged by the Indian government to be a LeT and HuM camp);<ref name="KashmirObserver_Sindoor">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: India Avenges Pahalgam Attack |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/05/07/operation-sindoor-india-avenges-pahalgam-attack/|access-date=11 June 2025 |website=[[Kashmir Observer]] |language=en-US |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Transcript7May" /><ref name="LiveMint_Sindoor">{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: Not just 9, but there are 21 'well-known' terror camps in Pakistan, PoK; govt shares full list |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/operation-sindoor-full-list-of-21-well-known-terror-camps-in-pakistan-pok-shared-by-govt-11746601567104.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515061830/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/operation-sindoor-full-list-of-21-well-known-terror-camps-in-pakistan-pok-shared-by-govt-11746601567104.html |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=11 June 2025 |work=[[mint (newspaper)|mint]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HindustanTimes_Sindoor">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |author-link=Shishir Gupta |date=7 May 2025 |title=Why India attacked 9 terror camps under Operation Sindoor? Significance explained |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-india-attacked-9-terror-camps-under-operation-sindoor-significance-explained-101746587101415.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507042049/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-india-attacked-9-terror-camps-under-operation-sindoor-significance-explained-101746587101415.html |archive-date=7 May 2025 |access-date=11 June 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Markaz [[Ahl-e-Hadith]] in [[Barnala, Azad Kashmir|Barnala]], [[Bhimber District]] (alleged by the Indian government to be associated with the LeT);<ref name="HindustanTimes_Sindoor" /><ref name="LiveMint_Sindoor" /> a site in Mehmona Joya, [[Kotli Loharan West]], [[Sialkot District]] (alleged by the Indian government to be a HuM camp);<ref name="HindustanTimes_Sindoor" /><ref name="KashmirObserver_Sindoor" /><ref name="LiveMint_Sindoor" /> and a site in Tera Katlan in Sarjal, [[Shakargarh Tehsil]], [[Sialkot District]] (alleged by the Indian government to be a JeM camp).<ref name="HindustanTimes_Sindoor" /><ref name="Transcript7May">{{Cite news |title=Transcript of Special Briefing on OPERATION SINDOOR (May 07, 2025) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/39474/Transcript_of_Special_Briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_07_2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510234544/https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/39474/Transcript_of_Special_Briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_07_2025 |archive-date=10 May 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LiveMint_Sindoor" /><ref name="KashmirObserver_Sindoor" /> Satellite images released after launching the strikes showed the extent of damage in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Satellite images show impact on mosques and buildings in Pakistan after Indian strikes |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/satellite-images-india-pakistan-strikes-b2746940.html|access-date=8 May 2025 |agency=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> According to ''CNN'', Indian jets in past bombed Pakistani territory following militant attacks on its land but "Wednesday's operation is the deepest India attack inside its neighbor since the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|Indo-Pakistan war of 1971]], the biggest of several wars between the two countries."<ref name="CNN_deepinside">{{cite news |last1=Saifi |first1=Sophia |last2=Taylor |first2=Jerome |last3=Adkin |first3=Ross |last4=Mogul |first4=Rhea |last5=Regan |first5=Helen |date=6 May 2025 |title=India strikes deep inside Pakistan, Pakistan claims 5 Indian jets shot down, in major escalation |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/06/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-conflict-hnk-intl |access-date=9 May 2025 |agency=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Pakistan confirmed strikes on six of the sites targeted by India, denying the strikes at Barnala and Gulpur in Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir, but said these were civilian areas including mosques and residential areas and were not terrorist facilities.<ref name="BBCLive6May" /><ref name="IISS15May">{{Cite web |last=Roy-Chaudhury |first=Rahul |date=15 May 2025 |title=India–Pakistan drone and missile conflict: differing and disputed narratives |publisher=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2025/05/indiapakistan-drone-and-missile-conflict-differing-and-disputed-narratives/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515193358/https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2025/05/indiapakistan-drone-and-missile-conflict-differing-and-disputed-narratives/ |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=29 November 2025 }}</ref><ref name="BBCUrdu7May"/> ====Air battle==== The Indian air attacks started an air battle in which more than 114 aircraft, 72 from the IAF and 42 from the PAF, were involved in what was described as the largest [[beyond visual range]] engagement on the [[India–Pakistan border]],<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills" /> with the engagement described as one of the largest air battles since the end of [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-08 |title=India-Pakistan jets clash in one of the largest dogfights in recent history |url=https://www.newsweek.com/india-pakistan-125-jets-clash-one-largest-dogfights-recent-history-2069570 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> According to independent assessments, at least four Indian [[fighter aircraft]] were downed during the [[dogfight]],<ref name=twq1/> though Pakistan claimed five, including three [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]]s, one [[MiG-29]], one [[SU-30MKI]] and a [[IAI Heron|Heron]] [[unmanned aerial vehicle]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sampson|first1=Eve|title=The Indian Aircraft Pakistan Says It Shot Down|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/07/world/asia/india-pakistan-downed-aircraft.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=7 May 2025|access-date=26 June 2025|quote=Pakistan, for its part, claims it shot down five planes and at least one drone: three Rafale fighter jets, one MIG-29 fighter aircraft, one Su-30 fighter jet and one Heron drone.}}</ref> If true, it would be first time that a French-origin [[Dassault Rafale]] has been lost in combat, reportedly having been shot down by the Chinese-origin [[Chengdu J-10]].<ref name="CNNLiveMay7">{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |last3=Iyer |first3=Aishwarya S. |last4=Sangal |first4=Aditi |last5=Hammond |first5=Elise |last6=Powell |first6=Tori B. |last7=Yeung |first7=Jessie |last8=Harvey |first8=Lex |last9=Radford |first9=Antoinette |date=6 May 2025 |title=May 7, 2025 India launches attacks on Pakistan after Kashmir massacre |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-attack-kashmir-tourists-intl-hnk#cmadq2i4j00003b6tu7krhsys|website=CNN}}</ref><ref name="USMay8" /> Pakistan's response also included the use of Chinese-produced [[PL-15]] long-range air-to-air missiles fired from Chengdu J-10 fighter jets, marking the first combat use of the missile. The presence of air-launched PL-15 debris at multiple sites within India was indicative that some of the downings were caused by the PAF.<ref name=twq1/> According to The US Congress Report released on 18th November 2025 confirmed that India lost 3 jets.<ref>{{cite report|date=18 November 2025|title=2025 Report to Congress|url=https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/2025_Annual_Report_to_Congress.pdf|publisher=[[U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission]]|pages=108–109|access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref> [[Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force]] [[Général d'armée aérienne]] {{ill|Jérôme Bellanger|fr}} stated that he had "seen evidence" of three aircraft being destroyed including a Rafale, a Mirage 2000 and a Russian Sukhoi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/6/french-intelligence-claims-china-trying-to-foil-global-sale-of-rafale-jets|title=French intelligence claims China trying to foil global sale of Rafale jets|quote=French air force chief General Jerome Bellanger said he has seen evidence pointing to just three aircraft losses – a Rafale, a Russian-made Sukhoi and a Mirage 2000, which is an earlier generation French-made jet.|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref> [[Reuters]] reported that unnamed Indian government sources said that three fighter jets had crashed in India due to unknown causes.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Three fighter jets crashed in India's Jammu and Kashmir, local govt sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/three-fighter-jets-crashed-indias-jammu-kashmir-local-govt-sources-say-2025-05-07 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On 8 May, an unnamed [[United States|US]] official told Reuters that he assessed with "high confidence" that Pakistani [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]] aircraft had shot down at least two Indian fighter jets; a second official assessed one of the downed jets to be a [[Dassault Rafale]].<ref name="USMay8">{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Saeed |last2=Ali |first2=Idrees |date=8 May 2025 |title=Exclusive: Pakistan's Chinese-made jet brought down two Indian fighter aircraft, US officials say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pakistans-chinese-made-jet-brought-down-two-indian-fighter-aircraft-us-officials-2025-05-08/|location= Islamabad/[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' later said that it had identified 3 crash sites in India from 7 May, identifying two of them as belonging to an Indian Dassault Rafale and [[Dassault Mirage 2000]] at Akalia Kalan in Bathinda and Wuyan in [[Pampore]] respectively and another site at [[Akhnoor]] (likely an Indian MiG-29).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2025 |title=At least two Indian jets appear to have crashed during Pakistan strikes, visuals show |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/09/fighter-jets-india-pakistan-attack/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Taghvaee |first=Babak |date=July 2025 |title=A Close Call |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VwUrJ22fStQ2aACxOlTazkN8FBz1-4dj/view|magazine=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |page=33}}</ref><ref name="Clary" /> The Rafale crash in Bathinda also reportedly killed two bystanders.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How did Pakistan shoot down India’s fighter jets? |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/07/16/how-did-pakistan-shoot-down-indias-fighter-jets|access-date=2025-08-11 |work=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brar |first=Kamaldeep Singh |date=2025-07-23 |title=Kin of Dalit man who died following aircraft crash in Bathinda seek govt compensation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/kin-dalit-man-died-aircraft-crash-bathinda-seek-govt-compensation-10144682/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 9 May, local government sources in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir told Reuters that three fighter jets crashed in India on 7 May with three pilots being hospitalized.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=What has happened in India and Pakistan as they fight over Kashmir killings |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/what-happened-indias-attack-pakistan-over-kashmir-tourists-killings-2025-05-07/|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On 11 May, the Indian Air Force said that "losses are a part of combat" but declined to provide more details, adding that all pilots were back home.<ref name="Reuters_losses">{{cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Indian air force says losses are part of combat but all pilots back home |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indian-air-force-says-losses-are-part-combat-all-pilots-back-home-2025-05-11/|work=Reuters}}</ref> According to [[France 24]], India's refusal to confirm or deny the loss of the jets gave further credence to the downing claims.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=Chinese weapons pass combat test in India-Pakistan clash – with flying colours |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20250514-chinese-weapons-pass-combat-test-in-india-pakistan-clash-%E2%80%93-with-flying-colours |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> Defence analyst [[Michael Clarke (academic)|Michael Clarke]] told ''[[Al Jazeera]]'' that if India had lost a Rafale jet, "that would certainly be embarrassing."<ref name="Jazeera_fivejets">{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Usaid |title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know#:~:text=What%20has%20Pakistan%20claimed?,a%20drone,%20and%20many%20quadcopters|access-date=15 May 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> He added that if the aircraft had come down within Indian territory, India would likely try to keep it as an unconfirmed rumour for as long as possible, and that its general statement on "inevitable losses" might be the closest it comes to confirmation.<ref name="Jazeera_fivejets" /> On 15 May, Pakistani prime minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] claimed that Pakistan shot down six Indian fighter jets, the sixth being a [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage]] 2000.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ehrlich|first1=Richard S.|date=21 May 2025 |title=China the biggest winner of India-Pakistan air fight|url=https://asiatimes.com/2025/05/china-the-biggest-winner-of-india-pakistan-air-fight/|publisher=[[Asia Times]]|access-date=26 June 2025}}</ref> On 28 May, he again said that six Indian fighter jets were downed but said that four of these were Rafale, one MiG-29 and one "another plane".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2025 |title=India can't block our water, we're taking measures, says Shehbaz |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1316196-india-can-t-block-our-water-we-re-taking-measures-says-shehbaz |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[The News International]]|language=en |quote=He detailed Pakistan's military response, describing the downing of six Indian fighter jets, including four Rafales, and significant damage to Indian military installations. |agency=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Latif |first=Aamir |date=28 May 2025 |title=Pakistan shot down 6 Indian jets, including 4 French-made Rafale during conflict: Premier Sharif |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-shot-down-6-indian-jets-including-4-french-made-rafale-during-conflict-premier-sharif/3582409 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref><ref name="Trend_concert">{{Cite web |last=Zeynalova |first=Laman |date=28 May 2025 |title=Presidents of Azerbaijan and Türkiye, Prime Minister of Pakistan attend concert dedicated to Independence Day in Lachin |url=https://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/politics/4050102.html|access-date=31 May 2025 |website=[[Trend.az]]|language=en |quote=Ladies and gentlemen, we had to respond in defence of Pakistan and within no time our formidable Air Force downed six Indian planes, four Rafale French-made planes, one MiG-29 and another plane and then a drone and we conveyed a message to India that Pakistan is a very peace-loving country, wants to promote peace and prosperity in the region but if come to the point of attacking Pakistan then we will respond with fullest might.}}</ref> The PAF provided the tail numbers BS001, BS021, BS022, and BS027 of four Rafale aircraft it claimed to have shot down to Dassault so the manufacturer could confirm whether the aircraft were still operational.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> One of the Rafale aircraft, identified by the callsign ''Godzilla 4'', was destroyed over Akalia Kalan, a village in [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]] in [[Punjab, India]], approximately 70&nbsp;km from the [[India–Pakistan border]], while returning to [[Ambala Air Force Station]], home to a major wing of the IAF’s Western Air Command. The downed jet was identified as Rafale EH BS001.<ref name=afm1/> On 6 June, the PAF said that [[No. 15 Squadron PAF|No. 15 Squadron]], also known as the ''Cobras'', was responsible for shooting down IAF fighter jets. The unit operated out of [[PAF Base Minhas]] in [[Kamra, Pakistan|Kamra]] with [[J-10C]] multirole fighters equipped with [[PL-15]] beyond-visual-range missiles. According to ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', the ''Cobras'' deployed 18 out of the 20 aircraft assigned to the squadron for the intercept operation on 7 May.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sajjad Syed|first=Baqir|title=Air force credits Cobras with 'six IAF kills'|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1915722/|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=6 June 2025 |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> On 31 May 2025, India's Chief of Defence Staff [[General (India)|General]] [[Anil Chauhan]] admitted that India lost jets, but dismissed Pakistan's claim of downing six fighter jets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2025 |title=India finally admits it lost fighter jets in clash with Pakistan |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-pakistan-war-rafale-fighter-jet-downed-b2761216.html |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sen |first1=Sudhi Ranjan |last2=Tandon |first2=Naman |date=31 May 2025 |title=India Confirms It Lost Fighter Jets in Recent Pakistan Conflict |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-05-31/india-confirms-it-lost-fighter-jets-in-recent-pakistan-conflict?embedded-checkout=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601054134/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-05-31/india-confirms-it-lost-fighter-jets-in-recent-pakistan-conflict |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> On 18 July 2025, President of the United States Donald Trump said that he believed five aircraft had been shot down during the conflict.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/trump-says-he-thinks-5-jets-were-shot-down-india-pakistan-hostilities-2025-07-19/|title=Trump says he thinks 5 jets were shot down in India-Pakistan hostilities|date=19 July 2025|accessdate=19 July 2025|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> According to ''[[The Washington Quarterly]]'', India confirmed the loss of at least three aircraft during the conflict, although the types were not specified. It is likely that India lost at least four aircraft, possibly a fifth, including at least one Rafale and a MiG-29; and that Pakistan also likely lost aircraft.<ref name="twq1">{{cite journal|last1=Ganguly|first1=Sumit|last2=Warren|first2=Spenser A.|title=Escalation Risks Rising? Airpower in Kargil and Pahalgam|journal=[[The Washington Quarterly]]|volume=48|issue=3|pages=127–143|date=29 September 2025|url=https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.gwu.edu/dist/1/2181/files/2025/09/TWQ_48_3_GangulyWarren.pdf|doi=10.1080/0163660X.2025.2558282}}</ref> ====Indian strikes on Pakistani air bases==== On 8 May 2025, in response to a series of drone incursions and missile attacks, which India attributed to Pakistan despite its denials of involvement, India carried out strikes and claimed to have damaged air defence radars and systems at multiple locations in Pakistan. Pakistan reported drone incursions or intercepts at 11 sites that morning, and officially acknowledged that four soldiers were injured and military equipment was partially damaged.<ref name="nyt_unfolded" /><ref name="Clary" /><ref>Frances Mao, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cjrndypy3l4o India reports strikes on military bases, Pakistan denies any role], BBC News, 8 May 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/8/pakistan-says-it-downed-25-indian-drones-after-attacks-escalate-tensions Multiple explosions, blackout in Indian-administered Kashmir's Jammu city], Al Jazeera, 8 May 2025.</ref> The strikes destroyed an air defence radar in [[PAF_Base_Lahore#Present_use|Lahore]].<ref name="twq1" /> Local media in India reported a barrage of drone and missile strikes on the night of 9 May.<ref name="nyt_unfolded" /><ref>Bashaarat Masood, Amrita Nayak Dutta,  [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/baramulla-to-barmer-india-blocks-second-wave-of-drone-attacks-9993720/ Baramulla to Barmer, India blocks second wave of drone attacks], The Indian Express, 10 May 2025.</ref> Hours later, on the night of 9 and 10 May, the Indian Armed Forces conducted multiple airstrike operations targeting Pakistani military installations. As per Indian media reports, the air strikes were planned by India's Chief of the Air Staff Amar Preet Singh while National Security Advisor Ajit Doval granted the final clearance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2025 |title=Inside India's Air Blitz: NSA Doval Cleared It, IAF Chief AP Singh Delivered It |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/india-strike-pakistan-nur-khan-airbase-masterplan-by-iaf-chief-air-chief-marshal-ap-singh-article-151623953 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title='We should go for the kill': IAF chief Amar Preet Singh led India's bold mission to strike Pakistan's Nur Khan base |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/we-should-go-for-the-kill-iaf-chief-amar-preet-singh-led-india-s-bold-mission-to-strike-pakistan-s-nur-khan-base-13022226.html|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref> A wave of one-way loitering munitions, including Israeli-made [[IAI Harop]] and Polish [[Warmate]] 5.0 drones, was deployed. These drones served dual purposes, probing and assessing the reaction parameters of [[HQ-9|HQ-9BE]] short-range SAM systems and neutralising or degrading the target acquisition and illumination radars of [[HQ-16|HQ-16FE]] medium-range SAM systems. This preparatory tactic weakened the defensive envelope of the targeted sites, thereby facilitating the success of the subsequent cruise missile strikes.<ref name=afm1>{{cite magazine|title=A close call|url=https://www.key.aero/article/close-call|magazine=[[AirForces Monthly]]|publisher=[[Key Publishing]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251003130848/https://www.key.aero/article/airforces-monthly-july-2025?pageNumber=1|archive-date=3 October 2025|access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref> According to Pakistan, the PAF intercepted and destroyed 84 Israeli-made [[Harop drone]]s sent by India.<ref name="AZERTAG_Bunyan" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Number of Indian drones downed by Pakistan reaches 77: security sources |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544893/n|access-date=9 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The drone strikes were followed by [[Su-30MKI]] aircraft of the IAF launching between fifteen and eighteen supersonic [[BrahMos]] missiles, typically one per aircraft, caused considerable damage. Simultaneously, [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale EH]] aircraft from [[No. 17 Squadron IAF|No. 17 Squadron]] employed at least ten [[SCALP-EG]] missiles. These precision strikes were focused on degrading Pakistan's air defense capabilities and operational infrastructure. The targets included four early warning radar installations, seven PAF air bases, and one forward operating base.<ref name=afm1/> [[PAF Base Nur Khan]] came under both missile and drone attacks.<ref name="reuters_pulledback" /><ref name="nyt_unfolded" /> A missile strike hit the operations room of the 35 Composite Transport Wing, destroying two fuel trucks, with collateral damage to at least one [[C-130 Hercules]] medium-lift tactical transport aircraft.The barrage took out two roofs and hit the hangar of a refueling plane, according to one of the officials, who visited the base the next day.<ref name="reuters_pulledback" /><ref name="nyt_unfolded" /> According to William Goodhind, a geospatial analyst at Contested Ground, two mobile control centers at the Nur Khan airbase were damaged.<ref name="wp_postanalysis" /><ref name=afm1/> An apparent missile strike created a {{Convert|60|ft|abbr=on}}-wide hole in an aircraft hangar at [[PAF Base Bholari]]. Debris was scattered across the pavement around the hangar, and the wall appeared to have collapsed onto a nearby building.<ref name="wp_postanalysis" /> This strike damaged a [[Saab 2000|Saab 2000 Erieye AEW&CS]], which the PAF said was later repaired.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> [[PAF Base Shahbaz]] was also attacked, resulting in a {{Convert|100|ft|abbr=on}}-wide hole in an aircraft hangar as well as damage to its [[air traffic control]] tower.<ref name="wp_postanalysis" /> At [[PAF Base Mushaf]], the Indian military claimed to have used precision weapons to strike two sections of the runway. Later satellite imagery showed a crater on the runway.<ref name="nyt_satelliteimagery" /> The runway was made operational within a few hours.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> At [[PAF Base Murid]] and [[PAF Base Rafiqui]], BrahMos missiles targeted an [[Unmanned aerial vehicle]](UAV) command shelter and the operations room of the 34 Tactical Air Wing, respectively. At PAF Base Sukkur, a hangar and an electronic warfare (EW) radar installation were destroyed by missile strikes.<ref name=afm1/> Satellite imagery taken after the Indian strike showed a crater on the [[Rahim Yar Khan Airport]] runway that was not present in earlier images.<ref name="nyt_satelliteimagery" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Following India's airstrike, Pakistan declares Rahim Yar Khan airbase's sole runway non-operational for a week |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/india-airstrike-pakistan-rahim-yar-khan-airbase-runway-closed-9996249/ |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The airport's Royal Lounge was damaged in the attack and a {{Convert|10|ft|abbr=on}}-wide crater was created in the [[Airport apron|apron]] area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2025 |title=Rahim Yar Khan's Sheikh Zayed airport damaged by Indian strike |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1910184|access-date=17 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> The air strikes were also executed against early warning radar installations of the [[Pakistan Army]] Air Defence Corps (PAADC), including one located in Gujranwala.<ref name=afm1/> Pakistan Army spokesman said that India fired ballistic missiles from Adampur that fell into its own territory,<ref name="Clary">{{citation |first=Christopher |last=Clary |title=Four Days in May: The India-Pakistan Crisis of 2025 |publisher=Stimson Center |date=28 May 2025 |url=https://www.stimson.org/2025/four-days-in-may-the-india-pakistan-crisis-of-2025/}}</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-armys-spokesman-claims-india-fired-ballistic-missiles-that-fell-into-2025-05-09/ Pakistan Army's spokesman claims India fired ballistic missiles that fell into Indian territory], Reuters, 9 May 2025</ref> and added that India had targeted [[Afghanistan]] with missile and drone strikes.<ref name="Dawn_IN_PK_live">{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=India has fired missiles at Afghanistan and used drones: DG ISPR (03:21am) |url=https://www.dawn.com/live/pakistan-india-tensions |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tribune_ballistic">{{Cite web |last=Yousaf |first=Kamran |date=10 May 2025 |title=India goes ballistic, hits own people |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545048/i |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nur Khan, Murid and Shorkot bases targeted with air-launched missiles |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1310137-india-launched-missiles-at-three-airbases-dg-ispr |work=[[The News International]] |date=10 May 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Clary" /> PAF spokesperson displayed radar signatures of the BrahMos on screen and said the missiles had missed their targets and flown into Afghanistan.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> India denied the allegations, calling the claims "ludicrous" and "frivolous".<ref name="Transcript10May">{{Cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=Transcript of Special briefing on OPERATION SINDOOR (May 10, 2025) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/39486/Transcript_of_Special_briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_10_2025 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kant |first=Rishi |date=10 May 2025 |title=India-Pak conflict: Foreign Secy Vikram Misri tears into Pak's lies, says India responded with restraint and resolve |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/business-news/india-pak-conflict-foreign-secy-vikram-misri-tears-into-paks-lies-says-india-responded-with-restraint-and-resolve/122970 |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=[[Fortune India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ToloNews_rejects">{{cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=Ministry Rejects Pakistan Claims of Indian Attacks on Afghan Soil |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-194253/ |website=[[Tolo News]]}}</ref> The [[Taliban]] government of Afghanistan also denied Pakistani claims of Indian attacks on Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=Pakistan accuses India of drone strikes in Afghanistan |url=https://amu.tv/173194/ |website=[[Amu TV]]}}</ref><ref name="ToloNews_rejects" /> It was termed a "bizarre and unsubstantiated claim" by Christopher Clary.<ref name="Clary" /> Pakistan said that all [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) assets at targeted bases remained safe. Pakistani media reported that Sheikh Zayed International Airport in [[Rahim Yar Khan]] was targeted and suffered structural damage.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=India targets Sheikh Zayed International airport in Rahim Yar Khan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545081/i |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref> The airport was named after [[Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]] and is regarded as a symbol of [[Pakistan–United Arab Emirates relations|Pak-UAE friendship]]. Although commercial flights have been suspended since 2023, the airport was occasionally used by members of the [[House of Nahyan]] via the Royal Lounge, which was among the facilities destroyed in the attack.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rahim Yar Khan's Sheikh Zayed airport damaged by Indian strike|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1910184/|work=Dawn|date=11 May 2025|access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref> The Pakistan military later confirmed that six of its airmen were killed during the Indian air strikes including 5 deaths at Bholari and one at Sargodha;<ref name="wp_postanalysis">{{cite news |last1=Piper |first1=Imogen |title=Indian strikes on Pakistan damaged six airfields, Post analysis finds |date=14 May 2025 |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/14/india-pakistan-strikes-conflict-damage/ |last2=Hill |first2=Evan |last3=Javaid |first3=Maham |last4=Noack |first4=Rick |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515233533/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/14/india-pakistan-strikes-conflict-damage/ |archive-date=15 May 2025 }}</ref> [[Chief Minister of Sindh]], [[Murad Ali Shah]], also later said that nine personnel injured in Indian attacks <ref name="Dawn_Sindh">{{Cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=CM Sindh announces compensation for martyrs, injured in Indian attacks |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1911205 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> ===Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos=== In retaliation for Indian strikes, the PAF carried out a coordinated retaliatory air campaign. The primary objective of the operation was to disrupt IAF infrastructure and operational readiness, particularly by targeting airbases and logistical nodes near the [[Indo-Pakistani border]]. [[JF-17]] multirole fighter aircraft launched stand-off munitions, including air-launched cruise missiles, against several Indian military installations, including [[Udhampur Air Force Station|Udhampur]], [[Adampur Air Force Station|Adampur]], and [[Pathankot Air Force Station|Pathankot]] air force stations, as well as weapon storage facilities in [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]], [[Nagrota army base|Nagrota]], and [[Beas Airport|Beas]].<ref name=afm1/> The PAF struck and destroyed the [[Integrated Air Command and Control System]] (IACCS) at [[Barnala]], effectively stopping communications between the IAF leadership and its fighters.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> JF-17C Thunder Block 3 aircraft from [[No. 14 Squadron PAF|No. 14 Squadron]], and operating from [[PAF Base Rafiqui]], conducted a Destruction of Enemy Air Defence (DEAD) mission to destroy the [[S-400]] system at Adampur. The aircraft employed electronic countermeasures, decoys, and evasive manoeuvres to approach the S-400 system and fired [[CM-400AKG]] missiles at low-altitude and [[early-warning radar]] installations.<ref name=afm1/><ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/><ref name=scc>{{cite magazine|last1=Mihajlovic|first1=Mike|title=The S-400 quandary|magazine=[[AirForces Monthly]]|publisher=[[Key Aero]]|url=https://www.key.aero/article/s-400-quandary|date=15 September 2025|access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> Pakistan said that a mobile 91N6E (NATO name "Big Bird") acquisition radar was destroyed by a CM-400AKG, and that a 96L6E (NATO name "Cheese Board") 3D early-warning and acquisition radar was also successfully targeted.<ref name=scc/> According to ''[[AirForces Monthly]]'', independent analysis of low-resolution satellite images revealed evidence of burn marks and disturbed ground at the suspected S-400 site, suggesting that key components of the battery may have been struck or degraded.<ref name=afm1/> In another report, ''AirForces Monthly'' said that one thing is certain that without on-site photographs, authenticated radar recordings, and parametric analysis, what truly occurred between these two systems remains, for the time being, a matter of speculation and personal interpretation.<ref name=scc/> PAF also deployed domestically developed [[unmanned aerial vehicles]] (UAVs), described as "killer drones" over multiple locations in India. The drones flew over airbases carrying up to 20 kg of explosives. Over several hours, the PAF struck 34 targets across different Indian bases, with approximately half targeted by manned aircraft and the remainder by UAVs.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> India said that its air defence systems successfully intercepted and shot down hundreds of drones and loitering munitions launched by Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Operation SINDOOR: India's Strategic Clarity and Calculated Force |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128748 |access-date=14 May 2025 |agency=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Operation SINDOOR: Forging One Force |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2129453#:~:text=These%20units%20were%20instrumental%20in,both%20military%20and%20civilian%20infrastructure.|access-date=18 May 2025 |agency=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> The Indian Army released images of what it said were debris of Pakistani [[YIHA-III]] [[kamikaze drones]] destroyed by air defence units. It said multiple armed drones were spotted flying over Khasa Cantonment in [[Amritsar]] at approximately 5 am and that the attempt had endangered residential areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Army releases photos of Pakistani drone debris after neutralizing threat over Amritsar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-releases-photos-of-pakistani-drone-debris-after-neutralizing-threat-over-amritsar-2722598-2025-05-10 |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> == Impacts == Pakistani airspace was closed for 48 hours and all flights were cancelled.<ref>{{cite news |title=Flight operations resume at major airports after 8-hour shutdown |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1309165-flight-operations-resume-at-major-airports-after-8-hour-shutdown |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=The News International }}</ref> In [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]], schools and colleges were closed, and [[Cambridge International Education|CIE]] examinations were cancelled in most of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Educational Institutions Closed, BISE (Inter) Exam Postponed For 7th May |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/educational-institutions-closed-bise-inter-1975382.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=Urdu Point }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=PM session exams cancelled for CIE students in Lahore |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/05/08/pm-session-exams-cancelled-for-cie-students-in-lahore/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Pakistan Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=O/A Level exams suspended in Punjab, AJK for May 9 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544751/o |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> In India, at least 25 airports in the north and west were shut down until 10 May.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: India closes 25 airports, cancels 300+ flights after missile strikes on terror camps – CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/aviation/operation-sindoor-india-missile-strikes-pakistan-25-airports-closed-300-flights-cancelled-19600906.htm |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=[[CNBC TV18]] }}</ref> The Indian Air Force took control of [[Srinagar Airport]] and civil operations were stopped for an indefinite period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=IAF Control Srinagar Airport: Civilian Flights Suspended Amid Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/iaf-takes-control-of-srinagar-airport-after-operation-sindoor-civilian-flight-operations-suspended-3528343 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The [[2025 Indian Premier League]] transferred a match between [[Punjab Kings]] and the [[Mumbai Indians]] scheduled at [[Dharamsala]] on 11 May to [[Ahmedabad]], citing the closure of [[Kangra Airport]] and other logistical issues caused by the ongoing tensions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/punjab-mumbai-ipl-venue-change-2bcebfa42cf444ca412b6ea33dfe452a |title=Punjab-Mumbai IPL game shifted to Ahmedabad because of India-Pakistan tensions|date=9 May 2025|access-date=9 May 2025|work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> Similarly, during the [[2025 Pakistan Super League]], a match between [[Karachi Kings]] and [[Peshawar Zalmi]] could not be played.<ref name=pslmatchpostponed/> On 9 May, both the tournaments were delayed because of bad situation.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Amlan Chakraborty |title=India suspends IPL for a week, Pakistan postpones games amid conflict |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/cricket/pakistan-moves-t20-league-indias-ipl-awaits-government-advice-2025-05-09 |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=Reuters |date=20 May 2025}}</ref> Stock markets in India and Pakistan experienced significant volatility through the week due to escalating geopolitical tensions, but rebounded sharply on 12 May following the ceasefire agreement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=Stock market today: Nifty50 ends above 24,900; BSE Sensex rallies 3,000 points to cross 82,400 – top 5 reasons for rally |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/stock-market-today-nse-nifty50-bse-sensex-may-12-2025-india-pakistan-ceasefire-global-markets-us-china-trade-deal/articleshow/121094342.cms |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=Pakistan stock market KSE 100 surges over 9% on India-Pakistan ceasefire; trading halted for an hour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/india-pakistan-ceasefire-impact-pakistan-stock-market-karachi-100-stock-exchange-may-12-2025/articleshow/121098715.cms |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Reports that a [[Rafale]] had been downed were followed by a dip in the share price of [[Dassault Aviation]], the manufacturer of the aircraft. [[Indonesia]], which had placed outstanding orders for Rafales, announced that it was reconsidering its procurement plans and was evaluating China's [[J-10C]] fighter as an alternative.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shah|first1=Saeed|last2=Patel|first2=Shivam|title=How Pakistan shot down India's cutting-edge fighter using Chinese gear|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/how-pakistan-shot-down-indias-cutting-edge-fighter-using-chinese-gear-2025-08-02/|work=[[Reuters]]|date=2 August 2025|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> ==Aftermaths== ==Notes== {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=note}} == See also == *[[Protests against the 2025 India-Pakistan conflict]] *[[2025 Indo-Pak ceasefire agreement]] == References == [[Category:May 2025 events]] [[Category:2025 in India]] [[Category:2025 in Pakistan]] {{reflist|refs= <ref name="BBC_firstdronewar">{{cite news |title=The first drone war opens a new chapter in India-Pakistan conflict |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy6w6507wqo |access-date=9 May 2025 |agency=[[BBC]]}}</ref> <ref name="cnn20250506">{{cite news |title=India strikes deep inside Pakistan, Pakistan claims 5 Indian jets shot down, in major escalation |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/06/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-conflict-hnk-intl |work=[[CNN News]] |date=7 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507103203/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/06/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-conflict-hnk-intl |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="cnnlive20250510">{{Cite web |last=Sangal |first=Aditi |last2=Mogul |first2=Rhea |last3=Saifi |first3=Sophia |last4=Mitra |first4=Esha |last5=Stambaugh |first5=Alex |last6=Legge |first6=James |last7=Tanno |first7=Sophie |last8=Edwards |first8=Christian |last9=Vogt |first9=Adrienne |date=2025-05-10 |title=India-Pakistan truce appears to hold despite accusations of violations |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-operation-sindoor-05-10-25#cmajr7evd00003b6n4uyzidtg |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="ISPRpress11may">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Armed forces honour pledge to nation against Indian aggression: DG ISPR |url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/12-05-2025/armed-forces-honour-pledge-to-nation-against-indian-aggression-dg-ispr |website=[[Radio Pakistan]]}}</ref> <ref name="nationalinterest20250508">{{cite web |last1=Weichert |first1=Brandon J. |title=How Chinese Missiles Routed India’s Air Force Over Pakistan |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/how-chinese-missiles-routed-indias-air-force-over-pakistan |website=[[The National Interest]] |date=8 May 2025 |quote=Their successful engagement downing five IAF warplanes is a tremendous blow to the IAF, as well as to India’s military.}}</ref> <ref name="Reuters_Kashmirkillings">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/what-happened-indias-attack-pakistan-over-kashmir-tourists-killings-2025-05-07/|title=What has happened in India and Pakistan as they fight over Kashmir killings|website=[[Reuters]]|access-date=9 May 2025|quote=Four local government sources in Indian Kashmir told Reuters three fighter jets had crashed in separate areas of the Himalayan region during the night, with their pilots admitted to hospital.}}</ref> <ref name="USMay8">{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Pakistan's Chinese-made jet brought down two Indian fighter aircraft, US officials say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pakistans-chinese-made-jet-brought-down-two-indian-fighter-aircraft-us-officials-2025-05-08/ |agency=[[Reuters]] |access-date=8 May 2025 |date=8 May 2025 |first1=Saeed |last1=Shah |first2=Idrees |last2=Ali}}</ref> <ref name="washingtonpost20250509">{{cite news |last1=Piper |first1=Imogen |last2=Ley |first2=Jarrett |last3=Javaid |first3=Maham |title=At least two Indian jets appear to have crashed during Pakistan strikes, visuals show |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/09/fighter-jets-india-pakistan-attack/ |access-date=9 May 2025 |agency=[[Washington Post]] |date=9 May 2025}}</ref>}} {{Kashmir conflict}} nh5gg5xmgvg0iaqpfzsqm02kckd5e66 10878746 10878742 2026-06-04T12:24:29Z Muhammad GHEYAS 1816156 /* */ 10878746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge from|Rawalpindi Drone Attack 2025}} {{complex}} {{Infobox military conflict|main | conflict = 2025 India–Pakistan conflict | width = | partof = [[India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]], [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff]] and [[Kashmir conflict]] | image = | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | date = 7–10 May 2025 {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=05|day1=7|year1=2025|month2=5|day2=10|year2=2025|duration=yes}})}} | place = {{hlist|[[India]]|[[Pakistan]]}} | coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template --> | map_type = | map_relief = | map_size = | map_marksize = | map_caption = | map_label = | territory = | result = Ceasefire on the request of India<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.ft.com/content/559ec37b-f048-4e4c-88f7-a5d6bc086632|website=www.ft.com|access-date=2025-11-29}}</ref> *Pakistan Victory <ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-05-11|title=As Truce Seems to Hold, India and Pakistan Both Claim Victory|language=en|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/11/world/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-ceasefire.html|access-date=2025-12-12}}</ref> | status = | combatants_header = | combatant1 = {{flag|India}} | combatant2 = {{flag|Pakistan}} | units1 = [[Indian Armed Forces]] * {{army|India}} * {{air force|India}} | units2 = [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] * {{army|Pakistan}} * {{air force|Pakistan}} | units3 = | combatant3 = | commander1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br>[[Narendra Modi]]<br>[[Rajnath Singh]] | commander2 = [[Asif Ali Zardari]]<br>[[Shehbaz Sharif]]<br>[[Khawaja Asif]] | commander3 = | strength1 = 72 aircraft | strength2 = 42 aircraft | strength3 = }} The '''2025''' '''India–Pakistan war''' was a [[War|armed conflict]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] that began on 7 May 2025, after India launched missile strikes on Pakistan, in a military operation codenamed '''Operation Sindoor'''.{{efn|[[Sindoor]] is a reddish pigment used by Hindu women on their foreheads to indicate their married status.<ref>{{cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Vasudha |title=Tilaka and Other Forehead Marks |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism/*-COM_9000000187 |work=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |date=29 May 2018 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |access-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114134147/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism/*-COM_9000000187 |url-status=live }}</ref> This was due to Hindu men being selectively targeted in the earlier Pahalgam attack, leaving their wives widowed.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Why PM Modi named India's military strikes in Pakistan, PoK as Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/operation-sindoor-pm-modi-name-india-military-strikes-pakistan-pok-13886203.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=PM Modi chose codename 'Operation Sindoor' for India's response to Pahalgam |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-chose-codename-operation-sindoor-for-indias-response-to-pahalgam-13886202.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507050428/https://www.firstpost.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-chose-codename-operation-sindoor-for-indias-response-to-pahalgam-13886202.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This was due to Hindu men being selectively targeted in the earlier Pahalgam attack, leaving their wives widowed.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Why PM Modi named India's military strikes in Pakistan, PoK as Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/operation-sindoor-pm-modi-name-india-military-strikes-pakistan-pok-13886203.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=PM Modi chose codename 'Operation Sindoor' for India's response to Pahalgam |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-chose-codename-operation-sindoor-for-indias-response-to-pahalgam-13886202.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507050428/https://www.firstpost.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-chose-codename-operation-sindoor-for-indias-response-to-pahalgam-13886202.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|name=sind}} India said that the operation was in response to the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam terrorist attack]] in Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] on 22 April 2025 in which 26 civilians were killed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pahalgam terror attack: A tribute to the victims |url=https://www.thehindu.com/infographics/2025-04-24/pahalgam-terror-attack-victims-tribute/index.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 April 2025 |title=Full list of names of Pahalgam terror attack victims: 26 people, all men, killed in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pahalgam-terror-attack-victims-26-people-all-men-killed-in-jammu-and-kashmir-11745403061030.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=Livemint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=26 dead, several injured in terror attack on tourists in J&K's Pahalgam |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tourists-injured-terror-attack-jk-pahalgam-9958887/ |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> India accused Pakistan of supporting cross-border terrorism, which Pakistan denied. No signal country accepted that Pakistan did the Phalgam Attack . On 7 May, India launched '''Operation Sindoor''' with missile strikes on terrorist camps of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|Laskhar-e-Taiba]] in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered [[Azad Kashmir]], and said that no Pakistani military or civilian facilities were targeted.<ref name="us_dia_report">{{cite web |title=2025 Worldwide Threat Assessment (Defense Intelligence Agency) |url=https://armedservices.house.gov/uploadedfiles/2025_dia_statement_for_the_record.pdf |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=[[United States House Committee on Armed Services]]}}</ref><ref name="JammuKashmir6May" /> According to Pakistan, the Indian strikes hit civilian sites. Pakistan's army retaliated on 7 May, by launching a mortor shells on Poonch.<ref name="Independent_twins">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Twins, 12, among those dead in Pakistani shelling in Poonch: 'Paying with our blood' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/poonch-attack-india-pakistan-kashmir-strikes-operation-sindoor-b2747115.html |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Following days India and Pakistan exchange drone attacks. This conflict marked the first drone battle between the two nuclear-armed nations.<ref name="BBC_firstdronewar" /> after Indian operation Pakistan started it's operation and downed multiple Indian jets and destroyed multiple Indian bases and won the clash According to Pakistan. In the early hours of 10 May, India accused Pakistan of launching missile attacks on Indian air bases<ref name="Guardian 10 May">{{cite news |first1=Hannah |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first2=Shah Meer |last2=Baloch |title=India and Pakistan accuse each other of cross-border attacks on military bases |newspaper=The Guardian |date=10 May 2025 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/09/pakistan-accuses-india-targeting-three-military-bases-tensions-escalate}}</ref> while Pakistan accused India of launching attacks on several Pakistan air bases,<ref name="Guardian 10 May"/><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.dawn.com/news/1910186|title=Pakistan rattles India with firm response as patience runs out|work=Dawn|quote= Pakistan launched strikes early Saturday morning targeting military installations in India and India-held Kashmir. The strikes were launched under operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos at 5:16am.}}</ref> As conflict escalated on 10 May, Pakistan launched its '''Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos''',{{efn|name=marsoos|''Bunyan-un-Marsoos''<ref name="a616">{{cite web | title=India and Pakistan agree ceasefire: What does it mean? | website=Al Jazeera | date=10 May 2025 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/10/india-and-pakistan-agree-ceasefire-what-does-it-mean | access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> is an [[Arabic]] term meaning "Unbreakable Wall". The operation's name is derived from a [[Ayat|verse]] in the Quran, etched in the mihrab of the attacked mosque in [[Muzaffarabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bunyan-un-Marsoos: Name came from mosque destroyed in Indian attack|date=12 May 2025|website=Aaj TV|url=https://english.aaj.tv/news/330416046/bunyan-un-marsoos-name-came-from-mosque-destroyed-in-indian-attack}}</ref> It states: {{Cite Quran|61|4|translator=s|q=Surely Allah loves those who fight in His way in ranks as if they were ''a firm and compact wall''.}})<br />The entire [[2025 India–Pakistan crisis]] was termed "Marka-i-Haq" ("The Battle of Truth") by the Pakistan military.<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/live/pakistan-india-tensions#1910566 "Marka-i-Haq': Pakistan Army names period of conflict with India since April 22"]. 10 May 2025. ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]''.</ref>}} in which it said it had targeted several Indian military bases.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hussain|first1=Abid|date=10 May 2025|title=Pakistan launches Operation Bunyan Marsoos: What we know so far|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/10/pakistan-launches-operation-bunyan-marsoos-what-we-know-so-far|access-date=9 May 2025|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]]}}</ref> which was later confirmed After the four-day military conflict, India requested for ceasefire to US and after US involvement both India and Pakistan announced that a ceasefire had been agreed after a hotline communication between their DGMOs (Directors General of Military Operations) on 10 May 2025.<ref name="TheHindu_IN_PK_agree_ceasefire" /><ref name="BBC_IN_PK_live">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan accuse each other of 'violations' after ceasefire deal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwy3jnl3nvwt |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> US Vice President [[JD Vance]] and Secretary of State [[Marco Rubio]] held extensive correspondence with both Indian and Pakistani officials during the negotiations. The ceasefire has been holding, with resumed commercial flights and normalcy reported from both countries.<ref name="NYT-May14">{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan Swap Detained Soldiers as Cease-Fire Holds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/14/world/asia/india-pakistan-soldier-exchange.html |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kashmir: Four days that took India and Pakistan to the brink |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgvr4r5d2qo |website=www.bbc.com |date=18 May 2025}}</ref>US President [[Donald Trump]] claimed credit for the ceasefire between the nations. == Background == {{Further| 2025 Pahalgam attack| 2025 India–Pakistan crisis}} The [[Kashmir conflict]], ongoing since 1947, has fuelled multiple wars and skirmishes between India and Pakistan over the disputed region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286|title=Kashmir: Why India and Pakistan fight over it|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224045738/https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 April 2025, [[2025 Pahalgam attack|a terrorist attack]] by five armed terrorists near [[Pahalgam]] in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir killed 26 civilians, mostly [[Hindu]] tourists.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhat |first=Danish Manzoor |date=23 April 2025 |title=Kashmir Massacre: Trump, Putin, Iran, Israel Condemn Jihadist Attack on Hindu Tourists |url=https://www.newsweek.com/kashmir-massacre-trump-putin-iran-israel-condemn-jihadist-attack-hindu-tourists-2062760 |work=[[Newsweek]] |quote="Witnesses reported the assailants shouted Islamic slogans and specifically targeted people who appeared to be Hindu." |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501211503/https://www.newsweek.com/kashmir-massacre-trump-putin-iran-israel-condemn-jihadist-attack-hindu-tourists-2062760 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=30 April 2025 |title=Indian survivors of Kashmir attack say gunmen asked if they were Hindus and opened fire |url=https://apnews.com/article/kashmir-attack-india-pakistan-victims-a5492962cd86174262cb73b85c04c51a |work=[[AP News]] |quote="Indian survivors of Kashmir attack say gunmen asked if they were Hindus and opened fire" |archive-date=4 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504002813/https://apnews.com/article/kashmir-attack-india-pakistan-victims-a5492962cd86174262cb73b85c04c51a |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The Resistance Front]], a militant faction of the Pakistan-based, UN-designated terrorist group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], operating in [[Indian-administered Kashmir]],{{sfn|Chesterton|Bacon|2025}}{{sfn|Koren|Ganguly|Khanna|2021}}<ref name="bloo1">{{cite news |last=Sen |first=Sudhi Ranjan |date=18 July 2025 |title=US Declares Group Accused of Kashmir Attacks a Terror Outfit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-18/us-declares-group-accused-of-kashmir-attacks-a-terror-outfit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250718050734/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-18/us-declares-group-accused-of-kashmir-attacks-a-terror-outfit |archive-date=18 July 2025 |access-date=18 July 2025 |agency=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> initially claimed responsibility for the attack,<ref>{{cite news|title=Who are the armed groups India accuses Pakistan of backing?|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=9 May 2025|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/9/who-are-the-armed-groups-india-accuses-pakistan-of-backing|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref> but later denied responsibility, saying that the earlier claim was the result of a coordinated hacking,<ref>{{cite news|title=Lashkar proxy, The Resistance Front, now denies its role in Pahalgam terror attack|last1=Ranjan|first1=Mukesh|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=26 April 2025|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Apr/26/lashkar-proxy-the-resistance-front-now-denies-its-role-in-pahalgam-terror-attack|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref> and attributed the breach to Indian authorities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Briefing: Indian media link TRF's Kashmir attack denial to Pakistani pressure|publisher=[[BBC Monitoring]]|date=28 April 2025|url=https://monitoring.bbc.co.uk/product/b0003scw|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref> Pakistan alleged that the Pahalgam attack was a "[[false flag operation]]" orchestrated by India.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kestler‑D'Amours|first1=Jillian|title=Kashmir updates: Pakistan claims Pahalgam attack 'false flag operation'|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=24 April 2025|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/4/24/kashmir-attack-live-india-summons-pakistani-envoy-hunts-pahalgam-gunmen|access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shehbaz hails Trump as 'man of peace'|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2549582/shehbaz-hails-trump-as-man-of-peace|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=5 June 2025|access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref> which was later confirmed by Pakistan media . India announced a series of retaliatory measures against Pakistan, including the suspension of the [[Indus Waters Treaty]], prompting responsive measures and leading to a [[2025 India–Pakistan crisis|diplomatic crisis and border skirmishes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |date=24 April 2025 |title=A tourist massacre in Kashmir is escalating tensions between India and Pakistan. Here's what we know |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/24/india/pahalgam-india-pakistan-attack-explainer-intl-hnk |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Peshimam |first1=Gibran Naiyyar |last2=Greenfield |first2= Charlotte |date=5 May 2025 |title=Pakistan tests missile, India orders drills amid Kashmir standoff |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-tests-missile-amid-india-standoff-moodys-warns-economic-cost-2025-05-05/ |access-date=6 May 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Live: J&K Govt Officer Killed in Rajouri Shelling, Indian Army Says Pakistan's 'Blatant Escalation' Continues |url=https://thewire.in/security/live-india-pakistan-military-action |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> India and Pakistan also closed their airspaces for each other's airlines.<ref name = "Reu-Air">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2025 |title=India, Pakistan extend airspace closures for each other's airlines in tit-for-tat moves |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/pakistan-extends-airspace-ban-indian-airlines-until-june-24-2025-05-23/ |access-date=30 June 2025 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> According to ''[[AirForces Monthly]]'', on 29 April, four [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) [[Rafale]] aircraft departed from [[Ambala Air Force Station]] on a mission to bomb terrorist targets in the north but aborted and diverted to [[Srinagar Air Force Station]] due to an [[electronic warfare]] jamming claimed by PAF. As described by the magazine, following this failed attack, and before 6 May, the IAF redeployed up to 20 [[Rafale]] aircraft from [[Hasimara Air Force Station]] (home of [[No. 101 Squadron IAF]] in the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]) to [[Gwalior]], [[Ambala]], [[Srinagar]], and [[Bikaner Airport|Nal Air Force Station]] in [[Rajasthan]]. Several [[S-400 missile system]] surface-to-air missile batteries were also repositioned to [[Adampur]], [[Bhuj]], and [[Bikaner]]. During late April and early May, the IAF mobilised around 400 aircraft, with its transport fleet conducting more than 500 sorties.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> On 30 April, Pakistan said that a military strike by India was imminent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2025 |title=Pakistan claims 'credible intelligence' India is planning an imminent military strike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75dgz5pq2no |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |date=30 April 2025 |title=Pakistan claims it has 'credible intelligence' India will strike within 36 hours |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/29/asia/kashmir-pakistan-india-tension-military-intl-hnk |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> ==Battle == ===Operation Sindoor=== ====Initial strikes==== On 7 May 2025, India launched missile and air strikes on nine alleged "militant camps" in both Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian air strikes – how will Pakistan respond? Four key questions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd020710v1ko|access-date=7 May 2025 |agency=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Can India and Pakistan control a new cycle of escalation? |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/05/07/can-india-and-pakistan-control-a-new-cycle-of-escalation |access-date=7 May 2025 |agency=[[The Economist]] }}</ref> Seven targets, including some in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, were hit by the Indian Army's [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|artillery regiment]], while air defence was jointly provided by the Army and the Indian Air Force.<ref>{{citation |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |title=Artillery's firepower reverberates during Operation Sindoor |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 May 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/artillerys-firepower-reverberates-during-operation-sindoor/article69615205.ece}}</ref> The Israeli press mentioned Indo-Israeli SkyStriker loitering munitions.<ref name="Haaretz_kamikaze">{{Cite news |last=Amit |first=Hagai |title=Israeli Kamikaze Drones Take Center Stage in India-Pakistan Conflict |newspaper=Haaretz |date=10 May 2025 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2025-05-10/ty-article/.premium/israeli-kamikaze-drones-take-center-stage-in-india-pakistan-conflict/00000196-b944-d1bb-a5d6-bff41e5b0000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Samanta |first=Pranab Dhal |date=10 July 2025 |title=India looks to US for urgent weapons after Operation Sindoor strikes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-looks-to-us-for-urgent-weapons-after-operation-sindoor-strikes/articleshow/122349623.cms |access-date=12 July 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The attacks on targets in Pakistani Punjab were carried out by the Indian Air Force. According to sources cited by ''[[India Today]]'', [[Rafale]] jets were employed, equipped with [[SCALP missile]]s and [[AASM Hammer]] bombs.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Rafale jets hit Pak terror camps with Scalp missiles, Hammer bombs: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rafale-jets-pak-terror-camps-operation-sindoor-pahalgam-attack-retaliation-2720674-2025-05-07|work=[[India Today]] |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507004344/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rafale-jets-pak-terror-camps-operation-sindoor-pahalgam-attack-retaliation-2720674-2025-05-07|url-status=live }}</ref> In press releases by [[Press Information Bureau]], the Indian government claimed that during the first attacks on terror camps the Indian Air Force had "bypassed and jammed Pakistan's Chinese-supplied air defence systems" and the operation was conducted without the loss of any Indian asset.<ref name="Aatmanirbhar">{{Cite news |date=14 May 2025 |title=Operation SINDOOR: The Rise of Aatmanirbhar Innovation in National Security |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128746 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516170223/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128746 |archive-date=16 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> The missile attack targeted locations including Subhan Allah Mosque in [[Bahawalpur]] (near [[Ahmedpur East]]) and [[Markaz-e-Taiba]] in [[Muridke]], part of the headquarters of JeM and the headquarters of LeT respectively and alleged by India to be their terrorist training camps.<ref name="BBCUrdu7May">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=انڈیا نے چھ مئی کی شب پاکستان اور اس کے زیرِ انتظام کشمیر میں کن مقامات کو نشانہ بنایا؟ |trans-title=What locations did India target in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir on the night of May 6? |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/articles/c5yly8pg7rgo|website=[[BBC Urdu]] |language=ur}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Sources mentioning headquarters:<ref name="IISS15May"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gillani |first=Waqar |date=11 May 2025 |title=On ground |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/1309943-on-ground |website=[[The News International]] |language=en |quote=The strikes, described by Islamabad as unwarranted, unprovoked and a blatant violation of international boundaries without any evidence and intimation, mainly hit mosques and seminaries associated with the accused groups. ... The deadliest attacks targeted mosques and seminaries linked to Jaish-i-Muhammad once led by Masood Azhar, Jamaat-ud-Dawah once led by Hafiz Saeed and the Harkat-ul Mujahdeen. }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="TheDiplomat_Lashkar"/>|name="camps"|group=lower-alpha}} Other sites claimed to have been targeted by India included Abbas Mosque (associated with the JeM) in [[Kotli District]], Shawai Nala camp (associated with the LeT) and Syedna Bilal Mosque (associated with the JeM) in [[Muzaffarabad]],<ref name="BBCUrdu7May"/><ref name="TheDiplomat_Lashkar" /> a site in [[Gulpur]], [[Kotli District]] (alleged by the Indian government to be a LeT and HuM camp);<ref name="KashmirObserver_Sindoor">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: India Avenges Pahalgam Attack |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/05/07/operation-sindoor-india-avenges-pahalgam-attack/|access-date=11 June 2025 |website=[[Kashmir Observer]] |language=en-US |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Transcript7May" /><ref name="LiveMint_Sindoor">{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: Not just 9, but there are 21 'well-known' terror camps in Pakistan, PoK; govt shares full list |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/operation-sindoor-full-list-of-21-well-known-terror-camps-in-pakistan-pok-shared-by-govt-11746601567104.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515061830/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/operation-sindoor-full-list-of-21-well-known-terror-camps-in-pakistan-pok-shared-by-govt-11746601567104.html |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=11 June 2025 |work=[[mint (newspaper)|mint]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="HindustanTimes_Sindoor">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |author-link=Shishir Gupta |date=7 May 2025 |title=Why India attacked 9 terror camps under Operation Sindoor? Significance explained |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-india-attacked-9-terror-camps-under-operation-sindoor-significance-explained-101746587101415.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507042049/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-india-attacked-9-terror-camps-under-operation-sindoor-significance-explained-101746587101415.html |archive-date=7 May 2025 |access-date=11 June 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref> Markaz [[Ahl-e-Hadith]] in [[Barnala, Azad Kashmir|Barnala]], [[Bhimber District]] (alleged by the Indian government to be associated with the LeT);<ref name="HindustanTimes_Sindoor" /><ref name="LiveMint_Sindoor" /> a site in Mehmona Joya, [[Kotli Loharan West]], [[Sialkot District]] (alleged by the Indian government to be a HuM camp);<ref name="HindustanTimes_Sindoor" /><ref name="KashmirObserver_Sindoor" /><ref name="LiveMint_Sindoor" /> and a site in Tera Katlan in Sarjal, [[Shakargarh Tehsil]], [[Sialkot District]] (alleged by the Indian government to be a JeM camp).<ref name="HindustanTimes_Sindoor" /><ref name="Transcript7May">{{Cite news |title=Transcript of Special Briefing on OPERATION SINDOOR (May 07, 2025) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/39474/Transcript_of_Special_Briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_07_2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510234544/https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/39474/Transcript_of_Special_Briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_07_2025 |archive-date=10 May 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LiveMint_Sindoor" /><ref name="KashmirObserver_Sindoor" /> Satellite images released after launching the strikes showed the extent of damage in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Satellite images show impact on mosques and buildings in Pakistan after Indian strikes |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/satellite-images-india-pakistan-strikes-b2746940.html|access-date=8 May 2025 |agency=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> According to ''CNN'', Indian jets in past bombed Pakistani territory following militant attacks on its land but "Wednesday's operation is the deepest India attack inside its neighbor since the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|Indo-Pakistan war of 1971]], the biggest of several wars between the two countries."<ref name="CNN_deepinside">{{cite news |last1=Saifi |first1=Sophia |last2=Taylor |first2=Jerome |last3=Adkin |first3=Ross |last4=Mogul |first4=Rhea |last5=Regan |first5=Helen |date=6 May 2025 |title=India strikes deep inside Pakistan, Pakistan claims 5 Indian jets shot down, in major escalation |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/06/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-conflict-hnk-intl |access-date=9 May 2025 |agency=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Pakistan confirmed strikes on six of the sites targeted by India, denying the strikes at Barnala and Gulpur in Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir, but said these were civilian areas including mosques and residential areas and were not terrorist facilities.<ref name="BBCLive6May" /><ref name="IISS15May">{{Cite web |last=Roy-Chaudhury |first=Rahul |date=15 May 2025 |title=India–Pakistan drone and missile conflict: differing and disputed narratives |publisher=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2025/05/indiapakistan-drone-and-missile-conflict-differing-and-disputed-narratives/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515193358/https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2025/05/indiapakistan-drone-and-missile-conflict-differing-and-disputed-narratives/ |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=29 November 2025 }}</ref><ref name="BBCUrdu7May"/> ====Air battle==== The Indian air attacks started an air battle in which more than 114 aircraft, 72 from the IAF and 42 from the PAF, were involved in what was described as the largest [[beyond visual range]] engagement on the [[India–Pakistan border]],<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills" /> with the engagement described as one of the largest air battles since the end of [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-08 |title=India-Pakistan jets clash in one of the largest dogfights in recent history |url=https://www.newsweek.com/india-pakistan-125-jets-clash-one-largest-dogfights-recent-history-2069570 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> According to independent assessments, at least six Indian [[fighter aircraft]] were downed during the [[dogfight]],<ref name=twq1/> though Pakistan claimed seven, including three [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]]s, one [[MiG-29]], two [[SU-30MKI]] and a [[IAI Heron|Heron]] [[unmanned aerial vehicle]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sampson|first1=Eve|title=The Indian Aircraft Pakistan Says It Shot Down|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/07/world/asia/india-pakistan-downed-aircraft.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=7 May 2025|access-date=26 June 2025|quote=Pakistan, for its part, claims it shot down five planes and at least one drone: three Rafale fighter jets, one MIG-29 fighter aircraft, one Su-30 fighter jet and one Heron drone.}}</ref> it is the first time that a French-origin [[Dassault Rafale]] has been lost in combat, reportedly having been shot down by the Pakistan China made JF-17 and Chinese-origin [[Chengdu J-10]].<ref name="CNNLiveMay7">{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |last3=Iyer |first3=Aishwarya S. |last4=Sangal |first4=Aditi |last5=Hammond |first5=Elise |last6=Powell |first6=Tori B. |last7=Yeung |first7=Jessie |last8=Harvey |first8=Lex |last9=Radford |first9=Antoinette |date=6 May 2025 |title=May 7, 2025 India launches attacks on Pakistan after Kashmir massacre |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-attack-kashmir-tourists-intl-hnk#cmadq2i4j00003b6tu7krhsys|website=CNN}}</ref><ref name="USMay8" /> Pakistan's response also included the use of Chinese-produced [[PL-15]] long-range air-to-air missiles fired from Chengdu J-10 fighter and JF-17 jets, marking the first combat use of the missile. The presence of air-launched PL-15 debris at multiple sites within India was indicative that some of the downings were caused by the PAF.<ref name=twq1/> According to The US Congress Report released on 18th November 2025 confirmed that India lost 3 jets.<ref>{{cite report|date=18 November 2025|title=2025 Report to Congress|url=https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2025-11/2025_Annual_Report_to_Congress.pdf|publisher=[[U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission]]|pages=108–109|access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref> [[Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force]] [[Général d'armée aérienne]] {{ill|Jérôme Bellanger|fr}} stated that he had "seen evidence" of three aircraft being destroyed including a Rafale, a Mirage 2000 and a Russian Sukhoi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/6/french-intelligence-claims-china-trying-to-foil-global-sale-of-rafale-jets|title=French intelligence claims China trying to foil global sale of Rafale jets|quote=French air force chief General Jerome Bellanger said he has seen evidence pointing to just three aircraft losses – a Rafale, a Russian-made Sukhoi and a Mirage 2000, which is an earlier generation French-made jet.|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref> [[Reuters]] reported that unnamed Indian government sources said that at least three fighter jets had crashed in India due to unknown causes.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Three fighter jets crashed in India's Jammu and Kashmir, local govt sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/three-fighter-jets-crashed-indias-jammu-kashmir-local-govt-sources-say-2025-05-07 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On 8 May, an unnamed [[United States|US]] official told Reuters that he assessed with "high confidence" that Pakistani [[Chengdu J-10|J-10]] aircraft had shot down at least six Indian fighter jets; a second official assessed one of the downed jets to be a [[Dassault Rafale]].<ref name="USMay8">{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Saeed |last2=Ali |first2=Idrees |date=8 May 2025 |title=Exclusive: Pakistan's Chinese-made jet brought down two Indian fighter aircraft, US officials say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pakistans-chinese-made-jet-brought-down-two-indian-fighter-aircraft-us-officials-2025-05-08/|location= Islamabad/[[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' later said that it had identified 3 to 6 crash sites in India from 7 May, identifying two of them as belonging to an Indian Dassault Rafale and [[Dassault Mirage 2000]] at Akalia Kalan in Bathinda and Wuyan in [[Pampore]] respectively and another site at [[Akhnoor]] (likely an Indian MiG-29).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2025 |title=At least two Indian jets appear to have crashed during Pakistan strikes, visuals show |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/09/fighter-jets-india-pakistan-attack/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Taghvaee |first=Babak |date=July 2025 |title=A Close Call |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VwUrJ22fStQ2aACxOlTazkN8FBz1-4dj/view|magazine=[[Air Forces Monthly]] |page=33}}</ref><ref name="Clary" /> The Rafale crash in Bathinda also reportedly killed two bystanders.<ref>{{Cite news |title=How did Pakistan shoot down India’s fighter jets? |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/07/16/how-did-pakistan-shoot-down-indias-fighter-jets|access-date=2025-08-11 |work=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brar |first=Kamaldeep Singh |date=2025-07-23 |title=Kin of Dalit man who died following aircraft crash in Bathinda seek govt compensation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/kin-dalit-man-died-aircraft-crash-bathinda-seek-govt-compensation-10144682/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> On 9 May, local government sources in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir told Reuters that three to six fighter jets crashed in India on 7 May with three pilots being hospitalized.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=What has happened in India and Pakistan as they fight over Kashmir killings |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/what-happened-indias-attack-pakistan-over-kashmir-tourists-killings-2025-05-07/|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On 11 May, the Indian Air Force said that "losses are a part of combat" but declined to provide more details, adding that all pilots were back home.<ref name="Reuters_losses">{{cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Indian air force says losses are part of combat but all pilots back home |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indian-air-force-says-losses-are-part-combat-all-pilots-back-home-2025-05-11/|work=Reuters}}</ref> According to [[France 24]], India's refusal to confirm or deny the loss of the jets gave further credence to the downing claims.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=Chinese weapons pass combat test in India-Pakistan clash – with flying colours |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20250514-chinese-weapons-pass-combat-test-in-india-pakistan-clash-%E2%80%93-with-flying-colours |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> Defence analyst [[Michael Clarke (academic)|Michael Clarke]] told ''[[Al Jazeera]]'' that India had lost a Rafale jet, "that would certainly be embarrassing."<ref name="Jazeera_fivejets">{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Usaid |title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know#:~:text=What%20has%20Pakistan%20claimed?,a%20drone,%20and%20many%20quadcopters|access-date=15 May 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> He added that if the aircraft had come down within Indian territory, India would likely try to keep it as an unconfirmed rumour for as long as possible, and that its general statement on "inevitable losses" might be the closest it comes to confirmation.<ref name="Jazeera_fivejets" /> On 15 May, Pakistani prime minister [[Shehbaz Sharif]] claimed that Pakistan shot down six Indian fighter jets, the sixth being a [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage]] 2000.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ehrlich|first1=Richard S.|date=21 May 2025 |title=China the biggest winner of India-Pakistan air fight|url=https://asiatimes.com/2025/05/china-the-biggest-winner-of-india-pakistan-air-fight/|publisher=[[Asia Times]]|access-date=26 June 2025}}</ref> On 28 May, he again said that six Indian fighter jets were downed but said that four of these were Rafale, one MiG-29 and one "another plane".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2025 |title=India can't block our water, we're taking measures, says Shehbaz |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1316196-india-can-t-block-our-water-we-re-taking-measures-says-shehbaz |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=[[The News International]]|language=en |quote=He detailed Pakistan's military response, describing the downing of six Indian fighter jets, including four Rafales, and significant damage to Indian military installations. |agency=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Latif |first=Aamir |date=28 May 2025 |title=Pakistan shot down 6 Indian jets, including 4 French-made Rafale during conflict: Premier Sharif |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-shot-down-6-indian-jets-including-4-french-made-rafale-during-conflict-premier-sharif/3582409 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref><ref name="Trend_concert">{{Cite web |last=Zeynalova |first=Laman |date=28 May 2025 |title=Presidents of Azerbaijan and Türkiye, Prime Minister of Pakistan attend concert dedicated to Independence Day in Lachin |url=https://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/politics/4050102.html|access-date=31 May 2025 |website=[[Trend.az]]|language=en |quote=Ladies and gentlemen, we had to respond in defence of Pakistan and within no time our formidable Air Force downed six Indian planes, four Rafale French-made planes, one MiG-29 and another plane and then a drone and we conveyed a message to India that Pakistan is a very peace-loving country, wants to promote peace and prosperity in the region but if come to the point of attacking Pakistan then we will respond with fullest might.}}</ref> The PAF provided the tail numbers BS001, BS021, BS022, and BS027 of four Rafale aircraft it claimed to have shot down to Dassault so the manufacturer could confirm whether the aircraft were still operational.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> One of the Rafale aircraft, identified by the callsign ''Godzilla 4'', was destroyed over Akalia Kalan, a village in [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]] in [[Punjab, India]], approximately 70&nbsp;km from the [[India–Pakistan border]], while returning to [[Ambala Air Force Station]], home to a major wing of the IAF’s Western Air Command. The downed jet was identified as Rafale EH BS001.<ref name=afm1/> On 6 June, the PAF said that [[No. 15 Squadron PAF|No. 15 Squadron]], also known as the ''Cobras'', was responsible for shooting down IAF fighter jets. The unit operated out of [[PAF Base Minhas]] in [[Kamra, Pakistan|Kamra]] with [[J-10C]] multirole fighters equipped with [[PL-15]] beyond-visual-range missiles. According to ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', the ''Cobras'' deployed 18 out of the 20 aircraft assigned to the squadron for the intercept operation on 7 May.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sajjad Syed|first=Baqir|title=Air force credits Cobras with 'six IAF kills'|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1915722/|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=6 June 2025 |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> On 31 May 2025, India's Chief of Defence Staff [[General (India)|General]] [[Anil Chauhan]] admitted that India lost jets, but dismissed Pakistan's claim of downing six fighter jets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2025 |title=India finally admits it lost fighter jets in clash with Pakistan |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-pakistan-war-rafale-fighter-jet-downed-b2761216.html |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sen |first1=Sudhi Ranjan |last2=Tandon |first2=Naman |date=31 May 2025 |title=India Confirms It Lost Fighter Jets in Recent Pakistan Conflict |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-05-31/india-confirms-it-lost-fighter-jets-in-recent-pakistan-conflict?embedded-checkout=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601054134/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-05-31/india-confirms-it-lost-fighter-jets-in-recent-pakistan-conflict |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> On 18 July 2025, President of the United States Donald Trump said that he believed five aircraft had been shot down during the conflict.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/trump-says-he-thinks-5-jets-were-shot-down-india-pakistan-hostilities-2025-07-19/|title=Trump says he thinks 5 jets were shot down in India-Pakistan hostilities|date=19 July 2025|accessdate=19 July 2025|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> According to ''[[The Washington Quarterly]]'', India confirmed the loss of at least three aircraft during the conflict, although the types were not specified. It is likely that India lost at least four aircraft, possibly a fifth, including at least one Rafale and a MiG-29; and that Pakistan also likely lost aircraft.<ref name="twq1">{{cite journal|last1=Ganguly|first1=Sumit|last2=Warren|first2=Spenser A.|title=Escalation Risks Rising? Airpower in Kargil and Pahalgam|journal=[[The Washington Quarterly]]|volume=48|issue=3|pages=127–143|date=29 September 2025|url=https://bpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.gwu.edu/dist/1/2181/files/2025/09/TWQ_48_3_GangulyWarren.pdf|doi=10.1080/0163660X.2025.2558282}}</ref> ====Indian strikes on Pakistani air bases==== On 8 May 2025, in response to a series of drone incursions and missile attacks, which India attributed to Pakistan despite its denials of involvement, India carried out strikes and claimed to have damaged air defence radars and systems at multiple locations in Pakistan. Pakistan reported drone incursions or intercepts at 11 sites that morning, and officially acknowledged that four soldiers were injured and military equipment was partially damaged.<ref name="nyt_unfolded" /><ref name="Clary" /><ref>Frances Mao, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cjrndypy3l4o India reports strikes on military bases, Pakistan denies any role], BBC News, 8 May 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/8/pakistan-says-it-downed-25-indian-drones-after-attacks-escalate-tensions Multiple explosions, blackout in Indian-administered Kashmir's Jammu city], Al Jazeera, 8 May 2025.</ref> The strikes destroyed an air defence radar in [[PAF_Base_Lahore#Present_use|Lahore]].<ref name="twq1" /> Local media in India reported a barrage of drone and missile strikes on the night of 9 May.<ref name="nyt_unfolded" /><ref>Bashaarat Masood, Amrita Nayak Dutta,  [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/baramulla-to-barmer-india-blocks-second-wave-of-drone-attacks-9993720/ Baramulla to Barmer, India blocks second wave of drone attacks], The Indian Express, 10 May 2025.</ref> Hours later, on the night of 9 and 10 May, the Indian Armed Forces conducted multiple airstrike operations targeting Pakistani military installations. As per Indian media reports, the air strikes were planned by India's Chief of the Air Staff Amar Preet Singh while National Security Advisor Ajit Doval granted the final clearance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2025 |title=Inside India's Air Blitz: NSA Doval Cleared It, IAF Chief AP Singh Delivered It |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/india-strike-pakistan-nur-khan-airbase-masterplan-by-iaf-chief-air-chief-marshal-ap-singh-article-151623953 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title='We should go for the kill': IAF chief Amar Preet Singh led India's bold mission to strike Pakistan's Nur Khan base |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/we-should-go-for-the-kill-iaf-chief-amar-preet-singh-led-india-s-bold-mission-to-strike-pakistan-s-nur-khan-base-13022226.html|access-date=13 May 2025 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref> A wave of one-way loitering munitions, including Israeli-made [[IAI Harop]] and Polish [[Warmate]] 5.0 drones, was deployed. These drones served dual purposes, probing and assessing the reaction parameters of [[HQ-9|HQ-9BE]] short-range SAM systems and neutralising or degrading the target acquisition and illumination radars of [[HQ-16|HQ-16FE]] medium-range SAM systems. This preparatory tactic weakened the defensive envelope of the targeted sites, thereby facilitating the success of the subsequent cruise missile strikes.<ref name=afm1>{{cite magazine|title=A close call|url=https://www.key.aero/article/close-call|magazine=[[AirForces Monthly]]|publisher=[[Key Publishing]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251003130848/https://www.key.aero/article/airforces-monthly-july-2025?pageNumber=1|archive-date=3 October 2025|access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref> According to Pakistan, the PAF intercepted and destroyed 84 Israeli-made [[Harop drone]]s sent by India.<ref name="AZERTAG_Bunyan" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Number of Indian drones downed by Pakistan reaches 77: security sources |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544893/n|access-date=9 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The drone strikes were followed by [[Su-30MKI]] aircraft of the IAF launching between fifteen and eighteen supersonic [[BrahMos]] missiles, typically one per aircraft, caused considerable damage. Simultaneously, [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale EH]] aircraft from [[No. 17 Squadron IAF|No. 17 Squadron]] employed at least ten [[SCALP-EG]] missiles. These precision strikes were focused on degrading Pakistan's air defense capabilities and operational infrastructure. The targets included four early warning radar installations, seven PAF air bases, and one forward operating base.<ref name=afm1/> [[PAF Base Nur Khan]] came under both missile and drone attacks.<ref name="reuters_pulledback" /><ref name="nyt_unfolded" /> A missile strike hit the operations room of the 35 Composite Transport Wing, destroying two fuel trucks, with collateral damage to at least one [[C-130 Hercules]] medium-lift tactical transport aircraft.The barrage took out two roofs and hit the hangar of a refueling plane, according to one of the officials, who visited the base the next day.<ref name="reuters_pulledback" /><ref name="nyt_unfolded" /> According to William Goodhind, a geospatial analyst at Contested Ground, two mobile control centers at the Nur Khan airbase were damaged.<ref name="wp_postanalysis" /><ref name=afm1/> An apparent missile strike created a {{Convert|60|ft|abbr=on}}-wide hole in an aircraft hangar at [[PAF Base Bholari]]. Debris was scattered across the pavement around the hangar, and the wall appeared to have collapsed onto a nearby building.<ref name="wp_postanalysis" /> This strike damaged a [[Saab 2000|Saab 2000 Erieye AEW&CS]], which the PAF said was later repaired.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> [[PAF Base Shahbaz]] was also attacked, resulting in a {{Convert|100|ft|abbr=on}}-wide hole in an aircraft hangar as well as damage to its [[air traffic control]] tower.<ref name="wp_postanalysis" /> At [[PAF Base Mushaf]], the Indian military claimed to have used precision weapons to strike two sections of the runway. Later satellite imagery showed a crater on the runway.<ref name="nyt_satelliteimagery" /> The runway was made operational within a few hours.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> At [[PAF Base Murid]] and [[PAF Base Rafiqui]], BrahMos missiles targeted an [[Unmanned aerial vehicle]](UAV) command shelter and the operations room of the 34 Tactical Air Wing, respectively. At PAF Base Sukkur, a hangar and an electronic warfare (EW) radar installation were destroyed by missile strikes.<ref name=afm1/> Satellite imagery taken after the Indian strike showed a crater on the [[Rahim Yar Khan Airport]] runway that was not present in earlier images.<ref name="nyt_satelliteimagery" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Following India's airstrike, Pakistan declares Rahim Yar Khan airbase's sole runway non-operational for a week |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/india-airstrike-pakistan-rahim-yar-khan-airbase-runway-closed-9996249/ |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The airport's Royal Lounge was damaged in the attack and a {{Convert|10|ft|abbr=on}}-wide crater was created in the [[Airport apron|apron]] area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2025 |title=Rahim Yar Khan's Sheikh Zayed airport damaged by Indian strike |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1910184|access-date=17 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> The air strikes were also executed against early warning radar installations of the [[Pakistan Army]] Air Defence Corps (PAADC), including one located in Gujranwala.<ref name=afm1/> Pakistan Army spokesman said that India fired ballistic missiles from Adampur that fell into its own territory,<ref name="Clary">{{citation |first=Christopher |last=Clary |title=Four Days in May: The India-Pakistan Crisis of 2025 |publisher=Stimson Center |date=28 May 2025 |url=https://www.stimson.org/2025/four-days-in-may-the-india-pakistan-crisis-of-2025/}}</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-armys-spokesman-claims-india-fired-ballistic-missiles-that-fell-into-2025-05-09/ Pakistan Army's spokesman claims India fired ballistic missiles that fell into Indian territory], Reuters, 9 May 2025</ref> and added that India had targeted [[Afghanistan]] with missile and drone strikes.<ref name="Dawn_IN_PK_live">{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=India has fired missiles at Afghanistan and used drones: DG ISPR (03:21am) |url=https://www.dawn.com/live/pakistan-india-tensions |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tribune_ballistic">{{Cite web |last=Yousaf |first=Kamran |date=10 May 2025 |title=India goes ballistic, hits own people |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545048/i |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nur Khan, Murid and Shorkot bases targeted with air-launched missiles |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1310137-india-launched-missiles-at-three-airbases-dg-ispr |work=[[The News International]] |date=10 May 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Clary" /> PAF spokesperson displayed radar signatures of the BrahMos on screen and said the missiles had missed their targets and flown into Afghanistan.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> India denied the allegations, calling the claims "ludicrous" and "frivolous".<ref name="Transcript10May">{{Cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=Transcript of Special briefing on OPERATION SINDOOR (May 10, 2025) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/39486/Transcript_of_Special_briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_10_2025 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kant |first=Rishi |date=10 May 2025 |title=India-Pak conflict: Foreign Secy Vikram Misri tears into Pak's lies, says India responded with restraint and resolve |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/business-news/india-pak-conflict-foreign-secy-vikram-misri-tears-into-paks-lies-says-india-responded-with-restraint-and-resolve/122970 |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=[[Fortune India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ToloNews_rejects">{{cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=Ministry Rejects Pakistan Claims of Indian Attacks on Afghan Soil |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-194253/ |website=[[Tolo News]]}}</ref> The [[Taliban]] government of Afghanistan also denied Pakistani claims of Indian attacks on Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=Pakistan accuses India of drone strikes in Afghanistan |url=https://amu.tv/173194/ |website=[[Amu TV]]}}</ref><ref name="ToloNews_rejects" /> It was termed a "bizarre and unsubstantiated claim" by Christopher Clary.<ref name="Clary" /> Pakistan said that all [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) assets at targeted bases remained safe. Pakistani media reported that Sheikh Zayed International Airport in [[Rahim Yar Khan]] was targeted and suffered structural damage.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=India targets Sheikh Zayed International airport in Rahim Yar Khan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545081/i |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref> The airport was named after [[Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan]] and is regarded as a symbol of [[Pakistan–United Arab Emirates relations|Pak-UAE friendship]]. Although commercial flights have been suspended since 2023, the airport was occasionally used by members of the [[House of Nahyan]] via the Royal Lounge, which was among the facilities destroyed in the attack.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rahim Yar Khan's Sheikh Zayed airport damaged by Indian strike|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1910184/|work=Dawn|date=11 May 2025|access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref> The Pakistan military later confirmed that six of its airmen were killed during the Indian air strikes including 5 deaths at Bholari and one at Sargodha;<ref name="wp_postanalysis">{{cite news |last1=Piper |first1=Imogen |title=Indian strikes on Pakistan damaged six airfields, Post analysis finds |date=14 May 2025 |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/14/india-pakistan-strikes-conflict-damage/ |last2=Hill |first2=Evan |last3=Javaid |first3=Maham |last4=Noack |first4=Rick |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515233533/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/14/india-pakistan-strikes-conflict-damage/ |archive-date=15 May 2025 }}</ref> [[Chief Minister of Sindh]], [[Murad Ali Shah]], also later said that nine personnel injured in Indian attacks <ref name="Dawn_Sindh">{{Cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=CM Sindh announces compensation for martyrs, injured in Indian attacks |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1911205 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> ===Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos=== In retaliation for Indian strikes, the PAF carried out a coordinated retaliatory air campaign. The primary objective of the operation was to disrupt IAF infrastructure and operational readiness, particularly by targeting airbases and logistical nodes near the [[Indo-Pakistani border]]. [[JF-17]] multirole fighter aircraft launched stand-off munitions, including air-launched cruise missiles, against several Indian military installations, including [[Udhampur Air Force Station|Udhampur]], [[Adampur Air Force Station|Adampur]], and [[Pathankot Air Force Station|Pathankot]] air force stations, as well as weapon storage facilities in [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]], [[Nagrota army base|Nagrota]], and [[Beas Airport|Beas]].<ref name=afm1/> The PAF struck and destroyed the [[Integrated Air Command and Control System]] (IACCS) at [[Barnala]], effectively stopping communications between the IAF leadership and its fighters.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> JF-17C Thunder Block 3 aircraft from [[No. 14 Squadron PAF|No. 14 Squadron]], and operating from [[PAF Base Rafiqui]], conducted a Destruction of Enemy Air Defence (DEAD) mission to destroy the [[S-400]] system at Adampur. The aircraft employed electronic countermeasures, decoys, and evasive manoeuvres to approach the S-400 system and fired [[CM-400AKG]] missiles at low-altitude and [[early-warning radar]] installations.<ref name=afm1/><ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/><ref name=scc>{{cite magazine|last1=Mihajlovic|first1=Mike|title=The S-400 quandary|magazine=[[AirForces Monthly]]|publisher=[[Key Aero]]|url=https://www.key.aero/article/s-400-quandary|date=15 September 2025|access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> Pakistan said that a mobile 91N6E (NATO name "Big Bird") acquisition radar was destroyed by a CM-400AKG, and that a 96L6E (NATO name "Cheese Board") 3D early-warning and acquisition radar was also successfully targeted.<ref name=scc/> According to ''[[AirForces Monthly]]'', independent analysis of low-resolution satellite images revealed evidence of burn marks and disturbed ground at the suspected S-400 site, suggesting that key components of the battery may have been struck or degraded.<ref name=afm1/> In another report, ''AirForces Monthly'' said that one thing is certain that without on-site photographs, authenticated radar recordings, and parametric analysis, what truly occurred between these two systems remains, for the time being, a matter of speculation and personal interpretation.<ref name=scc/> PAF also deployed domestically developed [[unmanned aerial vehicles]] (UAVs), described as "killer drones" over multiple locations in India. The drones flew over airbases carrying up to 20 kg of explosives. Over several hours, the PAF struck 34 targets across different Indian bases, with approximately half targeted by manned aircraft and the remainder by UAVs.<ref name="KeyAeroRafaleKills"/> India said that its air defence systems successfully intercepted and shot down hundreds of drones and loitering munitions launched by Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Operation SINDOOR: India's Strategic Clarity and Calculated Force |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128748 |access-date=14 May 2025 |agency=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Operation SINDOOR: Forging One Force |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2129453#:~:text=These%20units%20were%20instrumental%20in,both%20military%20and%20civilian%20infrastructure.|access-date=18 May 2025 |agency=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> The Indian Army released images of what it said were debris of Pakistani [[YIHA-III]] [[kamikaze drones]] destroyed by air defence units. It said multiple armed drones were spotted flying over Khasa Cantonment in [[Amritsar]] at approximately 5 am and that the attempt had endangered residential areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Army releases photos of Pakistani drone debris after neutralizing threat over Amritsar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-releases-photos-of-pakistani-drone-debris-after-neutralizing-threat-over-amritsar-2722598-2025-05-10 |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> == Impacts == Pakistani airspace was closed for 48 hours and all flights were cancelled.<ref>{{cite news |title=Flight operations resume at major airports after 8-hour shutdown |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1309165-flight-operations-resume-at-major-airports-after-8-hour-shutdown |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=The News International }}</ref> In [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]], schools and colleges were closed, and [[Cambridge International Education|CIE]] examinations were cancelled in most of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Educational Institutions Closed, BISE (Inter) Exam Postponed For 7th May |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/educational-institutions-closed-bise-inter-1975382.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=Urdu Point }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=PM session exams cancelled for CIE students in Lahore |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/05/08/pm-session-exams-cancelled-for-cie-students-in-lahore/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Pakistan Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=O/A Level exams suspended in Punjab, AJK for May 9 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544751/o |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> In India, at least 25 airports in the north and west were shut down until 10 May.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: India closes 25 airports, cancels 300+ flights after missile strikes on terror camps – CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/aviation/operation-sindoor-india-missile-strikes-pakistan-25-airports-closed-300-flights-cancelled-19600906.htm |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=[[CNBC TV18]] }}</ref> The Indian Air Force took control of [[Srinagar Airport]] and civil operations were stopped for an indefinite period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=IAF Control Srinagar Airport: Civilian Flights Suspended Amid Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/iaf-takes-control-of-srinagar-airport-after-operation-sindoor-civilian-flight-operations-suspended-3528343 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The [[2025 Indian Premier League]] transferred a match between [[Punjab Kings]] and the [[Mumbai Indians]] scheduled at [[Dharamsala]] on 11 May to [[Ahmedabad]], citing the closure of [[Kangra Airport]] and other logistical issues caused by the ongoing tensions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/punjab-mumbai-ipl-venue-change-2bcebfa42cf444ca412b6ea33dfe452a |title=Punjab-Mumbai IPL game shifted to Ahmedabad because of India-Pakistan tensions|date=9 May 2025|access-date=9 May 2025|work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> Similarly, during the [[2025 Pakistan Super League]], a match between [[Karachi Kings]] and [[Peshawar Zalmi]] could not be played.<ref name=pslmatchpostponed/> On 9 May, both the tournaments were delayed because of bad situation.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Amlan Chakraborty |title=India suspends IPL for a week, Pakistan postpones games amid conflict |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/cricket/pakistan-moves-t20-league-indias-ipl-awaits-government-advice-2025-05-09 |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=Reuters |date=20 May 2025}}</ref> Stock markets in India and Pakistan experienced significant volatility through the week due to escalating geopolitical tensions, but rebounded sharply on 12 May following the ceasefire agreement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=Stock market today: Nifty50 ends above 24,900; BSE Sensex rallies 3,000 points to cross 82,400 – top 5 reasons for rally |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/stock-market-today-nse-nifty50-bse-sensex-may-12-2025-india-pakistan-ceasefire-global-markets-us-china-trade-deal/articleshow/121094342.cms |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=Pakistan stock market KSE 100 surges over 9% on India-Pakistan ceasefire; trading halted for an hour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/india-pakistan-ceasefire-impact-pakistan-stock-market-karachi-100-stock-exchange-may-12-2025/articleshow/121098715.cms |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Reports that a [[Rafale]] had been downed were followed by a dip in the share price of [[Dassault Aviation]], the manufacturer of the aircraft. [[Indonesia]], which had placed outstanding orders for Rafales, announced that it was reconsidering its procurement plans and was evaluating China's [[J-10C]] fighter as an alternative.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shah|first1=Saeed|last2=Patel|first2=Shivam|title=How Pakistan shot down India's cutting-edge fighter using Chinese gear|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/how-pakistan-shot-down-indias-cutting-edge-fighter-using-chinese-gear-2025-08-02/|work=[[Reuters]]|date=2 August 2025|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> India costed more damaged than Pakistan because of destroyed jets and infrastructure but Pakistan also costed damage on infrastructure. ==Aftermaths== ==Notes== {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=note}} == See also == *[[Protests against the 2025 India-Pakistan conflict]] *[[2025 Indo-Pak ceasefire agreement]] == References == [[Category:May 2025 events]] [[Category:2025 in India]] [[Category:2025 in Pakistan]] {{reflist|refs= <ref name="BBC_firstdronewar">{{cite news |title=The first drone war opens a new chapter in India-Pakistan conflict |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy6w6507wqo |access-date=9 May 2025 |agency=[[BBC]]}}</ref> <ref name="cnn20250506">{{cite news |title=India strikes deep inside Pakistan, Pakistan claims 5 Indian jets shot down, in major escalation |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/06/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-conflict-hnk-intl |work=[[CNN News]] |date=7 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507103203/https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/06/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-conflict-hnk-intl |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="cnnlive20250510">{{Cite web |last=Sangal |first=Aditi |last2=Mogul |first2=Rhea |last3=Saifi |first3=Sophia |last4=Mitra |first4=Esha |last5=Stambaugh |first5=Alex |last6=Legge |first6=James |last7=Tanno |first7=Sophie |last8=Edwards |first8=Christian |last9=Vogt |first9=Adrienne |date=2025-05-10 |title=India-Pakistan truce appears to hold despite accusations of violations |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-operation-sindoor-05-10-25#cmajr7evd00003b6n4uyzidtg |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="ISPRpress11may">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Armed forces honour pledge to nation against Indian aggression: DG ISPR |url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/12-05-2025/armed-forces-honour-pledge-to-nation-against-indian-aggression-dg-ispr |website=[[Radio Pakistan]]}}</ref> <ref name="nationalinterest20250508">{{cite web |last1=Weichert |first1=Brandon J. |title=How Chinese Missiles Routed India’s Air Force Over Pakistan |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/how-chinese-missiles-routed-indias-air-force-over-pakistan |website=[[The National Interest]] |date=8 May 2025 |quote=Their successful engagement downing five IAF warplanes is a tremendous blow to the IAF, as well as to India’s military.}}</ref> <ref name="Reuters_Kashmirkillings">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/what-happened-indias-attack-pakistan-over-kashmir-tourists-killings-2025-05-07/|title=What has happened in India and Pakistan as they fight over Kashmir killings|website=[[Reuters]]|access-date=9 May 2025|quote=Four local government sources in Indian Kashmir told Reuters three fighter jets had crashed in separate areas of the Himalayan region during the night, with their pilots admitted to hospital.}}</ref> <ref name="USMay8">{{cite news |title=Exclusive: Pakistan's Chinese-made jet brought down two Indian fighter aircraft, US officials say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pakistans-chinese-made-jet-brought-down-two-indian-fighter-aircraft-us-officials-2025-05-08/ |agency=[[Reuters]] |access-date=8 May 2025 |date=8 May 2025 |first1=Saeed |last1=Shah |first2=Idrees |last2=Ali}}</ref> <ref name="washingtonpost20250509">{{cite news |last1=Piper |first1=Imogen |last2=Ley |first2=Jarrett |last3=Javaid |first3=Maham |title=At least two Indian jets appear to have crashed during Pakistan strikes, visuals show |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/09/fighter-jets-india-pakistan-attack/ |access-date=9 May 2025 |agency=[[Washington Post]] |date=9 May 2025}}</ref>}} {{Kashmir conflict}} tcvqhog0iphw1ky67ps51w1tvcms2p9 1 1186764 10879291 10870229 2026-06-05T04:31:55Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-31365-06|~2026-31365-06]] ([[User talk:~2026-31365-06|talk]]) to last version by Plutus 10241512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 2 1190319 10879322 10878607 2026-06-05T04:48:41Z Garsh2 1475106 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[James Lyman Bodack]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879322 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === May 2025 === # [[:Madras State]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G1|G1]]); notified {{user|2600:1009:B08A:5A0E:DC80:3510:EBB0:2F17}} 18:48, 20 May 2025 (UTC) === June 2025 === # [[:Internationalization and localization]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A2|A2]]); notified {{user|2601:98A:C82:4190:9C0:8BD2:C9A4:FFE8}} 20:32, 24 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Klaragon]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:40E2:121D:D575:C87:3EFF:FE4C:F520}} 20:34, 24 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Categorie:Snoep]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|2001:1C08:C81:4700:88F3:86CA:3CC7:B13B}} 20:36, 24 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Acebott Co]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:40E2:1A1:50C8:3816:6AFF:FE65:3652}} 04:15, 25 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Boeing 747-168B]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|68.205.198.149}} 05:00, 28 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mahbubur Rahman Sufil]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A2|A2]]); notified {{user|2603:7000:E200:E930:6C25:8201:906:9AFA}} 05:02, 28 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mohammad Atikuzzaman]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2603:7000:E200:E930:6C25:8201:906:9AFA}} 05:05, 28 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bob Weinstein]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|136.50.50.34}} 17:59, 29 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|81.129.142.62}} 18:03, 29 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Hecto-]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|186.189.75.110}} 00:50, 30 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Quetta-]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|186.189.75.110}} 00:51, 30 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ronna-]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|186.189.75.110}} 00:51, 30 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Dodo Denney]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 01:41, 30 June 2025 (UTC) === July 2025 === # [[:CSOP Asset Management]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Maggie JL}} 13:51, 4 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:Don't Believe the Truth]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A2|A2]]); notified {{user|2A00:23C6:5A82:BF01:A862:425D:CFF1:4F20}} 01:34, 5 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:LGBTQ culture]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2003:E0:7F3C:8140:9194:74E5:1612:2548}} 01:35, 5 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:London, Kiribati]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|5.150.96.15}} 15:14, 8 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:IGoodbye]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|173.79.9.187}} 23:23, 21 July 2025 (UTC) === August 2025 === # [[:Amit Tandon]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2405:201:4001:5816:245C:5DD6:8D1F:A04A}} 18:24, 9 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Sherm Cohen]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.110.53.233}} 01:48, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Steven Fonti]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.110.53.233}} 01:48, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Erik Wiese]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.110.53.233}} 01:48, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Derek Drymon]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.110.53.233}} 01:49, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Aaron Springer]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.110.53.233}} 01:49, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Merriwether Williams]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.110.53.233}} 01:49, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Art director]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.110.53.233}} 01:49, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Snow Queen 2]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.110.53.233}} 01:49, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wapping railway station]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 19:03, 24 August 2025 (UTC) === January 2026 === # [[:Screen cracks]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11514-8}} 01:48, 7 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Single-colored]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11514-8}} 01:48, 7 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Marquis of Baden]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Massiota}} 01:50, 7 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Endless runner]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-11569-8}} 01:51, 7 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Electorate of Saxony]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2025-41862-48}} 01:53, 7 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lüdersdorf]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G1|G1]]); notified {{user|~2026-13487-0}} 06:50, 8 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Web proxy]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-13111-8}} 06:51, 8 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ronna-]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-16040-7}} 04:27, 9 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Isha Ambani]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-19480-9}} 01:35, 10 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tance To Dance]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 23:50, 10 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ronna-]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-32524-2}} 02:13, 16 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Laurent Mekies]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-51959-1}} 04:15, 25 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Super Bowl LX]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-59038-4}} 22:18, 27 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Otis (2026 film)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 02:56, 28 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:The End (The Doors song)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-28850-9}} 05:29, 28 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Angry Birds Movie 3]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-28850-9}} 05:32, 28 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Meir Ettinger]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Tzombati}} 19:28, 31 January 2026 (UTC) === February 2026 === # [[:HaLiba]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|KahnaMarcus.14427}} 23:02, 3 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Graham Edwards (musician)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-85093-7}} 23:26, 7 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Otis (2026 film)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 06:09, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Elisha the FRICKIN gamer]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 22:26, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Queen's Rangers]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A7|A7]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|~2026-89589-1}} 22:29, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:La Voz Argentina (season 1)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Misaelcj90}} 05:47, 14 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Muhammad Ridwan]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-10233-18}} 06:35, 16 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Choral Symphonies]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 17:47, 16 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Psamtik III]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-10439-14}} 21:15, 16 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Piye]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-10439-14}} 21:16, 16 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:B-Doing Loud Woods (Music)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:08, 17 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Flag of Wallis and Futuna]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-10752-07}} 04:21, 18 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Long Beach Polytechnic High School]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11203-51}} 23:24, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:List of Expo Dry Erase marker colors]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-11412-34}} 03:52, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Foreign relations of France]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:29, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:University of Tampa]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A7|A7]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|~2026-11660-68}} 18:54, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Treaty of Karlowitz]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11728-04}} 01:53, 22 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bergedorf (quarter)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11776-25}} 02:23, 22 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:John Barilaro]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|~2026-11648-99}} 19:04, 22 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Vinícius Sgarbe]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Aroldo Henrique Pegoraro de Almeida}} 01:21, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Toy Story Mania! (video game)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-11835-37}} 01:34, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Harish Kumar Sejekan]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|CrazyBlueFrog}} 22:37, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Scarabaeidae]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 22:58, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Enrique Cruz]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 23:18, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ramraja Shrestha]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|CrazyBlueFrog}} 23:28, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:The dog ate my homework]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12186-35}} 23:58, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Syed Muhammad Nizami]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 02:02, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Naldi Singer]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Emanuel Sefullahu}} 05:22, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:K. N. Balakumar]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Bppss}} 05:37, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tieskey]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|~2026-12383-69}} 16:36, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Epstein Files Transparency Act]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:43, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Liora Vane]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:43, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Political commentator]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:45, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Evie Christian]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:46, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kylie Rocket]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:48, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Samantha Reigns]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:50, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dungeness crab potatchos]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:50, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ashley Ace]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:52, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ashley Tee]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:52, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Los Archivos De Epstein]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:54, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cremona elephant]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:55, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bagdemagus]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-12618-68}} 22:11, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:People from Beit El]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 04:18, 26 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lehava]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|MikeSzombathy}} 04:30, 26 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Naldi Singer]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-12870-08}} 00:08, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:The nicest people on earth]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Kely2032}} 00:56, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Konstantin Makovsky]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12919-42}} 05:04, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:Vija773899/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Vija773899}} 15:22, 27 February 2026 (UTC) === March 2026 === # [[:Bordure]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-13403-12}} 21:54, 1 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Advanced placement]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-13444-30}} 00:41, 2 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mathias Damour]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-13460-83}} 06:11, 2 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Mod Mill]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-13423-98}} 02:37, 3 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dr. Victor Alewo Adoji]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|MakingTool}} 02:38, 3 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Search results for term inculcating “Aujla” caste]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-13704-40}} 04:31, 3 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Gypsy men]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-14011-46}} 00:15, 5 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:H. D. Revanna]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-14163-93}} 05:29, 5 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Smiling Friends]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-39988}} 21:05, 6 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Henry I, King of England]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 21:11, 6 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Empire sikh]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G2|G2]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]], [[WP:QD#R3|R3]]); notified {{user|~2026-14565-33}} 01:42, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie erreicht man Pegasus Airlines? (24/7-Hotline)]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Hippobaddy}} 05:21, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mitä tarkoittaa Finnair Plus numero? 24H]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Hippobaddy}} 05:23, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Voiko Finnairin lipun vaihtaa? 24hrs]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Salaviakim}} 05:40, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Er det multi å ridge norwegian konrad 47]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Salaviakim}} 05:46, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Commonwealth heads of government]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-14753-84}} 22:22, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Alfafaa (platform)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|AlfafaaUser}} 22:26, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Yellow grey]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-14578-68}} 02:46, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-14831-37}} 15:58, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Playhouse Disney United States Original Current Productions Logo Jungle Jumble Coming Up Next]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 16:05, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Machus Red Fox]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-14823-34}} 18:37, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dagestan ASSR]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-14917-32}} 18:37, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Harish Kumar Sejekan]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|RajaliSpring}} 18:40, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Influencer]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Diademchild}} 18:59, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Death of Jeffrey Epstein]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-14976-11}} 03:47, 9 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Siddhiganaraya Molleti]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Sihubfine}} 04:09, 9 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Masked ROM]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 13:40, 9 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Purism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-14950-16}} 21:56, 9 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aziz Nasirzadeh]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-15058-16}} 04:01, 10 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lena Meyer Whitaker]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-14721-90}} 04:06, 10 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:2022 Singapore Grand Prix]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-15342-97}} 02:20, 11 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Fahad Mustafa]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-15597-73}} 00:59, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Syed Kumail Hyder Shah]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 01:37, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bat's Head]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-15650-50}} 04:09, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aqará]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 19:43, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Hunt]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 20:34, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nissan 180SX]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-15865-77}} 03:00, 13 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Alejandra Ico Chub]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Pedrocharlam1355}} 21:53, 14 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Georg Nikolaus von Nissen]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-16252-42}} 21:54, 14 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Operation Paperclip]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-16132-33}} 21:55, 14 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christianity in the 5th century]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 19:37, 15 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christianity in the 1st century]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 19:43, 15 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christianity as the Roman state religion]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 19:45, 15 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Otto Jespersen]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:23, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Idiom Neutral]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:24, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Interlinguistics]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:24, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Amish way of life]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:25, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ancient Armenian translated literature]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:25, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Anti-austerity movement in Spain]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:25, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Argentine War of Independence]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:26, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Louis de Beaufront]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:26, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Rémi Brague]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:27, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Byzantine fortifications]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:27, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christianity in the modern era]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:27, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Codex Calixtinus]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:27, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Crimean Estonians]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:28, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:29, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:First World War in Latvia]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:30, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Historia Salonitana]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:30, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Historical maps of Stockholm]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:31, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:History of Argentina (1946-1955)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:31, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:History of New Spain]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:34, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:History of the Papacy]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:34, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kauhajoki Uprising]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:37, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Livonian-Lithuanian Union]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:37, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sergey Malyutin]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:37, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:May Fourth Movement]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:38, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Medieval Estonia]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:38, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mining in Germany]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:38, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:39, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Volkolak]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:39, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Vijayanagara literature in Kannada]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:40, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tikėjimo žodis]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:40, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Teachings of Pope John Paul II]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:40, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christianity as the Roman state religion]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:41, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Spanish conquest of Guatemala]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:42, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Socratic problem]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:42, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hellmut Röhnisch]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:43, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Papacy in the Middle Ages]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:43, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Norrala Royal Estate]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:43, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nicomachean Ethics]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:44, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:East Herzegovina]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-16657-91}} 22:30, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aspect-oriented programming]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 22:36, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ermelo, Mpumalanga]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 22:37, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Funky Frog Bait]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 01:43, 17 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Edward Louis Severson, Jr.]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:38, 17 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tomer Bar]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 05:41, 17 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an? LUF-Kontakt]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an? LUF-Kontakt}} 04:06, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Counter-Strike: Condition Zero]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-16701-10}} 04:11, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nutritional science]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 04:21, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Artistic depictions of Viriathus]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:25, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:LUFT-ANruf-Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|LUFT-ANruf-Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an?}} 04:49, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:HIP 666666]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|~2026-17026-92}} 00:15, 19 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Attack on Titan (movie)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G1|G1]]); notified {{user|~2026-17180-50}} 00:31, 19 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Proposed Solution to the Collatz Conjecture (March 2026)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 02:56, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ian Hart]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:49, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Posidonius]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:50, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hadimbastu}} 04:59, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Où trouver le numéro de vol Transavia ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hadimbastu}} 04:59, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Creating Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ? (Service Client)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hadimbastu}} 05:00, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie lange kann ich Eurowings telefonisch erreichen? Kontakt 24H]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hadimbastu}} 05:03, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:(Eurowings kundenservice Kontakt)Was kostet ein Anruf bei Eurowings?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hadimbastu}} 05:05, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Shambhunathaamm}} 05:17, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:K. C. Tyagi]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-17363-57}} 05:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hukumkaaekka}} 05:55, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hukumkaaekka}} 05:56, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Proposed Solution to the Collatz Conjecture (March 2026)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 06:25, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Window fan]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-17476-50}} 16:00, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Naubat Khana]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 20:09, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Terminal High Altitude Area Defense]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:20, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hossein Dehghan]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:24, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Israel Katz]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:27, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Amir Hatami]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:31, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Abdolrahim Mousavi]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:33, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Seyed Majid Ebn-e-Reza]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:34, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Islamic Group (Lebanon)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:36, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:HIP 666666]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 01:10, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Haberomeda]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 01:11, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:List of NGC objects (10001–20000)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 01:14, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lesser Antillean Iguana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-17785-45}} 01:17, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Boo (Character from Bear Academy)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-17530-07}} 03:13, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Nanona15dobato]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-17557-66}} 03:45, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Daraku K.]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-17557-66}} 03:45, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Rodger Pekarek]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 02:26, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Saad Kassis-Mohamed]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Nbbutf789y}} 03:51, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mk Timothy]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|KewAngolo}} 04:04, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mohammad Pakpour]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:41, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aziz Nasirzadeh]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:43, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Eyal Zamir]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:46, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Al-Fajr Forces]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:47, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Human Rights Activists in Iran]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:50, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:57, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Islamic Group (Lebanon)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:59, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Conde McCullough]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-18317-99}} 20:15, 23 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Muslim Students' Association Indonesia Medical Brawijaya (HMI FK UB)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 04:39, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Emperor's New Clothes (song)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-18066-48}} 04:40, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Adam Hamid]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-18347-38}} 14:38, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Donald Duck filmography]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-18447-63}} 20:15, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Donald's Ostrich]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-18447-63}} 20:16, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Loony left]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 20:52, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sola Akingbola]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-18712-24}} 04:04, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:WaywardCrow]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|WaywardCrow}} 04:15, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment contacter BA ? FRANCE-CONTACT]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-18697-89}} 04:19, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Depraved-heart murder]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:52, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Small Is Beautiful]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:53, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cities of Salt]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:54, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Smoked meat]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-18880-27}} 20:34, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:제주항공에 문의하려면 어떻게 해야 하나요?]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Nick2486451}} 21:15, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:에어프레미아 한국 고객 센터 전화번호는 무엇인가요?]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Chrisgatr21}} 17:40, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Junia Tertia]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-19142-22}} 17:48, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Human Rights Activists in Iran]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] # [[:Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Sambhalkdaku}} 02:18, 28 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bietet United einen Live-Chat-Support an?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Sambhalkdaku}} 02:24, 28 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie rufe ich Scandinavian Airlines an? telefonnummer 24h]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Sambhalkdaku}} 02:44, 28 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Où trouver le numéro de vol Vueling ? GUIDE 2026]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A5|A5]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Donya098}} 17:36, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment contacter French Bee en France ? GUIDE 2026]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Donya098}} 17:53, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment joindre Avianca ? GUIDE 2026]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Donya098}} 17:53, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment parler directement sur Latam Airlines ? (Chat Help Quick)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-19518-30}} 17:53, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment joindre Air Caraïbes par téléphone ? GUIDE 2026]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Donya098}} 17:53, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ? (Chat Help Quick)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Donya098}} 17:54, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:2025–26 Mozambique floods]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-19575-24}} 02:24, 30 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Naldi (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-19587-70}} 02:26, 30 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:رقم خدمة عملاء مصر للطيران في مصر]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|~2026-19919-92}} 00:02, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:رقم الاتصال بشركة سويفت إير المغرب]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Gujiytar56}} 00:08, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chuukese people]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 00:09, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:US Attorney general]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-19877-21}} 01:16, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:1934 Montreux Fascist conference]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-19835-94}} 01:27, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie lange kann man bei booking reservieren?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:15, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Edreams sitzplatzreservierung]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:20, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Booking com reservierung]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:23, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kann man auf booking.com reservieren?(Booking com reservierung)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:37, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kann man bei Booking noch stornieren?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:38, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Gewährt booking.com vollständige Rückerstattungen?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:41, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Booking erstattung beantragen]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:50, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie lange dauert die Erstattung bei booking?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:50, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kann man von booking Geld zurück bekommen?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:50, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Booking.com Erstattung]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:50, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Castiglioni Method]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 04:48, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:XM Partner Code GKY33]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 15:48, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chrissie Carnell Bixler]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|GJK&XMK2026}} 15:49, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Conflict in interest of Pati-Surabaya Trail]]: [[WP:QD#R2|CSD R2]] ({{tl|db-rediruser}}) 16:30, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie bekomme ich von booking.com mein Geld zurück?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Despacitttooo}} 17:00, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie lautet die Kontaktnummer für eDreams?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Despacitttooo}} 17:00, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:아시아나항공 한국 고객센터]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Kuuytetta45}} 21:50, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Vivarium]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|~2026-20109-19}} 21:58, 31 March 2026 (UTC) === April 2026 === # [[:Naldi (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-20144-42}} 04:31, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cw Gróup Ibiza]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:48, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Naldi (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-20230-91}} 17:49, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mythology (UK band)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-20238-42}} 18:02, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:I hate Passengerpigeon]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 19:49, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:아시아나 해외 고객센터]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A5|A5]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Looliporwvvs54}} 20:10, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Red Sea Riviera]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-20204-55}} 20:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:아시아나항공 비상연락처]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Kutaerrr65}} 20:37, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Transjordan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Nig8j9g8i7nu5hby6gt5r4}} 20:38, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:아시아나항공 비상연락처]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Luusttgdr5456}} 20:50, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment contacter Norwegian en français ? (Norwegian service client)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|RakkkuLaaal}} 05:23, 3 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Clinique]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|IZ041}} 01:56, 4 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Eterno (politician)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-20926-35}} 22:17, 5 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Róa]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21084-41}} 22:49, 5 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Earn2trade code promo 'keri' up to 70% any evaluation]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-20819-58}} 23:18, 5 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Address Unknown (1935 movie)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|JavedKhanani}} 23:28, 5 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Douchebag]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|Saint Nerona Imu, founder of the 20 kingdoms}} 00:07, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:XM Partner Code GKY33 and bonus structures 2026 trading incentives and rebate models analysis]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-21153-33}} 03:34, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Beylik of Dulkadir]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:10, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Diyarbekir]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:10, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Eastern Anatolia]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:10, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ottoman–Persian War (1505–1517)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:11, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Qizilbash]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:11, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:World Expo 2010]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:12, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cro (musician)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21397-58}} 02:42, 7 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Translational regulation]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21252-96}} 02:48, 7 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Holloway, London]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-21195-11}} 02:53, 7 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lighthouse and naval vessel urban legend]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21326-57}} 03:00, 7 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Let it Go, and let God do (Book)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Prince Zian}} 06:32, 7 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Memphis Summer Storm of 2003]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 02:48, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jannik Vestergaard]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21853-42}} 04:25, 9 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Template talk:A-Z multipage list/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-21959-72}} 23:54, 9 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:User talk:2607:FEA8:3360:7600:DB6:E09A:F936:7782]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 00:40, 10 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Trials of Apollo]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22085-41}} 19:42, 10 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:2030 Romanian presidential election]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Liviu Președintele}} 18:18, 11 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Mod Mill]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-22261-96}} 00:09, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Alessandro Aragona]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:25, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Avvento Civile]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:25, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Batman: Resurrection]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:25, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Child pornography laws in the Philippines]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:25, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Draught animal]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:26, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Inhumans]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:26, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mirror website]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:27, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mohd Faiz Subri]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:27, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wagyu cattle]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:32, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chris Mueller]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-22898-59}} 21:35, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Violalin]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 21:40, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Pur Pur!]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22840-65}} 04:03, 14 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:A Pur!]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|~2026-22840-65}} 04:04, 14 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:North Korea–United States relations]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22814-70}} 04:04, 14 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Graywacke]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22778-06}} 04:04, 14 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Karen Brown]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:05, 14 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Railway accident]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-23385-49}} 21:10, 15 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Emer Kenny]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Jhgfdfge}} 20:11, 16 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Centennial High School (Compton, California)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-23602-91}} 20:11, 16 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:SASPSTER (band)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-23220-45}} 20:14, 16 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Muo Zedong!]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-23429-86}} 20:23, 16 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Honey Bunny Ka Jholmaal]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A5|A5]]); notified {{user|~2026-23642-49}} 13:54, 17 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Code Bonus 1XBET: 1XPLAY777]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Mironandreyvich}} 02:30, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:ธีรวุฒิ คูณชัย]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|~2026-23877-54}} 02:30, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:FAQs Como entrar em contacto com a TAP?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Oliverg8765}} 02:31, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Code Bonus 1XBET Today: 1XPLAY777]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Mironandreyvich}} 02:31, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:BHRT]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|WWmah}} 18:54, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mark Romppel]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 21:41, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Rivers of Blood speech]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Sadsam123}} 22:24, 20 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Puffing Billy Preservation Society]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|~2026-24254-33}} 22:27, 20 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Arly Pierre-Louis]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Tfyghuasd}} 04:40, 21 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Arly Pierre-Louis]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]) 20:10, 21 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Joseph kargbo (musicien)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-24536-63}} 20:43, 21 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Death of Glenn Miller]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-24610-32}} 02:17, 22 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Pupu (character from the pinkfong series)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-24522-24}} 02:19, 22 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nathan Sterling]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#G10|G10]]); notified {{user|~2026-25009-34}} 21:24, 23 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Liam isgar]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|~2026-24864-16}} 03:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lawrence Plett]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:51, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:KuyaMoHirowo]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|KuyaMoHirowo and Staraction}} 05:53, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/TraceX Guard (2nd nomination)]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 04:22, 25 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Elisha the FRICKIN gmaer]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 05:38, 25 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:リリヤヤムメーカー]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-25511-09}} 03:45, 26 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dria Kamo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 03:50, 26 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:The5ers Coupon SAVEOFF – Reduce Your Fees by 10% Now]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-25483-66}} 06:14, 27 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tiger-Man]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 22:51, 27 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:2026 Italian rail sabotage]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 23:38, 27 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Liam isgar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 00:18, 28 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:National Book Award for Young People's Literature]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-25992-21}} 01:58, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ben Wahamaki]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-25984-71}} 02:00, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Green apple]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-25866-30}} 02:16, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Assassination of Marielle Franco]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 02:18, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sant'Agostino, Rome]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-26112-29}} 04:12, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Fairplay24]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fairplay24}} 13:51, 30 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mary Ann Crowe]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Travyio99}} 13:52, 30 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Alt Conflict]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:54, 30 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤항문]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); 2:40, 31 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:내란우두머리]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); 2:40, 31 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤두창]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); 2:40, 31 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤내란]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); 2:40, 31 April 2026 (UTC) === May 2026 === # [[:1win Code PLAYHARD500 – 500% Deposit Bonus up to $1720]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-26458-35}} 19:41, 1 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1440 Yuki Shiromitas timer (Every 60 Yuki Shiromitas in Africa, a minute passes)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-26690-65}} 19:50, 1 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1-833-498-8688 ZIPAIRのカスタマーサービスの電話番号は？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Jattsabh12q4}} 20:36, 1 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Monroe, North Carolina]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|~2026-26646-57}} 03:44, 2 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤두창]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 04:21, 2 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤내란]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 04:21, 2 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Got Milk?]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-26591-83}} 04:23, 2 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ya Lil (Ramage song)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-26861-69}} 05:09, 3 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Brooke Young]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 23:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Deatnated]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-27023-51}} 01:04, 4 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Books by country]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 01:30, 5 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Peppa Pig: The Golden Boots]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-27520-45}} 01:50, 6 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Percocet]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-27676-61}} 02:39, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dmitrii Lavrutov]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Ym9837054}} 02:45, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Phoksundo lake]] # [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 02:52, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤두창]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-26592-54}} 02:54, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Questions]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Questions]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Wrong pronoun]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Wrong gender]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:There]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ze]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Sure contractions ]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Very unsure contractions]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Very unsure contractions]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Sure contractions]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|no-content}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mohawk language]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Hutorok134}} 18:06, 8 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Autocorrect nonsense]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Nyasaland3s}} 18:21, 8 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:John Brock Jacobus Godfrey]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|Katsheron}} 03:58, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Apachat]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 04:01, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:MeTV Toons]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-20319-44}} 04:47, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ekron]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28361-17}} 04:57, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:~2026-54400-13/sandbox]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#U2|U2]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]) 05:29, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ramachary komandury]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 05:33, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nicholas Hilliard]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28539-56}} 19:49, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Prehn]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28471-54}} 19:49, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bea Millan-Windorski]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Nasingpet}} 19:59, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Murder of Ailish Walsh]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Realcosmixyt}} 20:19, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1-855-542-9296 (K/A). 미국 대한항공 고객 센터]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Jattsabh1ii24}} 21:13, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Georg Brandes]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G10|G10]]); notified {{user|~2026-28488-64}} 21:55, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nasheed]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28640-12}} 03:06, 12 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dissolution of the Russian Empire]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28770-82}} 16:53, 12 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Military of Yemen]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|~2026-27963-19}} 00:28, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:STEM]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:09, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:T-joint]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28850-14}} 18:35, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Levon Harutunian]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A7|A7]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|~2026-28684-81}} 18:37, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Villarrica Lake]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28922-24}} 18:39, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:How Manchester City moved two points behind Arsenal in the title race with Crystal Palace win: live updates and reaction]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|BigKrow}} 05:18, 14 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28914-64}} 05:19, 14 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:King of Rome]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29139-23}} 04:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Obamine]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29184-84}} 04:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Yunus Emre Demir]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:14, 16 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Talk:(TJC) The Jesus Church]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 05:15, 16 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:National Anthem of Mongolia]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29255-50}} 05:21, 16 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:David M Hryck]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Unitins1}} 05:27, 16 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Charlie Kirk Show]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Realcosmixyt}} 18:28, 17 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Квантово число]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Dadsaws2324sa}} 18:48, 17 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Vocal tract]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29768-82}} 04:27, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Half Moon Bay (California)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29652-20}} 04:42, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Skinny dip]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:43, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Quel est le numéro de téléphone de Booking.com France ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Simnikka}} 18:33, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:(Booking telephone france) Comment contacter le service Booking ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); 18:33, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dookie 4-Track Demos]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-29796-50}} 18:36, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dominika Stará]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|~2026-29884-03}} 18:45, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Android 17]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 22:30, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dark tourist]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-30137-24}} 19:28, 19 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:2025–26 Premier League]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 23:25, 19 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Russian Navy]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 23:54, 19 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Fr Theophane of Ponnurunni]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 17:12, 20 May 2026 (UTC) # [[AA. FAQ 1-855-858-7048 아메리칸 에어 라인 고객 센터]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Jattsabh1224pl}} 17:24, 20 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:HFC-152a]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Bob1800user}} 17:26, 20 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Kargbo Entertainement]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]); notified {{user|~2026-30399-93}} 18:03, 20 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:David M. Hryck]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|AlphaBetaGamma1}} 01:49, 22 May 2026 (UTC) # <bdi>[[MacArthur Highway]]</bdi>: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Nemine2X2X2}} 04:49, 23 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Gilberto Mora Zambrano]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Santi Chuco}} 04:55, 22 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Time for Payback (James Brown album)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-30947-21}} 02:08, 24 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Sound and the Fury]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-31086-56}} 17:07, 24 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Moon Ga-young]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|F.xount}} 23:30, 25 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Management SOOP]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|F.xount}} 23:33, 25 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bialystok riots]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 00:22, 26 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1941 Bialystok riots]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 00:22, 26 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1941 Bialystok pogroms]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 00:22, 26 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bielsk pogroms (1941)]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 00:23, 26 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1941 Bielsk riots]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 00:23, 26 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:History of the Jews in the Arabian Peninsula]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 00:25, 26 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Palestinian Jews]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 00:25, 26 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Congolese franc]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-31582-96}} 03:23, 28 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Template:Retired/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-31848-63}} 03:33, 28 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Andrea Holmes Thompkins]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Alson23}} 04:41, 28 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:BlockSurvey]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:04, 30 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Shia clergy]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-32045-77}} 05:37, 30 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Mod Mill]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-32338-47}} 05:56, 31 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mark Messier (actor)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:05, 31 May 2026 (UTC) === June 2026 === # [[:Youareanidiot.cc]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:08, 3 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Thomas Reilly (baller)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]) 05:07, 4 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Hits Now New Shows & Seasons of the Month (2027)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-33231-05}} 05:26, 4 June 2026 (UTC) #[[:Hits Now New Shows & Seasons of the Month (2027)]] : [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}}); notified {{user|~2026-33231-05}} 05:26, 4 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:James Lyman Bodack]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-33109-66}} 04:48, 5 June 2026 (UTC) 8uad999tkdu1zo1g7mhg4an6amifn6h 10879327 10879322 2026-06-05T04:51:52Z Garsh2 1475106 /* June 2026 */ added manually due to twinkle bug 10879327 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === May 2025 === # [[:Madras State]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G1|G1]]); notified {{user|2600:1009:B08A:5A0E:DC80:3510:EBB0:2F17}} 18:48, 20 May 2025 (UTC) === June 2025 === # [[:Internationalization and localization]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A2|A2]]); notified {{user|2601:98A:C82:4190:9C0:8BD2:C9A4:FFE8}} 20:32, 24 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Klaragon]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:40E2:121D:D575:C87:3EFF:FE4C:F520}} 20:34, 24 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Categorie:Snoep]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|2001:1C08:C81:4700:88F3:86CA:3CC7:B13B}} 20:36, 24 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Acebott Co]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2409:40E2:1A1:50C8:3816:6AFF:FE65:3652}} 04:15, 25 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Boeing 747-168B]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|68.205.198.149}} 05:00, 28 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mahbubur Rahman Sufil]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A2|A2]]); notified {{user|2603:7000:E200:E930:6C25:8201:906:9AFA}} 05:02, 28 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mohammad Atikuzzaman]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2603:7000:E200:E930:6C25:8201:906:9AFA}} 05:05, 28 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bob Weinstein]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|136.50.50.34}} 17:59, 29 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|81.129.142.62}} 18:03, 29 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Hecto-]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|186.189.75.110}} 00:50, 30 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Quetta-]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|186.189.75.110}} 00:51, 30 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ronna-]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|186.189.75.110}} 00:51, 30 June 2025 (UTC) # [[:Dodo Denney]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 01:41, 30 June 2025 (UTC) === July 2025 === # [[:CSOP Asset Management]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Maggie JL}} 13:51, 4 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:Don't Believe the Truth]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A2|A2]]); notified {{user|2A00:23C6:5A82:BF01:A862:425D:CFF1:4F20}} 01:34, 5 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:LGBTQ culture]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2003:E0:7F3C:8140:9194:74E5:1612:2548}} 01:35, 5 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:London, Kiribati]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|5.150.96.15}} 15:14, 8 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:IGoodbye]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|173.79.9.187}} 23:23, 21 July 2025 (UTC) === August 2025 === # [[:Amit Tandon]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|2405:201:4001:5816:245C:5DD6:8D1F:A04A}} 18:24, 9 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Sherm Cohen]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.110.53.233}} 01:48, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Steven Fonti]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.110.53.233}} 01:48, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Erik Wiese]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.110.53.233}} 01:48, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Derek Drymon]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.110.53.233}} 01:49, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Aaron Springer]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.110.53.233}} 01:49, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Merriwether Williams]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.110.53.233}} 01:49, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Art director]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.110.53.233}} 01:49, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Snow Queen 2]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.110.53.233}} 01:49, 16 August 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wapping railway station]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 19:03, 24 August 2025 (UTC) === January 2026 === # [[:Screen cracks]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11514-8}} 01:48, 7 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Single-colored]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11514-8}} 01:48, 7 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Marquis of Baden]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Massiota}} 01:50, 7 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Endless runner]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-11569-8}} 01:51, 7 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Electorate of Saxony]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2025-41862-48}} 01:53, 7 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lüdersdorf]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G1|G1]]); notified {{user|~2026-13487-0}} 06:50, 8 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Web proxy]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-13111-8}} 06:51, 8 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ronna-]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-16040-7}} 04:27, 9 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Isha Ambani]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-19480-9}} 01:35, 10 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tance To Dance]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 23:50, 10 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ronna-]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-32524-2}} 02:13, 16 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Laurent Mekies]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-51959-1}} 04:15, 25 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Super Bowl LX]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-59038-4}} 22:18, 27 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Otis (2026 film)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 02:56, 28 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:The End (The Doors song)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-28850-9}} 05:29, 28 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Angry Birds Movie 3]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-28850-9}} 05:32, 28 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Meir Ettinger]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Tzombati}} 19:28, 31 January 2026 (UTC) === February 2026 === # [[:HaLiba]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|KahnaMarcus.14427}} 23:02, 3 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Graham Edwards (musician)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-85093-7}} 23:26, 7 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Otis (2026 film)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 06:09, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Elisha the FRICKIN gamer]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 22:26, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Queen's Rangers]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A7|A7]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|~2026-89589-1}} 22:29, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:La Voz Argentina (season 1)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Misaelcj90}} 05:47, 14 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Muhammad Ridwan]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-10233-18}} 06:35, 16 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Choral Symphonies]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 17:47, 16 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Psamtik III]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-10439-14}} 21:15, 16 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Piye]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-10439-14}} 21:16, 16 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:B-Doing Loud Woods (Music)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:08, 17 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Flag of Wallis and Futuna]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-10752-07}} 04:21, 18 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Long Beach Polytechnic High School]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11203-51}} 23:24, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:List of Expo Dry Erase marker colors]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-11412-34}} 03:52, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Foreign relations of France]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:29, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:University of Tampa]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A7|A7]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|~2026-11660-68}} 18:54, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Treaty of Karlowitz]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11728-04}} 01:53, 22 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bergedorf (quarter)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11776-25}} 02:23, 22 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:John Barilaro]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|~2026-11648-99}} 19:04, 22 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Vinícius Sgarbe]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Aroldo Henrique Pegoraro de Almeida}} 01:21, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Toy Story Mania! (video game)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-11835-37}} 01:34, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Harish Kumar Sejekan]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|CrazyBlueFrog}} 22:37, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Scarabaeidae]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 22:58, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Enrique Cruz]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 23:18, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ramraja Shrestha]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|CrazyBlueFrog}} 23:28, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:The dog ate my homework]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12186-35}} 23:58, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Syed Muhammad Nizami]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 02:02, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Naldi Singer]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Emanuel Sefullahu}} 05:22, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:K. N. Balakumar]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Bppss}} 05:37, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tieskey]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|~2026-12383-69}} 16:36, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Epstein Files Transparency Act]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:43, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Liora Vane]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:43, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Political commentator]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:45, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Evie Christian]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:46, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kylie Rocket]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:48, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Samantha Reigns]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:50, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dungeness crab potatchos]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:50, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ashley Ace]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:52, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ashley Tee]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:52, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Los Archivos De Epstein]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:54, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cremona elephant]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12458-35}} 17:55, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bagdemagus]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-12618-68}} 22:11, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:People from Beit El]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 04:18, 26 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lehava]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|MikeSzombathy}} 04:30, 26 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Naldi Singer]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-12870-08}} 00:08, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:The nicest people on earth]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Kely2032}} 00:56, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Konstantin Makovsky]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12919-42}} 05:04, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:Vija773899/sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Vija773899}} 15:22, 27 February 2026 (UTC) === March 2026 === # [[:Bordure]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-13403-12}} 21:54, 1 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Advanced placement]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-13444-30}} 00:41, 2 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mathias Damour]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-13460-83}} 06:11, 2 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Mod Mill]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-13423-98}} 02:37, 3 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dr. Victor Alewo Adoji]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|MakingTool}} 02:38, 3 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Search results for term inculcating “Aujla” caste]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-13704-40}} 04:31, 3 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Gypsy men]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-14011-46}} 00:15, 5 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:H. D. Revanna]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-14163-93}} 05:29, 5 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Smiling Friends]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-39988}} 21:05, 6 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Henry I, King of England]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 21:11, 6 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Empire sikh]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G2|G2]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]], [[WP:QD#R3|R3]]); notified {{user|~2026-14565-33}} 01:42, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie erreicht man Pegasus Airlines? (24/7-Hotline)]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Hippobaddy}} 05:21, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mitä tarkoittaa Finnair Plus numero? 24H]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Hippobaddy}} 05:23, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Voiko Finnairin lipun vaihtaa? 24hrs]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Salaviakim}} 05:40, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Er det multi å ridge norwegian konrad 47]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Salaviakim}} 05:46, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Commonwealth heads of government]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-14753-84}} 22:22, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Alfafaa (platform)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|AlfafaaUser}} 22:26, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Yellow grey]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-14578-68}} 02:46, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Muhammad Raynan Rizky Akbar]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-14831-37}} 15:58, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Playhouse Disney United States Original Current Productions Logo Jungle Jumble Coming Up Next]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 16:05, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Machus Red Fox]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-14823-34}} 18:37, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dagestan ASSR]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-14917-32}} 18:37, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Harish Kumar Sejekan]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|RajaliSpring}} 18:40, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Influencer]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Diademchild}} 18:59, 8 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Death of Jeffrey Epstein]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-14976-11}} 03:47, 9 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Siddhiganaraya Molleti]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Sihubfine}} 04:09, 9 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Masked ROM]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 13:40, 9 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Purism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-14950-16}} 21:56, 9 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aziz Nasirzadeh]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-15058-16}} 04:01, 10 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lena Meyer Whitaker]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-14721-90}} 04:06, 10 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:2022 Singapore Grand Prix]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-15342-97}} 02:20, 11 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Fahad Mustafa]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-15597-73}} 00:59, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Syed Kumail Hyder Shah]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 01:37, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bat's Head]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-15650-50}} 04:09, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aqará]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 19:43, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Hunt]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 20:34, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nissan 180SX]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-15865-77}} 03:00, 13 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Alejandra Ico Chub]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|Pedrocharlam1355}} 21:53, 14 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Georg Nikolaus von Nissen]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-16252-42}} 21:54, 14 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Operation Paperclip]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-16132-33}} 21:55, 14 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christianity in the 5th century]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 19:37, 15 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christianity in the 1st century]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 19:43, 15 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christianity as the Roman state religion]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 19:45, 15 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Otto Jespersen]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:23, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Idiom Neutral]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:24, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Interlinguistics]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:24, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Amish way of life]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:25, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ancient Armenian translated literature]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:25, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Anti-austerity movement in Spain]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:25, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Argentine War of Independence]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:26, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Louis de Beaufront]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:26, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Rémi Brague]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:27, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Byzantine fortifications]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:27, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christianity in the modern era]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:27, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Codex Calixtinus]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:27, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Crimean Estonians]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:28, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:29, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:First World War in Latvia]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:30, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Historia Salonitana]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:30, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Historical maps of Stockholm]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:31, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:History of Argentina (1946-1955)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:31, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:History of New Spain]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:34, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:History of the Papacy]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:34, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kauhajoki Uprising]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:37, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Livonian-Lithuanian Union]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:37, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sergey Malyutin]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:37, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:May Fourth Movement]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:38, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Medieval Estonia]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:38, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mining in Germany]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:38, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:39, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Volkolak]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:39, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Vijayanagara literature in Kannada]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:40, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tikėjimo žodis]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:40, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Teachings of Pope John Paul II]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:40, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christianity as the Roman state religion]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:41, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Spanish conquest of Guatemala]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:42, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Socratic problem]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:42, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hellmut Röhnisch]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:43, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Papacy in the Middle Ages]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:43, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Norrala Royal Estate]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:43, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nicomachean Ethics]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 05:44, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:East Herzegovina]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-16657-91}} 22:30, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aspect-oriented programming]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 22:36, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ermelo, Mpumalanga]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 22:37, 16 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Funky Frog Bait]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 01:43, 17 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Edward Louis Severson, Jr.]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:38, 17 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tomer Bar]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 05:41, 17 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an? LUF-Kontakt]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an? LUF-Kontakt}} 04:06, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Counter-Strike: Condition Zero]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-16701-10}} 04:11, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nutritional science]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 04:21, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Artistic depictions of Viriathus]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:25, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:LUFT-ANruf-Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|LUFT-ANruf-Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an?}} 04:49, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:HIP 666666]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#G1|G1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|~2026-17026-92}} 00:15, 19 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Attack on Titan (movie)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G1|G1]]); notified {{user|~2026-17180-50}} 00:31, 19 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Proposed Solution to the Collatz Conjecture (March 2026)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 02:56, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ian Hart]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:49, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Posidonius]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:50, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hadimbastu}} 04:59, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Où trouver le numéro de vol Transavia ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hadimbastu}} 04:59, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Creating Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ? (Service Client)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hadimbastu}} 05:00, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie lange kann ich Eurowings telefonisch erreichen? Kontakt 24H]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hadimbastu}} 05:03, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:(Eurowings kundenservice Kontakt)Was kostet ein Anruf bei Eurowings?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hadimbastu}} 05:05, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Shambhunathaamm}} 05:17, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:K. C. Tyagi]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-17363-57}} 05:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hukumkaaekka}} 05:55, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Hukumkaaekka}} 05:56, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Proposed Solution to the Collatz Conjecture (March 2026)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 06:25, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Window fan]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-17476-50}} 16:00, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Naubat Khana]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 20:09, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Terminal High Altitude Area Defense]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:20, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hossein Dehghan]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:24, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Israel Katz]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:27, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Amir Hatami]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:31, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Abdolrahim Mousavi]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:33, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Seyed Majid Ebn-e-Reza]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:34, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Islamic Group (Lebanon)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 20:36, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:HIP 666666]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 01:10, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Haberomeda]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 01:11, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:List of NGC objects (10001–20000)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 01:14, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lesser Antillean Iguana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-17785-45}} 01:17, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Boo (Character from Bear Academy)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-17530-07}} 03:13, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Nanona15dobato]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-17557-66}} 03:45, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User talk:Daraku K.]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-17557-66}} 03:45, 21 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Rodger Pekarek]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 02:26, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Saad Kassis-Mohamed]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Nbbutf789y}} 03:51, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mk Timothy]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|KewAngolo}} 04:04, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mohammad Pakpour]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:41, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aziz Nasirzadeh]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:43, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Eyal Zamir]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:46, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Al-Fajr Forces]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:47, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Human Rights Activists in Iran]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:50, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:57, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Islamic Group (Lebanon)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-10434-27}} 04:59, 22 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Conde McCullough]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-18317-99}} 20:15, 23 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Muslim Students' Association Indonesia Medical Brawijaya (HMI FK UB)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 04:39, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Emperor's New Clothes (song)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-18066-48}} 04:40, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Adam Hamid]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-18347-38}} 14:38, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Donald Duck filmography]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-18447-63}} 20:15, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Donald's Ostrich]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-18447-63}} 20:16, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Loony left]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 20:52, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sola Akingbola]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-18712-24}} 04:04, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:WaywardCrow]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|WaywardCrow}} 04:15, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment contacter BA ? FRANCE-CONTACT]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-18697-89}} 04:19, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Depraved-heart murder]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:52, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Small Is Beautiful]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:53, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cities of Salt]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:54, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Smoked meat]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-18880-27}} 20:34, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:제주항공에 문의하려면 어떻게 해야 하나요?]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Nick2486451}} 21:15, 26 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:에어프레미아 한국 고객 센터 전화번호는 무엇인가요?]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Chrisgatr21}} 17:40, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Junia Tertia]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-19142-22}} 17:48, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Human Rights Activists in Iran]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] # [[:Wie rufe ich Lufthansa an?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Sambhalkdaku}} 02:18, 28 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bietet United einen Live-Chat-Support an?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Sambhalkdaku}} 02:24, 28 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie rufe ich Scandinavian Airlines an? telefonnummer 24h]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Sambhalkdaku}} 02:44, 28 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Où trouver le numéro de vol Vueling ? GUIDE 2026]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A5|A5]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Donya098}} 17:36, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment contacter French Bee en France ? GUIDE 2026]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Donya098}} 17:53, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment joindre Avianca ? GUIDE 2026]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Donya098}} 17:53, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment parler directement sur Latam Airlines ? (Chat Help Quick)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-19518-30}} 17:53, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment joindre Air Caraïbes par téléphone ? GUIDE 2026]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Donya098}} 17:53, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ? (Chat Help Quick)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Donya098}} 17:54, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:2025–26 Mozambique floods]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-19575-24}} 02:24, 30 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Naldi (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-19587-70}} 02:26, 30 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:رقم خدمة عملاء مصر للطيران في مصر]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|~2026-19919-92}} 00:02, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:رقم الاتصال بشركة سويفت إير المغرب]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Gujiytar56}} 00:08, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chuukese people]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 00:09, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:US Attorney general]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-19877-21}} 01:16, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:1934 Montreux Fascist conference]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-19835-94}} 01:27, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie lange kann man bei booking reservieren?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:15, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Edreams sitzplatzreservierung]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:20, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Booking com reservierung]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:23, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kann man auf booking.com reservieren?(Booking com reservierung)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:37, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kann man bei Booking noch stornieren?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:38, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Gewährt booking.com vollständige Rückerstattungen?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:41, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Booking erstattung beantragen]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:50, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie lange dauert die Erstattung bei booking?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:50, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kann man von booking Geld zurück bekommen?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:50, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Booking.com Erstattung]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Assfrfrfgbtn}} 02:50, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Castiglioni Method]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 04:48, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:XM Partner Code GKY33]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 15:48, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chrissie Carnell Bixler]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|GJK&XMK2026}} 15:49, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Conflict in interest of Pati-Surabaya Trail]]: [[WP:QD#R2|CSD R2]] ({{tl|db-rediruser}}) 16:30, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie bekomme ich von booking.com mein Geld zurück?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Despacitttooo}} 17:00, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wie lautet die Kontaktnummer für eDreams?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Despacitttooo}} 17:00, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:아시아나항공 한국 고객센터]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Kuuytetta45}} 21:50, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Vivarium]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|~2026-20109-19}} 21:58, 31 March 2026 (UTC) === April 2026 === # [[:Naldi (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-20144-42}} 04:31, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cw Gróup Ibiza]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:48, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Naldi (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-20230-91}} 17:49, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mythology (UK band)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-20238-42}} 18:02, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:I hate Passengerpigeon]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 19:49, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:아시아나 해외 고객센터]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A5|A5]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Looliporwvvs54}} 20:10, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Red Sea Riviera]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-20204-55}} 20:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:아시아나항공 비상연락처]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Kutaerrr65}} 20:37, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Transjordan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Nig8j9g8i7nu5hby6gt5r4}} 20:38, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:아시아나항공 비상연락처]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Luusttgdr5456}} 20:50, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment contacter Norwegian en français ? (Norwegian service client)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|RakkkuLaaal}} 05:23, 3 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Clinique]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|IZ041}} 01:56, 4 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Eterno (politician)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-20926-35}} 22:17, 5 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Róa]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21084-41}} 22:49, 5 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Earn2trade code promo 'keri' up to 70% any evaluation]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-20819-58}} 23:18, 5 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Address Unknown (1935 movie)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|JavedKhanani}} 23:28, 5 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Douchebag]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|Saint Nerona Imu, founder of the 20 kingdoms}} 00:07, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:XM Partner Code GKY33 and bonus structures 2026 trading incentives and rebate models analysis]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-21153-33}} 03:34, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Beylik of Dulkadir]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:10, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Diyarbekir]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:10, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Eastern Anatolia]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:10, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ottoman–Persian War (1505–1517)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:11, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Qizilbash]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:11, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:World Expo 2010]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:12, 6 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cro (musician)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21397-58}} 02:42, 7 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Translational regulation]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21252-96}} 02:48, 7 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Holloway, London]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-21195-11}} 02:53, 7 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lighthouse and naval vessel urban legend]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21326-57}} 03:00, 7 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Let it Go, and let God do (Book)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Prince Zian}} 06:32, 7 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Memphis Summer Storm of 2003]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 02:48, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jannik Vestergaard]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21853-42}} 04:25, 9 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Template talk:A-Z multipage list/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-21959-72}} 23:54, 9 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:User talk:2607:FEA8:3360:7600:DB6:E09A:F936:7782]]: [[WP:QD#U2|CSD U2]] ({{tl|db-nouser}}) 00:40, 10 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Trials of Apollo]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22085-41}} 19:42, 10 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:2030 Romanian presidential election]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Liviu Președintele}} 18:18, 11 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Mod Mill]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-22261-96}} 00:09, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Alessandro Aragona]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:25, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Avvento Civile]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:25, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Batman: Resurrection]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:25, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Child pornography laws in the Philippines]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:25, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Draught animal]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:26, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Inhumans]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:26, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mirror website]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:27, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mohd Faiz Subri]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:27, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wagyu cattle]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:32, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chris Mueller]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-22898-59}} 21:35, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Violalin]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 21:40, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Pur Pur!]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22840-65}} 04:03, 14 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:A Pur!]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|~2026-22840-65}} 04:04, 14 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:North Korea–United States relations]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22814-70}} 04:04, 14 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Graywacke]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22778-06}} 04:04, 14 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Karen Brown]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:05, 14 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Railway accident]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-23385-49}} 21:10, 15 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Emer Kenny]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Jhgfdfge}} 20:11, 16 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Centennial High School (Compton, California)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-23602-91}} 20:11, 16 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:SASPSTER (band)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-23220-45}} 20:14, 16 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Muo Zedong!]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-23429-86}} 20:23, 16 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Honey Bunny Ka Jholmaal]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A5|A5]]); notified {{user|~2026-23642-49}} 13:54, 17 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Code Bonus 1XBET: 1XPLAY777]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Mironandreyvich}} 02:30, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:ธีรวุฒิ คูณชัย]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|~2026-23877-54}} 02:30, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:FAQs Como entrar em contacto com a TAP?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Oliverg8765}} 02:31, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Code Bonus 1XBET Today: 1XPLAY777]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Mironandreyvich}} 02:31, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:BHRT]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|WWmah}} 18:54, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mark Romppel]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 21:41, 19 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Rivers of Blood speech]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Sadsam123}} 22:24, 20 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Puffing Billy Preservation Society]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|~2026-24254-33}} 22:27, 20 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Arly Pierre-Louis]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Tfyghuasd}} 04:40, 21 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Arly Pierre-Louis]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]) 20:10, 21 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Joseph kargbo (musicien)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-24536-63}} 20:43, 21 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Death of Glenn Miller]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-24610-32}} 02:17, 22 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Pupu (character from the pinkfong series)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-24522-24}} 02:19, 22 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nathan Sterling]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#G10|G10]]); notified {{user|~2026-25009-34}} 21:24, 23 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Liam isgar]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|~2026-24864-16}} 03:46, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lawrence Plett]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:51, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:KuyaMoHirowo]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|KuyaMoHirowo and Staraction}} 05:53, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/TraceX Guard (2nd nomination)]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 04:22, 25 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Elisha the FRICKIN gmaer]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 05:38, 25 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:リリヤヤムメーカー]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-25511-09}} 03:45, 26 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dria Kamo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 03:50, 26 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:The5ers Coupon SAVEOFF – Reduce Your Fees by 10% Now]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-25483-66}} 06:14, 27 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tiger-Man]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 22:51, 27 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:2026 Italian rail sabotage]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 23:38, 27 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Liam isgar]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 00:18, 28 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:National Book Award for Young People's Literature]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-25992-21}} 01:58, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ben Wahamaki]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-25984-71}} 02:00, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Green apple]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-25866-30}} 02:16, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Assassination of Marielle Franco]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 02:18, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sant'Agostino, Rome]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-26112-29}} 04:12, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Fairplay24]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fairplay24}} 13:51, 30 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mary Ann Crowe]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Travyio99}} 13:52, 30 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Alt Conflict]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:54, 30 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤항문]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); 2:40, 31 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:내란우두머리]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); 2:40, 31 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤두창]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); 2:40, 31 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤내란]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); 2:40, 31 April 2026 (UTC) === May 2026 === # [[:1win Code PLAYHARD500 – 500% Deposit Bonus up to $1720]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-26458-35}} 19:41, 1 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1440 Yuki Shiromitas timer (Every 60 Yuki Shiromitas in Africa, a minute passes)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-26690-65}} 19:50, 1 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1-833-498-8688 ZIPAIRのカスタマーサービスの電話番号は？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Jattsabh12q4}} 20:36, 1 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Monroe, North Carolina]]: [[WP:QD#G10|CSD G10]] ({{tl|db-attack}}); notified {{user|~2026-26646-57}} 03:44, 2 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤두창]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 04:21, 2 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤내란]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}) 04:21, 2 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Got Milk?]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-26591-83}} 04:23, 2 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ya Lil (Ramage song)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-26861-69}} 05:09, 3 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Brooke Young]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 23:48, 3 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Deatnated]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-27023-51}} 01:04, 4 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Books by country]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 01:30, 5 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Peppa Pig: The Golden Boots]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-27520-45}} 01:50, 6 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Percocet]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-27676-61}} 02:39, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dmitrii Lavrutov]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Ym9837054}} 02:45, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Phoksundo lake]] # [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 02:52, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:윤두창]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-26592-54}} 02:54, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Questions]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Questions]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Wrong pronoun]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Wrong gender]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:There]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ze]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Sure contractions ]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category talk:Very unsure contractions]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Very unsure contractions]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Category:Sure contractions]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|no-content}}); 02:34, 8 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mohawk language]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Hutorok134}} 18:06, 8 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Autocorrect nonsense]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Nyasaland3s}} 18:21, 8 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:John Brock Jacobus Godfrey]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A2|A2]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|Katsheron}} 03:58, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Apachat]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 04:01, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:MeTV Toons]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-20319-44}} 04:47, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ekron]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28361-17}} 04:57, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:~2026-54400-13/sandbox]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#U2|U2]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]) 05:29, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ramachary komandury]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 05:33, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nicholas Hilliard]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28539-56}} 19:49, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Prehn]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28471-54}} 19:49, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bea Millan-Windorski]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Nasingpet}} 19:59, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Murder of Ailish Walsh]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Realcosmixyt}} 20:19, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1-855-542-9296 (K/A). 미국 대한항공 고객 센터]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Jattsabh1ii24}} 21:13, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Georg Brandes]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G10|G10]]); notified {{user|~2026-28488-64}} 21:55, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nasheed]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28640-12}} 03:06, 12 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dissolution of the Russian Empire]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28770-82}} 16:53, 12 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Military of Yemen]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|~2026-27963-19}} 00:28, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:STEM]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:09, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:T-joint]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28850-14}} 18:35, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Levon Harutunian]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A7|A7]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|~2026-28684-81}} 18:37, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Villarrica Lake]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28922-24}} 18:39, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:How Manchester City moved two points behind Arsenal in the title race with Crystal Palace win: live updates and reaction]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|BigKrow}} 05:18, 14 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28914-64}} 05:19, 14 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:King of Rome]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29139-23}} 04:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Obamine]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29184-84}} 04:44, 15 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Yunus Emre Demir]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:14, 16 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Talk:(TJC) The Jesus Church]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 05:15, 16 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:National Anthem of Mongolia]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29255-50}} 05:21, 16 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:David M Hryck]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Unitins1}} 05:27, 16 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Charlie Kirk Show]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Realcosmixyt}} 18:28, 17 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Квантово число]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Dadsaws2324sa}} 18:48, 17 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Vocal tract]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29768-82}} 04:27, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Half Moon Bay (California)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29652-20}} 04:42, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Skinny dip]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 04:43, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Quel est le numéro de téléphone de Booking.com France ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Simnikka}} 18:33, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:(Booking telephone france) Comment contacter le service Booking ?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); 18:33, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dookie 4-Track Demos]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-29796-50}} 18:36, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dominika Stará]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|~2026-29884-03}} 18:45, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Android 17]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 22:30, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dark tourist]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-30137-24}} 19:28, 19 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:2025–26 Premier League]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 23:25, 19 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Russian Navy]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 23:54, 19 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Fr Theophane of Ponnurunni]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 17:12, 20 May 2026 (UTC) # [[AA. 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Akache{{KIA}} | casualties3 = 7 dead, 4 injured | result = West German victory }} The '''German Autumn'''{{efn|{{langx|de|Deutscher Herbst}}|group=lower-alpha}} refers to a period in [[West Germany]] (September‒October 1977) when the [[Red Army Faction]] did a series of [[Terrorism|terrorist attacks]]. The Red Army Faction was a [[Far-left politics|far-left]] terrorist group.<ref name="A">{{cite journal |last=Goldsmith |first=Melissa Ursula Dawn |date=December 16, 2002 |title=Montage, Music and Memory: Remembering ''Deutschland im Herbst'' (''Germany in Autumn'', 1978) |url=https://www.kinoeye.org/02/20/goldsmith20.php |journal=Kinoeye |volume=2 |issue=20 |no-pp=yes |issn=1475-2441 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030826212458/https://www.kinoeye.org/02/20/goldsmith20.php |archive-date=2003-08-26 }}</ref> ==Overview== The German Autumn involved the [[kidnapping]] and [[murder]] of [[Germans|German]] [[Industrialisation|industrialist]] Hanns Martin Schleyer, the hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 181, and the [[Suicide|suicides]] of the [[Imprisonment|jailed]] Red Army Faction members.<ref name="A" /> ==Events== ===Murder of Jürgen Ponto=== On July 30, 1977, Jürgen Ponto, [[Dresdner Bank]] AG's spokesman, was murdered in a failed kidnapping attempt. RAF member Susanne Albrecht, who knew Ponto personally, visited him along with Brigitte Mohnhaupt and Christian Klar. Unaware of Albrecht's beliefs, Ponto hosted her at his home. When Ponto resisted the kidnapping, Klar and Mohnhaupt shot him several times. The three fled the scene.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=August 15, 1977 |title=Red Roses from Roter Morgen |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,915254,00.html |url-status=live |magazine=Time |volume=110 |issue=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005204201/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,915254,00.html |archive-date=2021-10-05 }}</ref> ===Kidnapping of Hanns-Martin Schleyer=== On September 5, 1977, Hanns Martin Schleyer, President of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations{{efn|[[German language|German]]: '''''B'''undesvereinigung der '''D'''eutschen '''A'''rbeitgeberverbände'' ('''BDA''')|group=lower-alpha}} and the Federation of German Industries{{efn|[[German language|German]]: '''''B'''undesverband der '''D'''eutschen '''I'''ndustrie'' ('''BDI''')|group=lower-alpha}}, was kidnapped in [[Cologne]]. His driver and three police officers were murdered. The kidnappers demanded the release of eleven jailed terrorists of their group.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Katz |first=Samuel M |title=Raging Within : Ideological Terrorism |url=https://archive.org/details/ragingwithinideo0000katz |publisher=Lerner Publications |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8225-4032-8 |location=Minneapolis |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ragingwithinideo0000katz/page/n17 14] |language=en-us }}</ref> ===Lufthansa Flight 181 hijacking=== As the German government did not give in to the [[blackmail]], terrorists from the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], allied with the Red Army Faction, hijacking Lufthansa Flight 181 on October 13, 1977. They murdered the pilot Captain Jürgen Schumann, and landed the plane at [[Somalia]]'s Mogadishu International Airport, where it was stormed by the West German [[Counterterrorism|counter-terrorism]] unit GSG 9 on October 18 at around 00:05 [[Central European Time]] (CET). Later that morning, a special report on Deutschlandfunk announced that "all hostages have been freed. We do not yet know whether there were any dead or injured among them..." All 87 hostages were rescued, including four of the five crew members. Three of the hijackers were killed and one hijacker heavily wounded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=J. |last2=Moncourt |first2=André |year=2008 |title=Daring to Struggle, Failing to Win: The Red Army Faction's 1977 Campaign of Desperation |url=https://archive.org/details/Daring_to_struggle_9781604860283 |url-access=registration |location=Oakland, CA |publisher=PM Press |isbn=9781604860283 }}</ref> ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Cold War]] [[Category:Terrorism]] [[Category:History of Germany]] hbuk1wfh5locaib5tbvldt63ix7fzc0 0 1194860 10879113 10507499 2026-06-04T22:09:37Z ~2026-33273-96 1816508 /* Background and composition */ 10879113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Music of My Heart | cover = | alt = | border = yes | type = single | artist = [[Gloria Estefan]] and [[NSYNC]] | album = [[Music of the Heart|Music of the Heart: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]] | released = {{start date|1999|8|2}} | recorded = | studio = | venue = | genre = [[Teen pop]] | length = 4:31 | label = [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Sony Music Soundtrax]] | writer = [[Diane Warren]] | producer = [[David Foster]] | chronology = [[Gloria Estefan]] | prev_title = [[Santo Santo]] | prev_year = 1999 | next_title = [[No Me Dejes de Querer]] | next_year = 2000 | misc = {{Extra chronology | artist = [[NSYNC]] | type = single | prev_title = [[Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy)]] | prev_year = 1999 | title = Music of My Heart | year = 1999 | next_title = [[Bye Bye Bye]] | next_year = 2000 }} {{External music video|{{YouTube|Blz-npEbOHA|"Music of My Heart"}}}} }} "'''Music of My Heart'''" is a slow [[teen pop]] [[ballad]] from the [[Cuba|Cuban]]-[[United States|American]] [[singer]] [[Gloria Estefan]] and the [[United States|American]] [[boy band]] [[NSYNC]]. The [[teen pop]] song was written by [[Diane Warren]] and produced by [[David Foster]], for the [[Wes Craven]]-directed [[Music of the Heart|movie of the similar name]] (1999). It was released as the first single from the soundtrack on August 2, 1999, by [[Miramax|Miramax Records]] and [[Epic Records]]. The song peaked at number two on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart in 1999. The single was certified [[Music recording sales certification|gold]] by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA) in the United States for sales of 500,000 copies. "Music of My Heart" won the [[Billboard Music Award|''Billboard'' Music Award]] for Top Song from a Movie, and the [[Blockbuster Entertainment Awards|Blockbuster Award]] for Best Pop Song in a Movie. It was also nominated for an [[Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]], as well as [[Grammy Award]]s for [[Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media|Best Song Written for a Motion Picture]] and [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals|Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals]]. ==Background and composition== "Music of My Heart" was written by [[Diane Warren]] and produced by [[David Foster]], for the [[Wes Craven]]-directed movie ''[[Music of the Heart]]'' (1999). Gloria Estefan and band NSYNC recorded their vocals for the song in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1432547/n-sync-expands-horizons-with-alabama-gloria-estefan.jhtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107021939/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1432547/n-sync-expands-horizons-with-alabama-gloria-estefan.jhtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 7, 2012|title='N Sync Expands Horizons With Alabama, Gloria Estefan|date=May 11, 1999|access-date=June 30, 2025|work=[[MTV]]|publisher=[[MTV Networks]]}}</ref> It was released as the first single from the movie soundtrack on September 28, 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/n_sync/albums.jhtml?albumId=163281|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217160739/http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/n_sync/albums.jhtml?albumId=163281|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 17, 2007|title=Music of My Heart – 'N Sync – Single|date=September 28, 1999|access-date=June 30, 2025|work=[[MTV]]|publisher=[[MTV Networks]]}}</ref> The song was originally offered to the [[Backstreet Boys]], who declined to record it, leading to [[NSYNC]]'s collaboration with [[Gloria Estefan]]. "Music of My Heart" is a [[teen pop]] song that lasts for four minutes and thirty-one seconds. The song is composed in the [[Key (music)|key]] of [[B major]], later changing to the key of [[D-flat major|D{{music|flat}} major]] and is set in [[time signature]] of {{Time signature|4|4}} [[Time signature#Simple time signatures|common time]], with a moderately slow [[tempo]] of 68 beats per minute. According to the [[sheet music]] published at Musicnotes.com by [[Universal Music Publishing Group]], the vocal range of Estefan and the band members of NSYNC spans over an octave, from F{{music|sharp}}₃ to B₄ and late D{{music|flat}}₅.<ref name="sheet">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtdVPE.asp?ppn=MN0028189|title=Gloria Estefan and 'N Sync Music Of My Heart – Digital Sheet Music|work=MusicNotes.com|date=November 2, 1999 |access-date=June 30, 2025}}</ref> ==Music video== The video, directed by [[Nigel Dick]], features NSYNC and Gloria Estefan singing in [[Miami High School]] in [[Miami]] with interspersed shots of student musicians. ==Track listings== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} '''US and European CD1''' # "Music of My Heart" (album version) – 4:31 # "Music of My Heart" (Hex Hector 7-inch remix) – 4:18 '''US and European CD2''' # "Music of My Heart" (album version) – 4:31 # "Music of My Heart" (Pablo Flores club mix) – 10:06 # "Music of My Heart" (Pablo Flores radio edit) – 4:42 {{col-2}} '''UK CD1''' # "Music of My Heart" (album version) – 4:31 # "Music of My Heart" (Lawrence Dermer Remix) – 4:21 # "Music of My Heart" (Hex Hector 12-inch club mix) – 9:20 '''UK CD2''' # "Music of My Heart" (album version) – 4:31 # "Music of My Heart" (Hex Hector 7-inch radio edit) – 4:18 # "Music of My Heart" (Pablo Flores club mix) – 10:06 {{col-end}} ==Release history== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col"| Region ! scope="col"| Date ! scope="col"| Format(s) ! scope="col"| Label(s) ! scope="col"| {{abbr|Ref(s).|Reference(s)}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| United States | August 2, 1999 | {{hlist|[[Adult contemporary]]|[[hot adult contemporary]]|[[modern adult contemporary]] radio}} | rowspan="3"| {{hlist|[[Epic Records|Epic]]|[[Sony Music Soundtrax]]}} | align="center"| <ref>{{cite magazine|title=AC: Going for Adds|magazine=[[Radio & Records]]|issue=1310|page=89|date=July 30, 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Gavin AC/Hot AC: Impact Dates|magazine=[[Gavin Report]]|issue=2266|page=28|date=August 2, 1999}}</ref> |- | August 3, 1999 | {{hlist|[[Rhythmic contemporary]]|[[contemporary hit radio]]}} | align="center"| <ref>{{cite magazine|title=Going for Adds|magazine=Radio & Records|issue=1310|pages=53, 59|date=July 30, 1999}}</ref> |- | September 28, 1999 | {{hlist|CD|cassette}} | align="center"| <ref>{{cite magazine|title=Hot 100 Singles Spotlight|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_1999-10-09_111_41/page/n115|last=Pietroluongo|first=Silvio|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|volume=111|issue=41|page=103|date=October 9, 1999|quote='Heart' [...] is poised to make a jump into the top 10, as a single was released to retail on Sept. 28.}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| Germany | December 7, 1999 | rowspan="2"| [[CD single]] | rowspan="2"| Epic | align="center"| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.de/-/en/Gloria-Estefan/dp/B00003JA96 | title=Music of My Heart | website=Amazon Germany }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| United Kingdom | December 27, 1999 | align="center"| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Music-My-Heart-CD-1/dp/B000042OI6 | title=Music of My Heart | website=Amazon UK }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Music-My-Heart-CD-2/dp/B000042OI7 | title=Music of My Heart | website=Amazon UK }}</ref> |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Gloria Estefan singles}} {{NSYNC}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Music Of My Heart}} [[Category:1999 songs]] [[Category:Gloria Estefan songs]] [[Category:NSYNC songs]] [[Category:Pop ballads]] {{movie-stub}} {{music-stub}} f75h1p8ja5hhn4t9e9qgrxh5d0ie79l 0 1195586 10879446 10623166 2026-06-05T11:34:13Z ~2026-33444-87 1816774 /* */ 10879446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{Use American English|date=June 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2025}} '''''Shining Time Station''''' is a [[live action]] [[children's television series]] was sequenced based on a true stories of British children's television series ''[[Thomas & Friends]]'', told by [[Ringo Starr]] and [[George Carlin]]. Targeting children in the preoperational stage of their development at ages 2–7 and the concrete operational stage from ages 7–11, the series ran from January 29, 1989 to November 11, 1996 on [[PBS]] for four seasons and 76 episodes. It also aired on [[20th Century Animation|Fox Family]] and [[Nick Jr.]] through 1998 to 2000, to promote the theatrical release of ''[[Thomas and the Magic Railroad]]'' on July 26, 2000. It was produced by [[Gullane Entertainment|Quality Family Entertainment]] in the United States and Catalyst Entertainment (seasons 2-3) in Canada. ==Episodes== ===Season 1 (1989–90)=== {{Main|Shining Time Station season 1{{!}}''Shining Time Station'' season 1}} ===Season 2 (1991)=== {{Main|Shining Time Station season 2{{!}}''Shining Time Station'' season 2}} ===Season 3 (1993)=== {{Main|Shining Time Station season 3{{!}}''Shining Time Station'' season 3}} ===Season 4a: Family specials (1995)=== {{Main|Shining Time Station season 4a{{!}}''Shining Time Station'' season 4a}} ===Season 4b: Mr. Conductor's Thomas Tales (1996)=== {{Main|Shining Time Station season 4b{{!}}''Shining Time Station'' season 4b}} {{TV-stub}} {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:1980s American anthology television series]] [[Category:1980s American children's television series]] [[Category:1989 American television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s American anthology television series]] [[Category:1990s American children's television series]] [[Category:1990s Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:1991 Canadian television series debuts]] [[Category:1995 Canadian television series endings]] [[Category:1996 American television series endings]] [[Category:American children's anthology television series]] [[Category:American English-language television shows]] [[Category:American television series based on British television series]] [[Category:American television series featuring puppetry]] [[Category:American television series with live action and animation]] [[Category:American television shows based on children's books]] [[Category:Canadian children's television series]] [[Category:Canadian television series featuring puppetry]] [[Category:Canadian television series with live action and animation]] [[Category:Canadian television shows based on children's books]] [[Category:PBS original programming]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Television series about friendship]] [[Category:Shining Time Station]] [[Category:Television series about rail transport]] [[Category:Television series by WNET]] [[Category:TVOKids shows]] [[Category:YTV (Canadian TV channel) original programming]] 9mfiqb7ulxb2uyn16cgk342yyy5qwh6 0 1196142 10878756 10324973 2026-06-04T12:50:40Z ~2026-33220-31 1816230 10878756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox museum|name=Walk of the Stars|image=Mahesh-Bhatt-hand-print-at-the-Walk-of-the-Stars.png|image_upright=|alt=|caption=[[Mahesh Bhatt]]'s hand print at the Walk of the Stars.|map_type=Mumbai|map_relief=|map_size=|map_caption=|coordinates={{coord|19.042718|72.819132|display=inline}}|established={{Start date|2012|03|28|df=y}}|dissolved={{End date|2014}}|location=[[Bandstand Promenade]], [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]]|type=Entertainment [[hall of fame]]|collections=|collection_size=|visitors=|founder=[[UTV Software Communications|UTV]]|owner=UTV}}The '''Walk of the Stars''' was a section of the Bandstand Promenade in Bandra, Mumbai honouring Bollywood film stars. The path features about six statues of famous [[Bollywood]] actors as well as about 100 brass plates embossed with the handprints and signatures of other stars. The walk is inspired by the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Thirani|first=Neha|date=26 March 2012|title=Mumbai Gets Its Own Walk of Fame|work=The New York Times|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/26/mumbai-gets-its-own-walk-of-fame/|access-date=5 April 2012}}</ref> It was inaugurated by actress [[Kareena Kapoor]] on 28 March 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 March 2012|title=Bebo launches B-town's very own 'Walk of Fame'|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bebo-launches-b-towns-very-own-walk-of-fame/1/179985.html|access-date=15 February 2013|website=India Today}}</ref> A brass statue on the Walk of Stars cost {{INRConvert|3.5|m}}. == Stars honoured == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Autograph !Handprint !Statue |- |Anupam Kher | |{{Tick|18}} | |- |[[Ashok Kumar]] |{{Tick|18}} | | |- |[[Ajay Devgan]] | |{{Tick|18}} | |- |Asha Parekh | |{{Tick|18}} | |- |[[Dev Anand]] |{{Tick|18}} | |{{Tick|18}} |- |[[Guru Dutt]] |{{Tick|18}} | | |- |[[Kareena Kapoor]] | |{{Tick|18}} | |- |[[Karisma Kapoor]] | |{{Tick|18}} | |- |[[Kishore Kumar]] |{{Tick|18}} | | |- |[[Meena Kumari]] |{{Tick|18}} | | |- |Nargis Dutt |{{Tick|18}} | | |- |Neetu Singh | |{{Tick|18}} | |- |Prithviraj Kapoor |{{Tick|18}} | | |- |[[Rajesh Khanna]] | | |{{Tick|18}} |- |- |[[Raj Kapoor]] |{{Tick|18}} | |{{Tick|18}} |- |Randhir Kapoor | |{{Tick|18}} | |- |[[Rishi Kapoor]] | |{{Tick|18}} | |- |Shabana Azmi | |{{Tick|18}} | |- |[[Shammi Kapoor]] |{{Tick|18}} | |{{Tick|18}} |- |[[Sharmila Tagore]] | |{{Tick|18}} | |- |[[Shashi Kapoor]] | |{{Tick|18}} | |- |Sonakshi Sinha | |{{Tick|18}} | |- |[[Jeetendra]] | |{{Tick|18}} | |- |[[Mahesh Bhatt]] | |{{Tick|18}} | |- |[[Sridevi]] | |{{Tick|18}} | |- |[[Sunil Dutt]] |{{Tick|18}} | | |- |[[Vidya Balan]] | |{{Tick|18}} | |- |[[Yash Chopra]] | | |{{Tick|18}} |- |} == See also == * [[Bollywood]] * Bandstand Promenade * [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bollywood]] [[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]] gais5mvp725xwiigvn4ty4667eb91ib 10 1196507 10879273 10872987 2026-06-05T03:40:30Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:navbox|navbox | name = History of the Catholic Church | state = {{{state|<includeonly>{{{1|autocollapse}}}</includeonly>}}} | titleclass = wraplinks | bodyclass = hlist | title = [[History of the Catholic Church|History]] of the [[Catholic Church]] | basestyle = background-color: gold | group1 = [[History of the Catholic Church|General]] | list1 = * [[History of the Catholic Church]] ** [[:Category:History of the Catholic Church by country|By country or region]] * [[Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church|Ecclesiastical history]] * [[Timeline of the Catholic Church|Timeline]] * [[History of the papacy|Papacy]] ** [[History of papal primacy|Papal primacy]] * [[Catholic ecumenical councils]] ** [[First seven ecumenical councils|First seven]] * [[Catholic Bible]] ** [[Development of the Christian biblical canon|Biblical canon]] ** [[Vulgate]] * [[Crusading movement]] * [[History of the Roman Curia]] * [[Religious institute]]s * [[Christian monasticism]] * [[Catholic culture]] ** [[Catholic art|Art]] ** [[Role of Christianity in civilization|Role in civilization]] * [[Vatican City]] * [[Papal States]] * [[Latin Church]] * [[Eastern Catholic Churches]] | group2 = [[Early Christianity|Early Church]]<br>(30–325/476) | list2 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup | basestyle = background-color:gold |group1= [[Origins of Christianity|Origins]] and<br>[[Apostolic Age]] (30–100) |list1 = * [[Life of Jesus in the New Testament|Jesus]] ** [[Ministry of Jesus|Ministry]] ** [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]] ** [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]] ** [[Great Commission]] * [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] * [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] * [[John the Baptist]] * [[Apostles in the New Testament]] ** [[Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles|Commissioning]] **[[Saint Peter|Peter]] **[[John the Apostle|John]] ** [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] * [[Saint Stephen|Stephen]] * [[Council of Jerusalem]] * [[Split of Christianity and Judaism|Split with Judaism]] * [[New Testament]] ** [[Historical background of the New Testament|Background]] ** [[Gospel|Gospels]] ** [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]] ** [[Pauline epistles]] ** [[Catholic epistles|General epistles]] ** [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] | group2 = [[Ante-Nicene period]] (100–325) | list2 = * [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire|Persecution]] * [[Church Fathers]] ** [[Apostolic Fathers]] *** [[Pope Clement I]] *** [[Polycarp]] *** [[Ignatius of Antioch|Ignatius]] ** [[Irenaeus]] * [[Justin Martyr]] * [[Development of the New Testament canon|Canon]] * [[Tertullian]] * [[Origen]] }} {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup | basestyle = background-color:gold | group3 = [[Christianity in late antiquity|Late antiquity]]<br>(313–476) | list3 = {{#invoke:navbox|navbox|subgroup | basestyle = background-color:gold | group1 =[[Great Church]]<br>(180–451)<br>[[State church of the Roman Empire|Roman<br>state church]]<br>(380–451) | list1 = * [[Constantine the Great]] ** [[Constantine the Great and Christianity|Christianity]] * [[Arian controversy]] * [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]] * [[Old St. Peter's Basilica]] * [[First Council of Nicaea]] * [[Pope Sylvester I]] * [[First Council of Constantinople]] * [[Biblical canon]] * [[Jerome]] * [[Vulgate]] * [[Council of Ephesus]] * [[Council of Chalcedon]] }} }} | group4 = [[Early Middle Ages]] | list4 = * [[Benedict of Nursia]] * [[Christian monasticism|Monasticism]] * [[Second Council of Constantinople]] * [[Pope Gregory I]] * [[Gregorian chant]] * [[Third Council of Constantinople]] * [[Saint Boniface]] * [[Byzantine Iconoclasm]] * [[Second Council of Nicaea]] * [[Charlemagne]] * [[Pope Leo III]] * [[Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)|Fourth Council of Constantinople]] * [[East–West Schism]] | group5 = [[High Middle Ages]] | list5 = * [[Pope Urban II]] * [[Investiture Controversy]] * [[The clash between the Church and the Empire|Clash against the empire]] * [[Crusades]] * [[Medieval university|Universities]] * [[Scholasticism]] * [[First Council of the Lateran]] * [[Second Council of the Lateran]] * [[Third Council of the Lateran]] * [[Pope Innocent III]] * [[Latin Empire]] * [[Francis of Assisi]] * [[Fourth Council of the Lateran]] * [[Inquisition]] * [[First Council of Lyon]] * [[Second Council of Lyon]] * [[Bernard of Clairvaux]] | group6 = [[Late Middle Ages]] | list6 = * [[Thomas Aquinas]] * [[Pope Boniface VIII]] * [[Western Schism]] ** [[Avignon Papacy]] * [[Pope Clement V]] * [[Council of Vienne]] * [[Knights Templar]] * [[Catherine of Siena]] * [[Pope Alexander VI]] * [[Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery|Age of Discovery]] | group7 = {{longitem|[[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]]<br/>[[Counter-Reformation]]}} | list7 = * [[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]] * [[Counter-Reformation|Catholic Counter-Reformation]] * ''[[Exsurge Domine]]'' * [[Dissolution of the monasteries]] * [[Council of Trent]] * [[Thomas More]] * [[Pope Leo X]] * [[Society of Jesus]] * [[Ignatius of Loyola]] * [[Francis Xavier]] * [[Pope Pius V]] * [[Tridentine Mass]] * [[Teresa of Ávila]] * [[John of the Cross]] * [[Peter Canisius]] * [[Philip Neri]] * [[Robert Bellarmine]] * [[European wars of religion]] * [[Thirty Years' War]] | group8 = {{longitem|[[Baroque|Baroque period]] to the<br/>[[French Revolution]]}} | list8 = * [[Pope Innocent XI]] * [[Pope Benedict XIV]] * [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus]] * [[Age of Enlightenment]] * [[Anti-clericalism]] * [[Pope Pius VI]] * [[Shimabara Rebellion]] * [[Edict of Nantes]] * [[Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution]] | group9 = 19th century | list9 = * [[Pope Pius VII]] * [[Pope Pius IX]] * [[Catholic Church and politics in the United States|United States]] * [[Immaculate Conception|Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary]] * [[Our Lady of La Salette]] * [[Our Lady of Lourdes]] * [[First Vatican Council]] * [[Papal infallibility]] * [[Pope Leo XIII]] * [[Mary of the Divine Heart]] * [[Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart]] * ''[[Rerum novarum]]'' | group10 = [[Catholic Church in the 20th century|20th century]] | list10 = * [[Pope Pius X]] * [[Our Lady of Fátima]] * [[Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII]] * [[Pope Pius XII]] * [[Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary]] * [[Assumption of Mary|Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary]] * [[Lateran Treaty]] * [[Catholic Church and Nazi Germany|Nazism]] * ''[[Mit brennender Sorge]]'' * [[Pope John XXIII]] * ''[[Pacem in terris]]'' * [[Second Vatican Council]] * [[Catholic Church and ecumenism|Ecumenism]] * [[Catholic Church and Judaism|Judaism]] * [[Pope Paul VI]] ([[Coronation of Pope Paul VI|coronation]]) * [[Pope John Paul I]] * [[Mother Teresa]] * [[Holy See–Soviet Union relations|Communism]] * [[Pope John Paul II]] * [[Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] * [[World Youth Day]] ** [[World Youth Day 1995|1995]] | group11 = 21st century | list11 = * [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|Sexual abuse scandal]] * [[Catholic Church and Islam|Islam]] * [[World Youth Day]] ** [[World Youth Day 2000|2000]] ** [[World Youth Day 2002|2002]] ** [[World Youth Day 2005|2005]] ** [[World Youth Day 2008|2008]] ** [[World Youth Day 2011|2011]] ** [[World Youth Day 2013|2013]] ** [[World Youth Day 2016|2016]] ** [[World Youth Day 2019|2019]] ** [[World Youth Day 2023|2023]] * [[Pope Benedict XVI]] * [[Pope Francis]] * ''[[Laudato si']]'' * [[Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill|Patriarch Kirill]] * [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church|COVID-19 pandemic]] * [[Pope Leo XIV]] * ''[[Magnifica humanitas]]'' | belowclass = hlist | below = }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> r00927uryjho4q0kkq627vd7naqje6p 0 1198275 10879013 10417962 2026-06-04T20:13:14Z -kat279 1734355 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|2|0 */ 10879013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox street|name=Teofil Lenartowicz street|marker_image=Kraków|alternate_name=|other_name=|image=Teofila Lenartowicza street, view to N, Kraków, Poland.jpg|image_size=300px|caption=View of the street|map_size=300px|map_caption=|image_map=|map_alt=|native_name=|former_names=|part_of=[[Kraków]] Old Town and Krowodrza district|namesake=|type=|owner=City of [[Kraków]]|maint=|length=|length_mi=|length_km=|length_ref=|length_m=|length_ft=|length_notes=|width=|area=|addresses=|location=[[Kraków]], {{flag|Poland}}|postal_code=|metro=|junction=|north=|east=|south=|west=|commissioning_date=|construction_start_date=|completion_date=|inauguration_date=|demolition_date=|main_contractor=|cost=|references=|known_for=|status=|designer=|steps=}} '''Teofila Lenartowicz Street''' is a [[street]] in [[Kraków]], [[Poland]]. It is located in two districts: [[Dzielnica I Stare Miasto|Stare Miasto]] I on [[Piasek (Kraków)|Piasek]] neighborhood and [[Dzielnica V Krowodrza|Krowodrza]] on [[Nowa Wieś (Kraków)|Nowa Wieś]] neighborhood. The street connects [[Henryk Sienkiewicz Street, Kraków|Henryk Sienkiewicz Street]] with [[Henryk Siemiradzki Street, Kraków|Henryk Siemiradzki Street]]. It has one lane for cars. == History == The street was built in its current form in 1893. At first, it ran from [[Henryk Siemiradzki Street, Kraków|Henryk Siemiradzki Street]] to [[Juliusz Słowacki Avenue, Kraków|Juliusz Słowacki Avenue]]. In the 1930s, it was extended further to [[Henryk Sienkiewicz Street, Kraków|Henryk Sienkiewicz Street]]. In 1894, one year after it was built, the street was named after [[Teofil Lenartowicz]] – a Polish poet, [[Sculpture|sculptor]], ethnographer, and independence activist from the Romantic period.<ref name=":122">{{Cite book|title=Nazwy ulic Krakowa|publisher=Wydawnictwo Instytutu Języka Polskiego PAN|year=1995|isbn=83-85579-48-6|location=Kraków|pages=92|language=pl}}</ref> == Buildings == West side of the street:<ref name=":02">{{Citation|title=Gminna ewidencja zabytków - Kraków|date=2025-06-19|url=https://www.bip.krakow.pl/plik.php?zid=106402&wer=0&new=t&mode=shw|publisher=Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej|language=pl}}</ref><ref name=":123">{{Cite book|title=Zabytki Architektury i budownictwa w Polsce. Kraków|publisher=Krajowy Ośrodek Badań i Dokumentacji Zabytków|year=2007|isbn=|location=Warsaw|pages=236|language=pl}}</ref> * No. 2 (also 27 Henryk Siemiradzki Street) – 19th-century tenement. * No. 4 – 19th-century tenement. * No. 6 – 19th-century tenement. * No. 8 – 19th-century tenement. * No. 10 – 19th-century tenement. * No. 12 – 19th-century tenement. * No. 14 (at Juliusz Słowacki Avenue) – tenement (1895–1896). * No. 18 – tenement, designed by [[Alfred Düntuch]] and [[Stefan Landsberge]]<nowiki/>r<nowiki/> (1934). * No. 20 (also 9 Henryk Sienkiewicz Street) – tenement (1935). East side of the street: * No. 1 (also 25 Henryk Siemiradzki Street) – tenement, designed by [[Kazimierz Zieliński]] (1911–1912). * No. 3 – 20th-century tenement. * No. 5 – 20th-century tenement. * No. 7 – 19th-century tenement. * No. 9 – 20th-century tenement. * No. 11 – 19th-century tenement. * No. 13 – tenement, designed by [[Jakub Spira]] (19th century). * No. 15 – tenement, designed by [[Samuel Nebenzahl]] (1937). * No. 19 – tenement, designed by [[Zygmunt Grünberg]] (1936). * No. 21 – tenement, designed by Stanisław Nebenzahl (1935). * No. 23 (also 11 Henryk Sienkiewicz Street) – tenement (1935). <gallery> File:Kamienica-UlicaTeofilaLenartowicza1-POL, Kraków.jpg|1 Teofil Lenartowicz Street, tenement (design. [[Kazimierz Zieliński (rzeźbiarz)|Kazimierz Zieliński]], 1911–1912) File:Kamienica-UlicaTeofilaLenartowicza3-POL, Kraków.jpg|3 Teofil Lenartowicz Street, tenement (20th century) File:Kamienica-UlicaTeofilaLenartowicza4-POL, Kraków.jpg|4 Teofil Lenartowicz Street, tenement (19th century) File:Kamienica-UlicaTeofilaLenartowicza6-POL, Kraków.jpg|6 Teofil Lenartowicz Street, tenement (19th century) File:Kamienica-UlicaTeofilaLenartowicza5-POL, Kraków.jpg|5 Teofil Lenartowicz Street, tenement (20th century) File:Kamienica-UlicaTeofilaLenartowicza7-POL, Kraków.jpg|7 Teofil Lenartowicz Street, tenement (19th century) File:Kamienica-UlicaTeofilaLenartowicza8-POL, Kraków.jpg|8 Teofil Lenartowicz Street, tenement (19th century) File:Kamienica-UlicaTeofilaLenartowicza9-POL, Kraków.jpg|9 Teofil Lenartowicz Street, tenement (20th century) File:Kamienica-UlicaTeofilaLenartowicza10-POL, Kraków.jpg|10 Teofil Lenartowicz Street, tenement (19th century) File:Kamienica-UlicaTeofilaLenartowicza11-POL, Kraków.jpg|link=|11 Teofil Lenartowicz Street, tenement (19th century) File:Kamienica-UlicaTeofilaLenartowicza12-POL, Kraków.jpg|link=|12 Teofil Lenartowicz Street, tenement (19th century) File:Tenement house, 1938 design. Jakub Spira and Edward Kreisler, 13 Lenartowicza Street, Kraków, Poland.jpg|13 Teofil Lenartowicz Street<br>Modernist tenement ([[Functionalism (architecture)|functionalism]]) File:Kamienica-UlicaTeofilaLenartowicza14-POL, Kraków.jpg|link=|14 Teofil Lenartowicz Street, tenement (1895–1896) File:Tenement house, 1937 design. Stanisław Nebenzahl, 15 Lenartowicza Street, Kraków, Poland.jpg|15 Teofil Lenartowicz Street <br>Modernist tenement </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Streets in Kraków]] lzrzxsoytba39gma5uh3s6heywbyz2c 0 1209315 10879089 10876435 2026-06-04T21:43:39Z ~2026-33452-95 1816491 10879089 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Allahabad_Railway_Station.jpg|thumb|Postmidnight in Prayagraj Junction railway station.]] '''Postmidnight'''<ref>https://dictionary.reverso.net/english-definition/postmidnight</ref><ref>https://www.yourdictionary.com/postmidnight</ref> is: * Period from [[midnight]] to [[dawn]]. * Period from midnight to 6:00 AM.<ref>[https://help.theweathernetwork.com/hc/en-us/articles/4405005836051-What-time-period-does-your-Morning-Afternoon-Evening-Overnight-forecast-cover https://help.theweathernetwork.com/hc/en-us/articles/4405005836051-What-time-period-does-your-Morning-Afternoon-Evening-Overnight-forecast-cover (Postmidnight is written as overnight)]</ref> It is the period when people are already sleeping, and it is also considered the period when bats and owls come into action. It is also the silent period, where the streets are generally empty. {{Times of the day}} == References == {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:Parts of a day]] sdvssfm5sow932plcurnh43ji1cyq1i 0 1209605 10878873 10876324 2026-06-04T17:40:24Z ~2026-33082-36 1816377 /* Further reading */ 10878873 wikitext text/x-wiki Islamic scholars claim that only the [[Caliphate]] and the [[Muslim monarchy]] are legitimate '''Islamic political systems'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monarchy in Qur'an and Hadith |url=https://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e39.html |website=www.livingislam.org |accessdate=5 August 2025}}</ref> And even though saying the rest of the political systems are forbidden,<ref>{{cite web |title=Concept of democracy in Islam - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://www.islamqa.info/en/answers/98134 |website=Islam-QA |accessdate=5 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> they allow them to be used as a way for Muslims to come to power to establish Islamic rule.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ruling on democracy and elections and participating in that system - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/107166/% |website=Islam-QA |accessdate=5 August 2025 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=العجلان |first1=فهد صالح |title=المحرر في السياسة الشرعية |date=1 June 2022 |publisher=آفاق المعرفة للنشر |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books/about/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4.html?id=_vt7EAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y |accessdate=16 November 2025 |language=ar}}</ref> == Primary bibliography == {{See also|Siyasatnama}} The earliest fundamental work on Islamic politics is [[Al-Mawardi]]'s ''[[Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya (book)|Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya]]'' (The Ordinances of Government). Other subsequent notable works include ''Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya'' by [[Abu Ya'la]], ''Al-Ghiyathi'' by [[Al-Juwayni]], ''[[Al-Turuq al-Hukmiyya]]'' by [[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya|Ibn al-Qayyim]], and ''[[Al-Siyasah al-Shar'iyah (book)|Al-Siyasah al-Shar'iyah]]'' by [[Ibn Taymiyyah]]. == Scriptural manuscripts == === Quran === {{hatnote|See also: [[Verse of Obedience]] and [[Iqamat ad-Din]]}} In the context of Islamic politics in the Quran, political Islamists most prominently highlight the concept of [[Iqamat ad-Din]] (establishment of religion), which is mentioned in verse 13 of [[Surah Ash-Shura]]. {{quote|He has ordained for you of religion what He enjoined upon Noah and that which We have revealed to you, [O Muhammad], and what We enjoined upon Abraham and Moses and Jesus - to remain steadfast in religion (Arabic: اَقِیۡمُوا الدِّیۡনَ, ''Aqīmū d-Dīn'') and not be divided therein. Difficult for those who associate others with Allah is that to which you invite them. Allah chooses for Himself whom He wills and guides to Himself whoever turns back [to Him].|Surah Ash-Shura, Verse 13}} However, there is a divergence of opinion among Islamists regarding what "Din" (religion) signifies in the phrase "Establish the Din." [[Political Islam|Political Islamists]] claim that it implies the establishment of Allah's governance, His divine command, or an Islamic government, thereby establishing Islamic or Muslim politics and power. On the other hand, mainstream adherents of [[Traditional Salafism]] assert that it signifies establishing [[Tawhid]] (the oneness of God) and a pure Islamic [[Aqidah]] (creed) among the public through dawah (proselytization). They reject and oppose the former governance-oriented interpretation, claiming it to be erroneous. [[File:আনুগত্যের আয়াত.jpg|thumb|400px|right|The 59th verse of Surah An-Nisa, known as the Verse of Obedience, is an important verse utilized in the context of Islamic politics.]] Regarding obedience to political authorities in Islam, verse 59 of Surah An-Nisa is frequently cited and is termed the Verse of Obedience. It commands obedience to Allah and the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as to the [[Uli al-Amr]] (those in authority among you, interpreted as rulers and scholars). This obedience is conditional upon lawful Islamic mandates ([[Halal]]) and does not apply to un-Islamic directives ([[Haram]]). {{quote|O you who have believed! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you (Uli al-Amr minkum). And if you disagree over anything, refer it to Allah and the Messenger, if you should believe in Allah and the Last Day. That is the best [way] and best in result.|Surah An-Nisa, Verse 59}} [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] initiated his book ''Al-Siyasah al-Shar'iyah'' (The Canonical Treatise on Governance) with the following verse. Alongside verse 59 of Surah An-Nisa, he also cited verse 58 as a prior instruction regarding justice and trustworthiness. {{quote|We have already sent Our messengers with clear evidences and sent down with them the Scripture and the balance that the people may maintain [their affairs] in justice. And We sent down iron, wherein is great military might and benefits for the people, and so that Allah may make evident those who support Him and His messengers unseen. Indeed, Allah is Powerful and Exalted in Might.|Surah Al-Hadid, Verse 25}} {{quote|Indeed, Allah commands you to render trusts to whom they are due and when you judge between people to judge with justice. Excellent is that which Allah instructs you. Indeed, Allah is ever Hearing and Seeing.|Surah An-Nisa, Verse 58}} ==== Views of Western scholars ==== In his book ''Muhammad'', Michael Cook remarks that while the Quran does not explicitly address politics, it contains concepts such as the oppressed (''mustad'afun''), emigration (''[[Hijra]]''), the Muslim community (''[[Ummah]]''), and fighting in the cause of Allah (''[[Jihad]]''), all of which carry political implications.<ref name="Cook-1983-51-60">{{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=Michael |title=Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000cook_h0b4 |date=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0192876058 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000cook_h0b4/page/51 51]–60}}</ref> Several Quranic verses (such as Quran 4:98) discuss the *mustad'afun* ("those deemed weak," "helpless," or "oppressed"), detailing how figures like Pharaoh exploited them, how Allah wills that justice be served to them, and how they may emigrate from the land where they face tyranny (Quran 4:99). The prophet [[Abraham]] also "emigrated for the sake of his Lord" (Quran 29:26). The Quran commands fighting against disbelievers (''kuffar'') and promises divine assistance, though (some) verses suggest that this command applies primarily when disbelievers initiate warfare, and that hostilities may cease through treaties and reconciliation. Additionally, specific verses govern the proper distribution of spoils of war among victors. Commands are also given to fight internal enemies or "hypocrites" (''munafiqun'').<ref name="Cook-1983-51-60"/> Some injunctions did not extend beyond the Prophet's lifetime, such as the prohibition against arguing with Allah and His Prophet, or shouting and raising one's voice while speaking to the Prophet.<ref name="Cook-1983-56-7">{{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=Michael |title=Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000cook_h0b4 |date=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0192876058 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000cook_h0b4/page/56 56]–7}}</ref> The limited nature of explicit political doctrines in the Quran stems from the fact that it does not outline "any formal and continuing structure of authority"; it merely instructs believers to obey the Prophet.<ref name="Cook-1983-56-7"/> Furthermore, the political application of its core themes was highly restricted during an era when desert nomads could scarcely conceive that the ultimate success of Islam would lie in governing vast, peasant-majority territories controlled by major cities and empires.<ref name="Cook-1983-59">{{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=Michael |title=Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000cook_h0b4 |date=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0192876058 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000cook_h0b4/page/59 59]}}</ref> === Hadith === ==== Mention of the term politics (Siyasah) ==== In Hadiths narrated in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, the root word of ''Siyasah'' (politics/governance) is utilized as a verb. {{quote|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "The Children of Israel were governed by Prophets (tasusuhum al-anbiya); whenever a Prophet died, he was succeeded by another Prophet."|(Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 3455; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 1842; Ibn Majah, Hadith 2871; Musnad Ahmad, Hadith 7960)}} [[Al-Nawawi]] states: "The phrase '[they] were governed by prophets' means that the prophets managed their affairs just as rulers take charge of the affairs of their subjects. Thus, *Siyasah* implies managing something in a manner that preserves its well-being and serves its best interests."<ref>{{cite web |title=Politics from an Islamic perspective - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/181673/politics-from-an-islamic-perspective |website=[[islamqa.info]] |access-date=4 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ==== Guidelines on leadership ==== ;Primary condition of leadership: A group of three and proficiency in the Quran (Islamic knowledge) [[Muhammad Salih al-Munajjid]], in his book *Hubb al-Riyasah* (The Love of Leadership), states that according to the Sunnah, whenever people are organized together, a leader must be appointed.<ref>The Illusion of Leadership, Original: Salih Al-Munajjid, Translation: Abdul Malek, Publisher: Hadith Foundation Bangladesh, p. 9</ref> {{quote|Narrated Abu Sa'id al-Khudri: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "When three people set out on a journey, they should appoint one of them as their leader (Amir)."|Abu Dawud, 2608, Hasan Isnad by Al-Albani}} Another Hadith notes that if more than three people are together, they must select a leader, and they should choose the person who knows the Quran (and authentic Hadith/pure Islamic knowledge) best. {{quote|Narrated Abu Sa'id al-Khudri: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "When three people assemble, one of them must lead them. And the one who has the greatest right to lead (Imamat) is the one who has read the most (aqra'uhum, interpreted as the one who has studied the Quran and authentic Islamic knowledge the most)."|Sahih Muslim, 1415}} Comprehensive instructions regarding the selection of a leader or Imam are provided in another Hadith. (While the majority of scholars view this as an instruction for religious leadership or leading prayer, several scholars also consider it a guideline for choosing political leadership.) {{quote|Narrated Abu Mas'ud: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "The person who should lead the people is the one who knows the Book of Allah best. If they are equal in their knowledge of the Quran, then the one who has the deepest knowledge of the Sunnah should lead. If they are equal in their knowledge of the Sunnah, then the one who migrated (made Hijrah) first should lead. If they are equal in terms of migration, then the oldest in age should lead. No man should lead another in prayer in his place of authority, nor should anyone sit in his house in his place of honor without his permission."<ref group=Note>Explanation: (أَقْرَؤُهُمْ لِكِتَابِ اللّهِ) There is disagreement regarding this part. Some interpreted it as the most knowledgeable regarding the Quran, its rulings, and meanings. Others took it literally to mean the one who has memorized the most. Al-Mubarakpuri prefers the latter view based on corroborating narrations. (فَأَعْلَمُهُمْ بِالسُّنَّةِ) At-Tibi states that Sunnah here denotes the Hadiths, while others suggest it means knowledge of the rulings of prayer. (فَأَقْدَمُهُمْ هِجْرَةً) This originally referred to migrating from Mecca to Medina prior to the Conquest of Mecca. In a broader sense, it includes moving from a non-Muslim territory to a Muslim state. (فَأَقْدَمُهُمْ سِنًّا) Refers to age or priority in accepting Islam. (وَلَا يَؤُمَّনَّ الرَّجُلُ الرَّজُلَ فِي سُلْطَانِه) This establishes that a person should not assume authority or lead in an area or residence where another person holds legitimate jurisdiction or ownership (such as a mosque's appointed Imam or a homeowner), unless explicit permission is granted, in order to prevent discord and jealousy.</ref>|Mishkat 1117, Muslim 673, Abu Dawud 582, At-Tirmidhi 235, Nasa'i 780, Ibn Majah 980, Ahmad 17063, Sahih Al-Jami' 3104.}} ;Acquisition of knowledge The Hadiths explicitly command that knowledgeable individuals (scholars) should be made leaders, while appointing ignorant individuals to leadership positions is designated as a sign of the Day of Judgment. {{quote|Narrated Urwah: I heard Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-Aas saying: I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) say: "Allah does not take away knowledge by snatching it away from the hearts of the people, but He takes it away by the death of the religious scholars. When no scholar remains, people will take ignorant persons as their leaders. They will be consulted, and they will issue verdicts (Fatwas) without knowledge. Consequently, they will go astray and lead others astray."|Sahih Muslim, 6689}} The companion [[Umar]] and the early pious predecessors (Salaf al-Salih) commanded individuals to acquire deep knowledge both before and after assuming leadership. {{quote|Umar said: "Acquire knowledge before you are made leaders." Abu Abdullah (Bukhari) added: "And also after you are made leaders, for the companions of the Prophet continued to learn even in their old age." Narrated Abdullah ibn Mas'ud: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "Envy is justified only in two cases: a person whom Allah has given wealth and the power to spend it rightfully in the cause of truth; and a person whom Allah has granted wisdom (knowledge), and he judges by it and teaches it to others."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 73}} Conversely, acquiring knowledge solely for the purpose of flaunting leadership or debating others is strictly forbidden in the Hadith literature. {{quote|Narrated Ka'b ibn Malik: I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) say: "Whoever seeks knowledge in order to argue with scholars, or to dispute with the ignorant, or to attract people's attention to himself, Allah will cast him into the Fire."|At-Tirmidhi, 2654, graded Hasan by Al-Albani}} ;Honesty and selflessness The Hadiths characterize individuals who are personally honest and who inherently dislike seeking power or leadership as those most suited to lead. {{quote|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "...You will find that the best people among you are those who hate leadership and governance the most, until they are burdened with it. Mankind is like mines (of gold and silver); those who were excellent in the era of ignorance (Jahiliyyah) are excellent in Islam, provided they acquire deep religious knowledge..."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 3334}} Greed for power is explicitly discouraged, with warnings that while the initiation of leadership may seem pleasant, its consequences are often distressing. {{quote|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "You will eagerly seek leadership and authority, but it will become a cause of regret for you on the Day of Resurrection. What a good nursing mother it is (referring to the initial wealth and prestige of power), and what an evil weaning mother it is (referring to the pain of losing power at death or dismissal)!"|Mishkat 2681, Bukhari 7148, Nasa'i 4211, Ahmad 9791}} ;Consultation and priority of allegiance The Sunnah encourages the appointment of an Amir through mutual consultation (Shura). It mandates obeying the first leader to whom allegiance is pledged and forbids any rival claims to leadership during that leader's lifetime. {{quote|Narrated Jarir: ...Dhu 'Amr said to me: "O Jarir! You hold an honorable position... I inform you that you, the Arab nation, will remain in a good state as long as you appoint a new leader through consultation upon the death of the previous one. But if matters are decided by the force of the sword, your rulers will become like absolute kings..."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 4359}} {{quote|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "...There will be no prophet after me, but there will be Caliphs and they will be numerous." The companions asked: "What do you command us to do then?" He replied: "Fulfill the pledge of allegiance (Bay'ah) to the one who is given it first, and give them their due rights..."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 3455; Sahih Muslim, 1842}} {{quote|Narrated Abdullah ibn Amr: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "He who pledges allegiance to a leader, giving him the grasp of his hand and the sincerity of his heart, must obey him as much as he can. If another claimant comes forward to dispute his authority, strike off the neck of that second claimant."|Sahih Muslim, 4882}} {{quote|Narrated Arfajah: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "When you are united under the governance of a single ruler, and someone comes forward intending to fracture your solidarity or disrupt your community, kill him."|Sahih Muslim, 4904}} ;Entrusting leadership to competent individuals Authentic Sunni traditions mandate that leadership responsibilities must only be handed over to competent and qualified persons.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taymīyah |first1=Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm Ibn |title=The Political Shariyah on Reforming the Ruler and the Ruled |date=2005 |publisher=Dar ul Fiqh |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=ZdwVAQAAIAAJ |access-date=18 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> {{quote|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: While the Prophet (peace be upon him) was speaking to a gathering, a Bedouin came and asked, "When will the Hour be?" The Prophet completed his discourse and then asked, "Where is the questioner about the Hour?" The man replied, "Here I am, O Messenger of Allah." The Prophet said, "When honesty and trusts are lost, then wait for the Hour." The man asked, "How will they be lost?" He replied, "When authority is entrusted to incompetent people, then wait for the Hour."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 6496}} ;Capability The Hadiths caution against appointing individuals who are inherently weak or incapable of handling administrative burdens. {{quote|Narrated Abu Dharr: I said, "O Messenger of Allah, will you not appoint me to a public office?" He patted my shoulder and said, "O Abu Dharr, you are weak, and authority is a trust (Amanah). On the Day of Resurrection, it will be a cause of humiliation and regret, except for the one who takes it rightfully and fulfills the duties incumbent upon him."|Sahih Muslim, 1825}} ;Exclusion of hypocrites In his treatise *An-Nifaq*, Salih al-Munajjid references a tradition where the Prophet forbade addressing a hypocrite as a master or leader. {{quote|Narrated Abdullah ibn Buraydah, from his father: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Do not address a hypocrite as 'Sayyid' (master/leader). For if he is indeed your leader, you will have angered your Lord."|Abu Dawud, 4977}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/57.munafiqi_by_Muhammad_Saleh_Al_-Munajjid.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 June 2026 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405093222/https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/57.munafiqi_by_Muhammad_Saleh_Al_-Munajjid.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> ;Exclusion of women from the head of state Prophetic narrations declare that a woman cannot occupy the position of supreme head of state. {{quote|Narrated Abu Bakrah: When the news reached the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) that the people of Persia had appointed the daughter of Chosroes as their queen, he said: "Never will a nation succeed that entrusts its public affairs to a woman."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 4425}} ;Prohibition on seeking leadership Scholars like Salih al-Munajjid and Fahad bin Salih al-Ajlan highlight that authentic traditions explicitly bar appointing individuals who aggressively campaign for or demand leadership roles.<ref>The Illusion of Leadership, p. 21</ref><ref>Al-Muharrar fi al-Siyasah al-Shar'iyah, Fahad bin Salih al-Ajlan, Translation: Abdullah Mazumder, Edited by Abu Bakr Muhammad Zakaria, September 2025, p. 273</ref> {{quote|Narrated Abu Musa al-Ash'ari: I went to the Prophet with two of my cousins. One of them said, "O Messenger of Allah, appoint us as rulers over some of the territory that Allah has entrusted to you." The other said something similar. The Prophet replied, "By Allah, we do not appoint anyone to this position who asks for it or covets it."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 7149; Sahih Muslim, 4821}} {{quote|Narrated Abd al-Rahman ibn Samurah: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said to me: "O Abd al-Rahman ibn Samurah, do not seek public office. For if you are given it without asking, you will be aided in it. But if you are given it because of your requesting it, you will be left to it entirely (without divine help)..."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 6722}} ;Permissibility of requesting leadership for public good by qualified individuals However, some scholars cite specific exceptions where a qualified person may request a leadership position solely to establish a public or religious good. {{quote|Narrated Uthman ibn Abu al-As: I said, "O Messenger of Allah, appoint me as the Imam of my tribe." He replied, "You are their Imam. But be mindful of the weakest among them when leading prayer, and appoint a Mu'adhin who does not accept payment for the Adhan."|Sahih: Ahmad 15836, Abu Dawud 531, Nasa'i 272}} ;Accountability and responsibility Rulers are severely warned against failing to look after the welfare of their subjects. {{quote|Narrated Ma'qil ibn Yasar: I heard the Prophet (peace be upon him) saying, "Any ruler whom Allah places in charge of subjects, and he dies while failing to look after their welfare with sincerity, Allah will forbid him from smelling the fragrance of Paradise."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 7150}} ==== Obedience and Dissent ==== The Prophet strictly commanded Muslims to maintain community solidarity and to bear the shortcomings or tyranny of rulers patiently rather than causing fragmentation or rebellion.<ref name=Usul>Usul al-Iman: Fundamental Principles of Faith in the Light of Quran and Sunnah, Authors: A group of scholars from Islamic University of Madinah, Translation: Mohammad Manzure Elahi, Abu Bakr Muhammad Zakaria, Publisher: Sabuj Patra, pp. 341–347</ref> {{quote|Narrated Anas ibn Malik: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Listen and obey, even if an Ethiopian slave whose head is like a raisin is appointed as your ruler."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 7142}} {{quote|Narrated Irbad ibn Sariyah: ...The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "I enjoin you to fear Allah, and to listen and obey, even if your leader is an Ethiopian slave. Whosoever among you survives me will witness immense conflict. In such a situation, it is incumbent upon you to hold fast to my Sunnah and the Sunnah of the Rightly Guided Caliphs..."|Mishkat al-Masabih, 165; Abu Dawud, 4607; At-Tirmidhi, 2676}} {{quote|Narrated Ibn Umar: Umar delivered a sermon to us at Al-Jabiyah and said: "O people, I stand before you just as the Messenger of Allah stood before us... It is incumbent upon you to stick to the Muslim community (Jama'at) and beware of division. Satan remains with a solitary person, but he is further away from two people. Whoever desires the best part of Paradise must adhere to the community..."|Sunan At-Tirmidhi, 2165}} {{quote|Narrated Ibn Abbas: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "The hand of Allah is over the community (Jama'at)."|Sunan At-Tirmidhi, 2166}} {{quote|Narrated Ibn Abbas: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "Whoever sees something from his ruler that he dislikes, he should be patient. For whoever separates from the community even by a handspan and dies, his death will be that of the days of ignorance (Jahiliyyah)."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 7053}} {{quote|Narrated Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman: ...I asked, "What do you command me to do, O Messenger of Allah, if I encounter such a situation (corrupt leaders)?" He replied: "Listen to and obey the Amir, even if your back is beaten and your wealth is confiscated; listen and obey."|Sahih Muslim, 4679}} The mandate to obey rulers applies exclusively to lawful directives ([[Halal]]). Obedience is strictly prohibited if a ruler orders a sin ([[Haram]]).<ref name=Usul/><ref>{{cite web |title=Ruling on Pledging Allegiance (Bay'ah) in Islam |url=https://ikhlasbd.com/article_details/9010 |website=Monthly Al-Ikhlas |publisher=Monthly Al-Ikhlas |access-date=5 October 2022 |date=September 2021}}</ref> {{quote|Narrated Abdullah: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "Hearing and obeying is mandatory upon every Muslim regarding what he likes or dislikes, as long as he is not commanded to commit a sin. If he is commanded to commit a sin, there is no hearing and no obeying."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 7144; Sahih Muslim, 1839}} {{quote|Narrated Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Rabb al-Ka'bah: ...I asked Abdullah ibn Amr... He replied: "Obey him (the ruler) in matters of obedience to Allah, and disobey him in matters of disobedience to Allah."|Sahih Muslim, 4670}} ==== Advising the leader privately ==== The Sunnah mandates that counseling or correcting a ruler should be performed privately rather than through public agitation.<ref name=Usul/> {{quote|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Allah is pleased with three things for you... that you worship Him alone... hold fast together to the rope of Allah and do not be divided, and that you sincerely advise those whom Allah has placed in authority over your affairs."<ref name=Usul/><ref group="Note">The bracketed text regarding advising rulers is found in authentic classical extractions used in theology manuals like *Usul al-Iman*.</ref>|Sahih Muslim, 1715}} {{quote|Narrated Iyad ibn Ghanam: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Whoever intends to advise someone in authority should not do so openly. Rather, he should take him by his hand and counsel him in private. If the ruler accepts it, it is well; if he does not, the adviser has fulfilled his obligation."|Musnad Ahmad, 15333; Ibn Abi Asim, Al-Sunnah, 2/50<ref name=Usul/><ref group=Note>This tradition is verified as authentic according to classical Hadith methodologies utilized by Salafi scholars.</ref>}} Proclaiming the truth in front of a tyrannical ruler is classified as the best form of Jihad. {{quote|Narrated Abu Umamah: A man asked the Prophet during the Farewell Pilgrimage, "Which Jihad is best?" ...The Prophet replied: "The best Jihad is a word of truth spoken in front of an oppressive ruler."|Musnad Ahmad, 18830; Ibn Majah, 4012; graded Sahih by Al-Albani}} Salafi theologians reconcile these narrations by clarifying that speaking truth to a ruler must occur face-to-face in his presence, and that launching public, mass criticisms or public denunciations against rulers remains impermissible.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Madani |first1=Motiur Rahman |title=Speaking the truth before an oppressive ruler: Public criticism explained |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=5kyKznMobuI |website=YouTube |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=7 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Zakaria |first1=Abu Bakr Muhammad |title=Is rebelling against rulers permissible? |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=joxJHjOjLcY |website=YouTube |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=12 April 2020}}</ref> ==== Criteria for legitimacy of leadership ==== In his book *Jihadism in the Name of Islam*, [[Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir]] notes that traditions forbid armed rebellion against rulers as long as they establish regular prayers or permit public prayer. {{quote|Narrated Umm Salamah: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Rulers will be appointed over you whose good deeds you will recognize and whose bad deeds you will dislike... They asked, 'Should we not fight them?' He replied, 'No, as long as they offer prayers.'"|Sahih Muslim, 4694}} Motiur Rahman Madani states that rebellion against a ruler becomes legitimate only when the ruler commits manifest, indisputable disbelief (Kufr Bawah) and completely bans public prayer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Madani |first1=Motiur Rahman |title=When is it permissible to protest against a Muslim ruler? |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=YNnQ8PJGw8Q |website=YouTube |location=Dammam Islamic Center, Saudi Arabia |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=31 December 2017}}</ref> Fahad bin Salih al-Ajlan, referencing Qadi Iyad and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, explains that if a ruler falls into apostasy or clear disbelief, allegiance is voided. If the Muslim community has the physical capability, they may remove him. However, if they lack the capability, they must temporarily endure his rule to prevent mass chaos, dealing with him on a realistic basis without granting legal religious legitimacy to his authority.<ref>Al-Muharrar fi al-Siyasah al-Shar'iyah, p. 306</ref> {{quote|Narrated Junadah ibn Abu Umayyah: We visited Ubadah ibn al-Samit when he was ill... He said: "The Prophet called us and we took the oath of allegiance. Among the conditions he textually bound us to was: to listen and obey both in pleasure and displeasure, in hardship and ease, and even when others are preferred over us, and that we would not dispute the authority of those fitted for it, unless you witness open, manifest disbelief (Kufr Bawah) concerning which you possess clear proof from Allah."|Sahih Muslim, 4665; Sahih al-Bukhari, 7056}} ==== Tribalism and Nepotism ==== Hadiths strictly condemn and forbid tribalism or partisan nepotism ([[Asabiyyah]]). {{quote|Narrated Junandab ibn Abdullah al-Bajali: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Whoever fights under a banner of blindness, advocating partisan fanatical tribalism (asabiyyah) or assisting tribalism, dies a death of the days of ignorance (Jahiliyyah)."|Sahih Muslim, 4686}} {{quote|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Allah has removed from you the pride of Jahiliyyah and its boasting about ancestors. One is only a God-fearing believer or a miserable sinner. You are all children of Adam, and Adam was made of dust. People must cease boasting about nations..."|Abu Dawud, 5116; At-Tirmidhi, 4233: Hasan}} When faced with blatant nepotism or favoritism from rulers, the Prophet instructed citizens to avoid creating chaos, to fulfill their civic duties, and to supplicate to Allah for their rights. {{quote|Narrated Abdullah: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "In the near future, you will witness nepotism, selfishness, and matters that you will dislike." The companions asked, "O Messenger of Allah, what do you command us to do then?" He replied: "Render to them their due rights, and ask Allah for your own rights."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 7052; Sahih Muslim, 1843}} ==== Rise of oppressive rulers due to public corruption ==== {{quote|Narrated Abdullah ibn Umar: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) turned to us and said: "O Muhajirun! There are five trials with which you will be tested... When a nation breaks its covenant with Allah and His Messenger, Allah permits their foreign enemies to dominate them and seize their resources. And when their leaders do not govern according to the Book of Allah and do not select from what Allah has revealed, Allah causes severe internal conflicts and civil warfare to break out among them."<ref group=Note>Narrated by Ibn Majah. Evaluated as Hasan by Al-Albani.</ref>|Sunan Ibn Majah, 4019}} ==== Refraining from internal strife (Fitnah) ==== Bangladeshi Islamic scholar Saifullah Madani emphasizes that during complex civil conflicts where the situation is ambiguous and participating would lead to extensive Muslim bloodshed, authentic Prophetic guidelines mandate complete isolation and refraining from joining any faction.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Madani |first1=Muhammad Saifullah |title=The Manhaj of the Salaf regarding internal tribulations (Part 27) |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=TwvOFArhtbQ |website=YouTube |publisher=Dawatus Sunnah (DS) Islamic Center Official YouTube Page |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=16 December 2024}}</ref> {{quote|Narrated Abu Musa al-Ash'ari: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "During tribulations (Fitnah), a person's safety lies in remaining inside his house."|Al-Daylami, Sahih al-Jami', 3649}} {{quote|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "There will be tribulations during which a sitting person will be better than a standing one, a standing person will be better than a walking one, and a walking person will be better than a running one. Whoever exposes himself to them will be destroyed. So whoever finds a place of refuge or shelter should take asylum in it."|Sahih Muslim, 7429}} [[Hasan al-Basri]] used to counsel: "If people faced the oppression of their rulers by turning to Allah in prayer, Allah would surely grant them relief. However, they rushed to their swords instead, and consequently, they were left entirely to their swords and never saw a single day of true good." He would then recite verse 137 of Surah Al-A'raf: "And the good word of your Lord was fulfilled for the Children of Israel because they had been patient. And We destroyed what Pharaoh and his people were making and what they had built."<ref>Tafsir Ibn Abi Hatim, 8897</ref> == In Islamic jurisprudence == In his book ''Al-Siyasah al-Shar'iyah'', [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] states that enduring sixty years under an oppressive ruler is far better than spending a single night without a leader or ruler. In his work ''Darus al-Sheikh al-Albani'', [[Nasiruddin al-Albani]] remarks, "O Muslims, refraining from politics is itself a part of politics" (Arabic: أيّها المتأسلمون: من السياسة ترك السياسة, ''Min as-siyasah tarku al-siyasah''). In that text, he elaborates: {{quote|Question: The initial question posed to us concerns a criticized matter. May Allah reward you well, as you have undertaken the intellectually demanding task of providing your perspective on many of the criticized aspects of [[Tablighi Jamaat]]. However, there are further criticisms relating to other viewpoints that we wish to clarify—initially in brief, and subsequently in detail, may Allah have mercy on you. The questioner asks: "What do you say regarding a core tenet of Tablighi Jamaat, wherein they state: 'When we go out (for dawah work), we refrain from discussing four specific topics to prevent fitnah (discord). These are: politics, jurisprudence (fiqh), jurisprudential disagreements (ikhitlaf), and partisan/sectarian differences'?" Answer: And we pray to Allah that He guides them! Initially, we agree with them regarding the matter of politics, but not in its entirety. Our view on this is something I have articulated on multiple occasions. We faced interrogation in Syria by the intelligence agencies—an unfortunate reality across almost every Muslim nation—questioning us: "You are organizing gatherings, forming groups, and so on." I replied: "This group is dedicated to reformation, not politics." After a prolonged discussion lasting over an hour, when the Ba'athist interrogator found no viable legal grounds to proceed, he said: "Then go, continue giving your lessons (darz), but do not discuss politics." Even though I had explained to him that we call toward self-reformation through returning to the Quran and the Sunnah—as you have consistently heard throughout your life—and had detailed this prior, he still returned to the same statement: "But do not involve yourselves in politics." This compels me to clarify certain matters for you. It is true that we do not engage in politics. However, stating that involvement in politics is not a part of Islam is incorrect. Politics is inherently a part of Islam, and several Islamic scholars are well-acquainted with Ibn Taymiyyah's book ''Al-Siyasah al-Shar'iyah, Qadiman wa Hadithan'' (The Canonical Treatise on Governance, Past and Present). An Islamic state cannot exist outside the realm of politics. What does the word politics (Siyasah) truly signify? It means: the policy or governance of the people (Siyasatun Nas) and establishing solutions to their problems in accordance with their worldly and spiritual interests. We do not deny the necessity of engaging in politics; however, we have observed—and we possess supporting evidence for this—that refraining from politics is itself a part of politics. Political engagement must be temporary or provisional; it cannot be abandoned permanently, for how else could a Muslim state be established without politics? Nevertheless, those who engage in politics must be religious scholars (Ulema) who possess a proper understanding of the Book (Quran) and the Sunnah according to the comprehension of the Pious Predecessors (Salaf al-Salih). Therefore, we initially agree with them (Tablighi Jamaat) on this general premise, but we diverge when it comes to the specific details. Thus, we maintain: refraining from politics is itself a part of politics.}} The [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and aligned Islamist factions strongly oppose Al-Albani's viewpoint, arguing that his stance effectively separates religion from politics. Conversely, Al-Albani's adherents counter this criticism by clarifying that the "politics" he condemned refers to corrupt, competitive political structures driven by a thirst for power, prestige, and wealth under the guise of Islam. Emphasizing the methods for building an Islamic society, Al-Albani highlighted the paramount importance of *Tasfiyah* (purification of creed) and *Tarbiyah* (education and cultivation), stating: {{quote|The current situation of Muslims is that they live under the subjugation of disbelieving nations superior in material strength, and are oppressed by rulers who do not govern by Allah's law, or do so only minutely. Consequently, despite having potential and capability, they are deprived of operating organizational and political movements. In this scenario, I believe Muslim groups must focus exclusively on two vital imperatives. I do not believe there is any other way for Muslims to escape this weakness, humiliation, and disgrace. I say to all believing Muslim brothers and sisters, especially the conscious and committed youth: first, we must recognize the tragic reality of Muslims, and second, we must seek the path of liberation with all our strength. Millions of Muslims today are Muslim merely by geographical reality or identity—meaning they are Muslim according to their nationality, ID cards, and birth certificates. I will say nothing to them today. I repeat to everyone that there are only two paths of liberation open to those seeking freedom: (1) ''Tasfiyah'' or the correction of Akidah (creed), and (2) ''Tarbiyat'' or practical training and cultivation. Tasfiyah means presenting pure Islam to the Muslim youth, entirely stripped of false creeds, superstitions, innovations (Bid'ah), and fabricated or weak Hadiths that have crept in over time. Without implementing this creedal reform, no alternative path exists. Without this reform, there is no way to restore the desired peace and security among Muslims. The purpose of this 'Tasfiyah' is to present Islam as the sole remedy, just as it once cured the Arabs who were humiliated and oppressed by the Persians, Romans, and Abyssinians on one hand, while worshipping others alongside Allah on the other. From this standpoint, we oppose all Islamist factions and political groups, believing that Tasfiyah and Tarbiyat must commence simultaneously. If we begin with politics, we will find that those currently immersed in politics possess corrupted creeds, and their behavior from an Islamic perspective is largely non-compliant with the Sharia. They are merely preoccupied with amassing crowds in the general name of Islam, yet those masses lack any clear conception of their goals and ideology. Consequently, no Islamic influence is visible in their daily lives. It will be observed that most of them do not implement Islamic injunctions within their own personal lives, which would have been easily possible for them. Yet, at the same time, they loudly chant the slogan: 'No rule except by Allah's law!' The statement is correct—indeed, no rule should exist except what Allah has revealed. However, it must be remembered that: 'He who lacks something cannot give it to others.' If the majority of contemporary Muslims seek a militant struggle to establish Islam in the state without first establishing Allah's law within their own lives, they will never succeed in fulfilling their objectives. For if someone has lost something themselves, they cannot pass it on to others. And those rulers are, after all, part of this Ummah. Therefore, both the rulers and the ruled must understand the root causes of this weakness. Why are Muslim rulers mostly failing to govern by Islamic law? Why do Muslim callers (Da'is) fail to implement Islamic mandates in their personal lives before calling upon others to establish Islam in the state? The answer is uniform: either none of them possess correct knowledge and understanding of Islam beyond a superficial level, or they have failed to build their lifestyles, characters, and mutual transactions upon Islamic values. Based on my experience, I can affirm that they are mired in a profound error—namely, being cast far away from the correct understanding of the Deen. Today, some callers even remark that the Salafis have spent their entire lives merely preaching Tawhid (monotheism). Subhanallah! How deeply ignorant is the person who utters such words out of lack of knowledge. Even if he is not genuinely negligent, he lacks an understanding of the message of all the Prophets and Messengers. For the call of every Prophet was: 'Worship Allah and avoid Taghut (false deities)' (Surah An-Nahl 16:36). Noah (A.S.) spent 950 years preaching nothing but this core message. He did not introduce new social reforms, enact legislation, or engage in state politics; rather, he simply proclaimed: 'O my people! Worship Allah alone and avoid Taghut.' This was the exact methodology of the preceding Salaf Prophets! How then can these contemporary Muslim callers sink so low as to condemn the Salafis for pursuing that very same methodology? The second remedy is Tarbiyat or training. The youth must be trained in such a manner that they do not become infatuated with the world like their predecessors. The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: 'By Allah, it is not poverty that I fear for you. Rather, I fear that the wealth of the world will be spread before you as it was spread before those before you, and you will compete for it as they competed for it, and it will destroy you just as it destroyed them' (Bukhari, Muslim). Muslims must also guard against another ailment so it finds no place in their hearts: the love of the world and the fear of death (Abu Dawud). This is a disease that must be treated, and protecting people from it is imperative. The Prophet provided the solution at the end of a Hadith: '...until you return to your religion' (Abu Dawud). That is, the path to liberation manifests by returning to the pure religion upon which the Messenger (peace be upon him) and his Companions remained steadfast. Allah the Almighty states: 'If you support Allah, He will support you' (Surah Muhammad 47:7). Exegetes agree that supporting Allah in this verse means acting according to His commands and laws. Thus, if supporting Allah is impossible without implementing His laws, how can we engage in actual Jihad when we are failing to support Allah? For just as our creed is impure, our morality is similarly on the brink of ruin. Therefore, prior to initiating physical Jihad, our mandatory primary strategy must be declaring war against this negligence, apathy, and internal discord, alongside striving to attain pure creed and self-purification. Allah says: 'And do not dispute and lose courage, lest your strength depart' (Surah Al-Anfal 8:46). Consequently, when we succeed in ending this internal friction and negligence, replacing it with an awakening of mutual unity and love, that will become the primary key to our worldly strength. Allah states: 'And prepare against them whatever you are able of power and of steeds of war' (Surah Al-Anfal 8:60). In terms of character, the condition of Muslims is disastrous and deeply misguided. Therefore, a statement by a prominent non-Salafi Muslim caller (Qazi Hassan Huzaymi) astonished me, even though his followers do not act upon it. He said: 'Establish the Islamic state within your hearts, and it will be established for you upon your land.' Most callers err when they neglect this core principle of ours. They commit the same error when they claim: 'Now is not the time for Tasfiyah and Tarbiyah; rather, it is the time for political alignment and mass mobilization.' Yet, how is unity achievable under these conditions when discord prevails over both fundamental and secondary principles?... This weakness is expanding heavily among Muslims today. The sole path of liberation, as I stated before, is to return properly to pure Islam and implement the principles of Tasfiyah and Tarbiyah across society. I hope this suffices. All praise belongs to Allah, Lord of the Worlds.}} In his book ''Hadither Name Jaliati'' (Fabrications in the Name of Hadith), [[Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir]] observes: {{quote|One form of lying in the name of Hadith is failing to provide a literal translation and instead integrating one's own biases or omitting portions during translation. Alternatively, making the commentary or explanation of what the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said appear as an integral part of the Hadith itself. In our society, almost all of us are complicit in this offense. Whether regarding self-purification, spiritual discipleship (pir-muridi), dawah-tabligh, or politics, people of every group and ideology present arguments from the Quran and Hadith to support their contentious issues. Presenting such evidence is a completely natural action and a demand of faith. However, we typically present our own interpretations as though they came directly from the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). For instance, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) governed a state, but he did not engage in 'party politics' in the contemporary sense—meaning he did not establish a system for changing power via democratic voting. Today, many scholars participate in democratic 'politics'. This is adopted as a contemporary method for commanding right, forbidding wrong, or establishing the religion (Iqamat ad-Din). However, if we state that 'the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) engaged in politics,' the listener or reader will interpret 'politics' in its contemporary sense, i.e., contesting for power through voting. Since he did not engage in this type of politics, stating it in this manner constitutes lying in his name. Therefore, we ought to separate what he explicitly did and said from what we are interpreting. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ propagated the faith throughout his entire life. For the sake of religion, he and many of his Sahaba permanently left their homes and made 'Hijrah' (emigration). However, he never set out for dawah journeys by fixing specific timeframes such as a 1 or 2-month tour. In the contemporary context, many who do not perform Hijrah still travel to various places for short periods to carry out dawah work. But if we justify this action by stating that 'the Messenger of Allah ﷺ used to go out for dawah,' the reader or listener will assume it means 'going out for a predetermined timeframe.' Since he never conducted dawah work in this specific format, attributing it to him would be a falsehood.}} Regarding the relationship between Sufis and Salafis (Wahhabis), their political philosophies, and the manipulation or misinterpretation of these concepts in the Western world, [[Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir]] writes in his book ''Islamer Name Jongibad'' (Terrorism in the Name of Islam): {{quote|Many researchers cite 'Wahhabism' as the root cause of terrorism. The doctrines preached by the religious leader of Saudi Arabia, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792 CE), are termed 'Wahhabi' doctrines. He protested against grave worship, prostrating to graves, tying threads to graves or trees, making vows to them, and other superstitions, Shirk, and Bid'ah prevalent in Arabia at the time. His discourse was not limited to mere protest; furthermore, he labeled his opponents as polytheists (Mushrikun). In 1745 CE, Emir Muhammad ibn Saud (d. 1765), the ruler of the small village-state of Diriyah located near the modern Saudi capital of Riyadh, allied with him. Their followers considered their opponents as polytheists and initiated military campaigns against them. By 1804, most of the Arabian Peninsula, including Mecca and the Hejaz, came under Saudi-Wahhabi control. The Ottoman Caliphate of the time viewed this new principality as highly detrimental to its hegemony and leadership. This was because the spiritual centers of Islam, Mecca and Medina, fell out of their custody, while the rise of an independent kingdom in mainland Arabia threatened the exclusive leadership of the Turks in the Muslim world. Consequently, the Ottoman Caliph propagated edicts through court scholars characterizing the Wahhabis as heretics, apostates, and major enemies of Islam. Vigorous propaganda campaigns were launched throughout the Muslim world to prevent anyone from viewing this new state as a successor to the Islamic Caliphate. Alongside this, he directed Muhammad Ali, the ruler of Ottoman-controlled Egypt, to launch military campaigns against the Wahhabis. Under the onslaught of the Egyptian forces, the Saudi state collapsed in 1818. Subsequently, descendants of the Saudi royal house repeatedly attempted to reclaim their realm. Finally, Abdulaziz ibn Abdul Rahman Al Saud (1879–1953) established modern 'Saudi Arabia' through a prolonged series of military conflicts from 1901 to 1924 CE. Since the 18th century, whenever a reformist call or movement arose anywhere in the Muslim world, Saudi 'Wahhabis' claimed it was inspired by the ideals of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Conversely, through Ottoman propaganda, the term 'Wahhabi' became a highly pejorative term in Muslim society, reviled more than other deviant sects. Consequently, the British colonial government labeled anti-British religious scholars as Wahhabis so that they would lose acceptability among ordinary Muslims. Additionally, various religious factions within Muslim society utilized the term 'Wahhabi' extensively to condemn one another. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab's contemporary Indian Muslim reformist was Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762 CE). Early in his preaching career, he traveled to Mecca in 1731 CE and remained there for three years. Upon returning home, he contributed significantly to the spread of Islamic education in India. He also vehemently criticized and protested against grave worship, saint worship, making vows to graves, seeking deliverance from distress from grave-dwellers or living spiritual masters (pirs/walis), and other forms of Shirk, Bid'ah, superstition, and sectarian extremism. For this reason, some have attempted to label him as a 'Wahhabi'. However, the first organized and well-known 'Wahhabi' leader in India was Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi (1786–1831 CE), a prominent student of Shah Waliullah's son, Shah Abdul Aziz (1746–1824 CE). He preached across India against shrines, dargahs, individual worship, making vows and offerings in the name of deceased individuals, and various other forms of Shirk, Bid'ah, and superstition. Furthermore, he declared war against British hegemony. In 1821 CE, he traveled for Hajj, returning to India after staying there for nearly three years. In 1826 CE, he performed 'Hijrah' from British India to the Northwest Frontier Province, where he announced the establishment of an 'Islamic State' and became its head. Under his leadership, Muslims from various regions of India assembled there and declared Jihad against the British and the Sikhs. Following several battles, his forces were defeated at the Battle of Balakot in 1831 CE, where he achieved martyrdom. For the next nearly 30 years, followers of Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi continued various forms of isolated Jihad and resistance against the British. In 1803–1804, the 'Wahhabis' captured Mecca and Medina and demolished the ancient grave-centric mausoleums there, causing widespread resentment among ordinary Muslims. The followers of Shah Waliullah Muhaddith Dehlawi protested against Shirk, Kufr, Bid'ah, and superstition in the exact same manner as the 'Wahhabis'. Thus, there was an external similarity between their views and those of the 'Wahhabis'. In 1823 CE, Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi visited Mecca for Hajj. The British rulers strategically propagated that: 'Those who are preaching to you in the name of independence are actually enemies of Islam and a group that insults the Prophet and the Companions. Their name is Wahhabi, and they have shown audacity by destroying the graves of your beloved Prophet's descendants... and Sayyid Ahmad has been appointed as their agent. Since they are all Wahhabis, they also want to destroy the graves of your revered spiritual guides and ancestors...' Through this, the British government implied that they held no animosity toward true Islam, which they claimed to love. They claimed they were merely suppressing and punishing the deviant Wahhabi sect. Therefore, ordinary 'good' Muslims had no reason to be upset or aggrieved. Several reformist movements emerged in India from the disciples of Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi. Among his disciples, many rejected the restriction of adhering to a specific Madhhab and called themselves 'Ahle Hadith'. Another disciple, Maulana Karamat Ali Jaunpuri, founded a reformist stream. The Pir of Furfura, Maulana Abu Bakr Siddique, was also a follower and grand-disciple of Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi. Deobandi scholars likewise received education from his lineage of disciples. All of them were labeled by their opponents and the colonial government as 'Wahhabis', 'colored Wahhabis', or 'disguised Wahhabis'. Other contemporary reformists include Mir Nisar Ali, widely known as Titu Mir (1782–1831), a direct disciple of Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi, and Haji Shariatullah (1781–1840). They were also labeled as Wahhabis, and their resistance movements were termed Wahhabi movements. To illustrate the use of the term 'Wahhabi', consider the example of Titu Mir. Born in the 24 Parganas district of Bengal in 1782 CE, he met Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi in Mecca during Hajj in 1823 and became his spiritual disciple. Upon returning home, he propagated pure Islamic teachings among the people of his locality. Although he spoke against British rule, he never opposed the Hindu religion, its followers, or Hindu landlords. However, as his teachings increased religious practice among ordinary Muslims, local Hindu landlords grew resentful. They informed ordinary Muslim tenants that they loved true Islam but sought to suppress the Wahhabi doctrine. They argued that for generations, Muslims had kept names similar to Hindus, shaved their beards, kept long mustaches, refrained from building mosques, and did not slaughter cows. They claimed Titu Mir was encouraging people to keep beards, trim mustaches, adopt Islamic names, build mosques in Muslim villages, and slaughter cows in the name of Qurbani according to Wahhabi doctrine, thereby ruining Hindu-Muslim harmony. Consequently, suppressing the Wahhabi doctrine was deemed paramount. They claimed that 'good' Muslims had no reason to be angry. For this reason, Ramnarayan Babu of Taragunia, Krishnadeva Roy of Purha, Gaurprasad Chowdhury of Nagarpur, and other prominent landlords collectively issued a notice containing 5 directives: '(1) Anyone who accepts the discipleship of Titu Mir and becomes a Wahhabi, keeps a beard, and trims his mustache must pay a tax of two and a half rupees per beard and five quarters of a rupee per mustache. (2) If a mosque is constructed, a tribute of five hundred rupees for a temporary mosque and one thousand rupees for a permanent mosque must be paid to the landlord's estate. (3) If anyone changes the name given by parents or relatives to adopt an Arabic name according to Wahhabi doctrine, a registration fee of fifty rupees per name must be deposited with the landlord's estate. (4) If a cow is slaughtered, the right hand of the slaughterer will be severed so that he can never slaughter a cow again. (5) Anyone who shelters the Wahhabi Titu Mir in their home will be evicted from their homestead.' In essence, due to the extensive propaganda of the Ottoman Caliphate and the British government, this bifurcation between 'true Islam' and 'Wahhabi Islam' has acquired a universal status among Western researchers. Wherever a reform movement, independence struggle, effort to establish an Islamic social or state system, or anti-colonial, anti-imperialist, or anti-Western movement involves practicing Muslims, scholars, religious figures, or spiritual masters, there is an attempt to label it as 'Wahhabi'. In this division between Wahhabi Islam and true Islam, many Western researchers identify true Islam as 'Sufi Islam'. In their view, Sufi Islam is non-sectarian, apolitical, and liberal. As evidence, they cite that in countless Sufi shrines across Asia, Africa, Europe, and America, people of all religions and races, regardless of gender, gather together, participating in Dhikr, litanies, Sama-Qawwali, and receiving blessings and sacred food. These shrines focus on self-purification and spirituality, completely avoiding discussions on politics and state affairs. Looking at our country and others, we observe two distinct levels of Sufi Islam. We see that many Muslims, in the name of Tasawwuf and Sufism, view spiritual masters (pirs) as incarnations of God or as possessing exclusive divine relationships or powers; they prostrate to them and their tombs, view the fulfillment of Sharia mandates like Salah and Sawm as optional, and consider music and dance as vital aspects of Sufi Islam. They claim to be the true Sufis and true Sunnis. Those who object to prostrating to pirs or graves, music, smoking, or emphasize the obligation of practicing the Sharia are severely condemned by this tier of Sufis as 'Wahhabis' and 'enemies of the saints (walis)'. Some even view the consumption of tobacco or cannabis as a core identity of Sunni and Sufi Islam, condemning opponents of smoking as Wahhabis. Many other Muslims strongly condemn prostrating to pirs or graves and music, viewing Sharia adherence as the core of Sufi Islam, and alongside practicing the Sharia, they learn and practice Tariqat from spiritual guides. According to the first tier of Sufis and mystics, these individuals are Wahhabis and enemies of Sufi Islam. However, they claim to be the true Sufis and Sunnis, viewing the first tier as deviant. Disagreements exist within this second tier of Tasawwuf practitioners regarding various matters such as Urs, Isale Sawab, Miladunnabi, Siratunnabi, and methods of Dhikr. Based on these disagreements, one faction condemns another as Wahhabis, enemies of the Prophet, or enemies of the saints, while claiming exclusivity as true Sunnis and Sufis, even though all believe in pir-muridi, Tasawwuf, and follow various spiritual orders. Western Christians naturally favor the first tier of Sufi Islam and its followers because their outlook aligns closely with Western sensibilities. They visit these Sufi gatherings, shrines, and lodges in Europe, America, and elsewhere, participating in music and spiritual practices. These Sufis receive them with immense warmth. Naturally, Western powers desire the expansion of this specific form of Sufi Islam across all Muslim countries, believing its expansion ensures peace and coexistence among all religions and the irreligious. Imperialist powers interested in spreading hegemony over Islamic countries under the guise of the 'Clash of Civilizations' initially took a blanket stance against Islam. However, observing that this increased resistance against them, they sought to divide Muslims, drawing some to their side while opposing others. Initially, they divided Muslims into 'liberals' and 'fundamentalists' or extremists. This division failed to gain much traction in Muslim nations. Consequently, over the past few years, they have attempted to market a new division: Sufi Islam versus Wahhabi Islam. They are well aware of the influence of Sufis in Muslim countries and the disdain ordinary Muslims hold toward the word 'Wahhabi'. Just as the British government and Hindu landlords largely succeeded in rendering Sayyid Ahmad, Titu Mir, Shariatullah, and all religious reform and anti-imperialist movements odious to ordinary Muslims by framing them as 'Wahhabis', contemporary powers attempt to frame all Islamic activities and personalities conflicting with their interests as 'Wahhabi'. If they can stoke Sunni-Wahhabi or Sufi-Wahhabi debates and conflicts, it will undoubtedly disrupt and impede Islamic dawah, educational expansion, protests against obscenity and narcotics, and the rise of scholars or Islamists in governance. They essentially view the first tier of Sufis as representative of Sufi Islam, recognizing that the second tier can produce figures like Shah Waliullah, Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi, Titu Mir, and Haji Shariatullah, whose empowerment does not serve Western interests. They believe that the rise of the first tier of Sufis can uproot terrorism from the Muslim psyche, protecting the world from terrorism, fundamentalism, and religious conflict while ensuring peaceful coexistence. Furthermore, they believe its establishment can bring the world's two major religions, Christianity and Islam, incredibly close. In reality, both the first tier of Sufis and Western leaders believe that the second tier of Sufis are 'actual Wahhabis' or 'disguised Wahhabis', knowing their interests are unsafe in their hands. However, they are conscious of the influence of the second tier of Sufis in Muslim nations. Therefore, under the banner of 'Sufi Islam' and under the leadership and influence of the first tier, they are encouraging both tiers of Sufis to unite and speak out against the 'Wahhabis'. They imply that those demanding the establishment of an Islamic society, state, judiciary, and financial system are merely agents of the shrine-destroying Saudi Wahhabis. They warn that if these groups gain power, they too will destroy spiritual masters and tombs, urging unity to resist them. It is certain that ordinary Muslims, scholars, and spiritual masters will be influenced by this propaganda. Furthermore, they believe that by expanding Wahhabi-Sunni debates and strife under this pretext, it will be possible to prevent Muslims from uniting against imperialism, aggression, or in favor of propagating Islamic values. In essence, just as the name 'Islam' has been heavily misused to commit anti-Islamic acts, the word 'Sufi' has similarly faced widespread misuse. Many un-Islamic acts have occurred under the names of Tasawwuf, Sufi, pir, dervish, and wali. However, reviewing the lives and works of universally recognized Sufi ascetics reveals that they were all highly conscious of society, state, and politics, playing an immeasurable role in social transformation. Almost all Sufi orders trace their lineages back to Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (R.A.) and Ali (R.A.), who were pioneers of the Muslim Ummah in fighting against those refusing Zakat, apostates, and religious deviants. Hasan al-Basri, Ibrahim ibn Adham, Junayd al-Baghdadi, Abdul Qadir Jilani, Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, Mujaddid-i Alf-i Thani, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi, Imdadullah Muhajir Makki, Karamat Ali Jaunpuri, Abu Bakr Siddique Furfuravi (Rahimahumullah), and all other celebrated Sufi saints spoke regarding society, state, and politics alongside self-purification and spirituality; they protested against the injustices of rulers, faced imprisonment, or attained martyrdom. Their methodology differed from modern political activities in that they sought to reform those in power rather than seeking power for themselves. They did not strive for political authority; instead, they counseled rulers, protested against wrongs, encouraged righteousness, offered cooperation, raised public awareness, participated in national resistance against imperialism, colonial rule, and hegemony, and supported or encouraged any individual or party they deemed relatively better. Their methodology differed from modern 'terrorist' activities or extremism in that they protested against injustice but refrained from taking punitive action or applying force themselves. They protested and advised, encouraging those in authority and others to suppress and control injustice, but they never used force themselves in the name of suppressing evil, did not violate the law, did not take the law into their own hands, and vehemently opposed breaking the law. Thus, we see that genuine Sufis were never detached from society or politics. There is no historical basis for characterizing 'Sufi Islam' as detached from society, state, and the world, or for framing all reform movements as 'Wahhabi'. Alleged 'Islamic terrorism' or militancy is rumored to be led by Saudi-born figures like Osama bin Laden. It is claimed that various individuals and organizations in Saudi Arabia finance them. In the subcontinent, the involvement of a few individuals educated in Ahle Hadith and Deobandi-style Qawmi madrasas is occasionally reported. Furthermore, opposition to graves and shrines is observable among them. Consequently, many researchers believe the expansion of Wahhabi doctrine causes the rise of contemporary terrorism. However, it is notable that Osama bin Laden's movement originated through opposition to the Saudi-Wahhabi state. His followers oppose the monarchy there, the presence of US troops, and corruption, continuing destructive activities against the Saudi state and its citizens. Additionally, all Saudi scholars, including descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, are highly vocal against bin Laden's movement and activities. Above all, labeling reform or resistance movements in various countries as 'Wahhabi' lacks any foundation. In reality, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and his ideology received disproportionate importance and status due to the propaganda of the Ottoman Caliphate and the opportunism of the British government. The Wahhabi movement was fundamentally a regional issue—a mixture of good and bad, much like the reformist, resistance, and religiously centered socio-political movements in other Muslim countries. Muslims in other countries developed similar movements based on their environments and needs. Since the Wahhabis and Muslims of other nations drew their viewpoints from the identical sources—namely the Quran, Hadith, Islamic jurisprudence, and Islamic history—it is completely natural for similarities to exist in their views and actions. There is no reason to attribute all credit to Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Bin Laden's ideology expanded in Afghanistan and Iraq, yet both nations are intensely anti-Wahhabi. The majority of the Muslim population in Afghanistan strictly adheres to the Hanafi Madhhab, is devoted to spiritual masters, and opposes Wahhabis. In Iraq, during the lengthy regime of Saddam Hussein, Wahhabi or any other reformist scholars and ideologies were harshly eradicated; stringency was avoided exclusively regarding Sufis. Despite this, the expansion of militancy in these two nations indicates that the causes of terrorism lie elsewhere. We have previously observed that labeling an entire race, religion, or tribe as the cause or driving force behind 'terrorism' is incorrect, blocking the path to eradicating terrorism, as an entire community cannot be collectively judged. The primary hazard of blaming terrorism on 'Wahhabi doctrine' is losing the path to a solution. Linking terrorism to Saudi Wahhabis is difficult because terrorism is directed against them, and no one in any other country accepts the label of being a Wahhabi; rather, almost every religious group is labeled 'Wahhabi' by its opponents. Each group claims they formed their views and factions directly based on the Quran, Hadith, Fiqh, and preceding Imams, denying adherence to any unique views of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Even the scholars of Saudi Arabia never accept the designation of being Wahhabis; they view Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab as a reformer and claim and prove that all his views were derived from the Quran, Sunnah, and preceding Imams.}} In his book ''Proshnottore Romjan o Eid'' (Ramadan and Eid in Q&A), Nurul Islam notes: {{quote|(Among the actions that nullify one's faith is...) separating religion from state affairs, and asserting that there is no politics in Islam. Such conceptions and remarks falsify the life-ideals of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ).}} In his book ''Somaj Songoskare Sothik Akidar Gurutto'' (The Importance of Correct Creed in Social Reform), Manzur Elahi discusses "The Necessity of Social Reform and the Role and Importance of Correct Islamic [[Aqidah]] (Creed)": {{quote|Human beings live in societies to fulfill all the needs of personal life. The primary goal of forming any society is ensuring the overall welfare and peaceful coexistence of all its members. However, illiteracy, miseducation, and selfishness in individual lives exert a heavy negative impact on social life, corrupting and poisoning society with ailments such as corruption, discrimination, division, and conflict. It is then that a massive necessity for social reform emerges, as we experience in our contemporary social context. Analyzing the current societal situation, we observe that the knowledge of correct creed is virtually non-existent among the people of this problem-ridden, corrupt, and decaying society. The inevitable consequence of this is disunity in creed and the adoption of whatever creed one desires based on personal whims, regardless of its validity from the Quran and Sunnah. Conversely, people's faith (Iman) has grown incredibly weak, piety (Taqwa) has departed from hearts, and they have forgotten the punishments of the Hereafter. Consequently, society experiences unrest, instability, a tendency toward plunder, the expansion of various forms of terrorism, and cultural degradation, among many other issues. In the Seerah of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), we observe that he transformed the Jahili (ignorant) society of the time, turning it into the finest society of that era. The primary mechanism of the movement he initiated after receiving prophethood to bring positive change to individual and social life was creedal reform. Regarding this, Sayyid Qutb writes in his book ''Muqawamat al-Tasawwur al-Islami'' (The Foundations of Islamic Governance/Conception): "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was sent at a time when the Arabian Peninsula was divided as plundered wealth between the Romans in the north and the Persians in the south. They had extended their hands over the fertile lands, seacoasts, wealth, and all trade sources of the Arabian Peninsula. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was sent at a time when the prevailing social and economic conditions heavily represented the era of slavery. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was sent at a time when human character flowed in the patterns of Jahiliyyah regarding wine, adultery, gambling, amusement, evil, and creating chaos. The Prophet (ﷺ) did not begin his reform work with any of these. He was fully capable of calling the Arabs toward nationalist unity to expel the Romans and Persians from the fertile lands of Arabia. He could have channeled all military strength against them and incited the Arabs against national enemies; consequently, they would have submitted to his leadership and forgotten all their envy and malice... But Allah knew, and He informed and directed His Prophet, that this was not the correct path and this was not the primary task. The primary task is for mankind to know their true Lord and submit to His servitude alone, freeing themselves from the servitude of His servants, and ultimately accepting whatever comes to them from Allah..." ...Remarkably, during the 13 years of the Makkan life following his prophethood, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) placed the utmost importance on propagating knowledge of the creed. Not only the Prophet (ﷺ), but the initial task of all Prophets and Messengers was calling all levels of society toward the correct creed. In the language of the Al-Quran, their call was: "O my people, worship Allah; you have no deity other than Him" [Surah Al-A'raf: 59]. The sole reason for this was that if the creed is not corrected, individual life cannot be rectified, and if the individual is not rectified, society cannot be corrected. ...(1) The role of correct creed in establishing greater national unity: Just as establishing greater unity is impossible without agreeing on a correct creed, it is similarly a distant prospect for the global Muslim Ummah to unite. In this context, Dr. Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar states: "Muslim unity cannot be realized until the identical creed unites the Muslims." In truth, creedal deviations sow the seeds of disunity in society, dividing it into various factions and sects. If the question arises that since everyone considers their own creed and belief to be correct, it will be impossible to agree on a specific creed as correct because each faction trusts its own view—Dr. Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar responds to this question: "Clear statements exist in the Quran and Sunnah regarding the pure Islamic creed. It is possible to present evidence for every foundational and minor aspect of this creed. The Pious Predecessors (Salaf al-Salih) were established upon the true Islamic creed. They recorded this creed so thoroughly that it stands completely distinct from the creeds of factional and deviant people. Among these great personalities is Allamah al-Tahawi, who authored a text on creed that became famous under his name (Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah). A commentary on this book was written by Muhammad ibn Abi al-Izz al-Hanafi. The matter did not stop there; rather, numerous scholars wrote on the correct creed before and after him, including Imam Ahmad, Ibn Taymiyyah, Al-Shawkani, and Al-Safarini, among others." (2) Correct creed forms a solid foundation for constructing a civil society free from corruption, robbery, oppression, and tyranny, based upon which all societal activities and mutual transactions are conducted. Therefore, if the creed is corrupted, deviant, and built upon falsehood, social life will become imperiled, disrupted, and face destruction. This is essentially the reason why our society has arrived at its current position. Consequently, to protect society from deviation, disruption, and ruin, we must return to the correct creed. (3) The importance of correct creed in ensuring peaceful coexistence in society: It is an inseparable part of a Muslim's creed that he considers it imperative to govern his life according to the commands of Allah and His Messenger (ﷺ), believing that disobeying their commands is unlawful. Allah states: "It is not for a believing man or a believing woman, when Allah and His Messenger have decided a matter, that they should [thereafter] have any choice about their affair" [Surah Al-Ahzab: 36]. To ensure peaceful coexistence in society, when Allah the Almighty designates Muslims as brothers to one another, identifies attacking a person's life and property as a severe offense, and commands the fulfillment of covenants made with all non-Muslim treaty partners, the Muslim accepts these directives without hesitation, because such acceptance is part of his creed. Allah states: "But no, by your Lord, they will not [truly] believe until they make you, [O Muhammad], judge concerning that over which they dispute among themselves and then find within themselves no discomfort from what you have judged and submit in [full, willing] submission" [Surah An-Nisa: 65]. (4) The importance of correct creed in bringing political stability: An essential, fundamental aspect of the Islamic creed is maintaining firm faith that just as Allah is the Creator of this universe, He alone is the master of its governance, authority, and command. Allah states: "Unquestionably, His is the creation and the command" [Surah Al-A'raf: 54]. "Say, 'Indeed, the matter belongs entirely to Allah'" [Surah Ali 'Imran: 154]. "The command is for none but Allah" [Surah Al-An'am: 57]. Additionally, Allah is the owner of all sovereign power and the sole Legislator and Lawgiver. This is one of the core meanings of accepting Him as Lord (Rab). Political stability can return to our society only when political leaders possess firm conviction in this creed. Fundamentally, peace, order, and stability cannot come to any Muslim society through man-made laws; reality itself is perhaps the greatest proof and witness to this. (5) The importance of correct creed in preventing cultural degradation: Imitating foreign, alien, and different religions under the guise of culture in our Bangladeshi society today can comfortably be labeled as cultural degradation without any exaggeration. This is because these practices neither represent our national thought and heritage, nor do they align with the Muslim creed, heavily conflicting with it instead. It must be remembered that our country is a Muslim-majority nation. Therefore, if we organize all our cultural and social functions in the light of the correct Islamic creed, only then can the country be gifted a beautiful, tasteful, modest, and healthy culture. (6) The importance of correct creed in freeing society from intellectual anarchy, deviation, Shirk, and Bid'ah: Knowledge of the correct Islamic creed alone can illuminate the intellectual world of the intelligentsia, enabling them to guide the nation toward the path of truth. The anarchy and confusion we observe in the thoughts of a class of intellectuals today, and the literary warfare they wage against Islam despite bearing Muslim names, stems primarily from the fact that they have acquired a distorted knowledge of Islam and have not been blessed with attaining the correct Islamic creed. The same applies to those educated and uneducated Muslims who remain immersed in Shirk and Bid'ah while considering them acts of worship. They have not acquired the definitions of Shirk and Bid'ah in the light of the Quran and Sunnah, remaining completely negligent of the core principles for identifying them. Increasing awareness alongside acquiring knowledge of the correct creed can guarantee freeing everyone in society from these deviations, Shirk, and Bid'ah. Therefore, acquiring knowledge of the Sahih (authentic) Islamic creed is the sole method for developing oneself as a true mu'min (believer) and Muslim servant of Allah. Similarly, if one desires to build a society into a complete Islamic society, there is no alternative to enriching everyone in society with the knowledge of the authentic creed. In this regard, social and cultural Islamic organizations must bear a heavy responsibility. Those proficient in Islamic Sharia and Studies can remove the scarcity of books written in the Bengali language by composing authoritative texts on the authentic creed. The assistance of mosque Imams, Khatibs, and madrasa teachers can also be utilized for this purpose. However, prior to that, they must enrich themselves with the knowledge of the authentic creed. Through efforts to expand the authentic creed, our society can develop into a beautiful, civil society free from Shirk and Bid'ah.}} Regarding the relationship between state politics and bank interest from an Islamic perspective, Mushtaq Ahmed Karimi writes: {{quote|Banks and similar institutions were established purely out of money-worship, monopoly in trade, seeking privileges, and financial exploitation. The purpose of these institutions is to allure the public with interest to bring as much of the nation's wealth as possible under their control, and through this method, run their own authority and governance over the entire nation with extreme cunningness. They can induce famine wherever they wish, and bring destruction by creating starvation wherever they desire. They can apply governance and politics of their own choice wherever they want. They can cause inflation whenever they wish, and spread widespread market depression whenever they want by increasing the value of currency. Deposing whomever they wish from the throne and crowning whomever they desire becomes remarkably easy.}} In his book ''Muharrarun fee Siyasatin Shar'iyah'', Fahad bin Salih al-Ajlan states that the ruling on participating in Islamic politics is that if an individual, after maintaining his personal faith securely, possesses the additional capability to enact political reform to the best of his ability, it is encouraged; otherwise, participating in it is considered prohibited (Haram). Reform must be applied to issues that already existed and where opportunities for reform and public welfare (Maslahah) exist; however, no new prohibitions or innovations (Bid'ah) may be created in the name of public welfare. Furthermore, one must not participate in frameworks that are entirely prohibited, such as usury (riba) or narcotics production. He advises performing [[Istikhara]] for making Islamic political decisions whose solutions are not explicitly found in the Quran and Hadith (i.e., matters of Maslahah). [[Tahir ibn Husayn]] advised his son [[Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani]] after the latter became the governor of [[Diyar Rabi'a]]: {{Quote|Whenever an important matter comes upon you, perform Istikhara to Allah, fear Him, and seek His assistance... and perform Istikhara abundantly in all your affairs.}} === Mutual duties and responsibilities of the ruler and the ruled === ;Duties of the person appointed to governance When mentioning the mandatory duties a ruler must fulfill, Imam Al-Mawardi confined them to ten foundational responsibilities: # Safeguarding the religion by preserving the fundamental principles upon which the pristine predecessors (Salaf) of the Ummah agreed. # Executing judgments and settling disputes between contending parties. # Ensuring public safety and protecting the populace from aggression. # Implementing prescribed Sharia punishments (Hudud). # Fortifying and guarding the borders. # Waging Jihad against those who refuse to accept Islam after dawah has been conveyed to them. # Collecting public revenues (Fay) and charities (Sadaqah). # Determining allowances and expenditures from the public treasury (Bayt al-Mal). # Appointing trustworthy and sincere individuals to administrative offices. # Personally supervising state affairs and looking after the welfare of the subjects. ;Rights of the person appointed to governance The ruler possesses specific rights over the subjects, the most vital of which are: # Obedience to the ruler in righteous matters. # Supplicating (making Du'a) for the ruler. # Offering sincere counsel (Nasihah) and well-wishing to the ruler. # Providing assistance to the ruler in performing good deeds. == History == === Early Era === {{Main|Early history of Islam|Early Muslim conquests|Historicity of the Quran|Historicity of Muhammad}} The origins of Islam as a political movement are found in the life and times of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and his successors. In 622 CE, in recognition of his claim to prophethood, Muhammad was invited to rule the city of [[Medina]]. At the time, the city was dominated by the local Arab tribes of [[Banū Aws|Aws]] and [[Banū Khazraj|Khazraj]], who were locked in continuous conflict. The inhabitants of Medina saw in Muhammad an impartial outsider who could resolve the conflict. Muhammad and his followers thus migrated to Medina, where Muhammad drafted the [[Constitution of Medina]]. This document made [[Muhammad]] the ruler and recognized him as the prophet of [[Allah]]. During his reign, Muhammad established laws based on the [[Quran]] and his own actions, which Muslims consider to be ''[[Sharia]]'' or Islamic law, and which modern-day Islamic movements are attempting to establish. Muhammad acquired a wide following and army, and through a combination of diplomacy and military conquests, his rule [[Spread of Islam|expanded]] first to the city of [[Mecca]] and then throughout the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Today, many majority [[Islamism|Islamist]] or [[List of Islamic democratic political parties|Islamic democratic parties]] exist in almost every democratic state with a Muslim majority. Many [[jihadist Islamic groups]] are also operating in various parts of the world. Additionally, some [[Non-Muslim|non-Muslim]] individuals and institutions have coined the controversial term "Islamic fundamentalism" to describe the political and religious philosophy of certain militant Islamic groups. Both of these terms ([[Islamic democracy]] and [[Islamic fundamentalism]]) represent a vast group of distinct factions and sub-factions with separate histories, ideologies, and perspectives. ==== Islamic State of Medina ==== {{See also|Islamic political framework}} The Islamic prophet Muhammad drafted the Constitution of Medina. It codified a formal agreement between Muhammad and all of the significant tribes and families of Yathrib (later known as Medina), which included Muslims, Jews, Christians<ref>R. B. Serjeant, "Sunnah Jāmi'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrīm of Yathrib: analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so-called 'Constitution of Medina'", ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'' (1978), 41: 1-42, [[Cambridge University Press]].</ref> and pagans.<ref>See: * Reuven Firestone, ''Jihād: the origin of holy war in Islam'' (1999) p. 118; * "Muhammad", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref><ref>Watt, William Montgomery. ''Muhammad at Medina''</ref><ref>R. B. Serjeant. "The Constitution of Medina." ''Islamic Quarterly'' 8 (1964) p.4.</ref> This constitution formed the basis of the first Islamic state. This document was written in an overt effort to bring a hopeful end to the bitter inter-tribal fighting between the Aws and Khazraj tribes of Medina. By outlining the rights and duties of the Muslim, Jewish, Christian, and pagan communities of Medina, it brought them under a single community known as the [[Ummah]].<ref>Serjeant (1978), page 4.</ref> Although the exact date of the composition of the Constitution of Medina remains debated, scholars generally agree that it was written shortly after the Hijra (622). {{#tag:ref|W. M. Watt argues that the initial agreement took place shortly after the Hijra and the document was revised at a later date, specifically after the Battle of Badr (AH [Anno Hegirae] 2, = 624 CE).<ref>Watt, William Montgomery. ''Muhammad at Medina''. pp. 227-228</ref>|group=Note}} {{#tag:ref|R. B. Serjeant argues that the constitution is actually eight different treaties that can be dated according to the events that took place in Medina, with the first treaty being written immediately after Muhammad's arrival. <ref>R. B. Serjeant. "The Sunnah Jāmi'ah, Pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrīm of Yathrib: Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the So-Called 'Constitution of Medina'." ''The Life of Muhammad: The Formation of the Classical Islamic World'': Vol. IV. Ed. Uri Rubin. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1998, p. 151</ref> <ref>See the same article in ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'' 41 (1978): 18 ff. See also Caetani. ''Annali dell'Islam, Vol. I''. Milano: Hoepli, 1905, p. 393.</ref> |group=Note}} {{#tag:ref|Julius Wellhausen argues that the document is a single treaty agreed upon shortly after the Hijra, and it belongs to the first year of Muhammad's residence in Medina before the Battle of Badr in 2/624. Wellhausen bases this judgment on three considerations: first, Muhammad is very different regarding his own position, he accepts pagan tribes within the Ummah, and maintains Jewish groups as clients of the Ansar.|group=Note}} {{#tag:ref|Moshe Gil, a skeptic of Islamic history, argues that it was written within five months of Muhammad's arrival in Medina.<ref>Moshe Gil. "The Constitution of Medina: A Reconsideration." ''Israel Oriental Studies'' 4 (1974): p. 45.</ref>|group=Note}} This effectively established the first Islamic state. The constitution established: the security of the community, religious freedom, the role of Medina as a [[Haram]] or sacred place (banning all forms of violence and weapons), the security of women, stable tribal relations within Medina, a tax system to support the community in times of conflict, boundaries for external political alliances, a system for granting protection to individuals, a judicial system for dispute resolution, and it also regulated the payment of [[Blood money (Islamic law)|blood money]] (payment made to a family or tribe for killing a person instead of the [[Eye for an eye|lex talionis / principle of retaliation]]).{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} ==== Early Caliphate and Political Ideals ==== {{See also|Caliphate|Islamic monarchy|Islamic ethics}} Following the death of Muhammad, his community needed to appoint a new leader, giving rise to the title of [[Caliph]], which means "successor." For this reason, subsequent Islamic empires were known as [[Caliphate]]s. The greatest political development within Islam during the growth of the [[Umayyad]] Empire was the sectarian split between [[Sunni]] and [[Shia]] Muslims; this division was triggered by a dispute over the succession to the caliphate. Sunni Muslims believed that the caliphate should be elective and that any [[Muslim]] could hold this title through merit-based election. On the other hand, the Shia believed that the caliphs should come from among the descendants of the Prophet, and for this reason, in their view, all caliphs besides [[Ali]] were illegitimate usurpers of the caliphate title.<ref>Lewis, Bernard, ''The Middle East : a Brief History of the last 2000 Years,'' Touchstone, (1995), p.139</ref> However, the Sunni community emerged victorious in most parts of the Muslim world, and similarly, the majority of modern Islamic political movements (except for [[Iran]]) are built upon Sunni thought. Muhammad's closest companions, his subsequent four "[[Rashidun|Rightively Guided]]" caliphs, continued the expansion of the state to [[Jerusalem]], [[Ctesiphon]], and [[Damascus]], and sent armies as far as the [[Indus]].<ref>[http://alcor.concordia.ca/~shannon/201Lec02images_files/image004.jpg] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050930020401/http://alcor.concordia.ca/~shannon/201Lec02images_files/image004.jpg |date=September 30, 2005 }}</ref> During the reign of the Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad dynasty, the Islamic empire stretched from Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain) to the Punjab region. An important Islamic concept regarding the structure of governance is Shura, i.e., consulting with the people regarding their affairs, which is mentioned as a duty of rulers in two verses of the Quran (3:159 and 42:38).<ref>Lewis, ''The Middle East'', (1995), p.143</ref> According to the Ikhwani perspective, a type of ruler that was not part of the Islamic ideal was a king, who is disparaged in the Quran through the mention of Pharaoh as the "archetype of the unjust and tyrannical ruler" (18:70, 79) and elsewhere (28:34).<ref>Lewis, ''The Middle East'', (1995), p.141</ref> According to the Salafi perspective, the Quran and Hadith validate a righteous kingship after the caliphate as a legitimate Islamic political system, describing it as inferior compared to the caliphate but superior to tyranny.<ref>Narrated from Hudhayfa by Ahmad with a sound chain as stated by al-Zayn in the Musnad (14:163 #18319) and as indicated by al-Haythami (5:188-189):</ref> ===== Election or Direct Appointment ===== {{See also|Islamic democracy|Ahl al-Hall wal-Aqd}} The Muslim jurist of the [[Shafi'i]] school, [[Al-Mawardi]], wrote that the caliph should be from the [[Quraysh]] tribe. The Ash'ari Islamic scholar and [[Maliki]] jurist, [[Al-Baqillani|Abu Bakr Al-Baqillani]], wrote that the leader of Muslims should only be from the majority. The founder of Sunni [[Hanafi]] Fiqh, [[Abu Hanifa|Abu Hanifa al-Nu'man]], wrote that the leader must be from the majority.<ref name=2muslims>[http://www.2muslims.com/directory/Detailed/225505.shtml Process of Choosing the Leader (Caliph) of the Muslims: The Muslim Khilafa: by Gharm Allah Al-Ghamdy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707062249/http://www.2muslims.com/directory/Detailed/225505.shtml |date=2011-07-07 }}</ref> Western scholar of Islam, [[Fred Donner]],<ref>''The Early Islamic Conquests'' (1981)</ref> argues that the prevalent Arabian custom during the early caliphate era was that upon the death of a leader, prominent figures of a clan or tribe would gather to select a leader from among themselves, though there was no specified procedure for this [[Shura]] or consultative council. Candidates were usually of the same lineage as the deceased leader, but they were not necessarily his sons. Capable individuals who could lead well were prioritized over an ineffective direct successor, as the majority of Sunnis found no basis for the view that the head of state or ruler should be chosen solely on the basis of lineage. ===== ''Majlis ash-Shura'' ===== {{See also|Shura}} The legislature of the [[Caliphate]], most notably of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], was not democratic in modern terms; the decision-making power was vested in a council composed of notable and trusted companions (Sahaba) of [[Muhammad]] and representatives of various tribes (most of whom were elected or selected individuals from their own tribes).<ref>Sohaib N. Sultan, [http://www.islamonline.net/English/introducingislam/politics/Politics/article04.shtml Forming an Islamic Democracy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041001023746/http://www.islamonline.net/English/introducingislam/politics/Politics/article04.shtml |date=2004-10-01 }}</ref> Traditional Sunni Islamic jurists agree that 'Shura', roughly translated as 'consultation of the people', is a function of the caliphate. The [[Majlis-ash-Shura|Majlis ash-Shura]] advises the caliph. Its importance is established by the following verses of the Quran: <blockquote>{{cite quran|42|38|expand=no|quote=...and who respond to their Lord and establish prayer and whose affair is [determined by] consultation among themselves, [they are beloved by Allah].}}</blockquote> <blockquote>{{cite quran|3|159|expand=no|quote=...and consult them in the matter. Then when you have taken a decision, put your trust in Allah.}}</blockquote> The Majlis is also a means of electing a new caliph. Al-Mawardi wrote that members of the Majlis must meet three conditions: they must be just, have enough knowledge to distinguish between a good caliph and a bad caliph, and possess sufficient wisdom and judgment to select the best caliph. Al-Mawardi further stated that in emergencies when there is no caliphate or Majlis, the people themselves will form a Majlis, select a list of candidates for the caliph, and then the Majlis will select from that list. Some modern interpretations of the role of Majlis ash-Shura include those of Islamist author Sayyid Qutb and Taqiuddin al-Nabhani, the founder of an international political movement dedicated to the revival of the caliphate. In an analysis of the Shura chapter of the Quran, Qutb argues that Islam only demands that the ruler must consult with at least some portion of the ruled (usually the elite) within the general context of God-made laws, which the ruler must execute. Taqiuddin al-Nabhani wrote that Shura is an important part of the "ruling structure" of the Islamic caliphate, "but not one of its pillars," and it can be overlooked without the caliphate's rule becoming un-Islamic. However, these interpretations of Shura (by Qutb and al-Nabhani) are not universally accepted, and Islamic democrats consider Shura to be an integral part and crucial pillar of the Islamic political system.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} ===== Separation of Powers ===== {{See also|Ulama|Islamic ethics|Islam and secularism}} In the early [[Caliphate|Islamic caliphates]], the position of [[Caliph]] developed as a head of state in the form of a successor to Muhammad's political authority, who, according to [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]], was ideally elected by the people or their representatives,<ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (2004), vol. 1, p. 116-123.</ref> as was the case in the [[Succession to Muhammad|election of Abu Bakr]], the [[Uthman|election of Uthman]], and [[Ali|Ali as caliph]]. Later, during the caliphs of the [[Islamic Golden Age]] after the Rashidun caliphs, the amount of democratic participation was much less; but since in Islam "no one is superior to another except on the basis of piety and virtue", and Muhammad's ideal was to consult with the people, subsequent Islamic rulers frequently consulted with the people regarding their state affairs.<ref>{{cite book|title=Justice Without Frontiers|first=Christopher G.|last=Judge Weeramantry|year=1997|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=90-411-0241-8|pages=135}}</ref> The legislative power of the caliph (or later, the sultan) was always restricted by the scholarly class, namely the 'Ulama', who were regarded as the guardians of Islamic law. Since the law came from the jurists, it prevented the caliph from dictating legal outcomes. The rulings of Sharia were established as authoritative based on the 'Ijma' (consensus) of the jurists, who theoretically acted as representatives of the 'Ummah' (Muslim community). After law colleges (''[[Madrasah|madrasas]]'') became widespread from the 11th and 12th centuries onwards, a student often had to obtain an ''[[Ijazah|ijazat al-tadris wa-al-ifta]]'' ("license to teach and issue legal opinions") in order to give legal verdicts.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Makdisi |first=George |date=April–June 1989 |title=Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=175–182 [175–77] |doi=10.2307/604423|jstor=604423 }}</ref> In many ways, classical Islamic law functioned like constitutional law.<ref name=Feldman2008/> In practice, for hundreds of years after the Rashidun Caliphate and until the 20th century, Islamic states followed a governance system based on the coexistence of sultans and ulama adhering to the rules of Sharia. This system bore some resemblance to certain Western governments, as both had an unwritten constitution (like the UK) and separate, conflicting branches of government (like the US)—ensuring a separation of powers in governance. While in the United States (and some other governance systems) there are three branches of government—executive, legislative, and judicial—Islamic monarchies had two branches—the sultan and the ulama.<ref name=feldman-fall-6>Feldman, Noah, ''Fall and Rise of the Islamic State'', Princeton University Press, 2008, p.6</ref> According to Professor Olivier Roy, this "de facto separation" between the political power of sultans and emirs and the religious power of the caliph was "created and institutionalized" by the end of the first century of the Hijra. The religious function of the sovereign ruler was to defend the Muslim community against enemies, establish Sharia, and ensure public welfare (''maslaha''). The state was a means to enable Muslims to live as good Muslims, and if the sultan did so, Muslims were obliged to obey him. The symbols of the ruler's legitimacy were the "right to mint coins and to have the Friday prayer (''[[Jumu'ah]] [[Khutbah]]'') delivered in his name."<ref>Roy, Olivier, ''The Failure of Political Islam'' by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, p.14-15</ref> Sadakat Kadri argues that a vast amount of "deference" was shown by the ulama toward the caliphate, and this was "counterproductive" in at least some cases. "Although jurists identified conditions ranging from mental disability to blindness to disqualify a caliph, no one dared to institutionally define the powers of the caliphate precisely." During the Abbasid Caliphate: <blockquote>When the caliph al-Mutawakkil was killed in 861, jurists retroactively legitimized his assassination with a fatwa. Eight years later, they witnessed the lawful abdication of a successor who had been dragged from a latrine, beaten into unconsciousness, and left in a vault to die. In the mid-10th century, judges solemnly confirmed that blindness was a cause for disqualification for a caliph, making no mention of the fact that they had just been assembled precisely to witness the scene of his eyes being gouged out.<ref name=kadri-120-1>{{cite book|last1=Kadri|first1=Sadakat|title=Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...|date=2012|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780099523277|pages=120–1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&pg=PT127}}</ref> </blockquote> According to Harvard University law professor Noah Feldman, the codification of Sharia by the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the 19th century caused jurists and legal scholars to lose their control over Islamic law.<ref name=Feldman-why>{{Cite web|author=Noah Feldman|title=Why Shariah?|work=[[New York Times]]|date=March 16, 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/magazine/16Shariah-t.html?ei=5070&em=&en=5c1b8de536ce606f&ex=1205812800&pagewanted=all|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> {{quote|How the scholars lost their exalted status as keepers of the law is a complex story, but it can be summarized by the proverb that partial reform is sometimes worse than no reform at all. In the early 19th century, the Ottoman Empire began an internal reform movement in response to military disasters. The most significant reform was the attempt to codify Shariah. This process of Westernization, unfamiliar to the Islamic legal tradition, aimed to transform Shariah from a body of doctrines and principles to be discovered through the human efforts of scholars into a set of rules that could be looked up in a book. [...] But once the law existed in codified form, the law itself was able to replace the scholars as the source of authority. Codification stripped the scholars of their crucial claim to have the final say over the content of the law and transferred that power to the state.}} ==== Monarchy ==== {{Main|Islamic monarchy}} An Islamic monarchy is a [[monarchy]] that adheres to [[Islam]]. Historically known by various names, such as ''[[Malik|mamlakat]]'' ("kingdom"), caliphate, sultanate, or emirate, contemporary Islamic monarchies include: * [[Bahrain|Kingdom of Bahrain]] * [[Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]] * [[Jordan|Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan]] * [[Kuwait|State of Kuwait]] * [[Malaysia]] * [[Morocco|Kingdom of Morocco]] * [[Oman|Sultanate of Oman]] * [[Qatar|State of Qatar]] * [[Saudi Arabia|Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]] * [[United Arab Emirates]] ==== Obedience and Opposition ==== {{Main|Ulil-Amr|Verse of Obedience}} According to scholar Moojan Momen, "one of the central themes in the Quran which has been subject to much analysis" regarding where responsibility should lie is based on the following verse: <blockquote> "O you who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those who have been given authority from among you (''Ūlū al-Amr'') " (Quran 4:59). </blockquote> To Sunnis, the ''Ūlū al-Amr'' are the rulers (caliphs and kings), but to Shias, this phrase refers to the Imams.<ref>Momen, Moojan, ''Introduction to Shi'i Islam'', Yale University Press, 1985 p.192</ref> Several scholars of the [[Islamic University of Madinah]], in the book ''Usool al-Eeman'', state that according to the evidence presented from the Quran and Sunnah, obedience to the Imams and rulers is commanded in all matters except for sinful acts, the summary of which is as follows:<ref>[https://d1.islamhouse.com/data/bn/ih_books/single2/bn_The_Foundations_of_Faith_in_the_Light_of_the_Quran_and_the_Sunnah.pdf The Foundations of Faith in the Light of the Quran and the Sunnah, Authors: Several Scholars of Madinah University, Translators: Abu Bakr Muhammad Zakaria and Manzur-e-Ilahi, Published by: King Fahd Printing Press, Saudi Arabia. p. 383]</ref> # It is obligatory to listen and obey in all circumstances except in matters of sin. # Even if the rulers do not accept advice, one must not rebel against them. # Anyone who advises the rulers and criticizes their actions in a manner supported by Sharia is freed from sin. # It is forbidden to create Fitna (unrest) and chaos, and similarly, it is forbidden to do anything that can cause Fitna or unrest. # Rebellion against those in power is not permitted until such clear Kufr (disbelief) is manifested by them, regarding which there is no disagreement whatsoever about it being Kufr. # It is obligatory to cling to the Jama'ah (community) of Muslims who are guided by the ideals of the Quran and Sunnah in words, actions, and beliefs; one must maintain friendly relations with them, walk in their path, and be eager to keep their word unified on the path of truth and justice. One must not separate from them or create division among them. ===== Principle of Changing a Sinful Ruler ===== {{See also|Kharijite|Baghī (Islam)}} On the question of whether rebellion and opposition against a tyrannical and sinful ruler are permissible, Saleh Al-Munajjid states: "One of the maxims of Islamic Sharia is—'Evil cannot be resisted with a greater evil. Rather, evil must be resisted with that which will eradicate it or reduce it.' Therefore, if those who want to depose a ruler who is involved in clear Kufr have the capability to depose him and replace him with a good and righteous ruler, and if this does not lead to a greater chaos among Muslims or subject them to an evil greater than the evil of this ruler—then there is no bar to it. Conversely, if this rebellion leads to a major chaos, compromises security, or results in innocent people becoming victims of oppression and secret killings... etc., then rebellion will not be permissible. Rather, one must observe patience, obey the good commands of the ruler, advise him, and call him toward doing good. One must try to reduce evil and increase good. This is the straight path; the path that must be followed. Because in this path lies the general welfare for Muslims; the aspect of harm is less and the aspect of benefit is more in this path; and in this path lies the safety of Muslims from even greater evils."<ref>{{cite web |title=Ruling on rebelling against a ruler - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/bn/answers/9911 |website=islamqa.info |access-date=September 2, 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> In response to queries where the ruler's actions are anti-Islamic, Abu Bakr Muhammad Zakaria, in his added explanations and annotations to the translation of the book "Laisa Min Manhajis-Salaf" (This is Not the Manhaj of the Salaf) authored by Muhammad Bazmool, states that there could be several scenarios: #. His opposition to Islam has not reached a level that directly plunges him into Kufr. In this situation, as long as they establish and perform prayers, a few things can be done regarding him: ## Praying to Allah for his guidance. This is what the Salaf used to do. ## Presenting the word of truth to him. This was also the Manhaj of some of the Salaf, but the person must be of such a stature whose words the ruler would take into consideration. ## Advising him privately. Here too, the competence of the adviser and the recipient of the advice must be properly observed. ## If that does not work, then waiting for Allah to change his condition. Just as the scholars waited against Al-Hajjaj. #. And if the opposition to Islam reaches a level that directly involves him in Kufr, for which we possess clear proof, then the following two situations can occur: ## The conditions have not been fulfilled and the obstacles have not been removed, then what needs to be done: ### Establish proof regarding Kufr against him. ### Efforts must be made to clear doubts. ### Check whether he has any acceptable excuse or not. ### All the tasks of the aforementioned first scenario must be carried out. # If the fulfillment of conditions and removal of obstacles have been completed and everything related to this has been finalized: ## Attempts should be made to change the ruler. However, several conditions must be met for this: ### The capability for this must exist. The prevailing opinion must lean toward bringing a better administration. It must be ensured that a worse situation will not arise. ## If that is not possible, then, ### The individual will remain engaged in the work of Deen according to their capacity. ### Public-oriented work must be continued. ### The public must be made aware gradually, and then the change must be brought after the prior conditions are met and obstacles are removed. ### In this way, when Iman and righteous deeds are found among them, Allah's promise will be fulfilled there and He will place His preferred people in power.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bazmool |first1=Muhammad ibn Umar ibn Salim |last2=bin Tofazzal |first2=Habib |last3=Zakaria |first3=Abu Bakr Muhammad |title=This is Not the Manhaj of the Salaf |date=November, 2021 |publisher=Believers Vision |location=Dhaka |isbn=978-984-35-0960-4 |pages=35, 36, 37 |access-date=February 4, 2026}}</ref> On the question of whether the contemporary democratic party positioning can be used as a method of change, Abu Bakr Muhammad Zakaria, in his added explanations and annotations to the translation of the book "Laisa Min Manhajis-Salaf" (This is Not the Manhaj of the Salaf) authored by Muhammad Bazmool, states: "This matter did not exist previously. In the past era, someone would stand up for change, his followers would prepare for war, people would join him depending on the situation, and he would occupy an area and depose its ruler. In these, the greater part of the Salaf had no participation. Rather, the subsequent major Salaf not only discouraged this but strictly forbade it. Because it has been a proven truth in history that whenever people took to the field against a Muslim ruler, the outcome was not pleasant for Islam and Muslims. And the policy of change is also not applicable democratically because it causes division and factionalism among Muslims, makes the halal haram and haram halal in the name of moderation, truncates the Deen, creates love and animosity for something other than Islam, and increases infighting and conflict. In this situation, clinging to the policy of the Salaf as-Salihin is best, which is to protect oneself from all party banners, platforms, and alliances. Regarding this, Al-Uthaymeen states that Dawah becomes strong not through groups, but by clinging to the Quran and Sunnah."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bazmool |first1=Muhammad ibn Umar ibn Salim |last2=bin Tofazzal |first2=Habib |last3=Zakaria |first3=Abu Bakr Muhammad |title=This is Not the Manhaj of the Salaf |date=November, 2021 |publisher=Believers Vision |location=Dhaka |isbn=978-984-35-0960-4 |pages=37, 38, 39 |access-date=February 4, 2026}}</ref> According to scholar Bernard Lewis, this Quranic verse has been elaborated in several sayings attributed to Muhammad: <blockquote>But there are also sayings which strictly limit the duty of obedience. Two dictums attributed to the Prophet and universally accepted as authentic are directive. One says, "there is no obedience in sin"; in other words, if the ruler orders something contrary to divine law, not only is there no duty of obedience, but there is a duty of disobedience. This is more than the [[right of revolution]] appearing in Western political thought. It is a duty of revolution, or at least of disobedience and opposition to authority. The other utterance, "do not obey a creature against his Creator," again clearly limits the ruler's authority, whatever form the ruler takes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20050501faessay84305/bernard-lewis/freedom-and-justice-in-the-modern-middle-east.html?mode=print |title=Freedom and Justice in the Middle East |access-date=2008-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230195152/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20050501faessay84305/bernard-lewis/freedom-and-justice-in-the-modern-middle-east.html?mode=print |archive-date=2007-12-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote> However, Ibn Taymiyyah, an important 14th-century scholar of the Hanbali madhhab, says in his 'Tafsir' regarding this verse, "There is no obedience in sin"; meaning, if the ruler's command is contrary to divine law, it should be ignored, but it should not be used as an excuse for revolution, because it will cause the shedding of Muslim blood. According to Ibn Taymiyyah, the saying—'Sixty years under an unjust Imam is better than one night without a Sultan'—is proven by experience.<ref name=Lambton>{{cite book|last1=Lambton|first1=Ann K. S.|title=State and Government in Medieval Islam|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|page=145|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DVvYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA144&dq=siyasa+ibn+taymiyyah#v=onepage&q=siyasa%20ibn%20taymiyyah&f=false|accessdate=19 September 2015|isbn=9781136605208}}</ref> He believed that the Quranic instruction to "[[Enjoining good and forbidding wrong|enjoin good and forbid wrong]]" (''al-amr bi-l-ma'rūf wa-n-nahy 'ani-l-munkar'', found in {{cite quran|3|104|s=ns}} and {{cite quran|3|110|s=ns}} and other verses) was the duty of every state official holding authority over other Muslims, ranging from the caliph down to "the schoolmaster in charge of evaluating children's handwriting."<ref>Ibn Taymiyya, ''Le traite de droit public d'ibn Taimiya.'' Translated by Henri Laoust. Beirut, 1948, p.12</ref><ref name=kadri-139>{{cite book|last1=Kadri|first1=Sadakat|title=Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...|date=2012|publisher=macmillan|isbn=9780099523277|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Heaven+on+Earth:+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law#v=onepage&q=Heaven%20on%20Earth%3A%20A%20Journey%20Through%20Shari'a%20Law&f=false}}</ref> ==== Sharia and Governance (''Siyasa'') ==== {{Main|Siyasa}} From the late medieval period, Sunni fiqh began to elaborate the doctrine of *Siyasa Shar'iyya*, which literally means governance in accordance with [[Sharia]] and is sometimes referred to as the political dimension of Islamic law. Its goal was to reconcile the practical needs of state governance with Islamic law.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author1=Bosworth, C.E.|author2=Netton, I.R. |author3=Vogel, F.E.|title=Siyāsa|year=2012|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editor1=P. Bearman|editor2= Th. Bianquis|editor3= C.E. Bosworth|editor4= E. van Donzel|editor5= W.P. Heinrichs|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1096 }}{{subscription required}}</ref> This doctrine emphasized the religious purpose of political authority and advocated for the pragmatic application of Islamic law necessitated by expediency and utility considerations. It initially emerged in response to difficulties caused by the strict procedural requirements of Islamic law. This law rejected circumstantial evidence and emphasized witness testimony, making it difficult to obtain criminal convictions in 'Qadi' (Sharia judge) operated courts. In response, Islamic jurists allowed greater procedural freedom in limited circumstances, such as trying complaints against state officials in 'Mazalim' courts conducted by the ruler's council and applying 'ta'zir' (discretionary punishments) for minor offenses. However, under the Mamluk Sultanate, non-qadi courts expanded their jurisdiction into commercial and family law, operating parallel to Sharia courts and exempting from certain formalities dictated by fiqh. The subsequent development of this doctrine attempted to resolve this tension between statecraft and jurisprudence. Later, this doctrine has been used to justify legal modifications adopted by the state in the public interest, as long as they were not deemed contrary to Sharia. For example, it was applied by the Ottoman rulers, who enacted a compilation of administrative, criminal, and economic laws known as 'Kanun'.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Yossef Rapoport|title=Political Dimension (Siyāsa Sharʿiyya) of Islamic Law|encyclopedia=The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195134056.001.0001/acref-9780195134056-e-635|editor=Stanley N. Katz|ref=harv}}{{subscription required}}</ref> ==== Shia Tradition ==== In Shia Islam, three attitudes toward rulers have predominated—political cooperation with the ruler, political activism to challenge the ruler, and detachment from politics—"the writings of Shia ulama over the ages" have displayed "all components of these three attitudes."<ref>Momen, Moojan, ''Introduction to Shi'i Islam'', Yale University Press, 1985 p.194</ref> ==== Kharijite Tradition ==== {{Main|Kharijite}} {{See also|Baghī (Islam)}} According to some Muslim authors, extremism within Islam began with the [[Kharijites]] in the 7th century. Primarily from their political positions, they developed radical doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims. The Kharijites were particularly notorious for adopting extremism toward [[Takfir]], whereby they declared other Muslims to be disbelievers and therefore deemed them worthy of death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/another-battle-with-islams-true-believers/article20802390/|title=Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'|work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802045255/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/fruits-of-the-tree-of-extremism|title=Imam Mohamad Jebara: Fruits of the tree of extremism|author=Mohamad Jebara More Mohamad Jebara|work=Ottawa Citizen}}</ref> Scholars often cite a hadith of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (PBUH) regarding the emergence of the Kharijites. {{quote|Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (RA) narrated: Ali (RA) sent some gold covered with dust from Yemen. He distributed that gold among 4 neo-Muslim Arabian leaders. At that time, a man with sunken eyes, high cheekbones, a prominent forehead, and a shaven head, named Dhul-Khuwaisirah, stood up and said: O Messenger of Allah, fear Allah, you have done injustice! He replied, Woe to you! Do I not have the greatest right on earth to fear Allah? If I disobey Allah or do injustice, who else will obey Allah and act justly? Allah deemed me trustworthy regarding the inhabitants of the earth, and you cannot place trust in my trustworthiness! Then the man left. Khalid bin al-Walid (RA) then said, O Messenger of Allah, shall I not execute the man (for committing apostasy and Kufr by expressing distrust toward the Messenger of Allah)? He said, No. Perhaps the man prays. Khalid (RA) said, How many people who pray say with their mouths what is not in their hearts. Then the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said, I have not been commanded to search the hearts of people or rip open their bellies. Then he looked at the departing man and said, From the offspring of this man, there will emerge a group of people who will recite the Quran beautifully and movingly, yet the Quran will not go beyond their throats. They will pass through Islam just as an arrow passes through a prey. They will kill the adherents of Islam and leave the adherents of idols and stones alone. If I were to reach them, I would slaughter them as the people of Thamud were slaughtered.|Bukhari As-Sahih 3/1219, 1321, 4/1581, 1714, 5/2281, 6/2540, 2801; Muslim, As-Sahih 2/741-744.}} [[Khondoker Abdullah Jahangir]], in his book *Militancy in the Name of Islam*, quotes the above hadith and states:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jahangir |first1=Khondoker Abdullah |title=2. 2. Kharijite Sect |publisher=HadithBD.com|url=http://www.hadithbd.com/books/link/?id=6896 |website=www.hadithbd.com |access-date=November 12, 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> {{quote|We see the first incidents of extremism and terrorism in Islamic history through the actions of the Kharijite sect. In 35 AH (656 CE), the head of the Islamic state, Caliph Uthman ibn Affan (RA), was brutally martyred by a group of rebels. Among the rebels, there was no one capable of seizing state power or becoming the head of state. They began to pressure the Sahaba in the capital, Medina. At one point, Ali (RA) accepted the responsibility of the caliphate. Commanders and governors of the Muslim state swore allegiance to Ali. However, Mu'awiya (RA), the governor of Syria appointed by Uthman (RA), refused to accept Ali's allegiance. He demanded that the killers of Caliph Uthman must be brought to justice first. Ali (RA) argued that starting the trial of the rebels before uniting to restore state order could increase chaos, so we must unite first. Gradually, the issue escalated into a civil war. Casualties mounted on both sides in the Battle of Siffin. At one point, both sides formed an arbitration council to resolve the issue through discussion. At this stage, several thousand people from among Ali's (RA) followers deserted his side. They are called 'Kharijites', meaning deserters or rebels. They were people of the second generation of Islam, who accepted Islam after the passing of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH). Almost all of them were youths. They were highly religious, dedicated, and emotional Muslims. Due to spending the whole night in Tahajjud and the entire day in Dhikr and Quran recitation, they were well known as 'Qurra' or the 'Quran-reciting group'. They demanded that nothing but the law of the Quran and the command of Allah shall rule. Allah's instruction is to fight against the disobedient. Allah said: (وَإِنْ طَائِفَتَانِ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ اقْتَتَلُوا فَأَصْلِحُوا بَيْنَهُمَا فَإِن بَغَتْ إِحْدَاهُمَا عَلَى الْأُخْرَىٰ فَقَاتِلُوا الَّتِي تَبْغِي حَتَّىٰ تَفِيءَ إِلَىٰ أَمْرِ اللَّهِ) "And if two factions among the believers should fight, then make settlement between the two. But if one of them oppresses the other, then fight against the one that oppresses until it returns to the ordinance of Allah." Here, Allah unequivocally instructs that the war against the transgressing group must be continued until they return. Mu'awiya's (RA) faction is the transgressing one, so the war must be continued until they surrender. Stopping the war before surrender or making humans arbitrators in this matter means enacting a law contrary to what Allah has revealed. Besides, Allah said: (إِنِ الْحُكْمُ إِلَّا لِلَّهِ) "Legislation is not but for Allah." Therefore, delegating the responsibility of adjudication to humans is a clear violation of the Quran's instruction. Allah also said: (وَمَنْ لَمْ يَحْكُمْ بِمَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ فَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْكَافِرُونَ) "And whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed—then it is those who are the disbelievers." Since Ali and his followers did not continue the war with Mu'awiya according to Allah's revealed law and chose the rule of arbitration, they have become disbelievers. They claimed that Ali (RA), Mu'awiya (RA), and all their followers had become disbelievers by defying the law of the Quran. Therefore, they must repent. When they refused to accept their actions as a crime, they started a war against them. The Kharijites kept quoting various verses of the Quran in favor of their opinion. Abdullah ibn Abbas (RA) and other Sahaba tried to explain to them that the Sahaba, the lifelong companions of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH), were the most proficient in understanding the Quran and Hadith. The meaning you have understood of the Quran and Hadith is not correct; rather, the explanation of the Sahaba is correct. Although some people abandoned extremism due to this, the rest claimed their opinion to be the correct one. They considered the Sahaba to be agents, compromisers, accomplices of injustice, etc., and continued their struggle to establish Islam by fighting against them. As the arbitration system failed to settle the dispute between Ali (RA) and Mu'awiya (RA), their claims and propaganda grew stronger. They kept explaining to emotional youths that the truth can never be established through compromise. Therefore, Jihad must be continued according to the instructions of the Quran to establish the Deen. As a result, within a year, their numbers increased from 3–4 thousand to about 25–30 thousand. In 37 AH, only 3–4 thousand people deserted Ali's (RA) faction. Yet, in 38 AH, about 25 thousand soldiers were present in the Kharijite army against Ali's forces in the Battle of Nahrawan. They believed that since Ali (RA) and Mu'awiya (RA) had plunged the Muslim Ummah into godlessness, assassinating them would rescue the nation from this quagmire. For this reason, a man named Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam struck Ali with a poisoned sword as he was leaving his house before the Fajr prayer on the 21st of the month of Ramadan in 40 AH. After Ali's (RA) martyrdom, when the agitated soldiers severed Abd al-Rahman's hands and feet, he showed no sign of pain; rather, he expressed joy. But when they wanted to cut off his tongue, he expressed great objection and agony. When asked for the reason, he said, I want to die as a martyr while performing the Dhikr of Allah! Praising this assassin, one of their poets, Imran ibn Hittan (84 AH), said: "How great was that righteous, God-fearing man who struck that magnificent blow! By that blow, he sought nothing but the pleasure of the Lord of the Throne. I often remember him and consider him to be the one possessing the greatest reward before Allah." Ali (RA) and other Sahaba felt deep empathy for them due to their dedication and religiosity. They made many attempts to turn them away from the path of extremism. But all attempts failed. They refused to abandon their 'brand' of Islam or their own thoughts and interpretations of Islam. Ali was asked: Are they disbelievers? He said, They are fleeing precisely to escape Kufr. It was said, Then are they hypocrites? He said, Hypocrites remember Allah very little, whereas these people are engaged in the Dhikr of Allah day and night. It was said, Then what are they? He said, They have fallen into the Fitna of misguidance and self-worship, becoming blind and deaf. Their struggle to establish Islam was deeply sincere. In Arabic literature, their poetry is an incomparable treasure of Islamic zeal and jihadist inspiration. Their religiosity and honesty were unparalleled. Calluses had formed on their foreheads due to falling into long prostrations in Nafal prayers day and night. If one passed by their camps, only the sound of Quran recitation would be heard. They would faint weeping upon reading or hearing the Quran. Alongside this, their ferocity and terrorism were horrific. Starting from 37 AH, their terrorism, killings, and wars continued for the next several centuries. Around 64–70 AH, they supported Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr in the war between him and the rulers of the Umayyad dynasty. Because according to them, he was the one who established true Islamic governance. But when he refused to declare Uthman (RA) and Ali (RA) as disbelievers, and moreover praised them, they began to oppose him. Around 99–100 AH, the Umayyad Caliph Umar ibn Abdul Aziz tried to guide them to the right path due to their religiosity and dedication. They agreed with his honesty, justice, and complete adherence to Islam. However, their demand was that Uthman (RA) and Ali (RA) must be declared disbelievers because they provided rulings contrary to Allah's instructions. In addition, Mu'awiya (RA) and subsequent Umayyad rulers must also be declared disbelievers because they abandoned Allah's legislation and governed the country with laws fabricated by rulers. For example, establishing a monarchy, granting the ruler power to use the resources of the treasury arbitrarily, etc. As Umar ibn Abdul Aziz did not accept this demand, peace efforts failed. Despite admitting his own administration to be in accordance with Islam, they stood firm in their decision to continue the war against him. They believed that a Muslim individual turns into a disbeliever upon the violation of Islamic rulings. They conducted wars in groups outside the state leadership to establish 'Islam' or to implement Islamic rulings "completely" according to their conception against such disbelievers. In addition, they kept killing common non-combatant men, women, and children who did not consider Ali a disbeliever.[14] It is noteworthy that the majority of the Sahaba refrained from participating in the political disagreement and war between Ali (RA) and Mu'awiya (RA). The famous Tabi'i Ibn Sirin (110 AH) said, "When the Fitna began, thousands of Sahaba were alive. Not even 100 Sahaba from among them participated in it. Rather, the number of Sahaba participating in it was less than 30." These Sahaba and other Sahaba-Tabi'in morally supported Ali's (RA) actions. They would never agree to call him a sinner or a violator of Islam. The Kharijites used to kill them too, branding them as disbelievers. See a sample! Abdullah, the son of the Sahabi Khabbab ibn al-Aratt, was walking on the road with his wife and family. The Kharijites questioned him about Uthman (RA) and Ali (RA). He commented favorably about them and narrated a hadith about the terrible consequences of terrorism and killing. Then they took him to the riverbank, slaughtered him, and killed his pregnant wife and other women and children. At this time, they sat down to rest at a place. There, a date fell from a date tree, and a Kharijite picked it up and put it in his mouth. Then another said, You consumed someone else's property without paying the price? The man quickly spat out the date. Another Kharijite saw a pig and struck its body with his sword. Immediately his friends protested, saying, This is unjust, you are spreading chaos on Allah's earth in this way and destroying someone else's property! Then they found the non-Muslim owner of the pig, gave him money, and apologized. Thus, they are accepting the leniency of Islam regarding non-Muslims, fearing to violate the right of a servant over a single date, yet they are killing a fellow Muslim by calling him a disbeliever on various pretexts in the name of Islam, and are also killing unarmed women and children.}} Abdullah Jahangir states regarding the primary characteristics of the Kharijites: (1) Considering their own understanding as final in terms of understanding the guidance of Islam or the Quran. Denying the importance of the opinions of the Sahaba in this regard. (2) Though accepting Hadith, denying the importance of the practical actions and methodologies of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) in discussed and disputed matters. (3) Calling a Muslim a disbeliever due to sin. (4) Claiming wholesale validity for killing disbelievers. (5) Denying the Sharia importance of state allegiance. (6) Considering the state a state of Kufr due to the sins of the head of state and state administration. (7) Calling citizens who obey such a head of state disbelievers. (8) Considering taking up arms against such a state of Kufr and its citizens as permissible. (9) Claiming Jihad to be Fard Ayn (individual obligation), the greatest obligation, and a pillar of the Deen. (10) Inflicting punishments in the name of enjoining good and forbidding wrong. (11) Disregarding all scholars who oppose their opinion. === Modern Era === {{Islamism sidebar |expanded=Concepts}} ==== Reaction to European Colonialism ==== During the period of the 19th century, alongside the [[European colonization]] of the Muslim world, the [[French conquest of Algeria]] (1830), the [[Siege of Delhi|fall of the Mughal Empire]] in [[Colonial India|India]] (1857), [[Caucasian War|Russian incursions into the Caucasus]] (1828), and [[The Great Game|Central Asia]] (1830–1895) took place, culminating finally in the [[Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|fall and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]] in the 20th century (1908–1922). The first Muslim reaction against European colonization was centered around "peasants and religion", not the urban areas. "Charismatic leaders", who were usually members of the "Ulama" or religious communities, called for "Jihad" and formed tribal alliances. To unite the tribes, local customary laws were disregarded and "Sharia" was imposed. Examples include Abdelkader in Algeria, Muhammad Ahmad in Sudan, Imam Shamil in the Caucasus, the Sanusi in Libya and Chad, Mullah-i Lang in Afghanistan, the Akhund of Swat in India, and later Abd el-Krim in Morocco. Despite spectacular victories such as the massacre of the British army in Afghanistan in 1842 and the capture of Khartoum in 1885, all these movements ultimately failed.<ref>Roy, Olivier, ''The Failure of Political Islam'' by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, p.32</ref> The second Muslim reaction to European occupation later in the century and early 20th century was not violent resistance, but rather the adoption of certain Western political, social, cultural, and technological means. Urban elite members, especially in [[Egypt]], [[Iran]], and [[Turkey]], advocated and practiced "Westernization."<ref name=Feldman/> The failure of political Westernization efforts was, according to some, exemplified by the [[Tanzimat]] reorganizations of the Ottoman rulers. *Sharia* was incorporated into law (known as the [[Mecelle]]) and an elected legislature was established to enact laws. These steps stripped the "*[[Ulama]]*" of their role to "discover" the law, and the previously powerful scholarly class was weakened and shriveled into religious functionaries, while the legislature was suspended within less than a year of its inauguration and was never restored, thereby eliminating the [[Separation of powers|separation of powers]] where the Ulama previously served as a separate "branch" of government. p.71-76</ref> "The paradigm of the executive unchecked by either the Shariah of the scholars or the popular authority of an elected legislature became the dominant paradigm of most of the Sunni Muslim world for much of the twentieth century."<ref name=feldman-fall-79>Feldman, Noah, ''Fall and Rise of the Islamic State'', Princeton University Press, 2008, p.79</ref> ==== Modern Political Ideology of the Islamic State ==== {{See also|Islamism|Islamic state|Islamization|Quietism in Islam}} In addition to the legitimacy provided by medieval scholarly opinion, nostalgia for the days of successful Islamic empires was later uncovered under Western colonialism. This nostalgia has played a major role in the Islamic political ideology of the Islamic state, a state where Islamic law is paramount.<ref>{{citation|title=Liberal Democracy and Political Islam: the Search for Common Ground|last=Benhenda|first=M.|ssrn=1475928}}</ref> The core objective of Islamist political programs is to restructure the governments of existing Muslim states; but the means of doing so vary widely across different movements and contexts. Many democratic Islamist movements, such as Jamaat-e-Islami and the Muslim Brotherhood, have used democratic processes and focused on voting and forming alliances with other political parties. Radical Islamic movements like the Taliban and Al-Qaeda embrace Jihadism or militant Islamic ideology, and they were well known for participating in the anti-Soviet resistance in Afghanistan in the 1980s. Both aforementioned militant Islamic groups played roles in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and framed regional governments and the United States as their "near" and "distant" enemies respectively.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The World Transformed, 1945 to the Present|last=Hunt|first=Michael|publisher=Oxford|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-937102-0|location=New York City|pages=495}}</ref> ==== Compatibility with Democracy ==== {{Main|Islamic democracy}} ===== General Muslim Perspectives ===== * Support for democratic principles, where in most cases it is believed that they are compatible with Islam, which can play a public welfare role under a democratic system, for example, many activists participating in the uprisings of the [[Arab Spring]]; * Support for democratic methods like elections, along with religious and moral objections to certain aspects of Western democracy deemed incompatible with Sharia, for example, Islamic scholars like [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]]; * Rejection of democracy as a Western import and support for traditional Islamic institutions, such as ''[[Shura]]'' (consultative council) and ''[[Ijma]]'' (consensus), for example, supporters of absolute monarchies and fundamentalist Islamic movements; * The belief that for democracy, religion should be restricted to private life, a view held by a minority in the Muslim world. Surveys conducted by Gallup and the Pew Research Center in Muslim-majority countries indicate that most Muslims see no conflict between democratic values and religious principles. They want neither a theocracy nor a secular democracy, but rather a political model where democratic institutions and values can coexist with the values and principles of 'Sharia'.<ref>{{cite book|first1=John L.|last1=Esposito|first2=Natana J.|last2=DeLong-Bas|title=Shariah: What Everyone Needs to Know|url=https://archive.org/details/shariahwhatevery0000espo|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|page=[https://archive.org/details/shariahwhatevery0000espo/page/145 145]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Pew Research Center|title=Most Muslims Want Democracy, Personal Freedoms, and Islam in Political Life|date=July 10, 2012|url=https://www.pewglobal.org/2012/07/10/most-muslims-want-democracy-personal-freedoms-and-islam-in-political-life/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Gallup|title=Majorities See Religion and Democracy as Compatible|date=Oct 3, 2017|author1=Magali Rheault|author2=Dalia Mogahed|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/28762/majorities-muslims-americans-see-religion-law-compatible.aspx}}</ref> ===== Salafi Perspective ===== [[Salafi]] scholars rule democracy as Haram (forbidden),<ref name=i1>{{cite web |title=Democracy from the perspective of Islam - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://www.islamqa.info/bn/answers/98134 |website=[[IslamQA.info]] |access-date=August 2, 2022 |language=bn |date=January 22, 2015}}</ref> but validate the opportunity to vote and come to power using democracy to establish Islamic governance,<ref name=i2>{{cite web |title=The ruling on democracy and elections and participating in the democratic process - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/bn/answers/107166/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0 |website=[[IslamQA.info]] |access-date=August 2, 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> and encourage voting to choose the lesser of two evils. Among these scholars are Shaykh [[Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz]], Shaykh [[Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen]], [[Abdallah al-Ghudayyan]], Abdullah Qu'ud, Abd ar-Razzaq Afifi, and senior scholars of [[Saudi Arabia]]: [[Grand Mufti]] [[Shaykh]] [[Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh|Abdul-Aziz Al ash-Sheikh]], Shaykh Abdul Muhsin al-Abbad, Shaykh Wasiullah Abbas, and the fatwa panel of the most senior scholars of Saudi Arabia, the "[[Permanent Committee for Islamic Research and Issuing Fatwas]]", all of whom echoed similar calls encouraging Muslims to vote.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Shoaib |title=Scholstars Urge Western Muslims to Vote: Saudi Arabia |journal=Muslim World Journal |date=May 5, 2015 |url=https://www.muslimworldjournal.com/scholars-urge-western-muslims-to-vote-saudi-arabia/ |access-date=August 2, 2022 |archive-date=October 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010190359/https://www.muslimworldjournal.com/scholars-urge-western-muslims-to-vote-saudi-arabia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fahad bin Salih Ajlan states in his book *Al-Muharrar fee Siyasatush Shar'iyyah* that the election method is legitimate in Islam but not via the conventional democratic system; in it, political candidates must be Muslim and male, and voters must also be Muslim and male; women and non-Muslims can participate in the Shura but cannot vote; the time limit of the head of state's power can also be fixed, though it is not Fard (obligatory), but rather Jaiz (permissible).<ref name=fa/> ===== Islamic Political Theories ===== Muslih and Browers have identified three main perspectives on democracy among prominent Muslim thinkers who have sought to develop modern, distinct Islamic theories of socio-political organization compatible with Islamic values and law:<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Muslih|first1=Muhammad|last2=Browers|first2=Michaelle|title=Democracy|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0185|access-date=November 1, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611235451/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0185|url-status=dead}}</ref> * A rejectionist Islamic perspective, expounded by [[Sayyid Qutb]] and [[Abul A'la Maududi]]. * A moderate Islamic view, which emphasizes ''[[Maslaha]]'' (public consideration), ''[[Adl]]'' (justice), and *Shura*. This view is propagated in different ways by [[Hassan al-Turabi]], [[Rachid Ghannouchi]], and [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]]. * A liberal Islamic view influenced by [[Muhammad Abduh]]'s emphasis on the role of reason in understanding religion. It stresses democratic principles based on pluralism and freedom of thought. Authors like [[Fahmi Huwaidi]] and [[Tariq al-Bishri]] have crafted Islamic justifications for full citizenship of non-Muslims in an Islamic state by drawing on early Islamic texts. Others, such as [[Mohammed Arkoun]] and [[Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd]], have justified pluralism and freedom through non-textualist approaches to textual interpretation. [[Abdolkarim Soroush]] has argued for a "religious democracy" based on religious thought that is democratic, tolerant, and just. Islamic liberals argue for the necessity of continuous re-examination of religious understanding, which can only be done within a democratic context. ==== 20th and 21st Centuries ==== {{Main|1973 oil crisis|War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|Arab Cold War|Arab–Iranian conflict|Arab–Israeli conflict|Arab Spring|Arab Winter|War on terror}} {{seealso|Antisemitism in the Arab world|Anti-Zionism|History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser|International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism|Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict|Petro-Islam|Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world|Grand Mosque seizure|Six-Day War|Yom Kippur War|War of Attrition}} Following World War I, the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, and the subsequent abolition of the caliphate by the founder of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, many Muslims realized that the political power of their religion was declining. There was also concern about the spread of Western ideas and influence across Muslim societies. This led to widespread resentment against the influence of European powers. The Muslim Brotherhood was formed in Egypt as a movement to resist and harass the British. In the 1960s, the dominant ideology in the Arab world was Pan-Arabism, which marginalized religion and encouraged the formation of socialist and secular states based on Arab nationalism rather than Islam (see, for example, Ba'athism and secularism in Turkey). However, governments built upon Arab nationalism faced economic stagnation and chaos. Increasingly, the borders of these states were being seen as artificial colonial creations—which they indeed were, as they were literally drawn on a map by European colonial powers. ==== Contemporary Movements ==== Some common political currents in Islam include: * [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Traditionalist theology (Islam)|traditionalist doctrine]], which accepts traditional commentaries of the Quran, Hadith, and Sunnah, and adopts Taqlid (imitation), i.e., not innovating anything new, as its core principle, following any one of the four madhhabs (Shafi'i, Maliki, Hanafi, Hanbali), and this may also include Sufism. An example of Sufi traditionalism is the Barelvi madhhab in Pakistan.<ref>Olivier Roy, *The Failure of Political Islam*, (1994) pp. 30-31</ref> * [[Islamic fundamentalism|Fundamentalist reformism]] or [[Islamic revival|revivalism]], which criticizes various currents of Islamic theology, Tafsir, popular religious practices like visiting and venerating the shrines and tombs of Muslim saints, and perceived deviations and superstitions; its goal is to return to the founding scriptures of Islam. This fundamentalist reformism usually developed in response to a perceived external threat (for example, Hindu-Islamic relations). 18th-century examples include Shah Waliullah Dehlawi in British India and Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab (the founder of Wahhabism) in the Arabian Peninsula.<ref>Olivier Roy, *Failure of Political Islam*, (1994) p. 31</ref> The Salafi movement, the Deobandi current in India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, and the Tablighi Jamaat in South Asia are modern examples of fundamentalist reformism and revivalism. * [[Islamism]] or [[political Islam]], embracing a return to 'Sharia' or Islamic law, but adopting Western terms like 'revolution', 'ideology', 'politics', and 'democracy', and maintaining a more liberal attitude toward topics like 'Jihad' and 'women's rights'.<ref>Olivier Roy, *The Failure of Political Islam*. (1994) pp. 35-37</ref> Contemporary examples include Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, the Muslim Brotherhood, the Iranian Islamic Revolution, the Masyumi Party, the United Malays National Organisation, the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, and the Justice and Development Party (Turkey). * [[Liberal movements within Islam|Liberal movements under Islam]], usually defining themselves in opposition to Islamic political movements, but frequently adopting many of its anti-imperialist and Islam-inspired liberal reformist elements. ===== Differences Between Sunnis and Shias ===== {{Main|Shia–Sunni relations}} According to scholar Vali Nasr, the political tendencies of Sunni and Shia Islamic ideologies differ. Sunni Islamic revivalism in Pakistan and most parts of the Arab world is not politically revolutionary, whereas Shia political Islam is heavily influenced by Ruhollah Khomeini and his rhetoric regarding the oppression of the poor and class struggle. The roots of Sunni revivalism lie in conservative religious motivations and the market, where religious values merge with commercial interests. ... Khomeini's Islamism engaged the poor and spoke of class struggle. <blockquote>This division between fundamentalism as revivalism and fundamentalism as revolution was deep, and for a long time it closely matched the sectarian division between Sunnis—the traditional 'wealthy' group in the Muslim world, who are more interested in conservative religiosity—and Shias—the long-time outsiders, who are more attracted to 'radical dreams and plots'.<ref>''The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam will shape the future'' by Vali Nasr, Norton, 2006, p.148-9</ref></blockquote> Graham Fuller also notes that he has "not found any mainstream Islamist organization (except [Shia] Iran) that has a revolutionary approach to the social system or radical social views, other than imposing legal judgment."<ref>Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p.26</ref> == Notes == {{reflist|group=Note}} ==References== {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * [https://xeroxtree.com/pdf/shoriyoti_rastro_bebostha.pdf Shari'ah State System - Ibn Taymiyyah (Bengali translation of Siyasat al-Shari'ah book)] (PDF) * [https://www.kalamullah.com/Books/Al-Ahkam%20as-Sultaniyyah.pdf Al-Ahkam as-Sultaniyyah - Al-Mawardi (English translation) (PDF)] * Shari'ah Politics ([https://h1.nu/1vSve Translation of the book Al-Muharrar fee Siyasatush Shar'iyyah (Writings on Shari'ah Politics) (2022) - Original: Fahad bin Salih Al-Ajlan] - Translator: Abdullah Majumdar - 2025 [https://archive.org/download/20240606_20240606_1949/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%B7%D1%A2.pdf (Original Arabic)] * {{cite book |last1=Bazmool |first1=Muhammad ibn Umar ibn Salim |last2=bin Tofazzal |first2=Habib |last3=Zakaria |first3=Abu Bakar Muhammad |title=This is Not the Manhaj of the Salaf |date=November 2021 |url=https://freeshrink.info/DxYC0X|publisher=Believers Vision |location=Dhaka |isbn=978-984-35-0960-4}} * [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552601 Islam and Politics] from the [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives] * [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1475928 Liberal Democracy and Political Islam: The Search for Common Ground] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080216024026/http://www.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_Terrorism_In_KSA.pdf The Ideology of Terrorism and Violence in Saudi Arabia: Origins, Reasons and Solution] * [http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0994/9409021.htm Evaluating the Islamist movement] by Greg Noakes, an American Muslim who works at the ''Washington Report''. * [http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0695/9506017.htm Muslim scholars face down fanaticism] by [[Aicha Lemsine]], an Algerian journalist and author. * [http://cdm164001.cdmhost.com/krogh/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/p164001coll21&CISOPTR=195&CISOBOX=1&REC=2 Peter Krogh discusses Islam and politics with John L. Esposito and Mary Jane Deeb] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813071517/http://cdm164001.cdmhost.com/krogh/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp164001coll21&CISOPTR=195&CISOBOX=1&REC=2 |date=13 August 2011 }} on ''Great Decisions'' (1994). * [https://d1.islamhouse.com/data/bn/ih_articles/single3/bn_somaj_songoskare_sothik_aqidar_gurutto.pdf The Importance of Correct Aqeedah in Social Reform, Author: Mohammad Manzure Elahi, Editor: Abu Bakar Muhammad Zakaria, Published by: Islamic Propagation Office in Rabwah, (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)] * [https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/58.netritter_moh_by_Muhammad_Saleh_Al_-Munajjid.pdf The Desire for Leadership, Original: Saleh Al-Munajjid, Translator: Abdul Malek - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405002813/https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/58.netritter_moh_by_Muhammad_Saleh_Al_-Munajjid.pdf |date=5 April 2023 }} * [https://d1.islamhouse.com/data/bn/ih_articles/single3/bn_netritto_ak_mohan_dayitto.pdf Leadership is a Great Responsibility - Author: Kamal Uddin Molla - Editor: Abu Bakar Muhammad Zakaria] * {{cite book |last1=Zakaria |first1=Dr Abu Bakar Muhammad |title=Ruling on Disobeying Islamic Law |date=1 January 2020 |publisher=Osoul Center |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books/about/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE.html?id=VyD5DwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y|language=ar}} * {{cite book |last1=Baz |first1=Abdul Aziz ibn Abdullah ibn |title=Arab Nationalism in the Light of Islam and Reality |url=https://islamhouse.com/bn/books/364813/ |language=bn}} * [http://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/34.islami_andolone_bijoyer_shorup_by_prof._dr._muhammad_asadullah_al-ghalib.pdf The True Nature of Victory in the Islamic Movement - Nasser bin Sulaiman Al-Omar - Translator: Abdul Malek - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911014609/http://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/34.islami_andolone_bijoyer_shorup_by_prof._dr._muhammad_asadullah_al-ghalib.pdf |date=11 September 2022 }} * [http://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/shariater_aloke_jamatboddho_prochesta_by_muhammad_abdul_malak.pdf Organized Efforts in the Light of Shari'ah - Abdur Rahman bin Abdul Khaleq - Translator: Abdul Malek - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415163341/https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/shariater_aloke_jamatboddho_prochesta_by_muhammad_abdul_malak.pdf |date=15 April 2023 }} * [https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/67.jamatboddho_jibon_japon_dr.%20hafej_bin_muhammad_al-hakami.pdf The Necessity of an Organized Life in a Community - Hafez bin Muhammad Al-Hakami - Translator: Muhammad Abdur Rahim - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405045610/https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/67.jamatboddho_jibon_japon_dr.%20hafej_bin_muhammad_al-hakami.pdf |date=5 April 2023 }} * [http://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/14.iqamate-din-poth-o-podhoti_by_prof._dr._muhammad_asadullah_al-ghalib.pdf Iqamate Deen (Establishing Religion): The Way and Method - Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405002812/http://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/14.iqamate-din-poth-o-podhoti_by_prof._dr._muhammad_asadullah_al-ghalib.pdf |date=5 April 2023 }} * [https://archive.org/download/20200422_20200422_0912/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%20%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%20%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%CC%E0%A6%A8%20-%20%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%20%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8.pdf Establishing Religion Within the Mesh of Misconceptions - Muzaffar Bin Mohsin - Bangladesh Ahlehadeeth Youth Association] * [https://www.hadithbd.com/books/section/?book=50 Militancy in the Name of Islam - Khondoker Abdullah Jahangir - As-Sunnah Publications] * [https://cwibd.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/bn_allahor_pothe_dawat.pdf Calling to the Path of Allah - Khondoker Abdullah Jahangir - Edited by: Abu Bakar Muhammad Zakaria] * [https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/islami_khelafot_o_netritto_nirbachon_by_prof._dr._muhammad_asadullah_al-ghalib.pdf Islamic Khilafah and Selecting Leadership - Asadullah Al-Ghalib - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] * [https://library.hadeethfoundationbd.com/books_pdf/03.dawat_o_Jihad_by_prof._dr._muhammad_asadullah_al-ghalib.pdf Dawah and Jihad - Asadullah Al-Ghalib - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] * [https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/27.jihad_o_qital_by%2520prof.%2520dr.%2520muhammad%2520asadullah%2520al-ghalib.pdf Jihad and Qital - Asadullah Al-Ghalib - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] * [https://library.hadeethfoundationbd.com/books_pdf/18.tinti_motobad_by_prof._dr._muhammad_asadullah_al-ghalib_HFB.pdf Three Ideologies - Asadullah Al-Ghalib - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] * [https://archive.org/download/20200417_20200417_0801/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%85%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%Validity%20%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%20-%20%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9得意%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%20%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB.pdf Who is the Most Gainer - Abdur Razzaq bin Yousuf - Al-Markazul Islami As-Salafi - December 2011] * {{cite book|url=https://h1.nu/1qucx |last1=Salam |first1=Akramuzzaman bin Abdus |title=Extremism, Militancy and Terrorism in the View of Islam |date=2022|publisher=Ihya-us Sunnah Foundation| isbn=978-984-99665-5-5 |location=Dhaka}} * {{cite book |last1=Saifullah |first1=Muhammad |title=Terrorism, Militancy and Extremism: Islamic Perspective (Collection of Essays) |date=November 2016|publisher=International Islamic Institute for Education and Research |location=Dhaka|url=https://h1.nu/1vSwf}} [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Islam]] [[Category:Islam and politics]] {{politics-stub}} [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Islam]] myslvbn3wkz7tq5sard2bpi6aozm4bt 10878895 10878873 2026-06-04T18:06:16Z Henri Aja 1041406 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33082-36|~2026-33082-36]] ([[User talk:~2026-33082-36|talk]]): -> rv spam. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10878895 wikitext text/x-wiki Islamic scholars claim that only the [[Caliphate]] and the [[Muslim monarchy]] are legitimate '''Islamic political systems'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monarchy in Qur'an and Hadith |url=https://www.livingislam.org/fiqhi/fiqha_e39.html |website=www.livingislam.org |accessdate=5 August 2025}}</ref> And even though saying the rest of the political systems are forbidden,<ref>{{cite web |title=Concept of democracy in Islam - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://www.islamqa.info/en/answers/98134 |website=Islam-QA |accessdate=5 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> they allow them to be used as a way for Muslims to come to power to establish Islamic rule.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ruling on democracy and elections and participating in that system - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/107166/% |website=Islam-QA |accessdate=5 August 2025 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=العجلان |first1=فهد صالح |title=المحرر في السياسة الشرعية |date=1 June 2022 |publisher=آفاق المعرفة للنشر |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books/about/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4.html?id=_vt7EAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y |accessdate=16 November 2025 |language=ar}}</ref> == Primary bibliography == {{See also|Siyasatnama}} The earliest fundamental work on Islamic politics is [[Al-Mawardi]]'s ''[[Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya (book)|Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya]]'' (The Ordinances of Government). Other subsequent notable works include ''Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya'' by [[Abu Ya'la]], ''Al-Ghiyathi'' by [[Al-Juwayni]], ''[[Al-Turuq al-Hukmiyya]]'' by [[Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya|Ibn al-Qayyim]], and ''[[Al-Siyasah al-Shar'iyah (book)|Al-Siyasah al-Shar'iyah]]'' by [[Ibn Taymiyyah]]. == Scriptural manuscripts == === Quran === {{hatnote|See also: [[Verse of Obedience]] and [[Iqamat ad-Din]]}} In the context of Islamic politics in the Quran, political Islamists most prominently highlight the concept of [[Iqamat ad-Din]] (establishment of religion), which is mentioned in verse 13 of [[Surah Ash-Shura]]. {{quote|He has ordained for you of religion what He enjoined upon Noah and that which We have revealed to you, [O Muhammad], and what We enjoined upon Abraham and Moses and Jesus - to remain steadfast in religion (Arabic: اَقِیۡمُوا الدِّیۡনَ, ''Aqīmū d-Dīn'') and not be divided therein. Difficult for those who associate others with Allah is that to which you invite them. Allah chooses for Himself whom He wills and guides to Himself whoever turns back [to Him].|Surah Ash-Shura, Verse 13}} However, there is a divergence of opinion among Islamists regarding what "Din" (religion) signifies in the phrase "Establish the Din." [[Political Islam|Political Islamists]] claim that it implies the establishment of Allah's governance, His divine command, or an Islamic government, thereby establishing Islamic or Muslim politics and power. On the other hand, mainstream adherents of [[Traditional Salafism]] assert that it signifies establishing [[Tawhid]] (the oneness of God) and a pure Islamic [[Aqidah]] (creed) among the public through dawah (proselytization). They reject and oppose the former governance-oriented interpretation, claiming it to be erroneous. [[File:আনুগত্যের আয়াত.jpg|thumb|400px|right|The 59th verse of Surah An-Nisa, known as the Verse of Obedience, is an important verse utilized in the context of Islamic politics.]] Regarding obedience to political authorities in Islam, verse 59 of Surah An-Nisa is frequently cited and is termed the Verse of Obedience. It commands obedience to Allah and the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as to the [[Uli al-Amr]] (those in authority among you, interpreted as rulers and scholars). This obedience is conditional upon lawful Islamic mandates ([[Halal]]) and does not apply to un-Islamic directives ([[Haram]]). {{quote|O you who have believed! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you (Uli al-Amr minkum). And if you disagree over anything, refer it to Allah and the Messenger, if you should believe in Allah and the Last Day. That is the best [way] and best in result.|Surah An-Nisa, Verse 59}} [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] initiated his book ''Al-Siyasah al-Shar'iyah'' (The Canonical Treatise on Governance) with the following verse. Alongside verse 59 of Surah An-Nisa, he also cited verse 58 as a prior instruction regarding justice and trustworthiness. {{quote|We have already sent Our messengers with clear evidences and sent down with them the Scripture and the balance that the people may maintain [their affairs] in justice. And We sent down iron, wherein is great military might and benefits for the people, and so that Allah may make evident those who support Him and His messengers unseen. Indeed, Allah is Powerful and Exalted in Might.|Surah Al-Hadid, Verse 25}} {{quote|Indeed, Allah commands you to render trusts to whom they are due and when you judge between people to judge with justice. Excellent is that which Allah instructs you. Indeed, Allah is ever Hearing and Seeing.|Surah An-Nisa, Verse 58}} ==== Views of Western scholars ==== In his book ''Muhammad'', Michael Cook remarks that while the Quran does not explicitly address politics, it contains concepts such as the oppressed (''mustad'afun''), emigration (''[[Hijra]]''), the Muslim community (''[[Ummah]]''), and fighting in the cause of Allah (''[[Jihad]]''), all of which carry political implications.<ref name="Cook-1983-51-60">{{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=Michael |title=Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000cook_h0b4 |date=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0192876058 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000cook_h0b4/page/51 51]–60}}</ref> Several Quranic verses (such as Quran 4:98) discuss the *mustad'afun* ("those deemed weak," "helpless," or "oppressed"), detailing how figures like Pharaoh exploited them, how Allah wills that justice be served to them, and how they may emigrate from the land where they face tyranny (Quran 4:99). The prophet [[Abraham]] also "emigrated for the sake of his Lord" (Quran 29:26). The Quran commands fighting against disbelievers (''kuffar'') and promises divine assistance, though (some) verses suggest that this command applies primarily when disbelievers initiate warfare, and that hostilities may cease through treaties and reconciliation. Additionally, specific verses govern the proper distribution of spoils of war among victors. Commands are also given to fight internal enemies or "hypocrites" (''munafiqun'').<ref name="Cook-1983-51-60"/> Some injunctions did not extend beyond the Prophet's lifetime, such as the prohibition against arguing with Allah and His Prophet, or shouting and raising one's voice while speaking to the Prophet.<ref name="Cook-1983-56-7">{{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=Michael |title=Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000cook_h0b4 |date=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0192876058 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000cook_h0b4/page/56 56]–7}}</ref> The limited nature of explicit political doctrines in the Quran stems from the fact that it does not outline "any formal and continuing structure of authority"; it merely instructs believers to obey the Prophet.<ref name="Cook-1983-56-7"/> Furthermore, the political application of its core themes was highly restricted during an era when desert nomads could scarcely conceive that the ultimate success of Islam would lie in governing vast, peasant-majority territories controlled by major cities and empires.<ref name="Cook-1983-59">{{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=Michael |title=Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000cook_h0b4 |date=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0192876058 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammad0000cook_h0b4/page/59 59]}}</ref> === Hadith === ==== Mention of the term politics (Siyasah) ==== In Hadiths narrated in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, the root word of ''Siyasah'' (politics/governance) is utilized as a verb. {{quote|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "The Children of Israel were governed by Prophets (tasusuhum al-anbiya); whenever a Prophet died, he was succeeded by another Prophet."|(Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 3455; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 1842; Ibn Majah, Hadith 2871; Musnad Ahmad, Hadith 7960)}} [[Al-Nawawi]] states: "The phrase '[they] were governed by prophets' means that the prophets managed their affairs just as rulers take charge of the affairs of their subjects. Thus, *Siyasah* implies managing something in a manner that preserves its well-being and serves its best interests."<ref>{{cite web |title=Politics from an Islamic perspective - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/181673/politics-from-an-islamic-perspective |website=[[islamqa.info]] |access-date=4 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ==== Guidelines on leadership ==== ;Primary condition of leadership: A group of three and proficiency in the Quran (Islamic knowledge) [[Muhammad Salih al-Munajjid]], in his book *Hubb al-Riyasah* (The Love of Leadership), states that according to the Sunnah, whenever people are organized together, a leader must be appointed.<ref>The Illusion of Leadership, Original: Salih Al-Munajjid, Translation: Abdul Malek, Publisher: Hadith Foundation Bangladesh, p. 9</ref> {{quote|Narrated Abu Sa'id al-Khudri: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "When three people set out on a journey, they should appoint one of them as their leader (Amir)."|Abu Dawud, 2608, Hasan Isnad by Al-Albani}} Another Hadith notes that if more than three people are together, they must select a leader, and they should choose the person who knows the Quran (and authentic Hadith/pure Islamic knowledge) best. {{quote|Narrated Abu Sa'id al-Khudri: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "When three people assemble, one of them must lead them. And the one who has the greatest right to lead (Imamat) is the one who has read the most (aqra'uhum, interpreted as the one who has studied the Quran and authentic Islamic knowledge the most)."|Sahih Muslim, 1415}} Comprehensive instructions regarding the selection of a leader or Imam are provided in another Hadith. (While the majority of scholars view this as an instruction for religious leadership or leading prayer, several scholars also consider it a guideline for choosing political leadership.) {{quote|Narrated Abu Mas'ud: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "The person who should lead the people is the one who knows the Book of Allah best. If they are equal in their knowledge of the Quran, then the one who has the deepest knowledge of the Sunnah should lead. If they are equal in their knowledge of the Sunnah, then the one who migrated (made Hijrah) first should lead. If they are equal in terms of migration, then the oldest in age should lead. No man should lead another in prayer in his place of authority, nor should anyone sit in his house in his place of honor without his permission."<ref group=Note>Explanation: (أَقْرَؤُهُمْ لِكِتَابِ اللّهِ) There is disagreement regarding this part. Some interpreted it as the most knowledgeable regarding the Quran, its rulings, and meanings. Others took it literally to mean the one who has memorized the most. Al-Mubarakpuri prefers the latter view based on corroborating narrations. (فَأَعْلَمُهُمْ بِالسُّنَّةِ) At-Tibi states that Sunnah here denotes the Hadiths, while others suggest it means knowledge of the rulings of prayer. (فَأَقْدَمُهُمْ هِجْرَةً) This originally referred to migrating from Mecca to Medina prior to the Conquest of Mecca. In a broader sense, it includes moving from a non-Muslim territory to a Muslim state. (فَأَقْدَمُهُمْ سِنًّا) Refers to age or priority in accepting Islam. (وَلَا يَؤُمَّনَّ الرَّجُلُ الرَّজُلَ فِي سُلْطَانِه) This establishes that a person should not assume authority or lead in an area or residence where another person holds legitimate jurisdiction or ownership (such as a mosque's appointed Imam or a homeowner), unless explicit permission is granted, in order to prevent discord and jealousy.</ref>|Mishkat 1117, Muslim 673, Abu Dawud 582, At-Tirmidhi 235, Nasa'i 780, Ibn Majah 980, Ahmad 17063, Sahih Al-Jami' 3104.}} ;Acquisition of knowledge The Hadiths explicitly command that knowledgeable individuals (scholars) should be made leaders, while appointing ignorant individuals to leadership positions is designated as a sign of the Day of Judgment. {{quote|Narrated Urwah: I heard Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-Aas saying: I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) say: "Allah does not take away knowledge by snatching it away from the hearts of the people, but He takes it away by the death of the religious scholars. When no scholar remains, people will take ignorant persons as their leaders. They will be consulted, and they will issue verdicts (Fatwas) without knowledge. Consequently, they will go astray and lead others astray."|Sahih Muslim, 6689}} The companion [[Umar]] and the early pious predecessors (Salaf al-Salih) commanded individuals to acquire deep knowledge both before and after assuming leadership. {{quote|Umar said: "Acquire knowledge before you are made leaders." Abu Abdullah (Bukhari) added: "And also after you are made leaders, for the companions of the Prophet continued to learn even in their old age." Narrated Abdullah ibn Mas'ud: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "Envy is justified only in two cases: a person whom Allah has given wealth and the power to spend it rightfully in the cause of truth; and a person whom Allah has granted wisdom (knowledge), and he judges by it and teaches it to others."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 73}} Conversely, acquiring knowledge solely for the purpose of flaunting leadership or debating others is strictly forbidden in the Hadith literature. {{quote|Narrated Ka'b ibn Malik: I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) say: "Whoever seeks knowledge in order to argue with scholars, or to dispute with the ignorant, or to attract people's attention to himself, Allah will cast him into the Fire."|At-Tirmidhi, 2654, graded Hasan by Al-Albani}} ;Honesty and selflessness The Hadiths characterize individuals who are personally honest and who inherently dislike seeking power or leadership as those most suited to lead. {{quote|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "...You will find that the best people among you are those who hate leadership and governance the most, until they are burdened with it. Mankind is like mines (of gold and silver); those who were excellent in the era of ignorance (Jahiliyyah) are excellent in Islam, provided they acquire deep religious knowledge..."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 3334}} Greed for power is explicitly discouraged, with warnings that while the initiation of leadership may seem pleasant, its consequences are often distressing. {{quote|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "You will eagerly seek leadership and authority, but it will become a cause of regret for you on the Day of Resurrection. What a good nursing mother it is (referring to the initial wealth and prestige of power), and what an evil weaning mother it is (referring to the pain of losing power at death or dismissal)!"|Mishkat 2681, Bukhari 7148, Nasa'i 4211, Ahmad 9791}} ;Consultation and priority of allegiance The Sunnah encourages the appointment of an Amir through mutual consultation (Shura). It mandates obeying the first leader to whom allegiance is pledged and forbids any rival claims to leadership during that leader's lifetime. {{quote|Narrated Jarir: ...Dhu 'Amr said to me: "O Jarir! You hold an honorable position... I inform you that you, the Arab nation, will remain in a good state as long as you appoint a new leader through consultation upon the death of the previous one. But if matters are decided by the force of the sword, your rulers will become like absolute kings..."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 4359}} {{quote|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "...There will be no prophet after me, but there will be Caliphs and they will be numerous." The companions asked: "What do you command us to do then?" He replied: "Fulfill the pledge of allegiance (Bay'ah) to the one who is given it first, and give them their due rights..."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 3455; Sahih Muslim, 1842}} {{quote|Narrated Abdullah ibn Amr: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "He who pledges allegiance to a leader, giving him the grasp of his hand and the sincerity of his heart, must obey him as much as he can. If another claimant comes forward to dispute his authority, strike off the neck of that second claimant."|Sahih Muslim, 4882}} {{quote|Narrated Arfajah: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "When you are united under the governance of a single ruler, and someone comes forward intending to fracture your solidarity or disrupt your community, kill him."|Sahih Muslim, 4904}} ;Entrusting leadership to competent individuals Authentic Sunni traditions mandate that leadership responsibilities must only be handed over to competent and qualified persons.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taymīyah |first1=Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm Ibn |title=The Political Shariyah on Reforming the Ruler and the Ruled |date=2005 |publisher=Dar ul Fiqh |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=ZdwVAQAAIAAJ |access-date=18 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> {{quote|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: While the Prophet (peace be upon him) was speaking to a gathering, a Bedouin came and asked, "When will the Hour be?" The Prophet completed his discourse and then asked, "Where is the questioner about the Hour?" The man replied, "Here I am, O Messenger of Allah." The Prophet said, "When honesty and trusts are lost, then wait for the Hour." The man asked, "How will they be lost?" He replied, "When authority is entrusted to incompetent people, then wait for the Hour."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 6496}} ;Capability The Hadiths caution against appointing individuals who are inherently weak or incapable of handling administrative burdens. {{quote|Narrated Abu Dharr: I said, "O Messenger of Allah, will you not appoint me to a public office?" He patted my shoulder and said, "O Abu Dharr, you are weak, and authority is a trust (Amanah). On the Day of Resurrection, it will be a cause of humiliation and regret, except for the one who takes it rightfully and fulfills the duties incumbent upon him."|Sahih Muslim, 1825}} ;Exclusion of hypocrites In his treatise *An-Nifaq*, Salih al-Munajjid references a tradition where the Prophet forbade addressing a hypocrite as a master or leader. {{quote|Narrated Abdullah ibn Buraydah, from his father: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Do not address a hypocrite as 'Sayyid' (master/leader). For if he is indeed your leader, you will have angered your Lord."|Abu Dawud, 4977}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/57.munafiqi_by_Muhammad_Saleh_Al_-Munajjid.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 June 2026 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405093222/https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/57.munafiqi_by_Muhammad_Saleh_Al_-Munajjid.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> ;Exclusion of women from the head of state Prophetic narrations declare that a woman cannot occupy the position of supreme head of state. {{quote|Narrated Abu Bakrah: When the news reached the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) that the people of Persia had appointed the daughter of Chosroes as their queen, he said: "Never will a nation succeed that entrusts its public affairs to a woman."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 4425}} ;Prohibition on seeking leadership Scholars like Salih al-Munajjid and Fahad bin Salih al-Ajlan highlight that authentic traditions explicitly bar appointing individuals who aggressively campaign for or demand leadership roles.<ref>The Illusion of Leadership, p. 21</ref><ref>Al-Muharrar fi al-Siyasah al-Shar'iyah, Fahad bin Salih al-Ajlan, Translation: Abdullah Mazumder, Edited by Abu Bakr Muhammad Zakaria, September 2025, p. 273</ref> {{quote|Narrated Abu Musa al-Ash'ari: I went to the Prophet with two of my cousins. One of them said, "O Messenger of Allah, appoint us as rulers over some of the territory that Allah has entrusted to you." The other said something similar. The Prophet replied, "By Allah, we do not appoint anyone to this position who asks for it or covets it."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 7149; Sahih Muslim, 4821}} {{quote|Narrated Abd al-Rahman ibn Samurah: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said to me: "O Abd al-Rahman ibn Samurah, do not seek public office. For if you are given it without asking, you will be aided in it. But if you are given it because of your requesting it, you will be left to it entirely (without divine help)..."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 6722}} ;Permissibility of requesting leadership for public good by qualified individuals However, some scholars cite specific exceptions where a qualified person may request a leadership position solely to establish a public or religious good. {{quote|Narrated Uthman ibn Abu al-As: I said, "O Messenger of Allah, appoint me as the Imam of my tribe." He replied, "You are their Imam. But be mindful of the weakest among them when leading prayer, and appoint a Mu'adhin who does not accept payment for the Adhan."|Sahih: Ahmad 15836, Abu Dawud 531, Nasa'i 272}} ;Accountability and responsibility Rulers are severely warned against failing to look after the welfare of their subjects. {{quote|Narrated Ma'qil ibn Yasar: I heard the Prophet (peace be upon him) saying, "Any ruler whom Allah places in charge of subjects, and he dies while failing to look after their welfare with sincerity, Allah will forbid him from smelling the fragrance of Paradise."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 7150}} ==== Obedience and Dissent ==== The Prophet strictly commanded Muslims to maintain community solidarity and to bear the shortcomings or tyranny of rulers patiently rather than causing fragmentation or rebellion.<ref name=Usul>Usul al-Iman: Fundamental Principles of Faith in the Light of Quran and Sunnah, Authors: A group of scholars from Islamic University of Madinah, Translation: Mohammad Manzure Elahi, Abu Bakr Muhammad Zakaria, Publisher: Sabuj Patra, pp. 341–347</ref> {{quote|Narrated Anas ibn Malik: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Listen and obey, even if an Ethiopian slave whose head is like a raisin is appointed as your ruler."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 7142}} {{quote|Narrated Irbad ibn Sariyah: ...The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "I enjoin you to fear Allah, and to listen and obey, even if your leader is an Ethiopian slave. Whosoever among you survives me will witness immense conflict. In such a situation, it is incumbent upon you to hold fast to my Sunnah and the Sunnah of the Rightly Guided Caliphs..."|Mishkat al-Masabih, 165; Abu Dawud, 4607; At-Tirmidhi, 2676}} {{quote|Narrated Ibn Umar: Umar delivered a sermon to us at Al-Jabiyah and said: "O people, I stand before you just as the Messenger of Allah stood before us... It is incumbent upon you to stick to the Muslim community (Jama'at) and beware of division. Satan remains with a solitary person, but he is further away from two people. Whoever desires the best part of Paradise must adhere to the community..."|Sunan At-Tirmidhi, 2165}} {{quote|Narrated Ibn Abbas: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "The hand of Allah is over the community (Jama'at)."|Sunan At-Tirmidhi, 2166}} {{quote|Narrated Ibn Abbas: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "Whoever sees something from his ruler that he dislikes, he should be patient. For whoever separates from the community even by a handspan and dies, his death will be that of the days of ignorance (Jahiliyyah)."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 7053}} {{quote|Narrated Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman: ...I asked, "What do you command me to do, O Messenger of Allah, if I encounter such a situation (corrupt leaders)?" He replied: "Listen to and obey the Amir, even if your back is beaten and your wealth is confiscated; listen and obey."|Sahih Muslim, 4679}} The mandate to obey rulers applies exclusively to lawful directives ([[Halal]]). Obedience is strictly prohibited if a ruler orders a sin ([[Haram]]).<ref name=Usul/><ref>{{cite web |title=Ruling on Pledging Allegiance (Bay'ah) in Islam |url=https://ikhlasbd.com/article_details/9010 |website=Monthly Al-Ikhlas |publisher=Monthly Al-Ikhlas |access-date=5 October 2022 |date=September 2021}}</ref> {{quote|Narrated Abdullah: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "Hearing and obeying is mandatory upon every Muslim regarding what he likes or dislikes, as long as he is not commanded to commit a sin. If he is commanded to commit a sin, there is no hearing and no obeying."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 7144; Sahih Muslim, 1839}} {{quote|Narrated Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Rabb al-Ka'bah: ...I asked Abdullah ibn Amr... He replied: "Obey him (the ruler) in matters of obedience to Allah, and disobey him in matters of disobedience to Allah."|Sahih Muslim, 4670}} ==== Advising the leader privately ==== The Sunnah mandates that counseling or correcting a ruler should be performed privately rather than through public agitation.<ref name=Usul/> {{quote|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Allah is pleased with three things for you... that you worship Him alone... hold fast together to the rope of Allah and do not be divided, and that you sincerely advise those whom Allah has placed in authority over your affairs."<ref name=Usul/><ref group="Note">The bracketed text regarding advising rulers is found in authentic classical extractions used in theology manuals like *Usul al-Iman*.</ref>|Sahih Muslim, 1715}} {{quote|Narrated Iyad ibn Ghanam: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Whoever intends to advise someone in authority should not do so openly. Rather, he should take him by his hand and counsel him in private. If the ruler accepts it, it is well; if he does not, the adviser has fulfilled his obligation."|Musnad Ahmad, 15333; Ibn Abi Asim, Al-Sunnah, 2/50<ref name=Usul/><ref group=Note>This tradition is verified as authentic according to classical Hadith methodologies utilized by Salafi scholars.</ref>}} Proclaiming the truth in front of a tyrannical ruler is classified as the best form of Jihad. {{quote|Narrated Abu Umamah: A man asked the Prophet during the Farewell Pilgrimage, "Which Jihad is best?" ...The Prophet replied: "The best Jihad is a word of truth spoken in front of an oppressive ruler."|Musnad Ahmad, 18830; Ibn Majah, 4012; graded Sahih by Al-Albani}} Salafi theologians reconcile these narrations by clarifying that speaking truth to a ruler must occur face-to-face in his presence, and that launching public, mass criticisms or public denunciations against rulers remains impermissible.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Madani |first1=Motiur Rahman |title=Speaking the truth before an oppressive ruler: Public criticism explained |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=5kyKznMobuI |website=YouTube |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=7 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Zakaria |first1=Abu Bakr Muhammad |title=Is rebelling against rulers permissible? |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=joxJHjOjLcY |website=YouTube |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=12 April 2020}}</ref> ==== Criteria for legitimacy of leadership ==== In his book *Jihadism in the Name of Islam*, [[Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir]] notes that traditions forbid armed rebellion against rulers as long as they establish regular prayers or permit public prayer. {{quote|Narrated Umm Salamah: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Rulers will be appointed over you whose good deeds you will recognize and whose bad deeds you will dislike... They asked, 'Should we not fight them?' He replied, 'No, as long as they offer prayers.'"|Sahih Muslim, 4694}} Motiur Rahman Madani states that rebellion against a ruler becomes legitimate only when the ruler commits manifest, indisputable disbelief (Kufr Bawah) and completely bans public prayer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Madani |first1=Motiur Rahman |title=When is it permissible to protest against a Muslim ruler? |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=YNnQ8PJGw8Q |website=YouTube |location=Dammam Islamic Center, Saudi Arabia |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=31 December 2017}}</ref> Fahad bin Salih al-Ajlan, referencing Qadi Iyad and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, explains that if a ruler falls into apostasy or clear disbelief, allegiance is voided. If the Muslim community has the physical capability, they may remove him. However, if they lack the capability, they must temporarily endure his rule to prevent mass chaos, dealing with him on a realistic basis without granting legal religious legitimacy to his authority.<ref>Al-Muharrar fi al-Siyasah al-Shar'iyah, p. 306</ref> {{quote|Narrated Junadah ibn Abu Umayyah: We visited Ubadah ibn al-Samit when he was ill... He said: "The Prophet called us and we took the oath of allegiance. Among the conditions he textually bound us to was: to listen and obey both in pleasure and displeasure, in hardship and ease, and even when others are preferred over us, and that we would not dispute the authority of those fitted for it, unless you witness open, manifest disbelief (Kufr Bawah) concerning which you possess clear proof from Allah."|Sahih Muslim, 4665; Sahih al-Bukhari, 7056}} ==== Tribalism and Nepotism ==== Hadiths strictly condemn and forbid tribalism or partisan nepotism ([[Asabiyyah]]). {{quote|Narrated Junandab ibn Abdullah al-Bajali: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Whoever fights under a banner of blindness, advocating partisan fanatical tribalism (asabiyyah) or assisting tribalism, dies a death of the days of ignorance (Jahiliyyah)."|Sahih Muslim, 4686}} {{quote|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Allah has removed from you the pride of Jahiliyyah and its boasting about ancestors. One is only a God-fearing believer or a miserable sinner. You are all children of Adam, and Adam was made of dust. People must cease boasting about nations..."|Abu Dawud, 5116; At-Tirmidhi, 4233: Hasan}} When faced with blatant nepotism or favoritism from rulers, the Prophet instructed citizens to avoid creating chaos, to fulfill their civic duties, and to supplicate to Allah for their rights. {{quote|Narrated Abdullah: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "In the near future, you will witness nepotism, selfishness, and matters that you will dislike." The companions asked, "O Messenger of Allah, what do you command us to do then?" He replied: "Render to them their due rights, and ask Allah for your own rights."|Sahih al-Bukhari, 7052; Sahih Muslim, 1843}} ==== Rise of oppressive rulers due to public corruption ==== {{quote|Narrated Abdullah ibn Umar: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) turned to us and said: "O Muhajirun! There are five trials with which you will be tested... When a nation breaks its covenant with Allah and His Messenger, Allah permits their foreign enemies to dominate them and seize their resources. And when their leaders do not govern according to the Book of Allah and do not select from what Allah has revealed, Allah causes severe internal conflicts and civil warfare to break out among them."<ref group=Note>Narrated by Ibn Majah. Evaluated as Hasan by Al-Albani.</ref>|Sunan Ibn Majah, 4019}} ==== Refraining from internal strife (Fitnah) ==== Bangladeshi Islamic scholar Saifullah Madani emphasizes that during complex civil conflicts where the situation is ambiguous and participating would lead to extensive Muslim bloodshed, authentic Prophetic guidelines mandate complete isolation and refraining from joining any faction.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Madani |first1=Muhammad Saifullah |title=The Manhaj of the Salaf regarding internal tribulations (Part 27) |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=TwvOFArhtbQ |website=YouTube |publisher=Dawatus Sunnah (DS) Islamic Center Official YouTube Page |access-date=1 February 2025 |date=16 December 2024}}</ref> {{quote|Narrated Abu Musa al-Ash'ari: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "During tribulations (Fitnah), a person's safety lies in remaining inside his house."|Al-Daylami, Sahih al-Jami', 3649}} {{quote|Narrated Abu Hurayrah: The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "There will be tribulations during which a sitting person will be better than a standing one, a standing person will be better than a walking one, and a walking person will be better than a running one. Whoever exposes himself to them will be destroyed. So whoever finds a place of refuge or shelter should take asylum in it."|Sahih Muslim, 7429}} [[Hasan al-Basri]] used to counsel: "If people faced the oppression of their rulers by turning to Allah in prayer, Allah would surely grant them relief. However, they rushed to their swords instead, and consequently, they were left entirely to their swords and never saw a single day of true good." He would then recite verse 137 of Surah Al-A'raf: "And the good word of your Lord was fulfilled for the Children of Israel because they had been patient. And We destroyed what Pharaoh and his people were making and what they had built."<ref>Tafsir Ibn Abi Hatim, 8897</ref> == In Islamic jurisprudence == In his book ''Al-Siyasah al-Shar'iyah'', [[Ibn Taymiyyah]] states that enduring sixty years under an oppressive ruler is far better than spending a single night without a leader or ruler. In his work ''Darus al-Sheikh al-Albani'', [[Nasiruddin al-Albani]] remarks, "O Muslims, refraining from politics is itself a part of politics" (Arabic: أيّها المتأسلمون: من السياسة ترك السياسة, ''Min as-siyasah tarku al-siyasah''). In that text, he elaborates: {{quote|Question: The initial question posed to us concerns a criticized matter. May Allah reward you well, as you have undertaken the intellectually demanding task of providing your perspective on many of the criticized aspects of [[Tablighi Jamaat]]. However, there are further criticisms relating to other viewpoints that we wish to clarify—initially in brief, and subsequently in detail, may Allah have mercy on you. The questioner asks: "What do you say regarding a core tenet of Tablighi Jamaat, wherein they state: 'When we go out (for dawah work), we refrain from discussing four specific topics to prevent fitnah (discord). These are: politics, jurisprudence (fiqh), jurisprudential disagreements (ikhitlaf), and partisan/sectarian differences'?" Answer: And we pray to Allah that He guides them! Initially, we agree with them regarding the matter of politics, but not in its entirety. Our view on this is something I have articulated on multiple occasions. We faced interrogation in Syria by the intelligence agencies—an unfortunate reality across almost every Muslim nation—questioning us: "You are organizing gatherings, forming groups, and so on." I replied: "This group is dedicated to reformation, not politics." After a prolonged discussion lasting over an hour, when the Ba'athist interrogator found no viable legal grounds to proceed, he said: "Then go, continue giving your lessons (darz), but do not discuss politics." Even though I had explained to him that we call toward self-reformation through returning to the Quran and the Sunnah—as you have consistently heard throughout your life—and had detailed this prior, he still returned to the same statement: "But do not involve yourselves in politics." This compels me to clarify certain matters for you. It is true that we do not engage in politics. However, stating that involvement in politics is not a part of Islam is incorrect. Politics is inherently a part of Islam, and several Islamic scholars are well-acquainted with Ibn Taymiyyah's book ''Al-Siyasah al-Shar'iyah, Qadiman wa Hadithan'' (The Canonical Treatise on Governance, Past and Present). An Islamic state cannot exist outside the realm of politics. What does the word politics (Siyasah) truly signify? It means: the policy or governance of the people (Siyasatun Nas) and establishing solutions to their problems in accordance with their worldly and spiritual interests. We do not deny the necessity of engaging in politics; however, we have observed—and we possess supporting evidence for this—that refraining from politics is itself a part of politics. Political engagement must be temporary or provisional; it cannot be abandoned permanently, for how else could a Muslim state be established without politics? Nevertheless, those who engage in politics must be religious scholars (Ulema) who possess a proper understanding of the Book (Quran) and the Sunnah according to the comprehension of the Pious Predecessors (Salaf al-Salih). Therefore, we initially agree with them (Tablighi Jamaat) on this general premise, but we diverge when it comes to the specific details. Thus, we maintain: refraining from politics is itself a part of politics.}} The [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and aligned Islamist factions strongly oppose Al-Albani's viewpoint, arguing that his stance effectively separates religion from politics. Conversely, Al-Albani's adherents counter this criticism by clarifying that the "politics" he condemned refers to corrupt, competitive political structures driven by a thirst for power, prestige, and wealth under the guise of Islam. Emphasizing the methods for building an Islamic society, Al-Albani highlighted the paramount importance of *Tasfiyah* (purification of creed) and *Tarbiyah* (education and cultivation), stating: {{quote|The current situation of Muslims is that they live under the subjugation of disbelieving nations superior in material strength, and are oppressed by rulers who do not govern by Allah's law, or do so only minutely. Consequently, despite having potential and capability, they are deprived of operating organizational and political movements. In this scenario, I believe Muslim groups must focus exclusively on two vital imperatives. I do not believe there is any other way for Muslims to escape this weakness, humiliation, and disgrace. I say to all believing Muslim brothers and sisters, especially the conscious and committed youth: first, we must recognize the tragic reality of Muslims, and second, we must seek the path of liberation with all our strength. Millions of Muslims today are Muslim merely by geographical reality or identity—meaning they are Muslim according to their nationality, ID cards, and birth certificates. I will say nothing to them today. I repeat to everyone that there are only two paths of liberation open to those seeking freedom: (1) ''Tasfiyah'' or the correction of Akidah (creed), and (2) ''Tarbiyat'' or practical training and cultivation. Tasfiyah means presenting pure Islam to the Muslim youth, entirely stripped of false creeds, superstitions, innovations (Bid'ah), and fabricated or weak Hadiths that have crept in over time. Without implementing this creedal reform, no alternative path exists. Without this reform, there is no way to restore the desired peace and security among Muslims. The purpose of this 'Tasfiyah' is to present Islam as the sole remedy, just as it once cured the Arabs who were humiliated and oppressed by the Persians, Romans, and Abyssinians on one hand, while worshipping others alongside Allah on the other. From this standpoint, we oppose all Islamist factions and political groups, believing that Tasfiyah and Tarbiyat must commence simultaneously. If we begin with politics, we will find that those currently immersed in politics possess corrupted creeds, and their behavior from an Islamic perspective is largely non-compliant with the Sharia. They are merely preoccupied with amassing crowds in the general name of Islam, yet those masses lack any clear conception of their goals and ideology. Consequently, no Islamic influence is visible in their daily lives. It will be observed that most of them do not implement Islamic injunctions within their own personal lives, which would have been easily possible for them. Yet, at the same time, they loudly chant the slogan: 'No rule except by Allah's law!' The statement is correct—indeed, no rule should exist except what Allah has revealed. However, it must be remembered that: 'He who lacks something cannot give it to others.' If the majority of contemporary Muslims seek a militant struggle to establish Islam in the state without first establishing Allah's law within their own lives, they will never succeed in fulfilling their objectives. For if someone has lost something themselves, they cannot pass it on to others. And those rulers are, after all, part of this Ummah. Therefore, both the rulers and the ruled must understand the root causes of this weakness. Why are Muslim rulers mostly failing to govern by Islamic law? Why do Muslim callers (Da'is) fail to implement Islamic mandates in their personal lives before calling upon others to establish Islam in the state? The answer is uniform: either none of them possess correct knowledge and understanding of Islam beyond a superficial level, or they have failed to build their lifestyles, characters, and mutual transactions upon Islamic values. Based on my experience, I can affirm that they are mired in a profound error—namely, being cast far away from the correct understanding of the Deen. Today, some callers even remark that the Salafis have spent their entire lives merely preaching Tawhid (monotheism). Subhanallah! How deeply ignorant is the person who utters such words out of lack of knowledge. Even if he is not genuinely negligent, he lacks an understanding of the message of all the Prophets and Messengers. For the call of every Prophet was: 'Worship Allah and avoid Taghut (false deities)' (Surah An-Nahl 16:36). Noah (A.S.) spent 950 years preaching nothing but this core message. He did not introduce new social reforms, enact legislation, or engage in state politics; rather, he simply proclaimed: 'O my people! Worship Allah alone and avoid Taghut.' This was the exact methodology of the preceding Salaf Prophets! How then can these contemporary Muslim callers sink so low as to condemn the Salafis for pursuing that very same methodology? The second remedy is Tarbiyat or training. The youth must be trained in such a manner that they do not become infatuated with the world like their predecessors. The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: 'By Allah, it is not poverty that I fear for you. Rather, I fear that the wealth of the world will be spread before you as it was spread before those before you, and you will compete for it as they competed for it, and it will destroy you just as it destroyed them' (Bukhari, Muslim). Muslims must also guard against another ailment so it finds no place in their hearts: the love of the world and the fear of death (Abu Dawud). This is a disease that must be treated, and protecting people from it is imperative. The Prophet provided the solution at the end of a Hadith: '...until you return to your religion' (Abu Dawud). That is, the path to liberation manifests by returning to the pure religion upon which the Messenger (peace be upon him) and his Companions remained steadfast. Allah the Almighty states: 'If you support Allah, He will support you' (Surah Muhammad 47:7). Exegetes agree that supporting Allah in this verse means acting according to His commands and laws. Thus, if supporting Allah is impossible without implementing His laws, how can we engage in actual Jihad when we are failing to support Allah? For just as our creed is impure, our morality is similarly on the brink of ruin. Therefore, prior to initiating physical Jihad, our mandatory primary strategy must be declaring war against this negligence, apathy, and internal discord, alongside striving to attain pure creed and self-purification. Allah says: 'And do not dispute and lose courage, lest your strength depart' (Surah Al-Anfal 8:46). Consequently, when we succeed in ending this internal friction and negligence, replacing it with an awakening of mutual unity and love, that will become the primary key to our worldly strength. Allah states: 'And prepare against them whatever you are able of power and of steeds of war' (Surah Al-Anfal 8:60). In terms of character, the condition of Muslims is disastrous and deeply misguided. Therefore, a statement by a prominent non-Salafi Muslim caller (Qazi Hassan Huzaymi) astonished me, even though his followers do not act upon it. He said: 'Establish the Islamic state within your hearts, and it will be established for you upon your land.' Most callers err when they neglect this core principle of ours. They commit the same error when they claim: 'Now is not the time for Tasfiyah and Tarbiyah; rather, it is the time for political alignment and mass mobilization.' Yet, how is unity achievable under these conditions when discord prevails over both fundamental and secondary principles?... This weakness is expanding heavily among Muslims today. The sole path of liberation, as I stated before, is to return properly to pure Islam and implement the principles of Tasfiyah and Tarbiyah across society. I hope this suffices. All praise belongs to Allah, Lord of the Worlds.}} In his book ''Hadither Name Jaliati'' (Fabrications in the Name of Hadith), [[Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir]] observes: {{quote|One form of lying in the name of Hadith is failing to provide a literal translation and instead integrating one's own biases or omitting portions during translation. Alternatively, making the commentary or explanation of what the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said appear as an integral part of the Hadith itself. In our society, almost all of us are complicit in this offense. Whether regarding self-purification, spiritual discipleship (pir-muridi), dawah-tabligh, or politics, people of every group and ideology present arguments from the Quran and Hadith to support their contentious issues. Presenting such evidence is a completely natural action and a demand of faith. However, we typically present our own interpretations as though they came directly from the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). For instance, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) governed a state, but he did not engage in 'party politics' in the contemporary sense—meaning he did not establish a system for changing power via democratic voting. Today, many scholars participate in democratic 'politics'. This is adopted as a contemporary method for commanding right, forbidding wrong, or establishing the religion (Iqamat ad-Din). However, if we state that 'the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) engaged in politics,' the listener or reader will interpret 'politics' in its contemporary sense, i.e., contesting for power through voting. Since he did not engage in this type of politics, stating it in this manner constitutes lying in his name. Therefore, we ought to separate what he explicitly did and said from what we are interpreting. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ propagated the faith throughout his entire life. For the sake of religion, he and many of his Sahaba permanently left their homes and made 'Hijrah' (emigration). However, he never set out for dawah journeys by fixing specific timeframes such as a 1 or 2-month tour. In the contemporary context, many who do not perform Hijrah still travel to various places for short periods to carry out dawah work. But if we justify this action by stating that 'the Messenger of Allah ﷺ used to go out for dawah,' the reader or listener will assume it means 'going out for a predetermined timeframe.' Since he never conducted dawah work in this specific format, attributing it to him would be a falsehood.}} Regarding the relationship between Sufis and Salafis (Wahhabis), their political philosophies, and the manipulation or misinterpretation of these concepts in the Western world, [[Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir]] writes in his book ''Islamer Name Jongibad'' (Terrorism in the Name of Islam): {{quote|Many researchers cite 'Wahhabism' as the root cause of terrorism. The doctrines preached by the religious leader of Saudi Arabia, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792 CE), are termed 'Wahhabi' doctrines. He protested against grave worship, prostrating to graves, tying threads to graves or trees, making vows to them, and other superstitions, Shirk, and Bid'ah prevalent in Arabia at the time. His discourse was not limited to mere protest; furthermore, he labeled his opponents as polytheists (Mushrikun). In 1745 CE, Emir Muhammad ibn Saud (d. 1765), the ruler of the small village-state of Diriyah located near the modern Saudi capital of Riyadh, allied with him. Their followers considered their opponents as polytheists and initiated military campaigns against them. By 1804, most of the Arabian Peninsula, including Mecca and the Hejaz, came under Saudi-Wahhabi control. The Ottoman Caliphate of the time viewed this new principality as highly detrimental to its hegemony and leadership. This was because the spiritual centers of Islam, Mecca and Medina, fell out of their custody, while the rise of an independent kingdom in mainland Arabia threatened the exclusive leadership of the Turks in the Muslim world. Consequently, the Ottoman Caliph propagated edicts through court scholars characterizing the Wahhabis as heretics, apostates, and major enemies of Islam. Vigorous propaganda campaigns were launched throughout the Muslim world to prevent anyone from viewing this new state as a successor to the Islamic Caliphate. Alongside this, he directed Muhammad Ali, the ruler of Ottoman-controlled Egypt, to launch military campaigns against the Wahhabis. Under the onslaught of the Egyptian forces, the Saudi state collapsed in 1818. Subsequently, descendants of the Saudi royal house repeatedly attempted to reclaim their realm. Finally, Abdulaziz ibn Abdul Rahman Al Saud (1879–1953) established modern 'Saudi Arabia' through a prolonged series of military conflicts from 1901 to 1924 CE. Since the 18th century, whenever a reformist call or movement arose anywhere in the Muslim world, Saudi 'Wahhabis' claimed it was inspired by the ideals of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Conversely, through Ottoman propaganda, the term 'Wahhabi' became a highly pejorative term in Muslim society, reviled more than other deviant sects. Consequently, the British colonial government labeled anti-British religious scholars as Wahhabis so that they would lose acceptability among ordinary Muslims. Additionally, various religious factions within Muslim society utilized the term 'Wahhabi' extensively to condemn one another. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab's contemporary Indian Muslim reformist was Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762 CE). Early in his preaching career, he traveled to Mecca in 1731 CE and remained there for three years. Upon returning home, he contributed significantly to the spread of Islamic education in India. He also vehemently criticized and protested against grave worship, saint worship, making vows to graves, seeking deliverance from distress from grave-dwellers or living spiritual masters (pirs/walis), and other forms of Shirk, Bid'ah, superstition, and sectarian extremism. For this reason, some have attempted to label him as a 'Wahhabi'. However, the first organized and well-known 'Wahhabi' leader in India was Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi (1786–1831 CE), a prominent student of Shah Waliullah's son, Shah Abdul Aziz (1746–1824 CE). He preached across India against shrines, dargahs, individual worship, making vows and offerings in the name of deceased individuals, and various other forms of Shirk, Bid'ah, and superstition. Furthermore, he declared war against British hegemony. In 1821 CE, he traveled for Hajj, returning to India after staying there for nearly three years. In 1826 CE, he performed 'Hijrah' from British India to the Northwest Frontier Province, where he announced the establishment of an 'Islamic State' and became its head. Under his leadership, Muslims from various regions of India assembled there and declared Jihad against the British and the Sikhs. Following several battles, his forces were defeated at the Battle of Balakot in 1831 CE, where he achieved martyrdom. For the next nearly 30 years, followers of Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi continued various forms of isolated Jihad and resistance against the British. In 1803–1804, the 'Wahhabis' captured Mecca and Medina and demolished the ancient grave-centric mausoleums there, causing widespread resentment among ordinary Muslims. The followers of Shah Waliullah Muhaddith Dehlawi protested against Shirk, Kufr, Bid'ah, and superstition in the exact same manner as the 'Wahhabis'. Thus, there was an external similarity between their views and those of the 'Wahhabis'. In 1823 CE, Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi visited Mecca for Hajj. The British rulers strategically propagated that: 'Those who are preaching to you in the name of independence are actually enemies of Islam and a group that insults the Prophet and the Companions. Their name is Wahhabi, and they have shown audacity by destroying the graves of your beloved Prophet's descendants... and Sayyid Ahmad has been appointed as their agent. Since they are all Wahhabis, they also want to destroy the graves of your revered spiritual guides and ancestors...' Through this, the British government implied that they held no animosity toward true Islam, which they claimed to love. They claimed they were merely suppressing and punishing the deviant Wahhabi sect. Therefore, ordinary 'good' Muslims had no reason to be upset or aggrieved. Several reformist movements emerged in India from the disciples of Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi. Among his disciples, many rejected the restriction of adhering to a specific Madhhab and called themselves 'Ahle Hadith'. Another disciple, Maulana Karamat Ali Jaunpuri, founded a reformist stream. The Pir of Furfura, Maulana Abu Bakr Siddique, was also a follower and grand-disciple of Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi. Deobandi scholars likewise received education from his lineage of disciples. All of them were labeled by their opponents and the colonial government as 'Wahhabis', 'colored Wahhabis', or 'disguised Wahhabis'. Other contemporary reformists include Mir Nisar Ali, widely known as Titu Mir (1782–1831), a direct disciple of Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi, and Haji Shariatullah (1781–1840). They were also labeled as Wahhabis, and their resistance movements were termed Wahhabi movements. To illustrate the use of the term 'Wahhabi', consider the example of Titu Mir. Born in the 24 Parganas district of Bengal in 1782 CE, he met Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi in Mecca during Hajj in 1823 and became his spiritual disciple. Upon returning home, he propagated pure Islamic teachings among the people of his locality. Although he spoke against British rule, he never opposed the Hindu religion, its followers, or Hindu landlords. However, as his teachings increased religious practice among ordinary Muslims, local Hindu landlords grew resentful. They informed ordinary Muslim tenants that they loved true Islam but sought to suppress the Wahhabi doctrine. They argued that for generations, Muslims had kept names similar to Hindus, shaved their beards, kept long mustaches, refrained from building mosques, and did not slaughter cows. They claimed Titu Mir was encouraging people to keep beards, trim mustaches, adopt Islamic names, build mosques in Muslim villages, and slaughter cows in the name of Qurbani according to Wahhabi doctrine, thereby ruining Hindu-Muslim harmony. Consequently, suppressing the Wahhabi doctrine was deemed paramount. They claimed that 'good' Muslims had no reason to be angry. For this reason, Ramnarayan Babu of Taragunia, Krishnadeva Roy of Purha, Gaurprasad Chowdhury of Nagarpur, and other prominent landlords collectively issued a notice containing 5 directives: '(1) Anyone who accepts the discipleship of Titu Mir and becomes a Wahhabi, keeps a beard, and trims his mustache must pay a tax of two and a half rupees per beard and five quarters of a rupee per mustache. (2) If a mosque is constructed, a tribute of five hundred rupees for a temporary mosque and one thousand rupees for a permanent mosque must be paid to the landlord's estate. (3) If anyone changes the name given by parents or relatives to adopt an Arabic name according to Wahhabi doctrine, a registration fee of fifty rupees per name must be deposited with the landlord's estate. (4) If a cow is slaughtered, the right hand of the slaughterer will be severed so that he can never slaughter a cow again. (5) Anyone who shelters the Wahhabi Titu Mir in their home will be evicted from their homestead.' In essence, due to the extensive propaganda of the Ottoman Caliphate and the British government, this bifurcation between 'true Islam' and 'Wahhabi Islam' has acquired a universal status among Western researchers. Wherever a reform movement, independence struggle, effort to establish an Islamic social or state system, or anti-colonial, anti-imperialist, or anti-Western movement involves practicing Muslims, scholars, religious figures, or spiritual masters, there is an attempt to label it as 'Wahhabi'. In this division between Wahhabi Islam and true Islam, many Western researchers identify true Islam as 'Sufi Islam'. In their view, Sufi Islam is non-sectarian, apolitical, and liberal. As evidence, they cite that in countless Sufi shrines across Asia, Africa, Europe, and America, people of all religions and races, regardless of gender, gather together, participating in Dhikr, litanies, Sama-Qawwali, and receiving blessings and sacred food. These shrines focus on self-purification and spirituality, completely avoiding discussions on politics and state affairs. Looking at our country and others, we observe two distinct levels of Sufi Islam. We see that many Muslims, in the name of Tasawwuf and Sufism, view spiritual masters (pirs) as incarnations of God or as possessing exclusive divine relationships or powers; they prostrate to them and their tombs, view the fulfillment of Sharia mandates like Salah and Sawm as optional, and consider music and dance as vital aspects of Sufi Islam. They claim to be the true Sufis and true Sunnis. Those who object to prostrating to pirs or graves, music, smoking, or emphasize the obligation of practicing the Sharia are severely condemned by this tier of Sufis as 'Wahhabis' and 'enemies of the saints (walis)'. Some even view the consumption of tobacco or cannabis as a core identity of Sunni and Sufi Islam, condemning opponents of smoking as Wahhabis. Many other Muslims strongly condemn prostrating to pirs or graves and music, viewing Sharia adherence as the core of Sufi Islam, and alongside practicing the Sharia, they learn and practice Tariqat from spiritual guides. According to the first tier of Sufis and mystics, these individuals are Wahhabis and enemies of Sufi Islam. However, they claim to be the true Sufis and Sunnis, viewing the first tier as deviant. Disagreements exist within this second tier of Tasawwuf practitioners regarding various matters such as Urs, Isale Sawab, Miladunnabi, Siratunnabi, and methods of Dhikr. Based on these disagreements, one faction condemns another as Wahhabis, enemies of the Prophet, or enemies of the saints, while claiming exclusivity as true Sunnis and Sufis, even though all believe in pir-muridi, Tasawwuf, and follow various spiritual orders. Western Christians naturally favor the first tier of Sufi Islam and its followers because their outlook aligns closely with Western sensibilities. They visit these Sufi gatherings, shrines, and lodges in Europe, America, and elsewhere, participating in music and spiritual practices. These Sufis receive them with immense warmth. Naturally, Western powers desire the expansion of this specific form of Sufi Islam across all Muslim countries, believing its expansion ensures peace and coexistence among all religions and the irreligious. Imperialist powers interested in spreading hegemony over Islamic countries under the guise of the 'Clash of Civilizations' initially took a blanket stance against Islam. However, observing that this increased resistance against them, they sought to divide Muslims, drawing some to their side while opposing others. Initially, they divided Muslims into 'liberals' and 'fundamentalists' or extremists. This division failed to gain much traction in Muslim nations. Consequently, over the past few years, they have attempted to market a new division: Sufi Islam versus Wahhabi Islam. They are well aware of the influence of Sufis in Muslim countries and the disdain ordinary Muslims hold toward the word 'Wahhabi'. Just as the British government and Hindu landlords largely succeeded in rendering Sayyid Ahmad, Titu Mir, Shariatullah, and all religious reform and anti-imperialist movements odious to ordinary Muslims by framing them as 'Wahhabis', contemporary powers attempt to frame all Islamic activities and personalities conflicting with their interests as 'Wahhabi'. If they can stoke Sunni-Wahhabi or Sufi-Wahhabi debates and conflicts, it will undoubtedly disrupt and impede Islamic dawah, educational expansion, protests against obscenity and narcotics, and the rise of scholars or Islamists in governance. They essentially view the first tier of Sufis as representative of Sufi Islam, recognizing that the second tier can produce figures like Shah Waliullah, Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi, Titu Mir, and Haji Shariatullah, whose empowerment does not serve Western interests. They believe that the rise of the first tier of Sufis can uproot terrorism from the Muslim psyche, protecting the world from terrorism, fundamentalism, and religious conflict while ensuring peaceful coexistence. Furthermore, they believe its establishment can bring the world's two major religions, Christianity and Islam, incredibly close. In reality, both the first tier of Sufis and Western leaders believe that the second tier of Sufis are 'actual Wahhabis' or 'disguised Wahhabis', knowing their interests are unsafe in their hands. However, they are conscious of the influence of the second tier of Sufis in Muslim nations. Therefore, under the banner of 'Sufi Islam' and under the leadership and influence of the first tier, they are encouraging both tiers of Sufis to unite and speak out against the 'Wahhabis'. They imply that those demanding the establishment of an Islamic society, state, judiciary, and financial system are merely agents of the shrine-destroying Saudi Wahhabis. They warn that if these groups gain power, they too will destroy spiritual masters and tombs, urging unity to resist them. It is certain that ordinary Muslims, scholars, and spiritual masters will be influenced by this propaganda. Furthermore, they believe that by expanding Wahhabi-Sunni debates and strife under this pretext, it will be possible to prevent Muslims from uniting against imperialism, aggression, or in favor of propagating Islamic values. In essence, just as the name 'Islam' has been heavily misused to commit anti-Islamic acts, the word 'Sufi' has similarly faced widespread misuse. Many un-Islamic acts have occurred under the names of Tasawwuf, Sufi, pir, dervish, and wali. However, reviewing the lives and works of universally recognized Sufi ascetics reveals that they were all highly conscious of society, state, and politics, playing an immeasurable role in social transformation. Almost all Sufi orders trace their lineages back to Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (R.A.) and Ali (R.A.), who were pioneers of the Muslim Ummah in fighting against those refusing Zakat, apostates, and religious deviants. Hasan al-Basri, Ibrahim ibn Adham, Junayd al-Baghdadi, Abdul Qadir Jilani, Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, Mujaddid-i Alf-i Thani, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, Sayyid Ahmad Barelvi, Imdadullah Muhajir Makki, Karamat Ali Jaunpuri, Abu Bakr Siddique Furfuravi (Rahimahumullah), and all other celebrated Sufi saints spoke regarding society, state, and politics alongside self-purification and spirituality; they protested against the injustices of rulers, faced imprisonment, or attained martyrdom. Their methodology differed from modern political activities in that they sought to reform those in power rather than seeking power for themselves. They did not strive for political authority; instead, they counseled rulers, protested against wrongs, encouraged righteousness, offered cooperation, raised public awareness, participated in national resistance against imperialism, colonial rule, and hegemony, and supported or encouraged any individual or party they deemed relatively better. Their methodology differed from modern 'terrorist' activities or extremism in that they protested against injustice but refrained from taking punitive action or applying force themselves. They protested and advised, encouraging those in authority and others to suppress and control injustice, but they never used force themselves in the name of suppressing evil, did not violate the law, did not take the law into their own hands, and vehemently opposed breaking the law. Thus, we see that genuine Sufis were never detached from society or politics. There is no historical basis for characterizing 'Sufi Islam' as detached from society, state, and the world, or for framing all reform movements as 'Wahhabi'. Alleged 'Islamic terrorism' or militancy is rumored to be led by Saudi-born figures like Osama bin Laden. It is claimed that various individuals and organizations in Saudi Arabia finance them. In the subcontinent, the involvement of a few individuals educated in Ahle Hadith and Deobandi-style Qawmi madrasas is occasionally reported. Furthermore, opposition to graves and shrines is observable among them. Consequently, many researchers believe the expansion of Wahhabi doctrine causes the rise of contemporary terrorism. However, it is notable that Osama bin Laden's movement originated through opposition to the Saudi-Wahhabi state. His followers oppose the monarchy there, the presence of US troops, and corruption, continuing destructive activities against the Saudi state and its citizens. Additionally, all Saudi scholars, including descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, are highly vocal against bin Laden's movement and activities. Above all, labeling reform or resistance movements in various countries as 'Wahhabi' lacks any foundation. In reality, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and his ideology received disproportionate importance and status due to the propaganda of the Ottoman Caliphate and the opportunism of the British government. The Wahhabi movement was fundamentally a regional issue—a mixture of good and bad, much like the reformist, resistance, and religiously centered socio-political movements in other Muslim countries. Muslims in other countries developed similar movements based on their environments and needs. Since the Wahhabis and Muslims of other nations drew their viewpoints from the identical sources—namely the Quran, Hadith, Islamic jurisprudence, and Islamic history—it is completely natural for similarities to exist in their views and actions. There is no reason to attribute all credit to Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Bin Laden's ideology expanded in Afghanistan and Iraq, yet both nations are intensely anti-Wahhabi. The majority of the Muslim population in Afghanistan strictly adheres to the Hanafi Madhhab, is devoted to spiritual masters, and opposes Wahhabis. In Iraq, during the lengthy regime of Saddam Hussein, Wahhabi or any other reformist scholars and ideologies were harshly eradicated; stringency was avoided exclusively regarding Sufis. Despite this, the expansion of militancy in these two nations indicates that the causes of terrorism lie elsewhere. We have previously observed that labeling an entire race, religion, or tribe as the cause or driving force behind 'terrorism' is incorrect, blocking the path to eradicating terrorism, as an entire community cannot be collectively judged. The primary hazard of blaming terrorism on 'Wahhabi doctrine' is losing the path to a solution. Linking terrorism to Saudi Wahhabis is difficult because terrorism is directed against them, and no one in any other country accepts the label of being a Wahhabi; rather, almost every religious group is labeled 'Wahhabi' by its opponents. Each group claims they formed their views and factions directly based on the Quran, Hadith, Fiqh, and preceding Imams, denying adherence to any unique views of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Even the scholars of Saudi Arabia never accept the designation of being Wahhabis; they view Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab as a reformer and claim and prove that all his views were derived from the Quran, Sunnah, and preceding Imams.}} In his book ''Proshnottore Romjan o Eid'' (Ramadan and Eid in Q&A), Nurul Islam notes: {{quote|(Among the actions that nullify one's faith is...) separating religion from state affairs, and asserting that there is no politics in Islam. Such conceptions and remarks falsify the life-ideals of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ).}} In his book ''Somaj Songoskare Sothik Akidar Gurutto'' (The Importance of Correct Creed in Social Reform), Manzur Elahi discusses "The Necessity of Social Reform and the Role and Importance of Correct Islamic [[Aqidah]] (Creed)": {{quote|Human beings live in societies to fulfill all the needs of personal life. The primary goal of forming any society is ensuring the overall welfare and peaceful coexistence of all its members. However, illiteracy, miseducation, and selfishness in individual lives exert a heavy negative impact on social life, corrupting and poisoning society with ailments such as corruption, discrimination, division, and conflict. It is then that a massive necessity for social reform emerges, as we experience in our contemporary social context. Analyzing the current societal situation, we observe that the knowledge of correct creed is virtually non-existent among the people of this problem-ridden, corrupt, and decaying society. The inevitable consequence of this is disunity in creed and the adoption of whatever creed one desires based on personal whims, regardless of its validity from the Quran and Sunnah. Conversely, people's faith (Iman) has grown incredibly weak, piety (Taqwa) has departed from hearts, and they have forgotten the punishments of the Hereafter. Consequently, society experiences unrest, instability, a tendency toward plunder, the expansion of various forms of terrorism, and cultural degradation, among many other issues. In the Seerah of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ), we observe that he transformed the Jahili (ignorant) society of the time, turning it into the finest society of that era. The primary mechanism of the movement he initiated after receiving prophethood to bring positive change to individual and social life was creedal reform. Regarding this, Sayyid Qutb writes in his book ''Muqawamat al-Tasawwur al-Islami'' (The Foundations of Islamic Governance/Conception): "The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was sent at a time when the Arabian Peninsula was divided as plundered wealth between the Romans in the north and the Persians in the south. They had extended their hands over the fertile lands, seacoasts, wealth, and all trade sources of the Arabian Peninsula. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was sent at a time when the prevailing social and economic conditions heavily represented the era of slavery. The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was sent at a time when human character flowed in the patterns of Jahiliyyah regarding wine, adultery, gambling, amusement, evil, and creating chaos. The Prophet (ﷺ) did not begin his reform work with any of these. He was fully capable of calling the Arabs toward nationalist unity to expel the Romans and Persians from the fertile lands of Arabia. He could have channeled all military strength against them and incited the Arabs against national enemies; consequently, they would have submitted to his leadership and forgotten all their envy and malice... But Allah knew, and He informed and directed His Prophet, that this was not the correct path and this was not the primary task. The primary task is for mankind to know their true Lord and submit to His servitude alone, freeing themselves from the servitude of His servants, and ultimately accepting whatever comes to them from Allah..." ...Remarkably, during the 13 years of the Makkan life following his prophethood, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) placed the utmost importance on propagating knowledge of the creed. Not only the Prophet (ﷺ), but the initial task of all Prophets and Messengers was calling all levels of society toward the correct creed. In the language of the Al-Quran, their call was: "O my people, worship Allah; you have no deity other than Him" [Surah Al-A'raf: 59]. The sole reason for this was that if the creed is not corrected, individual life cannot be rectified, and if the individual is not rectified, society cannot be corrected. ...(1) The role of correct creed in establishing greater national unity: Just as establishing greater unity is impossible without agreeing on a correct creed, it is similarly a distant prospect for the global Muslim Ummah to unite. In this context, Dr. Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar states: "Muslim unity cannot be realized until the identical creed unites the Muslims." In truth, creedal deviations sow the seeds of disunity in society, dividing it into various factions and sects. If the question arises that since everyone considers their own creed and belief to be correct, it will be impossible to agree on a specific creed as correct because each faction trusts its own view—Dr. Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar responds to this question: "Clear statements exist in the Quran and Sunnah regarding the pure Islamic creed. It is possible to present evidence for every foundational and minor aspect of this creed. The Pious Predecessors (Salaf al-Salih) were established upon the true Islamic creed. They recorded this creed so thoroughly that it stands completely distinct from the creeds of factional and deviant people. Among these great personalities is Allamah al-Tahawi, who authored a text on creed that became famous under his name (Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah). A commentary on this book was written by Muhammad ibn Abi al-Izz al-Hanafi. The matter did not stop there; rather, numerous scholars wrote on the correct creed before and after him, including Imam Ahmad, Ibn Taymiyyah, Al-Shawkani, and Al-Safarini, among others." (2) Correct creed forms a solid foundation for constructing a civil society free from corruption, robbery, oppression, and tyranny, based upon which all societal activities and mutual transactions are conducted. Therefore, if the creed is corrupted, deviant, and built upon falsehood, social life will become imperiled, disrupted, and face destruction. This is essentially the reason why our society has arrived at its current position. Consequently, to protect society from deviation, disruption, and ruin, we must return to the correct creed. (3) The importance of correct creed in ensuring peaceful coexistence in society: It is an inseparable part of a Muslim's creed that he considers it imperative to govern his life according to the commands of Allah and His Messenger (ﷺ), believing that disobeying their commands is unlawful. Allah states: "It is not for a believing man or a believing woman, when Allah and His Messenger have decided a matter, that they should [thereafter] have any choice about their affair" [Surah Al-Ahzab: 36]. To ensure peaceful coexistence in society, when Allah the Almighty designates Muslims as brothers to one another, identifies attacking a person's life and property as a severe offense, and commands the fulfillment of covenants made with all non-Muslim treaty partners, the Muslim accepts these directives without hesitation, because such acceptance is part of his creed. Allah states: "But no, by your Lord, they will not [truly] believe until they make you, [O Muhammad], judge concerning that over which they dispute among themselves and then find within themselves no discomfort from what you have judged and submit in [full, willing] submission" [Surah An-Nisa: 65]. (4) The importance of correct creed in bringing political stability: An essential, fundamental aspect of the Islamic creed is maintaining firm faith that just as Allah is the Creator of this universe, He alone is the master of its governance, authority, and command. Allah states: "Unquestionably, His is the creation and the command" [Surah Al-A'raf: 54]. "Say, 'Indeed, the matter belongs entirely to Allah'" [Surah Ali 'Imran: 154]. "The command is for none but Allah" [Surah Al-An'am: 57]. Additionally, Allah is the owner of all sovereign power and the sole Legislator and Lawgiver. This is one of the core meanings of accepting Him as Lord (Rab). Political stability can return to our society only when political leaders possess firm conviction in this creed. Fundamentally, peace, order, and stability cannot come to any Muslim society through man-made laws; reality itself is perhaps the greatest proof and witness to this. (5) The importance of correct creed in preventing cultural degradation: Imitating foreign, alien, and different religions under the guise of culture in our Bangladeshi society today can comfortably be labeled as cultural degradation without any exaggeration. This is because these practices neither represent our national thought and heritage, nor do they align with the Muslim creed, heavily conflicting with it instead. It must be remembered that our country is a Muslim-majority nation. Therefore, if we organize all our cultural and social functions in the light of the correct Islamic creed, only then can the country be gifted a beautiful, tasteful, modest, and healthy culture. (6) The importance of correct creed in freeing society from intellectual anarchy, deviation, Shirk, and Bid'ah: Knowledge of the correct Islamic creed alone can illuminate the intellectual world of the intelligentsia, enabling them to guide the nation toward the path of truth. The anarchy and confusion we observe in the thoughts of a class of intellectuals today, and the literary warfare they wage against Islam despite bearing Muslim names, stems primarily from the fact that they have acquired a distorted knowledge of Islam and have not been blessed with attaining the correct Islamic creed. The same applies to those educated and uneducated Muslims who remain immersed in Shirk and Bid'ah while considering them acts of worship. They have not acquired the definitions of Shirk and Bid'ah in the light of the Quran and Sunnah, remaining completely negligent of the core principles for identifying them. Increasing awareness alongside acquiring knowledge of the correct creed can guarantee freeing everyone in society from these deviations, Shirk, and Bid'ah. Therefore, acquiring knowledge of the Sahih (authentic) Islamic creed is the sole method for developing oneself as a true mu'min (believer) and Muslim servant of Allah. Similarly, if one desires to build a society into a complete Islamic society, there is no alternative to enriching everyone in society with the knowledge of the authentic creed. In this regard, social and cultural Islamic organizations must bear a heavy responsibility. Those proficient in Islamic Sharia and Studies can remove the scarcity of books written in the Bengali language by composing authoritative texts on the authentic creed. The assistance of mosque Imams, Khatibs, and madrasa teachers can also be utilized for this purpose. However, prior to that, they must enrich themselves with the knowledge of the authentic creed. Through efforts to expand the authentic creed, our society can develop into a beautiful, civil society free from Shirk and Bid'ah.}} Regarding the relationship between state politics and bank interest from an Islamic perspective, Mushtaq Ahmed Karimi writes: {{quote|Banks and similar institutions were established purely out of money-worship, monopoly in trade, seeking privileges, and financial exploitation. The purpose of these institutions is to allure the public with interest to bring as much of the nation's wealth as possible under their control, and through this method, run their own authority and governance over the entire nation with extreme cunningness. They can induce famine wherever they wish, and bring destruction by creating starvation wherever they desire. They can apply governance and politics of their own choice wherever they want. They can cause inflation whenever they wish, and spread widespread market depression whenever they want by increasing the value of currency. Deposing whomever they wish from the throne and crowning whomever they desire becomes remarkably easy.}} In his book ''Muharrarun fee Siyasatin Shar'iyah'', Fahad bin Salih al-Ajlan states that the ruling on participating in Islamic politics is that if an individual, after maintaining his personal faith securely, possesses the additional capability to enact political reform to the best of his ability, it is encouraged; otherwise, participating in it is considered prohibited (Haram). Reform must be applied to issues that already existed and where opportunities for reform and public welfare (Maslahah) exist; however, no new prohibitions or innovations (Bid'ah) may be created in the name of public welfare. Furthermore, one must not participate in frameworks that are entirely prohibited, such as usury (riba) or narcotics production. He advises performing [[Istikhara]] for making Islamic political decisions whose solutions are not explicitly found in the Quran and Hadith (i.e., matters of Maslahah). [[Tahir ibn Husayn]] advised his son [[Abdallah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani]] after the latter became the governor of [[Diyar Rabi'a]]: {{Quote|Whenever an important matter comes upon you, perform Istikhara to Allah, fear Him, and seek His assistance... and perform Istikhara abundantly in all your affairs.}} === Mutual duties and responsibilities of the ruler and the ruled === ;Duties of the person appointed to governance When mentioning the mandatory duties a ruler must fulfill, Imam Al-Mawardi confined them to ten foundational responsibilities: # Safeguarding the religion by preserving the fundamental principles upon which the pristine predecessors (Salaf) of the Ummah agreed. # Executing judgments and settling disputes between contending parties. # Ensuring public safety and protecting the populace from aggression. # Implementing prescribed Sharia punishments (Hudud). # Fortifying and guarding the borders. # Waging Jihad against those who refuse to accept Islam after dawah has been conveyed to them. # Collecting public revenues (Fay) and charities (Sadaqah). # Determining allowances and expenditures from the public treasury (Bayt al-Mal). # Appointing trustworthy and sincere individuals to administrative offices. # Personally supervising state affairs and looking after the welfare of the subjects. ;Rights of the person appointed to governance The ruler possesses specific rights over the subjects, the most vital of which are: # Obedience to the ruler in righteous matters. # Supplicating (making Du'a) for the ruler. # Offering sincere counsel (Nasihah) and well-wishing to the ruler. # Providing assistance to the ruler in performing good deeds. == History == === Early Era === {{Main|Early history of Islam|Early Muslim conquests|Historicity of the Quran|Historicity of Muhammad}} The origins of Islam as a political movement are found in the life and times of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and his successors. In 622 CE, in recognition of his claim to prophethood, Muhammad was invited to rule the city of [[Medina]]. At the time, the city was dominated by the local Arab tribes of [[Banū Aws|Aws]] and [[Banū Khazraj|Khazraj]], who were locked in continuous conflict. The inhabitants of Medina saw in Muhammad an impartial outsider who could resolve the conflict. Muhammad and his followers thus migrated to Medina, where Muhammad drafted the [[Constitution of Medina]]. This document made [[Muhammad]] the ruler and recognized him as the prophet of [[Allah]]. During his reign, Muhammad established laws based on the [[Quran]] and his own actions, which Muslims consider to be ''[[Sharia]]'' or Islamic law, and which modern-day Islamic movements are attempting to establish. Muhammad acquired a wide following and army, and through a combination of diplomacy and military conquests, his rule [[Spread of Islam|expanded]] first to the city of [[Mecca]] and then throughout the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Today, many majority [[Islamism|Islamist]] or [[List of Islamic democratic political parties|Islamic democratic parties]] exist in almost every democratic state with a Muslim majority. Many [[jihadist Islamic groups]] are also operating in various parts of the world. Additionally, some [[Non-Muslim|non-Muslim]] individuals and institutions have coined the controversial term "Islamic fundamentalism" to describe the political and religious philosophy of certain militant Islamic groups. Both of these terms ([[Islamic democracy]] and [[Islamic fundamentalism]]) represent a vast group of distinct factions and sub-factions with separate histories, ideologies, and perspectives. ==== Islamic State of Medina ==== {{See also|Islamic political framework}} The Islamic prophet Muhammad drafted the Constitution of Medina. It codified a formal agreement between Muhammad and all of the significant tribes and families of Yathrib (later known as Medina), which included Muslims, Jews, Christians<ref>R. B. Serjeant, "Sunnah Jāmi'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrīm of Yathrib: analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so-called 'Constitution of Medina'", ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'' (1978), 41: 1-42, [[Cambridge University Press]].</ref> and pagans.<ref>See: * Reuven Firestone, ''Jihād: the origin of holy war in Islam'' (1999) p. 118; * "Muhammad", ''Encyclopedia of Islam Online''</ref><ref>Watt, William Montgomery. ''Muhammad at Medina''</ref><ref>R. B. Serjeant. "The Constitution of Medina." ''Islamic Quarterly'' 8 (1964) p.4.</ref> This constitution formed the basis of the first Islamic state. This document was written in an overt effort to bring a hopeful end to the bitter inter-tribal fighting between the Aws and Khazraj tribes of Medina. By outlining the rights and duties of the Muslim, Jewish, Christian, and pagan communities of Medina, it brought them under a single community known as the [[Ummah]].<ref>Serjeant (1978), page 4.</ref> Although the exact date of the composition of the Constitution of Medina remains debated, scholars generally agree that it was written shortly after the Hijra (622). {{#tag:ref|W. M. Watt argues that the initial agreement took place shortly after the Hijra and the document was revised at a later date, specifically after the Battle of Badr (AH [Anno Hegirae] 2, = 624 CE).<ref>Watt, William Montgomery. ''Muhammad at Medina''. pp. 227-228</ref>|group=Note}} {{#tag:ref|R. B. Serjeant argues that the constitution is actually eight different treaties that can be dated according to the events that took place in Medina, with the first treaty being written immediately after Muhammad's arrival. <ref>R. B. Serjeant. "The Sunnah Jāmi'ah, Pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrīm of Yathrib: Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the So-Called 'Constitution of Medina'." ''The Life of Muhammad: The Formation of the Classical Islamic World'': Vol. IV. Ed. Uri Rubin. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1998, p. 151</ref> <ref>See the same article in ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'' 41 (1978): 18 ff. See also Caetani. ''Annali dell'Islam, Vol. I''. Milano: Hoepli, 1905, p. 393.</ref> |group=Note}} {{#tag:ref|Julius Wellhausen argues that the document is a single treaty agreed upon shortly after the Hijra, and it belongs to the first year of Muhammad's residence in Medina before the Battle of Badr in 2/624. Wellhausen bases this judgment on three considerations: first, Muhammad is very different regarding his own position, he accepts pagan tribes within the Ummah, and maintains Jewish groups as clients of the Ansar.|group=Note}} {{#tag:ref|Moshe Gil, a skeptic of Islamic history, argues that it was written within five months of Muhammad's arrival in Medina.<ref>Moshe Gil. "The Constitution of Medina: A Reconsideration." ''Israel Oriental Studies'' 4 (1974): p. 45.</ref>|group=Note}} This effectively established the first Islamic state. The constitution established: the security of the community, religious freedom, the role of Medina as a [[Haram]] or sacred place (banning all forms of violence and weapons), the security of women, stable tribal relations within Medina, a tax system to support the community in times of conflict, boundaries for external political alliances, a system for granting protection to individuals, a judicial system for dispute resolution, and it also regulated the payment of [[Blood money (Islamic law)|blood money]] (payment made to a family or tribe for killing a person instead of the [[Eye for an eye|lex talionis / principle of retaliation]]).{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} ==== Early Caliphate and Political Ideals ==== {{See also|Caliphate|Islamic monarchy|Islamic ethics}} Following the death of Muhammad, his community needed to appoint a new leader, giving rise to the title of [[Caliph]], which means "successor." For this reason, subsequent Islamic empires were known as [[Caliphate]]s. The greatest political development within Islam during the growth of the [[Umayyad]] Empire was the sectarian split between [[Sunni]] and [[Shia]] Muslims; this division was triggered by a dispute over the succession to the caliphate. Sunni Muslims believed that the caliphate should be elective and that any [[Muslim]] could hold this title through merit-based election. On the other hand, the Shia believed that the caliphs should come from among the descendants of the Prophet, and for this reason, in their view, all caliphs besides [[Ali]] were illegitimate usurpers of the caliphate title.<ref>Lewis, Bernard, ''The Middle East : a Brief History of the last 2000 Years,'' Touchstone, (1995), p.139</ref> However, the Sunni community emerged victorious in most parts of the Muslim world, and similarly, the majority of modern Islamic political movements (except for [[Iran]]) are built upon Sunni thought. Muhammad's closest companions, his subsequent four "[[Rashidun|Rightively Guided]]" caliphs, continued the expansion of the state to [[Jerusalem]], [[Ctesiphon]], and [[Damascus]], and sent armies as far as the [[Indus]].<ref>[http://alcor.concordia.ca/~shannon/201Lec02images_files/image004.jpg] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050930020401/http://alcor.concordia.ca/~shannon/201Lec02images_files/image004.jpg |date=September 30, 2005 }}</ref> During the reign of the Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad dynasty, the Islamic empire stretched from Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain) to the Punjab region. An important Islamic concept regarding the structure of governance is Shura, i.e., consulting with the people regarding their affairs, which is mentioned as a duty of rulers in two verses of the Quran (3:159 and 42:38).<ref>Lewis, ''The Middle East'', (1995), p.143</ref> According to the Ikhwani perspective, a type of ruler that was not part of the Islamic ideal was a king, who is disparaged in the Quran through the mention of Pharaoh as the "archetype of the unjust and tyrannical ruler" (18:70, 79) and elsewhere (28:34).<ref>Lewis, ''The Middle East'', (1995), p.141</ref> According to the Salafi perspective, the Quran and Hadith validate a righteous kingship after the caliphate as a legitimate Islamic political system, describing it as inferior compared to the caliphate but superior to tyranny.<ref>Narrated from Hudhayfa by Ahmad with a sound chain as stated by al-Zayn in the Musnad (14:163 #18319) and as indicated by al-Haythami (5:188-189):</ref> ===== Election or Direct Appointment ===== {{See also|Islamic democracy|Ahl al-Hall wal-Aqd}} The Muslim jurist of the [[Shafi'i]] school, [[Al-Mawardi]], wrote that the caliph should be from the [[Quraysh]] tribe. The Ash'ari Islamic scholar and [[Maliki]] jurist, [[Al-Baqillani|Abu Bakr Al-Baqillani]], wrote that the leader of Muslims should only be from the majority. The founder of Sunni [[Hanafi]] Fiqh, [[Abu Hanifa|Abu Hanifa al-Nu'man]], wrote that the leader must be from the majority.<ref name=2muslims>[http://www.2muslims.com/directory/Detailed/225505.shtml Process of Choosing the Leader (Caliph) of the Muslims: The Muslim Khilafa: by Gharm Allah Al-Ghamdy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707062249/http://www.2muslims.com/directory/Detailed/225505.shtml |date=2011-07-07 }}</ref> Western scholar of Islam, [[Fred Donner]],<ref>''The Early Islamic Conquests'' (1981)</ref> argues that the prevalent Arabian custom during the early caliphate era was that upon the death of a leader, prominent figures of a clan or tribe would gather to select a leader from among themselves, though there was no specified procedure for this [[Shura]] or consultative council. Candidates were usually of the same lineage as the deceased leader, but they were not necessarily his sons. Capable individuals who could lead well were prioritized over an ineffective direct successor, as the majority of Sunnis found no basis for the view that the head of state or ruler should be chosen solely on the basis of lineage. ===== ''Majlis ash-Shura'' ===== {{See also|Shura}} The legislature of the [[Caliphate]], most notably of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]], was not democratic in modern terms; the decision-making power was vested in a council composed of notable and trusted companions (Sahaba) of [[Muhammad]] and representatives of various tribes (most of whom were elected or selected individuals from their own tribes).<ref>Sohaib N. Sultan, [http://www.islamonline.net/English/introducingislam/politics/Politics/article04.shtml Forming an Islamic Democracy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041001023746/http://www.islamonline.net/English/introducingislam/politics/Politics/article04.shtml |date=2004-10-01 }}</ref> Traditional Sunni Islamic jurists agree that 'Shura', roughly translated as 'consultation of the people', is a function of the caliphate. The [[Majlis-ash-Shura|Majlis ash-Shura]] advises the caliph. Its importance is established by the following verses of the Quran: <blockquote>{{cite quran|42|38|expand=no|quote=...and who respond to their Lord and establish prayer and whose affair is [determined by] consultation among themselves, [they are beloved by Allah].}}</blockquote> <blockquote>{{cite quran|3|159|expand=no|quote=...and consult them in the matter. Then when you have taken a decision, put your trust in Allah.}}</blockquote> The Majlis is also a means of electing a new caliph. Al-Mawardi wrote that members of the Majlis must meet three conditions: they must be just, have enough knowledge to distinguish between a good caliph and a bad caliph, and possess sufficient wisdom and judgment to select the best caliph. Al-Mawardi further stated that in emergencies when there is no caliphate or Majlis, the people themselves will form a Majlis, select a list of candidates for the caliph, and then the Majlis will select from that list. Some modern interpretations of the role of Majlis ash-Shura include those of Islamist author Sayyid Qutb and Taqiuddin al-Nabhani, the founder of an international political movement dedicated to the revival of the caliphate. In an analysis of the Shura chapter of the Quran, Qutb argues that Islam only demands that the ruler must consult with at least some portion of the ruled (usually the elite) within the general context of God-made laws, which the ruler must execute. Taqiuddin al-Nabhani wrote that Shura is an important part of the "ruling structure" of the Islamic caliphate, "but not one of its pillars," and it can be overlooked without the caliphate's rule becoming un-Islamic. However, these interpretations of Shura (by Qutb and al-Nabhani) are not universally accepted, and Islamic democrats consider Shura to be an integral part and crucial pillar of the Islamic political system.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} ===== Separation of Powers ===== {{See also|Ulama|Islamic ethics|Islam and secularism}} In the early [[Caliphate|Islamic caliphates]], the position of [[Caliph]] developed as a head of state in the form of a successor to Muhammad's political authority, who, according to [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]], was ideally elected by the people or their representatives,<ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World'' (2004), vol. 1, p. 116-123.</ref> as was the case in the [[Succession to Muhammad|election of Abu Bakr]], the [[Uthman|election of Uthman]], and [[Ali|Ali as caliph]]. Later, during the caliphs of the [[Islamic Golden Age]] after the Rashidun caliphs, the amount of democratic participation was much less; but since in Islam "no one is superior to another except on the basis of piety and virtue", and Muhammad's ideal was to consult with the people, subsequent Islamic rulers frequently consulted with the people regarding their state affairs.<ref>{{cite book|title=Justice Without Frontiers|first=Christopher G.|last=Judge Weeramantry|year=1997|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=90-411-0241-8|pages=135}}</ref> The legislative power of the caliph (or later, the sultan) was always restricted by the scholarly class, namely the 'Ulama', who were regarded as the guardians of Islamic law. Since the law came from the jurists, it prevented the caliph from dictating legal outcomes. The rulings of Sharia were established as authoritative based on the 'Ijma' (consensus) of the jurists, who theoretically acted as representatives of the 'Ummah' (Muslim community). After law colleges (''[[Madrasah|madrasas]]'') became widespread from the 11th and 12th centuries onwards, a student often had to obtain an ''[[Ijazah|ijazat al-tadris wa-al-ifta]]'' ("license to teach and issue legal opinions") in order to give legal verdicts.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Makdisi |first=George |date=April–June 1989 |title=Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=175–182 [175–77] |doi=10.2307/604423|jstor=604423 }}</ref> In many ways, classical Islamic law functioned like constitutional law.<ref name=Feldman2008/> In practice, for hundreds of years after the Rashidun Caliphate and until the 20th century, Islamic states followed a governance system based on the coexistence of sultans and ulama adhering to the rules of Sharia. This system bore some resemblance to certain Western governments, as both had an unwritten constitution (like the UK) and separate, conflicting branches of government (like the US)—ensuring a separation of powers in governance. While in the United States (and some other governance systems) there are three branches of government—executive, legislative, and judicial—Islamic monarchies had two branches—the sultan and the ulama.<ref name=feldman-fall-6>Feldman, Noah, ''Fall and Rise of the Islamic State'', Princeton University Press, 2008, p.6</ref> According to Professor Olivier Roy, this "de facto separation" between the political power of sultans and emirs and the religious power of the caliph was "created and institutionalized" by the end of the first century of the Hijra. The religious function of the sovereign ruler was to defend the Muslim community against enemies, establish Sharia, and ensure public welfare (''maslaha''). The state was a means to enable Muslims to live as good Muslims, and if the sultan did so, Muslims were obliged to obey him. The symbols of the ruler's legitimacy were the "right to mint coins and to have the Friday prayer (''[[Jumu'ah]] [[Khutbah]]'') delivered in his name."<ref>Roy, Olivier, ''The Failure of Political Islam'' by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, p.14-15</ref> Sadakat Kadri argues that a vast amount of "deference" was shown by the ulama toward the caliphate, and this was "counterproductive" in at least some cases. "Although jurists identified conditions ranging from mental disability to blindness to disqualify a caliph, no one dared to institutionally define the powers of the caliphate precisely." During the Abbasid Caliphate: <blockquote>When the caliph al-Mutawakkil was killed in 861, jurists retroactively legitimized his assassination with a fatwa. Eight years later, they witnessed the lawful abdication of a successor who had been dragged from a latrine, beaten into unconsciousness, and left in a vault to die. In the mid-10th century, judges solemnly confirmed that blindness was a cause for disqualification for a caliph, making no mention of the fact that they had just been assembled precisely to witness the scene of his eyes being gouged out.<ref name=kadri-120-1>{{cite book|last1=Kadri|first1=Sadakat|title=Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...|date=2012|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780099523277|pages=120–1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&pg=PT127}}</ref> </blockquote> According to Harvard University law professor Noah Feldman, the codification of Sharia by the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the 19th century caused jurists and legal scholars to lose their control over Islamic law.<ref name=Feldman-why>{{Cite web|author=Noah Feldman|title=Why Shariah?|work=[[New York Times]]|date=March 16, 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/magazine/16Shariah-t.html?ei=5070&em=&en=5c1b8de536ce606f&ex=1205812800&pagewanted=all|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> {{quote|How the scholars lost their exalted status as keepers of the law is a complex story, but it can be summarized by the proverb that partial reform is sometimes worse than no reform at all. In the early 19th century, the Ottoman Empire began an internal reform movement in response to military disasters. The most significant reform was the attempt to codify Shariah. This process of Westernization, unfamiliar to the Islamic legal tradition, aimed to transform Shariah from a body of doctrines and principles to be discovered through the human efforts of scholars into a set of rules that could be looked up in a book. [...] But once the law existed in codified form, the law itself was able to replace the scholars as the source of authority. Codification stripped the scholars of their crucial claim to have the final say over the content of the law and transferred that power to the state.}} ==== Monarchy ==== {{Main|Islamic monarchy}} An Islamic monarchy is a [[monarchy]] that adheres to [[Islam]]. Historically known by various names, such as ''[[Malik|mamlakat]]'' ("kingdom"), caliphate, sultanate, or emirate, contemporary Islamic monarchies include: * [[Bahrain|Kingdom of Bahrain]] * [[Brunei|Brunei Darussalam]] * [[Jordan|Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan]] * [[Kuwait|State of Kuwait]] * [[Malaysia]] * [[Morocco|Kingdom of Morocco]] * [[Oman|Sultanate of Oman]] * [[Qatar|State of Qatar]] * [[Saudi Arabia|Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]] * [[United Arab Emirates]] ==== Obedience and Opposition ==== {{Main|Ulil-Amr|Verse of Obedience}} According to scholar Moojan Momen, "one of the central themes in the Quran which has been subject to much analysis" regarding where responsibility should lie is based on the following verse: <blockquote> "O you who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those who have been given authority from among you (''Ūlū al-Amr'') " (Quran 4:59). </blockquote> To Sunnis, the ''Ūlū al-Amr'' are the rulers (caliphs and kings), but to Shias, this phrase refers to the Imams.<ref>Momen, Moojan, ''Introduction to Shi'i Islam'', Yale University Press, 1985 p.192</ref> Several scholars of the [[Islamic University of Madinah]], in the book ''Usool al-Eeman'', state that according to the evidence presented from the Quran and Sunnah, obedience to the Imams and rulers is commanded in all matters except for sinful acts, the summary of which is as follows:<ref>[https://d1.islamhouse.com/data/bn/ih_books/single2/bn_The_Foundations_of_Faith_in_the_Light_of_the_Quran_and_the_Sunnah.pdf The Foundations of Faith in the Light of the Quran and the Sunnah, Authors: Several Scholars of Madinah University, Translators: Abu Bakr Muhammad Zakaria and Manzur-e-Ilahi, Published by: King Fahd Printing Press, Saudi Arabia. p. 383]</ref> # It is obligatory to listen and obey in all circumstances except in matters of sin. # Even if the rulers do not accept advice, one must not rebel against them. # Anyone who advises the rulers and criticizes their actions in a manner supported by Sharia is freed from sin. # It is forbidden to create Fitna (unrest) and chaos, and similarly, it is forbidden to do anything that can cause Fitna or unrest. # Rebellion against those in power is not permitted until such clear Kufr (disbelief) is manifested by them, regarding which there is no disagreement whatsoever about it being Kufr. # It is obligatory to cling to the Jama'ah (community) of Muslims who are guided by the ideals of the Quran and Sunnah in words, actions, and beliefs; one must maintain friendly relations with them, walk in their path, and be eager to keep their word unified on the path of truth and justice. One must not separate from them or create division among them. ===== Principle of Changing a Sinful Ruler ===== {{See also|Kharijite|Baghī (Islam)}} On the question of whether rebellion and opposition against a tyrannical and sinful ruler are permissible, Saleh Al-Munajjid states: "One of the maxims of Islamic Sharia is—'Evil cannot be resisted with a greater evil. Rather, evil must be resisted with that which will eradicate it or reduce it.' Therefore, if those who want to depose a ruler who is involved in clear Kufr have the capability to depose him and replace him with a good and righteous ruler, and if this does not lead to a greater chaos among Muslims or subject them to an evil greater than the evil of this ruler—then there is no bar to it. Conversely, if this rebellion leads to a major chaos, compromises security, or results in innocent people becoming victims of oppression and secret killings... etc., then rebellion will not be permissible. Rather, one must observe patience, obey the good commands of the ruler, advise him, and call him toward doing good. One must try to reduce evil and increase good. This is the straight path; the path that must be followed. Because in this path lies the general welfare for Muslims; the aspect of harm is less and the aspect of benefit is more in this path; and in this path lies the safety of Muslims from even greater evils."<ref>{{cite web |title=Ruling on rebelling against a ruler - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/bn/answers/9911 |website=islamqa.info |access-date=September 2, 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> In response to queries where the ruler's actions are anti-Islamic, Abu Bakr Muhammad Zakaria, in his added explanations and annotations to the translation of the book "Laisa Min Manhajis-Salaf" (This is Not the Manhaj of the Salaf) authored by Muhammad Bazmool, states that there could be several scenarios: #. His opposition to Islam has not reached a level that directly plunges him into Kufr. In this situation, as long as they establish and perform prayers, a few things can be done regarding him: ## Praying to Allah for his guidance. This is what the Salaf used to do. ## Presenting the word of truth to him. This was also the Manhaj of some of the Salaf, but the person must be of such a stature whose words the ruler would take into consideration. ## Advising him privately. Here too, the competence of the adviser and the recipient of the advice must be properly observed. ## If that does not work, then waiting for Allah to change his condition. Just as the scholars waited against Al-Hajjaj. #. And if the opposition to Islam reaches a level that directly involves him in Kufr, for which we possess clear proof, then the following two situations can occur: ## The conditions have not been fulfilled and the obstacles have not been removed, then what needs to be done: ### Establish proof regarding Kufr against him. ### Efforts must be made to clear doubts. ### Check whether he has any acceptable excuse or not. ### All the tasks of the aforementioned first scenario must be carried out. # If the fulfillment of conditions and removal of obstacles have been completed and everything related to this has been finalized: ## Attempts should be made to change the ruler. However, several conditions must be met for this: ### The capability for this must exist. The prevailing opinion must lean toward bringing a better administration. It must be ensured that a worse situation will not arise. ## If that is not possible, then, ### The individual will remain engaged in the work of Deen according to their capacity. ### Public-oriented work must be continued. ### The public must be made aware gradually, and then the change must be brought after the prior conditions are met and obstacles are removed. ### In this way, when Iman and righteous deeds are found among them, Allah's promise will be fulfilled there and He will place His preferred people in power.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bazmool |first1=Muhammad ibn Umar ibn Salim |last2=bin Tofazzal |first2=Habib |last3=Zakaria |first3=Abu Bakr Muhammad |title=This is Not the Manhaj of the Salaf |date=November, 2021 |publisher=Believers Vision |location=Dhaka |isbn=978-984-35-0960-4 |pages=35, 36, 37 |access-date=February 4, 2026}}</ref> On the question of whether the contemporary democratic party positioning can be used as a method of change, Abu Bakr Muhammad Zakaria, in his added explanations and annotations to the translation of the book "Laisa Min Manhajis-Salaf" (This is Not the Manhaj of the Salaf) authored by Muhammad Bazmool, states: "This matter did not exist previously. In the past era, someone would stand up for change, his followers would prepare for war, people would join him depending on the situation, and he would occupy an area and depose its ruler. In these, the greater part of the Salaf had no participation. Rather, the subsequent major Salaf not only discouraged this but strictly forbade it. Because it has been a proven truth in history that whenever people took to the field against a Muslim ruler, the outcome was not pleasant for Islam and Muslims. And the policy of change is also not applicable democratically because it causes division and factionalism among Muslims, makes the halal haram and haram halal in the name of moderation, truncates the Deen, creates love and animosity for something other than Islam, and increases infighting and conflict. In this situation, clinging to the policy of the Salaf as-Salihin is best, which is to protect oneself from all party banners, platforms, and alliances. Regarding this, Al-Uthaymeen states that Dawah becomes strong not through groups, but by clinging to the Quran and Sunnah."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bazmool |first1=Muhammad ibn Umar ibn Salim |last2=bin Tofazzal |first2=Habib |last3=Zakaria |first3=Abu Bakr Muhammad |title=This is Not the Manhaj of the Salaf |date=November, 2021 |publisher=Believers Vision |location=Dhaka |isbn=978-984-35-0960-4 |pages=37, 38, 39 |access-date=February 4, 2026}}</ref> According to scholar Bernard Lewis, this Quranic verse has been elaborated in several sayings attributed to Muhammad: <blockquote>But there are also sayings which strictly limit the duty of obedience. Two dictums attributed to the Prophet and universally accepted as authentic are directive. One says, "there is no obedience in sin"; in other words, if the ruler orders something contrary to divine law, not only is there no duty of obedience, but there is a duty of disobedience. This is more than the [[right of revolution]] appearing in Western political thought. It is a duty of revolution, or at least of disobedience and opposition to authority. The other utterance, "do not obey a creature against his Creator," again clearly limits the ruler's authority, whatever form the ruler takes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20050501faessay84305/bernard-lewis/freedom-and-justice-in-the-modern-middle-east.html?mode=print |title=Freedom and Justice in the Middle East |access-date=2008-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230195152/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20050501faessay84305/bernard-lewis/freedom-and-justice-in-the-modern-middle-east.html?mode=print |archive-date=2007-12-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote> However, Ibn Taymiyyah, an important 14th-century scholar of the Hanbali madhhab, says in his 'Tafsir' regarding this verse, "There is no obedience in sin"; meaning, if the ruler's command is contrary to divine law, it should be ignored, but it should not be used as an excuse for revolution, because it will cause the shedding of Muslim blood. According to Ibn Taymiyyah, the saying—'Sixty years under an unjust Imam is better than one night without a Sultan'—is proven by experience.<ref name=Lambton>{{cite book|last1=Lambton|first1=Ann K. S.|title=State and Government in Medieval Islam|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|page=145|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DVvYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA144&dq=siyasa+ibn+taymiyyah#v=onepage&q=siyasa%20ibn%20taymiyyah&f=false|accessdate=19 September 2015|isbn=9781136605208}}</ref> He believed that the Quranic instruction to "[[Enjoining good and forbidding wrong|enjoin good and forbid wrong]]" (''al-amr bi-l-ma'rūf wa-n-nahy 'ani-l-munkar'', found in {{cite quran|3|104|s=ns}} and {{cite quran|3|110|s=ns}} and other verses) was the duty of every state official holding authority over other Muslims, ranging from the caliph down to "the schoolmaster in charge of evaluating children's handwriting."<ref>Ibn Taymiyya, ''Le traite de droit public d'ibn Taimiya.'' Translated by Henri Laoust. Beirut, 1948, p.12</ref><ref name=kadri-139>{{cite book|last1=Kadri|first1=Sadakat|title=Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...|date=2012|publisher=macmillan|isbn=9780099523277|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Heaven+on+Earth:+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law#v=onepage&q=Heaven%20on%20Earth%3A%20A%20Journey%20Through%20Shari'a%20Law&f=false}}</ref> ==== Sharia and Governance (''Siyasa'') ==== {{Main|Siyasa}} From the late medieval period, Sunni fiqh began to elaborate the doctrine of *Siyasa Shar'iyya*, which literally means governance in accordance with [[Sharia]] and is sometimes referred to as the political dimension of Islamic law. Its goal was to reconcile the practical needs of state governance with Islamic law.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author1=Bosworth, C.E.|author2=Netton, I.R. |author3=Vogel, F.E.|title=Siyāsa|year=2012|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editor1=P. Bearman|editor2= Th. Bianquis|editor3= C.E. Bosworth|editor4= E. van Donzel|editor5= W.P. Heinrichs|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1096 }}{{subscription required}}</ref> This doctrine emphasized the religious purpose of political authority and advocated for the pragmatic application of Islamic law necessitated by expediency and utility considerations. It initially emerged in response to difficulties caused by the strict procedural requirements of Islamic law. This law rejected circumstantial evidence and emphasized witness testimony, making it difficult to obtain criminal convictions in 'Qadi' (Sharia judge) operated courts. In response, Islamic jurists allowed greater procedural freedom in limited circumstances, such as trying complaints against state officials in 'Mazalim' courts conducted by the ruler's council and applying 'ta'zir' (discretionary punishments) for minor offenses. However, under the Mamluk Sultanate, non-qadi courts expanded their jurisdiction into commercial and family law, operating parallel to Sharia courts and exempting from certain formalities dictated by fiqh. The subsequent development of this doctrine attempted to resolve this tension between statecraft and jurisprudence. Later, this doctrine has been used to justify legal modifications adopted by the state in the public interest, as long as they were not deemed contrary to Sharia. For example, it was applied by the Ottoman rulers, who enacted a compilation of administrative, criminal, and economic laws known as 'Kanun'.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Yossef Rapoport|title=Political Dimension (Siyāsa Sharʿiyya) of Islamic Law|encyclopedia=The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195134056.001.0001/acref-9780195134056-e-635|editor=Stanley N. Katz|ref=harv}}{{subscription required}}</ref> ==== Shia Tradition ==== In Shia Islam, three attitudes toward rulers have predominated—political cooperation with the ruler, political activism to challenge the ruler, and detachment from politics—"the writings of Shia ulama over the ages" have displayed "all components of these three attitudes."<ref>Momen, Moojan, ''Introduction to Shi'i Islam'', Yale University Press, 1985 p.194</ref> ==== Kharijite Tradition ==== {{Main|Kharijite}} {{See also|Baghī (Islam)}} According to some Muslim authors, extremism within Islam began with the [[Kharijites]] in the 7th century. Primarily from their political positions, they developed radical doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims. The Kharijites were particularly notorious for adopting extremism toward [[Takfir]], whereby they declared other Muslims to be disbelievers and therefore deemed them worthy of death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/another-battle-with-islams-true-believers/article20802390/|title=Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'|work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802045255/http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/fruits-of-the-tree-of-extremism|title=Imam Mohamad Jebara: Fruits of the tree of extremism|author=Mohamad Jebara More Mohamad Jebara|work=Ottawa Citizen}}</ref> Scholars often cite a hadith of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (PBUH) regarding the emergence of the Kharijites. {{quote|Abu Sa'id al-Khudri (RA) narrated: Ali (RA) sent some gold covered with dust from Yemen. He distributed that gold among 4 neo-Muslim Arabian leaders. At that time, a man with sunken eyes, high cheekbones, a prominent forehead, and a shaven head, named Dhul-Khuwaisirah, stood up and said: O Messenger of Allah, fear Allah, you have done injustice! He replied, Woe to you! Do I not have the greatest right on earth to fear Allah? If I disobey Allah or do injustice, who else will obey Allah and act justly? Allah deemed me trustworthy regarding the inhabitants of the earth, and you cannot place trust in my trustworthiness! Then the man left. Khalid bin al-Walid (RA) then said, O Messenger of Allah, shall I not execute the man (for committing apostasy and Kufr by expressing distrust toward the Messenger of Allah)? He said, No. Perhaps the man prays. Khalid (RA) said, How many people who pray say with their mouths what is not in their hearts. Then the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) said, I have not been commanded to search the hearts of people or rip open their bellies. Then he looked at the departing man and said, From the offspring of this man, there will emerge a group of people who will recite the Quran beautifully and movingly, yet the Quran will not go beyond their throats. They will pass through Islam just as an arrow passes through a prey. They will kill the adherents of Islam and leave the adherents of idols and stones alone. If I were to reach them, I would slaughter them as the people of Thamud were slaughtered.|Bukhari As-Sahih 3/1219, 1321, 4/1581, 1714, 5/2281, 6/2540, 2801; Muslim, As-Sahih 2/741-744.}} [[Khondoker Abdullah Jahangir]], in his book *Militancy in the Name of Islam*, quotes the above hadith and states:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jahangir |first1=Khondoker Abdullah |title=2. 2. Kharijite Sect |publisher=HadithBD.com|url=http://www.hadithbd.com/books/link/?id=6896 |website=www.hadithbd.com |access-date=November 12, 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> {{quote|We see the first incidents of extremism and terrorism in Islamic history through the actions of the Kharijite sect. In 35 AH (656 CE), the head of the Islamic state, Caliph Uthman ibn Affan (RA), was brutally martyred by a group of rebels. Among the rebels, there was no one capable of seizing state power or becoming the head of state. They began to pressure the Sahaba in the capital, Medina. At one point, Ali (RA) accepted the responsibility of the caliphate. Commanders and governors of the Muslim state swore allegiance to Ali. However, Mu'awiya (RA), the governor of Syria appointed by Uthman (RA), refused to accept Ali's allegiance. He demanded that the killers of Caliph Uthman must be brought to justice first. Ali (RA) argued that starting the trial of the rebels before uniting to restore state order could increase chaos, so we must unite first. Gradually, the issue escalated into a civil war. Casualties mounted on both sides in the Battle of Siffin. At one point, both sides formed an arbitration council to resolve the issue through discussion. At this stage, several thousand people from among Ali's (RA) followers deserted his side. They are called 'Kharijites', meaning deserters or rebels. They were people of the second generation of Islam, who accepted Islam after the passing of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH). Almost all of them were youths. They were highly religious, dedicated, and emotional Muslims. Due to spending the whole night in Tahajjud and the entire day in Dhikr and Quran recitation, they were well known as 'Qurra' or the 'Quran-reciting group'. They demanded that nothing but the law of the Quran and the command of Allah shall rule. Allah's instruction is to fight against the disobedient. Allah said: (وَإِنْ طَائِفَتَانِ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ اقْتَتَلُوا فَأَصْلِحُوا بَيْنَهُمَا فَإِن بَغَتْ إِحْدَاهُمَا عَلَى الْأُخْرَىٰ فَقَاتِلُوا الَّتِي تَبْغِي حَتَّىٰ تَفِيءَ إِلَىٰ أَمْرِ اللَّهِ) "And if two factions among the believers should fight, then make settlement between the two. But if one of them oppresses the other, then fight against the one that oppresses until it returns to the ordinance of Allah." Here, Allah unequivocally instructs that the war against the transgressing group must be continued until they return. Mu'awiya's (RA) faction is the transgressing one, so the war must be continued until they surrender. Stopping the war before surrender or making humans arbitrators in this matter means enacting a law contrary to what Allah has revealed. Besides, Allah said: (إِنِ الْحُكْمُ إِلَّا لِلَّهِ) "Legislation is not but for Allah." Therefore, delegating the responsibility of adjudication to humans is a clear violation of the Quran's instruction. Allah also said: (وَمَنْ لَمْ يَحْكُمْ بِمَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ فَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الْكَافِرُونَ) "And whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed—then it is those who are the disbelievers." Since Ali and his followers did not continue the war with Mu'awiya according to Allah's revealed law and chose the rule of arbitration, they have become disbelievers. They claimed that Ali (RA), Mu'awiya (RA), and all their followers had become disbelievers by defying the law of the Quran. Therefore, they must repent. When they refused to accept their actions as a crime, they started a war against them. The Kharijites kept quoting various verses of the Quran in favor of their opinion. Abdullah ibn Abbas (RA) and other Sahaba tried to explain to them that the Sahaba, the lifelong companions of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH), were the most proficient in understanding the Quran and Hadith. The meaning you have understood of the Quran and Hadith is not correct; rather, the explanation of the Sahaba is correct. Although some people abandoned extremism due to this, the rest claimed their opinion to be the correct one. They considered the Sahaba to be agents, compromisers, accomplices of injustice, etc., and continued their struggle to establish Islam by fighting against them. As the arbitration system failed to settle the dispute between Ali (RA) and Mu'awiya (RA), their claims and propaganda grew stronger. They kept explaining to emotional youths that the truth can never be established through compromise. Therefore, Jihad must be continued according to the instructions of the Quran to establish the Deen. As a result, within a year, their numbers increased from 3–4 thousand to about 25–30 thousand. In 37 AH, only 3–4 thousand people deserted Ali's (RA) faction. Yet, in 38 AH, about 25 thousand soldiers were present in the Kharijite army against Ali's forces in the Battle of Nahrawan. They believed that since Ali (RA) and Mu'awiya (RA) had plunged the Muslim Ummah into godlessness, assassinating them would rescue the nation from this quagmire. For this reason, a man named Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam struck Ali with a poisoned sword as he was leaving his house before the Fajr prayer on the 21st of the month of Ramadan in 40 AH. After Ali's (RA) martyrdom, when the agitated soldiers severed Abd al-Rahman's hands and feet, he showed no sign of pain; rather, he expressed joy. But when they wanted to cut off his tongue, he expressed great objection and agony. When asked for the reason, he said, I want to die as a martyr while performing the Dhikr of Allah! Praising this assassin, one of their poets, Imran ibn Hittan (84 AH), said: "How great was that righteous, God-fearing man who struck that magnificent blow! By that blow, he sought nothing but the pleasure of the Lord of the Throne. I often remember him and consider him to be the one possessing the greatest reward before Allah." Ali (RA) and other Sahaba felt deep empathy for them due to their dedication and religiosity. They made many attempts to turn them away from the path of extremism. But all attempts failed. They refused to abandon their 'brand' of Islam or their own thoughts and interpretations of Islam. Ali was asked: Are they disbelievers? He said, They are fleeing precisely to escape Kufr. It was said, Then are they hypocrites? He said, Hypocrites remember Allah very little, whereas these people are engaged in the Dhikr of Allah day and night. It was said, Then what are they? He said, They have fallen into the Fitna of misguidance and self-worship, becoming blind and deaf. Their struggle to establish Islam was deeply sincere. In Arabic literature, their poetry is an incomparable treasure of Islamic zeal and jihadist inspiration. Their religiosity and honesty were unparalleled. Calluses had formed on their foreheads due to falling into long prostrations in Nafal prayers day and night. If one passed by their camps, only the sound of Quran recitation would be heard. They would faint weeping upon reading or hearing the Quran. Alongside this, their ferocity and terrorism were horrific. Starting from 37 AH, their terrorism, killings, and wars continued for the next several centuries. Around 64–70 AH, they supported Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr in the war between him and the rulers of the Umayyad dynasty. Because according to them, he was the one who established true Islamic governance. But when he refused to declare Uthman (RA) and Ali (RA) as disbelievers, and moreover praised them, they began to oppose him. Around 99–100 AH, the Umayyad Caliph Umar ibn Abdul Aziz tried to guide them to the right path due to their religiosity and dedication. They agreed with his honesty, justice, and complete adherence to Islam. However, their demand was that Uthman (RA) and Ali (RA) must be declared disbelievers because they provided rulings contrary to Allah's instructions. In addition, Mu'awiya (RA) and subsequent Umayyad rulers must also be declared disbelievers because they abandoned Allah's legislation and governed the country with laws fabricated by rulers. For example, establishing a monarchy, granting the ruler power to use the resources of the treasury arbitrarily, etc. As Umar ibn Abdul Aziz did not accept this demand, peace efforts failed. Despite admitting his own administration to be in accordance with Islam, they stood firm in their decision to continue the war against him. They believed that a Muslim individual turns into a disbeliever upon the violation of Islamic rulings. They conducted wars in groups outside the state leadership to establish 'Islam' or to implement Islamic rulings "completely" according to their conception against such disbelievers. In addition, they kept killing common non-combatant men, women, and children who did not consider Ali a disbeliever.[14] It is noteworthy that the majority of the Sahaba refrained from participating in the political disagreement and war between Ali (RA) and Mu'awiya (RA). The famous Tabi'i Ibn Sirin (110 AH) said, "When the Fitna began, thousands of Sahaba were alive. Not even 100 Sahaba from among them participated in it. Rather, the number of Sahaba participating in it was less than 30." These Sahaba and other Sahaba-Tabi'in morally supported Ali's (RA) actions. They would never agree to call him a sinner or a violator of Islam. The Kharijites used to kill them too, branding them as disbelievers. See a sample! Abdullah, the son of the Sahabi Khabbab ibn al-Aratt, was walking on the road with his wife and family. The Kharijites questioned him about Uthman (RA) and Ali (RA). He commented favorably about them and narrated a hadith about the terrible consequences of terrorism and killing. Then they took him to the riverbank, slaughtered him, and killed his pregnant wife and other women and children. At this time, they sat down to rest at a place. There, a date fell from a date tree, and a Kharijite picked it up and put it in his mouth. Then another said, You consumed someone else's property without paying the price? The man quickly spat out the date. Another Kharijite saw a pig and struck its body with his sword. Immediately his friends protested, saying, This is unjust, you are spreading chaos on Allah's earth in this way and destroying someone else's property! Then they found the non-Muslim owner of the pig, gave him money, and apologized. Thus, they are accepting the leniency of Islam regarding non-Muslims, fearing to violate the right of a servant over a single date, yet they are killing a fellow Muslim by calling him a disbeliever on various pretexts in the name of Islam, and are also killing unarmed women and children.}} Abdullah Jahangir states regarding the primary characteristics of the Kharijites: (1) Considering their own understanding as final in terms of understanding the guidance of Islam or the Quran. Denying the importance of the opinions of the Sahaba in this regard. (2) Though accepting Hadith, denying the importance of the practical actions and methodologies of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) in discussed and disputed matters. (3) Calling a Muslim a disbeliever due to sin. (4) Claiming wholesale validity for killing disbelievers. (5) Denying the Sharia importance of state allegiance. (6) Considering the state a state of Kufr due to the sins of the head of state and state administration. (7) Calling citizens who obey such a head of state disbelievers. (8) Considering taking up arms against such a state of Kufr and its citizens as permissible. (9) Claiming Jihad to be Fard Ayn (individual obligation), the greatest obligation, and a pillar of the Deen. (10) Inflicting punishments in the name of enjoining good and forbidding wrong. (11) Disregarding all scholars who oppose their opinion. === Modern Era === {{Islamism sidebar |expanded=Concepts}} ==== Reaction to European Colonialism ==== During the period of the 19th century, alongside the [[European colonization]] of the Muslim world, the [[French conquest of Algeria]] (1830), the [[Siege of Delhi|fall of the Mughal Empire]] in [[Colonial India|India]] (1857), [[Caucasian War|Russian incursions into the Caucasus]] (1828), and [[The Great Game|Central Asia]] (1830–1895) took place, culminating finally in the [[Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|fall and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]] in the 20th century (1908–1922). The first Muslim reaction against European colonization was centered around "peasants and religion", not the urban areas. "Charismatic leaders", who were usually members of the "Ulama" or religious communities, called for "Jihad" and formed tribal alliances. To unite the tribes, local customary laws were disregarded and "Sharia" was imposed. Examples include Abdelkader in Algeria, Muhammad Ahmad in Sudan, Imam Shamil in the Caucasus, the Sanusi in Libya and Chad, Mullah-i Lang in Afghanistan, the Akhund of Swat in India, and later Abd el-Krim in Morocco. Despite spectacular victories such as the massacre of the British army in Afghanistan in 1842 and the capture of Khartoum in 1885, all these movements ultimately failed.<ref>Roy, Olivier, ''The Failure of Political Islam'' by Olivier Roy, translated by Carol Volk, Harvard University Press, 1994, p.32</ref> The second Muslim reaction to European occupation later in the century and early 20th century was not violent resistance, but rather the adoption of certain Western political, social, cultural, and technological means. Urban elite members, especially in [[Egypt]], [[Iran]], and [[Turkey]], advocated and practiced "Westernization."<ref name=Feldman/> The failure of political Westernization efforts was, according to some, exemplified by the [[Tanzimat]] reorganizations of the Ottoman rulers. *Sharia* was incorporated into law (known as the [[Mecelle]]) and an elected legislature was established to enact laws. These steps stripped the "*[[Ulama]]*" of their role to "discover" the law, and the previously powerful scholarly class was weakened and shriveled into religious functionaries, while the legislature was suspended within less than a year of its inauguration and was never restored, thereby eliminating the [[Separation of powers|separation of powers]] where the Ulama previously served as a separate "branch" of government. p.71-76</ref> "The paradigm of the executive unchecked by either the Shariah of the scholars or the popular authority of an elected legislature became the dominant paradigm of most of the Sunni Muslim world for much of the twentieth century."<ref name=feldman-fall-79>Feldman, Noah, ''Fall and Rise of the Islamic State'', Princeton University Press, 2008, p.79</ref> ==== Modern Political Ideology of the Islamic State ==== {{See also|Islamism|Islamic state|Islamization|Quietism in Islam}} In addition to the legitimacy provided by medieval scholarly opinion, nostalgia for the days of successful Islamic empires was later uncovered under Western colonialism. This nostalgia has played a major role in the Islamic political ideology of the Islamic state, a state where Islamic law is paramount.<ref>{{citation|title=Liberal Democracy and Political Islam: the Search for Common Ground|last=Benhenda|first=M.|ssrn=1475928}}</ref> The core objective of Islamist political programs is to restructure the governments of existing Muslim states; but the means of doing so vary widely across different movements and contexts. Many democratic Islamist movements, such as Jamaat-e-Islami and the Muslim Brotherhood, have used democratic processes and focused on voting and forming alliances with other political parties. Radical Islamic movements like the Taliban and Al-Qaeda embrace Jihadism or militant Islamic ideology, and they were well known for participating in the anti-Soviet resistance in Afghanistan in the 1980s. Both aforementioned militant Islamic groups played roles in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and framed regional governments and the United States as their "near" and "distant" enemies respectively.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The World Transformed, 1945 to the Present|last=Hunt|first=Michael|publisher=Oxford|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-937102-0|location=New York City|pages=495}}</ref> ==== Compatibility with Democracy ==== {{Main|Islamic democracy}} ===== General Muslim Perspectives ===== * Support for democratic principles, where in most cases it is believed that they are compatible with Islam, which can play a public welfare role under a democratic system, for example, many activists participating in the uprisings of the [[Arab Spring]]; * Support for democratic methods like elections, along with religious and moral objections to certain aspects of Western democracy deemed incompatible with Sharia, for example, Islamic scholars like [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]]; * Rejection of democracy as a Western import and support for traditional Islamic institutions, such as ''[[Shura]]'' (consultative council) and ''[[Ijma]]'' (consensus), for example, supporters of absolute monarchies and fundamentalist Islamic movements; * The belief that for democracy, religion should be restricted to private life, a view held by a minority in the Muslim world. Surveys conducted by Gallup and the Pew Research Center in Muslim-majority countries indicate that most Muslims see no conflict between democratic values and religious principles. They want neither a theocracy nor a secular democracy, but rather a political model where democratic institutions and values can coexist with the values and principles of 'Sharia'.<ref>{{cite book|first1=John L.|last1=Esposito|first2=Natana J.|last2=DeLong-Bas|title=Shariah: What Everyone Needs to Know|url=https://archive.org/details/shariahwhatevery0000espo|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|page=[https://archive.org/details/shariahwhatevery0000espo/page/145 145]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Pew Research Center|title=Most Muslims Want Democracy, Personal Freedoms, and Islam in Political Life|date=July 10, 2012|url=https://www.pewglobal.org/2012/07/10/most-muslims-want-democracy-personal-freedoms-and-islam-in-political-life/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Gallup|title=Majorities See Religion and Democracy as Compatible|date=Oct 3, 2017|author1=Magali Rheault|author2=Dalia Mogahed|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/28762/majorities-muslims-americans-see-religion-law-compatible.aspx}}</ref> ===== Salafi Perspective ===== [[Salafi]] scholars rule democracy as Haram (forbidden),<ref name=i1>{{cite web |title=Democracy from the perspective of Islam - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://www.islamqa.info/bn/answers/98134 |website=[[IslamQA.info]] |access-date=August 2, 2022 |language=bn |date=January 22, 2015}}</ref> but validate the opportunity to vote and come to power using democracy to establish Islamic governance,<ref name=i2>{{cite web |title=The ruling on democracy and elections and participating in the democratic process - Islam Question & Answer |url=https://islamqa.info/bn/answers/107166/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0 |website=[[IslamQA.info]] |access-date=August 2, 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> and encourage voting to choose the lesser of two evils. Among these scholars are Shaykh [[Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz]], Shaykh [[Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen]], [[Abdallah al-Ghudayyan]], Abdullah Qu'ud, Abd ar-Razzaq Afifi, and senior scholars of [[Saudi Arabia]]: [[Grand Mufti]] [[Shaykh]] [[Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh|Abdul-Aziz Al ash-Sheikh]], Shaykh Abdul Muhsin al-Abbad, Shaykh Wasiullah Abbas, and the fatwa panel of the most senior scholars of Saudi Arabia, the "[[Permanent Committee for Islamic Research and Issuing Fatwas]]", all of whom echoed similar calls encouraging Muslims to vote.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Shoaib |title=Scholstars Urge Western Muslims to Vote: Saudi Arabia |journal=Muslim World Journal |date=May 5, 2015 |url=https://www.muslimworldjournal.com/scholars-urge-western-muslims-to-vote-saudi-arabia/ |access-date=August 2, 2022 |archive-date=October 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010190359/https://www.muslimworldjournal.com/scholars-urge-western-muslims-to-vote-saudi-arabia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fahad bin Salih Ajlan states in his book *Al-Muharrar fee Siyasatush Shar'iyyah* that the election method is legitimate in Islam but not via the conventional democratic system; in it, political candidates must be Muslim and male, and voters must also be Muslim and male; women and non-Muslims can participate in the Shura but cannot vote; the time limit of the head of state's power can also be fixed, though it is not Fard (obligatory), but rather Jaiz (permissible).<ref name=fa/> ===== Islamic Political Theories ===== Muslih and Browers have identified three main perspectives on democracy among prominent Muslim thinkers who have sought to develop modern, distinct Islamic theories of socio-political organization compatible with Islamic values and law:<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Muslih|first1=Muhammad|last2=Browers|first2=Michaelle|title=Democracy|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0185|access-date=November 1, 2020|archive-date=June 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611235451/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0185|url-status=dead}}</ref> * A rejectionist Islamic perspective, expounded by [[Sayyid Qutb]] and [[Abul A'la Maududi]]. * A moderate Islamic view, which emphasizes ''[[Maslaha]]'' (public consideration), ''[[Adl]]'' (justice), and *Shura*. This view is propagated in different ways by [[Hassan al-Turabi]], [[Rachid Ghannouchi]], and [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]]. * A liberal Islamic view influenced by [[Muhammad Abduh]]'s emphasis on the role of reason in understanding religion. It stresses democratic principles based on pluralism and freedom of thought. Authors like [[Fahmi Huwaidi]] and [[Tariq al-Bishri]] have crafted Islamic justifications for full citizenship of non-Muslims in an Islamic state by drawing on early Islamic texts. Others, such as [[Mohammed Arkoun]] and [[Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd]], have justified pluralism and freedom through non-textualist approaches to textual interpretation. [[Abdolkarim Soroush]] has argued for a "religious democracy" based on religious thought that is democratic, tolerant, and just. Islamic liberals argue for the necessity of continuous re-examination of religious understanding, which can only be done within a democratic context. ==== 20th and 21st Centuries ==== {{Main|1973 oil crisis|War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|Arab Cold War|Arab–Iranian conflict|Arab–Israeli conflict|Arab Spring|Arab Winter|War on terror}} {{seealso|Antisemitism in the Arab world|Anti-Zionism|History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser|International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism|Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict|Petro-Islam|Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world|Grand Mosque seizure|Six-Day War|Yom Kippur War|War of Attrition}} Following World War I, the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, and the subsequent abolition of the caliphate by the founder of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, many Muslims realized that the political power of their religion was declining. There was also concern about the spread of Western ideas and influence across Muslim societies. This led to widespread resentment against the influence of European powers. The Muslim Brotherhood was formed in Egypt as a movement to resist and harass the British. In the 1960s, the dominant ideology in the Arab world was Pan-Arabism, which marginalized religion and encouraged the formation of socialist and secular states based on Arab nationalism rather than Islam (see, for example, Ba'athism and secularism in Turkey). However, governments built upon Arab nationalism faced economic stagnation and chaos. Increasingly, the borders of these states were being seen as artificial colonial creations—which they indeed were, as they were literally drawn on a map by European colonial powers. ==== Contemporary Movements ==== Some common political currents in Islam include: * [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Traditionalist theology (Islam)|traditionalist doctrine]], which accepts traditional commentaries of the Quran, Hadith, and Sunnah, and adopts Taqlid (imitation), i.e., not innovating anything new, as its core principle, following any one of the four madhhabs (Shafi'i, Maliki, Hanafi, Hanbali), and this may also include Sufism. An example of Sufi traditionalism is the Barelvi madhhab in Pakistan.<ref>Olivier Roy, *The Failure of Political Islam*, (1994) pp. 30-31</ref> * [[Islamic fundamentalism|Fundamentalist reformism]] or [[Islamic revival|revivalism]], which criticizes various currents of Islamic theology, Tafsir, popular religious practices like visiting and venerating the shrines and tombs of Muslim saints, and perceived deviations and superstitions; its goal is to return to the founding scriptures of Islam. This fundamentalist reformism usually developed in response to a perceived external threat (for example, Hindu-Islamic relations). 18th-century examples include Shah Waliullah Dehlawi in British India and Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab (the founder of Wahhabism) in the Arabian Peninsula.<ref>Olivier Roy, *Failure of Political Islam*, (1994) p. 31</ref> The Salafi movement, the Deobandi current in India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, and the Tablighi Jamaat in South Asia are modern examples of fundamentalist reformism and revivalism. * [[Islamism]] or [[political Islam]], embracing a return to 'Sharia' or Islamic law, but adopting Western terms like 'revolution', 'ideology', 'politics', and 'democracy', and maintaining a more liberal attitude toward topics like 'Jihad' and 'women's rights'.<ref>Olivier Roy, *The Failure of Political Islam*. (1994) pp. 35-37</ref> Contemporary examples include Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, the Muslim Brotherhood, the Iranian Islamic Revolution, the Masyumi Party, the United Malays National Organisation, the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, and the Justice and Development Party (Turkey). * [[Liberal movements within Islam|Liberal movements under Islam]], usually defining themselves in opposition to Islamic political movements, but frequently adopting many of its anti-imperialist and Islam-inspired liberal reformist elements. ===== Differences Between Sunnis and Shias ===== {{Main|Shia–Sunni relations}} According to scholar Vali Nasr, the political tendencies of Sunni and Shia Islamic ideologies differ. Sunni Islamic revivalism in Pakistan and most parts of the Arab world is not politically revolutionary, whereas Shia political Islam is heavily influenced by Ruhollah Khomeini and his rhetoric regarding the oppression of the poor and class struggle. The roots of Sunni revivalism lie in conservative religious motivations and the market, where religious values merge with commercial interests. ... Khomeini's Islamism engaged the poor and spoke of class struggle. <blockquote>This division between fundamentalism as revivalism and fundamentalism as revolution was deep, and for a long time it closely matched the sectarian division between Sunnis—the traditional 'wealthy' group in the Muslim world, who are more interested in conservative religiosity—and Shias—the long-time outsiders, who are more attracted to 'radical dreams and plots'.<ref>''The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam will shape the future'' by Vali Nasr, Norton, 2006, p.148-9</ref></blockquote> Graham Fuller also notes that he has "not found any mainstream Islamist organization (except [Shia] Iran) that has a revolutionary approach to the social system or radical social views, other than imposing legal judgment."<ref>Fuller, Graham E., ''The Future of Political Islam'', Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p.26</ref> == Notes == {{reflist|group=Note}} ==References== {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * [https://xeroxtree.com/pdf/shoriyoti_rastro_bebostha.pdf Shari'ah State System - Ibn Taymiyyah (Bengali translation of Siyasat al-Shari'ah book)] (PDF) * [https://www.kalamullah.com/Books/Al-Ahkam%20as-Sultaniyyah.pdf Al-Ahkam as-Sultaniyyah - Al-Mawardi (English translation) (PDF)] * Shari'ah Politics ([https://h1.nu/1vSve Translation of the book Al-Muharrar fee Siyasatush Shar'iyyah (Writings on Shari'ah Politics) (2022) - Original: Fahad bin Salih Al-Ajlan] - Translator: Abdullah Majumdar - 2025 [https://archive.org/download/20240606_20240606_1949/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B1%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%B7%D1%A2.pdf (Original Arabic)] * {{cite book |last1=Bazmool |first1=Muhammad ibn Umar ibn Salim |last2=bin Tofazzal |first2=Habib |last3=Zakaria |first3=Abu Bakar Muhammad |title=This is Not the Manhaj of the Salaf |date=November 2021 |publisher=Believers Vision |location=Dhaka |isbn=978-984-35-0960-4}} * [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552601 Islam and Politics] from the [https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives] * [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1475928 Liberal Democracy and Political Islam: The Search for Common Ground] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080216024026/http://www.salafimanhaj.com/pdf/SalafiManhaj_Terrorism_In_KSA.pdf The Ideology of Terrorism and Violence in Saudi Arabia: Origins, Reasons and Solution] * [http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0994/9409021.htm Evaluating the Islamist movement] by Greg Noakes, an American Muslim who works at the ''Washington Report''. * [http://www.washington-report.org/backissues/0695/9506017.htm Muslim scholars face down fanaticism] by [[Aicha Lemsine]], an Algerian journalist and author. * [http://cdm164001.cdmhost.com/krogh/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/p164001coll21&CISOPTR=195&CISOBOX=1&REC=2 Peter Krogh discusses Islam and politics with John L. Esposito and Mary Jane Deeb] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813071517/http://cdm164001.cdmhost.com/krogh/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp164001coll21&CISOPTR=195&CISOBOX=1&REC=2 |date=13 August 2011 }} on ''Great Decisions'' (1994). * [https://d1.islamhouse.com/data/bn/ih_articles/single3/bn_somaj_songoskare_sothik_aqidar_gurutto.pdf The Importance of Correct Aqeedah in Social Reform, Author: Mohammad Manzure Elahi, Editor: Abu Bakar Muhammad Zakaria, Published by: Islamic Propagation Office in Rabwah, (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)] * [https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/58.netritter_moh_by_Muhammad_Saleh_Al_-Munajjid.pdf The Desire for Leadership, Original: Saleh Al-Munajjid, Translator: Abdul Malek - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405002813/https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/58.netritter_moh_by_Muhammad_Saleh_Al_-Munajjid.pdf |date=5 April 2023 }} * [https://d1.islamhouse.com/data/bn/ih_articles/single3/bn_netritto_ak_mohan_dayitto.pdf Leadership is a Great Responsibility - Author: Kamal Uddin Molla - Editor: Abu Bakar Muhammad Zakaria] * {{cite book |last1=Zakaria |first1=Dr Abu Bakar Muhammad |title=Ruling on Disobeying Islamic Law |date=1 January 2020 |publisher=Osoul Center |url=https://books.google.com.bd/books/about/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE.html?id=VyD5DwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y|language=ar}} * {{cite book |last1=Baz |first1=Abdul Aziz ibn Abdullah ibn |title=Arab Nationalism in the Light of Islam and Reality |url=https://islamhouse.com/bn/books/364813/ |language=bn}} * [http://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/34.islami_andolone_bijoyer_shorup_by_prof._dr._muhammad_asadullah_al-ghalib.pdf The True Nature of Victory in the Islamic Movement - Nasser bin Sulaiman Al-Omar - Translator: Abdul Malek - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911014609/http://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/34.islami_andolone_bijoyer_shorup_by_prof._dr._muhammad_asadullah_al-ghalib.pdf |date=11 September 2022 }} * [http://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/shariater_aloke_jamatboddho_prochesta_by_muhammad_abdul_malak.pdf Organized Efforts in the Light of Shari'ah - Abdur Rahman bin Abdul Khaleq - Translator: Abdul Malek - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415163341/https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/shariater_aloke_jamatboddho_prochesta_by_muhammad_abdul_malak.pdf |date=15 April 2023 }} * [https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/67.jamatboddho_jibon_japon_dr.%20hafej_bin_muhammad_al-hakami.pdf The Necessity of an Organized Life in a Community - Hafez bin Muhammad Al-Hakami - Translator: Muhammad Abdur Rahim - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405045610/https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/67.jamatboddho_jibon_japon_dr.%20hafej_bin_muhammad_al-hakami.pdf |date=5 April 2023 }} * [http://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/14.iqamate-din-poth-o-podhoti_by_prof._dr._muhammad_asadullah_al-ghalib.pdf Iqamate Deen (Establishing Religion): The Way and Method - Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405002812/http://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/14.iqamate-din-poth-o-podhoti_by_prof._dr._muhammad_asadullah_al-ghalib.pdf |date=5 April 2023 }} * [https://archive.org/download/20200422_20200422_0912/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%20%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%20%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%CC%E0%A6%A8%20-%20%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%20%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8.pdf Establishing Religion Within the Mesh of Misconceptions - Muzaffar Bin Mohsin - Bangladesh Ahlehadeeth Youth Association] * [https://www.hadithbd.com/books/section/?book=50 Militancy in the Name of Islam - Khondoker Abdullah Jahangir - As-Sunnah Publications] * [https://cwibd.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/bn_allahor_pothe_dawat.pdf Calling to the Path of Allah - Khondoker Abdullah Jahangir - Edited by: Abu Bakar Muhammad Zakaria] * [https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/islami_khelafot_o_netritto_nirbachon_by_prof._dr._muhammad_asadullah_al-ghalib.pdf Islamic Khilafah and Selecting Leadership - Asadullah Al-Ghalib - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] * [https://library.hadeethfoundationbd.com/books_pdf/03.dawat_o_Jihad_by_prof._dr._muhammad_asadullah_al-ghalib.pdf Dawah and Jihad - Asadullah Al-Ghalib - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] * [https://ahlehadeethbd.org/books_pdf/27.jihad_o_qital_by%2520prof.%2520dr.%2520muhammad%2520asadullah%2520al-ghalib.pdf Jihad and Qital - Asadullah Al-Ghalib - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] * [https://library.hadeethfoundationbd.com/books_pdf/18.tinti_motobad_by_prof._dr._muhammad_asadullah_al-ghalib_HFB.pdf Three Ideologies - Asadullah Al-Ghalib - Hadith Foundation Bangladesh] * [https://archive.org/download/20200417_20200417_0801/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%85%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%Validity%20%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%20-%20%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9得意%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%20%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB.pdf Who is the Most Gainer - Abdur Razzaq bin Yousuf - Al-Markazul Islami As-Salafi - December 2011] * {{cite book|url=https://h1.nu/1qucx |last1=Salam |first1=Akramuzzaman bin Abdus |title=Extremism, Militancy and Terrorism in the View of Islam |date=2022|publisher=Ihya-us Sunnah Foundation| isbn=978-984-99665-5-5 |location=Dhaka}} * {{cite book |last1=Saifullah |first1=Muhammad |title=Terrorism, Militancy and Extremism: Islamic Perspective (Collection of Essays) |date=November 2016|publisher=International Islamic Institute for Education and Research |location=Dhaka|url=https://h1.nu/1vSwf}} [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Islam]] [[Category:Islam and politics]] {{politics-stub}} [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Islam]] nfs3unoeiye6rj41ojasjs91ev7rohd 14 1216170 10879048 10485219 2026-06-04T21:03:56Z Auntof6 22027 fix displaytitle and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10879048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Category:''Up'' (2009 movie)}} {{Commons category|Up (2009 film)}} [[Category:Pixar animated movies]] [[Category:Children's movie series]] [[Category:Pixar franchises]] [[Category:Categories named after animated movies]] jq1juniw318j74y4owqw6w3idq8ssqu 1 1218494 10879290 10804119 2026-06-05T04:31:53Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-20343-12|~2026-20343-12]] ([[User talk:~2026-20343-12|talk]]) to last version by MathXplore 10503855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 0 1223710 10879224 10820014 2026-06-05T01:27:12Z ~2026-33274-07 1816582 10879224 wikitext text/x-wiki '''North Sentinel Island''' is one of the [[Andaman Islands]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is home to a [[tribe]] called the [[Sentinelese people|Sentinelese]]. They throw [[spear]]s at anyone who attempts to visit their island. They have been living in isolation from others for at least 60 thousand years, according to estimates from [[scientist]]s. These native peoples have been very protective of their very own island. {{Template:Geo-stub}} [[Category:Islands of India]] 7tvzrrpcj01kzkomyd5fj4ou40t39mf 0 1223730 10879223 10728320 2026-06-05T01:26:49Z ~2026-33274-07 1816582 10879223 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Sentinelese''' are a [[tribe]] native to [[North Sentinel Island]]. They have been known for being protective of their island. If someone ever approaches their island, they will throw [[spear]]s at them. ==Population== Their population is currently unknown. However, it has been estimated that there are 40 to 500 Sentinelese currently living. ==Culture== The Sentinelese are [[Animism|animist]] and speak a language called the Sentinelese language, but what is known about this language is currently unknown. They are also [[hunter-gatherers]]. [[Category:Ethnic groups in India]] [[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]] 7p570ouyygxtvlbvhzxw0b6oynf63gs 0 1225445 10879059 10594630 2026-06-04T21:15:36Z Auntof6 22027 fix displaytitle and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10879059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use American English|date=August 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|Month and year=August 2025}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:''Watch My Chops!''}} '''''Watch My Chops!''''' (also known as ''Corneil & Bernie'' outside of the U.K.) is a French animated television series that both aired was originally from February 21, 2003 to August 19, 2006 with [[France 3]] and [[Gulli]] and revived from November 25, 2014 to November 18, 2016 with [[CBBC (TV channel)|CBBC]]. [[Category:2000s French animated comedy television series]] [[Category:2000s French children's comedy television series]] [[Category:2003 French television series debuts]] [[Category:2006 French television series endings]] [[Category:2010s French animated comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s French children's comedy television series]] [[Category:2014 French television series debuts]] [[Category:2016 television series endings]] [[Category:2010s French television series endings]] [[Category:Animated television series about dogs]] [[Category:BBC animated television series]] [[Category:BBC children's television series]] [[Category:British English-language television shows]] [[Category:CBBC shows]] [[Category:France 3 original programming]] [[Category:French children's animated comedy television series]] [[Category:French-language television programs]] [[Category:Gulli original programming]] [[Category:Television series by Millimages]] [[Category:Television series set in New York City]] {{Tv-stub}} avdhulhtslbnq981zruiowgu9321rex 10879061 10879059 2026-06-04T21:16:14Z Auntof6 22027 use italictitle instead 10879061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use American English|date=August 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|Month and year=August 2025}} {{italictitle}} '''''Watch My Chops!''''' (also known as ''Corneil & Bernie'' outside of the U.K.) is a French animated television series that both aired was originally from February 21, 2003 to August 19, 2006 with [[France 3]] and [[Gulli]] and revived from November 25, 2014 to November 18, 2016 with [[CBBC (TV channel)|CBBC]]. [[Category:2000s French animated comedy television series]] [[Category:2000s French children's comedy television series]] [[Category:2003 French television series debuts]] [[Category:2006 French television series endings]] [[Category:2010s French animated comedy television series]] [[Category:2010s French children's comedy television series]] [[Category:2014 French television series debuts]] [[Category:2016 television series endings]] [[Category:2010s French television series endings]] [[Category:Animated television series about dogs]] [[Category:BBC animated television series]] [[Category:BBC children's television series]] [[Category:British English-language television shows]] [[Category:CBBC shows]] [[Category:France 3 original programming]] [[Category:French children's animated comedy television series]] [[Category:French-language television programs]] [[Category:Gulli original programming]] [[Category:Television series by Millimages]] [[Category:Television series set in New York City]] {{Tv-stub}} mteyqgl7s4bekkkbz9fuk1kzqyvyvpr 0 1233552 10879225 10876160 2026-06-05T01:27:34Z ~2026-33293-46 1816583 /* Other websites */ 10879225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} {{Infobox video game | title = Free Fire | image = | developer = [[Garena]] | publisher = Garena | engine = [[Unity (game engine)|Unity]] | platform = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[iPadOS]] | release = 8 December 2017 | genre = [[Battle royale game|Battle royale]] | modes = [[Multiplayer video game|Multiplayer]] | caption = }} '''''Free Fire''''', earlier called '''''Garena Free Fire''''', is a [[free-to-play]] [[battle royale game]] made and published by [[Garena]]. It came out for [[Android]] and [[iOS]] on 8 December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-03-31|title=Free Fire - IGN|url=https://www.ign.com/games/garena-free-fire-winterlands|access-date=31 March 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331102106/https://www.ign.com/games/garena-free-fire-winterlands|url-status=live}}</ref> The game became very popular and was the most downloaded [[mobile game]] in the world in 2019. In 2021, it had more than 150 million people playing every day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obedkov |first=Evgeny |date=2021-08-17 |title=Mobile battle royale Free Fire surpasses 150 million peak daily active players |url=https://gameworldobserver.com/2021/08/17/garena-free-fire-surpasses-150-million-peak-daily-active-players |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014062027/https://gameworldobserver.com/2021/08/17/garena-free-fire-surpasses-150-million-peak-daily-active-players |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=14 October 2022|website=Game World Observer}}</ref> == Gameplay == In the game, 52 players land on an island and try to be the last person alive. Players can walk, run, crawl, jump, and use weapons. The game also has a "Gloo Wall" item that can block attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taguiam |first=Rhenn |date=2022-04-16 |title=Garena Free Fire: 10 Beginner Tips For The Mobile Battle Royale Game |url=https://gamerant.com/garena-free-fire-beginner-tips-mobile-battle-royale-game/ |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Game Rant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017114352/https://gamerant.com/garena-free-fire-beginner-tips-mobile-battle-royale-game/ |archive-date=17 October 2022}}</ref> Players can play alone, with one friend, or as a team of four. There are many maps like '''Bermuda''', '''Kalahari''', and '''Purgatory'''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-26|title=Free Fire All Mode List|url=https://gurugamer.com/mobile-games/free-fire-all-mode-list-12431|access-date=13 October 2022|website=GuruGamer|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013125713/https://gurugamer.com/mobile-games/free-fire-all-mode-list-12431}}</ref> === Characters === ''Free Fire'' has many characters, each with their own special skill. Some of them are based on real people such as: * [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] (Chrono) * [[DJ Alok]] (Alok) * [[Anitta (singer)|Anitta]] (A-Patroa) * [[Justin Bieber]] (JBeibs)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justin Bieber Is Performing And Debuting A New Song In Garena Free Fire |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/justin-bieber-is-performing-and-debuting-a-new-song-in-garena-free-fire/1100-6505148/ |access-date=11 November 2022 |website=[[GameSpot]] |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111020833/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/justin-bieber-is-performing-and-debuting-a-new-song-in-garena-free-fire/1100-6505148/}}</ref> === Pets === Players can also have pets that help in battle. Each pet has its own special skill.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taguiam |first=Rhenn |date=2022-04-16 |title=Garena Free Fire: 10 Best Pets, Ranked |url=https://gamerant.com/garena-free-fire-best-pets-ranked/ |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=Game Rant |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124091143/https://gamerant.com/garena-free-fire-best-pets-ranked/}}</ref> == Development == Garena made the game with the [[Unity (game engine)|Unity]] engine. It was first tested in beta in August 2017 and later released to the public in December that year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kwek |first=Kimberly |date=19 March 2021 |title=E-sports: Singapore to host US$2 million Free Fire World Series |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/e-sports-singapore-to-host-us2-million-free-fire-world-series |access-date=8 October 2021 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009064559/https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/e-sports-singapore-to-host-us2-million-free-fire-world-series |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> == Popularity == ''Free Fire'' was the most downloaded mobile game in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Limited Reports Second Quarter 2021 Results |url=http://cdn.sea.com/webmain/static/resource/seagroup/website/investornews/2Q2021/47wCdeAwhAgboSEWXvRo/2021.08.17%20Sea%20Second%20Quarter%202021%20Results.pdf}}</ref> In 2021, the game made more [[money]] than ''[[PUBG Mobile]]'' in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 April 2021|title=Free Fire overtakes PUBG Mobile as the highest-earning mobile battle royale in the US in 2021|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/esports/news-free-fire-overtakes-pubg-mobile-highest-earning-mobile-battle-royale-us-2021|access-date=18 April 2021|website=Sportskeeda}}</ref> == Esports == {{Main|Free Fire World Series}} ''Free Fire'' is also popular in esports. The main event is called the '''Free Fire World Series (FFWS)'''. The 2021 FFWS in Singapore had more than 5.4 million people watching live — a world record at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lai |first=Adrian |date=2021-06-03 |title=Free Fire World Series 2021 Singapore Smashes Global Viewership Record |url=https://sea.ign.com/free-fire-android/172569/news/free-fire-world-series-2021-singapore-smashes-global-viewership-record |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=IGN Southeast Asia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017102337/https://sea.ign.com/free-fire-android/172569/news/free-fire-world-series-2021-singapore-smashes-global-viewership-record |archive-date=17 October 2022}}</ref> == Other versions == === Free Fire Max === Garena released a new version of ''Free Fire'' called '''Free Fire Max''' on 28 September 2021. It has better graphics, sound, and lighting. Players from both games can play together.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2021 |title=Garena Free Fire Max is now available |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/garena-free-fire-max-is-now-available-how-to-download-supported-platforms-features-and-more/articleshow/86587488.cms |access-date=2 October 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-21|title=Garena Free Fire MAX to launch on September 28: All you need to know|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gaming/garena-free-fire-max-to-launch-on-september-28-all-you-need-to-know-7524809/|access-date=2023-09-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In September 2023, Garena plans to introduce ''Free Fire [[India]]'', a special version of the game customized specifically for the Indian audience. It was originally set to be launched on 5 September 2023, but Garena postponed the date to 25 September citing that they are improving the gameplay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Garena delays launch of Free Fire India by few more weeks, says they are refining the gameplay|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/garena-delays-launch-of-free-fire-india-by-few-more-weeks-says-they-are-refining-the-gameplay-2431073-2023-09-05|access-date=2023-09-23|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> === Free Fire India === In September 2023, Garena plans to introduce ''Free Fire India'', a special version of the game for [[India|Indian]] players. It was originally set to be launched on 5 September 2023, but Garena postponed the date to 25 September, saying that they are improving the gameplay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Garena delays launch of Free Fire India by few more weeks, says they are refining the gameplay|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/garena-delays-launch-of-free-fire-india-by-few-more-weeks-says-they-are-refining-the-gameplay-2431073-2023-09-05|access-date=2023-09-23|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> == Controversies == In January 2022, [[Krafton]] (the company behind ''[[PUBG: Battlegrounds]]'') sued Garena, saying ''Free Fire'' copied game elements from ''PUBG''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2022 |title=PUBG's developer is suing Apple, Google, and the developer of Free Fire |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/13/22882796/pubg-developer-krafton-suing-apple-google-garena-free-fire-max |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=The Verge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405022059/https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/13/22882796/pubg-developer-krafton-suing-apple-google-garena-free-fire-max |archive-date=5 April 2022}}</ref> Later in 2022, the Indian government banned ''Free Fire'' because of data and privacy worries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India bans over 50 more Chinese apps including Garena Free Fire |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/02/13/india-ban-china-apps/ |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=TechCrunch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819215134/https://techcrunch.com/2022/02/13/india-ban-china-apps/ |archive-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}}18. [https://freefirekeeda.com Free Fire Sets New Guinness World Record With 618,778 Participants in Jakarta]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Toyota Mirai sets 845-mile Guinness World Record|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/s1464-2859(21)00616-7|journal=Fuel Cells Bulletin|date=2021-11|issn=1464-2859|pages=9–10|volume=2021|issue=11|doi=10.1016/s1464-2859(21)00616-7}}</ref> 19. [https://freefirekeeda.com/esports/sea-games-2025-free-fire-br-mode-thailand-1-crowned-gold-medal-champions/ SEA Games 2025 Free Fire BR Mode Thailand 1 Crowned Gold Medal Champions]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Narendra|date=2025-12-19|title=SEA Games 2025 Free Fire BR Mode Thailand 1 Crowned Gold Medal Champions|url=https://freefirekeeda.com/esports/sea-games-2025-free-fire-br-mode-thailand-1-crowned-gold-medal-champions/|access-date=2025-12-19|website=Free Fire Keeda|language=en-US}}</ref> == Other websites == * {{official website|http://ff.garena.com/index/en/}} [[Category:2017 video games]] [[Category:Battle royale games]] [[Category:Garena games]] [[Category:Android (operating system) games]] [[Category:IOS games]] [[Category:Multiplayer video games]] [[Category:Video games developed in Vietnam]] [[Category:Third-person shooters]] <references /> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Narendra|date=2026-05-31|title=Winter Proxy Server Free Fire, Latest Version 2.0 Available (OB54)|url=https://freefirekeeda.in/guide/winter-proxy-server/|access-date=2026-06-05|website=Free Fire Keeda|language=en-US}}</ref> 5dd99micfmygf0pom96mfag63tyr6te 10879287 10879225 2026-06-05T04:29:25Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33293-46|~2026-33293-46]] ([[User talk:~2026-33293-46|talk]]) to last version by Fehufanga 10876160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} {{Infobox video game | title = Free Fire | image = | developer = [[Garena]] | publisher = Garena | engine = [[Unity (game engine)|Unity]] | platform = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[iPadOS]] | release = 8 December 2017 | genre = [[Battle royale game|Battle royale]] | modes = [[Multiplayer video game|Multiplayer]] | caption = }} '''''Free Fire''''', earlier called '''''Garena Free Fire''''', is a [[free-to-play]] [[battle royale game]] made and published by [[Garena]]. It came out for [[Android]] and [[iOS]] on 8 December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-03-31|title=Free Fire - IGN|url=https://www.ign.com/games/garena-free-fire-winterlands|access-date=31 March 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331102106/https://www.ign.com/games/garena-free-fire-winterlands|url-status=live}}</ref> The game became very popular and was the most downloaded [[mobile game]] in the world in 2019. In 2021, it had more than 150 million people playing every day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obedkov |first=Evgeny |date=2021-08-17 |title=Mobile battle royale Free Fire surpasses 150 million peak daily active players |url=https://gameworldobserver.com/2021/08/17/garena-free-fire-surpasses-150-million-peak-daily-active-players |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014062027/https://gameworldobserver.com/2021/08/17/garena-free-fire-surpasses-150-million-peak-daily-active-players |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=14 October 2022|website=Game World Observer}}</ref> == Gameplay == In the game, 52 players land on an island and try to be the last person alive. Players can walk, run, crawl, jump, and use weapons. The game also has a "Gloo Wall" item that can block attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taguiam |first=Rhenn |date=2022-04-16 |title=Garena Free Fire: 10 Beginner Tips For The Mobile Battle Royale Game |url=https://gamerant.com/garena-free-fire-beginner-tips-mobile-battle-royale-game/ |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Game Rant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017114352/https://gamerant.com/garena-free-fire-beginner-tips-mobile-battle-royale-game/ |archive-date=17 October 2022}}</ref> Players can play alone, with one friend, or as a team of four. There are many maps like '''Bermuda''', '''Kalahari''', and '''Purgatory'''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-26|title=Free Fire All Mode List|url=https://gurugamer.com/mobile-games/free-fire-all-mode-list-12431|access-date=13 October 2022|website=GuruGamer|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013125713/https://gurugamer.com/mobile-games/free-fire-all-mode-list-12431}}</ref> === Characters === ''Free Fire'' has many characters, each with their own special skill. Some of them are based on real people such as: * [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] (Chrono) * [[DJ Alok]] (Alok) * [[Anitta (singer)|Anitta]] (A-Patroa) * [[Justin Bieber]] (JBeibs)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justin Bieber Is Performing And Debuting A New Song In Garena Free Fire |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/justin-bieber-is-performing-and-debuting-a-new-song-in-garena-free-fire/1100-6505148/ |access-date=11 November 2022 |website=[[GameSpot]] |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111020833/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/justin-bieber-is-performing-and-debuting-a-new-song-in-garena-free-fire/1100-6505148/}}</ref> === Pets === Players can also have pets that help in battle. Each pet has its own special skill.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taguiam |first=Rhenn |date=2022-04-16 |title=Garena Free Fire: 10 Best Pets, Ranked |url=https://gamerant.com/garena-free-fire-best-pets-ranked/ |access-date=24 January 2023 |website=Game Rant |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124091143/https://gamerant.com/garena-free-fire-best-pets-ranked/}}</ref> == Development == Garena made the game with the [[Unity (game engine)|Unity]] engine. It was first tested in beta in August 2017 and later released to the public in December that year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kwek |first=Kimberly |date=19 March 2021 |title=E-sports: Singapore to host US$2 million Free Fire World Series |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/e-sports-singapore-to-host-us2-million-free-fire-world-series |access-date=8 October 2021 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009064559/https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/e-sports-singapore-to-host-us2-million-free-fire-world-series |archive-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> == Popularity == ''Free Fire'' was the most downloaded mobile game in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sea Limited Reports Second Quarter 2021 Results |url=http://cdn.sea.com/webmain/static/resource/seagroup/website/investornews/2Q2021/47wCdeAwhAgboSEWXvRo/2021.08.17%20Sea%20Second%20Quarter%202021%20Results.pdf}}</ref> In 2021, the game made more [[money]] than ''[[PUBG Mobile]]'' in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 April 2021|title=Free Fire overtakes PUBG Mobile as the highest-earning mobile battle royale in the US in 2021|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/esports/news-free-fire-overtakes-pubg-mobile-highest-earning-mobile-battle-royale-us-2021|access-date=18 April 2021|website=Sportskeeda}}</ref> == Esports == {{Main|Free Fire World Series}} ''Free Fire'' is also popular in esports. The main event is called the '''Free Fire World Series (FFWS)'''. The 2021 FFWS in Singapore had more than 5.4 million people watching live — a world record at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lai |first=Adrian |date=2021-06-03 |title=Free Fire World Series 2021 Singapore Smashes Global Viewership Record |url=https://sea.ign.com/free-fire-android/172569/news/free-fire-world-series-2021-singapore-smashes-global-viewership-record |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=IGN Southeast Asia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017102337/https://sea.ign.com/free-fire-android/172569/news/free-fire-world-series-2021-singapore-smashes-global-viewership-record |archive-date=17 October 2022}}</ref> == Other versions == === Free Fire Max === Garena released a new version of ''Free Fire'' called '''Free Fire Max''' on 28 September 2021. It has better graphics, sound, and lighting. Players from both games can play together.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2021 |title=Garena Free Fire Max is now available |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/garena-free-fire-max-is-now-available-how-to-download-supported-platforms-features-and-more/articleshow/86587488.cms |access-date=2 October 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-21|title=Garena Free Fire MAX to launch on September 28: All you need to know|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/gaming/garena-free-fire-max-to-launch-on-september-28-all-you-need-to-know-7524809/|access-date=2023-09-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In September 2023, Garena plans to introduce ''Free Fire [[India]]'', a special version of the game customized specifically for the Indian audience. It was originally set to be launched on 5 September 2023, but Garena postponed the date to 25 September citing that they are improving the gameplay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Garena delays launch of Free Fire India by few more weeks, says they are refining the gameplay|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/garena-delays-launch-of-free-fire-india-by-few-more-weeks-says-they-are-refining-the-gameplay-2431073-2023-09-05|access-date=2023-09-23|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> === Free Fire India === In September 2023, Garena plans to introduce ''Free Fire India'', a special version of the game for [[India|Indian]] players. It was originally set to be launched on 5 September 2023, but Garena postponed the date to 25 September, saying that they are improving the gameplay.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Garena delays launch of Free Fire India by few more weeks, says they are refining the gameplay|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/garena-delays-launch-of-free-fire-india-by-few-more-weeks-says-they-are-refining-the-gameplay-2431073-2023-09-05|access-date=2023-09-23|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> == Controversies == In January 2022, [[Krafton]] (the company behind ''[[PUBG: Battlegrounds]]'') sued Garena, saying ''Free Fire'' copied game elements from ''PUBG''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2022 |title=PUBG's developer is suing Apple, Google, and the developer of Free Fire |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/13/22882796/pubg-developer-krafton-suing-apple-google-garena-free-fire-max |access-date=16 February 2022 |website=The Verge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405022059/https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/13/22882796/pubg-developer-krafton-suing-apple-google-garena-free-fire-max |archive-date=5 April 2022}}</ref> Later in 2022, the Indian government banned ''Free Fire'' because of data and privacy worries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India bans over 50 more Chinese apps including Garena Free Fire |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/02/13/india-ban-china-apps/ |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=TechCrunch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819215134/https://techcrunch.com/2022/02/13/india-ban-china-apps/ |archive-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}}18. [https://freefirekeeda.com Free Fire Sets New Guinness World Record With 618,778 Participants in Jakarta]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Toyota Mirai sets 845-mile Guinness World Record|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/s1464-2859(21)00616-7|journal=Fuel Cells Bulletin|date=2021-11|issn=1464-2859|pages=9–10|volume=2021|issue=11|doi=10.1016/s1464-2859(21)00616-7}}</ref> 19. [https://freefirekeeda.com/esports/sea-games-2025-free-fire-br-mode-thailand-1-crowned-gold-medal-champions/ SEA Games 2025 Free Fire BR Mode Thailand 1 Crowned Gold Medal Champions]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Narendra|date=2025-12-19|title=SEA Games 2025 Free Fire BR Mode Thailand 1 Crowned Gold Medal Champions|url=https://freefirekeeda.com/esports/sea-games-2025-free-fire-br-mode-thailand-1-crowned-gold-medal-champions/|access-date=2025-12-19|website=Free Fire Keeda|language=en-US}}</ref> == Other websites == * {{official website|http://ff.garena.com/index/en/}} [[Category:2017 video games]] [[Category:Battle royale games]] [[Category:Garena games]] [[Category:Android (operating system) games]] [[Category:IOS games]] [[Category:Multiplayer video games]] [[Category:Video games developed in Vietnam]] [[Category:Third-person shooters]] 3t0yjdxsgzmnibth0rov8t89g3vbv52 0 1234990 10879058 10868980 2026-06-04T21:14:51Z Auntof6 22027 fix displaytitle and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10879058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Tom and Jerry And The Forbidden Compass | director = Zhang Gang | producer = Zhang Gang<br />[[Sam Register]] | writer = Zhang Gang<br />Lindsay Katai (English version) | story = Bob Boyle<br />Zhang Gang | based_on = {{Based on|''[[Tom and Jerry]]''|[[William Hanna]]|[[Joseph Barbera]]}} | starring = [[Eric Bauza]]<br />[[Ben Diskin]]<br />[[Janice Kawaye]]<br />A.J. Beckles<br />[[Roger Craig Smith]]<br />Travis Willingham<br />Matthew Yang King<br />Vincent Tong | narrator = [[Jill Talley]] | music = Mike Reagan<br>Vivek Maddala (additional music)<br>Hank Lee (original) | cinematography = | editing = Zhang Gang<br>Bob Boyle<br>Chen Mengyue | studio = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] (under [[Warner Bros. Animation]], U.S./English Dub)<br>[[China Film, Co. Ltd.]]<br>Origin Animation | distributor = Wuzhou Film Distribution (China)<br>Viva Kids (United States) | released = '''China: '''<br />August 2, 2025<br />'''United States: '''<br />September 9, 2026 | runtime = 104 minutes (China)<br />99 minutes (US) | country = [[China]]<br />[[United States]] | language = Mandarin<br />English (dubbing) | budget = $3.9 million }} '''''Tom and Jerry And The Forbidden Compass''''' or ''Tom and Jerry: Astrological Encounters'' (猫和老鼠：星盘奇缘) is a 2025 Chinese-American co-production [[Computer-animated|computer-animated]] [[science fantasy]] [[comedy film]] directed by Zhang Gang, based on the ''[[Tom and Jerry]]'' theatrical cartoon series created by [[William Hanna]] and [[Joseph Barbera]]. The film was a United States and China-co production and produced by Origin Animation and co-produced by Warner Bros. Pictures and China Film Group. The film was distributed by Wuzhou Film Distribution and the US by Viva Pictures under Viva Kids label in theaters and VOD on September 9, 2026. as the 18th installment of the ''Tom and Jerry'' film series. The English version of the film features Eric Bauza, Ben Diskin, Janice Kawaye, Matthew Yang King, Roger Craig Smith, Travis Willingham, Vincent Tong and A.J. Beckles. == Plot == During a chase in a museum, Tom and Jerry accidentally activate a magical compass that transports them to another world. On their journey home, they meet a group of new companions and become embroiled in a conflict against mysterious forces.<ref>https://deadline.com/2025/06/warner-bros-pictures-china-tom-and-jerry-forbidden-compass-release-date-1236439076/</ref> == Cast (US English dub) == * [[Eric Bauza]] - Tom Cat * [[Benjamin Diskin|Ben Diskin]] - Jerry Mouse * [[Janice Kawaye]] - Jade * Travis Willingham - Sonny * Matthew Yang King - The Phoenix Master * [[Roger Craig Smith]] - Feeney/Devil Tom * A.J. Beckles - Mega-Rat and Xander * Vincent Tong - Tien * [[Robin Atkin Downes]] - The Celestial Master * [[Jill Talley]] - Beijing Opera * [[Maria Bamford]] - Young Mega-Rat and Villager * [[Lauren Tom]] - Villager #2 * [[Cristina Pucelli]] - Villager #6/Little Girl * Aleks Le - Rat Guard #2 * [[Yuri Lowenthal]] - Rat Guard #1 * [[Erica Lindbeck]] - Villager #8 * [[James Sie]] - Rat Guard #6 * [[Piotr Michael]] - Rat Guard #4 * Keone Young - Villager #9 * William Hanna as Tom and Jerry (Archives) * Additional voices: Hiromi Dames, [[Jennifer Hale]], [[Debi Derryberry]], Ashly Burch, Misty Lee, Jennifer Yokobori, Todd Haberkorn, Kyle McCarley, [[Candi Milo]], [[Haley Tju]], [[Fred Tatasciore]], [[Lara Jill Miller]] and Mo Collins. === Crew === * Zhang Gang – director, editor, writer and producer ==== American version ==== * [[Sam Register]] – producer, director * Lindsay Katai – writer * [[Bob Boyle]] – storywriter * Vivek Maddala - composer, additional music * Sam Riegel - voice director ==== Loop group ==== * Grant George * Laraine Newman * Shelby Young * Jessica Gee George * Andrew Kishino * Benjamin Whitehair * Sam Riegel * Maile Flanagan * Robbie Daymond == Production == This film was animated in August 12 to September 9, 2024 by Origin Animation, as well all voiced actors recording by Studiopolis. the Americanized edit over 3 minutes of footage for pacing reasons, then limited trimmed by 103 minutes to 99 minutes long and commissioned by Warner Bros. Discovery and produced by Sam Register and scripted by Lindsay Katai and created literally distributed by Viva Kids themselves. the English dubbed shorten version was released in North America in September 9, 2026 and VOD in October 3, 2026. == References == {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{IMDb title|00631785884|Tom and Jerry And The Forbidden Compass}} [[Category:American animated movies]] [[Category:Comedy movies]] [[Category:2025 movies]] [[Category:Tom and Jerry movies]] [[Category:Multilingual movies]] [[Category:Movies set in museums]] [[Category:Movies set in California]] [[Category:Tom and Jerry]] [[Category:Chinese movies]] [[Category:Warner Bros. Animation movies]] [[Category:American independent movies]] [[Category:2020s English-language movies]] [[Category:2025 comedy movies]] [[Category:HBO Max]] [[Category:Computer-animated movies]] [[Category:Direct-to-video movies]] [[Category:Viva Pictures movies]] [[Category:Movies set in New York City]] [[Category:Adventure movies]] [[Category:Fantasy movies]] ho5gg3368n44kusndpg69u23cnb2vuy 0 1236138 10879044 10666635 2026-06-04T21:01:26Z Auntof6 22027 null edit to refresh page using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10879044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:Blood On The Leaves}} {{Infobox song | name = Blood On The Leaves | type = single | artist = [[Yvngxchris]] | released = November 2, 2021 | recorded = 2021 | genre = [[Drill music|Drill]] | length = 2:08 | producer = 2300 Beats | prev_title = Off The Leash | prev_year = 2021 | next_title = Excuse Me | next_year = 2022 }} "'''Blood on the Leaves'''" (stylized as '''Blood On The Leaves''') is a song by American rapper [[Yvngxchris]]. It was released on November 2, 2021. It is a drill song and went viral on [[TikTok]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakopcyk |first=Daniel |title=yvngxchris - If I can make it, so can you |url=https://www.flaunt.com/blog/16-year-old-yvngxchris-if-i-can-make-it-so-can-you |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=Flaunt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seabrook |first=Robby |date=2022-07-27 |title=Yvngxchris Discusses Impact of Five Career-Defining Songs |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/yvngxchris-interview/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=XXL Mag |language=en}}</ref> The song was produced by 2300 Beats, samples a chopped version of [[Nina Simone]]’s cover of "[[Strange Fruit]]". ==Background== The song was produced by 2300 Beats, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Duribe |first=Jazmin |date=3 August 2021 |title=What does Blood on the Leaves mean? The viral TikTok song explained |url=https://www.capitalfm.com/internet/blood-on-the-leaves-meaning-lyrics-yvngxchris-strange-fruit/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=Capital |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seabrook |first=Robby |date=2022-01-14 |title=The Break Presents - Yvngxchris |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/yvngxchris-interview-the-break/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=XXL Mag |language=en}}</ref> samples a chopped version of [[Nina Simone]]’s cover of "[[Strange Fruit]]". It was first previewed though a now-deleted snippet on his Old TikTok account. ==Composition== The track was originally met with controversy, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Dylah |date=2022-09-20 |title=yvngxchris Went From Recording on Earbuds to Viral Star |url=https://djbooth.net/features/2022-09-20-yvngxchris-interview-recording-on-earbuds-viral-star/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=DJBooth |language=en-US}}</ref> The song addresses the deaths of [[Breonna Taylor]] and [[George Floyd]]. The track was originally met with controversy,<ref>{{Cite web |last=High |first=Kemet HighKemet |date=2022-10-04 |title=Yvngxchris Has the New Energy Hip-Hop Needs, According to Pusha T |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/yvngxchris-interview-2/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=XXL Mag |language=en}}</ref> and Chris apologized though now-deleted TikTok videos for using the sample and announced that he would no longer be releasing the song. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Blood On The Leaves}} [[Category:2021 songs]] [[Category:Songs about black people]] [[Category:Songs about racism and xenophobia]] [[Category:Songs based on American history]] opwrbiq6bbvwut3tnhowhxcwngos4k3 0 1236267 10879056 10666636 2026-06-04T21:14:04Z Auntof6 22027 fix displaytitle and/or general cleanup using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] 10879056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Thrax | cover = | type = single | artist = [[SSGKobe]] | released = February 26, 2021 | genre = [[Hip-hop]] | length = 1:51 | label = {{hlist|[[Columbia Records]]|[[Sony Music|Sony Music Entertainment]]|Field Trip Recordings}} | writer = [[SSGKobe]] | producer = {{hlist|Jonio|nateambrose}} | prev_title = Proud | prev_year = 2021 | next_title = Calabasas | next_year = 2021 }} "'''Thrax'''" (stylized in all lowercase) is a song by American rapper [[SSGKobe]] initially released on February 26, 2021, through [[Columbia Records]] and Field Trip Recordings as the lead single from his EP ''Night Before Ko''(2021), and blew up on [[TikTok]] in 2021. ==Background== The track "Thrax" was saw an official release following multiple snippets on [[TikTok]], In 2021, it following a meme, the song went viral and garnered millions of streams. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thrax (SSGKobe song)}} [[Category:2021 songs]] __INDEX__ 587d0f8y1xz7fr29wv8keyk2qw1187a 0 1237054 10878866 10818581 2026-06-04T17:09:12Z The Banner 289692 remove info backed up with unreliable source 10878866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = Newhall Estate | image = | caption = | location = Near Ennis, County Clare, Ireland | coordinates = | built = c.1650 (original house), c.1765 (Georgian front) | governing_body = | website = https://www.newhall.ie }} '''Newhall''' is a historic country house and estate near the town of [[Ennis]] in [[County Clare]], Ireland. It was built in 1650 on the site of an old castle. In 1765, a new Georgian front was added. The estate has walled gardens, woodland, two lakes, a holy well and the ruins of an old abbey.<ref>[https://www.thetimes.com/world/ireland-world/article/having-a-glittering-career-p02rrjz0m "The Times - Co Clare Mansion once hosted dazzling balls and fox hunts"]. 15 May 2016. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2024.</ref> == Location == Newhall House is close to the parish of Killone, a short distance from Ennis. The house stands above Killone Lake. The grounds also include the remains of Killone Abbey, which was built in the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Killone Augustinian Abbey (Nunnery) {{!}} Monastic Ireland|url=http://monastic.ie/history/killone-augustinian-abbey-nunnery/|access-date=2025-11-18|language=en-GB}}</ref> == History == The land around Newhall was granted in 1544 to Murrough O’Brien, 1st Earl of Thomond. A house was built on the site around 1650 for Lord Clare. In the 1760s the MacDonnell family married into the same family and bought the estate. They added a new Georgian front to the older house creating a long T shape. It was bought in 2016 by the ''Commane'' family, who began restoring the house and grounds.<ref>[https://clarecastleballyea.clareheritage.org/topics/big-houses-in-clarecastle-and-ballyea/newhall-house-2 "Newhall House".] ''Clarecastle Ballyea Heritage''. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2025.</ref> == Folklore == There are several local stories linked with the area. One tale speaks of a mermaid said to live in Killone Lake. Another old legend tells of an underground river somewhere between Ennis and Lisdoonvarna.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Folklore Survey of County Clare: Rocks, Caves and Stones|url=https://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/folklore/folklore_survey/chapter18.htm|access-date=2025-11-18|website=www.clarelibrary.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A Folklore Survey of County Clare: Water Spirits and Mer-folk|url=https://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/folklore/folklore_survey/chapter6.htm|access-date=2025-11-18|website=www.clarelibrary.ie}}</ref> == Killone Abbey == Killone Abbey stands on the edge of the estate. It was founded in 1190 for Augustinian nuns. The ruins include the church walls, tower, and small burial ground. The abbey is visited often by walkers and local people. Nearby is the Holy Well of St [[John the Baptist]] that is said to help bad eyesight.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Killone Augustinian Abbey (Nunnery) {{!}} Monastic Ireland|url=http://monastic.ie/history/killone-augustinian-abbey-nunnery/|access-date=2025-11-18|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Monahan|first=Fintan|date=2019-06-24|title=Pilgrimage to St. John's Well, Killone Abbey|url=https://www.killaloediocese.ie/pilgrimage-to-st-johns-well-killone-abbey/|access-date=2025-11-18|website=Killaloe Diocese|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Wellness retreat == In November 2025, planning permission was granted to convert old stables on the estate into a mindfulness and wellness retreat, with a reception, ten new apartments, studios, treatment rooms, courtyard, kitchen and cafe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-11-18|title=Wellness retreat to be built within historic Clare estate as plans approved|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/clare/news/wellness-retreat-to-be-built-within-historic-clare-estate-as-plans-approved/a164354733.html|access-date=2025-11-18|website=www.independent.ie|language=en}}</ref> == See also == * [[Ennis]] * [[County Clare]] == References == 3vw2o6n26fulurt51lyq0chakitdbm0 0 1237314 10879309 10878275 2026-06-05T04:42:51Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* Declared */ 10879309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox election | election_name = 2027 Chicago mayoral election | country = Chicago | type = presidential | ongoing = yes | previous_election = 2023 Chicago mayoral election | previous_year = 2023 | next_election = 2031 Chicago mayoral election | next_year = 2031 | election_date = February 23, 2027 | image1 = | nominee1 = | colour1 = | popular_vote1 = | percentage1 = | image2 = | nominee2 = | colour2 = | popular_vote2 = | percentage2 = | map_image = | map_size = | map_caption = | title = Mayor | before_election = [[Brandon Johnson]] | before_party = | after_election = | after_party = }} The '''2027 Chicago mayoral election''' will be held on February 23, 2027, to elect the [[mayor of Chicago]]. If no candidate win a majority of votes, a [[runoff election]] will be held on April 6, 2027.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schedule of Elections - Revised.xlsx |url=https://www.elections.il.gov/agencyforms/1%20SCHEDULE%20OF%20FUTURE%20ELECTIONS/Schedule%20of%20Elections%20-%20Revised.pdf |website=Illinois State Board of Elections |access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref> ==Candidates== === Declared === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- !scope="col"| Candidate !scope="col"| Experience !scope="col"| Announced !scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref|Reference citations}} |- !scope="row"|[[File:Joe Holberg 2025 (cropped).jpg|150x150px]]<br />Joe Holberg |'''Founder and CEO of Holberg Financial<br>(2015–2023)''' |[[File:Joe Holberg 2027.png|150px]]<br />{{dts|2025|10|06}}<br />[https://joeforchicago.com/ Website] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/i-just-can-t-wait-first-candidate-enters-chicago-mayor-s-race/ar-AA1NWhEQ?ocid=entnewsntp&pc=LCTS&cvid=68e3e45f567e4ed79dffd55bbc4726dc&ei=11|title="I just can't wait:" First candidate enters Chicago mayor's race|publisher=|accessdate=October 6, 2025|date=October 6, 2025|website=[[WBBM (AM)|WBBM]]|via=[[MSN]]}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|[[File:Susana Mendoza Blue Suit.jpg|150x150px]]<br />[[Susana Mendoza]] |'''[[Illinois comptroller]]<br>(2016–present)'''<br>[[Chicago city clerk]]<br>(2011–2016)<br>[[2019 Chicago mayoral election|2019]] mayoral candidate |[[File: Susana Mendoza 2027.png |150px]]<br />{{dts|2026|06|03}}<br />[https://susanamendoza.com/ Website] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/illinois-comptroller-susana-mendoza-announces-campaign-for-mayor-of-chicago/ar-AA24J3eQ?ocid=BingNewsSerp|title=Illinois Comptroller Susana Mendoza announces campaign for mayor of Chicago|publisher=MSN|date=June 3, 2026|accessdate=June 3, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/2026/06/03/susana-mendoza-announces-campaign-for-chicago-mayor|title=Illinois Comptroller Susana Mendoza announces campaign for Chicago mayor|publisher=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=June 3, 2026|accessdate=June 3, 2026}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|[[File:Maria Pappas 2013.jpg|150x150px]]<br />[[Maria Pappas]] | '''[[Cook County Treasurer|Treasurer of Cook County]]<br>(1998–present)'''<br>[[Cook County Board of Commissioners|Cook County commissioner]]<br>(1990–1998) |{{dts|2025|11|17}}<br /> |<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/videos/cook-county-treasurer-maria-pappas-193401766.html|title=Cook County Treasurer Maria Pappas to run for Chicago mayor: 'I'm in'|publisher=Yahoo|date=November 17, 2025|accessdate=November 17, 2025}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|[[File:Mike Quigley 2025 Portrait (cropped).jpg|161x161px]]<br />[[Mike Quigley]] | '''[[U.S. Representative]] from [[Illinois's 5th congressional district]]<br>(2009–present)'''<br>[[Cook County Board of Commissioners|Cook County commissioner]]<br>(1998–2009) |{{dts|2026|1|6}}<br /> |<ref>{{cite web |title=Rep Quigley Confirms Bid for Chicago Mayor |url=https://wgntv.com/news/chicago-news/rep-mike-quigley-confirms-plans-for-chicago-mayoral-bid/ |website=[[WGN-TV|WGN]] |date=January 6, 2026 |access-date= January 6, 2026}}</ref> |- ![[File:Liam Stanton Chicago Mayoral Candidate.jpg|150x150px]]<br/>Liam Stanton |'''Business owner''' |[[File:Liam Stanton 2027.png|150px]]<br>{{dts|2026|02|22}}<br>[https://stantonforchicago.com Website] |<ref name="Stanton">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=Small business owner Liam Stanton announces run for Chicago mayor |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/liam-stanton-announces-run-chicago-mayor/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> |} ===Minor candidates=== *Johnny Logalbo, addiction recovery counselor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.logalboformayor.com/ |title=Johnny Logalbo for Mayor - Official Campaign Website |publisher=Johnny Logalbo for Mayor |access-date=2026-04-25}}</ref> === Expressed interest === *[[Kam Buckner]], [[Illinois House of Representatives|state representative]] from the 26th district (2019–present), [[2023 Chicago mayoral election|2023]] mayoral candidate<ref name="NBCChicago2024a"/><ref name="feb2025"/><ref name=politicomay/> *[[George Cardenas]], member of the [[Cook County Board of Review]] (2022–present) and former [[Chicago City Council]] alderman (2003–2022)<ref name=politicomay>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/illinois-playbook/2026/05/04/2-names-join-the-mayoral-mix-00904168|title=2 names join the mayoral mix|date=May 4, 2026|accessdate=May 4, 2026|publisher=Politico}}</ref> *[[Bill Conway (politician)|Bill Conway]], [[Chicago City Council]] alderman (2023–present) and [[2020 Cook County State's Attorney election|2020]] [[Cook County state's attorney]] candidate<ref name="NBCChicago2024a"/><ref name="feb2025">{{cite web |last1=McClelland |first1=Edward |title=Who Will Be Our Next Mayor? |url=https://www.chicagomag.com/chicago-magazine/march-2025/who-will-be-our-next-mayor |website=Chicago Magazine |access-date=15 April 2025 |date=February 10, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Wink"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=KAPOS |first1=SHIA |title=Conway's big money moves |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/illinois-playbook/2025/06/06/conways-big-money-moves-00391555 |website=[[Politico]] |date=June 6, 2025 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="SunTimes 2-2-26">{{cite web |last1=Shaw |first1=Andy |title=2027 mayoral race piquing interest of notable names |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/other-views/2026/02/02/2027-mayoral-election-quigley-pappas-conway-mendoza-giannoulias-brandon-johnson-andy-shaw |website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=February 2, 2026 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref> *[[Rahm Emanuel]], former mayor (2011–2019)<!--, [[senior advisor to the U.S. president|senior advisor to]] [[Bill Clinton]] (1993–1998), [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] from [[Illinois's 5th congressional district|IL–5]] (2003–2009), [[White House chief of staff]] (2009–2010), and [[U.S. ambassador to Japan]] (2022–2025)--><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/03/03/rahm-emanuel-not-ruling-out-bid-for-chicago-mayor/|title=Rahm Emanuel won't rule out another run for Chicago mayor, but says city and Democratic Party need work|work=[[The Chicago Tribune]]|date=March 3, 2025|accessdate=March 5, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/rahm-emanuel-suggests-run-for-mayor-of-chicago-again/|title=Rahm Emanuel suggests he might want to run for mayor of Chicago again|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=March 3, 2025|accessdate=March 3, 2025}}</ref> *[[Alexi Giannoulias]], [[treasurer of Illinois]] (2007–2011), [[Illinois secretary of state]] (2023–present) and [[2010 United States Senate elections in Illinois|2010]] Democratic nominee for [[U.S. Senate]]<ref name=McClellandJan2026>{{cite web |last1=McClelland |first1=Edward Robert |title=Who Will Be Chicago's Next Mayor? |url=https://www.chicagomag.com/chicago-magazine/february-2026/who-will-be-chicagos-next-mayor/ |website=Chicago Magazine |access-date=February 19, 2026 |date=January 12, 2026}}</ref><ref name="NBCChicago2024a"/><ref name="MaragosApril2025" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=KAPOS |first1=SHIA |title=Giannoulias cash surge fuels City Hall buzz |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/illinois-playbook/2026/01/06/giannoulias-cash-surge-fuels-city-hall-buzz-00712205 |website=[[Politico]] |date=January 6, 2026 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="SunTimes 2-2-26" /> *[[Brandon Johnson]], incumbent mayor (2023–present) and former [[Cook County Board of Commissioners|Cook County commissioner]] from the [[Cook County Board of Commissioners 1st district|1st district]] (2018–2023)<ref name="NBCChicago2024a">{{cite web |title=Secretary of State Alexi Giannoulias Urged to Consider Chicago Mayoral Run |url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/chicago-politics/secretary-of-state-alexi-giannoulias-urged-to-consider-chicago-mayoral-run/3606075 |website=NBC Chicago |access-date=6 December 2024 |date=20 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="MaragosApril2025">{{cite web |last1=Maragos |first1=Alex |title=With 2 Years Left in Mayor Johnson's First Term, Notable Names Considering a Run to Unseat Him |url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/with-2-years-left-in-mayor-johnsons-first-term-notable-names-considering-a-run-to-unseat-him/3718331/ |website=NBC Chicago |date=9 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="Wink" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ahern |first=Mary Ann |date=2026-02-23 |title=Chicago's mayoral election is exactly 1 year away, and here's the current field |url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/chicago-politics/chicagos-mayoral-election-is-exactly-1-year-away-and-heres-the-current-field/3898886/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=NBC Chicago |language=en-US}}</ref> *John Kelly, lobbyist<ref>{{cite web |last1=Herguth |first1=Robert |title=Veteran lobbyist with clients who regularly intersect with City Hall weighs run for Chicago mayor |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/the-watchdogs/2026/01/29/lobbyist-john-kelly-possible-chicago-mayor-bid-brandon-johnson-ballys-white-sox-katten-muchin-election |website=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=February 19, 2026 |language=en |date=January 29, 2026}}</ref> ===Potential=== The following individuals have received media speculation as being prospective candidates: *[[Luis Gutiérrez]], former [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] from [[Illinois's 4th congressional district]] (1993–2019)<ref name="feb2025"/> *[[Brian K. Hopkins]], [[Chicago City Council]] alderman from the [[2nd ward, Chicago|2nd ward]] (2015–present)<ref name="feb2025"/> *[[Raymond Lopez]], [[Chicago City Council|Chicago alderman]] from the 15th ward (2015–present) and candidate for mayor in 2023<ref>{{cite web |last1=Noone |first1=Sean |title= Dems take 'government for granted' on immigration: Chicago alderman |url= https://www.newsnationnow.com/us-news/immigration/raymond-lopez-ice-raids-chicago/ |website=News Nation |access-date=24 February 2025 |language=en |date=26 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sheridan |first1=Jake |title= Mayor Brandon Johnson's Infrastructure borrowing plan stalled by City Council Opponents |url= https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/02/19/mayor-brandon-johnson-infrastructure-borrowing-plan-stalled/ |website=Chicago Tribune |access-date=24 February 2025 |language=en |date=19 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | date=2022-11-21 | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/elections/ct-chicago-mayor-race-ray-lopez-alderman-20221121-dlcuginjkfbm5fpjab5lho57wy-story.html | title=Ald. Raymond Lopez bows out of mayor race, will seek reelection to City Council|access-date=2023-01-13 | website=Chicago Tribune |language=en }}</ref> *[[Lisa Madigan]], former [[attorney general of Illinois]] (2003–2019)<!-- and [[Illinois Senate]] from the 17th district (1999–2003)--><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/07/23/column-chicago-mayoral-election-2027-lisa-madigan-washington/|title=Laura Washington: Chicago mayoral wannabes are already edging to the gate|work=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=July 24, 2025|date=July 23, 2025}}</ref> *[[Silvana Tabares]], <!--[[Illinois House of Representatives|state representative]] from the 21st district (2013–2018) and -->Chicago alderman from the 23rd ward (2018–present)<ref name="NBCChicago2024a"/> *[[Anna M. Valencia|Anna Valencia]], Chicago city clerk (2017–present) and candidate for [[Illinois Secretary of State]] in [[2022 Illinois Secretary of State election|2022]]<ref name="NBCChicago2024a"/><ref name="feb2025"/> *[[Paul Vallas]], former CEO of Chicago Public Schools (1995–2001), candidate for mayor in [[2019 Chicago mayoral election|2019]] and [[2023 Chicago mayoral election|2023]], Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor in [[2014 Illinois gubernatorial election|2014]], and candidate for governor in [[2002 Illinois gubernatorial election|2002]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://townhall.com/tipsheet/rebeccadowns/2025/02/24/did-not-know-it-was-even-possible-to-go-that-low-you-wont-believe-chicago-mayors-approval-rating-n2652711|title='Did Not Know It Was Even Possible to Go That Low': You Won't Believe Chicago Mayor's Favorable Ratings|publisher=Townhall|accessdate=March 5, 2025|date=February 24, 2025}}</ref> *[[Andre Vasquez]], Chicago alderman from the 40th ward (2019–present)<ref name="Politico2025">{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/illinois-playbook/2025/07/28/tech-exec-liam-stanton-eyes-mayoral-run-00479610|title=Tech exec Liam Stanton eyes mayoral run|work=Politico|accessdate=July 28, 2025|date=July 28, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Wink">{{cite web |last1=Kapos |first1=Shia |title=Chicago mayor's race: wink, wink |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/illinois-playbook/2026/01/21/chicago-mayors-race-wink-wink-00738602 |website=Politico |access-date=February 19, 2026 |language=en |date=January 21, 2026}}</ref> *[[Willie Wilson (businessman)|Willie Wilson]], medical supplies company founder and perennial candidate<ref name=McClellandJan2026/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Washington |first1=Laura |title=Mayor Brandon Johnson's reelection campaign will be in trouble if Willie Wilson runs again |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2026/03/25/column-willie-wilson-chicago-2027-mayoral-race-washington/ |website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=March 25, 2026 |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref> ===Declined=== *[[Chuy Garcia]], [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] from [[Illinois's 4th congressional district]] (2019–present) and candidate for mayor in [[2015 Chicago mayoral election|2015]] and [[2023 Chicago mayoral election|2023]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/columnists/2025/11/14/jesus-chuy-garcia-reelection-race-patty-garcia-latino-chicago-rich-miller|title=Chuy Garcia chats about dropping reelection bid, career|work=Chicago Sun-Times|date=November 14, 2025|accessdate=November 17, 2025}}</ref> *[[Janice K. Jackson|Janice Jackson]], [[CEO of Chicago Public Schools]] (2017–2021)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hinz |first1=Craig |title=Johnson's Weakness Is Spurring An Early Start to the Next Mayoral Sweepstakes |url=https://www.chicagobusiness.com/politics/challengers-start-circling-brandon-johnson-greg-hinz |website=Crain's Chicago Business |access-date=6 December 2024 |date=21 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Turbay |first1=Laura |title=Janice Jackson Takes New job at Vistria Group, Dismisses Talk of Mayoral Run |url=https://www.chicagobusiness.com/finance-banking/janice-jackson-joins-vistria-group-dismisses-mayoral-talk |website=Crain's Chicago Business |access-date=February 20, 2026 |date=August 15, 2025}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Mayoral elections in Chicago]] [[Category:2020s elections in the United States]] [[Category:2027]] {{politics-stub}} tt8m0o65iq1rvpj2zplacqehz9szfwu 0 1238099 10879243 10875146 2026-06-05T01:58:08Z ~2026-31458-84 1811005 Remove Comments text 10879243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Philippine name|Maniego|Eala}} {{Use Philippine English|date=December 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2026}} '''Alexandra Eala''' (born May 23, 2005) is a Filipino [[tennis]] player. She became the country’s highest-ranked, reaching world No. 29 in March 2026.<ref name="ABS-CBN">[https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/othersports/2026/3/16/eala-rises-to-career-high-world-no-29-in-latest-wta-rankings-1032 Castillejo, Dyan (March 16, 2026). "Alex Eala rises to career-high World No. 29 in latest WTA rankings". ABS-CBN NEws.]</ref> She is the first Filipino in the top 30. She has wins over top-20 players, multiple ITF titles, a WTA challenger title, and a WTA final.<ref name="WTA-profile">{{Cite web |title=WTA: Alexandra Eala profile |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/330332/alexandra-eala |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> As a junior, Eala ranked No. 2 and won the 2022 [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] girls’ singles — the Philippines’ first junior Grand Slam — and doubles titles at the 2020 [[Australian Open]] and 2021 [[French Open]].<ref name="ITF">{{Cite web |title=Alexandra Eala Junior Grand Slam record |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/alexandra-eala/800452282/ph/ |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=International Tennis Federation |language=en}}</ref> Since turning [[professional|pro]], Eala has competed in [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] events. She reached the second round of the 2025 US Open (singles) and French Open (doubles). Her breakthrough came at the 2025 Miami Open, where she reached the semifinals. {{Infobox tennis biography |name = Alexandra Eala |image = Ealas and Patrick Gregorio (cropped Alexandra Eala).jpg |caption = Eala at the 2025 SEA Games |fullname = Alexandra Maniego Eala |country = {{PHI}} |residence = [[Metro Manila]], Philippines<br>[[Mallorca]], Spain |birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|5|23}} |birth_place = Quezon City, Philippines |height = {{height|m=1.75}} |turnedpro = March 2020 |plays = Left-handed (two-handed backhand) |coach = Joan Bosch<br> Alexandro Viaene<br>Lluc Bauza (Fitness Coach) |careerprizemoney = US 1,997,574 |singlesrecord = {{tennis record|won=212|lost=130}} |singlestitles = 0 |highestsinglesranking = No. 29 (March 16, 2026) |currentsinglesranking = No. 37 (May 25, 2026) |doublesrecord = {{tennis record|won=48|lost=46}} |doublestitles = 0 |highestdoublesranking = No. 88 (May 4, 2026) |currentdoublesranking = No. 116 (May 25, 2026) |updated = May 25, 2026 |AustralianOpenresult = 1R (2026) |FrenchOpenresult = 1R (2026) |Wimbledonresult = 1R (2025) |USOpenresult = 2R (2025) |AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 1R (2026) |FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 2R (2025) |WimbledonDoublesresult = 1R (2025) | medaltemplates-expand = | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry |the {{PHI}}}} {{Medal|Sport | SEA Games}} {{MedalGold | 2025 Thailand | Singles }} {{MedalBronze | 2025 Thailand | Team }} {{MedalBronze | 2025 Thailand | Mixed doubles }} {{MedalBronze | 2021 Vietnam | Singles }} {{MedalBronze | 2021 Vietnam | Mixed doubles }} {{MedalBronze | 2021 Vietnam | Team }} {{Medal|Sport| Asian Games}} {{MedalBronze | 2022 Hangzhou | Singles }} {{MedalBronze|2022 Hangzhou|Mixed doubles}} }} == Early life == Alexandra Maniego Eala was born on May 23, 2005, in [[Quezon City]], Philippines. Her father was Michael Eala, a business executive.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jara-Puyod |first1=Mariecar |title=‘Eala’s grit, humility and passion have captured every Filipino’s heart,' says Philippine Ambassador Alfonso Ver |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/sport/2026/02/20/ealas-grit-humility-and-passion-have-captured-every-filipinos-heart-says-philippine-ambassador-alfonso-ver |website=Gulf Today |publisher=Gulf Today |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref> Her mother was Rosemarie "Rizza" Maniego-Eala, former Globe Telecom [[Chief financial officer|CFO]] and SEA Games [[swimming]] medalist. She is the [[niece]] of sports official Noli Eala.<ref name="Philstar">{{cite news |last1=Acebuche |first1=Yoniel |title=Alex Eala: What to know about the tennis phenom making history on the court |url=https://www.philstarlife.com/celebrity/828326-what-to-know-alex-eala |access-date=August 28, 2025 |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=March 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828061821/https://www.philstarlife.com/celebrity/828326-what-to-know-alex-eala |archive-date=August 28, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her brother Michael "Miko" Eala played [[tennis]] for [[Pennsylvania State University]].<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Castillejo, Dyan |author-link= |date=May 6, 2024 |title=Filipino athletes graduate as part of Penn State's class of 2024 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/2024/5/6/filipino-athletes-graduate-as-part-of-penn-state-s-class-of-2024-1839 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |work=ABS-CBN News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323105112/https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/2024/5/6/filipino-athletes-graduate-as-part-of-penn-state-s-class-of-2024-1839 |archive-date=March 23, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Eala started tennis at age four. She was coached by her grandfather Roberto "Bobby" Maniego.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hilotin |first1=Jay |title=Alex Eala: Rapid rise in tennis rankings, what's next? |url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/tennis/alex-eala-rapid-rise-in-tennis-rankings-whats-next-1.500248201 |access-date=January 13, 2026 |work=Gulf News |date=August 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106110651/https://gulfnews.com/sport/tennis/alex-eala-rapid-rise-in-tennis-rankings-whats-next-1.500248201 |archive-date=November 6, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> She later studied at Immaculate Conception Academy and Colegio San Agustin – Makati. Later she trained at the Rafa Nadal Academy in [[Spain]], where she graduated in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mina |first1=Rosy |title=How Alex Eala became a world-class tennis champion |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/10/22/22/what-it-took-for-alex-eala-to-become-a-tennis-world-champ |access-date=March 30, 2025 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=October 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330025238/https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/10/22/22/what-it-took-for-alex-eala-to-become-a-tennis-world-champ |archive-date=March 30, 2025}}</ref> == Juniors == At twelve, Eala won the Les Petits As title in France.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 28, 2018|title=Lilov & Eala win at Les Petits As|url=https://www.tenniseurope.org/news/117748/Lilov-Eala-win-at-Les-Petits-As/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201005032/https://www.tenniseurope.org/news/117748/Lilov-Eala-win-at-Les-Petits-As/|archive-date=February 1, 2018|access-date=January 8, 2020|website=Tennis Europe}}</ref> Later she won junior doubles titles at the 2020 [[Australian Open]] with Priska Nugroho and the 2021 French Open with Oksana Selekhmeteva.<ref name="Rappler2021">{{cite web|last=Go|first=Beatrice|date=June 12, 2021|title=Alex Eala, Selekhmeteva crowned 2021 French Open girls doubles champions|url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/alex-eala-oksana-selekhmeteva-2021-french-open-juniors-girls-doubles-champions/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112223857/https://www.rappler.com/sports/alex-eala-oksana-selekhmeteva-2021-french-open-juniors-girls-doubles-champions/|archive-date=November 12, 2024|access-date=August 27, 2025|website=Rappler}}</ref> She made history with the 2022 [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] girls’ singles crown, the Philippines’ first junior Grand Slam singles win.<ref name="Rappler2022">{{cite web|last=Dioquino|first=Delphin|date=September 11, 2022|title=History for PH as Alex Eala captures US Open girls' singles crown|url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/final-results-alex-eala-lucie-havlickova-us-open-september-10-2022/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112124732/https://www.rappler.com/sports/final-results-alex-eala-lucie-havlickova-us-open-september-10-2022/|archive-date=November 12, 2024|access-date=August 27, 2025|website=Rappler}}</ref> == Professional career == Eala turned professional in 2020. She started on the [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] Women’s Circuit in Spain and Tunisia.<ref name="WTA-profile" /> In 2021, she won her first singles title at ITF W15 Manacor, earning recognition from Rafael Nadal.<ref name="WTA-profile" /> In 2022, she added another singles crown at ITF W25 Chiang Rai. She reached the finals and semifinals at W60 Madrid and Vitoria-Gasteiz.<ref name="WTA-profile" /> In 2023, Eala won ITF W15 Yecla and ITF W25 Roehampton. She also entered the qualifying draw of the [[Australian Open]], marking her first attempt at a Grand Slam event.<ref name="WTA-profile" /> In 2024, she claimed her biggest ITF singles crown at the W100 Vitoria-Gasteiz. She won three doubles titles. She continued to compete in [[qualifier]]s across the Grand Slam circuit.<ref name="WTA-profile" /> Her breakthrough came in 2025 on the WTA Tour. Eala reached the Miami Open semifinal. She played the Eastbourne Open final. She won her first WTA125 singles title at Guadalajara. She made her Grand Slam main-draw debut, advancing to the second round in doubles at the [[French Open]], and later reached the second round of the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], her best result to date.<ref name="WTA-profile" /> In 2026, Eala reached the semifinals in singles and doubles at the ASB Classic in Auckland, the doubles semifinals and singles quarterfinals at the Abu Dhabi Open, and quarterfinals at the Philippine Women’s Open and Dubai Tennis Championships. She competed in the main draw of the 2026 [[Australian Open]] and French Open. She advanced to the fourth rounds of the Indian Wells Open and Miami Opens. She advanced to the third round of the Italian Open.<ref name="WTA-profile" /> == Playing style == Eala plays from the baseline and likes to attack with her shots.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tignor |first=Steve |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Is Nadal Academy prodigy Alexandra Eala the next tennis star? |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/nadal-academy-prodigy-alexandra-eala-next-tennis-star |website=Tennis.com |language=en|access-date=January 24, 2026}}</ref> As a lefty, she uses her strong forehand and steady two‑handed backhand to control rallies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Caramoan |first=Miguel Alfonso |date=January 19, 2026 |title=What’s next for Alex Eala after 2026 Australian Open first-round exit? |url=https://www.espn.ph/tennis/story/_/id/47658308/what-next-alex-eala-2026-australian-open-first-round-exit |website=ESPN |language=en|access-date=January 24, 2026}}</ref> Her returns are good because she adds topspin and reads the ball well. Her serve is weaker since it is not very fast or varied. Coaches say she should work on adding more power, staying consistent, thinking of more tactics, and improving her fitness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2026 |title=Alex Eala told where she can improve: Martina Navratilova offers advice |url=https://www.tennis365.com/tennis-news/alex-eala-told-where-she-can-improve-martina-navratilova-offers-advice |access-date=March 11, 2026 |website=Tennis365 |language=en}}</ref> == Representation for the Philippines == She won bronze medals at the 2021 Southeast Asian Games and the 2022 Asian Games, helped the Philippines gain promotion in the 2024 Billie Jean King Cup, and won gold in singles at the 2025 Southeast Asian Games.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Carandang|first1=Justin Kenneth|date=May 20, 2022|title=Tennis ace Alex Eala settles for bronze in women's singles|work=GMA News|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/othersports/832339/tennis-ace-alex-eala-settles-for-bronze-in-women-s-singles/story/|url-status=live|access-date=March 25, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601005101/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/othersports/832339/tennis-ace-alex-eala-settles-for-bronze-in-women-s-singles/story/|archive-date=June 1, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Payo|first=Jasmine|date=September 29, 2023|title=Alex Eala bags 2nd Asian Games bronze with Alcantara in doubles|language=en-US|work=Rappler|url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/tennis-semifinal-results-mixed-doubles-alex-eala-francis-casey-alcantara-asian-games-september-29-2023/|url-status=live|access-date=September 10, 2025|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Morales|first=Luisa|date=December 2, 2024|title=Alex Eala relishes leading Team Philippines to BJK Cup promotion in Bahrain|url=https://onesports.ph/more-sports/article/26898/alex-eala-relishes-leading-team-philippines-to-bjk-cup-promotion-in-bahrain|access-date=October 13, 2025|website=Onesports|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite News|last=Agcaoili|first=Lance|date=December 18, 2025|title=Alex Eala wins SEA Games tennis gold, ends long drought for PH|language=en|website=Inquirer.net|url=https://sports.inquirer.net/655069/alex-eala-wins-sea-games-tennis-gold-ends-long-drought-for-ph|access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref> == Endorsements == Eala began endorsing Globe Telecom at age eight and has since partnered with Babolat, Nike, the Bank of the Philippine Islands, and became a Milo brand ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 21, 2025|title=Alex Eala Opens Up About Life, Wins, & What Keeps Her Going|url=https://www.globe.com.ph/about-us/newsroom/corporate/alex-eala-meet-and-greet|access-date=January 12, 2026|website=www.globe.com.ph|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Babolat Tennis Pro Players and Ambassadors|url=https://www.babolat.com/gb/babolat-tennis-pro-players-and-ambassadors.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250827161910/https://www.babolat.com/gb/babolat-tennis-pro-players-and-ambassadors.html|archive-date=August 27, 2025|access-date=August 27, 2025|website=Babolat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Caniza|first=Annika|date=March 6, 2023|title=Look: Nike Customizes Alex Eala Kicks to Commemorate US Open Victory|url=https://thegame-onemega.com/lifestyle/look-nike-customizes-alex-eala-kicks-to-commemorate-us-open-victory/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213094932/https://thegame-onemega.com/lifestyle/look-nike-customizes-alex-eala-kicks-to-commemorate-us-open-victory/|archive-date=December 13, 2024|access-date=April 23, 2025|website=The Game|publisher=One Mega}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=January 25, 2023|title=Champ's choice: Alex Eala signs up as BPI's newest endorser|website=Bilyonaryo|url=https://bilyonaryo.com/2023/01/25/champs-choice-alex-eala-signs-up-as-bpis-newest-endorser/money/|url-status=live|access-date=July 2, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201031436/https://bilyonaryo.com/2023/01/25/champs-choice-alex-eala-signs-up-as-bpis-newest-endorser/money/|archive-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Manahan|first=Millie|date=February 23, 2026|title=MILO Active Pilipinas launched with Eala as new ambassador|url=https://manilastandard.net/sports/314707229/milo-active-pilipinas-launched-with-eala-as-new-ambassador.html|access-date=February 24, 2026|website=Manila Standard|language=en-US}}</ref> == Accolades == She has won several Philippine Sportswriters Association awards.<ref>Citations for Eala's PSA Annual Awards: * {{Cite news|last=Dioquino|first=Delfin|date=February 25, 2019|title=Top PH athletes share limelight in PSA Awards 2019|language=en-US|website=Rappler|url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/224351-philippine-athletes-sportswriters-association-awards-2019/|access-date=October 12, 2025}} * {{Cite news|last=Gionco|first=Mark|date=February 29, 2020|title=PH tennis rising star Alex Eala to be feted at PSA Awards|url=https://sports.inquirer.net/387640/ph-tennis-rising-star-alex-eala-to-be-feted-at-psa-awards|access-date=October 12, 2025}} * {{Cite news|date=March 12, 2021|title=PSA to honor tennis star Eala, boxing champs Casimero, Taduran|work=Manila Bulletin|url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/3/12/psa-to-honor-tennis-star-eala-boxing-champs-casimero-taduran|access-date=October 12, 2025}} * {{Cite news|date=February 27, 2022|title=Scribes fete world-class PH boxers|language=en|website=Manila Bulletin|url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/02/27/scribes-fete-world-class-ph-boxers/|url-status=live|access-date=October 12, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507021421/https://mb.com.ph/2022/02/27/scribes-fete-world-class-ph-boxers/|archive-date=May 7, 2023}} * {{Cite news|date=February 12, 2023|title=PSA Awards: Young Alex Eala to be recognized with President's Award|language=en-US|website=Tiebreaker Times|url=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/psa-awards-young-alex-eala-to-be-recognized-with-presidents-award/261823|access-date=October 12, 2025}} * {{Cite news|date=February 10, 2023|title=Eala recipient of PSA Prexy Awards|work=The Philippine Star|url=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2023/02/10/2243942/eala-recipient-psa-prexy-awards|access-date=October 12, 2025}} * {{Cite news|date=January 24, 2024|title=Alex Eala, Tots Carlos to be recognized in PSA Awards|website=ABS-CBN News|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/01/15/24/alex-eala-tots-carlos-to-be-recognized-in-psa-awards|access-date=October 12, 2025}} * {{Cite news|last=Malanum|first=Jean|date=October 9, 2025|title=Eala tops PSA achievers for September|language=en|website=Philippine News Agency|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1260619|access-date=October 12, 2025}} * {{Cite news|date=October 9, 2025|title=Eala leads PSA's September honorees|language=en|website=SunStar Publishing Inc.|url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/sports/eala-leads-psas-september-honorees|access-date=October 12, 2025}} * {{Cite news|last=Dioquino|first=Delfin|date=February 17, 2026|title=Alex Eala hails PSA Athlete of the Year award a proof of PH tennis' rise|language=en-US|website=Rappler|url=https://www.rappler.com/people/athletes/alex-eala-hails-athlete-of-year-award-proof-tennis-rise-philippines/|access-date=February 17, 2026}}</ref> In 2021, Tatler Asia listed her as one of Asia’s most influential people.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Tatler Asia's Most Influential: Philippines|url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/list/ami/ph?page=3&industry=all&region=ph&year=2021|magazine=Tatler Asia|language=en|access-date=October 20, 2025|date=}}</ref> In 2026, Forbes Asia named her one of their ''30 Under 30 in Entertainment & Sports'' for putting the Philippines on the global tennis map.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Watson|first=Rana Wehbe|date=May 27, 2026|title=30 Under 30 Asia’s Next Icons: The Gen Z Athletes And Music Artists Rewriting The Playbook|work=Forbes Asia|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ranawehbe/2026/05/27/30-under-30-asias-next-icons-the-gen-z-athletes-and-music-artists-rewriting-the-playbook/|access-date=May 27, 2026}}</ref> == Year-end rankings == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Year !! Singles !! Doubles |- | 2021 || 529 || 780 |- | 2022 || 219 || 594 |- | 2023 || 205 || 436 |- | 2024 || 158 || 239 |- | 2025 || 50 || 161 |} * As of January 5, 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexandra Eala Player Stats (WTA Official) |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/330332/alexandra-eala/ |access-date=May 22, 2026 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://www.wtatennis.com/players/330332/- Alexandra Eala Official WTA Page] * [https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/alexandra-eala/800511432/phi/wt/s/overview/ Alexandra Eala Official ITF Women's World Tennis Page] * [https://www.tennisabstract.com/cgi-bin/wplayer-classic.cgi?p=AlexandraEala&f=v1 Alexandra Eala's Tennis Abstract page] {{DEFAULTSORT:Eala, Alexandra}} [[Category:Filipino sportspeople]] [[Category:Tennis players]] [[Category:2005 births]] [[Category:Living people]] r24jcdh862f259ddo735d51j64ialz6 10879453 10879243 2026-06-05T11:47:49Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-31458-84|~2026-31458-84]] ([[User talk:~2026-31458-84|talk]]) to last version by ~2026-31146-81 10868732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Philippine name|Maniego|Eala}} {{Use Philippine English|date=December 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2026}} '''Alexandra Eala''' (born May 23, 2005) is a Filipino [[tennis]] player. She became the country’s highest-ranked, reaching world No. 29 in March 2026.<ref name="ABS-CBN">[https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/othersports/2026/3/16/eala-rises-to-career-high-world-no-29-in-latest-wta-rankings-1032 Castillejo, Dyan (March 16, 2026). "Alex Eala rises to career-high World No. 29 in latest WTA rankings". ABS-CBN NEws.]</ref> She is the first Filipino in the top 30. She has wins over top-20 players, multiple ITF titles, a WTA challenger title, and a WTA final.<ref name="WTA-profile">{{Cite web |title=WTA: Alexandra Eala profile |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/330332/alexandra-eala |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> As a junior, Eala ranked No. 2 and won the 2022 [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] girls’ singles — the Philippines’ first junior Grand Slam — and doubles titles at the 2020 [[Australian Open]] and 2021 [[French Open]].<ref name="ITF">{{Cite web |title=Alexandra Eala Junior Grand Slam record |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/alexandra-eala/800452282/ph/ |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=International Tennis Federation |language=en}}</ref> Since turning [[professional|pro]], Eala has competed in [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] events. She reached the second round of the 2025 US Open (singles) and French Open (doubles). Her breakthrough came at the 2025 Miami Open, where she reached the semifinals and was compared to [[Manny Pacquiao]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite web |last=Futterman |first=Matthew |title=Alex Eala returns to the Miami Open, where a dream run launched a tennis phenomenon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/7124102/2026/03/19/tennis-alex-eala-philippines-miami-open/ |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=The Athletic |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> {{Infobox tennis biography |name = Alexandra Eala |image = Ealas and Patrick Gregorio (cropped Alexandra Eala).jpg |image_upright = .8 |caption = Eala at the 2025 SEA Games |fullname = Alexandra Maniego Eala |country = {{PHI}} |residence = [[Metro Manila]], Philippines<br>[[Mallorca]], Spain |birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|5|23}} |birth_place = Quezon City, Philippines |height = {{height|m=1.75}} |turnedpro = March 2020 |plays = Left-handed (two-handed backhand) |coach = Joan Bosch<br> Alexandro Viaene<br>Lluc Bauza (Fitness Coach) |careerprizemoney = US 1,997,574 |singlesrecord = {{tennis record|won=212|lost=130}} |singlestitles = 0 |highestsinglesranking = No. 29 (March 16, 2026) |currentsinglesranking = No. 37 (May 25, 2026) |doublesrecord = {{tennis record|won=48|lost=46}} |doublestitles = 0 |highestdoublesranking = No. 88 (May 4, 2026) |currentdoublesranking = No. 116 (May 25, 2026) |updated = May 25, 2026 |AustralianOpenresult = 1R (2026) |FrenchOpenresult = 1R (2025) |Wimbledonresult = 1R (2025) |USOpenresult = 2R (2025) |AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 1R (2026) |FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 2R (2025) |WimbledonDoublesresult = 1R (2025) | medaltemplates-expand = | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry |the {{PHI}}}} {{Medal|Sport | SEA Games}} {{MedalGold | 2025 Thailand | Singles }} {{MedalBronze | 2025 Thailand | Team }} {{MedalBronze | 2025 Thailand | Mixed doubles }} {{MedalBronze | 2021 Vietnam | Singles }} {{MedalBronze | 2021 Vietnam | Mixed doubles }} {{MedalBronze | 2021 Vietnam | Team }} {{Medal|Sport| Asian Games}} {{MedalBronze | 2022 Hangzhou | Singles }} {{MedalBronze|2022 Hangzhou|Mixed doubles}} }} == Early life == Alexandra Maniego Eala was born on May 23, 2005, in [[Quezon City]], Philippines. Her father was Michael Eala, a business executive.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jara-Puyod |first1=Mariecar |title=‘Eala’s grit, humility and passion have captured every Filipino’s heart,' says Philippine Ambassador Alfonso Ver |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/sport/2026/02/20/ealas-grit-humility-and-passion-have-captured-every-filipinos-heart-says-philippine-ambassador-alfonso-ver |website=Gulf Today |publisher=Gulf Today |access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref> Her mother was Rosemarie "Rizza" Maniego-Eala, former Globe Telecom [[Chief financial officer|CFO]] and SEA Games [[swimming]] medalist. She is the [[niece]] of sports official Noli Eala.<ref name="Philstar">{{cite news |last1=Acebuche |first1=Yoniel |title=Alex Eala: What to know about the tennis phenom making history on the court |url=https://www.philstarlife.com/celebrity/828326-what-to-know-alex-eala |access-date=August 28, 2025 |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=March 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828061821/https://www.philstarlife.com/celebrity/828326-what-to-know-alex-eala |archive-date=August 28, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her brother Michael "Miko" Eala played [[tennis]] for [[Pennsylvania State University]].<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Castillejo, Dyan |author-link= |date=May 6, 2024 |title=Filipino athletes graduate as part of Penn State's class of 2024 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/2024/5/6/filipino-athletes-graduate-as-part-of-penn-state-s-class-of-2024-1839 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |work=ABS-CBN News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323105112/https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/2024/5/6/filipino-athletes-graduate-as-part-of-penn-state-s-class-of-2024-1839 |archive-date=March 23, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Eala started tennis at age four. She was coached by her grandfather Roberto "Bobby" Maniego.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hilotin |first1=Jay |title=Alex Eala: Rapid rise in tennis rankings, what's next? |url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/tennis/alex-eala-rapid-rise-in-tennis-rankings-whats-next-1.500248201 |access-date=January 13, 2026 |work=Gulf News |date=August 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106110651/https://gulfnews.com/sport/tennis/alex-eala-rapid-rise-in-tennis-rankings-whats-next-1.500248201 |archive-date=November 6, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> She later studied at Immaculate Conception Academy and Colegio San Agustin – Makati. Later she trained at the Rafa Nadal Academy in [[Spain]], where she graduated in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mina |first1=Rosy |title=How Alex Eala became a world-class tennis champion |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/10/22/22/what-it-took-for-alex-eala-to-become-a-tennis-world-champ |access-date=March 30, 2025 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=October 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330025238/https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/10/22/22/what-it-took-for-alex-eala-to-become-a-tennis-world-champ |archive-date=March 30, 2025}}</ref> == Juniors == At twelve, Eala won the Les Petits As title in France.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 28, 2018|title=Lilov & Eala win at Les Petits As|url=https://www.tenniseurope.org/news/117748/Lilov-Eala-win-at-Les-Petits-As/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201005032/https://www.tenniseurope.org/news/117748/Lilov-Eala-win-at-Les-Petits-As/|archive-date=February 1, 2018|access-date=January 8, 2020|website=Tennis Europe}}</ref> Later she won junior doubles titles at the 2020 [[Australian Open]] with Priska Nugroho and the 2021 French Open with Oksana Selekhmeteva.<ref name="Rappler2021">{{cite web|last=Go|first=Beatrice|date=June 12, 2021|title=Alex Eala, Selekhmeteva crowned 2021 French Open girls doubles champions|url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/alex-eala-oksana-selekhmeteva-2021-french-open-juniors-girls-doubles-champions/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112223857/https://www.rappler.com/sports/alex-eala-oksana-selekhmeteva-2021-french-open-juniors-girls-doubles-champions/|archive-date=November 12, 2024|access-date=August 27, 2025|website=Rappler}}</ref> She made history with the 2022 [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] girls’ singles crown, the Philippines’ first junior Grand Slam singles win.<ref name="Rappler2022">{{cite web|last=Dioquino|first=Delphin|date=September 11, 2022|title=History for PH as Alex Eala captures US Open girls' singles crown|url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/final-results-alex-eala-lucie-havlickova-us-open-september-10-2022/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112124732/https://www.rappler.com/sports/final-results-alex-eala-lucie-havlickova-us-open-september-10-2022/|archive-date=November 12, 2024|access-date=August 27, 2025|website=Rappler}}</ref> == Professional career == Eala turned professional in 2020. She started on the [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] Women’s Circuit in Spain and [[Tunisia]].<ref name="Rappler2020">{{cite news |last=Go |first=Beatrice |date=March 5, 2020 |title=Alex Eala advances to 2nd round of Tunisia pro tournament |url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/253498-alex-eala-advances-2nd-round-tunisia-pro-tournament/ |work=Rappler |access-date=August 31, 2025}}</ref> In 2021, she won her first singles title at ITF W15 Manacor, earning recognition from Rafael Nadal.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 5, 2021 |title=Eala, 15, earns praise from Nadal after winning first ITF pro title |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/news-and-media/articles/eala-15-earns-praise-from-nadal-after-winning-first-itf-pro-title/ |website=ITF tennis |access-date=January 12, 2026}}</ref> In 2022, she added another singles crown at ITF W25 Chiang Rai. She reached the finals and semifinals at W60 Madrid and Vitoria-Gasteiz.<ref name="ITFtitles">{{cite web |title=Eala ITF titles |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/alexandra-eala/800511432/phi/wt/s/titles/#pprofile-info-tabs |website=ITF tennis |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> In 2023, Eala won ITF W15 Yecla and ITF W25 Roehampton.<ref name="ITFtitles" /> She also entered the qualifying draw of the [[Australian Open]], marking her first attempt at a Grand Slam event.<ref name="WTA-profile2">{{Cite web |title=WTA: Alexandra Eala profile |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/330332/alexandra-eala |access-date=25 March 2026 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, she claimed her biggest ITF singles crown at the W100 Vitoria-Gasteiz. She won three doubles titles.<ref name="ITFtitles" /> She continued to compete in [[qualifier]]s across the Grand Slam circuit.<ref name="WTA-profile2" /> Her breakthrough came in 2025 on the WTA Tour. Eala reached the Miami Open semifinal against Jessica Pegula.<ref>{{cite news|last=Futterman|first=Matthew|date=March 28, 2025|title=Alexandra Eala's wild run in Miami comes to an end in semifinals loss to Jessica Pegula|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6237760/2025/03/28/alexandra-eala-miami-open-semifinals/ |access-date=September 1, 2025}}</ref> She played the Eastbourne Open final.<ref>{{cite news |last=Clarito |first=Ariel Ian |date=June 28, 2025 |title=Alex Eala comes inches short in heartbreaking final as Maya Joint rules Eastbourne Open |url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/tennis-match-results-alex-eala-maya-joint-wta-eastbourne-open-final-june-28-2025/ |work=Rappler |access-date=June 28, 2025}}</ref> She won her first WTA125 singles title at Guadalajara.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 7, 2025 |title=Alex Eala wins first WTA singles title with comeback victory at Guadalajara 125 Open |url=https://onesports.ph/more-sports/article/35361/alex-eala-wins-first-wta-singles-title-with-comeback-victory-at-guadalajara-125-open |work=One Sports |access-date=September 7, 2025}}</ref> She made her Grand Slam main-draw debut, advancing to the second round in doubles at the [[French Open]], and later reached the second round of the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], her best result to date.<ref name="WTA-profile2" /> In 2026, Eala reached the semifinals in singles and doubles at the ASB Classic in Auckland,<ref>{{cite news|last=Satumbaga-Villar|first=Krystel|date=January 10, 2026|title=Alex Eala succumbs to Chinese rival in Auckland semis|work=The Manila Bulletin|url=https://mb.com.ph/2026/01/10/alex-eala-succumbs-to-chinese-rival-in-auckland-semis|access-date=January 10, 2026}}</ref> the doubles semifinals and singles quarterfinals at the Abu Dhabi Open,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gasgonia|first=Dennis|date=February 5, 2026|title=Alex Eala bows out of Abu Dhabi quarterfinals in loss to Russia's Alexandrova|work=ABS-CBN News|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/2026/2/5/alex-eala-bows-out-of-abu-dhabi-quarterfinals-in-loss-to-russia-s-alexandrova-2244 |access-date=February 5, 2026}}</ref> and quarterfinals at the WTA125 Philippine Women’s Open and Dubai Tennis Championships.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agcaoili|first=Lance|date=January 29, 2026|title=Alex Eala exits WTA Philippine Open, bows to Camila Osorio|url=https://sports.inquirer.net/660715/alex-eala-exits-wta-philippine-open-bows-to-camila-osorio|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer|access-date=January 29, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ballesteros |first=Jan |date=February 19, 2026 |title=Alex Eala succumbs to world No. 4 Coco Gauff in Dubai quarterfinals |url=https://onesports.ph/more-sports/article/41325/alex-eala-succumbs-to-world-no-4-coco-gauff-in-dubai-quarterfinals-1 |access-date=February 19, 2026 |website=onesports.ph}}</ref> She competed in the main draw of the [[Australian Open]].<ref name="WTA-profile2" /> She advanced to the fourth rounds at the "Sunshine Double"{{Efn|The Sunshine Double is the back-to-back pairing of the Indian Wells Masters and Miami Open, two elite ATP Masters 1000 and WTA 1000 tournaments held each March. Starting in California and finishing in Florida, the three‑week stretch is known for its sunny weather and demanding schedule, making it the most prestigious combined event series outside the Grand Slams.}} (Indian Wells Open and Miami Open),<ref>{{Cite news|last=Naredo|first=Camille B.|date=March 11, 2026|title=Alex Eala bows out of Indian Wells with loss to Linda Nosková|work=ABS-CBN News|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/othersports/2026/3/11/tennis-alex-eala-bows-out-of-indian-wells-with-loss-to-linda-noskov-1231|access-date=March 11, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=March 24, 2026|title=Alex Eala bows out of Miami Open in loss to Karolina Muchova|work=ABS-CBN News|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/othersports/2026/3/24/alex-eala-bows-out-of-miami-open-0012|access-date=March 24, 2026}}</ref> rising to a career-high singles ranking of World No. 29.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Castillejo |first=Dyan |date=March 16, 2026 |title=Alex Eala rises to career-high World No. 29 in latest WTA rankings |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/othersports/2026/3/16/eala-rises-to-career-high-world-no-29-in-latest-wta-rankings-1032 |access-date=March 16, 2026}}</ref> == Playing style == Eala plays from the baseline and likes to attack with her shots.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tignor |first=Steve |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Is Nadal Academy prodigy Alexandra Eala the next tennis star? |url=https://www.tennis.com/news/articles/nadal-academy-prodigy-alexandra-eala-next-tennis-star |website=Tennis.com |language=en|access-date=January 24, 2026}}</ref> As a lefty, she uses her strong forehand and steady two‑handed backhand to control rallies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Caramoan |first=Miguel Alfonso |date=January 19, 2026 |title=What’s next for Alex Eala after 2026 Australian Open first-round exit? |url=https://www.espn.ph/tennis/story/_/id/47658308/what-next-alex-eala-2026-australian-open-first-round-exit |website=ESPN |language=en|access-date=January 24, 2026}}</ref> Her returns are good because she adds topspin and reads the ball well. Her serve is weaker since it is not very fast or varied. Coaches say she should work on adding more power, staying consistent, thinking of more tactics, and improving her fitness.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2026 |title=Alex Eala told where she can improve: Martina Navratilova offers advice |url=https://www.tennis365.com/tennis-news/alex-eala-told-where-she-can-improve-martina-navratilova-offers-advice |access-date=March 11, 2026 |website=Tennis365 |language=en}}</ref> == Representation for the Philippines == She won bronze medals at the 2021 Southeast Asian Games and the 2022 Asian Games, helped the Philippines gain promotion in the 2024 Billie Jean King Cup, and won gold in singles at the 2025 Southeast Asian Games.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Carandang|first1=Justin Kenneth|date=May 20, 2022|title=Tennis ace Alex Eala settles for bronze in women's singles|work=GMA News|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/othersports/832339/tennis-ace-alex-eala-settles-for-bronze-in-women-s-singles/story/|url-status=live|access-date=March 25, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601005101/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/othersports/832339/tennis-ace-alex-eala-settles-for-bronze-in-women-s-singles/story/|archive-date=June 1, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Payo|first=Jasmine|date=September 29, 2023|title=Alex Eala bags 2nd Asian Games bronze with Alcantara in doubles|language=en-US|work=Rappler|url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/tennis-semifinal-results-mixed-doubles-alex-eala-francis-casey-alcantara-asian-games-september-29-2023/|url-status=live|access-date=September 10, 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250910045902/https://www.rappler.com/sports/tennis-semifinal-results-mixed-doubles-alex-eala-francis-casey-alcantara-asian-games-september-29-2023/|archive-date=September 10, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Morales|first=Luisa|date=December 2, 2024|title=Alex Eala relishes leading Team Philippines to BJK Cup promotion in Bahrain|url=https://onesports.ph/more-sports/article/26898/alex-eala-relishes-leading-team-philippines-to-bjk-cup-promotion-in-bahrain|access-date=October 13, 2025|website=Onesports|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite News|last=Agcaoili|first=Lance|date=December 18, 2025|title=Alex Eala wins SEA Games tennis gold, ends long drought for PH|language=en|website=Inquirer.net|url=https://sports.inquirer.net/655069/alex-eala-wins-sea-games-tennis-gold-ends-long-drought-for-ph|access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref> == Endorsements == Eala began endorsing Globe Telecom at age eight and has since partnered with Babolat, Nike, the Bank of the Philippine Islands, and became a Milo brand ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 21, 2025|title=Alex Eala Opens Up About Life, Wins, & What Keeps Her Going|url=https://www.globe.com.ph/about-us/newsroom/corporate/alex-eala-meet-and-greet|access-date=January 12, 2026|website=www.globe.com.ph|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Babolat Tennis Pro Players and Ambassadors|url=https://www.babolat.com/gb/babolat-tennis-pro-players-and-ambassadors.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250827161910/https://www.babolat.com/gb/babolat-tennis-pro-players-and-ambassadors.html|archive-date=August 27, 2025|access-date=August 27, 2025|website=Babolat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Caniza|first=Annika|date=March 6, 2023|title=Look: Nike Customizes Alex Eala Kicks to Commemorate US Open Victory|url=https://thegame-onemega.com/lifestyle/look-nike-customizes-alex-eala-kicks-to-commemorate-us-open-victory/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213094932/https://thegame-onemega.com/lifestyle/look-nike-customizes-alex-eala-kicks-to-commemorate-us-open-victory/|archive-date=December 13, 2024|access-date=April 23, 2025|website=The Game|publisher=One Mega}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=January 25, 2023|title=Champ's choice: Alex Eala signs up as BPI's newest endorser|website=Bilyonaryo|url=https://bilyonaryo.com/2023/01/25/champs-choice-alex-eala-signs-up-as-bpis-newest-endorser/money/|url-status=live|access-date=July 2, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201031436/https://bilyonaryo.com/2023/01/25/champs-choice-alex-eala-signs-up-as-bpis-newest-endorser/money/|archive-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Manahan|first=Millie|date=February 23, 2026|title=MILO Active Pilipinas launched with Eala as new ambassador|url=https://manilastandard.net/sports/314707229/milo-active-pilipinas-launched-with-eala-as-new-ambassador.html|access-date=February 24, 2026|website=Manila Standard|language=en-US}}</ref> == Accolades == She has won several Philippine Sportswriters Association awards.<ref>Citations for Eala's PSA Annual Awards: * {{Cite news|last=Dioquino|first=Delfin|date=February 25, 2019|title=Top PH athletes share limelight in PSA Awards 2019|language=en-US|website=Rappler|url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/224351-philippine-athletes-sportswriters-association-awards-2019/|access-date=October 12, 2025}} * {{Cite news|last=Gionco|first=Mark|date=February 29, 2020|title=PH tennis rising star Alex Eala to be feted at PSA Awards|url=https://sports.inquirer.net/387640/ph-tennis-rising-star-alex-eala-to-be-feted-at-psa-awards|access-date=October 12, 2025}} * {{Cite news|date=March 12, 2021|title=PSA to honor tennis star Eala, boxing champs Casimero, Taduran|work=Manila Bulletin|url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/3/12/psa-to-honor-tennis-star-eala-boxing-champs-casimero-taduran|access-date=October 12, 2025}} * {{Cite news|date=February 27, 2022|title=Scribes fete world-class PH boxers|language=en|website=Manila Bulletin|url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/02/27/scribes-fete-world-class-ph-boxers/|url-status=live|access-date=October 12, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507021421/https://mb.com.ph/2022/02/27/scribes-fete-world-class-ph-boxers/|archive-date=May 7, 2023}} * {{Cite news|date=February 12, 2023|title=PSA Awards: Young Alex Eala to be recognized with President's Award|language=en-US|website=Tiebreaker Times|url=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/psa-awards-young-alex-eala-to-be-recognized-with-presidents-award/261823|access-date=October 12, 2025}} * {{Cite news|date=February 10, 2023|title=Eala recipient of PSA Prexy Awards|work=The Philippine Star|url=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2023/02/10/2243942/eala-recipient-psa-prexy-awards|access-date=October 12, 2025}} * {{Cite news|date=January 24, 2024|title=Alex Eala, Tots Carlos to be recognized in PSA Awards|website=ABS-CBN News|url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/sports/01/15/24/alex-eala-tots-carlos-to-be-recognized-in-psa-awards|access-date=October 12, 2025}} * {{Cite news|last=Malanum|first=Jean|date=October 9, 2025|title=Eala tops PSA achievers for September|language=en|website=Philippine News Agency|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1260619|access-date=October 12, 2025}} * {{Cite news|date=October 9, 2025|title=Eala leads PSA's September honorees|language=en|website=SunStar Publishing Inc.|url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/sports/eala-leads-psas-september-honorees|access-date=October 12, 2025}} * {{Cite news|last=Dioquino|first=Delfin|date=February 17, 2026|title=Alex Eala hails PSA Athlete of the Year award a proof of PH tennis' rise|language=en-US|website=Rappler|url=https://www.rappler.com/people/athletes/alex-eala-hails-athlete-of-year-award-proof-tennis-rise-philippines/|access-date=February 17, 2026}}</ref> In 2021, Tatler Asia listed her as one of Asia’s most influential people.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Tatler Asia's Most Influential: Philippines|url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/list/ami/ph?page=3&industry=all&region=ph&year=2021|magazine=Tatler Asia|language=en|access-date=October 20, 2025|date=}}</ref> <!-- ==Match Notes== ==== Women's World Tour Titles ==== {| class="wikitable" ! Year !! Tournament !! Category !! Event !! Partner |- | 2021 || W15 Manacor || ITF || Singles || – |- | 2022 || W25 Chiang Rai || ITF || Singles || – |- | 2023 || W25 Yecla || ITF || Singles || – |- | 2023 || W25 Roehampton || ITF || Singles || – |- | 2024 || W100 Vitoria-Gasteiz || ITF || Singles || – |- | 2024 || W50 Pune || ITF || Doubles || Darja Semeņistaja |- | 2024 || W75 Croissy-Beaubourg || ITF || Doubles || Estelle Cascino |- | 2024 || W100 Vitoria-Gasteiz || ITF || Doubles || Estelle Cascino |} ==== 2020 ==== {| class="wikitable" ! Tournament !! Category !! Court !! Round !! Opponent !! Score |- | Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 2 || W15 || Clay || First Round || Anna Zarycka || 2–6, 4–6 |- | Las Palmas de Gran Canaria || W25 || Clay || Second Round || Lara Salden || 0–6, 6–2, 2–6 |- | Melilla || W15 || Clay || First Round || Anastasia Charaeva || 3–6, 3–6 |- | Monastir 9 || W15 || Hard || Second Round || Nina Stadler || 6–4, 6–7, 5–7 |} ==== 2021 ==== {| class="wikitable" ! Tournament !! Court !! Category !! Opponent !! Round !! Score |- | Miami Open || Hard || WTA 1000 || Viktória Hrunčáková || Qualifying 1 || 6–4, 4–6, 2–6 |- | Romanian Open (Cluj-Napoca) || Clay || WTA 250 || Mayar Sherif || Second Round || 2–6, 2–6 |- | W15 Manacor 1 || W15 || Hard || Yvonne Cavalle-Reimers || Final || 5–7, 6–1, 6–2 |- | W15 Manacor 2 || W15 || Hard || Ylena In-Albon || Quarterfinals || 0–6, 3–6 |- | W15 Manacor 3 || W15 || Hard || Oksana Selekhmeteva || Quarterfinals || 2–6, 3–6 |- | W25 Grenoble || W25 || Hard || Maja Chwalińska || Quarterfinals || 0–6, 4–6 |- | W25 Manacor 4 || W25 || Hard || Jana Fett || Second Round || 6–4, 3–6, 5–7 |- | W15 Manacor 5 || W15 || Hard || Simona Waltert || First Round || 4–6, 6–2, 5–7 |- | W60 Bellinzona || W60 || Clay || Simona Waltert || Second Round || 5–7, 6–3, 2–6 |- | W25 Platja d’Aro || W25 || Clay || Irene Burillo Escorihuela || Second Round || 2–6, 4–6 |- | W25 Madrid 2 || W25 || Hard || Andrea Lázaro García || First Round || 6–2, 4–6, 4–6 |- | W25 Milovice || W25 || Hard || Daria Astakhova || First Round || 2–6, 2–6 |} '''Doubles''' {| class="wikitable" ! Tournament !! Category !! Court !! Partner !! Round !! Opponents !! Score |- | W25 Madrid || W25 || Hard || Victoria Jiménez Kasintseva || Quarterfinals || Olivia Tjandramulia / Ashley Lahey || 5–7, 6–4, 6–10 |- | W25 Platja d’Aro || W25 || Clay || Oksana Selekhmeteva || Final || Justina Mikulskytė / Oana Simion || 3–6, 5–7 |} ==== 2022 ==== {| class="wikitable" ! Tournament !! Category !! Court !! Round !! Opponent !! Score |- | Miami Open || WTA 1000 || Hard || First Round || Madison Brengle || 2–6, 1–6 |- | Madrid Open || WTA 1000 || Clay || Qualifying 1 || Anna Bondár || 0–6, 0–6 |- | Manacor 1 || W25 || Hard || Qualifying 3 || Alice Rame || 2–6, 4–6 |- | Manacor 3 || W25 || Hard || First Round || Giulia Gatto-Monticone || 2–6, 1–6 |- | Grenoble || W60 || Hard || Second Round || Chloé Paquet || 6–4, 5–7, 3–6 |- | Macon || W25 || Hard || First Round || Anna Ukolova || 6–1, 2–6, 6–7(3) |- | Joue-les-Tours || W25 || Hard || Second Round || Oksana Selekhmeteva || 3–6, 3–6 |- | Chiang Rai 1 || W25 || Hard || Final || Luksika Kumkhum || 6–4, 6–2 |- | Chiang Rai 2 || W25 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Erika Sema || 3–6, 6–2, 3–6 |- | Madrid 1 || W25 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Anna-Lena Robbe || 6–7(3), 3–6 |- | Madrid 2 || W60 || Hard || Final || Marina Bassols Ribera || 4–6, 5–7 |- | Palma del Río || W25 || Clay || Second Round || Jessika Ponchet || 2–6, 1–6 |- | Corroios-Seixal || W25 || Hard || Second Round || Alexandra Bozovic || 6–1, 4–6, 5–7 |- | Vitoria-Gasteiz || W60 || Hard || Semifinals || Jessika Ponchet || 4–6, 4–6 |- | El Espinar || W25 || Hard || Semifinals || Eva Guerrero Alvarez || 2–6, 6–3, 2–6 |- | Grodzisk Mazowiecki || W100 || Hard || First Round || Katharina Hobgarski || 4–6, 3–6 |- | Templeton || W60 || Hard || Second Round || Katarzyna Kawa || 6–2, 4–6, 0–6 |- | Rancho Santa Fe || W80 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Marcela Zacarías || 2–6, 5–7 |- | Hamburg || W60 || Hard || Second Round || Ysaline Bonaventure || 4–6, 0–6 |- | Poitiers || W80 || Hard || Semifinals || Ysaline Bonaventure || 1–6, 6–3, 3–6 |- | Shrewsbury || W100 || Hard || Qualifying 2 || Maia Lumsden || 1–6, 5–7 |} '''Doubles''' {| class="wikitable" ! Tournament !! Category !! Court !! Partner !! Round !! Opponents !! Score |- | Manacor || W25 || Hard || Elsa Jacquemot || Quarterfinals || Olga Parres Azcoitia / Aurora Zantedeschi || 6–2, 4–6, 3–10 |- | Macon || W25 || Hard || Jéssica Bouzas Maneiro || Quarterfinals || Audrey Albie / Aubane Droguet || 4–6, 2–6 |- | Chiang Rai 1 || W25 || Hard || Indy De Vroome || First Round || Patcharin Cheapchandej / Punnin Kovapitukted || 6–4, 5–7, 6–10 |- | Chiang Rai 2 || W25 || Hard || Kyōka Okamura || Quarterfinals || Pimrada Jattavapornvanit / Gozal Ainitdinova || 6–4, 7–6(4), 2–6 |- | Madrid 1 || W25 || Hard || Jéssica Bouzas Maneiro || Quarterfinals || Olga Helmi / Adithya Karunaratne || 0–6, 4–6 |- | Madrid 2 || W60 || Hard || Liang En-shuo || Quarterfinals || Tímea Babos / Valeria Savinykh || 2–6, 4–6 |- | Palma del Río || W25 || Clay || Marina Bassols Ribera || Semifinals || Valeria Savinykh / Fanny Stollár || 2–6, 0–6 |- | Corroios-Seixal || W25 || Hard || Lizette Cabrera || Quarterfinals || Justina Mikulskyte / Hong Yi Cody Wong || 5–7, 4–6 |- | Templeton || W60 || Hard || Annaëlle Robbe || Second Round || Madison Brengle || 6–3, 6–7, 6–10 |- | Poitiers || W80 || Hard || Petra Marcinko || Quarterfinals || Miriam Skoch / Markéta Vondroušová || 5–7, 2–6 |} ==== 2023 ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" ! Tournament !! Tier !! Surface !! Round !! Opponent !! Score |- | Australian Open || Grand Slam || Hard || Qualifying 1 || Misaki Doi || 6–4, 1–6, 3–6 |- | Thailand Open (Hua Hin) || WTA 250 || Hard || First Round || Tatjana Maria (6) || 2–6, 2–6 |- | Miami Open || WTA 1000 || Hard || First Round || Irina-Camelia Begu || 2–6, 5–7 |- | Mutua Madrid Open || WTA 1000 || Clay || First Round || Tatjana Maria || 1–6, 1–6 |- | Japan Open (Osaka) || WTA 250 || Hard || First Round || Himari Sakatsume (Q) || 0–6, 3–6 |- | Guangzhou Open || WTA 250 || Hard || First Round || Tatjana Maria (3) || 3–6, 0–6 |- | Jasmin Open (Monastir) || WTA 250 || Hard || First Round || Elise Mertens (2) || 5–7, 0–6 |- | Canberra || W60 || Hard || Qualifying 2 || Oksana Selekhmeteva (7) || 6–3, 4–6, 4–6 |- | Trnava || W60 || Hard || Second Round || Sonay Kartal || 2–6, 2–6 |- | Chiasso || W60 || Clay || First Round || Alexandra Cadantu-Ignatik || 0–6, 2–6 |- | Bellinzona || W60 || Clay || First Round || Ioana Ghioroaie || 5–7, 1–6 |- | Monastir || W25 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Jia-Jing Wang (Q) || 6–0, 4–6, 3–6 |- | Yecla || W15 || Hard || Final || Valentina Ryser || 6–3, 7–5 |- | Madrid || W25 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Makenna Jones (5) || 6–2, 4–6, 4–6 |- | Zaragoza || W25 || Hard || First Round || Destanee Aiava || 1–6, 2–6 |- | Palma del Río || W40 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Valeria Savinykh (3) || 4–6, 2–6 |- | Corroios-Seixal || W25 || Hard || First Round || Sohyun Park || 4–6, 3–6 |- | Vitoria-Gasteiz || W100 || Hard || Semifinals || Jessika Ponchet (3) || 6–2, 4–6, 2–6 |- | Barcelona || W60 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Georgina García Pérez || 4–6, 3–6 |- | Roehampton || W25 || Hard || Final || Arina Rodionova (2) || 6–2, 6–3 |- | Aldershot || W25 || Hard || Final || Destanee Aiava (6) || 6–3, 4–6, 1–6 |- | Tokyo || W100 || Hard || Second Round || Kimberly Birrell (5) || 6–4, 6–7, 2–6 |- | Glasgow || W60 || Hard || First Round || Suzan Lamens || 6–2, 4–6, 1–6 |- | Nantes || W60 || Hard || Semifinals || Gabriela Knutson || 6–2, 3–6, 1–6 |- | Petange || W40 || Hard || Final || Océane Dodin (3) || 1–6, 5–7 |} '''Doubles''' {| class="wikitable" ! Tournament !! Tier !! Surface !! Round !! Opponent !! Score |- | Trnava 2 || W60 || Hard || Semifinals || Alicia Barnett / Olivia Nicholls || 4–6, 1–6 |- | Chiasso || W60 || Clay || First Round || Beatrice Gumulya / Anna Sisková || 3–6, 6–4, 11–13 |- | Zaragoza || W25 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Alana Parnaby / Victoria Rodríguez || 6–4, 3–6, 6–10 |- | Vitoria-Gasteiz || W100 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Estelle Cascino / Diāna Marcinkēviča || 5–7, 6–1, 9–11 |- | Barcelona || W60 || Hard || First Round || Estelle Cascino / Diāna Marcinkēviča || 6–4, 3–6, 3–10 |- | Roehampton 2 || W25 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Talia Gibson / Petra Hule || 1–6, 5–7 |- | Aldershot || W25 || Hard || Semifinals || Erina Hayashi / Saki Imamura || 4–6, 4–6 |- | Tokyo 2 || W100 || Hard || Semifinals || Alicia Barnett / Olivia Nicholls || 0–6, 7–5, 6–10 |- | Jasmin Open (Monastir) || WTA 250 || Hard || First Round || Cristina Bucșa / Bibiane Schoofs || 3–6, 4–6 |- | Glasgow 2 || W60 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Freya Christie / Olivia Gadecki || — |- | Nantes || W60 || Hard || First Round || Ekaterina Maklakova / Ekaterina Reyngold || 6–1, 3–6, 6–10 |- | Petange || W40 || Hard || Semifinals || Danielle Collins / Isabelle Haverlag || 2–6, 4–7 |} ==== 2024 ==== '''Singles''' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" ! Tournament !! Level !! Surface !! Round !! Opponent !! Score |- | Australian Open || Grand Slam || Hard || Qualifying 1 || Rebecca Peterson (18) || 2–6, 5–7 |- | French Open || Grand Slam || Clay || Qualifying 3 || Julia Riera (2) || 6–4, 6–7, 4–6 |- | Wimbledon || Grand Slam || Grass || Qualifying 3 || Lulu Sun (23) || 6–7, 5–7 |- | US Open || Grand Slam || Hard || Qualifying 3 || Elena-Gabriela Ruse (20) || 6–3, 1–6, 4–6 |- | Miami Open || WTA 1000 || Hard || Qualifying 2 || Emiliana Arango || 6–2, 5–7, 1–6 |- | Madrid Open || WTA 1000 || Clay || First Round || Sorana Cîrstea (27) || 3–6, 7–6, 4–6 |- | Wuhan Open || WTA 1000 || Hard || First Round || Kateřina Siniaková || 3–6, 1–6 |- | Abu Dhabi Open || WTA 500 || Hard || First Round || Magda Linette || 6–7, 1–6 |- | Guadalajara Open || WTA 500 || Hard || First Round || Marie Bouzková (6) || 2–6, 2–6 |- | Ningbo Open || WTA 500 || Hard || Qualifying 1 || Priscilla Hon || 4–6, 3–6 |- | Jiangxi Open || WTA 250 || Hard || First Round || Marie Bouzková (1) || 5–7, 6–7 |- | Guangzhou Open || WTA 250 || Hard || First Round || Bernarda Pera || 0–6, 3–6 |- | Nottingham Open || WTA 250 || Grass || Qualifying 2 || Ena Shibahara || 7–6, 0–6, 2–6 |- | Canberra International || WTA 125 || Hard || Qualifying 1 || Céline Naef (5) || 4–6, 5–7 |- | Guadalajara 125 Open || WTA 125 || Hard || Second Round || Tatjana Maria (4) || 5–7, 2–6 |- | Polish Open (Warsaw) || WTA 125 || Hard || First Round || Isabella Shinikova || 2–6, 4–6 |- | Veneto Open (Gaiba) || WTA 125 || Grass || Quarterfinals || Sara Errani (4) || 0–6, 6–7 |- | Makarska Open || WTA 125 || Clay || First Round || Maria Timofeeva (Q) || 6–1, 3–6, 2–6 |- | Vitoria-Gasteiz || W100 || Hard || Final (Winner) || Victoria Jiménez Kasintseva (7) || 6–4, 6–4 |- | Dubai || W100 || Hard || Semifinals || Polina Kudermetova (1) || 6–4, 2–6, 2–6 |- | Takasaki || W100 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Mananchaya Sawangkaew (3) || 6–4, 1–6, 2–6 |- | Cary || W100 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Renata Zarazúa (2) || 6–3, 4–6, 3–6 |- | Landisville || W100 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Olivia Gadecki || 1–6, 6–0, 3–6 |- | Porto || W75 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Anna Bondar (2) || 4–6, 7–6, 1–6 |- | Trnava 1 || W75 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Anastasia Gureva || 2–6, 6–3, 6–7 |- | Trnava 2 || W75 || Hard || First Round || Tereza Martincová (7) || 6–3, 4–6, 6–7 |- | Croissy-Beaubourg || W75 || Hard || Second Round || Mona Barthel || 6–4, 4–6, 1–6 |- | Zagreb || W75 || Clay || First Round || Tena Lukas || 5–7, 6–3, 4–6 |- | Bellinzona || W60 || Clay || First Round || Selena Janicijevic || 3–6, 1–6 |- | Indore || W50 || Hard || Semifinals || Polina Kudermetova (2) || 4–6, 7–6, 2–6 |- | Pune || W50 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Darja Semenistaja (1) || 6–7, 0–6 |} '''Doubles''' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" !Tournament !Level !Surface !Partner !Round !Opponent !Score |- |Canberra International |WTA 125 |Hard |Laura Pigossi |Semifinals |Kaylah McP/ Astra Sharma |6–7(1), 3–6 |- |Pune |W50 |Hard |Daniela Semenistaja |Final |Naiktha Bains / Fanny Stollar |7–6(8), 6–3 |- |Porto 3 |W75 |Hard |Alicia Barnett |Quarterfinals |Anna-Lena Friedsam / Aliccia Barnett |3–6, 4–6 |- |Trnava |W75 |Hard |Zeynep Sönmez |Semifinals |Lulu Sun / Moyuka Uchijima |2–6, 2–6 |- |Croissy-Beaubourg |W75 |Hard |Estelle Cascino |Final |Maia Lumsden / Jessika Ponchet |7–5, 7–6(4) |- |Oeiras Ladies Open |WTA 125 |Clay |Taylah Preston |First Round |Valeria Lepchenko / Anna Falei |4–6, 4–6 |- |Vitoria-Gasteiz |W100 |Hard |Estelle Cascino |Final |Lia Karatancheva / Diana Marcinkevica |6–3, 2–6, 10–4 |- |Polish Open |WTA 125 |Hard |Daniela Semenistaja |Quarterfinals |Weronika Falkowska / Martyna Kubka |4–6, 5–7 |- |Guadalajara 125 Open |WTA 125 |Hard |Kimberly Birrell |Quarterfinals |Katarzyna Piter / Fanny Stollar |4–6, 4–6 |- |Ningbo Open |WTA 500 |Hard |En Shuo Liang |Quarterfinals |Giuliana Olmos / Alexandra Panova |1–6, 2–6 |- |Dubai |W100 |Hard |Valentini Grammatikopoulou |Quarterfinals |Isabelle Haverlag / Erika Pridankina |7–5, 4–6, 3–10 |} ==== 2025 ==== '''Singles''' {| class="wikitable" ! Tournament !! Tier !! Surface !! Round !! Opponent !! Score |- | Australian Open || Grand Slam || Hard || Qualifying 1 || Jana Fett (133) || 5–7, 2–6 |- | Singapore Open || WTA 250 || Hard || Qualifying 2 || Simona Waltert (179) || 3–6, 2–6 |- | Miami Open || WTA 1000 || Hard || Semifinals || Jessica Pegula (4) || 6–7, 7–5, 3–6 |- | Madrid Open || WTA 1000 || Clay || Second Round || Iga Świątek (2) || 6–4, 4–6, 2–6 |- | Italian Open || WTA 1000 || Clay || First Round || Marta Kostyuk (27) || 0–6, 1–6 |- | French Open || Grand Slam || Clay || First Round || Emiliana Arango (85) || 0–6, 6–2, 3–6 |- | Nottingham Open || WTA 250 || Grass || First Round || Magda Linette (31) || 4–6, 3–6 |- | Eastbourne Open || WTA 250 || Grass || Finals (RunnerUp) || Maya Joint || 4–6, 6–1, 6–7 (10–12) |- | Wimbledon || Grand Slam || Grass || First Round || Barbora Krejčíková (16) || 6–3, 2–6, 1–6 |- | National Bank Open (Montreal) || WTA 1000 || Hard || First Round || Markéta Vondroušová (63) || 6–3, 1–6, 2–6 |- | US Open || Grand Slam || Hard || Second Round || Cristina Bucșa (95) || 4–6, 3–6 |- | São Paulo Open || WTA 250 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Janice Tjen (130) || 4–6, 1–6 |- | China Open (Wuhan) || WTA 1000 || Hard || Qualifying 1 || Moyuka Uchijima (91) || 4–6, 6–3, 2–6 |- | Japan Women's Open (Osaka) || WTA 250 || Hard || First Round || Tereza Valentová (78) || 1–6, 2–6 |- | Guangzhou Open || WTA 250 || Hard || First Round || Claire Liu (305) || 6–2, 4–6, 4–6 |- | Hong Kong Tennis Open || WTA 250 || Hard || Second Round || Victoria Mboko (21) || 6–3, 3–6, 4–6 |- | Canberra International || WTA 125 || Hard || Semifinals || Shuai Wei (134) || 5–7, 2–6 |- | Mumbai Open || WTA 125 || Hard || Second Round || Mai Hontama (166) || 6–7, 2–6 |- | Oeiras Ladies Open || WTA 125 || Clay || Second Round || Panna Udvardy (137) || 6–7, 4–6 |- | Birmingham Open || WTA 125 || Grass || First Round || Linda Fruhvirtová (152) || 5–7, 7–6, 1–6 |- | Ilkley Open || WTA 125 || Grass || Quarterfinals || Rebecca Marino (107) || 6–1, 0–6, 6–7 |- | Guadalajara 125 Open || WTA 125 || Hard || Champion || Panna Udvardy (134) || 1–6, 7–5, 6–3 |- | Jingshan Tennis Open || WTA 125 || Hard || Semifinals || Lulu Sun (146) || 6–3, 4–6, 2–6 |- | Suzhou Open || WTA 125 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Viktorija Golubic (70) || 6–2, 2–6, 6–7 |} '''Withdrawals''' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" ! Tournament !! Tier !! Surface !! Reason |- | Cincinnati Open || WTA 1000 || Hard || Shoulder injury |- | Monterrey Open || WTA 500 || Hard || Shoulder injury |} '''Doubles''' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Tournament !! Tier !! Surface !! Partner !! Round !! Opponents !! Score |- | Guangzhou Open || WTA 250 || Hard || Nadiia Kichenok || Semifinals || Katarzyna Piter / Janice Tjen || 7–6(4), 3–6, 5–10 |- | Italian Open || WTA 1000 || Clay || Coco Gauff || Quarterfinals || Jasmine Paolini / Sara Errani || 5–7, 6–3, 7–10 |- | French Open || Grand Slam || Clay || Renata Zarazúa || Second Round || Olga Danilović / Anastasia Potapova || 1–6, 3–6 |- | Hong Kong Open || WTA 250 || Hard || Chan Hao‑ching || First Round || Kamilla Rakhimova / Aliaksandra Sasnovich || 6–3, 1–6, 7–10 |- | Wimbledon || Grand Slam || Grass || Eva Lys || First Round || Ingrid Gamarra Martins / Quinn Gleason || 4–6, 2–6 |- | Birmingham Open || WTA 250 || Grass || Rebeka Masarova || First Round || Storm Hunter / Ellen Perez || 4–6, 4–6 |- | Mumbai Open || WTA 125 || Hard || Tsao Chia‑yi || First Round || Amina Anshba / Elena Pridankina || 4–6, 4–6 |- | Oeiras Ladies Open || WTA 125 || Clay || Katie Volynets || First Round || Carmen Corley / Olivia Gadecki || 3–6, 4–6 |} ==== 2026 ==== '''Singles''' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" ! Tournament !! Level !! Court !! Round !! Opponent !! Score |- | Auckland Open || WTA 250 || Hard || Semifinals || Wang Xinyu || 7–5, 5–7, 6–4 |- | Australian Open || Grand Slam || Hard || First Round || Alycia Parks || 6–0, 3–6, 2–6 |- | Philippines Womens Open || WTA 125 || Hard || Quarterfinals|| Camila Osorio || 4-6, 4-6 |- | Abu Dhabi Open || WTA 500 || Hard || Quarterfinals || Ekaterina Alexandrova|| 3-6, 3-6 |- | Qatar Open || WTA 1000 || Hard || First Round|| Tereza Valentová|| 6-7 (6), 1-6 |- |Dubai Tennis Championships |WTA 1000 |Hard |Quarterfinals |Coco Gauff |0-6, 2-6 |- |Indian Wells Open |WTA 1000 |Hard |Fourth Round |Linda Noskova |2-6, 0-6 |- |Miami Open |WTA 1000 |Hard |Fourth Round |Karolína Muchová |0-6,2-6 |- |Linz Open |WTA 500 |Clay |Second Round |Jelena Ostapenko |4-6, 5-7 |- |Stuttgart Open |WTA 500 |Clay | First Round | Leylah Fernandez | 1-6, 4-6 |- |Madrid Open |WTA 1000 |Clay |Second Round |Elise Mertens |2-6, 1-6 |- |Italian Open |WTA 1000 |Clay |Third Round |Elena Rybakina |4-6, 3-6 |- |Strasbourg International |WTA 500 |Clay |First Round |Oleksandra Oliynykova |6-3, 5-7, 3-6 |- |French Open |Grand Slam |Clay | | | |- |HSBC Championships |WTA 500 |Grass | | | |- |Berlin Open |WTA 500 |Grass | | | |- |Bad Homburg Open |WTA 500 |Grass | | | |- |Eastbourne Open |WTA 250 |Grass | | | |- |Wimbledon |Grand Slam |Grass | | | |} '''Doubles''' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" ! Tournament !! Level !! Court !! Partner !! Round !! Opponents !! Score |- | Auckland Open || WTA 250 || Hard || Iva Jovic || Semifinals || Xu Yifan / Yang Zhaoxuan || 5–7, 3–6 |- | Australian Open || Grand Slam || Hard || Ingrid Martins || First Round || Shuko Aoyama / Magda Linette || 6–7(3), 6–2, 3–6 |- | Abu Dhabi Open || WTA 500 || Hard || Janice Tjen|| Semifinals|| Tereza Mihalíková / Olivia Nicholls|| 4-6, 2-6 |- |Indian Wells Open |WTA 1000 |Hard |Iva Jovic |First Round |Hailey Baptiste / Jelena Ostapenko |2-6, 2-6 |- |Madrid Open |WTA 1000 |Clay |Zeynep Sönmez |Second Round |Taylor Townsend / Katerina Siniakova |1-6, 5-7 |- |Italian Open |WTA 1000 |Clay |Hailey Baptiste |First Round |Taylor Townsend / Katerina Siniakova |2-6, 1-6 |- |French Open |Grand Slam |Clay | | | | |- |} --> == Year-end rankings == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Year !! Singles !! Doubles |- | 2021 || 529 || 780 |- | 2022 || 219 || 594 |- | 2023 || 205 || 436 |- | 2024 || 158 || 239 |- | 2025 || 50 || 161 |} * As of January 5, 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexandra Eala Player Stats (WTA Official) |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/players/330332/alexandra-eala/ |access-date=May 22, 2026 |website=Women's Tennis Association |language=en}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://www.wtatennis.com/players/330332/- Alexandra Eala Official WTA Page] * [https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/alexandra-eala/800511432/phi/wt/s/overview/ Alexandra Eala Official ITF Women's World Tennis Page] * [https://www.tennisabstract.com/cgi-bin/wplayer-classic.cgi?p=AlexandraEala&f=v1 Alexandra Eala's Tennis Abstract page] {{DEFAULTSORT:Eala, Alexandra}} [[Category:Filipino sportspeople]] [[Category:Tennis players]] [[Category:2005 births]] [[Category:Living people]] <references /> 65j3hnkusnwqcmlils20bf46njxr5l4 0 1239552 10879231 10878384 2026-06-05T01:48:50Z ~2026-33277-41 1816588 [[Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane]] 10879231 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane''' or '''Benyamin Zeev Kahane''', sometimes called '''Benjamin Ze’ev Kahana''' (Hebrew: בנימין זאב כהנא; 3 October 1966 – 31 December 2000) was an [[American Jews|American]] [[Ultra-Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] [[rabbi]] of [[Far-right politics|far-right]] affiliations and follower of his father [[Meir Kahane|Rabbi Meir Kahane]], founder of [[Kach]]. He was assassinated in 2000. His assassination is suspected to have been carried out by Palestinian militants affiliated with Force 17, which is suspected of its ties to the [[President of Palestine|President of the PA]] (then [[Yasser Arafat|Arafat]]). == Life == Benjamin Ze'ev Kahane, like his father Meir Kahane, immigrated to [[Israel]] from [[New York City]]. He was a young [[Israel|Israeli]] scholar and rabbi of [[Orthodox Jewish]] origin renown for his succession to the leadership of Kach, a far-right party founded by [[Meir Kahane|his father]]. He was convicted several times by Israeli courts for use of violence towards [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]]. Kahane authored ''The Haggada of the Jewish Idea'', a commentary based on his father's teachings of the Passover Haggadah read at the Passover Seder. He wrote a Torah portion sheet called ''Darka Shel Torah'' ("The Way of the Torah") that was distributed for the weekly Torah portions. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Death == Kahane and his wife Talia were shot and killed near the [[Israeli settlements|Jewish community]] of Ofra on 31 December 2000. The ambush took place on road 60 about   north of Jerusalem, just before the town of Ofra. Five of the couple's six children were in the van when they were hit by automatic rifle fire. Binyamin (the driver) was killed, and the vehicle went out of control and smashed into a wall. Talia died in the ambulance on the way to the hospital in Jerusalem. The Prime Minister's Office subsequently announced the arrest of three members of Force 17–Talal Ghassan, Marzouk Abu Naim, and Na'aman Nofel – who were believed to have carried out the attack under the instruction of [[Mahmoud Damra]], commando of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestinian Liberation Organization]] (PLO). However, in 2007, Khaled Shawish was arrested for the attack. == See also == * Kfar Tapuach * [[Kahanism]] * [[Yeshivat HaRaayon HaYehudi]] [[Category:American Jews]] [[Category:Israeli Jews]] [[Category:Kahanism]] [[Category:Zionists]] [[Category:Israeli Kahanists]] [[Category:American Kahanists]] [[Category:Israeli rabbis]] [[Category:American rabbis]] [[Category:Stubs]] nzxprosu7edw2b9m1tpea567nk7b1rm 10879232 10879231 2026-06-05T01:49:14Z ~2026-33277-41 1816588 [[Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane]] 10879232 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane''' or '''Benyamin Zeev Kahane''', sometimes called '''Benjamin Ze’ev Kahana''' (Hebrew: בנימין זאב כהנא; 3 October 1966 – 31 December 2000) was an [[American Jews|American]] [[Ultra-Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] [[rabbi]] of [[Far-right politics|far-right]] affiliations and follower of his father [[Meir Kahane|Rabbi Meir Kahane]], founder of [[Kach]]. He was assassinated in 2000. His assassination is suspected to have been carried out by Palestinian militants affiliated with Force 17, which is suspected of its ties to the [[President of Palestine|President of the PA]] (then [[Yasser Arafat|Arafat]]). == Life == Benjamin Ze'ev Kahane, like his father Meir Kahane, immigrated to [[Israel]] from [[New York City]]. He was a young [[Israel|Israeli]] scholar and rabbi of [[Orthodox Jewish]] origin renown for his succession to the leadership of Kach, a far-right party founded by [[Meir Kahane|his father]]. He was convicted several times by Israeli courts for use of violence towards [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]]. Kahane authored ''The Haggada of the Jewish Idea'', a commentary based on his father's teachings of the Passover Haggadah read at the Passover Seder. He wrote a Torah portion sheet called ''Darka Shel Torah'' ("The Way of the Torah") that was distributed for the weekly Torah portions. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Death == Kahane and his wife Talia were shot and killed near the [[Israeli settlements|Jewish community]] of Ofra on 31 December 2000. The ambush took place on road 60 about   north of Jerusalem, just before the town of Ofra. Five of the couple's six children were in the van when they were hit by automatic rifle fire. Binyamin (the driver) was killed, and the vehicle went out of control and smashed into a wall. Talia died in the ambulance on the way to the hospital in Jerusalem. The Prime Minister's Office subsequently announced the arrest of three members of Force 17–Talal Ghassan, Marzouk Abu Naim, and Na'aman Nofel – who were believed to have carried out the attack under the instruction of [[Mahmoud Damra]], commando of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestinian Liberation Organization]] (PLO). However, in 2007, Khaled Shawish was arrested for the attack. == See also == * Kfar Tapuach * [[Kahanism]] * [[Yeshivat HaRaayon HaYehudi]] [[Category:American Jews]] [[Category:Israeli Jews]] [[Category:Kahanism]] [[Category:Zionists]] [[Category:Israeli Kahanists]] [[Category:American Kahanists]] [[Category:Israeli rabbis]] [[Category:American rabbis]] [[Category:Stubs]] [[Category:Kahanists]] 1d3eazmo0xtf7lnma5wem0u046mb32f 10879237 10879232 2026-06-05T01:54:28Z ~2026-33277-41 1816588 [[Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane]] 10879237 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane''' or '''Benyamin Zeev Kahane''', sometimes called '''Benjamin Ze’ev Kahana''' (Hebrew: בנימין זאב כהנא; 3 October 1966 – 31 December 2000) was an [[American Jews|American]] [[Ultra-Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] [[rabbi]] of [[Far-right politics|far-right]] affiliations and follower of his father [[Meir Kahane|Rabbi Meir Kahane]], founder of [[Kach]]. He was assassinated in 2000. His assassination is suspected to have been carried out by Palestinian militants affiliated with Force 17, which is suspected of its ties to the [[President of Palestine|President of the PA]] (then [[Yasser Arafat|Arafat]]). == Life == Benjamin Ze'ev Kahane, like his father Meir Kahane, immigrated to [[Israel]] from [[New York City]]. He was a young [[Israel|Israeli]] scholar and rabbi of [[Orthodox Jewish]] origin renown for his succession to the leadership of Kach, a far-right party founded by [[Meir Kahane|his father]]. He was convicted several times by Israeli courts for use of violence towards [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]]. Kahane authored ''The Haggada of the Jewish Idea'', a commentary based on his father's teachings of the Passover Haggadah read at the Passover Seder. He wrote a Torah portion sheet called ''Darka Shel Torah'' ("The Way of the Torah") that was distributed for the weekly Torah portions. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Death == Kahane and his wife Talia were shot and killed near the [[Israeli settlements|Jewish community]] of Ofra on 31 December 2000. The ambush took place on road 60 about   north of Jerusalem, just before the town of Ofra. Five of the couple's six children were in the van when they were hit by automatic rifle fire. Binyamin (the driver) was killed, and the vehicle went out of control and smashed into a wall. Talia died in the ambulance on the way to the hospital in Jerusalem. The Prime Minister's Office subsequently announced the arrest of three members of Force 17–Talal Ghassan, Marzouk Abu Naim, and Na'aman Nofel – who were believed to have carried out the attack under the instruction of [[Mahmoud Damra]], commando of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestinian Liberation Organization]] (PLO). However, in 2007, Khaled Shawish was arrested for the attack. == See also == * Kfar Tapuach * [[Kahanism]] * [[Yeshivat HaRaayon HaYehudi]] [[Category:American Jews]] [[Category:Israeli Jews]] [[Category:Kahanism]] [[Category:Zionists]] [[Category:Israeli Kahanists]] [[Category:American Kahanists]] [[Category:Israeli rabbis]] [[Category:American rabbis]] [[Category:Stubs]] [[Category:Kahanists]] [[Category:Meir Kahane]] bu29ka3jlxwphl1htlq9squatzsh321 10879260 10879237 2026-06-05T02:28:17Z Ravensfire 121204 Reverted 3 edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33277-41|~2026-33277-41]] ([[User talk:~2026-33277-41|talk]]): Rv obvious KSD sock. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879260 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane''' or '''Benyamin Zeev Kahane''', sometimes called '''Benjamin Ze’ev Kahana''' (Hebrew: בנימין זאב כהנא; 3 October 1966 – 31 December 2000) was an [[American Jews|American]] [[Ultra-Orthodoxy|Orthodox]] [[rabbi]] of [[Far-right politics|far-right]] affiliations and follower of his father [[Meir Kahane|Rabbi Meir Kahane]], founder of [[Kach]]. He was assassinated in 2000. His assassination is suspected to have been carried out by Palestinian militants affiliated with Force 17, which is suspected of its ties to the [[President of Palestine|President of the PA]] (then [[Yasser Arafat|Arafat]]). == Life == Benjamin Ze'ev Kahane, like his father Meir Kahane, immigrated to [[Israel]] from [[New York City]]. He was a young [[Israel|Israeli]] scholar and rabbi of [[Orthodox Jewish]] origin renown for his succession to the leadership of Kach, a far-right party founded by [[Meir Kahane|his father]]. He was convicted several times by Israeli courts for use of violence towards [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]]. Kahane authored ''The Haggada of the Jewish Idea'', a commentary based on his father's teachings of the Passover Haggadah read at the Passover Seder. He wrote a Torah portion sheet called ''Darka Shel Torah'' ("The Way of the Torah") that was distributed for the weekly Torah portions. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Death == Kahane and his wife Talia were shot and killed near the [[Israeli settlements|Jewish community]] of Ofra on 31 December 2000. The ambush took place on road 60 about   north of Jerusalem, just before the town of Ofra. Five of the couple's six children were in the van when they were hit by automatic rifle fire. Binyamin (the driver) was killed, and the vehicle went out of control and smashed into a wall. Talia died in the ambulance on the way to the hospital in Jerusalem. The Prime Minister's Office subsequently announced the arrest of three members of Force 17–Talal Ghassan, Marzouk Abu Naim, and Na'aman Nofel – who were believed to have carried out the attack under the instruction of [[Mahmoud Damra]], commando of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestinian Liberation Organization]] (PLO). However, in 2007, Khaled Shawish was arrested for the attack. == See also == * Kfar Tapuach * [[Kahanism]] * [[Yeshivat HaRaayon HaYehudi]] [[Category:American Jews by occupation]] [[Category:Israeli Jews by occupation]] [[Category:American Jews]] [[Category:Israeli Jews]] [[Category:Kahanism]] [[Category:Zionists]] [[Category:Stubs]] 07calk42pfn9fbz6zds91msr73r6ez0 2 1240418 10878831 10878581 2026-06-04T16:22:47Z Passengerpigeon 264719 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[Berg concentration camp]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10878831 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === December 2025 === # [[:Trek Émonda]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2025-34728-11}} 21:09, 1 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Tinil]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2025-36165-30}} 21:10, 1 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Justin Parsons]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:20, 2 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:William Parsons]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2025-37824-41}} 03:20, 2 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Aurangabad, Maharashtra]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-37612-83}} 18:39, 2 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bosintang]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2025-34728-11}} 14:37, 3 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:California Waste Solutions]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Henryvoba}} 16:32, 4 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:9 Story USA]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2025-37768-66}} 17:36, 4 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:189 (number)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-38662-98}} 14:29, 5 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Padma Lakshmi]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-38751-40}} 04:51, 6 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bitmoji]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-38501-75}} 04:51, 6 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:GoldStar]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2025-38339-40}} 05:13, 6 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Amir The Uber Driver]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Isu ktoe}} 21:03, 8 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Business education]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-39346-61}} 21:03, 8 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:RamkripalYadav]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2025-39429-56}} 07:00, 9 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Human leg]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2025-39521-99}} 17:52, 9 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Sharing and kindness]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2025-39704-48}} 18:14, 9 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Aaron rossi's cold bar]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-39411-65}} 18:14, 9 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Majhraut (Ahir)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-39148-50}} 19:46, 9 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Francophonie]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-39454-35}} 21:48, 9 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Hong Kong - 5 Bank of Hong Kong Towers]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-39247-83}} 08:14, 10 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Anti-police sentiment]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-39821-18}} 10:30, 10 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Hate U Give (film)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 10:31, 10 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Webensenu]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2025-39875-95}} 17:01, 10 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Aisa]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 21:13, 10 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Timeline of the far future]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2025-39919-92}} 21:13, 10 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:National symbols of Melilla]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2025-39922-81}} 05:20, 11 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Raging Abe Simpson and His Grumbling Grandson in The Curse of the Flying Pikepass]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-40108-29}} 18:42, 11 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Nicole Nichols]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-40108-29}} 18:43, 11 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jimbly]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-33542-00}} 18:43, 11 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Agenda 2030]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 21:13, 11 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Combo animations]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2025-40020-15}} 23:19, 11 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Voiced palatal trill]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 01:23, 12 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Jimbly]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Димитрий Бюджеков}} 01:24, 12 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Funkyfrogbait]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 06:56, 12 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Shangani Patrol]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2025-40073-85}} 06:57, 12 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Raef littlewood]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-39738-60}} 10:30, 12 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ethan holland]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-39738-60}} 10:30, 12 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Alice degnen]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-39738-60}} 10:30, 12 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Cheesey bread and nugges]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-39738-60}} 10:30, 12 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Chewie and Yoda]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:38, 12 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Donda Chant]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-40211-30}} 00:11, 13 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Turkey meat]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-40192-26}} 07:23, 13 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:8th millennium]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-40284-95}} 15:13, 13 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ay]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2025-40474-60}} 19:53, 13 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Anime-influenced animation]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Esteban McKeever}} 20:14, 13 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Claire Corlett]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2025-40201-53}} 06:11, 14 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Examination board]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Marks914}} 07:29, 14 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mathematics education]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Usman-256}} 07:30, 14 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Dujail massacre]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2025-40735-09}} 20:47, 14 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Rolling ball sculpture]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2025-40677-86}} 22:44, 14 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Fashion District of Milano]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2025-40899-22}} 15:06, 15 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Agartha]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-32735-96}} 15:10, 15 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Garforth Town A.F.C.]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 16:51, 15 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Pinkerton Agency]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-41004-09}} 20:35, 15 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Impel Properties]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Dorcasprahghana}} 21:09, 15 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:E4 Extra]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-40911-65}} 15:16, 16 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Lil Bibby]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-41191-77}} 20:26, 16 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Accelerating expansion of the universe]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-40819-83}} 21:06, 16 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Namche web pvt. ltd.]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Namche Web}} 02:43, 17 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:The end Weeknd]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2025-41175-15}} 04:47, 17 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:S. S. Rajamouli]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-41210-00}} 17:01, 17 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Zoak Kids]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2025-42443-84}} 01:14, 23 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Manhunt (law enforcement)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-42130-80}} 15:14, 23 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:The CAPER CAT Show]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 13:29, 24 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Slushy The Flying Puppy]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:29, 24 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Dacoit]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2025-43258-88}} 01:40, 27 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Utc +14]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Josezi062}} 15:27, 28 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Corso Lodi]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2025-43250-74}} 21:40, 28 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:3345XGHNN76447]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2025-43786-47}} 22:14, 29 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:ID Referensi Tokocrypto Terbaru 2025: TKOANGEL]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|~2025-43723-37}} 22:15, 29 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mandalore the Ultimate]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-43474-54}} 02:49, 30 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bamse och Tjuvstaden (2014 film)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2025-43976-56}} 23:54, 30 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Hokus Pokus Alfons Åberg (2013 film)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2025-43976-56}} 23:55, 30 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bamse och vulkanön (2021 film)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2025-43976-56}} 23:55, 30 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bamse och dunderklockan (2018 film)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2025-43976-56}} 23:55, 30 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bamse och häxans dotter (2016 film)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2025-43976-56}} 23:55, 30 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Bamse och världens minsta äventyr (2023 film)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2025-43976-56}} 23:56, 30 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Church of San Michele in Lierna]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2025-43697-14}} 00:59, 31 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Robert G. Salesses]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 02:46, 31 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:@vansh mangwana155]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:24, 31 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:FM - Filmi Melodies]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|हर्ष कुमार झा}} 14:14, 31 December 2025 (UTC) === January 2026 === # [[:Hong Kong dialect]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-7159}} 15:29, 1 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Online Islamic Studies Course]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|"mhasnainmehdi"}} 15:45, 1 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Centre Block]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|JonThomBen}} 16:55, 1 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Country Bear Jamboree]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-44276-92}} 19:41, 1 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cumplay]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-23074}} 03:39, 2 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Other]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|JonThomBen}} 03:40, 2 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Cumplay]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-23074}} 04:15, 2 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Christina Koch]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|JonThomBen}} 15:53, 2 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Palestinian Emirates Plan]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|JamesThreeSeven}} 16:18, 3 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Project Alpha (hoax)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-56737}} 20:09, 3 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chicken stars]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-57751}} 22:30, 3 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Meese cart]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21339-5}} 02:23, 11 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Greenland: Migration]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-21077-7}} 02:25, 11 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Robert II, Count of Hesbaye]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 05:04, 11 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:All planets of solar system]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|~2026-23001-7}} 19:52, 11 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dan lin]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-24155-6}} 15:10, 12 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Enlil]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A3|A3]]); notified {{user|~2026-24690-6}} 15:10, 12 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Story of O.J.]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2025-42524-85}} 15:42, 12 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jospeh Kargbo Entertainement]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-28428-8}} 03:34, 14 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:AD 2082]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Bruno45654564}} 05:31, 16 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Salvador Alvarado Municipality]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-34984-2}} 01:24, 17 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Angostura Municipality, Sinaloa]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-34984-2}} 01:24, 17 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dream Academy]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-45787-1}} 17:04, 21 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Point-and-click game]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-51318-2}} 22:56, 23 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Turan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-50532-9}} 00:03, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Disney family]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-50541-9}} 01:20, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mister Maker Around The World]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-51233-2}} 15:22, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Show de Turminha de Heitor e ninimo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 19:17, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Heitor e ninimo and the Cockroaches (video game)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 19:17, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Heitor e ninimo et les Cafards: Le Film]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 19:18, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Teresa Mo]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-53084-5}} 19:18, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Heitor e ninimo et les Cafards Saison 4 (CD)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 22:59, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Marya]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 00:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Advice and consent]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-53827-4}} 17:27, 25 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Kargbo]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A7|A7]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]); notified {{user|~2026-54424-6}} 21:35, 25 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Curridabat]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-56685-5}} 14:54, 26 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Heitor et les Cafards]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 22:27, 26 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Island gigantism]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-57689-3}} 04:29, 27 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Medellín Cartel]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-64362-6}} 21:20, 29 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Malik Munawar Khan Awan]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-67049-8}} 23:42, 30 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chinese Pidgin English]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-32008-55}} 23:43, 30 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Binary prefix]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-66790-9}} 23:43, 30 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:List of Community characters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-66956-4}} 03:08, 31 January 2026 (UTC) === February 2026 === # [[:Damn TV]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-68866-1}} 15:33, 1 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tempio di Minerva (Foro Transitorio)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-71114-3}} 22:26, 1 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dojima Rice Exchange]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-70855-5}} 23:30, 1 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mathias trøan isaksen]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A5|A5]]); notified {{user|Yoyoyoyohei123}} 14:10, 2 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bernal Diaz del Castillo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 22:30, 3 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Rucka Rucka Ali]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 22:30, 3 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Delfino Borroni]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-75646-3}} 01:43, 4 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Oviul Maruf (photographer)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-76599-1}} 03:36, 4 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ferriman]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-77892-7}} 20:31, 4 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nappy Heads]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-79503-2}} 01:09, 5 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Registered sex offender]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-80782-7}} 21:36, 5 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Greenbrae, California]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Yahooyahoo16284}} 00:50, 6 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Netzverb SatzApp]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-80528-1}} 00:50, 6 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Golden dandelions minecraft]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-80840-1}} 01:24, 6 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Country Bear Jamboree]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-44276-92}} 05:36, 7 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dongxiang language]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-85713-3}} 20:40, 7 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dalton School]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-87021-7}} 23:38, 8 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Whole Lotta Red (Deluxe)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-88467-2}} 01:58, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Outfit7]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-84685-9}} 03:56, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Super Bowl LX]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-86947-5}} 04:42, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:European Mink]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-89177-0}} 23:54, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:American Mink]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-89177-0}} 23:55, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bauhaus (company)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-99393-8}} 15:46, 13 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Newton MessagePad]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-98651-6}} 20:24, 13 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Kargbo (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Richcash120}} 16:22, 14 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Shinoshin]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|GRP213}} 05:04, 15 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:List of all planets in early solar system]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 15:40, 16 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Absolute Solver]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#A7|A7]]); notified {{user|~2026-10878-89}} 22:14, 17 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Good Luck (2000 film)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Mahnameajayandamapp}} 04:38, 18 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Neo (keyboard layout)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11049-40}} 04:31, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aleksandar Vulin]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-11049-40}} 04:31, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Stadtholder William V of the Netherlands]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|~2026-11049-40}} 04:32, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Colonization of the Moon]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|~2026-11116-24}} 18:31, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Reena Dutta]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11237-15}} 18:48, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aerospatiale]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11169-76}} 20:13, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Little Hector and Yellow Cat and Friends]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-11122-08}} 02:54, 20 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Little Hector and Yellow Cat]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-11479-31}} 20:46, 20 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nicene Christianity]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Gladiator Valguarnera}} 20:52, 20 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Scythian languages]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Gladiator Valguarnera}} 20:53, 20 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Government Engineering College, Rajkot]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-11412-13}} 21:55, 20 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:331st prime number]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11549-07}} 04:24, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Agartha]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:05, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Exploration literature]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:05, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Travelogue]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:05, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Adventure literature]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:05, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ferdynand Ossendowski]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:06, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:06, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Louis Jacolliot]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:06, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Les fils de Dieu]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:07, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Travel literature]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:09, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Thomasking004]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A5|A5]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|~2026-11622-27}} 17:36, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Music of India]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|~2026-11628-01}} 17:36, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lady of Elche]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11845-03}} 18:44, 22 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Harlem Shake (Doris version)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11945-09}} 19:16, 22 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Yukaghir languages]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-11893-48}} 20:34, 22 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Michael J. Schultz]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-11917-33}} 03:53, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wesley Schultz]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-11968-28}} 03:53, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Joseph efc wants a session (But he’s ghosting me)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BenjaminFish}} 16:17, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Covids of reddit, what is the covidest covid you've ever covided?]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|DanQuayleQuandaleFan5}} 01:12, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Office of Akash Nanda]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-12191-92}} 07:04, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Massive cock]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-12380-37}} 21:25, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Seabiscuit (movie)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12356-16}} 01:09, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Weverse]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 21:39, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sir Aqiff]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-12513-77}} 21:40, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sir Abrioris]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 21:41, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sir Griflet]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 21:41, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Novice]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-12420-69}} 14:11, 26 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:A Bug's Life: 2 Revenge of Grasshoppers]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 04:18, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:A Bug's Life: 2 Revenge of Grasshoppers]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 05:21, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ben hargrave]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-13012-94}} 18:46, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Gear (Static Shock)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-13187-71}} 19:35, 28 February 2026 (UTC) === March 2026 === # [[:Soft Em]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-13196-53}} 03:44, 1 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:God's Child (Baila Conmigo)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-13597-51}} 20:10, 2 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Directive]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-13628-26}} 02:21, 3 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Space Patrol (1950 TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-13695-18}} 22:42, 3 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Where's Waldo? (TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-14459-05}} 20:42, 5 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Siege of Bankmut]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 01:42, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:SilverClapboard Productions]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 03:17, 11 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kisskh]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-15771-97}} 19:21, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tread]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-15947-78}} 03:26, 13 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tunnelistan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 19:08, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ulises Francisco Espaillat]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-17348-12}} 13:48, 19 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Unanimous consent]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-17371-61}} 23:18, 19 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ambatukam]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-17495-04}} 17:10, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Creating Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ? (Service Client)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-17544-39}} 21:41, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Deolira Gliceria Pedro da Silva]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-18542-42}} 02:51, 25 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:에어프레미아 미주 대표 전화번호는 무엇인가요?]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Tanveer.webvio01}} 17:54, 25 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:미국 아시아나항공 고객 센터 전화번호는 무엇인가요?]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Hale336622}} 19:05, 25 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Watermelon tape dispenser]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-18995-16}} 03:08, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Zucchini stapler]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-18929-55}} 03:18, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment parler directement sur Latam Airlines ? 【Besoin d'aide”33】]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-18983-64}} 07:46, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Quel est le numéro de téléphone de Singapore Airlines ?]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-18945-99}} 07:47, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Volkswagen Type 2 (T2)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-19138-78}} 03:52, 28 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:رقم طيران الإمارات المجاني]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Yhheesr562}} 22:34, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Talk:XM Partner Code PY8GQ]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-19618-36}} 17:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:에어프레미아 고객 서비스 전화번호]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Lutharere651}} 20:48, 30 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Assassination of Meir Kahane]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Josephsona1}} 00:19, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:رقم هاتف خدمة عملاء الخطوط الجوية القطرية]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Loiiyre76}} 00:23, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Baruch Goldstein]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Tzombathy Testament}} 00:47, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Castiglioni Method]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A7|A7]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]); notified {{user|~2026-19790-57}} 02:33, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Water scarcity in India]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-20087-02}} 20:23, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:DheReckahsTeam]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A7|A7]]); notified {{user|Lorilouer}} 20:23, 31 March 2026 (UTC) === April 2026 === # [[:A Pur!]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-20108-10}} 14:19, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Atex is dumb]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 18:05, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Amihai Eliyahu]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Payton Ramban}} 03:46, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment parler directement sur Latam Airlines ? Besoin d'aide!!]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:19, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:FAQ! Quel est le numéro du 1 888 422 7533 ? Gratitude!]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:19, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment contacter l'agence Air Algérie ? Gratitute Sans frais]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:19, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Quel est le numéro du 1 888 422 7533 ? PARLER-24H]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:20, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Où se trouve le numéro de vol EasyJet ? ASK-HELP]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:20, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Quel est le numéro du 1 888 422 7533 ? ASSIST-2K]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:20, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Fighter pilot]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-20359-93}} 12:17, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:ROBA Coffee]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-20548-19}} 19:23, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lehava]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Shakeitoff4today}} 03:01, 3 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cro (musician)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-20807-30}} 04:10, 5 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mugiasco (Lake Como)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-22509-65}} 03:04, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Zucco della Rocca]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-22509-65}} 03:04, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Office of American Innovation]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22389-77}} 03:06, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Shake Shack]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 19:08, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:I Just Might]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 19:08, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hawaii: Part II]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22533-24}} 20:19, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Shion Kaji]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-22800-12}} 18:40, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:V2 rocket]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22853-84}} 18:40, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Emma Kaji]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-22800-12}} 18:40, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cheetozard]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 18:41, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Baby Bowser’s Tire Service]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:41, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:(1 833 852 0744) JALの代表電話番号は？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ahikmoi}} 18:59, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:(1 833 852 0744) JALの問い合わせ電話番号は？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ahikmoi}} 18:59, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:(1 833 852 0744) 日本航空の代表電話番号は？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ahikmoi}} 18:59, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:JALに直接電話するには？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); 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born 15/8/1939) is the founder of the Temple Institute and a former chief rabbi of Yamit, [one] of the largest [[Israeli settlements|Jewish settlements]] in the [[Sinai Peninsula]], when it used to be [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied]] by the [[Israel|state of Israel]] since the [[Six-Day War]]. == Biography == As of 2006, aside from being the head of the [[The Temple Institute|Temple Institute]], he is also involved in [[2004 attempt to revive the Sanhedrin|an attempt to revive]] the [[Sanhedrin]].<ref>{{cite web|date=11 June 2019|title=חידוש הסנהדרין: הכישלונות והתקוות|url=https://www.makorrishon.co.il/judaism/145065/}}</ref> == Views == In 2015, he described [[Jewish religious terrorism|Jewish religious terrorist]] suspects who were banned from entering the [[West Bank]] due to vandalism, as praiseworthy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharon|first=Jeremy|date=25 August 2015|title=Far-right rabbinical group pens letter calling Jewish terror suspects 'praiseworthy'|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Far-right-rabbinical-group-pens-letter-calling-Jewish-terror-suspects-praiseworthy-413167|access-date=19 March 2022|work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> He also criticized gay people who walked on the Temple Mount, and suggested that some earthquakes were divine retribution from God as a result of gay people walking on the mount.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Toker|first=Benny|date=12 July 2018|title=Rabbi Ariel: Keep LGBTers off Temple Mount|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/248846|access-date=16 January 2023|work=[[Arutz Sheva]]}}</ref> == See also == * [[The Temple Institute]], a far-right [[Judaism|Jewish]]-[[Fundamentalism|fundamentalist]] organization involved in attempts to construct a Jewish Temple on the Temple Mount. == References == <references /> [[Category:Zionists]] [[Category:Israeli rabbis]] [[Category:Israeli Jews]] [[Category:Israeli Kahanists]] [[Category:Kahanists]] [[Category:Orthodox Jews]] [[Category:Religious Zionists]] t6z8wq2aqxhrvuxx6u9spo99eieezzt 10879257 10879234 2026-06-05T02:27:57Z Ravensfire 121204 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33277-41|~2026-33277-41]] ([[User talk:~2026-33277-41|talk]]): Rv obvious KSD sock. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{complex|date=May 2026}} '''Rabbi Yisrael Ariel''' or '''Israel Ariel''' (Hebrew: ישראל אריאל; born 15/8/1939) is the founder of the Temple Institute and a former chief rabbi of Yamit, [one] of the largest [[Israeli settlements|Jewish settlements]] in the [[Sinai Peninsula]], when it used to be [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied]] by the [[Israel|state of Israel]] since the [[Six-Day War]]. == Biography == As of 2006, aside from being the head of the [[The Temple Institute|Temple Institute]], he is also involved in [[2004 attempt to revive the Sanhedrin|an attempt to revive]] the [[Sanhedrin]].<ref>{{cite web|date=11 June 2019|title=חידוש הסנהדרין: הכישלונות והתקוות|url=https://www.makorrishon.co.il/judaism/145065/}}</ref> == Views == In 2015, he described [[Jewish religious terrorism|Jewish religious terrorist]] suspects who were banned from entering the [[West Bank]] due to vandalism, as praiseworthy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharon|first=Jeremy|date=25 August 2015|title=Far-right rabbinical group pens letter calling Jewish terror suspects 'praiseworthy'|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Far-right-rabbinical-group-pens-letter-calling-Jewish-terror-suspects-praiseworthy-413167|access-date=19 March 2022|work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref> He also criticized gay people who walked on the Temple Mount, and suggested that some earthquakes were divine retribution from God as a result of gay people walking on the mount.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Toker|first=Benny|date=12 July 2018|title=Rabbi Ariel: Keep LGBTers off Temple Mount|url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/248846|access-date=16 January 2023|work=[[Arutz Sheva]]}}</ref> == See also == * [[The Temple Institute]], a far-right [[Judaism|Jewish]]-[[Fundamentalism|fundamentalist]] organization involved in attempts to construct a Jewish Temple on the Temple Mount. == References == <references /> [[Category:Zionists]] [[Category:Israeli rabbis]] [[Category:Israeli Jews]] [[Category:Israeli Kahanists]] 635iooesicv4mh5k2seqa6ioxs5w4tv 0 1250588 10879236 10810872 2026-06-05T01:53:39Z ~2026-33277-41 1816588 [[Yoel Lerner|Joel Lerner]] 10879236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cleanup|reason=Needs sources pulled from en wiki, npov check|date=April 2026}} {{complex|date=April 2026}} {{wikify|date=April 2026}} '''Joel Lerner''' (Hebrew: יואל לרנר; 1941 - July 2014) was a linguist, translator, educator and Jewish militant, who was convicted of crimes including seeking to destroy the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. == Personal life == Lerner was born in [[Brooklyn, New York]], grew up in [[South Africa]], immigrated to Israel and studied at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem|Hebrew University]], where he earned a BA in Hebrew and Semitic Philology in the 1960s. He studied under [[Meir Kahane]], leader of [[Jewish Defense League]], whom he worked for as an aide. He was married and had eight children. Lerner and his family adopted an Orthodox lifestyle, moved to Kiryat Shmona - where he was a teacher - and then returned to Jerusalem. == Career as teacher and translator == Lerner taught in many secondary educational institutions, and translated essays and books. His translations included ''The "Shabbes Goy": A Study in Halakhic Flexibility'' (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1989). == Early crimes == In February 1973, Lerner was arrested in a case of arson involving a fire in a shop selling [[Christian|Christian missionary]] books. That August, he and JDL secretary Yosef Schneider were both sentenced to six months in prison for arson. Seven other JDL members received suspended sentences ranging from one to six months. In 1975, Lerner was arrested on suspicion of conspiring to harm United States Secretary of Defense Henry Kissinger. Newspaper reports said that Lerner "had expressed threats to assassinate Kissinger". == Gal == In 1978, Lerner was arraigned on charges of conspiracy and illegal possession of weapons. Israeli prosecutors accused him of being the founder of an underground ring of militants, and of recruiting young students to overthrow the government and establish a state based on religious law. Lerner called the group "Gal", a Hebrew acronym for "redemption of Israel". Members were issued membership cards, given code names, and assigned specific duties such as planning, organization, sabotage, and spying. Some received training in karate. == Outlook and legacy == Mark Juergensmeyer identified Lerner as a Jewish religious terrorist, writing that he "yearned for an exclusive Jewish society in Israel. He hoped for the restoration of the ancient temple in Jerusalem, the exclusive right of Jews to settle on the West Bank of the Jordan River, and the creation of a state based on biblical law.": 45  [[Category:Zionists]] [[Category:Israeli activists]] [[Category:Israeli Kahanists]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Kahanists]] [[Category:American Kahanists]] [[Category:Jewish scholars]] [[Category:Stubs]] q39es4fddkxniq7ljxxlnvy98n9mc4g 10879259 10879236 2026-06-05T02:28:10Z Ravensfire 121204 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33277-41|~2026-33277-41]] ([[User talk:~2026-33277-41|talk]]): Rv obvious KSD sock. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cleanup|reason=Needs sources pulled from en wiki, npov check|date=April 2026}} {{complex|date=April 2026}} {{wikify|date=April 2026}} '''Joel Lerner''' (Hebrew: יואל לרנר; 1941 - July 2014) was a linguist, translator, educator and Jewish militant, who was convicted of crimes including seeking to destroy the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. == Personal life == Lerner was born in [[Brooklyn, New York]], grew up in [[South Africa]], immigrated to Israel and studied at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem|Hebrew University]], where he earned a BA in Hebrew and Semitic Philology in the 1960s. He studied under [[Meir Kahane]], leader of [[Jewish Defense League]], whom he worked for as an aide. He was married and had eight children. Lerner and his family adopted an Orthodox lifestyle, moved to Kiryat Shmona - where he was a teacher - and then returned to Jerusalem. == Career as teacher and translator == Lerner taught in many secondary educational institutions, and translated essays and books. His translations included ''The "Shabbes Goy": A Study in Halakhic Flexibility'' (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1989). == Early crimes == In February 1973, Lerner was arrested in a case of arson involving a fire in a shop selling [[Christian|Christian missionary]] books. That August, he and JDL secretary Yosef Schneider were both sentenced to six months in prison for arson. Seven other JDL members received suspended sentences ranging from one to six months. In 1975, Lerner was arrested on suspicion of conspiring to harm United States Secretary of Defense Henry Kissinger. Newspaper reports said that Lerner "had expressed threats to assassinate Kissinger". == Gal == In 1978, Lerner was arraigned on charges of conspiracy and illegal possession of weapons. Israeli prosecutors accused him of being the founder of an underground ring of militants, and of recruiting young students to overthrow the government and establish a state based on religious law. Lerner called the group "Gal", a Hebrew acronym for "redemption of Israel". Members were issued membership cards, given code names, and assigned specific duties such as planning, organization, sabotage, and spying. Some received training in karate. == Outlook and legacy == Mark Juergensmeyer identified Lerner as a Jewish religious terrorist, writing that he "yearned for an exclusive Jewish society in Israel. He hoped for the restoration of the ancient temple in Jerusalem, the exclusive right of Jews to settle on the West Bank of the Jordan River, and the creation of a state based on biblical law.": 45  [[Category:Zionists]] [[Category:Israeli activists]] [[Category:Israeli Kahanists]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gg4p658edfk0h8f9r790yhns32202fs 14 1250949 10879242 10804040 2026-06-05T01:56:32Z ~2026-33277-41 1816588 10879242 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Kahanism]] 0aymvtbt37vj0ujrybas70ufgxviv8t 10879263 10879242 2026-06-05T02:28:35Z Ravensfire 121204 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33277-41|~2026-33277-41]] ([[User talk:~2026-33277-41|talk]]): Rv obvious KSD sock. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879263 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Kahanism]] [[Category:Zionists]] [[Category:Far-right politics]] q9pnp2masxrdmugguq13ax752e70g61 0 1253883 10879399 10868042 2026-06-05T08:01:17Z Greenock125 652309 10879399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Felicia Eriksson | image = FELICIA representing Sweden on the Turquoise Carpet at the 2026 Eurovision Song Contest in Vienna 3.jpg | caption = Eriksson in 2026 | birth_name = Felicia Agneta Eriksson | alias = FELICIA | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|10|05|df=yes}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} | birth_place = {{ill|Tullinge|en}}, [[Sweden]] | origin = | instrument = | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] | occupation = Singer | years_active = | label = [[Warner Music Group]] }} '''Felicia Agneta Eriksson''' (born 5 October 2001), also known as '''FELICIA''', is a [[Sweden|Swedish]] singer. She participated in {{ill|Melodifestivalen 2026|en}} with the song "{{ill|My System (song)|en|lt=My System}}",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/sweden-melodifestivalen-lineup-2026/|title=Sweden's 'Melodifestivalen' lineup is announced for 2026|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com|date=2 December 2025}}</ref> she performed during the second heat on 7 February 2026 at [[Scandinavium]] in [[Gothenburg]], she advanced to the Final which took place on 7 March 2026 at the [[Nationalarenan|Strawberry Arena]] in [[Stockholm]], she won the Final and {{ill|Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2026|en|lt=represented Sweden}} in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026]], she performed in the first semi-final which took place on 12 May 2026, she qualified for the final and finished 20th.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/felicia-will-fly-the-swedish-flag-at-vienna-2026/|title=FELICIA will fly the Swedish flag at Vienna 2026|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com|date=7 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/vienna-2026/|title=Vienna 2026|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:19em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE">{{cite web|url=https://sverigetopplistan.se/search/?query=Felicia|title=Felicia Chart History|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|website=sverigetopplistan.se}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''My System'' | * Released: 6 February 2026 * Label: Warner Music Swedeen * Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]] | 7 |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="8"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording sales certifications|Certifications]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Felicia+%5BSE%5D|title=Discographie Felicia|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifpi.fi/lista/artistit/felicia/|title=Suomen virallinen lista - Artistit (Felicia)|publisher=[[Official Finnish Charts]]|website=ifpi.fi}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Media Control Charts|GER]]<br><ref name="GER">{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artist_search=Felicia&do_search=do|title=Discographie von Felicia|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|website=offiziellecharts.de}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Lithuania|LTU]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s21-5/|title=2026 21-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher={{ill|AGATA (organization)|en|lt=AGATA}}|language=lt|date=22 May 2026}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Felicia+%5BSE%5D|title=Discography Felicia|publisher=Hung Medien|website=norwegiancharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Felicia+%5BSE%5D|title=Discographie Felicia|publisher=Hung Medien|website=hitparade.ch}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Charts|UK<br/>Down.]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/felicia/|title=FELICIA songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Black Widow" | rowspan="2"| 2025 | 14 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="4"| ''My System'' |- ! scope="row"| "Sugar High" | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Sugar High" did not enter the [[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 2 on the Swedish Heatseeker Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215/?dspy=2026&dspp=7|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 7, 2026|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Hard" | rowspan="3"| 2026 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|My System (song)|en|lt=My System}}" | 1 || 9 || 8 || 87 || 28 || 87 || 79 || 15 | * {{ill|Swedish Recording Industry Association|en|lt=GLF}}: Gold<ref name="SWE"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Me Without U"<br/><small>(with Edward Maya & Vika Jigulina)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ==Notes== {{notelist-ua}} ==References== <references/> [[Category:2001 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Singers from Stockholm]] [[Category:Swedish pop singers]] d6vxmp9tdfz7tkk24yzkcmd3ou4jnnr 0 1254796 10879240 10878381 2026-06-05T01:56:10Z ~2026-33277-41 1816588 /* Biography */ 10879240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Simplify|date=February 2026}}{{No sources|date=February 2026|text=Editors to this article! Please add sources to this page [[Moshe Feiglin]] and expand it further. It is just a start.}} '''Moshe Zalman Feiglin''' or '''Moshe Feiglin''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: מֹשֶׁה זַלְמָן פֶייגְּלִין; born 31 July 1962) is a [[Right-wing libertarian|right libertarian-leaning]] Israeli politician and activist, and the leader of [[Zionism|Zionist]] [[Libertarianism|liberterian]] party [[Zehut]]. Though he used to work for the [[Likud]] party, he headed the [[Manhigut Yehudit]] (''Jewish Leadership'') faction, and represented [[HaLikud]] between 2013 and 15. Moshe Feiglin, as his [[New York City|New York]]-bred compatriot [[Shmuel Sackett]] identified with and shared same credentials as [[Meir Kahane|Kahane]] and his [[Kach|Kach party]], which was later on banned in 1985 and 1988 and designated as a "terrorist" organization in 1994 in the wake of [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre]] committed by [[Baruch Goldstein]], a fellow activist, who carried on Kahane's mantle. Later on, they co-founded [[Zo Artzeinu]] group to protest the [[Oslo Accords]] in 1993. On 8 August 1995, eighty intersections throughout the country were blocked in a massive act of non-violent civil disobedience against the Oslo process. As a result of his activities, Feiglin was sentenced to six months in prison in 1997 for [[sedition]] against the state by Israel's Supreme Court. The sentence was later commuted to community service. In November 1996, Feiglin established the Manhigut Yehudit movement; it joined Likud in 2000, with Feiglin declaring that he would be a candidate for chairmanship of the party as a springboard for premiership of the State of Israel. In early January 2015, Feiglin announced that he was leaving the Likud and forming his own party, after the Likud primaries the previous month. Feiglin complained about efforts were done to keep him out of [[Office]]. He often complained about the massive amount of scandals that his fellow compatriots at [[Likud]] party embroil themselves in and the legal maneuvers that [[Likud|it's]] leader [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] took in the past to move him down the party’s list, accusing the prime minister of trying to assassinate him politically. As a result of the above issues and timing, Feiglin did not form a new party for the Knesset elections in March, and instead decided to take his time to build a strong new party ("If we have to give up on the coming Knesset to build ourselves well and fundamentally, we will do so. We will take the time that we need to build ourselves in the proper and most exacting way."). In July 2021, Feiglin returned to the Likud. In January 2024, Feiglin left [[Likud]] and reestablished Zehut. == Biography == Moshe Feiglin was born in [[Haifa]], the son of Ya'akov Zvi and Esther Feiglin. His ancestors moved to [[Palestine (country)|Palestine]], from [[Imperial Russia]] during the First Aliyah. His grandfather was the first child born in Metula, and some of his ancestors were among the founders of several settlements, including Mishmar HaYarden, Hadera, and Kinneret. His father served in the Jewish Settlement Police in the [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestinian mandate]]. Later on, his family moved to [[Rehovot]], where he attended the local [[:he:תחכמוני (בית ספר)|Tachkemoni school]] of the Mizrachi movement, and subsequently graduated from Rabbi [[Haim Drukman]]'s Yeshivat Or Etzion. They are also related to Rebbes of The Chabad Dynasty. During his IDF national service, Feiglin served in the Engineering Corps. He later signed on to one additional year as a career soldier, and attained the rank of captain. He fought in the 1982 Lebanon War. Feiglin later on settled [[Karnei Shomron]], as his compatriots [[Shmuel Sackett]] and [[Michael Ben-Ari]] did, got married, and has five children.  {{stub}} [[Category:Israeli Jews]] [[Category:Israeli activists]] [[Category:Israeli settlers]] [[Category:People convicted of sedition]] [[Category:Israeli Kahanists]] [[Category:American Kahanists]] [[Category:American Orthodox Jews]] [[Category:Israeli people of Russian-Jewish descent]] [[Category:Kach and Kahane Chai politicians]] [[Category:Likud politicians]] [[Category:Israeli Orthodox Jews]] [[Category:Kahanists]] 3rteryfdch3ll2xun4viumlx84cjnv5 10879262 10879240 2026-06-05T02:28:30Z Ravensfire 121204 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33277-41|~2026-33277-41]] ([[User talk:~2026-33277-41|talk]]): Rv obvious KSD sock. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Simplify|date=February 2026}}{{No sources|date=February 2026|text=Editors to this article! Please add sources to this page [[Moshe Feiglin]] and expand it further. It is just a start.}} '''Moshe Zalman Feiglin''' or '''Moshe Feiglin''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: מֹשֶׁה זַלְמָן פֶייגְּלִין; born 31 July 1962) is a [[Right-wing libertarian|right libertarian-leaning]] Israeli politician and activist, and the leader of [[Zionism|Zionist]] [[Libertarianism|liberterian]] party [[Zehut]]. Though he used to work for the [[Likud]] party, he headed the [[Manhigut Yehudit]] (''Jewish Leadership'') faction, and represented [[HaLikud]] between 2013 and 15. Moshe Feiglin, as his [[New York City|New York]]-bred compatriot [[Shmuel Sackett]] identified with and shared same credentials as [[Meir Kahane|Kahane]] and his [[Kach|Kach party]], which was later on banned in 1985 and 1988 and designated as a "terrorist" organization in 1994 in the wake of [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre]] committed by [[Baruch Goldstein]], a fellow activist, who carried on Kahane's mantle. Later on, they co-founded [[Zo Artzeinu]] group to protest the [[Oslo Accords]] in 1993. On 8 August 1995, eighty intersections throughout the country were blocked in a massive act of non-violent civil disobedience against the Oslo process. As a result of his activities, Feiglin was sentenced to six months in prison in 1997 for [[sedition]] against the state by Israel's Supreme Court. The sentence was later commuted to community service. In November 1996, Feiglin established the Manhigut Yehudit movement; it joined Likud in 2000, with Feiglin declaring that he would be a candidate for chairmanship of the party as a springboard for premiership of the State of Israel. In early January 2015, Feiglin announced that he was leaving the Likud and forming his own party, after the Likud primaries the previous month. Feiglin complained about efforts were done to keep him out of [[Office]]. He often complained about the massive amount of scandals that his fellow compatriots at [[Likud]] party embroil themselves in and the legal maneuvers that [[Likud|it's]] leader [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] took in the past to move him down the party’s list, accusing the prime minister of trying to assassinate him politically. As a result of the above issues and timing, Feiglin did not form a new party for the Knesset elections in March, and instead decided to take his time to build a strong new party ("If we have to give up on the coming Knesset to build ourselves well and fundamentally, we will do so. We will take the time that we need to build ourselves in the proper and most exacting way."). In July 2021, Feiglin returned to the Likud. In January 2024, Feiglin left [[Likud]] and reestablished Zehut. == Biography == Moshe Feiglin was born in [[Haifa]], the son of Ya'akov Zvi and Esther Feiglin. His ancestors moved to [[Palestine (country)|Palestine]], from [[Imperial Russia]] during the First Aliyah. His grandfather was the first child born in Metula, and some of his ancestors were among the founders of several settlements, including Mishmar HaYarden, Hadera, and Kinneret. His father served in the Jewish Settlement Police in the [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestinian mandate]]. Later on, his family moved to [[Rehovot]], where he attended the local [[:he:תחכמוני (בית ספר)|Tachkemoni school]] of the Mizrachi movement, and subsequently graduated from Rabbi [[Haim Drukman]]'s Yeshivat Or Etzion. They are also related to Rebbes of The Chabad Dynasty. During his IDF national service, Feiglin served in the Engineering Corps. He later signed on to one additional year as a career soldier, and attained the rank of captain. He fought in the 1982 Lebanon War. Feiglin later on settled [[Karnei Shomron]], as his compatriots [[Shmuel Sackett]] and [[Michael Ben-Ari]] did, got married, and has five children.  {{stub}} [[Category:Israeli Jews]] [[Category:Israeli activists]] [[Category:Israeli settlers]] [[Category:People convicted of sedition]] [[Category:Israeli Kahanists]] [[Category:American Kahanists]] [[Category:American Orthodox Jews]] [[Category:Israeli people of Russian-Jewish descent]] [[Category:Kach and Kahane Chai politicians]] [[Category:Likud politicians]] [[Category:Israeli Orthodox Jews]] 0n3tl1p4robnuvlfsrb0o1cwwzuprsk 0 1255659 10879293 10863393 2026-06-05T04:33:07Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* Time in office */ 10879293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pgood}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = | name = Hannah Spencer | honorific_suffix = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] | image = Official portrait of Hannah Spencer MP crop 4.jpg | alt = | caption = Official portrait, 2026 | parliament1 = United Kingdom | constituency_MP1 = [[Gorton and Denton]] | term_start1 = 26 February 2026 | predecessor1 = [[Andrew Gwynne]] | majority1 = 4,402 (11.9%) | office2 = [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] Group Leader<br/>on [[Trafford Council]] | deputy2 = Jane Leicester | term_start2 = 21 May 2025 | term_end2 = 5 March 2026 | predecessor2 = Michael Welton | successor2 = Geraldine Coggins | office3 = Member of [[Trafford Council]]<br/>for [[Hale (2023 Trafford ward)|Hale]] | term_start3 = 4 May 2023 | term_end3 = 7 May 2026 | predecessor3 = ''Ward created'' | successor3 = Rupert Kelly | birth_name = Hannah Kathrine Spencer | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|4|19|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Bolton]], [[Greater Manchester]], [[England]] | party = [[Green Party of England and Wales]] | spouse = <!--- Only added with a reliable source. ---> | children = | education = [[Bolton College]] | alma_mater = | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|[[plumber]]|[[plasterer]]}} | website = }} '''Hannah Kathrine Spencer''' (born 19&nbsp;April 1991) is a British [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] politician and [[tradesperson]]. She has been the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Gorton and Denton]] since the [[2026 Gorton and Denton by-election|February 2026 by-election]]. She is the first Green Party member to win a [[by-election|parliamentary by-election]]. Born in [[Greater Manchester]], Spencer left school at 16 and became a [[plumber]] around 2008. Later, she finished her training to become a gas engineer and a [[plasterer]]. Spencer started her political career because she was against [[greyhound racing]]. She was a [[councillor]] for [[Hale (2023 Trafford ward)|Hale]] on [[Trafford Council]] from 2023 until 2026. She was the councillor leader of the Green Party on the council from 2025 until she was elected to Parliament in 2026. Spencer was the Green Party's candidate in the [[2024 Greater Manchester mayoral election]]. She finished in fifth place. In 2026, Spencer was picked by the Green Party to be their candidate for Gorton and Denton in the February [[by-election]] after [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] MP [[Andrew Gwynne]] [[resignation|resigned]]. She won the by-election with 40.7% of the votes. She supports a £15 [[minimum wage]], [[rent control]]s, lower energy bills and free [[prescription]]s, [[dentist|dental]] and [[Ophthalmology|eye care]]. Spencer became an MP in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] on 2 March. ==Early life== Hannah Kathrine Spencer was born in [[Bolton]], [[Greater Manchester]] on 19 April 1991.<ref name="Jackson-2023">{{cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=Nick |title=Trafford local council elections 2023 results in full |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/trafford-local-council-elections-2023-26688838 |work=[[Manchester Evening News]] |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131091114/https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/trafford-local-council-elections-2023-26688838 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=BEYJyB8kthe |user=hannahtheplumbermcr |title=Taking some time out from moving boxes from flat to house. Celebrating my birthday with a brew and starting my new book before mum and dad get here ☀️ |date=19 April 2016 |first=Hannah |last=Spencer |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Wheeler-2026">{{cite news |last1=Wheeler |first1=Richard |last2=Pike |first2=Joe |date=27 February 2026 |title=Hannah Spencer: Plumber becomes Green Party's new MP |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cwygp3dqenwo |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Her mother was a [[nurse]].<ref name=Goodlad-2026 /> She left school when she was 16 years old.<ref name=Goodlad-2026>{{cite web |last1=Goodlad |first1=Nat |title=Bolton-born plumber Hannah Spencer to stand as MP in Gorton |url=https://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/news/25814007.bolton-born-plumber-stand-gorton-denton-by-election/ |publisher=The Bolton News |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=31 January 2026 |archive-date=3 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260203080118/https://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/news/25814007.bolton-born-plumber-stand-gorton-denton-by-election/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After leaving school, she became a [[plumber]] in around 2008.<ref name="WorkingClassParty">{{Cite magazine |last=Chakelian |first=Anoosh |date=2026-02-17 |title=There is no working-class party |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2026/02/there-is-no-working-class-party |magazine=[[New Statesman]] |access-date=27 February 2026 |archive-date=17 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217170535/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2026/02/there-is-no-working-class-party |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, she went to [[Bolton College]] to continue her training as a [[tradesperson]].<ref name=interview>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNmzOamvE3o|title=Matt Goodwin Doesn't Know a Thing About This Constituency - video interview of Green Party Candidate Hannah Spencer by Aaron Bastani|date=2026-02-09|publisher=Novara Media|medium=9' video|via=YouTube|access-date=27 February 2026|archive-date=26 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226204921/https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=iIQQkq75bUwuhxMB&v=VNmzOamvE3o&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref> Her work focused on adding [[heat pump]]s to houses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blosse |first=Benjamin |date=2026-02-27 |title=Who is Hannah Spencer after victory in Gorton and Denton by-election 2026 |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/who-hannah-spencer-gorton-denton-33499351 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Manchester Evening News |language=en}}</ref> She later took an [[apprenticeship]] as a gas engineer.<ref name=interview/> In 2014, she took part in the [[Prince's Trust|Prince's Trust Enterprise programme]]. When the program ended, she started her own business, Hannah's Household Plumbing.<ref>Beth Abbit. (2015, October 6). That sinking feeling is all behind me...; Entrepreneur Hannah, 24, sets up her own plumbing business thanks to backing from The Prince's Trust. ''Manchester Evening News. p. 25.'' <!-- https://advance.lexis.com/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:5H35-CMK1-JBVM-Y3MR-00000-00&context=1519360{{Closed access}}--></ref><ref name="Topping-2026">{{Cite web |last=Topping |first=Stephen |date=2026-02-08 |title=The remarkable rise of Hannah Spencer: The plumber battling to become an MP and a plasterer at the same time |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/remarkable-rise-hannah-spencer-plumber-33366397 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Manchester Evening News |language=en |archive-date=15 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215035707/https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/remarkable-rise-hannah-spencer-plumber-33366397 |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2026, she finished her [[plasterer|plastering training]] before being elected to parliament.<ref name="Spencer-2026Feb23">{{Cite news |last=Spencer |first=Hannah |date=2026-02-23 |title=This election is an appeal for trust, a battle against fear and a straight fight between Greens and Reform |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2026/feb/23/gorton-and-denton-byelection-greens-reform-manchester |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-27 |title=Watch Hannah Spencer's by-election victory speech |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ckglkz1rp01o |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> She was the only woman in her plastering classes.<ref name="ScotNationalJan26">{{cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=Lucy |title=Who is Hannah Spencer? Meet the Green candidate for the Gorton and Denton by-election |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/25811159.green-gorton-denton-by-election-candidate-hannah-spencer/ |work=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]] |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=30 January 2026 |archive-date=21 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221133601/https://www.thenational.scot/news/25811159.green-gorton-denton-by-election-candidate-hannah-spencer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Early political career== Before her political career began, Spencer campaigned against [[greyhound racing]]. She mainly focused on [[Belle Vue Stadium]] because it was close to where she lived.<ref name="ScotNationalJan26" /><ref name="Topping-2026" /> Spencer joined the [[Green Party of England and Wales]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite Instagram |postid=C1h-EGSInbC |user=hannahtheplumbermcr |title=Last year I joined the @thegreenparty. This year I was elected as a councillor. |date=31 December 2023 |first=Hannah |last=Spencer |access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the frontrunners to be Green candidate in crucial UK by-election|first=Imran|last=Mulla|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uk-gorton-and-denton-by-election-meet-frontrunners-green-party-candidate |date=2026-01-29|website=Middle East Eye |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260129131541/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uk-gorton-and-denton-by-election-meet-frontrunners-green-party-candidate |url-status=live }}</ref> She said she joined the Green Party was because she was tired of the rich getting richer.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teLHtGPcyxM |title=Ed poole Interviews Hannah Spencer |date=2025-07-24 |last=Ed Poole |access-date=2026-02-17 |via=YouTube |archive-date=4 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204233352/https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=wBBb4pyeWEYzzjS-&v=teLHtGPcyxM |url-status=live }}</ref> She was elected councillor for the newly-created [[Hale (2023 Trafford ward)|Hale]] ward on [[Trafford Council]] in 2023. Before this, the seat was represented by the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].<ref name="2023TCResults">{{cite web |title=What will happen to Hannah Spencer’s Trafford council seat now she is an MP?|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/what-happen-hannah-spencers-trafford-33504602.amp|publisher=Manchester Evening News |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=27 February 2026 }}</ref> Spencer was picked as leader of the Green Party group on Trafford Council in May 2025, replacing Michael Welton.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prior |first1=David |title=Hale councillor named new Green Party leader in Trafford |url=https://altrincham.todaynews.co.uk/council/2025/05/21/hale-councillor-named-new-green-party-leader-in-trafford/ |publisher=Altrincham Today |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Bowater-2025">{{Cite web|title=Green Party in Trafford announces new leader|url=https://trafford.greenparty.org.uk/2025/05/24/green-party-in-trafford-announces-new-leader/|website=Trafford Green Party|date=2025-05-24|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en-GB|last=Bowater|first=Steve}}</ref> She would continue to be in the city council until her replacement was elected in May 2026, two months after Spencer’s election as an MP.<ref name="2023TCResults"/> Spencer ran as the Green Party candidate for [[mayor of Greater Manchester]] in the [[2024 Greater Manchester mayoral election|2024 mayoral election]]. She finished in fifth place with 45,905 votes (6.9%). It was a record result for the Green Party.<ref>{{cite web |title=Candidates for Greater Manchester Mayor announced as voter registration deadline approaches |url=https://www.greatermanchester-ca.gov.uk/news/candidates-for-greater-manchester-mayor-announced-as-voter-registration-deadline-approaches/ |publisher=[[Greater Manchester Combined Authority]] |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=8 April 2024 |archive-date=20 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520233529/https://www.greatermanchester-ca.gov.uk/news/candidates-for-greater-manchester-mayor-announced-as-voter-registration-deadline-approaches/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GMMayor2024">{{cite web |title=Greater Manchester mayoral candidate: Hannah Spencer |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c84zwzdz0qno |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=13 April 2024 |archive-date=21 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121151843/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c84zwzdz0qno |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GMMayorResults">{{Cite web |title=Result 2024 |url=https://gmelects.org.uk/result-2024/ |date=3 May 2024 |access-date=27 February 2026 |publisher=Greater Manchester Elects |archive-date=31 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131092724/https://www.gmelects.org.uk/result-2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her campaign focused on the [[cost of living]] and the [[climate crisis]], putting [[insulation]] in homes, and giving more support for [[domestic abuse]] victims.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manchester Mayor: Green Party candidate vows to increase insulation|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c2lw3281gn7o|website=BBC News|date=2024-03-28|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en-GB|last=Fitzpatrick|first=Kevin}}</ref> Spencer was picked as the Green Party candidate for the [[Warrington North]] constituency in the [[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024 general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhillon|first=Aran|date=2024-06-27|title=General Election: Meet the candidates standing in Warrington North|url=https://www.warringtonguardian.co.uk/news/24416913.general-election-meet-candidates-standing-warrington-north/|access-date=2026-02-02|website=Warrington Guardian|language=en}}</ref> She came in fifth place with 1,889 votes (4.7%).<ref name="Warrington2024Result">{{cite web |title=Warrington North - General election results 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2024/uk/constituencies/E14001564 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=5 July 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815033722/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2024/uk/constituencies/E14001564 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2025 Green Party internal elections, she ran for the role of local party support coordinator. She lost to Rosie Rawle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Local Party Support Co-ordinator |url=https://greenparty.org.uk/members/internal-elections/2025-internal-elections/local-party-support-co-ordinator/ |publisher=[[Green Party of England and Wales]] |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=2025 |archive-date=31 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250731012908/https://greenparty.org.uk/members/internal-elections/2025-internal-elections/local-party-support-co-ordinator/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2025 Internal Elections - The Winners |url=https://greenparty.org.uk/members/internal-elections/2025-internal-elections/the-winners/ |publisher=[[Green Party of England and Wales]] |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=2 September 2025 |archive-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112111037/https://greenparty.org.uk/members/internal-elections/2025-internal-elections/the-winners/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Spencer supported [[Zack Polanski]] in the [[2025 Green Party of England and Wales leadership election|2025 Green Party leadership election]].<ref name="ScotNationalJan26" /> Spencer was then given the role of Green Party spokesperson for migration and [[refugee]] support in September 2025.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DOgFxHXE2re |user=thegreenparty |title=Welcome, @hannahtheplumbermcr, our new Migration and Refugee Support Spokesperson! |date=12 September 2025 |author=[[Green Party of England and Wales]] |access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref> ==Member of Parliament (2026&ndash;present)== ===2026 by-election=== [[File:Hannah Spencer (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Spencer in February 2026]] {{more|2026 Gorton and Denton by-election}} In January 2026, Spencer was picked to be the Green Party candidate for [[Gorton and Denton]] in the [[2026 Gorton and Denton by-election|February by-election]].<ref name="BBC2026Jan30">{{cite web |last1=Burnell |first1=Paul |title=Greens name Gorton and Denton by-election pick |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvgj5gplpl9o |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=30 January 2026 |archive-date=21 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221190248/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvgj5gplpl9o |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[by-election]] happened because of the resignation of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] MP [[Andrew Gwynne]].<ref name="BBC2026Jan22">{{Cite web|title=Ex-Labour minister quits as MP, paving way for Andy Burnham return to Parliament|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c14rrez0mr4o|website=[[BBC News]]|date=22 January 2026|access-date=30 January 2026|language=en-GB|last1=Zeffman|first1=Henry|url-status=live|author-link1=Henry Zeffman|last2=Watson|first2=Iain|author-link2=List of current BBC newsreaders and reporters#Iain Watson|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131091606/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c14rrez0mr4o|archive-date=31 January 2026}}</ref> The election became a three-way race between Labour, [[Reform UK]], and the Green Party. She called the by-election as a race of "Green versus Reform. Hope versus hate".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Greens select former mayoral candidate to run in Gorton and Denton byelection|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2026/jan/30/greens-select-former-mayoral-candidate-hannah-spencer-to-run-in-gorton-and-denton-byelection|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=30 January 2026|access-date=30 January 2026|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first1=Raphael|last1=Boyd|first2=Peter|last2=Walker|url-status=}}</ref> During the election campaign, Spencer became known as "'''Hannah the Plumber'''". She said that her work as a plumber helped her connect with voters.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Halliday |first1=Josh |last2=Topping |first2=Alexandra |date=27 February 2026 |title=Who is Hannah Spencer? Plumber, school dropout and now Britain's newest MP |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/world/uk/2026/02/27/who-is-hannah-spencer-plumber-school-dropout-and-now-britains-newest-mp/ |website=[[irishtimes.com]] |access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="men-finighan-7feb26">{{Cite web |last=Finighan |first=Bethan |date=7 February 2026 |title=Why Hannah Spencer has had enough of politics as usual |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/its-powerful-men-protecting-each-33382284 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Manchester Evening News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Zylbersztajn-Lewandowski |first=Daniel |date=2026-02-11 |title=Starmer-Regierung in Großbritannien: Bad Timing |url=https://taz.de/Starmer-Regierung-in-Grossbritannien/!6153296/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=Die Tageszeitung: taz |language=de}}</ref><ref name="huffingtonpost-spencer">{{Cite web |last=Spencer |first=Hannah |date=2026-01-30 |title='People Are Struggling, My Priority Is Cutting The Cost Of Living,' Says Green Party By-Election Candidate |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/people-are-struggling-my-priority-is-cutting-the-cost-of-living-says-green-party-by-election-candidate_uk_697cee8ee4b0b1de95bd599d |access-date=2026-01-31 |website=HuffPost UK |language=en}}</ref><ref name="novara-youtube">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpFQvGs8qG0 |title=Meet The New Green Party Candidate {{!}} #NovaraLIVE |date=2026-01-30 |last=Novara Media |access-date=2026-02-04 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Her campaign focused on the high cost of living and supporting a [[wealth tax]].<ref name="men-finighan-7feb26" /><ref name="huffingtonpost-spencer" /> Spencer also said that, if elected, she would support a £15 [[minimum wage]], [[Rent control|rent controls]], lower energy bills and free [[prescription]]s, [[dentist|dental]] and [[Ophthalmology|eye care]].<ref name="novara-youtube" /><ref name="Walker-2026">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Amy |date=2026-02-21 |title=Everything to know about Gorton and Denton by-election candidates' key pledges |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/gorton-denton-byelection-candidates-pledges-33465797 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Manchester Evening News |language=en}}</ref> She spoke against the Labour's response to the [[Gaza war]] and she openly supported the [[Palestinians|Palestinian people]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeraj |first=Samir |date=2026-02-17 |title=Labour and Greens vie for Gorton and Denton's large Muslim vote |url=https://hyphenonline.com/2026/02/17/gorton-denton-muslim-vote-reform-labour-greens-by-election/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Hyphen |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Kevin |date=2026-02-16 |title=Gorton and Denton by-election 'too close to call' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c62637ddnq8o |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="Miller-2026">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Sabrina |date=21 February 2026 |title='Punish Labour for Gaza': Greens target Muslim vote in by-election |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2026/02/21/labour-punish-gaza-greens-target-muslim-vote-gorton-elect/ |access-date=22 February 2026 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Spencer's campaign was the target of fake information on social media about her background.<ref name="WorkingClassParty" /><ref name="DirtyTactics">{{cite web |last1=Kampfner |first1=Constance |title=Why the Gorton & Denton by-election may be dirtiest campaign yet |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/gorton-denton-by-election-reform-news-pt2t8l30d |work=[[The Times]] |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=19 February 2026 |archive-date=22 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222200719/https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/gorton-denton-by-election-reform-news-pt2t8l30d |url-status=live }}</ref> One image of an expensive home in [[Hale, Greater Manchester|Hale]] falsely said that she lived there.<ref name="HouseDebunk">{{cite web |last1=Topping |first1=Stephen |title=No, Hannah Spencer doesn't live in a massive house with a weird chimney |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/no-hannah-spencer-doesnt-live-33399718 |publisher=[[Manchester Evening News]] |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=10 February 2026 |archive-date=25 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260225155915/https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/no-hannah-spencer-doesnt-live-33399718 |url-status=live }}</ref> Social media users also falsely said that Spencer was married to a [[millionaire]] chief executive at [[AstraZeneca]].<ref name="WorkingClassParty" /><ref name="DirtyTactics" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Green leader urges 'hope over hate' for by-election |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/czx3xqg5pk2o |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=7 February 2026 |archive-date=13 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260213095746/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/czx3xqg5pk2o |url-status=live }}</ref> She was also the victim of [[verbal abuse]] where a man called Spencer a "fake plumber".<ref name="DirtyTactics" /> Because of this, she had to go to campaign events with security.<ref name="DirtyTactics" /> Spencer won the by-election with 40.7% of the votes on 26 February 2026. She became the Green Party's fifth MP and first in the [[Northern England|North of England]].<ref name="2026G&DResults">{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Gorton and Denton by-election - 26 February 2026 |url=https://www.manchester.gov.uk/directory_record/538292/parliamentary_gorton_and_denton_by-election_-_26_february_2026 |publisher=[[Manchester City Council]] |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=27 February 2026 |archive-date=26 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226220555/https://www.manchester.gov.uk/directory_record/538292/parliamentary_gorton_and_denton_by-election_-_26_february_2026 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC2026Feb27">{{cite web |last1=McKiernan |first1=Jennifer |title=Green Party wins Gorton and Denton by-election, pushing Labour into third place |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cr453rvy6kvo |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=27 February 2026 |archive-date=27 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227133105/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cr453rvy6kvo |url-status=live|quote=""Because life has changed. Instead of working for a nice life, we're working to line the pockets of billionaires. We are being bled dry."" }}</ref> In her victory speech, she thanked groups of people including those who had voted for her, those who had not, "our [[Muslim]] communities", and "our white working-class communities".<ref name="victoryspeech">{{cite news |title='We defeated the parties of billionaire donors': Hannah Spencer's victory speech |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2026/feb/27/hannah-spencer-victory-speech-green-byelection |access-date=1 March 2026 |work=The Guardian |date=27 February 2026}} ''Includes full text of speech''</ref><ref name="Crace-2026Feb27">{{cite news |last1=Crace |first1=John |author-link=John Crace (writer)|title=Spencer's victory speech an object lesson in grace while Reform's man rages |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2026/feb/27/hannah-spencer-speech-gorton-denton-byelection-sketch |access-date=1 March 2026 |work=The Guardian |date=27 February 2026}}</ref> The by-election result was seen as important because the Labour Party had represented the seat since 1931, and because this was the first parliamentary by-election win for the Green Party.<ref name="politicokeate">{{cite news |url= https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-greens-snatch-labour-seat-gorton-denton-by-election-hannah-spencer-keir-starmer-blow/ |title= Greens snatch Labour seat in blow for UK's Starmer|date=27 February 2026|first=Noah|last=Keate|publisher= Politico Europe |access-date=2026-02-27}}</ref><ref name="independentcooke">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/gorton-denton-by-election-live-result-labour-green-reform-starmer-b2928430.html |title=Gorton and Denton result live: Hannah Spencer wins by-election for Greens as Starmer's Labour plunged into crisis |work=The Independent |accessdate=2026-02-27 |archive-date=27 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227014956/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/gorton-denton-by-election-live-result-labour-green-reform-starmer-b2928430.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Time in office=== Spencer joined the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] on 2 March, the week after the by-election.<ref name="Guardian2026Mar2">{{cite web |last1=Quinn |first1=Ben |title=Farage emulating 'his hero Trump' in deriding byelection results, says new Green MP |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2026/mar/02/nigel-farage-emulating-his-hero-trump-gorton-and-denton-byelection-hannah-spencer |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2 March 2026 |date=2 March 2026}}</ref> She was replaced as Green Party group leader on Trafford Council by Geraldine Coggins on 5 March.<ref name="Altrincham2026Mar5">{{cite web |last1=Prior |first1=David |title=Greens reveal candidate to replace new MP Hannah Spencer in Hale |url=https://altrincham.todaynews.co.uk/council/2026/03/05/greens-reveal-candidate-to-replace-new-mp-hannah-spencer-in-hale/ |publisher=Altrincham Today |access-date=5 March 2026 |date=5 March 2026}}</ref> During her first week in parliament, Spencer announced that she was creating a group to help people struggling to pay heating costs.<ref name=finighan/> On 5 March, she spoke about [[literacy]] problems in her [[constituency]] and how she supports building more libraries.<ref name=finighan>{{cite news |last1=Finighan |first1=Bethan |title='Hannah the Plumber' in Parliament: Hannah Spencer's first week as Green MP |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/hannah-plumber-parliament-hannah-spencers-33543422 |access-date=8 March 2026 |work=[[Manchester Evening News]] |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> She voted in favour of lowering the national [[voting age]] from 18 to 16.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Types of election, referendums, and who can vote |url=https://www.gov.uk/elections-in-the-uk/scottish-parliament |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Types of election, referendums, and who can vote |url=https://www.gov.uk/elections-in-the-uk/welsh-parliament |access-date=2026-03-29 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> She also voted against a bill which would ban [[social media]] for children under 16 years old.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vesty |first1=Helena |title=How new Gorton and Denton MP Hannah Spencer has voted in first Parliamentary decisions |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/how-new-gorton-denton-mp-33566658 |access-date=10 March 2026 |work=[[Manchester Evening News]] |date=10 March 2026}}</ref> On 8 March, Spencer gave a speech at an anti-[[racism]] event in [[Piccadilly Gardens]], in Manchester. After her speech, a [[YouTube]]r kept asking her questions about [[transgender|trans women]] and could a "woman have a [[penis]]?".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robson |first1=Graham |title=Green MP Hannah Spencer targeted by anti‑trans activists in Manchester |url=https://www.scenemag.co.uk/green-mp-hannah-spencer-targeted-by-anti-trans-activists-in-manchester/ |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=Scene Magazine |date=9 March 2026}}</ref> At the same time, two men started a fight.<ref name=MEN/> Police moved Spencer to a police car to protect her.<ref name=MEN>{{cite news |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Damon |title=Hannah Spencer MP given police escort after fights break out at Piccadilly Gardens event |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/hannah-spencer-mp-green-party-33554077 |access-date=8 March 2026 |work=[[Manchester Evening News]] |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> Spencer made her first speech in the House of Commons on 12 March 2026. The speech was made to celebrate [[International Women's Day]].<ref>{{Cite Hansard|house=House of Commons |title=International Women's Day |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2026-03-12/debates/3C2E769B-B98A-4204-9ECB-9094CD6D79FE/InternationalWomen’SDay#contribution-47B421D1-825A-4038-9818-4D7770B7BC4F|date=12 March 2026 |column_start=559 |column_end=560}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |title=New Green MP calls for tolerance and inclusivity in first Commons speech |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2026/mar/12/new-green-mp-calls-for-tolerance-and-inclusivity-in-first-commons-speech |access-date=17 March 2026 |work=The Guardian |date=12 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Green MP Hannah Spencer makes maiden speech in parliament: video |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/video/2026/mar/12/green-mp-hannah-spencer-makes-maiden-speech-in-parliament-video |access-date=17 March 2026 |work=The Guardian |date=12 March 2026}}</ref> On 26 April, Spencer spoke out against MPs drinking [[Alcoholic drink|alcohol]] while working. She said she had seen MPs drinking during voting.<ref name="Guardian-27Apr26">{{cite news |title=Green MP Hannah Spencer attacks Parliament drinking culture |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2026/apr/27/green-mp-hannah-spencer-attacks-parliament-drinking-culture |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |first1=Helena |last1=Horton |date=27 April 2026}}</ref> Her comments were criticized by [[Reform UK]] Leader [[Nigel Farage]] and by other MPs, including from the Labour Party.<ref name="Guardian-27Apr26" /> Green Party leader [[Zack Polanski]] defended Spencer's comments.<ref name="Guardian-27Apr26" /> A poll done by [[YouGov]] a few days after the interview showed that 76% of the British public supported Spencer's comments.<ref>{{cite web |title=YouGov / Do you think it is acceptable or unacceptable for MPs to drink alcohol on evenings where later on they will have late‑night votes in Parliament? |url=https://yougov.com/en-gb/daily-results/20260427-c693c-2 |website=YouGov.com |publisher=YouGov: What the world thinks |access-date=29 April 2026}}</ref> Spencer brought this up in Parliament during [[Prime Minister's Questions]] on 20 May 2026. Prime Minister Starmer welcomed her into Parliament for the first time, but ignored Spencer's comments about MPs drinking while working.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-20 |title=MPs outraged at PMQs as Hannah Spencer calls for ban on Westminster boozing |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/26124252.hannah-spencer-calls-keir-starmer-back-calls-stop-mps-boozing/ |access-date=2026-05-20 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> ==Personal life== As of 2024, Spencer lived in [[Trafford]], Greater Manchester.<ref name="GMMayor2024" /> She had lived in [[Levenshulme]] before.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Diver |first1=Tony |date=10 February 2026 |title=Green by-election candidate 'was glad she left' area |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2026/02/10/green-by-election-candidate-glad-left-gorton-denton-spencer/ |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dale |first1=Iain |date=11 February 2026 |title=Oops! Like Hannah Spencer, I ran for a seat in a constituency I badmouthed… |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/hannah-spencer-green-party-gorton-denton-levenhulme-b2918231.html |work=The Independent |language=en-GB |access-date=27 February 2026 |archive-date=17 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217200708/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/hannah-spencer-green-party-gorton-denton-levenhulme-b2918231.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She [[adoption|adopted]] four [[greyhound]]s who were rescued from [[greyhound racing]].<ref name="ScotNationalJan26" /> Spencer enjoys running in [[marathon]]s.<ref name="Topping-2026" /> She ran the [[Manchester Marathon]] shortly after becoming an MP in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Julia Llewellyn |date=2026-04-28 |title=Meet Hannah Spencer: the Green MP and plumber Gen Z loves |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/green-mp-hannah-spencer-plumber-zach-polanski-7blpqpg0c |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=}}</ref> When she was 22, she was appeared in an article in ''[[The Guardian]]'' about the best-dressed people at the 2013 [[Glastonbury Festival]].<ref name="glastonbury">{{Cite news |last=Iqbal |first=Nosheen |date=1 July 2013 |title=Glastonbury 2013: best-dressed of the fest – in pictures |url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2013/jul/01/glastonbury-2013-best-dressed-in-pictures |work=The Guardian |pages=G2 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat}} {{UK MP links|parliament=5447|publicwhip=Hannah_Spencer|theywork=hannah_spencer}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Spencer, Hannah}} [[Category:1991 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:UK MPs 2024–present]] [[Category:English activists]] [[Category:English plumbers]] [[Category:Animal rights activists]] [[Category:Environmentalists]] [[Category:People from Bolton]] [[Category:Politicians from Greater Manchester]] [[Category:Green Party of England and Wales MPs]] l2h7sij4mtzie017d05vzw2n7ivnzzc 3 1256317 10879239 10862048 2026-06-05T01:55:36Z Erakilos 1756284 10879239 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome!== [[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Erakilos! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Erakilos|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or send me a message on [[User talk:Ferien|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message! I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: * [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]] * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]] * [[Help:Contents|Help pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]] Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 11:43, 4 March 2026 (UTC) :Thanks for the warm welcome and the cookies look delicious! <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 11:48, 4 March 2026 (UTC) == Warning == Usually when you see edits like [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=10771055&oldid=10771052&rcid=26946842 these], you can just immediately report them to [[WP:VIP]] with the reason of them being LTAs. [[WP:LTA|LTA]]s are users who create accounts just to make a certain edit and are usually [[meta:Globally locked|locked]] when you make a request at [[:meta:SRG|this page]]. If you need further clarification ping me here. Happy editing! :) [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|talk]]) 12:41, 4 March 2026 (UTC) :Ah, thank you for the tip! <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 12:45, 4 March 2026 (UTC) == Hello == Hello @[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]<nowiki/>i can see you just joined Wikipedia 5 days ago, and how do you know articles doesn’t meet the General Notability Guidelines? do you know what it takes to write articles and you just nominate it for deletion without proper review? [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:32, 5 March 2026 (UTC) :Hello, I’m indeed new here, but before nominating the articles I reviewed the guidelines at [[Wikipedia:GNG]] and [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. Based on my understanding, the articles may not currently meet those criteria. However, I may be mistaken; the discussion at [[WP:RfD]] allows the community to review and decide, and you’re welcome to participate there. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 08:39, 5 March 2026 (UTC) ::Alright, but the subject is already exist on the main English Wikipedia without issues with the same contents and sources. [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:49, 5 March 2026 (UTC) == Massundo == This tool is only really for a quite narrow use case where the person you're reverting has made just one edit per page. If they've made multiple, it's best to use twinkle or rollback, as massundo will just make more work for others. Thanks for your patrolling work :) [[User:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#c56030;background:inherit;">lp0&nbsp;on&nbsp;fire</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#64cea0;background:inherit">()</span>]] 09:54, 15 March 2026 (UTC) :Thank you for the suggestion, I just realized it reverts only the latest revision by a user on a page. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 09:57, 15 March 2026 (UTC) ::No problem :) [[User:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#c56030;background:inherit;">lp0&nbsp;on&nbsp;fire</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#64cea0;background:inherit">()</span>]] 09:59, 15 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Espoir records]] == Thanks for patrolling new pages. For future reference, any page that mentions "Joseph Kargbo" in the context of music or the music industry is the work of [[:en:WP:LTA/JK|a long-term vandal]], and should be tagged for deletion under criterion G5 (block evasion) instead of or in addition to any other criteria. Thanks, [[User:Passengerpigeon|Passengerpigeon]] ([[User talk:Passengerpigeon|talk]]) 01:48, 23 March 2026 (UTC) :Got it! Thank you for the suggestion. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 02:14, 23 March 2026 (UTC) == Naldi (singer) – notability clarification == Hello, I would like to comment regarding the article: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naldi_(singer) I understand the concern regarding A4 (no indication of importance), however I believe the subject does meet the general notability guideline (WP:GNG). The article includes multiple independent and reliable secondary sources that provide coverage of the artist, including: - The Source - HipHopSince1987 - LA Weekly - AllHipHop - Thrive Times These are independent publications that have written about the artist’s work and career development, which suggests significant coverage beyond trivial mentions. In addition, the artist has been featured by Top Channel (Top Awards), a major media platform in Albania. The current version of the article has been expanded, properly sourced, and written in a neutral, encyclopedic tone in line with Wikipedia policies. Given this, I respectfully suggest that the article may not fit the A4 criterion, as there is a clear indication of notability supported by sources. I would appreciate if you could take another look at the updated version before proceeding with deletion. Thank you for your time. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-19744-69|&#126;2026-19744-69]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-19744-69|talk]]) 14:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == Rollback granted == Hi Erakilos, I've given you rollback as you requested it. Remember to only use rollback for obvious vandalism, and not good faith edits. If you'd like to test it out, please go [[Wikipedia:Rollback feature/Testing ground|here]]. Thank you for your contributions! :) --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 23:06, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :Thanks, I’ll keep that in mind. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 02:13, 15 April 2026 (UTC) == Hany Abu-Assad page deleted == * {{DRV|Hany Abu-Assad}} Why have you deleted my page? I have put a lot of work into this. I don’t fully understand why you would want it deleted. I am creating a page for my university Bachelor’s degree in Middle Eastern Studies, and I have followed all the rules. I have followed the training on how to create a page, and my references are correctly formatted. I am from Amsterdam, where Hany Abu-Assad is also from, and I have used sources from Dutch media. Could this be the reason? I kindly request that my page be restored as soon as possible, as this is a serious project I am working on. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:15, 30 April 2026 (UTC) :The reason given for the deletion was that the subject is “not notable,” but Hany Abu-Assad is a well-known Palestinian-Dutch filmmaker and already has a page on the regular Wikipedia. I hope this is not related to his Palestinian background and that this is not the reason why the page was deleted. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:34, 30 April 2026 (UTC) ::Hey @[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]]! The deletion of the page was not related to Hany Abu-Assad’s Palestinian background. The page was deleted due to notability concerns. Even if sources are properly formatted, they must also demonstrate that the subject meets the notability criteria and has enough sources cited. I understand the effort that goes into creating a new page. You can request that the page be restored or even moved to your user space sandbox so you can improve it at [[WP:Deletion review]]. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 09:28, 30 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you very much for your respondse, and please let me know if you notice any mistakes. I’ll be happy to correct them. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 19:34, 7 May 2026 (UTC) {{unblock|1=I respectfully request that this block be reviewed. The block rationale given for my block is my RFD participation. However, I have participated in RfDs before and this was not my first instance of voting on RFD (as Gotitbro claimed), I didn't mention it on the CU page thinking it was unnecessary when the participation is public, so this was not my unusual behavior specific to this case. My comment on [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2026/India_naming_dispute this particular RFD] (For which I believe I have been blocked for?) was my own assessment of the article, and not because of any connection to the blocked user. I understand that reasonable editors may interpret behavioral evidence differently, but I believe the evidence presented does not establish that I am the same person as Cyber.Eyes.2005, I therefore ask that the block be reconsidered or independently reviewed. Also pinging the blocking admin {{Ping|Ferien}}. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 01:55, 5 June 2026 (UTC)}} lfce7rrsqz67tlisq9nkbvkwwsu4ozw 10879241 10879239 2026-06-05T01:56:14Z Erakilos 1756284 Topic 10879241 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome!== [[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Erakilos! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Erakilos|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or send me a message on [[User talk:Ferien|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message! I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: * [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]] * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]] * [[Help:Contents|Help pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]] Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 11:43, 4 March 2026 (UTC) :Thanks for the warm welcome and the cookies look delicious! <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 11:48, 4 March 2026 (UTC) == Warning == Usually when you see edits like [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=10771055&oldid=10771052&rcid=26946842 these], you can just immediately report them to [[WP:VIP]] with the reason of them being LTAs. [[WP:LTA|LTA]]s are users who create accounts just to make a certain edit and are usually [[meta:Globally locked|locked]] when you make a request at [[:meta:SRG|this page]]. If you need further clarification ping me here. Happy editing! :) [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|talk]]) 12:41, 4 March 2026 (UTC) :Ah, thank you for the tip! <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 12:45, 4 March 2026 (UTC) == Hello == Hello @[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]<nowiki/>i can see you just joined Wikipedia 5 days ago, and how do you know articles doesn’t meet the General Notability Guidelines? do you know what it takes to write articles and you just nominate it for deletion without proper review? [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:32, 5 March 2026 (UTC) :Hello, I’m indeed new here, but before nominating the articles I reviewed the guidelines at [[Wikipedia:GNG]] and [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. Based on my understanding, the articles may not currently meet those criteria. However, I may be mistaken; the discussion at [[WP:RfD]] allows the community to review and decide, and you’re welcome to participate there. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 08:39, 5 March 2026 (UTC) ::Alright, but the subject is already exist on the main English Wikipedia without issues with the same contents and sources. [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:49, 5 March 2026 (UTC) == Massundo == This tool is only really for a quite narrow use case where the person you're reverting has made just one edit per page. If they've made multiple, it's best to use twinkle or rollback, as massundo will just make more work for others. Thanks for your patrolling work :) [[User:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#c56030;background:inherit;">lp0&nbsp;on&nbsp;fire</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#64cea0;background:inherit">()</span>]] 09:54, 15 March 2026 (UTC) :Thank you for the suggestion, I just realized it reverts only the latest revision by a user on a page. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 09:57, 15 March 2026 (UTC) ::No problem :) [[User:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#c56030;background:inherit;">lp0&nbsp;on&nbsp;fire</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#64cea0;background:inherit">()</span>]] 09:59, 15 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Espoir records]] == Thanks for patrolling new pages. For future reference, any page that mentions "Joseph Kargbo" in the context of music or the music industry is the work of [[:en:WP:LTA/JK|a long-term vandal]], and should be tagged for deletion under criterion G5 (block evasion) instead of or in addition to any other criteria. Thanks, [[User:Passengerpigeon|Passengerpigeon]] ([[User talk:Passengerpigeon|talk]]) 01:48, 23 March 2026 (UTC) :Got it! Thank you for the suggestion. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 02:14, 23 March 2026 (UTC) == Naldi (singer) – notability clarification == Hello, I would like to comment regarding the article: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naldi_(singer) I understand the concern regarding A4 (no indication of importance), however I believe the subject does meet the general notability guideline (WP:GNG). The article includes multiple independent and reliable secondary sources that provide coverage of the artist, including: - The Source - HipHopSince1987 - LA Weekly - AllHipHop - Thrive Times These are independent publications that have written about the artist’s work and career development, which suggests significant coverage beyond trivial mentions. In addition, the artist has been featured by Top Channel (Top Awards), a major media platform in Albania. The current version of the article has been expanded, properly sourced, and written in a neutral, encyclopedic tone in line with Wikipedia policies. Given this, I respectfully suggest that the article may not fit the A4 criterion, as there is a clear indication of notability supported by sources. I would appreciate if you could take another look at the updated version before proceeding with deletion. Thank you for your time. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-19744-69|&#126;2026-19744-69]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-19744-69|talk]]) 14:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == Rollback granted == Hi Erakilos, I've given you rollback as you requested it. Remember to only use rollback for obvious vandalism, and not good faith edits. If you'd like to test it out, please go [[Wikipedia:Rollback feature/Testing ground|here]]. Thank you for your contributions! :) --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 23:06, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :Thanks, I’ll keep that in mind. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 02:13, 15 April 2026 (UTC) == Hany Abu-Assad page deleted == * {{DRV|Hany Abu-Assad}} Why have you deleted my page? I have put a lot of work into this. I don’t fully understand why you would want it deleted. I am creating a page for my university Bachelor’s degree in Middle Eastern Studies, and I have followed all the rules. I have followed the training on how to create a page, and my references are correctly formatted. I am from Amsterdam, where Hany Abu-Assad is also from, and I have used sources from Dutch media. Could this be the reason? I kindly request that my page be restored as soon as possible, as this is a serious project I am working on. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:15, 30 April 2026 (UTC) :The reason given for the deletion was that the subject is “not notable,” but Hany Abu-Assad is a well-known Palestinian-Dutch filmmaker and already has a page on the regular Wikipedia. I hope this is not related to his Palestinian background and that this is not the reason why the page was deleted. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:34, 30 April 2026 (UTC) ::Hey @[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]]! The deletion of the page was not related to Hany Abu-Assad’s Palestinian background. The page was deleted due to notability concerns. Even if sources are properly formatted, they must also demonstrate that the subject meets the notability criteria and has enough sources cited. I understand the effort that goes into creating a new page. You can request that the page be restored or even moved to your user space sandbox so you can improve it at [[WP:Deletion review]]. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 09:28, 30 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you very much for your respondse, and please let me know if you notice any mistakes. I’ll be happy to correct them. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 19:34, 7 May 2026 (UTC) = Block Review == {{unblock|1=I respectfully request that this block be reviewed. The block rationale given for my block is my RFD participation. However, I have participated in RfDs before and this was not my first instance of voting on RFD (as Gotitbro claimed), I didn't mention it on the CU page thinking it was unnecessary when the participation is public, so this was not my unusual behavior specific to this case. My comment on [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2026/India_naming_dispute this particular RFD] (For which I believe I have been blocked for?) was my own assessment of the article, and not because of any connection to the blocked user. I understand that reasonable editors may interpret behavioral evidence differently, but I believe the evidence presented does not establish that I am the same person as Cyber.Eyes.2005, I therefore ask that the block be reconsidered or independently reviewed. Also pinging the blocking admin {{Ping|Ferien}}. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 01:55, 5 June 2026 (UTC)}} qu4farov4171elfzuhyzymac9lpntew 10879254 10879241 2026-06-05T02:17:18Z Erakilos 1756284 /* Block Review = */ + 10879254 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome!== [[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Erakilos! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Erakilos|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or send me a message on [[User talk:Ferien|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message! I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: * [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]] * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]] * [[Help:Contents|Help pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]] Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 11:43, 4 March 2026 (UTC) :Thanks for the warm welcome and the cookies look delicious! <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 11:48, 4 March 2026 (UTC) == Warning == Usually when you see edits like [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=10771055&oldid=10771052&rcid=26946842 these], you can just immediately report them to [[WP:VIP]] with the reason of them being LTAs. [[WP:LTA|LTA]]s are users who create accounts just to make a certain edit and are usually [[meta:Globally locked|locked]] when you make a request at [[:meta:SRG|this page]]. If you need further clarification ping me here. Happy editing! :) [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|talk]]) 12:41, 4 March 2026 (UTC) :Ah, thank you for the tip! <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 12:45, 4 March 2026 (UTC) == Hello == Hello @[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]<nowiki/>i can see you just joined Wikipedia 5 days ago, and how do you know articles doesn’t meet the General Notability Guidelines? do you know what it takes to write articles and you just nominate it for deletion without proper review? [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:32, 5 March 2026 (UTC) :Hello, I’m indeed new here, but before nominating the articles I reviewed the guidelines at [[Wikipedia:GNG]] and [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. Based on my understanding, the articles may not currently meet those criteria. However, I may be mistaken; the discussion at [[WP:RfD]] allows the community to review and decide, and you’re welcome to participate there. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 08:39, 5 March 2026 (UTC) ::Alright, but the subject is already exist on the main English Wikipedia without issues with the same contents and sources. [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:49, 5 March 2026 (UTC) == Massundo == This tool is only really for a quite narrow use case where the person you're reverting has made just one edit per page. If they've made multiple, it's best to use twinkle or rollback, as massundo will just make more work for others. Thanks for your patrolling work :) [[User:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#c56030;background:inherit;">lp0&nbsp;on&nbsp;fire</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#64cea0;background:inherit">()</span>]] 09:54, 15 March 2026 (UTC) :Thank you for the suggestion, I just realized it reverts only the latest revision by a user on a page. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 09:57, 15 March 2026 (UTC) ::No problem :) [[User:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#c56030;background:inherit;">lp0&nbsp;on&nbsp;fire</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#64cea0;background:inherit">()</span>]] 09:59, 15 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Espoir records]] == Thanks for patrolling new pages. For future reference, any page that mentions "Joseph Kargbo" in the context of music or the music industry is the work of [[:en:WP:LTA/JK|a long-term vandal]], and should be tagged for deletion under criterion G5 (block evasion) instead of or in addition to any other criteria. Thanks, [[User:Passengerpigeon|Passengerpigeon]] ([[User talk:Passengerpigeon|talk]]) 01:48, 23 March 2026 (UTC) :Got it! Thank you for the suggestion. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 02:14, 23 March 2026 (UTC) == Naldi (singer) – notability clarification == Hello, I would like to comment regarding the article: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naldi_(singer) I understand the concern regarding A4 (no indication of importance), however I believe the subject does meet the general notability guideline (WP:GNG). The article includes multiple independent and reliable secondary sources that provide coverage of the artist, including: - The Source - HipHopSince1987 - LA Weekly - AllHipHop - Thrive Times These are independent publications that have written about the artist’s work and career development, which suggests significant coverage beyond trivial mentions. In addition, the artist has been featured by Top Channel (Top Awards), a major media platform in Albania. The current version of the article has been expanded, properly sourced, and written in a neutral, encyclopedic tone in line with Wikipedia policies. Given this, I respectfully suggest that the article may not fit the A4 criterion, as there is a clear indication of notability supported by sources. I would appreciate if you could take another look at the updated version before proceeding with deletion. Thank you for your time. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-19744-69|&#126;2026-19744-69]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-19744-69|talk]]) 14:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == Rollback granted == Hi Erakilos, I've given you rollback as you requested it. Remember to only use rollback for obvious vandalism, and not good faith edits. If you'd like to test it out, please go [[Wikipedia:Rollback feature/Testing ground|here]]. Thank you for your contributions! :) --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 23:06, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :Thanks, I’ll keep that in mind. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 02:13, 15 April 2026 (UTC) == Hany Abu-Assad page deleted == * {{DRV|Hany Abu-Assad}} Why have you deleted my page? I have put a lot of work into this. I don’t fully understand why you would want it deleted. I am creating a page for my university Bachelor’s degree in Middle Eastern Studies, and I have followed all the rules. I have followed the training on how to create a page, and my references are correctly formatted. I am from Amsterdam, where Hany Abu-Assad is also from, and I have used sources from Dutch media. Could this be the reason? I kindly request that my page be restored as soon as possible, as this is a serious project I am working on. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:15, 30 April 2026 (UTC) :The reason given for the deletion was that the subject is “not notable,” but Hany Abu-Assad is a well-known Palestinian-Dutch filmmaker and already has a page on the regular Wikipedia. I hope this is not related to his Palestinian background and that this is not the reason why the page was deleted. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:34, 30 April 2026 (UTC) ::Hey @[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]]! The deletion of the page was not related to Hany Abu-Assad’s Palestinian background. The page was deleted due to notability concerns. Even if sources are properly formatted, they must also demonstrate that the subject meets the notability criteria and has enough sources cited. I understand the effort that goes into creating a new page. You can request that the page be restored or even moved to your user space sandbox so you can improve it at [[WP:Deletion review]]. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 09:28, 30 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you very much for your respondse, and please let me know if you notice any mistakes. I’ll be happy to correct them. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 19:34, 7 May 2026 (UTC) == Block Review == {{unblock|1=I respectfully request that this block be reviewed. The block rationale given for my block is in particular my RFD participation. However, I have participated in RfDs before and this was not my first instance of voting on RFD (as Gotitbro claimed at the CU forum), I didn't mention it on the CU page thinking it was unnecessary when the participation is public, so this was not my unusual behavior specific to this case. My comment on [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2026/India_naming_dispute this particular RFD] (For which I believe I have been blocked for?) was my own assessment of the article, and not because of any connection to the blocked user. My editing practices, the use of tools and edit summaries are all what I learned from my 3 month time here and are common among editors as I've seen at [[Wikipedia:Recent changes]] (This is where I've been mostly active at). I understand that reasonable editors may interpret behavioral evidence differently, but I believe the evidence presented does not establish that I am the same person as Cyber.Eyes.2005, I therefore ask that the block be reconsidered or independently reviewed. Also pinging the blocking admin {{Ping|Ferien}}. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 01:55, 5 June 2026 (UTC)}} eim1c8ca9e65o4k3flr0sk3s9pjnj4c 10879255 10879254 2026-06-05T02:18:26Z Erakilos 1756284 /* Block Review */ typo 10879255 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome!== [[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Erakilos! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Erakilos|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or send me a message on [[User talk:Ferien|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message! I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: * [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]] * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]] * [[Help:Contents|Help pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]] Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 11:43, 4 March 2026 (UTC) :Thanks for the warm welcome and the cookies look delicious! <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 11:48, 4 March 2026 (UTC) == Warning == Usually when you see edits like [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=10771055&oldid=10771052&rcid=26946842 these], you can just immediately report them to [[WP:VIP]] with the reason of them being LTAs. [[WP:LTA|LTA]]s are users who create accounts just to make a certain edit and are usually [[meta:Globally locked|locked]] when you make a request at [[:meta:SRG|this page]]. If you need further clarification ping me here. Happy editing! :) [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|talk]]) 12:41, 4 March 2026 (UTC) :Ah, thank you for the tip! <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 12:45, 4 March 2026 (UTC) == Hello == Hello @[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]<nowiki/>i can see you just joined Wikipedia 5 days ago, and how do you know articles doesn’t meet the General Notability Guidelines? do you know what it takes to write articles and you just nominate it for deletion without proper review? [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:32, 5 March 2026 (UTC) :Hello, I’m indeed new here, but before nominating the articles I reviewed the guidelines at [[Wikipedia:GNG]] and [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)]]. Based on my understanding, the articles may not currently meet those criteria. However, I may be mistaken; the discussion at [[WP:RfD]] allows the community to review and decide, and you’re welcome to participate there. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 08:39, 5 March 2026 (UTC) ::Alright, but the subject is already exist on the main English Wikipedia without issues with the same contents and sources. [[User:Whattttttttt|Whattttttttt]] ([[User talk:Whattttttttt|talk]]) 08:49, 5 March 2026 (UTC) == Massundo == This tool is only really for a quite narrow use case where the person you're reverting has made just one edit per page. If they've made multiple, it's best to use twinkle or rollback, as massundo will just make more work for others. Thanks for your patrolling work :) [[User:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#c56030;background:inherit;">lp0&nbsp;on&nbsp;fire</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#64cea0;background:inherit">()</span>]] 09:54, 15 March 2026 (UTC) :Thank you for the suggestion, I just realized it reverts only the latest revision by a user on a page. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 09:57, 15 March 2026 (UTC) ::No problem :) [[User:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#c56030;background:inherit;">lp0&nbsp;on&nbsp;fire</span>]]&nbsp;[[User talk:lp0 on fire|<span style="color:#64cea0;background:inherit">()</span>]] 09:59, 15 March 2026 (UTC) == [[Espoir records]] == Thanks for patrolling new pages. For future reference, any page that mentions "Joseph Kargbo" in the context of music or the music industry is the work of [[:en:WP:LTA/JK|a long-term vandal]], and should be tagged for deletion under criterion G5 (block evasion) instead of or in addition to any other criteria. Thanks, [[User:Passengerpigeon|Passengerpigeon]] ([[User talk:Passengerpigeon|talk]]) 01:48, 23 March 2026 (UTC) :Got it! Thank you for the suggestion. <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 02:14, 23 March 2026 (UTC) == Naldi (singer) – notability clarification == Hello, I would like to comment regarding the article: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naldi_(singer) I understand the concern regarding A4 (no indication of importance), however I believe the subject does meet the general notability guideline (WP:GNG). The article includes multiple independent and reliable secondary sources that provide coverage of the artist, including: - The Source - HipHopSince1987 - LA Weekly - AllHipHop - Thrive Times These are independent publications that have written about the artist’s work and career development, which suggests significant coverage beyond trivial mentions. In addition, the artist has been featured by Top Channel (Top Awards), a major media platform in Albania. The current version of the article has been expanded, properly sourced, and written in a neutral, encyclopedic tone in line with Wikipedia policies. Given this, I respectfully suggest that the article may not fit the A4 criterion, as there is a clear indication of notability supported by sources. I would appreciate if you could take another look at the updated version before proceeding with deletion. Thank you for your time. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-19744-69|&#126;2026-19744-69]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-19744-69|talk]]) 14:44, 30 March 2026 (UTC) == Rollback granted == Hi Erakilos, I've given you rollback as you requested it. Remember to only use rollback for obvious vandalism, and not good faith edits. If you'd like to test it out, please go [[Wikipedia:Rollback feature/Testing ground|here]]. Thank you for your contributions! :) --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 23:06, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :Thanks, I’ll keep that in mind. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 02:13, 15 April 2026 (UTC) == Hany Abu-Assad page deleted == * {{DRV|Hany Abu-Assad}} Why have you deleted my page? I have put a lot of work into this. I don’t fully understand why you would want it deleted. I am creating a page for my university Bachelor’s degree in Middle Eastern Studies, and I have followed all the rules. I have followed the training on how to create a page, and my references are correctly formatted. I am from Amsterdam, where Hany Abu-Assad is also from, and I have used sources from Dutch media. Could this be the reason? I kindly request that my page be restored as soon as possible, as this is a serious project I am working on. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:15, 30 April 2026 (UTC) :The reason given for the deletion was that the subject is “not notable,” but Hany Abu-Assad is a well-known Palestinian-Dutch filmmaker and already has a page on the regular Wikipedia. I hope this is not related to his Palestinian background and that this is not the reason why the page was deleted. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 08:34, 30 April 2026 (UTC) ::Hey @[[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]]! The deletion of the page was not related to Hany Abu-Assad’s Palestinian background. The page was deleted due to notability concerns. Even if sources are properly formatted, they must also demonstrate that the subject meets the notability criteria and has enough sources cited. I understand the effort that goes into creating a new page. You can request that the page be restored or even moved to your user space sandbox so you can improve it at [[WP:Deletion review]]. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 09:28, 30 April 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you very much for your respondse, and please let me know if you notice any mistakes. I’ll be happy to correct them. [[User:Lotte van Dam|Lotte van Dam]] ([[User talk:Lotte van Dam|talk]]) 19:34, 7 May 2026 (UTC) == Block Review == {{unblock|1=I respectfully request that this block be reviewed. The block rationale given for my block is in particular my RFD participation. However, I have participated in RfDs before and this was not my first instance of voting on RFD (as Gotitbro claimed at the CU forum), I didn't mention it on the CU page thinking it was unnecessary when the participation is public, so this was not my unusual behavior specific to this case. My comment on [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2026/India_naming_dispute this particular RFD] (For which I believe I have been blocked for?) was my own assessment of the article, and not because of any connection to the blocked user. My editing practices, the use of tools and edit summaries are all what I learned from my 3 month time here and are common among editors as I've seen at [[Wikipedia:RecentChanges]] (This is where I've been mostly active at). I understand that reasonable editors may interpret behavioral evidence differently, but I believe the evidence presented does not establish that I am the same person as Cyber.Eyes.2005, I therefore ask that the block be reconsidered or independently reviewed. Also pinging the blocking admin {{Ping|Ferien}}. – <span style="font-family:serif;">[[User:Erakilos|Erakilos]]</span> 𐤀 01:55, 5 June 2026 (UTC)}} 4ngnx45hmgft3kf48tnu9yscyypaiue 0 1260247 10878769 10877843 2026-06-04T13:55:43Z WWmah 1788404 10878769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song contest | name = Eurovision Song Contest | year = 2027 | logo = [[File:ESC 2027 Map.svg|310px]] | alt = | theme = ''United by Music"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebu.ch/news/2023/11/united-by-music-chosen-as-permanent-slogan-for-eurovision-song-contest|title='United By Music' chosen as permanent slogan for Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=ebu.ch|date=14 November 2023}}</ref> | semi1 = May 2027 | semi2 = May 2027 | final = May 2027 | venue = TBD, [[Bulgaria]] | presenters = | musdirector = | director = | esc_director = Martin Green | show_supervisor = | exproducer = | host = {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT) | opening = | interval = | participants update = June 2026 | entries = 7 | finalists = | debut = | return = | nonreturn = | vote = | winner = | Map PreList = }} The '''Eurovision Song Contest 2027''' will be the 71st edition of the [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. The contest will be held in [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]], after their win at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026 contest]] with the song "{{ill|Bangaranga|en}}" by [[Dara (Bulgarian singer)|Dara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/dara-wins-the-eurovision-song-contest-2026-for-bulgaria/|title=DARA wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 for Bulgaria|website=eurovision.com|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> It will be organised by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) and host broadcaster {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT). ==Overview== It will be the first time that [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]] will host the contest. The country has previously hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. ==Location== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+Cities that have expressed interest in hosting the contest |- ! scope="col"| City ! scope="col"| Venue ! scope="col"| Notes ! scope="col"| {{Refh}} |- ! scope="row"| [[Burgas]] | {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}} | Can hold up to 15,000 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-burgas-expresses-interest-in-hosting/|title=Eurovision 2027: Burgas Expresses its Interest in Hosting|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Sofia]] | {{ill|Arena Sofia|en}} | Hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. Can hold up to 17,906 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-sofia-will-bid-to-host-eurovision/|title=Eurovision 2027: Mayor Confirms Sofia Will Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Plovdiv]] | {{ill|Kolodruma|en}} | Can hold up to 7,500 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-plovdiv-intends-to-bid-to-host/|title=Eurovision 2027: Plovdiv Intends to Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] | {{ill|Palace of Culture and Sports|en}} | Can hold up to 6,000 people. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://forbesbulgaria.com/2026/05/18/varna-i-plovdiv-vlizat-v-nadprevarata-za-domakinstvoto-na-evroviziya/|title=Варна и Пловдив влизат в надпреварата за домакинството на „Евровизия“|website=Forbes Bulgaria|date=18 May 2026}}</ref> |} ==Provisional list of participants== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sticky-header" |+Provisional participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 2027 ! scope="col"| Country ! scope="col"| Broadcaster ! scope="col"| Artist ! scope="col"| Song ! scope="col"| Language ! scope="col"| Songwriter(s) ! scope="col"| Ref. |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Bulgaria}} | {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en|lt=BNT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.euromix.co.il/2026/01/31/surprise-bulgaria-confirms-participation-in-eurovision-2027/|title=Surprise: Bulgaria Confirms Participation in Eurovision 2027!|website=en.euromix.co.il|date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Denmark}} | {{ill|DR (broadcaster)|en|lt=DR}} | colspan="4" {{TBA| TBA 13 February 2027}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/16/eurovision-2027-what-do-we-know-already/|title=Eurovision 2027: What Do We Know Already?|website=Eurovoix|date=16 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Finland}} | [[Yle]] | colspan = "4" {{TBA| TBA 20 February 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/12/uuden-musiikin-kilpailu-2027-on-february-20/|title=Finland: Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2027 on February 20|website=Eurovoix|date=12 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Germany}} | {{ill|Südwestrundfunk|en|lt=SWR}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/04/18/germany-confirms-national-selection-for-eurovision-2027/|title=🇩🇪 Germany: SWR Confirms National Selection for Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=18 April 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Luxembourg}} | {{ill|RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg|en|lt=RTL}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/prime-minister-frieden-confirms-luxembourgs-intention-to-compete-in-eurovision-2027/|title=🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Prime Minister Frieden Confirms Luxembourg's Intention to Compete in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|North Macedonia}} | {{ill|Macedonian Radio Television|en|lt=MRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/north-macedonia-return-eurovision-confirmed-2027/|title=🇲🇰 North Macedonia: Return to Eurovision Confirmed for 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|San Marino}} | {{ill|San Marino RTV|en|lt=SMRTV}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/13/san-marino-eurovision-2027-starts-today/|title=San Marino: Work on Eurovision 2027 Starts Today|website=Eurovoix|date=13 May 2026}}</ref> |- |} ===Other countries=== Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that participated in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026]] but have not announced their participation in 2027: * {{esc|Albania}} * {{esc|Armenia}} * {{esc|Australia}} * {{esc|Austria}} * {{esc|Azerbaijan}} * {{esc|Belgium}} * {{esc|Croatia}} * {{esc|Cyprus}} * {{esc|Czech Republic}} * {{esc|Estonia}} * {{esc|France}} * {{esc|Georgia}} * {{esc|Greece}} * {{esc|Israel}} * {{esc|Italy}} * {{esc|Latvia}} * {{esc|Lithuania}} * {{esc|Malta}} * {{esc|Moldova}} * {{esc|Montenegro}} * {{esc|Norway}} * {{esc|Poland}} * {{esc|Portugal}} * {{esc|Romania}} * {{esc|Serbia}} * {{esc|Sweden}} * {{esc|Switzerland}} * {{esc|Ukraine}} * {{esc|United Kingdom}} Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have not announced their participation for 2027: * {{esc|Andorra}} * {{esc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} * {{esc|Hungary}} * {{esc|Iceland}} * {{esc|Ireland}} * {{esc|Monaco}} * {{esc|Morocco}} * {{esc|Netherlands}} * {{esc|Slovakia}} * {{esc|Slovenia}} * {{esc|Spain}} * {{esc|Turkey}} === EBUmembers that has full Ebu or has partial === The following countries' that are pushing for [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have expressed interest in debuting in 2027: * {{flag|Algeria}} * {{flag|New Zealand}} * {{flag|Tunisia}} * {{flag|Syria}} * {{flag|Brazil}} * {{flag|Jordan}} * {{flag|Egypt}} * {{flag|Kazakhstan}} * {{flag|Libya}} * {{ * {{flag|Lebanon}} * {{ * {{flag|Kosovo}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/31/kosovo-rtk-director-renews-call-for-kosovos-inclusion-eurovision-junior-eurovision/|title=🇽🇰 Kosovo: RTK Director Renews Call for Kosovo’s Inclusion in Eurovision and Junior Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=31 May 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{URL|http://www.eurovision.com/|Official website}} {{Eurovision Song Contest}} [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Category:May events]] jn9uhsd185zyg60sbc5751m8qmgmluv 10878771 10878769 2026-06-04T13:56:20Z WWmah 1788404 10878771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song contest | name = Eurovision Song Contest | year = 2027 | logo = [[File:ESC 2027 Map.svg|310px]] | alt = | theme = ''United by Music"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebu.ch/news/2023/11/united-by-music-chosen-as-permanent-slogan-for-eurovision-song-contest|title='United By Music' chosen as permanent slogan for Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=ebu.ch|date=14 November 2023}}</ref> | semi1 = May 2027 | semi2 = May 2027 | final = May 2027 | venue = TBD, [[Bulgaria]] | presenters = | musdirector = | director = | esc_director = Martin Green | show_supervisor = | exproducer = | host = {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT) | opening = | interval = | participants update = June 2026 | entries = 7 | finalists = | debut = | return = | nonreturn = | vote = | winner = | Map PreList = }} The '''Eurovision Song Contest 2027''' will be the 71st edition of the [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. The contest will be held in [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]], after their win at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026 contest]] with the song "{{ill|Bangaranga|en}}" by [[Dara (Bulgarian singer)|Dara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/dara-wins-the-eurovision-song-contest-2026-for-bulgaria/|title=DARA wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 for Bulgaria|website=eurovision.com|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> It will be organised by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) and host broadcaster {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT). ==Overview== It will be the first time that [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]] will host the contest. The country has previously hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. ==Location== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+Cities that have expressed interest in hosting the contest |- ! scope="col"| City ! scope="col"| Venue ! scope="col"| Notes ! scope="col"| {{Refh}} |- ! scope="row"| [[Burgas]] | {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}} | Can hold up to 15,000 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-burgas-expresses-interest-in-hosting/|title=Eurovision 2027: Burgas Expresses its Interest in Hosting|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Sofia]] | {{ill|Arena Sofia|en}} | Hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. Can hold up to 17,906 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-sofia-will-bid-to-host-eurovision/|title=Eurovision 2027: Mayor Confirms Sofia Will Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Plovdiv]] | {{ill|Kolodruma|en}} | Can hold up to 7,500 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-plovdiv-intends-to-bid-to-host/|title=Eurovision 2027: Plovdiv Intends to Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] | {{ill|Palace of Culture and Sports|en}} | Can hold up to 6,000 people. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://forbesbulgaria.com/2026/05/18/varna-i-plovdiv-vlizat-v-nadprevarata-za-domakinstvoto-na-evroviziya/|title=Варна и Пловдив влизат в надпреварата за домакинството на „Евровизия“|website=Forbes Bulgaria|date=18 May 2026}}</ref> |} ==Provisional list of participants== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sticky-header" |+Provisional participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 2027 ! scope="col"| Country ! scope="col"| Broadcaster ! scope="col"| Artist ! scope="col"| Song ! scope="col"| Language ! scope="col"| Songwriter(s) ! scope="col"| Ref. |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Bulgaria}} | {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en|lt=BNT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.euromix.co.il/2026/01/31/surprise-bulgaria-confirms-participation-in-eurovision-2027/|title=Surprise: Bulgaria Confirms Participation in Eurovision 2027!|website=en.euromix.co.il|date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Denmark}} | {{ill|DR (broadcaster)|en|lt=DR}} | colspan="4" {{TBA| TBA 13 February 2027}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/16/eurovision-2027-what-do-we-know-already/|title=Eurovision 2027: What Do We Know Already?|website=Eurovoix|date=16 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Finland}} | [[Yle]] | colspan = "4" {{TBA| TBA 20 February 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/12/uuden-musiikin-kilpailu-2027-on-february-20/|title=Finland: Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2027 on February 20|website=Eurovoix|date=12 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Germany}} | {{ill|Südwestrundfunk|en|lt=SWR}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/04/18/germany-confirms-national-selection-for-eurovision-2027/|title=🇩🇪 Germany: SWR Confirms National Selection for Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=18 April 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Luxembourg}} | {{ill|RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg|en|lt=RTL}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/prime-minister-frieden-confirms-luxembourgs-intention-to-compete-in-eurovision-2027/|title=🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Prime Minister Frieden Confirms Luxembourg's Intention to Compete in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|North Macedonia}} | {{ill|Macedonian Radio Television|en|lt=MRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/north-macedonia-return-eurovision-confirmed-2027/|title=🇲🇰 North Macedonia: Return to Eurovision Confirmed for 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|San Marino}} | {{ill|San Marino RTV|en|lt=SMRTV}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/13/san-marino-eurovision-2027-starts-today/|title=San Marino: Work on Eurovision 2027 Starts Today|website=Eurovoix|date=13 May 2026}}</ref> |- |} ===Other countries=== Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that participated in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026]] but have not announced their participation in 2027: * {{esc|Albania}} * {{esc|Armenia}} * {{esc|Australia}} * {{esc|Austria}} * {{esc|Azerbaijan}} * {{esc|Belgium}} * {{esc|Croatia}} * {{esc|Cyprus}} * {{esc|Czech Republic}} * {{esc|Estonia}} * {{esc|France}} * {{esc|Georgia}} * {{esc|Greece}} * {{esc|Israel}} * {{esc|Italy}} * {{esc|Latvia}} * {{esc|Lithuania}} * {{esc|Malta}} * {{esc|Moldova}} * {{esc|Montenegro}} * {{esc|Norway}} * {{esc|Poland}} * {{esc|Portugal}} * {{esc|Romania}} * {{esc|Serbia}} * {{esc|Sweden}} * {{esc|Switzerland}} * {{esc|Ukraine}} * {{esc|United Kingdom}} Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have not announced their participation for 2027: * {{esc|Andorra}} * {{esc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} * {{esc|Hungary}} * {{esc|Iceland}} * {{esc|Ireland}} * {{esc|Monaco}} * {{esc|Morocco}} * {{esc|Netherlands}} * {{esc|Slovakia}} * {{esc|Slovenia}} * {{esc|Spain}} * {{esc|Turkey}} === EBUmembers that has full Ebu or has partial === The following countries' that are pushing for [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have expressed interest in debuting in 2027: * {{flag|Algeria}} * {{flag|New Zealand}} * {{flag|Tunisia}} * {{flag|Syria}} * {{flag|Brazil}} * {{flag|Jordan}} * {{flag|Egypt}} * {{flag|Kazakhstan}} * {{flag|Libya}} * {{flag|Lebanon}} * {{flag|Kosovo}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/31/kosovo-rtk-director-renews-call-for-kosovos-inclusion-eurovision-junior-eurovision/|title=🇽🇰 Kosovo: RTK Director Renews Call for Kosovo’s Inclusion in Eurovision and Junior Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=31 May 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{URL|http://www.eurovision.com/|Official website}} {{Eurovision Song Contest}} [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Category:May events]] ehvu4seh3y5b8aj9jguz9oa4r8hicdu 10878904 10878771 2026-06-04T18:17:28Z ~2026-33201-32 1816394 /* */ 10878904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song contest | name = Eurovision Song Contest | year = 2027 | logo = [[File:ESC 2027 Map.svg|310px]] | alt = | theme = ''United by Music"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebu.ch/news/2023/11/united-by-music-chosen-as-permanent-slogan-for-eurovision-song-contest|title='United By Music' chosen as permanent slogan for Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=ebu.ch|date=14 November 2023}}</ref> | semi1 = May 2027 | semi2 = May 2027 | final = May 2027 | venue = TBD, [[Bulgaria]] | presenters = | musdirector = | director = | esc_director = Martin Green | show_supervisor = | exproducer = | host = {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT) | opening = | interval = | participants update = June 2026 | entries = 8 | finalists = | debut = {{Esc|Kosovo}} | return ={{Esc|North Macedonia}} | nonreturn = | vote = | winner = | Map PreList = }} The '''Eurovision Song Contest 2027''' will be the 71st edition of the [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. The contest will be held in [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]], after their win at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026 contest]] with the song "{{ill|Bangaranga|en}}" by [[Dara (Bulgarian singer)|Dara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/dara-wins-the-eurovision-song-contest-2026-for-bulgaria/|title=DARA wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 for Bulgaria|website=eurovision.com|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> It will be organised by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) and host broadcaster {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT). ==Overview== It will be the first time that [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]] will host the contest. The country has previously hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. ==Location== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+Cities that have expressed interest in hosting the contest |- ! scope="col"| City ! scope="col"| Venue ! scope="col"| Notes ! scope="col"| {{Refh}} |- ! scope="row"| [[Burgas]] | {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}} | Can hold up to 15,000 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-burgas-expresses-interest-in-hosting/|title=Eurovision 2027: Burgas Expresses its Interest in Hosting|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Sofia]] | {{ill|Arena Sofia|en}} | Hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. Can hold up to 17,906 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-sofia-will-bid-to-host-eurovision/|title=Eurovision 2027: Mayor Confirms Sofia Will Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Plovdiv]] | {{ill|Kolodruma|en}} | Can hold up to 7,500 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-plovdiv-intends-to-bid-to-host/|title=Eurovision 2027: Plovdiv Intends to Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] | {{ill|Palace of Culture and Sports|en}} | Can hold up to 6,000 people. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://forbesbulgaria.com/2026/05/18/varna-i-plovdiv-vlizat-v-nadprevarata-za-domakinstvoto-na-evroviziya/|title=Варна и Пловдив влизат в надпреварата за домакинството на „Евровизия“|website=Forbes Bulgaria|date=18 May 2026}}</ref> |} ==Provisional list of participants== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sticky-header" |+Provisional participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 2027 ! scope="col"| Country ! scope="col"| Broadcaster ! scope="col"| Artist ! scope="col"| Song ! scope="col"| Language ! scope="col"| Songwriter(s) ! scope="col"| Ref. |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Bulgaria}} | {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en|lt=BNT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.euromix.co.il/2026/01/31/surprise-bulgaria-confirms-participation-in-eurovision-2027/|title=Surprise: Bulgaria Confirms Participation in Eurovision 2027!|website=en.euromix.co.il|date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Denmark}} | {{ill|DR (broadcaster)|en|lt=DR}} | colspan="4" {{TBA| TBA 13 February 2027}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/16/eurovision-2027-what-do-we-know-already/|title=Eurovision 2027: What Do We Know Already?|website=Eurovoix|date=16 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Finland}} | [[Yle]] | colspan = "4" {{TBA| TBA 20 February 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/12/uuden-musiikin-kilpailu-2027-on-february-20/|title=Finland: Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2027 on February 20|website=Eurovoix|date=12 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Germany}} | {{ill|Südwestrundfunk|en|lt=SWR}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/04/18/germany-confirms-national-selection-for-eurovision-2027/|title=🇩🇪 Germany: SWR Confirms National Selection for Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=18 April 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Luxembourg}} | {{ill|RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg|en|lt=RTL}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/prime-minister-frieden-confirms-luxembourgs-intention-to-compete-in-eurovision-2027/|title=🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Prime Minister Frieden Confirms Luxembourg's Intention to Compete in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|North Macedonia}} | {{ill|Macedonian Radio Television|en|lt=MRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/north-macedonia-return-eurovision-confirmed-2027/|title=🇲🇰 North Macedonia: Return to Eurovision Confirmed for 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|San Marino}} | {{ill|San Marino RTV|en|lt=SMRTV}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/13/san-marino-eurovision-2027-starts-today/|title=San Marino: Work on Eurovision 2027 Starts Today|website=Eurovoix|date=13 May 2026}}</ref> |- |} ===Other countries=== Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that participated in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026]] but have not announced their participation in 2027: * {{esc|Albania}} * {{esc|Armenia}} * {{esc|Australia}} * {{esc|Austria}} * {{esc|Azerbaijan}} * {{esc|Belgium}} * {{esc|Croatia}} * {{esc|Cyprus}} * {{esc|Czech Republic}} * {{esc|Estonia}} * {{esc|France}} * {{esc|Georgia}} * {{esc|Greece}} * {{esc|Israel}} * {{esc|Italy}} * {{esc|Latvia}} * {{esc|Lithuania}} * {{esc|Malta}} * {{esc|Moldova}} * {{esc|Montenegro}} * {{esc|Norway}} * {{esc|Poland}} * {{esc|Portugal}} * {{esc|Romania}} * {{esc|Serbia}} * {{esc|Sweden}} * {{esc|Switzerland}} * {{esc|Ukraine}} * {{esc|United Kingdom}} Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have not announced their participation for 2027: * {{esc|Andorra}} * {{esc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} * {{esc|Hungary}} * {{esc|Iceland}} * {{esc|Ireland}} * {{esc|Monaco}} * {{esc|Morocco}} * {{esc|Netherlands}} * {{esc|Slovakia}} * {{esc|Slovenia}} * {{esc|Spain}} * {{esc|Turkey}} === EBUmembers that has full Ebu or has partial === The following countries' that are pushing for [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have expressed interest in debuting in 2027: * {{flag|Algeria}} * {{flag|New Zealand}} * {{flag|Tunisia}} * {{flag|Syria}} * {{flag|Brazil}} * {{flag|Jordan}} * {{flag|Egypt}} * {{flag|Kazakhstan}} * {{flag|Libya}} * {{flag|Lebanon}} * {{flag|Kosovo}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/31/kosovo-rtk-director-renews-call-for-kosovos-inclusion-eurovision-junior-eurovision/|title=🇽🇰 Kosovo: RTK Director Renews Call for Kosovo’s Inclusion in Eurovision and Junior Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=31 May 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{URL|http://www.eurovision.com/|Official website}} {{Eurovision Song Contest}} [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Category:May events]] mjzxaffc1r3go0uidifk5jmce6t01fl 10878951 10878904 2026-06-04T19:17:19Z Greenock125 652309 10878951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song contest | name = Eurovision Song Contest | year = 2027 | logo = [[File:ESC 2027 Map.svg|310px]] | alt = | theme = ''United by Music"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebu.ch/news/2023/11/united-by-music-chosen-as-permanent-slogan-for-eurovision-song-contest|title='United By Music' chosen as permanent slogan for Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=ebu.ch|date=14 November 2023}}</ref> | semi1 = May 2027 | semi2 = May 2027 | final = May 2027 | venue = TBD, [[Bulgaria]] | presenters = | musdirector = | director = | esc_director = Martin Green | show_supervisor = | exproducer = | host = {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT) | opening = | interval = | participants update = June 2026 | entries = 7 | finalists = | debut = | return ={{Esc|North Macedonia}} | nonreturn = | vote = | winner = | Map PreList = }} The '''Eurovision Song Contest 2027''' will be the 71st edition of the [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. The contest will be held in [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]], after their win at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026 contest]] with the song "{{ill|Bangaranga|en}}" by [[Dara (Bulgarian singer)|Dara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/dara-wins-the-eurovision-song-contest-2026-for-bulgaria/|title=DARA wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 for Bulgaria|website=eurovision.com|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> It will be organised by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) and host broadcaster {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT). ==Overview== It will be the first time that [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]] will host the contest. The country has previously hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. ==Location== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+Cities that have expressed interest in hosting the contest |- ! scope="col"| City ! scope="col"| Venue ! scope="col"| Notes ! scope="col"| {{Refh}} |- ! scope="row"| [[Burgas]] | {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}} | Can hold up to 15,000 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-burgas-expresses-interest-in-hosting/|title=Eurovision 2027: Burgas Expresses its Interest in Hosting|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Sofia]] | {{ill|Arena Sofia|en}} | Hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. Can hold up to 17,906 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-sofia-will-bid-to-host-eurovision/|title=Eurovision 2027: Mayor Confirms Sofia Will Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Plovdiv]] | {{ill|Kolodruma|en}} | Can hold up to 7,500 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-plovdiv-intends-to-bid-to-host/|title=Eurovision 2027: Plovdiv Intends to Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] | {{ill|Palace of Culture and Sports|en}} | Can hold up to 6,000 people. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://forbesbulgaria.com/2026/05/18/varna-i-plovdiv-vlizat-v-nadprevarata-za-domakinstvoto-na-evroviziya/|title=Варна и Пловдив влизат в надпреварата за домакинството на „Евровизия“|website=Forbes Bulgaria|date=18 May 2026}}</ref> |} ==Provisional list of participants== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sticky-header" |+Provisional participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 2027 ! scope="col"| Country ! scope="col"| Broadcaster ! scope="col"| Artist ! scope="col"| Song ! scope="col"| Language ! scope="col"| Songwriter(s) ! scope="col"| Ref. |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Bulgaria}} | {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en|lt=BNT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.euromix.co.il/2026/01/31/surprise-bulgaria-confirms-participation-in-eurovision-2027/|title=Surprise: Bulgaria Confirms Participation in Eurovision 2027!|website=en.euromix.co.il|date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Denmark}} | {{ill|DR (broadcaster)|en|lt=DR}} | colspan="4" {{TBA| TBA 13 February 2027}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/16/eurovision-2027-what-do-we-know-already/|title=Eurovision 2027: What Do We Know Already?|website=Eurovoix|date=16 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Finland}} | [[Yle]] | colspan = "4" {{TBA| TBA 20 February 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/12/uuden-musiikin-kilpailu-2027-on-february-20/|title=Finland: Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2027 on February 20|website=Eurovoix|date=12 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Germany}} | {{ill|Südwestrundfunk|en|lt=SWR}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/04/18/germany-confirms-national-selection-for-eurovision-2027/|title=🇩🇪 Germany: SWR Confirms National Selection for Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=18 April 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Luxembourg}} | {{ill|RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg|en|lt=RTL}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/prime-minister-frieden-confirms-luxembourgs-intention-to-compete-in-eurovision-2027/|title=🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Prime Minister Frieden Confirms Luxembourg's Intention to Compete in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|North Macedonia}} | {{ill|Macedonian Radio Television|en|lt=MRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/north-macedonia-return-eurovision-confirmed-2027/|title=🇲🇰 North Macedonia: Return to Eurovision Confirmed for 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|San Marino}} | {{ill|San Marino RTV|en|lt=SMRTV}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/13/san-marino-eurovision-2027-starts-today/|title=San Marino: Work on Eurovision 2027 Starts Today|website=Eurovoix|date=13 May 2026}}</ref> |- |} ===Other countries=== Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that participated in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026]] but have not announced their participation in 2027: * {{esc|Albania}} * {{esc|Armenia}} * {{esc|Australia}} * {{esc|Austria}} * {{esc|Azerbaijan}} * {{esc|Belgium}} * {{esc|Croatia}} * {{esc|Cyprus}} * {{esc|Czech Republic}} * {{esc|Estonia}} * {{esc|France}} * {{esc|Georgia}} * {{esc|Greece}} * {{esc|Israel}} * {{esc|Italy}} * {{esc|Latvia}} * {{esc|Lithuania}} * {{esc|Malta}} * {{esc|Moldova}} * {{esc|Montenegro}} * {{esc|Norway}} * {{esc|Poland}} * {{esc|Portugal}} * {{esc|Romania}} * {{esc|Serbia}} * {{esc|Sweden}} * {{esc|Switzerland}} * {{esc|Ukraine}} * {{esc|United Kingdom}} Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have not announced their participation for 2027: * {{esc|Andorra}} * {{esc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} * {{esc|Hungary}} * {{esc|Iceland}} * {{esc|Ireland}} * {{esc|Monaco}} * {{esc|Morocco}} * {{esc|Netherlands}} * {{esc|Slovakia}} * {{esc|Slovenia}} * {{esc|Spain}} * {{esc|Turkey}} ===Non-EBU members=== The following countries' that are pushing for [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have expressed interest in debuting in 2027: * {{flag|Kosovo}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/31/kosovo-rtk-director-renews-call-for-kosovos-inclusion-eurovision-junior-eurovision/|title=🇽🇰 Kosovo: RTK Director Renews Call for Kosovo’s Inclusion in Eurovision and Junior Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=31 May 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{URL|http://www.eurovision.com/|Official website}} {{Eurovision Song Contest}} [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Category:May events]] tmjr3jbtey0h8rckpj7misybyqi1nzy 10879427 10878951 2026-06-05T09:51:05Z Greenock125 652309 10879427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song contest | name = Eurovision Song Contest | year = 2027 | logo = [[File:ESC 2027 Map.svg|310px]] | alt = | theme = ''United by Music"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebu.ch/news/2023/11/united-by-music-chosen-as-permanent-slogan-for-eurovision-song-contest|title='United By Music' chosen as permanent slogan for Eurovision Song Contest|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=ebu.ch|date=14 November 2023}}</ref> | semi1 = May 2027 | semi2 = May 2027 | final = May 2027 | venue = TBD, [[Bulgaria]] | presenters = | musdirector = | director = | esc_director = Martin Green | show_supervisor = | exproducer = | host = {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT) | opening = | interval = | participants update = June 2026 | entries = 7 | finalists = | debut = | return ={{Esc|North Macedonia}} | nonreturn = | vote = | winner = | Map PreList = }} The '''Eurovision Song Contest 2027''' will be the 71st edition of the [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. The contest will be held in [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]], after their win at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026 contest]] with the song "{{ill|Bangaranga|en}}" by [[Dara (Bulgarian singer)|Dara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/dara-wins-the-eurovision-song-contest-2026-for-bulgaria/|title=DARA wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 for Bulgaria|website=eurovision.com|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> It will be organised by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) and host broadcaster {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en}} (BNT). ==Overview== It will be the first time that [[Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest|Bulgaria]] will host the contest. The country has previously hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. ==Location== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+Cities that have expressed interest in hosting the contest |- ! scope="col"| City ! scope="col"| Venue ! scope="col"| Notes ! scope="col"| {{Refh}} |- ! scope="row"| [[Burgas]] | {{ill|Arena Burgas|en}} | Can hold up to 15,000 people for concerts. Candidacy supported by the Burgas municipal council. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-burgas-expresses-interest-in-hosting/|title=Eurovision 2027: Burgas Expresses its Interest in Hosting|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Plovdiv]] | {{ill|Kolodruma|en}} | Can hold up to 7,500 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-plovdiv-intends-to-bid-to-host/|title=Eurovision 2027: Plovdiv Intends to Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Sofia]] | {{ill|Arena Sofia|en}} | Hosted the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015]]. Can hold up to 17,906 people for concerts. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/17/eurovision-2027-sofia-will-bid-to-host-eurovision/|title=Eurovision 2027: Mayor Confirms Sofia Will Bid to Host Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=17 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] | {{ill|Palace of Culture and Sports|en}} | Kongresna Hall can hold up to 6,000 people. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://forbesbulgaria.com/2026/05/18/varna-i-plovdiv-vlizat-v-nadprevarata-za-domakinstvoto-na-evroviziya/|title=Варна и Пловдив влизат в надпреварата за домакинството на „Евровизия“|website=Forbes Bulgaria|date=18 May 2026}}</ref> |} ==Provisional list of participants== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sticky-header" |+Provisional participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 2027 ! scope="col"| Country ! scope="col"| Broadcaster ! scope="col"| Artist ! scope="col"| Song ! scope="col"| Language ! scope="col"| Songwriter(s) ! scope="col"| Ref. |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Bulgaria}} | {{ill|Bulgarian National Television|en|lt=BNT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.euromix.co.il/2026/01/31/surprise-bulgaria-confirms-participation-in-eurovision-2027/|title=Surprise: Bulgaria Confirms Participation in Eurovision 2027!|website=en.euromix.co.il|date=31 January 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Denmark}} | {{ill|DR (broadcaster)|en|lt=DR}} | colspan="4" {{TBA| TBA 13 February 2027}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/16/eurovision-2027-what-do-we-know-already/|title=Eurovision 2027: What Do We Know Already?|website=Eurovoix|date=16 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Finland}} | [[Yle]] | colspan = "4" {{TBA| TBA 20 February 2027}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/12/uuden-musiikin-kilpailu-2027-on-february-20/|title=Finland: Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2027 on February 20|website=Eurovoix|date=12 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Germany}} | {{ill|Südwestrundfunk|en|lt=SWR}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/04/18/germany-confirms-national-selection-for-eurovision-2027/|title=🇩🇪 Germany: SWR Confirms National Selection for Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=18 April 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|Luxembourg}} | {{ill|RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg|en|lt=RTL}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/prime-minister-frieden-confirms-luxembourgs-intention-to-compete-in-eurovision-2027/|title=🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Prime Minister Frieden Confirms Luxembourg's Intention to Compete in Eurovision 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|North Macedonia}} | {{ill|Macedonian Radio Television|en|lt=MRT}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/21/north-macedonia-return-eurovision-confirmed-2027/|title=🇲🇰 North Macedonia: Return to Eurovision Confirmed for 2027|website=Eurovoix|date=21 May 2026}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{esc|San Marino}} | {{ill|San Marino RTV|en|lt=SMRTV}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | {{N/A|}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/13/san-marino-eurovision-2027-starts-today/|title=San Marino: Work on Eurovision 2027 Starts Today|website=Eurovoix|date=13 May 2026}}</ref> |- |} ===Other countries=== Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that participated in [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026|2026]] but have not announced their participation in 2027: * {{esc|Albania}} * {{esc|Armenia}} * {{esc|Australia}} * {{esc|Austria}} * {{esc|Azerbaijan}} * {{esc|Belgium}} * {{esc|Croatia}} * {{esc|Cyprus}} * {{esc|Czech Republic}} * {{esc|Estonia}} * {{esc|France}} * {{esc|Georgia}} * {{esc|Greece}} * {{esc|Israel}} * {{esc|Italy}} * {{esc|Latvia}} * {{esc|Lithuania}} * {{esc|Malta}} * {{esc|Moldova}} * {{esc|Montenegro}} * {{esc|Norway}} * {{esc|Poland}} * {{esc|Portugal}} * {{esc|Romania}} * {{esc|Serbia}} * {{esc|Sweden}} * {{esc|Switzerland}} * {{esc|Ukraine}} * {{esc|United Kingdom}} Countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] previously but have not announced their participation for 2027: * {{esc|Andorra}} * {{esc|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} * {{esc|Hungary}} * {{esc|Iceland}} * {{esc|Ireland}} * {{esc|Monaco}} * {{esc|Morocco}} * {{esc|Netherlands}} * {{esc|Slovakia}} * {{esc|Slovenia}} * {{esc|Spain}} * {{esc|Turkey}} ===Non-EBU members=== The following countries' that are pushing for [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that have expressed interest in debuting in 2027: * {{flag|Kosovo}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurovoix.com/2026/05/31/kosovo-rtk-director-renews-call-for-kosovos-inclusion-eurovision-junior-eurovision/|title=🇽🇰 Kosovo: RTK Director Renews Call for Kosovo’s Inclusion in Eurovision and Junior Eurovision|website=Eurovoix|date=31 May 2026}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{URL|http://www.eurovision.com/|Official website}} {{Eurovision Song Contest}} [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest]] [[Category:May events]] kley6mjmki8m92qr0rjse8itnafzg5h 1 1260648 10878958 10871823 2026-06-04T19:24:39Z Greenock125 652309 /* June 2026 */ new section 10878958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk header}} == Guernsey? == What do you mean to tell me Gurnsey is now involved? [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-23011-48|&#126;2026-23011-48]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-23011-48|talk]]) 17:32, 14 April 2026 (UTC) == Protection == This article needs Protection from vandalism ASAP. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125|talk]]) 20:56, 19 April 2026 (UTC) :Can someone here on Simple Wikipedia block or ban [[User:WWmah]], they keep vandalising [[Eurovision Song Contest 2027]] with the same terrible formatted and grammar edits, also can this page receive edit protections from other mindless vandals please. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125|talk]]) 11:21, 20 April 2026 (UTC) == EBU Membership (Eurovision) == Hello. I just want to make this clear, only countries with an active [[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] membership that has participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] in the past should be included. The only time a country with an EBU membership should be included is if there is a report saying that a countries' broadcaster is interested in participating for the first time. [[Canada]] and [[Kazakhstan]] expressed as interest in participating in 2026 and there was a source to back that up, also both countries are associate members of the EBU and would need to invited in order to compete [https://eurovoix.com/2026/01/15/kazakhstan-canada-will-not-debut-at-eurovision-2026/ ]. We can't just list every country with an EBU membership. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125|talk]]) 09:10, 25 April 2026 (UTC) :Hello, We know that you want to make list only with countries That participated in contest.Also We could add Non Participating like Russia and and Belarus.And add possible debuts , Kazakhstan and Canada likely still will try to Compete in contest.But its not confirmed so you could be rigth. [[User:WWmah|WWmah]] ([[User talk:WWmah|talk]]) 09:39, 25 April 2026 (UTC) :Also we could add reassons for some countries if they have like Hungary . [[User:WWmah|WWmah]] ([[User talk:WWmah|talk]]) 09:43, 25 April 2026 (UTC) :Also we need to add Denmarks national date is February 13 [[User:WWmah|WWmah]] ([[User talk:WWmah|talk]]) 11:49, 25 April 2026 (UTC) ::Even though DMGP is happening, DR has not confirmed participation [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-26221-31|&#126;2026-26221-31]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-26221-31|talk]]) 18:17, 29 April 2026 (UTC) As I said below anyone can edit this article, I am not going to revert any changes until the full list has been announced. --[[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125|talk]]) 12:22, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Israel is not disqualified so far == I rcently saw This morning an User patricija saying Israel is Disqualified even its not true .I really want it to be ,but we cant do anything about it. [[User:WWmah|WWmah]] ([[User talk:WWmah|talk]]) 10:07, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == April 2026 == I have decided I am not editing the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2027]] article until the full list of countries and broadcasters has been announced by the EBU which will probably be in December 2026. So between now and December 2026 anyone can edit the article how they want to, I don't want to constantly be watching and making changes for weeks and months. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125|talk]]) 12:21, 25 April 2026 (UTC) == Finland participation confirmed == Finland has announced the dates for UMK 2027, therefore they’re participating (and if you say it doesn’t mean they confirmed participation, then why is Denmark on the list?) [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-29079-23|&#126;2026-29079-23]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-29079-23|talk]]) 18:14, 14 May 2026 (UTC) == Duplicate article == There is an article for the same topic already. The other one is more detailed and seems to be the main page. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-29770-90|&#126;2026-29770-90]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-29770-90|talk]]) 09:38, 18 May 2026 (UTC) == @Greenock125 == Hello, User Greenock125 We see you add things And want make Sure that there is no vandalism or fake information .I Understand could we like make more info About Countries like Italy Confirmed Sanremo Festivali but didn't participation . [[User:WWmah|WWmah]] ([[User talk:WWmah|talk]]) 16:42, 20 May 2026 (UTC) == @~2026-31651-64 == @[[User:~2026-31651-64|~2026-31651-64]] Hello, Im Wwmah Please stop spreading false information that Slovakia Returned to Eurovision Song Contest 2027 .We understand that you try spend your time for this but Slovakia didn't confirmed return but STVR confirmed that pland and yes , return is very possible and likely will happen but until we don't have confirm we can't edit this .Thank your for understanding. [[User:WWmah|WWmah]] ([[User talk:WWmah|talk]]) 16:45, 27 May 2026 (UTC) == June 2026 == Can we please stop adding countries that will probably never compete at Eurovision, unless there is a credible source that says a country wants to debut in 2027 or future editions. There are no reports that say countries like Algeria, New Zealand, Tunisia, Syria, Brazil, Jordan, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Libya, Lebanon want to participate in 2027, it is very unlikely these countries will participate, maybe Kazakhstan because they have participated in Junior Eurovision. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125|talk]]) 19:24, 4 June 2026 (UTC) 2g3nresiffjysgtr3o7n9l2imfcktvo 0 1261009 10879103 10878070 2026-06-04T22:04:27Z Immanuelle 1174418 This was knowledge graph embedding not vector symbolic architecture. I conceptually misunderstood what this was. 10879103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vector Symbolic Algebra''' ('''VSA''') is a kind of [[Linear algebra|vector algebra]] used in an {{ill|latent space|lt=embedding space|en}} to represent {{ill|Physical symbol system|lt=symbol manipulation|en}} as vector operations.<ref>https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.08747</ref><ref>https://www.tu-chemnitz.de/etit/proaut/workshops_tutorials/vsa_ecai20/rsrc/vsa_slides.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laube|first=Ryan|date=2024-11-29|title=QAVSA: Question Answering Using Vector Symbolic Algebras|url=https://hdl.handle.net/10012/21210|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada. National Research Council Canada|title=Biologically-plausible Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling from vector symbolic algebra-encoded distributions - NRC Publications Archive|url=https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=2083be93-32bc-443c-a82e-9919f948e0c3|access-date=2026-04-01|website=publications-cnrc.canada.ca|language=en}}</ref><ref name="arxiv.org">{{Cite web|title=Developing a Foundation of Vector Symbolic Architectures Using Category Theory|url=https://arxiv.org/html/2501.05368v1|access-date=2026-04-01|website=arxiv.org}}</ref><ref>https://compneuro.uwaterloo.ca/files/furlong2023.GMs_and_VSAs.AAAI.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tutorial 1: Basic operations of vector symbolic algebra — NeuroAI (instructor's version)|url=https://instructor.neuroai.neuromatch.io/tutorials/W2D2_NeuroSymbolicMethods/instructor/W2D2_Tutorial1.html|access-date=2026-04-01|website=instructor.neuroai.neuromatch.io}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-06-16|title=Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures|url=https://www.nature.com/collections/ijiiiahgdi|access-date=2026-04-01|website=Nature|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Developing a Foundation of Vector Symbolic Architectures Using Category Theory|url=https://arxiv.org/html/2501.05368v2|access-date=2026-04-01|website=arxiv.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laube|first=Ryan|last2=Eliasmith|first2=Chris|date=2024-08|editor-last=Zhao|editor-first=Chen|editor2-last=Mosbach|editor2-first=Marius|editor3-last=Atanasova|editor3-first=Pepa|editor4-last=Goldfarb-Tarrent|editor4-first=Seraphina|editor5-last=Hase|editor5-first=Peter|editor6-last=Hosseini|editor6-first=Arian|editor7-last=Elbayad|editor7-first=Maha|editor8-last=Pezzelle|editor8-first=Sandro|editor9-last=Mozes|editor9-first=Maximilian|title=QAVSA: Question Answering using Vector Symbolic Algebras|url=https://aclanthology.org/2024.repl4nlp-1.14/|journal=Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2024)|location=Bangkok, Thailand|publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics|pages=191–202}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Karunaratne|first=Geethan|title=Chapter 24. Few-Shot Continual Learning Based on Vector Symbolic Architectures|date=2023|url=https://ebooks.iospress.nl/doi/10.3233/FAIA230156|work=Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence|pages=522–546|publisher=IOS Press|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01|last2=Hersche|first2=Michael|last3=Cherubini|first3=Giovanni|last4=Sebastian|first4=Abu|last5=Rahimi|first5=Abbas}}</ref> Its [[Turing complete|Turing completeness]] is not yet proven but a 2024 paper supports it since it has been found to be {{ill|Cartesian closed category|lt=Cartesian closed|en}}.<ref name="arxiv.org" /> HDC algebra reveals the logic of how and why systems makes decisions, unlike [[Artificial neural network|artificial neural networks]]. Physical world objects can be mapped to hypervectors, to be processed by the algebra.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023">{{Cite web |last=Ananthaswamy|first=Anan|date=April 13, 2023|title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/?mc_cid=ad9a93c472&mc_eid=506130a407|website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref> ==Related pages== * {{ill|Hyperdimensional computing|en}} * [[Lambda calculus]] * [[Turing machine]] * [[JEPA]] * [[Word embedding]] == References == [[Category:Linear algebra]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]] [[Category:Artificial neural networks]] [[Category:Deep learning]] 4b2ji8ha9wzvo41x22gbqiu82ivtvc0 10879104 10879103 2026-06-04T22:04:43Z Immanuelle 1174418 10879104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vector Symbolic Architecture''' ('''VSA''') is a kind of [[Linear algebra|vector algebra]] used in an {{ill|latent space|lt=embedding space|en}} to represent {{ill|Physical symbol system|lt=symbol manipulation|en}} as vector operations.<ref>https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.08747</ref><ref>https://www.tu-chemnitz.de/etit/proaut/workshops_tutorials/vsa_ecai20/rsrc/vsa_slides.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laube|first=Ryan|date=2024-11-29|title=QAVSA: Question Answering Using Vector Symbolic Algebras|url=https://hdl.handle.net/10012/21210|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada. National Research Council Canada|title=Biologically-plausible Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling from vector symbolic algebra-encoded distributions - NRC Publications Archive|url=https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=2083be93-32bc-443c-a82e-9919f948e0c3|access-date=2026-04-01|website=publications-cnrc.canada.ca|language=en}}</ref><ref name="arxiv.org">{{Cite web|title=Developing a Foundation of Vector Symbolic Architectures Using Category Theory|url=https://arxiv.org/html/2501.05368v1|access-date=2026-04-01|website=arxiv.org}}</ref><ref>https://compneuro.uwaterloo.ca/files/furlong2023.GMs_and_VSAs.AAAI.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tutorial 1: Basic operations of vector symbolic algebra — NeuroAI (instructor's version)|url=https://instructor.neuroai.neuromatch.io/tutorials/W2D2_NeuroSymbolicMethods/instructor/W2D2_Tutorial1.html|access-date=2026-04-01|website=instructor.neuroai.neuromatch.io}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-06-16|title=Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures|url=https://www.nature.com/collections/ijiiiahgdi|access-date=2026-04-01|website=Nature|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Developing a Foundation of Vector Symbolic Architectures Using Category Theory|url=https://arxiv.org/html/2501.05368v2|access-date=2026-04-01|website=arxiv.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laube|first=Ryan|last2=Eliasmith|first2=Chris|date=2024-08|editor-last=Zhao|editor-first=Chen|editor2-last=Mosbach|editor2-first=Marius|editor3-last=Atanasova|editor3-first=Pepa|editor4-last=Goldfarb-Tarrent|editor4-first=Seraphina|editor5-last=Hase|editor5-first=Peter|editor6-last=Hosseini|editor6-first=Arian|editor7-last=Elbayad|editor7-first=Maha|editor8-last=Pezzelle|editor8-first=Sandro|editor9-last=Mozes|editor9-first=Maximilian|title=QAVSA: Question Answering using Vector Symbolic Algebras|url=https://aclanthology.org/2024.repl4nlp-1.14/|journal=Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2024)|location=Bangkok, Thailand|publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics|pages=191–202}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Karunaratne|first=Geethan|title=Chapter 24. Few-Shot Continual Learning Based on Vector Symbolic Architectures|date=2023|url=https://ebooks.iospress.nl/doi/10.3233/FAIA230156|work=Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence|pages=522–546|publisher=IOS Press|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01|last2=Hersche|first2=Michael|last3=Cherubini|first3=Giovanni|last4=Sebastian|first4=Abu|last5=Rahimi|first5=Abbas}}</ref> Its [[Turing complete|Turing completeness]] is not yet proven but a 2024 paper supports it since it has been found to be {{ill|Cartesian closed category|lt=Cartesian closed|en}}.<ref name="arxiv.org" /> HDC algebra reveals the logic of how and why systems makes decisions, unlike [[Artificial neural network|artificial neural networks]]. Physical world objects can be mapped to hypervectors, to be processed by the algebra.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023">{{Cite web |last=Ananthaswamy|first=Anan|date=April 13, 2023|title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/?mc_cid=ad9a93c472&mc_eid=506130a407|website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref> ==Related pages== * {{ill|Hyperdimensional computing|en}} * [[Lambda calculus]] * [[Turing machine]] * [[JEPA]] * [[Word embedding]] == References == [[Category:Linear algebra]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]] [[Category:Artificial neural networks]] [[Category:Deep learning]] kkm61foh7hda9hhxsu7200cm5r2457h 10879105 10879104 2026-06-04T22:04:50Z Immanuelle 1174418 Immanuelle moved page [[Vector Symbolic Algebra]] to [[Vector Symbolic Architecture]] 10879104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vector Symbolic Architecture''' ('''VSA''') is a kind of [[Linear algebra|vector algebra]] used in an {{ill|latent space|lt=embedding space|en}} to represent {{ill|Physical symbol system|lt=symbol manipulation|en}} as vector operations.<ref>https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.08747</ref><ref>https://www.tu-chemnitz.de/etit/proaut/workshops_tutorials/vsa_ecai20/rsrc/vsa_slides.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laube|first=Ryan|date=2024-11-29|title=QAVSA: Question Answering Using Vector Symbolic Algebras|url=https://hdl.handle.net/10012/21210|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada. National Research Council Canada|title=Biologically-plausible Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling from vector symbolic algebra-encoded distributions - NRC Publications Archive|url=https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=2083be93-32bc-443c-a82e-9919f948e0c3|access-date=2026-04-01|website=publications-cnrc.canada.ca|language=en}}</ref><ref name="arxiv.org">{{Cite web|title=Developing a Foundation of Vector Symbolic Architectures Using Category Theory|url=https://arxiv.org/html/2501.05368v1|access-date=2026-04-01|website=arxiv.org}}</ref><ref>https://compneuro.uwaterloo.ca/files/furlong2023.GMs_and_VSAs.AAAI.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tutorial 1: Basic operations of vector symbolic algebra — NeuroAI (instructor's version)|url=https://instructor.neuroai.neuromatch.io/tutorials/W2D2_NeuroSymbolicMethods/instructor/W2D2_Tutorial1.html|access-date=2026-04-01|website=instructor.neuroai.neuromatch.io}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-06-16|title=Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures|url=https://www.nature.com/collections/ijiiiahgdi|access-date=2026-04-01|website=Nature|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Developing a Foundation of Vector Symbolic Architectures Using Category Theory|url=https://arxiv.org/html/2501.05368v2|access-date=2026-04-01|website=arxiv.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laube|first=Ryan|last2=Eliasmith|first2=Chris|date=2024-08|editor-last=Zhao|editor-first=Chen|editor2-last=Mosbach|editor2-first=Marius|editor3-last=Atanasova|editor3-first=Pepa|editor4-last=Goldfarb-Tarrent|editor4-first=Seraphina|editor5-last=Hase|editor5-first=Peter|editor6-last=Hosseini|editor6-first=Arian|editor7-last=Elbayad|editor7-first=Maha|editor8-last=Pezzelle|editor8-first=Sandro|editor9-last=Mozes|editor9-first=Maximilian|title=QAVSA: Question Answering using Vector Symbolic Algebras|url=https://aclanthology.org/2024.repl4nlp-1.14/|journal=Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2024)|location=Bangkok, Thailand|publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics|pages=191–202}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Karunaratne|first=Geethan|title=Chapter 24. Few-Shot Continual Learning Based on Vector Symbolic Architectures|date=2023|url=https://ebooks.iospress.nl/doi/10.3233/FAIA230156|work=Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence|pages=522–546|publisher=IOS Press|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01|last2=Hersche|first2=Michael|last3=Cherubini|first3=Giovanni|last4=Sebastian|first4=Abu|last5=Rahimi|first5=Abbas}}</ref> Its [[Turing complete|Turing completeness]] is not yet proven but a 2024 paper supports it since it has been found to be {{ill|Cartesian closed category|lt=Cartesian closed|en}}.<ref name="arxiv.org" /> HDC algebra reveals the logic of how and why systems makes decisions, unlike [[Artificial neural network|artificial neural networks]]. Physical world objects can be mapped to hypervectors, to be processed by the algebra.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023">{{Cite web |last=Ananthaswamy|first=Anan|date=April 13, 2023|title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/?mc_cid=ad9a93c472&mc_eid=506130a407|website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref> ==Related pages== * {{ill|Hyperdimensional computing|en}} * [[Lambda calculus]] * [[Turing machine]] * [[JEPA]] * [[Word embedding]] == References == [[Category:Linear algebra]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]] [[Category:Artificial neural networks]] [[Category:Deep learning]] kkm61foh7hda9hhxsu7200cm5r2457h 10879107 10879105 2026-06-04T22:05:40Z Immanuelle 1174418 added history section 10879107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vector Symbolic Architecture''' ('''VSA''') is a kind of [[Linear algebra|vector algebra]] used in an {{ill|latent space|lt=embedding space|en}} to represent {{ill|Physical symbol system|lt=symbol manipulation|en}} as vector operations.<ref>https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.08747</ref><ref>https://www.tu-chemnitz.de/etit/proaut/workshops_tutorials/vsa_ecai20/rsrc/vsa_slides.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laube|first=Ryan|date=2024-11-29|title=QAVSA: Question Answering Using Vector Symbolic Algebras|url=https://hdl.handle.net/10012/21210|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada. National Research Council Canada|title=Biologically-plausible Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling from vector symbolic algebra-encoded distributions - NRC Publications Archive|url=https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=2083be93-32bc-443c-a82e-9919f948e0c3|access-date=2026-04-01|website=publications-cnrc.canada.ca|language=en}}</ref><ref name="arxiv.org">{{Cite web|title=Developing a Foundation of Vector Symbolic Architectures Using Category Theory|url=https://arxiv.org/html/2501.05368v1|access-date=2026-04-01|website=arxiv.org}}</ref><ref>https://compneuro.uwaterloo.ca/files/furlong2023.GMs_and_VSAs.AAAI.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tutorial 1: Basic operations of vector symbolic algebra — NeuroAI (instructor's version)|url=https://instructor.neuroai.neuromatch.io/tutorials/W2D2_NeuroSymbolicMethods/instructor/W2D2_Tutorial1.html|access-date=2026-04-01|website=instructor.neuroai.neuromatch.io}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-06-16|title=Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures|url=https://www.nature.com/collections/ijiiiahgdi|access-date=2026-04-01|website=Nature|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Developing a Foundation of Vector Symbolic Architectures Using Category Theory|url=https://arxiv.org/html/2501.05368v2|access-date=2026-04-01|website=arxiv.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laube|first=Ryan|last2=Eliasmith|first2=Chris|date=2024-08|editor-last=Zhao|editor-first=Chen|editor2-last=Mosbach|editor2-first=Marius|editor3-last=Atanasova|editor3-first=Pepa|editor4-last=Goldfarb-Tarrent|editor4-first=Seraphina|editor5-last=Hase|editor5-first=Peter|editor6-last=Hosseini|editor6-first=Arian|editor7-last=Elbayad|editor7-first=Maha|editor8-last=Pezzelle|editor8-first=Sandro|editor9-last=Mozes|editor9-first=Maximilian|title=QAVSA: Question Answering using Vector Symbolic Algebras|url=https://aclanthology.org/2024.repl4nlp-1.14/|journal=Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2024)|location=Bangkok, Thailand|publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics|pages=191–202}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Karunaratne|first=Geethan|title=Chapter 24. Few-Shot Continual Learning Based on Vector Symbolic Architectures|date=2023|url=https://ebooks.iospress.nl/doi/10.3233/FAIA230156|work=Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence|pages=522–546|publisher=IOS Press|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01|last2=Hersche|first2=Michael|last3=Cherubini|first3=Giovanni|last4=Sebastian|first4=Abu|last5=Rahimi|first5=Abbas}}</ref> Its [[Turing complete|Turing completeness]] is not yet proven but a 2024 paper supports it since it has been found to be {{ill|Cartesian closed category|lt=Cartesian closed|en}}.<ref name="arxiv.org" /> HDC algebra reveals the logic of how and why systems makes decisions, unlike [[Artificial neural network|artificial neural networks]]. Physical world objects can be mapped to hypervectors, to be processed by the algebra.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023">{{Cite web |last=Ananthaswamy|first=Anan|date=April 13, 2023|title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/?mc_cid=ad9a93c472&mc_eid=506130a407|website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref> == History == Vector symbolic architectures (VSA) provided a systematic approach to high-dimensional symbol representations to support operations such as establishing relationships. Early examples include holographic reduced representations, binary spatter codes, and matrix binding of additive terms. HD computing advanced these models, particularly emphasizing hardware efficiency.<ref name="Thomas-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Thomas|first1=Anthony|last2=Dasgupta|first2=Sanjoy|last3=Rosing|first3=Tajana|date=2021-10-05|title=A Theoretical Perspective on Hyperdimensional Computing|url=https://redwood.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Thomas2021.pdf|journal=Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research|language=en|volume=72|pages=215–249|doi=10.1613/jair.1.12664|doi-access=free|s2cid=239007517|issn=1076-9757}}</ref> In 2015, Eric Weiss showed how to fully represent an image as a hypervector. A vector could contain information about all the objects in the image, including properties such as color, position, and size.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-20232">{{Cite web |last=Ananthaswamy|first=Anan|date=April 13, 2023|title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/?mc_cid=ad9a93c472&mc_eid=506130a407|website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref> In 2023, Abbas Rahimi et al., used HDC with neural networks to solve [[Raven's Progressive Matrices|Raven's progressive matrices]].<ref name="Ananthaswamy-20232" /> In 2023, Mike Heddes et Al. under the supervision of Professors Givargis, Nicolau and Veidenbaum created a [https://torchhd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html# hyper-dimensional computing library]<ref>{{Cite arXiv|last1=Heddes|first1=Mike|last2=Nunes|first2=Igor|last3=Vergés|first3=Pere|last4=Kleyko|first4=Denis|last5=Abraham|first5=Danny|last6=Givargis|first6=Tony|last7=Nicolau|first7=Alexandru|last8=Veidenbaum|first8=Alexander|date=2022-05-18|title=Torchhd: An Open Source Python Library to Support Research on Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures|class=cs.LG|language=en|eprint=2205.09208}}</ref> that is built on top of {{ill|PyTorch|en}}. ==Related pages== * {{ill|Hyperdimensional computing|en}} * [[Lambda calculus]] * [[Turing machine]] * [[JEPA]] * [[Word embedding]] == References == [[Category:Linear algebra]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]] [[Category:Artificial neural networks]] [[Category:Deep learning]] 7thg7rr5i5a93wjvn1axcrrun8z7dpb 10879108 10879107 2026-06-04T22:06:05Z Immanuelle 1174418 10879108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vector Symbolic Architecture''' ('''VSA''') is a kind of [[Linear algebra|vector algebra]] used in an {{ill|latent space|lt=embedding space|en}} to represent {{ill|Physical symbol system|lt=symbol manipulation|en}} as vector operations.<ref>https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.08747</ref><ref>https://www.tu-chemnitz.de/etit/proaut/workshops_tutorials/vsa_ecai20/rsrc/vsa_slides.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laube|first=Ryan|date=2024-11-29|title=QAVSA: Question Answering Using Vector Symbolic Algebras|url=https://hdl.handle.net/10012/21210|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada. National Research Council Canada|title=Biologically-plausible Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling from vector symbolic algebra-encoded distributions - NRC Publications Archive|url=https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=2083be93-32bc-443c-a82e-9919f948e0c3|access-date=2026-04-01|website=publications-cnrc.canada.ca|language=en}}</ref><ref name="arxiv.org">{{Cite web|title=Developing a Foundation of Vector Symbolic Architectures Using Category Theory|url=https://arxiv.org/html/2501.05368v1|access-date=2026-04-01|website=arxiv.org}}</ref><ref>https://compneuro.uwaterloo.ca/files/furlong2023.GMs_and_VSAs.AAAI.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tutorial 1: Basic operations of vector symbolic algebra — NeuroAI (instructor's version)|url=https://instructor.neuroai.neuromatch.io/tutorials/W2D2_NeuroSymbolicMethods/instructor/W2D2_Tutorial1.html|access-date=2026-04-01|website=instructor.neuroai.neuromatch.io}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-06-16|title=Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures|url=https://www.nature.com/collections/ijiiiahgdi|access-date=2026-04-01|website=Nature|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Developing a Foundation of Vector Symbolic Architectures Using Category Theory|url=https://arxiv.org/html/2501.05368v2|access-date=2026-04-01|website=arxiv.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laube|first=Ryan|last2=Eliasmith|first2=Chris|date=2024-08|editor-last=Zhao|editor-first=Chen|editor2-last=Mosbach|editor2-first=Marius|editor3-last=Atanasova|editor3-first=Pepa|editor4-last=Goldfarb-Tarrent|editor4-first=Seraphina|editor5-last=Hase|editor5-first=Peter|editor6-last=Hosseini|editor6-first=Arian|editor7-last=Elbayad|editor7-first=Maha|editor8-last=Pezzelle|editor8-first=Sandro|editor9-last=Mozes|editor9-first=Maximilian|title=QAVSA: Question Answering using Vector Symbolic Algebras|url=https://aclanthology.org/2024.repl4nlp-1.14/|journal=Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2024)|location=Bangkok, Thailand|publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics|pages=191–202}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Karunaratne|first=Geethan|title=Chapter 24. Few-Shot Continual Learning Based on Vector Symbolic Architectures|date=2023|url=https://ebooks.iospress.nl/doi/10.3233/FAIA230156|work=Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence|pages=522–546|publisher=IOS Press|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01|last2=Hersche|first2=Michael|last3=Cherubini|first3=Giovanni|last4=Sebastian|first4=Abu|last5=Rahimi|first5=Abbas}}</ref> Its [[Turing complete|Turing completeness]] is not yet proven but a 2024 paper supports it since it has been found to be {{ill|Cartesian closed category|lt=Cartesian closed|en}}.<ref name="arxiv.org" /> HDC algebra reveals the logic of how and why systems makes decisions, unlike [[Artificial neural network|artificial neural networks]]. Physical world objects can be mapped to hypervectors, to be processed by the algebra.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023">{{Cite web |last=Ananthaswamy|first=Anan|date=April 13, 2023|title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/?mc_cid=ad9a93c472&mc_eid=506130a407|website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref> == History == Vector symbolic architectures (VSA) provided a systematic approach to high-dimensional symbol representations to support operations such as establishing relationships. Early examples include holographic reduced representations, binary spatter codes, and matrix binding of additive terms. HD computing advanced these models, particularly emphasizing hardware efficiency.<ref name="Thomas-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Thomas|first1=Anthony|last2=Dasgupta|first2=Sanjoy|last3=Rosing|first3=Tajana|date=2021-10-05|title=A Theoretical Perspective on Hyperdimensional Computing|url=https://redwood.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Thomas2021.pdf|journal=Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research|language=en|volume=72|pages=215–249|doi=10.1613/jair.1.12664|doi-access=free|s2cid=239007517|issn=1076-9757}}</ref> In 2015, Eric Weiss showed how to fully represent an image as a hypervector. A vector could contain information about all the objects in the image, including properties such as color, position, and size.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-20232">{{Cite web |last=Ananthaswamy|first=Anan|date=April 13, 2023|title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/?mc_cid=ad9a93c472&mc_eid=506130a407|website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref> In 2023, Abbas Rahimi et al., used HDC with neural networks to solve [[Raven's Progressive Matrices|Raven's progressive matrices]].<ref name="Ananthaswamy-20232" /> In 2023, Mike Heddes et Al. under the supervision of Professors Givargis, Nicolau and Veidenbaum created a [https://torchhd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html# hyper-dimensional computing library]<ref>{{Cite arXiv|last1=Heddes|first1=Mike|last2=Nunes|first2=Igor|last3=Vergés|first3=Pere|last4=Kleyko|first4=Denis|last5=Abraham|first5=Danny|last6=Givargis|first6=Tony|last7=Nicolau|first7=Alexandru|last8=Veidenbaum|first8=Alexander|date=2022-05-18|title=Torchhd: An Open Source Python Library to Support Research on Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures|class=cs.LG|language=en|eprint=2205.09208}}</ref> that is built on top of {{ill|PyTorch|en}}. ==Related pages== * {{ill|Hyperdimensional computing|en}} * [[Lambda calculus]] * [[Turing machine]] * [[JEPA]] * [[Word embedding]] * {{ill|Support vector machine|en}} == References == [[Category:Linear algebra]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]] [[Category:Artificial neural networks]] [[Category:Deep learning]] klzu5hxmignbc3tj5wkrm7aoa6n647c 10879110 10879108 2026-06-04T22:06:52Z Immanuelle 1174418 /* References */ 10879110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vector Symbolic Architecture''' ('''VSA''') is a kind of [[Linear algebra|vector algebra]] used in an {{ill|latent space|lt=embedding space|en}} to represent {{ill|Physical symbol system|lt=symbol manipulation|en}} as vector operations.<ref>https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.08747</ref><ref>https://www.tu-chemnitz.de/etit/proaut/workshops_tutorials/vsa_ecai20/rsrc/vsa_slides.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laube|first=Ryan|date=2024-11-29|title=QAVSA: Question Answering Using Vector Symbolic Algebras|url=https://hdl.handle.net/10012/21210|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada. National Research Council Canada|title=Biologically-plausible Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling from vector symbolic algebra-encoded distributions - NRC Publications Archive|url=https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=2083be93-32bc-443c-a82e-9919f948e0c3|access-date=2026-04-01|website=publications-cnrc.canada.ca|language=en}}</ref><ref name="arxiv.org">{{Cite web|title=Developing a Foundation of Vector Symbolic Architectures Using Category Theory|url=https://arxiv.org/html/2501.05368v1|access-date=2026-04-01|website=arxiv.org}}</ref><ref>https://compneuro.uwaterloo.ca/files/furlong2023.GMs_and_VSAs.AAAI.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tutorial 1: Basic operations of vector symbolic algebra — NeuroAI (instructor's version)|url=https://instructor.neuroai.neuromatch.io/tutorials/W2D2_NeuroSymbolicMethods/instructor/W2D2_Tutorial1.html|access-date=2026-04-01|website=instructor.neuroai.neuromatch.io}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-06-16|title=Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures|url=https://www.nature.com/collections/ijiiiahgdi|access-date=2026-04-01|website=Nature|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Developing a Foundation of Vector Symbolic Architectures Using Category Theory|url=https://arxiv.org/html/2501.05368v2|access-date=2026-04-01|website=arxiv.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laube|first=Ryan|last2=Eliasmith|first2=Chris|date=2024-08|editor-last=Zhao|editor-first=Chen|editor2-last=Mosbach|editor2-first=Marius|editor3-last=Atanasova|editor3-first=Pepa|editor4-last=Goldfarb-Tarrent|editor4-first=Seraphina|editor5-last=Hase|editor5-first=Peter|editor6-last=Hosseini|editor6-first=Arian|editor7-last=Elbayad|editor7-first=Maha|editor8-last=Pezzelle|editor8-first=Sandro|editor9-last=Mozes|editor9-first=Maximilian|title=QAVSA: Question Answering using Vector Symbolic Algebras|url=https://aclanthology.org/2024.repl4nlp-1.14/|journal=Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2024)|location=Bangkok, Thailand|publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics|pages=191–202}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Karunaratne|first=Geethan|title=Chapter 24. Few-Shot Continual Learning Based on Vector Symbolic Architectures|date=2023|url=https://ebooks.iospress.nl/doi/10.3233/FAIA230156|work=Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence|pages=522–546|publisher=IOS Press|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01|last2=Hersche|first2=Michael|last3=Cherubini|first3=Giovanni|last4=Sebastian|first4=Abu|last5=Rahimi|first5=Abbas}}</ref> Its [[Turing complete|Turing completeness]] is not yet proven but a 2024 paper supports it since it has been found to be {{ill|Cartesian closed category|lt=Cartesian closed|en}}.<ref name="arxiv.org" /> HDC algebra reveals the logic of how and why systems makes decisions, unlike [[Artificial neural network|artificial neural networks]]. Physical world objects can be mapped to hypervectors, to be processed by the algebra.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023">{{Cite web |last=Ananthaswamy|first=Anan|date=April 13, 2023|title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/?mc_cid=ad9a93c472&mc_eid=506130a407|website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref> == History == Vector symbolic architectures (VSA) provided a systematic approach to high-dimensional symbol representations to support operations such as establishing relationships. Early examples include holographic reduced representations, binary spatter codes, and matrix binding of additive terms. HD computing advanced these models, particularly emphasizing hardware efficiency.<ref name="Thomas-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Thomas|first1=Anthony|last2=Dasgupta|first2=Sanjoy|last3=Rosing|first3=Tajana|date=2021-10-05|title=A Theoretical Perspective on Hyperdimensional Computing|url=https://redwood.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Thomas2021.pdf|journal=Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research|language=en|volume=72|pages=215–249|doi=10.1613/jair.1.12664|doi-access=free|s2cid=239007517|issn=1076-9757}}</ref> In 2015, Eric Weiss showed how to fully represent an image as a hypervector. A vector could contain information about all the objects in the image, including properties such as color, position, and size.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-20232">{{Cite web |last=Ananthaswamy|first=Anan|date=April 13, 2023|title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/?mc_cid=ad9a93c472&mc_eid=506130a407|website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref> In 2023, Abbas Rahimi et al., used HDC with neural networks to solve [[Raven's Progressive Matrices|Raven's progressive matrices]].<ref name="Ananthaswamy-20232" /> In 2023, Mike Heddes et Al. under the supervision of Professors Givargis, Nicolau and Veidenbaum created a [https://torchhd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html# hyper-dimensional computing library]<ref>{{Cite arXiv|last1=Heddes|first1=Mike|last2=Nunes|first2=Igor|last3=Vergés|first3=Pere|last4=Kleyko|first4=Denis|last5=Abraham|first5=Danny|last6=Givargis|first6=Tony|last7=Nicolau|first7=Alexandru|last8=Veidenbaum|first8=Alexander|date=2022-05-18|title=Torchhd: An Open Source Python Library to Support Research on Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures|class=cs.LG|language=en|eprint=2205.09208}}</ref> that is built on top of {{ill|PyTorch|en}}. ==Related pages== * {{ill|Hyperdimensional computing|en}} * [[Lambda calculus]] * [[Turing machine]] * [[JEPA]] * [[Word embedding]] * {{ill|Support vector machine|en}} == References == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Kleyko |first1=Denis |last2=Rachkovskij |first2=Dmitri A. |last3=Osipov |first3=Evgeny |last4=Rahimi |first4=Abbas |date=2023-07-31 |title=A Survey on Hyperdimensional Computing aka Vector Symbolic Architectures, Part I: Models and Data Transformations |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3538531 |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |language=en |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.1145/3538531 |issn=0360-0300|arxiv=2111.06077 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Kleyko |first1=Denis |last2=Rachkovskij |first2=Dmitri |last3=Osipov |first3=Evgeny |last4=Rahimi |first4=Abbas |date=2023-09-30 |title=A Survey on Hyperdimensional Computing aka Vector Symbolic Architectures, Part II: Applications, Cognitive Models, and Challenges |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3558000 |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |language=en |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=1–52 |doi=10.1145/3558000 |issn=0360-0300|arxiv=2112.15424 }} == External links == * {{Citation |author=Stock, M. |author2=Van Criekinge, W. |author3=Boeckaerts, D. |author4=Taelman, S. |author5=Van Haeverbeke, M. |author6=Dewulf, P. |author7=De Baets, B. |editor=Dutt, V. | year=2024 | title=Hyperdimensional computing: a fast, robust, and interpretable paradigm for biological data | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLOS) | journal = PLOS Computational Biology| volume=20 | issue=9 | article-number=e1012426 | doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012426 | doi-access=free | pmid=39316621 | arxiv=2402.17572 }} * {{Citation |author=Cumbo, F. |author2=Chicco, D. | year=2025 | title=Hyperdimensional computing in biomedical sciences: a brief review| volume = 11 | issue = e2885 | journal = PeerJ Computer Science | article-number=e2885 | doi=10.7717/peerj-cs.2885 | pmid=40567746 | doi-access=free | pmc=12192801 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Kanerva |first=Pentti |date=2009-06-01 |title=Hyperdimensional Computing: An Introduction to Computing in Distributed Representation with High-Dimensional Random Vectors |journal=Cognitive Computation |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=139–159 |doi=10.1007/s12559-009-9009-8 |s2cid=733980 |issn=1866-9964}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Neubert |first1=Peer |last2=Schubert |first2=Stefan |last3=Protzel |first3=Peter |date=2019-12-01 |title=An Introduction to Hyperdimensional Computing for Robotics |journal=KI – Künstliche Intelligenz |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=319–330 |doi=10.1007/s13218-019-00623-z |s2cid=202642163 |issn=1610-1987}} * {{Cite arXiv |last1=Neubert |first1=Peer |last2=Schubert |first2=Stefan |date=2021-01-19 |title=Hyperdimensional computing as a framework for systematic aggregation of image descriptors |class=cs.CV |eprint=2101.07720v1 |language=en}} * {{cite web | url = https://michielstock.github.io/posts/2022/2022-10-04-HDVtutorial/ | title = Tutorial on Hyperdimensional Computing | last = Stock | first = Michiel | date = 2022-10-04 | website = | publisher = | access-date = 2023-07-29 | quote = }} * {{Cite web |title=HD/VSA |url=https://www.hd-computing.com/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.hd-computing.com |language=en-US | date = 2023-03-13}} * {{Cite magazine |last=Ananthaswamy |first=Anil |title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence |language=en-US |magazine=Quanta Magazine |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |date = 2023-04-13}} [[en:Hyperdimensional computing]] {{draft categories| [[Category:Artificial neural networks]] [[Category:Deep learning]] [[Category:Linear algebra]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]]}} [[Category:Linear algebra]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]] [[Category:Artificial neural networks]] [[Category:Deep learning]] d8wmud4pbnvrvqaok0x110flj9kwovo 10879111 10879110 2026-06-04T22:07:35Z Immanuelle 1174418 10879111 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vector Symbolic Architecture''' ('''VSA''') is a kind of [[Linear algebra|vector algebra]] used in an {{ill|latent space|lt=embedding space|en}} to represent {{ill|Physical symbol system|lt=symbol manipulation|en}} as vector operations.<ref>https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.08747</ref><ref>https://www.tu-chemnitz.de/etit/proaut/workshops_tutorials/vsa_ecai20/rsrc/vsa_slides.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laube|first=Ryan|date=2024-11-29|title=QAVSA: Question Answering Using Vector Symbolic Algebras|url=https://hdl.handle.net/10012/21210|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada. National Research Council Canada|title=Biologically-plausible Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling from vector symbolic algebra-encoded distributions - NRC Publications Archive|url=https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=2083be93-32bc-443c-a82e-9919f948e0c3|access-date=2026-04-01|website=publications-cnrc.canada.ca|language=en}}</ref><ref name="arxiv.org">{{Cite web|title=Developing a Foundation of Vector Symbolic Architectures Using Category Theory|url=https://arxiv.org/html/2501.05368v1|access-date=2026-04-01|website=arxiv.org}}</ref><ref>https://compneuro.uwaterloo.ca/files/furlong2023.GMs_and_VSAs.AAAI.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tutorial 1: Basic operations of vector symbolic algebra — NeuroAI (instructor's version)|url=https://instructor.neuroai.neuromatch.io/tutorials/W2D2_NeuroSymbolicMethods/instructor/W2D2_Tutorial1.html|access-date=2026-04-01|website=instructor.neuroai.neuromatch.io}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-06-16|title=Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures|url=https://www.nature.com/collections/ijiiiahgdi|access-date=2026-04-01|website=Nature|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Developing a Foundation of Vector Symbolic Architectures Using Category Theory|url=https://arxiv.org/html/2501.05368v2|access-date=2026-04-01|website=arxiv.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laube|first=Ryan|last2=Eliasmith|first2=Chris|date=2024-08|editor-last=Zhao|editor-first=Chen|editor2-last=Mosbach|editor2-first=Marius|editor3-last=Atanasova|editor3-first=Pepa|editor4-last=Goldfarb-Tarrent|editor4-first=Seraphina|editor5-last=Hase|editor5-first=Peter|editor6-last=Hosseini|editor6-first=Arian|editor7-last=Elbayad|editor7-first=Maha|editor8-last=Pezzelle|editor8-first=Sandro|editor9-last=Mozes|editor9-first=Maximilian|title=QAVSA: Question Answering using Vector Symbolic Algebras|url=https://aclanthology.org/2024.repl4nlp-1.14/|journal=Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Representation Learning for NLP (RepL4NLP-2024)|location=Bangkok, Thailand|publisher=Association for Computational Linguistics|pages=191–202}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Karunaratne|first=Geethan|title=Chapter 24. Few-Shot Continual Learning Based on Vector Symbolic Architectures|date=2023|url=https://ebooks.iospress.nl/doi/10.3233/FAIA230156|work=Compendium of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence|pages=522–546|publisher=IOS Press|language=en|access-date=2026-04-01|last2=Hersche|first2=Michael|last3=Cherubini|first3=Giovanni|last4=Sebastian|first4=Abu|last5=Rahimi|first5=Abbas}}</ref> It is also called hyperdimensional computing. Its [[Turing complete|Turing completeness]] is not yet proven but a 2024 paper supports it since it has been found to be {{ill|Cartesian closed category|lt=Cartesian closed|en}}.<ref name="arxiv.org" /> HDC algebra reveals the logic of how and why systems makes decisions, unlike [[Artificial neural network|artificial neural networks]]. Physical world objects can be mapped to hypervectors, to be processed by the algebra.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023">{{Cite web |last=Ananthaswamy|first=Anan|date=April 13, 2023|title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/?mc_cid=ad9a93c472&mc_eid=506130a407|website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref> == History == Vector symbolic architectures (VSA) provided a systematic approach to high-dimensional symbol representations to support operations such as establishing relationships. Early examples include holographic reduced representations, binary spatter codes, and matrix binding of additive terms. HD computing advanced these models, particularly emphasizing hardware efficiency.<ref name="Thomas-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Thomas|first1=Anthony|last2=Dasgupta|first2=Sanjoy|last3=Rosing|first3=Tajana|date=2021-10-05|title=A Theoretical Perspective on Hyperdimensional Computing|url=https://redwood.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Thomas2021.pdf|journal=Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research|language=en|volume=72|pages=215–249|doi=10.1613/jair.1.12664|doi-access=free|s2cid=239007517|issn=1076-9757}}</ref> In 2015, Eric Weiss showed how to fully represent an image as a hypervector. A vector could contain information about all the objects in the image, including properties such as color, position, and size.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-20232">{{Cite web |last=Ananthaswamy|first=Anan|date=April 13, 2023|title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/?mc_cid=ad9a93c472&mc_eid=506130a407|website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref> In 2023, Abbas Rahimi et al., used HDC with neural networks to solve [[Raven's Progressive Matrices|Raven's progressive matrices]].<ref name="Ananthaswamy-20232" /> In 2023, Mike Heddes et Al. under the supervision of Professors Givargis, Nicolau and Veidenbaum created a [https://torchhd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html# hyper-dimensional computing library]<ref>{{Cite arXiv|last1=Heddes|first1=Mike|last2=Nunes|first2=Igor|last3=Vergés|first3=Pere|last4=Kleyko|first4=Denis|last5=Abraham|first5=Danny|last6=Givargis|first6=Tony|last7=Nicolau|first7=Alexandru|last8=Veidenbaum|first8=Alexander|date=2022-05-18|title=Torchhd: An Open Source Python Library to Support Research on Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures|class=cs.LG|language=en|eprint=2205.09208}}</ref> that is built on top of {{ill|PyTorch|en}}. ==Related pages== * [[Lambda calculus]] * [[Turing machine]] * [[JEPA]] * [[Word embedding]] * {{ill|Support vector machine|en}} == References == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Kleyko |first1=Denis |last2=Rachkovskij |first2=Dmitri A. |last3=Osipov |first3=Evgeny |last4=Rahimi |first4=Abbas |date=2023-07-31 |title=A Survey on Hyperdimensional Computing aka Vector Symbolic Architectures, Part I: Models and Data Transformations |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3538531 |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |language=en |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.1145/3538531 |issn=0360-0300|arxiv=2111.06077 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Kleyko |first1=Denis |last2=Rachkovskij |first2=Dmitri |last3=Osipov |first3=Evgeny |last4=Rahimi |first4=Abbas |date=2023-09-30 |title=A Survey on Hyperdimensional Computing aka Vector Symbolic Architectures, Part II: Applications, Cognitive Models, and Challenges |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3558000 |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |language=en |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=1–52 |doi=10.1145/3558000 |issn=0360-0300|arxiv=2112.15424 }} == External links == * {{Citation |author=Stock, M. |author2=Van Criekinge, W. |author3=Boeckaerts, D. |author4=Taelman, S. |author5=Van Haeverbeke, M. |author6=Dewulf, P. |author7=De Baets, B. |editor=Dutt, V. | year=2024 | title=Hyperdimensional computing: a fast, robust, and interpretable paradigm for biological data | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLOS) | journal = PLOS Computational Biology| volume=20 | issue=9 | article-number=e1012426 | doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012426 | doi-access=free | pmid=39316621 | arxiv=2402.17572 }} * {{Citation |author=Cumbo, F. |author2=Chicco, D. | year=2025 | title=Hyperdimensional computing in biomedical sciences: a brief review| volume = 11 | issue = e2885 | journal = PeerJ Computer Science | article-number=e2885 | doi=10.7717/peerj-cs.2885 | pmid=40567746 | doi-access=free | pmc=12192801 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Kanerva |first=Pentti |date=2009-06-01 |title=Hyperdimensional Computing: An Introduction to Computing in Distributed Representation with High-Dimensional Random Vectors |journal=Cognitive Computation |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=139–159 |doi=10.1007/s12559-009-9009-8 |s2cid=733980 |issn=1866-9964}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Neubert |first1=Peer |last2=Schubert |first2=Stefan |last3=Protzel |first3=Peter |date=2019-12-01 |title=An Introduction to Hyperdimensional Computing for Robotics |journal=KI – Künstliche Intelligenz |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=319–330 |doi=10.1007/s13218-019-00623-z |s2cid=202642163 |issn=1610-1987}} * {{Cite arXiv |last1=Neubert |first1=Peer |last2=Schubert |first2=Stefan |date=2021-01-19 |title=Hyperdimensional computing as a framework for systematic aggregation of image descriptors |class=cs.CV |eprint=2101.07720v1 |language=en}} * {{cite web | url = https://michielstock.github.io/posts/2022/2022-10-04-HDVtutorial/ | title = Tutorial on Hyperdimensional Computing | last = Stock | first = Michiel | date = 2022-10-04 | website = | publisher = | access-date = 2023-07-29 | quote = }} * {{Cite web |title=HD/VSA |url=https://www.hd-computing.com/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.hd-computing.com |language=en-US | date = 2023-03-13}} * {{Cite magazine |last=Ananthaswamy |first=Anil |title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence |language=en-US |magazine=Quanta Magazine |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |date = 2023-04-13}} [[en:Hyperdimensional computing]] {{draft categories| [[Category:Artificial neural networks]] [[Category:Deep learning]] [[Category:Linear algebra]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]]}} [[Category:Linear algebra]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]] [[Category:Artificial neural networks]] [[Category:Deep learning]] i89n2pwgajawn237wb6ui03c62yobcm 0 1261255 10879066 10853827 2026-06-04T21:23:45Z Auntof6 22027 add cats; rem displaytitle; formatting 10879066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty |name=William the Pious |image=File:Guillpieux.jpg |image_size=250 |succession=[[Duke of Aquitaine]] |reign=893-6 July 918 |successor=[[William II of Aquitaine|William II]] |predecessor=[[Ranulf II of Aquitaine|Ranulf II]] |birth_date={{birth date|875|3|22|df=y}} |death_date={{death date and age|918|7|6|875|3|22|df=y}} |spouse=[[Engelberga of Provence]] |issue=Engelberga<br>Unknown daughter |father=[[Bernard II of Auvergne]] }} '''William the Pious''' (22 March 875 – 6 July 918), was the [[Count of Auvergne]] and [[Limousin]] from 886 and [[Duke of Aquitaine]] from 893. He founded [[Cluny Abbey]] on 11 September 910. {{bio-stub}} [[Category:875 births]] [[Category:918 deaths]] [[Category:Dukes and Duchesses of Aquitaine]] [[Category:Counts and countesses]] orw7uu0lqaah7j4w1fytaq7pmmb5dzt 0 1261351 10879235 10817444 2026-06-05T01:52:13Z ~2026-33277-41 1816588 [[Lehava|Lahava]] 10879235 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lehava''' is a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Jewish]] group in [[Israel]] that supports [[Jewish supremacy]] (the thought that Jews are better than other people).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/23/world/middleeast/israelis-palestinians-clash-jerusalem-old-city.html |title=Israelis and Palestinians Clash Around Jerusalem's Old City |date=23 April 2021 |last=Kershner |first=Isabel |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref> They think that it is wrong for non-Jews to take on the culture of Jews ([[cultural assimilation]]). They also think that Jews should not do business or be friends with non-Jews. The goal of their work is to prevent [[Marriage|marriages]] between Jews and non-Jews, especially between Jewish women and non-Jewish men. One of the people who spoke against them was [[Reuven Rivlin]], a former president of Israel. In English, their name can be translated as flame. Their name is an [[acronym]]: {{Script/Hebrew|להב"ה}} "Flame," {{langx|he|למניעת התבוללות בארץ הקודש}} ''LiMniat Hitbolelut B'eretz HaKodesh''; Prevention of Assimilation in the [[Holy Land]]. Their main activities are: * They are against interfaith marriage, where one of the partners is Jewish, and the other is not * They want segregation; Jews and other people should not live in the same parts of a town or settlement * They are against [[homosexuality]], and [[LGBT]] in general. * They are against [[Christianity in Israel]] ==Refrences== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Judaism in the United States]] [[Category:Judaism in Israel]] [[Category:Far-right politics]] [[Category:Kahanists]] [[Category:Kahanism]] [[Category:Anti-Arabism]] [[Category:Anti-Christian sentiment]] [[Category:Anti-Arab racism]] c8cgb00d8w9dkzartoetfsoluocfg7l 10879258 10879235 2026-06-05T02:28:05Z Ravensfire 121204 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-33277-41|~2026-33277-41]] ([[User talk:~2026-33277-41|talk]]): Rv obvious KSD sock. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lehava''' is a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Jewish]] group in [[Israel]] that supports [[Jewish supremacy]] (the thought that Jews are better than other people).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/23/world/middleeast/israelis-palestinians-clash-jerusalem-old-city.html |title=Israelis and Palestinians Clash Around Jerusalem's Old City |date=23 April 2021 |last=Kershner |first=Isabel |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref> They think that it is wrong for non-Jews to take on the culture of Jews ([[cultural assimilation]]). They also think that Jews should not do business or be friends with non-Jews. The goal of their work is to prevent [[Marriage|marriages]] between Jews and non-Jews, especially between Jewish women and non-Jewish men. One of the people who spoke against them was [[Reuven Rivlin]], a former president of Israel. In English, their name can be translated as flame. Their name is an [[acronym]]: {{Script/Hebrew|להב"ה}} "Flame," {{langx|he|למניעת התבוללות בארץ הקודש}} ''LiMniat Hitbolelut B'eretz HaKodesh''; Prevention of Assimilation in the [[Holy Land]]. Their main activities are: * They are against interfaith marriage, where one of the partners is Jewish, and the other is not * They want segregation; Jews and other people should not live in the same parts of a town or settlement * They are against [[homosexuality]], and [[LGBT]] in general. * They are against [[Christianity in Israel]] ==Refrences== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} [[Category:Kahanism]] [[Category:Orthodox Jewish political parties]] [[Category:Judaism in the United States]] [[Category:Judaism in Israel]] [[Category:Far-right politics]] b8nox4t9bhjo7o15nuupxxqoz9lus8g 2 1261485 10879100 10818301 2026-06-04T21:54:40Z Immanuelle 1174418 10879100 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hyperdimensional computing''' ('''HDC''') is an approach to computation, particularly [[artificial general intelligence|Artificial General Intelligence]]. HDC is motivated by the observation that the [[cerebellum]] operates on high-dimensional data representations.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Zou |first1=Zhuowen |title=Spiking Hyperdimensional Network: Neuromorphic Models Integrated with Memory-Inspired Framework |date=2021-10-01 |arxiv=2110.00214 |last2=Alimohamadi |first2=Haleh |last3=Imani |first3=Farhad |last4=Kim |first4=Yeseong |last5=Imani |first5=Mohsen}}</ref> In HDC, information is thereby represented as a hyperdimensional (long) {{ill|Vector (mathematics and physics)|en|lt=vector}}, which is called a hypervector. A hyperdimensional vector (hypervector) could include thousands of numbers that represent a point in a space of thousands of dimensions,<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023">{{Cite web |last=Ananthaswamy |first=Anan |date=April 13, 2023 |title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/?mc_cid=ad9a93c472&mc_eid=506130a407 |website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref> as vector symbolic architectures is an older name for the same provided approach. HDC algebra reveals the logic of how and why systems makes decisions, unlike [[artificial neural network]]s. Physical world objects can be mapped to hypervectors, to be processed by the algebra.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> Hyperdimensional computing is related to [[Vector Symbolic Algebra]] which is the mathematical foundation of it. == History == Vector symbolic architectures (VSA) provided a systematic approach to high-dimensional symbol representations to support operations such as establishing relationships. Early examples include holographic reduced representations, binary spatter codes, and matrix binding of additive terms. HD computing advanced these models, particularly emphasizing hardware efficiency.<ref name="Thomas-2021" /> In 2015, Eric Weiss showed how to fully represent an image as a hypervector. A vector could contain information about all the objects in the image, including properties such as color, position, and size.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> In 2023, Abbas Rahimi et al., used HDC with neural networks to solve [[Raven's Progressive Matrices|Raven's progressive matrices]].<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> In 2023, Mike Heddes et Al. under the supervision of Professors Givargis, Nicolau and Veidenbaum created a [https://torchhd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html# hyper-dimensional computing library]<ref>{{Cite arXiv|last1=Heddes |first1=Mike |last2=Nunes |first2=Igor |last3=Vergés |first3=Pere |last4=Kleyko |first4=Denis |last5=Abraham |first5=Danny |last6=Givargis |first6=Tony |last7=Nicolau |first7=Alexandru |last8=Veidenbaum |first8=Alexander |date=2022-05-18 |title=Torchhd: An Open Source Python Library to Support Research on Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures |class=cs.LG |language=en |eprint=2205.09208}}</ref> that is built on top of {{ill|PyTorch|en}}.{{Toclimit}} == Process == Data is mapped from the input space to sparse HD space under an encoding function φ : X → H. HD representations are stored in data structures that are subject to corruption by noise/hardware failures. Noisy/corrupted HD representations can still serve as input for learning, classification, etc. They can also be decoded to recover the input data. H is typically restricted to range-limited integers (-v-v)<ref name="Thomas-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Anthony |last2=Dasgupta |first2=Sanjoy |last3=Rosing |first3=Tajana |date=2021-10-05 |title=A Theoretical Perspective on Hyperdimensional Computing |url=https://redwood.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Thomas2021.pdf |journal=Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research |language=en |volume=72 |pages=215–249 |doi=10.1613/jair.1.12664 |doi-access=free|s2cid=239007517 |issn=1076-9757}}</ref> This is analogous to the learning process conducted by [[Drosophila|fruit flies]] [[olfactory system]]. The input is a roughly 50-dimensional vector corresponding to odor receptor neuron types. The HD representation uses ~2,000-dimensions.<ref name="Thomas-2021" /> == Transparency == == Performance == HDC is suitable for "in-memory computing systems", which compute and hold data on a single chip, avoiding data transfer delays. Analog devices operate at low voltages. They are energy-efficient, but prone to error-generating noise. HDC's can tolerate such errors.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> Various teams have developed low-power HDC hardware accelerators.<ref name="Thomas-2021" /> Nanoscale [[Memristor|memristive]] devices can be exploited to perform computation. An in-memory hyperdimensional computing system can implement operations on two memristive crossbar engines together with peripheral digital {{ill|CMOS|en}} circuits. Experiments using 760,000 {{ill|phase-change memory|en}} devices performing analog in-memory computing achieved accuracy comparable to software implementations.<ref name="Karunaratne-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Karunaratne |first1=Geethan |last2=Le Gallo |first2=Manuel |last3=Cherubini |first3=Giovanni |last4=Benini |first4=Luca |last5=Rahimi |first5=Abbas |last6=Sebastian |first6=Abu |date=June 2020 |title=In-memory hyperdimensional computing |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-020-0410-3 |journal=Nature Electronics |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=327–337 |doi=10.1038/s41928-020-0410-3 |arxiv=1906.01548 |s2cid=174797921 |issn=2520-1131}}</ref> == Errors == HDC is robust to errors such as an individual bit error (a 0 flips to 1 or vice versa) missed by error-correcting mechanisms. Eliminating such error-correcting mechanisms can save up to 25% of compute cost. This is possible because such errors leave the result "close" to the correct vector. Reasoning using vectors is not compromised. HDC is at least 10x more error tolerant than traditional [[artificial neural network]]s, which are already orders of magnitude more tolerant than traditional computing.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> == Example == A simple example considers images containing black circles and white squares. Hypervectors can represent SHAPE and COLOR variables and hold the corresponding values: CIRCLE, SQUARE, BLACK and WHITE. Bound hypervectors can hold the pairs BLACK and CIRCLE, etc.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> == Orthogonality == High-dimensional space allows many mutually {{ill|orthogonal|en}} vectors. However, If vectors are instead allowed to be ''nearly orthogonal'', the number of distinct vectors in high-dimensional space is vastly larger.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> HDC uses the concept of distributed representations, in which an object/observation is represented by a pattern of values across many dimensions rather than a single constant.<ref name="Thomas-2021" /> == Operations == HDC can combine hypervectors into new hypervectors using well-defined [[vector space]] operations. [[Group (mathematics)|Groups]], [[Ring (mathematics)|rings]], and [[Field (mathematics)|fields]] over hypervectors become the underlying computing structures with addition, multiplication, permutation, mapping, and inverse as primitive computing operations.<ref name="Karunaratne-2020" /> All computational tasks are performed in high-dimensional space using simple operations like element-wise additions and [[dot product]]s.<ref name="Thomas-2021" /> Binding creates ordered point tuples and is also a function ⊗ : H × H → H. The input is two points in {{Var|H}}, while the output is a dissimilar point. Multiplying the SHAPE vector with CIRCLE ''binds'' the two, representing the idea "SHAPE is CIRCLE". This vector is "nearly orthogonal" to SHAPE and CIRCLE. The components are recoverable from the vector (e.g., answer the question "is the shape a circle?").<ref name="Thomas-2021" /> Addition creates a vector that combines concepts. For example, adding "SHAPE is CIRCLE" to "COLOR is RED," creates a vector that represents a red circle. Permutation rearranges the vector elements. For example, permuting a three-dimensional vector with values labeled ''x'', ''y'' and ''z'', can interchange ''x'' to ''y'', ''y'' to ''z'', and ''z'' to ''x''. Events represented by hypervectors A and B can be added, forming one vector, but that would sacrifice the event sequence. Combining addition with permutation preserves the order; the event sequence can be retrieved by reversing the operations. Bundling combines a set of elements in H as function ⊕ : H ×H → H. The input is two points in H and the output is a third point that is similar to both.<ref name="Thomas-2021" /> == Applications == === Image recognition === HDC algorithms can replicate tasks long completed by {{ill|deep neural networks|en}}, such as classifying images.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> Classifying an annotated set of handwritten digits uses an algorithm to analyze the features of each image, yielding a hypervector per image. The algorithm then adds the hypervectors for all labeled images of e.g., zero, to create a prototypical hypervector for the concept of zero and repeats this for the other digits.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> Classifying an unlabeled image involves creating a hypervector for it and comparing it to the reference hypervectors. This comparison identifies the digit that the new image most resembles.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> Given labeled example set <math>S = \{(x_{i}, y_{i})\}_{i=1}^N, \ {\scriptstyle\text{where}} \ x_{i} \in X \ {\scriptstyle\text{and}} \ y_{i} \in \{c_{i}\}_{i=1}^K</math> is the class of a particular ''x_i''.<ref name="Thomas-2021" /> Given query x_q ∈ X the most similar prototype can be found with <math>k^* = _{k \in 1,...,K}^{argmax} \ \rho(\phi(x_{q}), \phi(c_{k}))</math>. The similarity metric ρ is typically the dot-product.<ref name="Thomas-2021" /> === Reasoning === Hypervectors can also be used for reasoning. Raven's progressive matrices presents images of objects in a grid. One position in the grid is blank. The test is to choose from candidate images the one that best fits.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> A dictionary of hypervectors represents individual objects. Each hypervector represents an object concept with its attributes. For each test image a neural network generates a binary hypervector (values are +1 or −1) that is as close as possible to some set of dictionary hypervectors. The generated hypervector thus describes all the objects and their attributes in the image.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> Another algorithm creates probability distributions for the number of objects in each image and their characteristics. These probability distributions describe the likely characteristics of both the context and candidate images. They too are transformed into hypervectors, then algebra predicts the most likely candidate image to fill the slot.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> This approach achieved 88% accuracy on one {{ill|problem set|en}}, beating neural network–only solutions that were 61% accurate. For 3-by-3 grids, the system was 250x faster than a method that used [[symbolic logic]] to reason, because of the size of the associated rulebook.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> === Other === Other applications include bio-signal processing, [[natural language processing]], and robotics.<ref name="Thomas-2021" /> == Related pages == * [[Vector Symbolic Algebra]] * {{ill|Support vector machine|en}} == References == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Kleyko |first1=Denis |last2=Rachkovskij |first2=Dmitri A. |last3=Osipov |first3=Evgeny |last4=Rahimi |first4=Abbas |date=2023-07-31 |title=A Survey on Hyperdimensional Computing aka Vector Symbolic Architectures, Part I: Models and Data Transformations |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3538531 |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |language=en |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.1145/3538531 |issn=0360-0300|arxiv=2111.06077 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Kleyko |first1=Denis |last2=Rachkovskij |first2=Dmitri |last3=Osipov |first3=Evgeny |last4=Rahimi |first4=Abbas |date=2023-09-30 |title=A Survey on Hyperdimensional Computing aka Vector Symbolic Architectures, Part II: Applications, Cognitive Models, and Challenges |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3558000 |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |language=en |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=1–52 |doi=10.1145/3558000 |issn=0360-0300|arxiv=2112.15424 }} == External links == * {{Citation |author=Stock, M. |author2=Van Criekinge, W. |author3=Boeckaerts, D. |author4=Taelman, S. |author5=Van Haeverbeke, M. |author6=Dewulf, P. |author7=De Baets, B. |editor=Dutt, V. | year=2024 | title=Hyperdimensional computing: a fast, robust, and interpretable paradigm for biological data | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLOS) | journal = PLOS Computational Biology| volume=20 | issue=9 | article-number=e1012426 | doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012426 | doi-access=free | pmid=39316621 | arxiv=2402.17572 }} * {{Citation |author=Cumbo, F. |author2=Chicco, D. | year=2025 | title=Hyperdimensional computing in biomedical sciences: a brief review| volume = 11 | issue = e2885 | journal = PeerJ Computer Science | article-number=e2885 | doi=10.7717/peerj-cs.2885 | pmid=40567746 | doi-access=free | pmc=12192801 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Kanerva |first=Pentti |date=2009-06-01 |title=Hyperdimensional Computing: An Introduction to Computing in Distributed Representation with High-Dimensional Random Vectors |journal=Cognitive Computation |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=139–159 |doi=10.1007/s12559-009-9009-8 |s2cid=733980 |issn=1866-9964}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Neubert |first1=Peer |last2=Schubert |first2=Stefan |last3=Protzel |first3=Peter |date=2019-12-01 |title=An Introduction to Hyperdimensional Computing for Robotics |journal=KI – Künstliche Intelligenz |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=319–330 |doi=10.1007/s13218-019-00623-z |s2cid=202642163 |issn=1610-1987}} * {{Cite arXiv |last1=Neubert |first1=Peer |last2=Schubert |first2=Stefan |date=2021-01-19 |title=Hyperdimensional computing as a framework for systematic aggregation of image descriptors |class=cs.CV |eprint=2101.07720v1 |language=en}} * {{cite web | url = https://michielstock.github.io/posts/2022/2022-10-04-HDVtutorial/ | title = Tutorial on Hyperdimensional Computing | last = Stock | first = Michiel | date = 2022-10-04 | website = | publisher = | access-date = 2023-07-29 | quote = }} * {{Cite web |title=HD/VSA |url=https://www.hd-computing.com/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.hd-computing.com |language=en-US | date = 2023-03-13}} * {{Cite magazine |last=Ananthaswamy |first=Anil |title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence |language=en-US |magazine=Quanta Magazine |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |date = 2023-04-13}} [[en:Hyperdimensional computing]] {{draft categories| [[Category:Artificial neural networks]] [[Category:Deep learning]] [[Category:Linear algebra]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]]}} ab1kzuc5w5oa890z9lqjg0w1u2vretw 10879102 10879100 2026-06-04T21:55:32Z Immanuelle 1174418 /* Performance */ 10879102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hyperdimensional computing''' ('''HDC''') is an approach to computation, particularly [[artificial general intelligence|Artificial General Intelligence]]. HDC is motivated by the observation that the [[cerebellum]] operates on high-dimensional data representations.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Zou |first1=Zhuowen |title=Spiking Hyperdimensional Network: Neuromorphic Models Integrated with Memory-Inspired Framework |date=2021-10-01 |arxiv=2110.00214 |last2=Alimohamadi |first2=Haleh |last3=Imani |first3=Farhad |last4=Kim |first4=Yeseong |last5=Imani |first5=Mohsen}}</ref> In HDC, information is thereby represented as a hyperdimensional (long) {{ill|Vector (mathematics and physics)|en|lt=vector}}, which is called a hypervector. A hyperdimensional vector (hypervector) could include thousands of numbers that represent a point in a space of thousands of dimensions,<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023">{{Cite web |last=Ananthaswamy |first=Anan |date=April 13, 2023 |title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/?mc_cid=ad9a93c472&mc_eid=506130a407 |website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref> as vector symbolic architectures is an older name for the same provided approach. HDC algebra reveals the logic of how and why systems makes decisions, unlike [[artificial neural network]]s. Physical world objects can be mapped to hypervectors, to be processed by the algebra.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> Hyperdimensional computing is related to [[Vector Symbolic Algebra]] which is the mathematical foundation of it. == History == Vector symbolic architectures (VSA) provided a systematic approach to high-dimensional symbol representations to support operations such as establishing relationships. Early examples include holographic reduced representations, binary spatter codes, and matrix binding of additive terms. HD computing advanced these models, particularly emphasizing hardware efficiency.<ref name="Thomas-2021" /> In 2015, Eric Weiss showed how to fully represent an image as a hypervector. A vector could contain information about all the objects in the image, including properties such as color, position, and size.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> In 2023, Abbas Rahimi et al., used HDC with neural networks to solve [[Raven's Progressive Matrices|Raven's progressive matrices]].<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> In 2023, Mike Heddes et Al. under the supervision of Professors Givargis, Nicolau and Veidenbaum created a [https://torchhd.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html# hyper-dimensional computing library]<ref>{{Cite arXiv|last1=Heddes |first1=Mike |last2=Nunes |first2=Igor |last3=Vergés |first3=Pere |last4=Kleyko |first4=Denis |last5=Abraham |first5=Danny |last6=Givargis |first6=Tony |last7=Nicolau |first7=Alexandru |last8=Veidenbaum |first8=Alexander |date=2022-05-18 |title=Torchhd: An Open Source Python Library to Support Research on Hyperdimensional Computing and Vector Symbolic Architectures |class=cs.LG |language=en |eprint=2205.09208}}</ref> that is built on top of {{ill|PyTorch|en}}.{{Toclimit}} == Process == Data is mapped from the input space to sparse HD space under an encoding function φ : X → H. HD representations are stored in data structures that are subject to corruption by noise/hardware failures. Noisy/corrupted HD representations can still serve as input for learning, classification, etc. They can also be decoded to recover the input data. H is typically restricted to range-limited integers (-v-v)<ref name="Thomas-2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Anthony |last2=Dasgupta |first2=Sanjoy |last3=Rosing |first3=Tajana |date=2021-10-05 |title=A Theoretical Perspective on Hyperdimensional Computing |url=https://redwood.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Thomas2021.pdf |journal=Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research |language=en |volume=72 |pages=215–249 |doi=10.1613/jair.1.12664 |doi-access=free|s2cid=239007517 |issn=1076-9757}}</ref> This is analogous to the learning process conducted by [[Drosophila|fruit flies]] [[olfactory system]]. The input is a roughly 50-dimensional vector corresponding to odor receptor neuron types. The HD representation uses ~2,000-dimensions.<ref name="Thomas-2021" /> == Performance == HDC is suitable for "in-memory computing systems", which compute and hold data on a single chip, avoiding data transfer delays. Analog devices operate at low voltages. They are energy-efficient, but prone to error-generating noise. HDC's can tolerate such errors.<ref name="Ananthaswamy-2023" /> Various teams have developed low-power HDC hardware accelerators.<ref name="Thomas-2021" /> Nanoscale [[Memristor|memristive]] devices can be exploited to perform computation. An in-memory hyperdimensional computing system can implement operations on two memristive crossbar engines together with peripheral digital {{ill|CMOS|en}} circuits. Experiments using 760,000 {{ill|phase-change memory|en}} devices performing analog in-memory computing achieved accuracy comparable to software implementations.<ref name="Karunaratne-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Karunaratne |first1=Geethan |last2=Le Gallo |first2=Manuel |last3=Cherubini |first3=Giovanni |last4=Benini |first4=Luca |last5=Rahimi |first5=Abbas |last6=Sebastian |first6=Abu |date=June 2020 |title=In-memory hyperdimensional computing |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-020-0410-3 |journal=Nature Electronics |language=en |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=327–337 |doi=10.1038/s41928-020-0410-3 |arxiv=1906.01548 |s2cid=174797921 |issn=2520-1131}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Vector Symbolic Algebra]] * {{ill|Support vector machine|en}} == References == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Kleyko |first1=Denis |last2=Rachkovskij |first2=Dmitri A. |last3=Osipov |first3=Evgeny |last4=Rahimi |first4=Abbas |date=2023-07-31 |title=A Survey on Hyperdimensional Computing aka Vector Symbolic Architectures, Part I: Models and Data Transformations |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3538531 |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |language=en |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.1145/3538531 |issn=0360-0300|arxiv=2111.06077 }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Kleyko |first1=Denis |last2=Rachkovskij |first2=Dmitri |last3=Osipov |first3=Evgeny |last4=Rahimi |first4=Abbas |date=2023-09-30 |title=A Survey on Hyperdimensional Computing aka Vector Symbolic Architectures, Part II: Applications, Cognitive Models, and Challenges |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3558000 |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |language=en |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=1–52 |doi=10.1145/3558000 |issn=0360-0300|arxiv=2112.15424 }} == External links == * {{Citation |author=Stock, M. |author2=Van Criekinge, W. |author3=Boeckaerts, D. |author4=Taelman, S. |author5=Van Haeverbeke, M. |author6=Dewulf, P. |author7=De Baets, B. |editor=Dutt, V. | year=2024 | title=Hyperdimensional computing: a fast, robust, and interpretable paradigm for biological data | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLOS) | journal = PLOS Computational Biology| volume=20 | issue=9 | article-number=e1012426 | doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012426 | doi-access=free | pmid=39316621 | arxiv=2402.17572 }} * {{Citation |author=Cumbo, F. |author2=Chicco, D. | year=2025 | title=Hyperdimensional computing in biomedical sciences: a brief review| volume = 11 | issue = e2885 | journal = PeerJ Computer Science | article-number=e2885 | doi=10.7717/peerj-cs.2885 | pmid=40567746 | doi-access=free | pmc=12192801 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Kanerva |first=Pentti |date=2009-06-01 |title=Hyperdimensional Computing: An Introduction to Computing in Distributed Representation with High-Dimensional Random Vectors |journal=Cognitive Computation |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=139–159 |doi=10.1007/s12559-009-9009-8 |s2cid=733980 |issn=1866-9964}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Neubert |first1=Peer |last2=Schubert |first2=Stefan |last3=Protzel |first3=Peter |date=2019-12-01 |title=An Introduction to Hyperdimensional Computing for Robotics |journal=KI – Künstliche Intelligenz |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=319–330 |doi=10.1007/s13218-019-00623-z |s2cid=202642163 |issn=1610-1987}} * {{Cite arXiv |last1=Neubert |first1=Peer |last2=Schubert |first2=Stefan |date=2021-01-19 |title=Hyperdimensional computing as a framework for systematic aggregation of image descriptors |class=cs.CV |eprint=2101.07720v1 |language=en}} * {{cite web | url = https://michielstock.github.io/posts/2022/2022-10-04-HDVtutorial/ | title = Tutorial on Hyperdimensional Computing | last = Stock | first = Michiel | date = 2022-10-04 | website = | publisher = | access-date = 2023-07-29 | quote = }} * {{Cite web |title=HD/VSA |url=https://www.hd-computing.com/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.hd-computing.com |language=en-US | date = 2023-03-13}} * {{Cite magazine |last=Ananthaswamy |first=Anil |title=A New Approach to Computation Reimagines Artificial Intelligence |language=en-US |magazine=Quanta Magazine |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-approach-to-computation-reimagines-artificial-intelligence-20230413/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |date = 2023-04-13}} [[en:Hyperdimensional computing]] {{draft categories| [[Category:Artificial neural networks]] [[Category:Deep learning]] [[Category:Linear algebra]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]]}} qw23dbj37bw3h4o5rbeelk2nfxpu5pm 10879109 10879102 2026-06-04T22:06:41Z Immanuelle 1174418 Redirected page to [[Vector Symbolic Architecture]] 10879109 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect[[Vector Symbolic Architecture]] kfk4fnk2kdnin5hzl1zrzrg3183jdyy 0 1262365 10878890 10859397 2026-06-04T17:54:15Z Julius 12345 1557476 a dot + t -> T 10878890 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of costliest Atlantic hurricanes on record, the costliest [[tropical cyclone]]s on record in the Atlantic basin are both [[Hurricane Katrina]] and [[Hurricane Harvey]]. [[File:10 Costliest Atlantic hurricanes.jpg|500px|thumb|This is an image showing the ten costliest hurricanes in the atlantic.]] {{List of costliest Atlantic hurricane seasons|align=left}} {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+ Costliest Atlantic hurricanes ! scope="col" | Name ! scope="col" | [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|Nominal]] damage<br />(Billions [[United States Dollar|USD]]) ! scope="col" | {{tooltip|2=A normalization estimates direct economic losses from a historical extreme event if that same event was to occur under contemporary societal conditions.|Normalized damage}}<br />(Billions USD) ! scope="col" | Season ! scope="col" | Storm [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale|classification]]<br />at peak intensity ! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Areas affected ! scope="col" class="unsortable"| References |- ! scope="row" | [[Hurricane Katrina|Katrina]] | bgcolor=#CCFFCC | {{sort|125.0|$125.0}} | bgcolor=#CCFFCC | {{sort|226.21|$226.21}} | bgcolor=#CCFFCC |[[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|2005]] | bgcolor=#{{storm colour|5}}|{{Sort|7|Category&nbsp;5 hurricane}} | bgcolor=#CCFFCC |{{flatlist| * [[Louisiana]] * [[Mississippi]] * [[The Bahamas]] * [[United States Gulf Coast]] * [[South Florida]] * [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] * [[Eastern Canada]] }} | bgcolor=#CCFFCC |<ref name="nhckatrina">{{cite report|author=Knabb, Richard D|author2=Rhome, Jamie R|author3=Brown, Daniel P|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL122005_Katrina}}|format=PDF|title=Hurricane Katrina: August 23&nbsp;– 30, 2005|author4=National Hurricane Center|access-date=August 4, 2013|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service|date=December 20, 2005|type=Tropical Cyclone Report}}</ref><ref name="Costliest TC's">{{cite report|archive-date=January 27, 2018|url-status=live |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables update|access-date=January 12, 2018|publisher=United States National Hurricane Center|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/UpdatedCostliest.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083930/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/UpdatedCostliest.pdf}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[Hurricane Harvey|Harvey]] | bgcolor=#CCFFCC | {{sort|125.0|$125.0}} | bgcolor=#CCFFCC | {{sort|164.70|$164.70}} | bgcolor=#CCFFCC |[[2017 Atlantic hurricane season|2017]] | bgcolor=#{{storm colour|4}}|{{Sort|6|Category&nbsp;4 hurricane}} | bgcolor=#CCFFCC |{{flatlist| * [[Texas]] * [[Louisiana]] * [[South America]] * [[Central America]] * [[The Caribbean]] * [[Yucatan Peninsula]] }} | bgcolor=#CCFFCC |<ref name="ref" /><ref name="Harvey TCR">{{cite report|author=Blake, Eric S|author2=Zelinsky, David A|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL092017_Harvey}}|format=PDF|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Harvey: August 17&nbsp;– September 1, 2017|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=January 27, 2018|date=January 23, 2018}}</ref> |- |- ! scope="row" | [[Hurricane Ian|Ian]] | {{sort|112.0|$112.0}} | rowspan=3 bgcolor=#DCDCDC align="center" | ''{{small|data not available}}'' | [[2022 Atlantic hurricane season|2022]] | bgcolor="#{{storm colour|5}}" |{{Sort|7|Category&nbsp;5 hurricane}} | {{flatlist| * [[Trinidad and Tobago]] * [[Venezuela]] * [[Colombia]] * [[ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)|ABC islands]] * [[Jamaica]] * [[Cayman Island]] * [[Cuba]] * [[Southeast United States]] }} |<ref name="costliest"/>{{Failed verification|reason=The source does not mention [[Hurricane Ian]] since this is a study covering storms from 1851 to 2010.|date=October 2024}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Hurricane Maria|Maria]] | {{sort|091.6|$91.6}} |[[2017 Atlantic hurricane season|2017]] | bgcolor=#{{storm colour|5}}|{{Sort|7|Category&nbsp;5 hurricane}} |{{flatlist| * [[Puerto Rico]] * [[Lesser Antilles]] * [[Greater Antilles]] * [[Caribbean Sea]] * [[Eastern United States]] }} | <ref name="ref" /> |- ! scope="row" | [[Hurricane Helene|Helene]] | {{sort|078.7|$78.7}} | [[2024 Atlantic hurricane season|2024]] | bgcolor=#{{storm colour|4}}| {{Sort|7|Category&nbsp;4 hurricane}} | {{flatlist| * [[Yucatán Peninsula]] * [[Honduras]] * [[Cayman Islands]] * [[Cuba]] * [[Southeastern United States]] * [[Midwestern United States]] }} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=CoreLogic: Final Estimated Damages for Hurricane Helene to be Between $30.5 Billion and $47.5 Billion |url=https://www.corelogic.com/press-releases/corelogic-final-estimated-damages-for-hurricane-helene-to-be-between-30-5-billion-and-47-5-billion/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=CoreLogic® |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=Helene-Weather>{{cite web|accessdate=August 16, 2025|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2025-03-19-hurricane-helene-final-report-nhc-deaths-damage-flooding|title=Most Shocking Things From Hurricane Helene's Final Report|date=July 8, 2025|first=Jonathan |last=Erdman|publisher=[[The Weather Channel]]|quote=Helene was America's seventh costliest hurricane on record, according to an estimate from NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information, responsible for an estimated $78.7 billion in damage.}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[Hurricane Irma|Irma]] | {{sort|077.2|$77.2}} | {{sort|074.17|$74.17}} | [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season|2017]] | bgcolor=#{{storm colour|5}}|{{Sort|7|Category&nbsp;5 hurricane}} | {{flatlist| * [[Lesser Antilles]] * [[Greater Antilles]] * [[Caribbean Sea]] * [[Eastern United States]] }} |<ref name="ref" /> |- ! scope="row" | [[Hurricane Ida|Ida]] | {{sort|075.3|$75.3}} | {{sort|081.88|$81.88}} | [[2021 Atlantic hurricane season|2021]] | bgcolor="#{{storm colour|4}}" |{{Sort|6|Category&nbsp;4 hurricane}} | {{flatlist| * [[Venezuela]] * [[Colombia]] * [[Panama]] * [[Cayman Islands]] * [[Cuba]] * [[Southeastern United States]] * [[Northeastern United States]] * [[Canada]] }} |<ref name="after Ida">{{cite news |author1=Rebeca Santana |author2=Melinda Deslatte |author3=Janet McConaughey |date=September 2, 2021 |title=After Ida, small recovery signs amid daunting destruction |url=https://apnews.com/article/business-environment-and-nature-louisiana-392d8001a9c69df607d9a7b5b84474fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902054046/https://apnews.com/article/business-environment-and-nature-louisiana-392d8001a9c69df607d9a7b5b84474fa |archive-date=September 2, 2021 |access-date=September 2, 2021 |work=The Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="ncdc.noaa.gov"/> |- ! scope="row" | [[Hurricane Sandy|Sandy]] | {{sort|068.7|$68.7}} | {{sort|104.19|$104.19}} | [[2012 Atlantic hurricane season|2012]] | bgcolor=#{{storm colour|3}}|{{Sort|5|Category 3 hurricane}} | {{flatlist| * [[The Caribbean]] * [[United States East Coast]] * [[Eastern Canada]] }} ||<ref name="ref" /><ref>{{cite report|author=Blake, Eric S |author2=Kimberlain, Todd B |author3=Berg, Robert J |author4=Cangialosi, John P |author5=Beven II, John L |date=February 12, 2013 |type=Tropical Cyclone Report |title=Hurricane Sandy: October 22&nbsp;– 29, 2012 |access-date=February 17, 2013 |url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL182012_Sandy}} |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518140715/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL182012_Sandy.pdf |publisher=United States National Hurricane Center |archive-date=May 18, 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[Hurricane Ike|Ike]] | {{sort|038.0|$38.0}} | {{sort|060.48|$60.48}} | [[2008 Atlantic hurricane season|2008]] | bgcolor=#{{storm colour|4}}|{{Sort|6|Category&nbsp;4 hurricane}} | {{flatlist| * [[Greater Antilles]] * [[Texas]] * [[Louisiana]] * [[Midwestern United States]] * [[Eastern Canada]] * [[Iceland]] }} |<ref name="costliest">{{cite report|author4=National Hurricane Center |author=Blake, Eric S |author2=Landsea, Christopher W |author3=Gibney, Ethan J |archive-date=December 21, 2012 |url-status=live |date=August 2011 |title=The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) |type=NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-6 |access-date=November 27, 2012 |publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221124852/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf }}</ref><ref name="2008 AHS">{{cite journal|author1=Brown, Daniel P|author2=Beven, John L|author3=Franklin, James L|author4=Blake, Eric S|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=May 1, 2010|volume=138|issue=5|pages=1975–2001|doi=10.1175/2009MWR3174.1|bibcode = 2010MWRv..138.1975B |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234547|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL092008_Ike}} |title=Hurricane Ike: November 5–9, 2008 |date=May 18, 2014|author=Berg, Robbie |type=Tropical Cyclone Report |publisher=United States National Hurricane Center |access-date=May 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518194731/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL092008_Ike.pdf |url-status=live |archivedate=May 18, 2024 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | [[Hurricane Milton|Milton]] | {{sort|034.6|$34.6}} | bgcolor="#DCDCDC" align="center" | ''{{small|data not available}}'' | [[2024 Atlantic hurricane season|2024]] | bgcolor=#{{storm colour|5}}|{{Sort|6|Category&nbsp;5 hurricane}} | {{flatlist|* [[Mexico]] * [[Florida]] * The Bahamas}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=CoreLogic: Hurricane Milton Wind, Flood Cause an Estimated $17B to $28B in Insured Losses After Unusual Landfall Activity |url=https://www.corelogic.com/press-releases/corelogic-hurricane-milton-wind-flood-cause-an-estimated-17b-to-28b-in-insured-losses-after-unusual-landfall-activity/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=CoreLogic® |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TheGuardian: Biden says Hurricane Milton caused staggering $50bn in estimated damage |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/oct/11/florida-in-hurricane-milton-damage |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=TheGuardian® |date=October 12, 2024 |language=en-US |last1=Helmore |first1=Edward |last2=Betts |first2=Anna }}</ref> |-|} == References == {{reflist}} ibo4ow1wivma7y1musp559v4uxksehq 2 1262962 10878954 10817418 2026-06-04T19:20:50Z User97104 1745735 10878954 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Hello]]!<ref>{{Cite web|title=Example Domain|url=https://example.com/|access-date=2026-04-13|website=example.com}}</ref> You may want to contact me on English Wikipedia, because I am much more active there. == References == 9sambp2jskc7qogwin3vyv6zla906f7 10878955 10878954 2026-06-04T19:21:29Z User97104 1745735 10878955 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Hello]]!<ref>{{Cite web|title=Example Domain|url=https://example.com/|access-date=2026-04-13|website=example.com}}</ref> You may want to contact me on English Wikipedia, because I am much more active there.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Example Domain|url=https://example.org/|access-date=2026-06-04|website=example.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Example Domain|url=https://example.edu/|access-date=2026-06-04|website=example.edu}}</ref> == References == m8qrscomsy966fzcg1thundt38fvus6 10878956 10878955 2026-06-04T19:22:01Z User97104 1745735 10878956 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Hello]]!<ref>{{Cite web|title=Example Domain|url=https://example.com/|access-date=2026-04-13|website=example.com}}</ref>{{Failed verification}} You may want to contact me on English Wikipedia, because I am much more active there.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Example Domain|url=https://example.org/|access-date=2026-06-04|website=example.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Example Domain|url=https://example.edu/|access-date=2026-06-04|website=example.edu}}</ref>{{Failed verification}} == References == dez8r4w9zkvz3pq557w7cn2k51c8h8c 0 1264973 10878770 10877963 2026-06-04T13:55:50Z ~2026-20428-62 1781684 10878770 wikitext text/x-wiki '''B. Wongar''' (Gornja Trešnjevica, 1932 – Melbourne, 8 March 2026), born as '''Sreten Božić''', was a Serbian and Australian novelist, short story writer, poet, anthropologist, humanist, and campaigner for the rights of Australian Aborigines.<ref name=babaru>Australian Book Review,ed. 128–137, p. 56 publisher Australian Book Review 1991</ref>{{rp|56}}<ref name=pol>Стефановић, Драгољуб: Јутро уз ћирилицу, Политика, 16. 11. 2019, [https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/442181/jutro-uz-cirilicu линк]</ref><ref name=hamsmith>Smith, Hamilton: Wongar:a white speaking for blacks, The Canberra Times, 9 May 1992,[http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/news/1990s/ct9may1992.pdf link]</ref> === Early life, education and career beginnings in Yugoslavia === B. Wongar was born as Sreten Božić in 1932 in the village of Gornja Trešnjevica near Arandjelovac into the family of Stevan Božić and his wife, Darinka. After completing his primary school education, he enrolled in the Secondary Technical School in Novi Sad. He was forced to terminate his education after being denied a scholarship due to the political views of his father,<ref name=ppn>Petrović, Aleksandar:Dve povesti i jedna priča Uvod u delo B. Vongara, PPNS, August 16, 2024, [https://prviprvinaskali.com/clanci/dren/ekologija/sreten-bozic-banumbir-vongar-od-sumadinaca-do-aboridzina.html link]</ref> who was imprisoned by the post-war regime in Yugoslavia as an enemy of the people. He began writing while serving his military service in Zagreb. After the army in 1954, he moved to Belgrade, determined to devote himself to writing. At the Đuro Salaj Workers' University, he attended a workshop for young writers. B. Wongar began publishing poems in ''Mlada Kultura'', ''Novi Vesnik'', and other literary magazines. In Užice, he worked as a journalist for the Vesti newspaper. Because of one politically unacceptable article, he was fired and banned for life from working as a journalist.<ref name=nov>Prelević,Marko: Srbin među Aboridžinima, Novosti, September 15, 2009, [https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/aktuelno.69.html:254144-Srbin-medju-Aboridzinima link]</ref> === Paris, France === Faced with an existential threat, Božić fled to Italy, and from Italy he walked via Nice to Paris in 1958, where he lived for a time in a Red Cross shelter.<ref name=nov/> In that shelter, he learned French for a year. To support himself financially, he worked in the automotive industry on an assembly line. In France, he began to associate with Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir and the circle of people gathered around the Museum of Man (French: Musée de l'Homme) and to become acquainted with anthropological topics.<ref name=ppn/><ref name=nov/> === Australia, beginnings, Wongar name === Božić arrived in Australia in 1960, where he began learning English. He supported himself by working as a gold digger and construction worker<ref name=pol/>.Looking for work, Božić set out for the interior of Australia. A white man in Alice Springs told him that the easiest way to get from central Australia to the Kimberley was by riding a camel. He was lost in the Tanami Desert and was dying of thirst. He was found by an old native whom Božić called Juburu, because the native often repeated this word, whose meaning Božić did not understand. The journey through the desert took several months. During the trip, Božić learned a lot about the tribal customs of the Australian Aborigines, the names of plants, animals, and the tools that the Aborigines used and made. He lived among the Australian Aborigines for about ten years, taking the name Barnumbir Wongar, which means "Messenger from the Spirit World". He married Djumala, an Aboriginal woman from the Warlpiri people, with whom he had two children. In his own words, Sreten owes much of his knowledge and understanding of Aboriginal poetry to his Aboriginal wife, Djumala. Australia in the 1960s had strict laws governing who could visit Aboriginal areas and how. Sreten did not have a permit to do so, and on one occasion he was almost caught by a white Australian policeman who happened to be in the Aboriginal area where Sreten was living. To hide him, the Aborigines covered him with dust and began chanting over him as if he were sick. The policeman asked where Sreten was from, to which the Aborigines replied that he was from the Wongar gang, which in their language meant from the world of spirits, i.e., someone who had already died.<ref name=den>Wongar, B.: Dingoes Den, ETT Imprints, ISBN 9781875892587</ref> === First published works, troubles with Australian goverment, deportation === Wongar sought the mentorship of the renowned humanist and left-wing author Alan Marshall. The two men began a conversation that ended with Marshall recommending that Wongar write about the Australian bush and its Aboriginal people. Taking Marshall's advice, Wongar began to travel throughout Australia, taking laboring jobs in the Northern Territory. Wongar began to write about the Aboriginal people that he encountered and photographed. Some of his notable informants at this time were Aboriginal men such as 'Prince of Wales' and the Ngolokwangga (Malak Malak) elder Jim Muluk. In 1972 a book of myths collected from men of the Delissaville Aboriginal community (now Belyuen Aboriginal Community) and Gove area was published as 'Aboriginal Myths' (in conjunction with Alan Marshall).<ref name=mars>{{Cite web |url=https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/articles/14481 |title=B. Wongar, Author (circa 1932 -)|last=Gibson |first= Jason |date=2017-06-08 |website=Museums Victoria Collections |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> The Track to Bralgu is a 1978 collection interconnected of short stories by Wongar that depicts the destructive impact of the colonial white society, mining on Aboriginal Australians' ancestral lands, and nuclear tests in the open, primarily on the Yongly people of the Arnhem Land. Alan Paton wrote a commendatory preface to The Track to Braglu, the book received accolades from Thomas Keneally and Simone de Beauvoir <ref name=hamsmith/> When it was discovered that the author is not an Aborigine man, but rather a white immigrant from Yugoslavia, Keneally accused him of fabricating—under the guise of an Aboriginal writer — an elaborate literary hoax and of cultural appropriation.<ref name=ken>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jun/08/thomas-keneally-cultural-appropriation-is-dangerous |title=Thomas Keneally: 'Cultural appropriation is dangerous'|last=Zhou |first= Naaman |date=2017-07-08 |website=The Guardian |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> Australian authorities, learning that Božić attended and contacted the Aborigines, forbade him to further visit Arnhem Land, and he was boycotted and discriminated against by publishers and government authorities. The debunking of Božić as a literary hoax has lost currency today.<ref name=never>Dewar, Mickey: In Search of the Never Never, Australian National Univesity Press, p.214, [https://www.google.rs/books/edition/In_Search_of_the_Never_Never/8DmUDwAAQBAJ?hl=sr&gbpv=1&dq=b+wongar&pg=PA214&printsec=frontcover link]</ref> Wongar was forcibly relocated from northern Australia to the Melbourne area and was forbidden to return to the North. His family was supposed to join him later. In the meantime, all of his family members died from drinking water from a spring that had been poisoned intentionally or otherwise.<ref name=willi/> ===Fame and successs abroad, troubles at home, literature opus=== Wongar's the greatest success, ''The Track to Bralgu'', was sold more than 250,000 copies worldwide; far more than any of Wongar's subsequent publication. To the success contributed A. Paton with his foreword to the English language publication (Little, Brown, 1978), J. P. Sartre and S. de Beauvoir by providing translation of this book into French (''Le Chemin de Bralgu'', 1978) and publishing it in France; then the family of H. Böll-translation in German (''Der Pfad nach Bralgu'' 1980) and published it in Germany.<ref>The Oxford Literary History of Australia, ed. Bruce Bennett, Chris Wallace-Crabbe, Jennifer Strauss, Oxford University Press, SBN: 9780195537376, p. 339 </ref> According to Wongar, this book tennet, "when an Aborigine dies, his spirit divides into three parts. One goes to Bralgu to join to ancestors, one sits on the bottom of the totemic water hole and waits to be reborn, the third, the Mogwori, wanders around the tribal country."<ref name=willi>Willibanks, Ray: Australian voices, writers and their work, ''B. Wongar Interview'' , University of Texas, Austin ISBN 978-0-292-72387-8, 1991, p. 211-212</ref> After publishing his second book of short stories, ''Babaru'' (1982), he got American Library Associacion Award and his writing style was recognised as a new one. From that event, Sreten Božiċ legal name became '''Sreten Božiċ Wongar'''<ref> Australian Book Review, 130 p. 8-9, 56 National Book Council Australia 1991</ref> Contrary to the fame he earned worldwide, in Australia, he was not able to publish any of his books until 1991, for being politically ostracised as a person and a writer.<ref>Sharrad, Paul: Does wongar matter?, Kunapipi, Vol.4, Issue 1 p. 60 1982, [https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol4/iss1/6 link]</ref> This political ostracism did not prevent him receiving Senior Australian Fellowship, Australian Literature Awards for [[1983]], [[1984]], [[1986]], [[1989]]. и [[1991]]<ref name="words"> Literature Board Fellowship Subcategory of Australia Council Grants, Awards and Fellowships [https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v588?mainTabTemplate=awardWorksAndAgents link]</ref> Wongar's literary opus has two parts: The ''Nuclear cycle'' and the ''Short stories, poetry, drama, and anthropology''. In many aspects these two parts are overlapping. The ''Nuclear cycle'' is a collection of six books: ''Walg'' (1983), ''Karan'' (1985), ''Gabo Djara'' (1987), ''Raki'' (1994), ''Manhunt'' (2008), ''Didjeridu Charmer'' (2015). The first part of ''Nuclear Cycle'' is about secret and illegal nuclear tests on the open area of Aboriginal lands larger than UK today that annihilated Aboriginal population and destroyed their natural habitat. The Aborigines not instantly killed by explosions and radiations were put in a concentration camp, left to die without sufficient means for survival and without any medical care. Another part of the ''Nuclear Cycle'' is about uranium mining on Aboriginal lands, where mining companies destroyed the living habitat by poisoning wells, turning bilabobongs into waste depots, forcefully relocating Aborigines and assimilating them, destroying Aborigines families by separating children from parents.The exploitation and plundering of vast mineral resources by multinational corporations destroyed many of their mythical sacred sites. <ref>Ebook Alchemy, Digital Publishing Service, 2023-05-01 [https://www.ebookalchemy.com.au/BySeries.php?SeriesID=The%20Nuclear%20Cycle link]</ref><ref name=hamsmith/> ''They plundered the country, seized a generation of tribal girls and took them away to be raped and mutilated. The invaders called that "strangling the serpents which lays the eggs", the reason being that, with generations of young girls destroyed, the tribes would soon become extinct.'' <ref>B. Wongar, multicultural man of mystery, Monash Reporter, July 1, 1987 p. 7</ref><ref>Drake, Jack: he Wild West in Australia and America. p 116, Boolarong Press 2012, ISBN: 9781921920479, 1921920475</ref> The ''Short stories, poetry, drama, and anthropology'' have nine books: Aboriginal Myths (with Sreten Bozic and Alan Marshall) (1972), The Track to Bralgu (1978) (anthropology), Bilma (1984) (poetry), The Poplars – Gulwiri and Bogo (1970), А Stone in My Pocket (with Sreten Bozic and Alan Marshal) (1972), Balang An Village (1973) (drama), The Trackers (1978), Babaru (1982), The Last Pack of Dingoes (1991) (short stories). "After being rejected on political grounds by every Australian publisher, Babaru won the American Library Association Award , when originally published."<ref name=babaru/> Wongar's books have been translated into 13 languages, at least as of 2006. It is estimated that his books have sold at least one million copies worldwide. His literary and anthropological oeuvre is the broadest and most famous representation of Australian Aboriginal culture.<ref>Where Fiction Ends: Four Scandals of Literary Identity Construction by Therese-Marie Meyer, Königshausen & Neumann, p. 149, ISBN 3-8260-3164-4 2006</ref><ref>Van Toorn, Penny: Indigeneous texts and narratives in The Cambridge Companion in Australian Literature, ed. Elizabeth Webby, p. 43, Cambridge University Press 2000, ISBN 0 521 65122 0, [https://www.google.rs/books/edition/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Australian_Li/u7rawzFVLskC?hl=sr&gbpv=1&dq=b+wongar+one+million+books&pg=PA43&printsec=frontcover link]</ref> ===Writing style=== As to his writing style, Wongar, while living his tribal life, was partially assimilated into the Aborigines' culture and their way of life. He did not learn in full any of the native languages; rather, created his own glossary based on the languages from either the dialects of the Wild Honey People from near Mangrida settlement or the Yolungu people from near Yirrkala. This way, T.O. Beebee classified Wongar's writing style as the transmesis- a theoretical concept describing the representation of translation, translators, and multilingual realities within fictional texts. <ref>Beebee,Thomas O.: Faking Translation: Derivative Aboriginality in the Fiction of B. Wongar in Transmesis: Inside Translation's Black Box, Palgrave Macmillan New York, ISBN 978-1-137-00100-9 2012 p. 193-216</ref> Wongar’s texts, because they function as an ethical test – observing the suffering of the hero – are perfect vehicles for engendering shame within the audience. <ref>Condliffe, Patrick:Through a Wongar, Darkly, Dis-Located Readings - ASAL Mini-Conference, Monash Feb 21-22, 2013., [https://www.ljudigovore.com/issue/people-say-1920/article/through-a-wongar-darkly/ link]</ref> Manfred Jurgensen in his article ''A Look Back in Doubt'' wrote, "His work presents the most radical transformation and adaptation from one indigenous civilisation to another, not only in the context of multiculturalism. After transformation to a different native culture displacement, exile and hopelessness remain. They transcend historical and racial boundaries. The real force of Wongar’s writing in a style of Aboriginal approximation derives from the author’s preference of the poetic over other kinds of articulation. Sreten Božić soon discovered the inherent poetry of Aborignal faith and logic. Thanks to his sensitivity and cultural responsiveness he succeeded integrating it into a poetry almost his own." <ref>Jurgensen, Manfred: A Look Back in Doubt “Confessions of a Heretic”: Multicultural Literature in Australia, Coolabah, Nr 26, 2019, ISSN 1988-5946, Observatori: Centre d’Estudis Australians i Transnacionals / Observatory: Australian and Transnational Studies Centre, Universitat de Barcelona</ref> ===Dingoes Den, Totem and Ore=== The book ''Dingoes Den'' is Wongar's autobiography and ''Totem and Ore'' is a collection of photographies. Both books are collections of testimonies of annihilation of the Australian natives and their country. ''Dingoes Den:'' In the French maritime museum L'Havre, there is a collection of illustrations showing Tasmanian natives as healthy, happy, and full of life. Those illustrations were authored by a French artist, a member of a French research expedition in 1801. Contrary to that collection, the British colonialists always portrayed the natives as subhumans. Australian natives were against uranium mining in Western Arnhem Land. The state secretary for Australian natives summoned all tribal leaders "for consultations" in a small town near Catherine, blocked the only road access to the town by police, and kept the leaders there without food and water for several days. Exhausted men were forced to sign the mining "agreement," for which all got a ballpoint pen as a gift. Any presence of media was prevented by the secretary. Still, two young men from Sidney entered the town through the wilderness and shot a documentary about this banditism titled "Dirt Cheap."<ref name=den/> ''Totem and Ore:'' This collection of photographs records the sufferings and dying of the Australian natives, who previously lived in the areas where nuclear probes were practiced openly and were transported in trucks to concentration camps. The photographs of ''Totem and Ore'' collection tell what it was like to be at the forefront of the tradgedy. Not a single humanitarian organization, Australian or foreign, helped them nor attended their concentration camps. Even worse, neither the UN nor their agencies ever admitted the existence of these camps. <ref name=den/><ref>Wongar, B.: Totem and ore: a photographic collection, Carnegie, Vic.: Dingo Books, ISBN 9780977507801, 2006</ref> ===Death=== Wongar died on March 8, 2026, in Melbourne. <ref>Ristić, Biljana: In memoriam: Preminuo Sreten Božić Vongar, srpsko-australijski pisac i borac za prava australijskih Prvih naroda, SBS, March 10, 2026 [https://www.sbs.com.au/language/serbian/sr/article/in-memoriam-sreten-boyic-wongar/6bx29utt9 link]</ref> His ''Dingoes Den'' estate, an area of 200 hectares, became a protected nature reserve in 2010.<ref name=den/> ===Awards and recognitions=== *Seven Australian national awards for literature, in between 1983-1997, Australia Council Award for [[1997]] included <ref name="words"/> * Arvon Foundation Poetry Award. UK 1980<ref>Avron Foundation Poetry Competition, 1980 Anthology, Kilnhurst Publishing Company</ref> * Observer Award UK <ref>L. T. Reynolds, The New Renaissance, 2000, p. 11</ref> * The American Library Association Award [[1982]]<ref name="VicCollect" /> * The P.E.N International Award [[1986]]<ref name="VicCollect">Gibson, Jason.:B. Wongar, Author (circa 1932 -) [https://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/articles/14481 link] </ref> * Rastko Petrovic Award, The Home of Emigrants and Serbs in the Region [[2005]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:170293-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82-%D1%9A%D0%B0|title=Dva naroda jedna patnja|work=NOVOSTI |year=2005}}</ref> * Writer-in-Residence at the Aboriginal Research Centre, Monash University, for a period of 12 weeks in [[1987]] <ref>{{cite book|author= |title=B. Wongar: multi-cultural man of mystery|location= |publisher= |year=1987|isbn=|pages=7}} in Monash Reporter, Monash University, Number 5-87, 1 July </ref> * Doctor honoris causa [[2009]], University of Kragujevac, Serbia<ref>Majstorović Iter, Danica: Vongarov portret na egzibiciji u Sidneju, Srpski Glas, June 23, 2023 [https://srpskiglas.com.au/vongarov-portret-na-egzibiciji-u-sidneju/?lang=lat link]</ref> ===Documentaries, recorded interviews=== * Dragan Gavrilovic (director): "Srbi sa petog kontinenta - Sreten Božić Wongar", (2021) Apertura Films<ref>{{cite web|publisher=RTS|url=https://www.rts.rs/page/tv/sr/story/22/rts-svet/4257063/srbi-sa-petog-kontinenta-sreten-bozic-vongar.html|title=Wongar|date = 13 February 2018|accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref> * Andrijana Stojkovic (director): "Wongar" (2018) All Inclusive Films<ref>{{cite web|publisher=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9572922/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_2|title=Srbi sa Petog kontinenta: Sreten Božić Vongar|date = 1 April 2018|accessdate=30 November 2021}}</ref> * John Mandelberg (director/writer): "A Double Life. The Life and Times of B.Wongar", Sorena Productions, Australia,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=WorldCat|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881280602|title=A double life : the life & times of B. Wongar| oclc=881280602 |accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref> * John Mandelberg (director/writer): "Totem & Ore, 2014 – 2019"<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Waikato Institute of Technology|url=https://www.wintec.ac.nz/about-wintec/news/article/2019/11/08/new-film-depicts-nuclear-issues-as-a-problem-for-humanity|title=New film depicts nuclear issues as a problem for humanity|date = 8 November 2019|accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>Mandelberg, John (director/producer): HIROSHIMA EYE, Totem & Ore (2019) - Screening Schedule, Hiroshima International Film Festival [https://web.archive.org/web/20200212004316/http://hiff.jp/en/archives/7341/ link]</ref><ref>Mandelberg, John: The Making of an ‘Anti’ Nuclear Documentary: TOTEM & ORE, (2014-2019), Hiroshima Peace Institute, [https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/research_forum/forum201911/#e1 link]</ref> * Jan Wositzky (interviewer): "Dingoes, Names and B. Wongar" – ABC Radio National's 'Books and Writing' program<ref>Dingoes, Names and B. Wongar, The Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Gateway to Arts and Culture, 13 December, 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504072933/http://www.abc.net.au/arts/books/stories/s440019.htm link]</ref> * Ray Willibanks (interviewer): "B. Bongar" in Ray Wilibanks: "Australian Voices: Writers and Their Work", University of Texas Press, 15. 3. 2010, p. 201-214 ==References== {{reflist}} 8ukbya0sjusjpmm7hp08ybya6bzpixk 10878780 10878770 2026-06-04T14:17:37Z ~2026-20428-62 1781684 10878780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''B. Wongar''' (Gornja Trešnjevica, 1932 – Melbourne, 8 March 2026), born as '''Sreten Božić''', was a Serbian and Australian novelist, short story writer, poet, anthropologist, humanist, and campaigner for the rights of Australian Aborigines.<ref name=babaru>Australian Book Review,ed. 128–137, publisher Australian Book Review 1991</ref>{{rp|56}}<ref name=pol>Стефановић, Драгољуб: Јутро уз ћирилицу, Политика, 16. 11. 2019, [https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/442181/jutro-uz-cirilicu линк]</ref><ref name=hamsmith>Smith, Hamilton: Wongar:a white speaking for blacks, The Canberra Times, 9 May 1992,[http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/news/1990s/ct9may1992.pdf link]</ref> === Early life, education and career beginnings in Yugoslavia === B. Wongar was born as Sreten Božić in 1932 in the village of Gornja Trešnjevica near Arandjelovac into the family of Stevan Božić and his wife, Darinka. After completing his primary school education, he enrolled in the Secondary Technical School in Novi Sad. He was forced to terminate his education after being denied a scholarship due to the political views of his father,<ref name=ppn>Petrović, Aleksandar:Dve povesti i jedna priča Uvod u delo B. Vongara, PPNS, August 16, 2024, [https://prviprvinaskali.com/clanci/dren/ekologija/sreten-bozic-banumbir-vongar-od-sumadinaca-do-aboridzina.html link]</ref> who was imprisoned by the post-war regime in Yugoslavia as an enemy of the people. He began writing while serving his military service in Zagreb. After the army in 1954, he moved to Belgrade, determined to devote himself to writing. At the Đuro Salaj Workers' University, he attended a workshop for young writers. B. Wongar began publishing poems in ''Mlada Kultura'', ''Novi Vesnik'', and other literary magazines. In Užice, he worked as a journalist for the Vesti newspaper. Because of one politically unacceptable article, he was fired and banned for life from working as a journalist.<ref name=nov>Prelević,Marko: Srbin među Aboridžinima, Novosti, September 15, 2009, [https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/aktuelno.69.html:254144-Srbin-medju-Aboridzinima link]</ref> === Paris, France === Faced with an existential threat, Božić fled to Italy, and from Italy he walked via Nice to Paris in 1958, where he lived for a time in a Red Cross shelter.<ref name=nov/> In that shelter, he learned French for a year. To support himself financially, he worked in the automotive industry on an assembly line. In France, he began to associate with Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir and the circle of people gathered around the Museum of Man (French: Musée de l'Homme) and to become acquainted with anthropological topics.<ref name=ppn/><ref name=nov/> === Australia, beginnings, Wongar name === Božić arrived in Australia in 1960, where he began learning English. He supported himself by working as a gold digger and construction worker<ref name=pol/>.Looking for work, Božić set out for the interior of Australia. A white man in Alice Springs told him that the easiest way to get from central Australia to the Kimberley was by riding a camel. He was lost in the Tanami Desert and was dying of thirst. He was found by an old native whom Božić called Juburu, because the native often repeated this word, whose meaning Božić did not understand. The journey through the desert took several months. During the trip, Božić learned a lot about the tribal customs of the Australian Aborigines, the names of plants, animals, and the tools that the Aborigines used and made. He lived among the Australian Aborigines for about ten years, taking the name Barnumbir Wongar, which means "Messenger from the Spirit World". He married Djumala, an Aboriginal woman from the Warlpiri people, with whom he had two children. In his own words, Sreten owes much of his knowledge and understanding of Aboriginal poetry to his Aboriginal wife, Djumala. Australia in the 1960s had strict laws governing who could visit Aboriginal areas and how. Sreten did not have a permit to do so, and on one occasion he was almost caught by a white Australian policeman who happened to be in the Aboriginal area where Sreten was living. To hide him, the Aborigines covered him with dust and began chanting over him as if he were sick. The policeman asked where Sreten was from, to which the Aborigines replied that he was from the Wongar gang, which in their language meant from the world of spirits, i.e., someone who had already died.<ref name=den>Wongar, B.: Dingoes Den, ETT Imprints, ISBN 9781875892587</ref> === First published works, troubles with Australian goverment, deportation === Wongar sought the mentorship of the renowned humanist and left-wing author Alan Marshall. The two men began a conversation that ended with Marshall recommending that Wongar write about the Australian bush and its Aboriginal people. Taking Marshall's advice, Wongar began to travel throughout Australia, taking laboring jobs in the Northern Territory. Wongar began to write about the Aboriginal people that he encountered and photographed. Some of his notable informants at this time were Aboriginal men such as 'Prince of Wales' and the Ngolokwangga (Malak Malak) elder Jim Muluk. In 1972 a book of myths collected from men of the Delissaville Aboriginal community (now Belyuen Aboriginal Community) and Gove area was published as 'Aboriginal Myths' (in conjunction with Alan Marshall).<ref name=mars>{{Cite web |url=https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/articles/14481 |title=B. Wongar, Author (circa 1932 -)|last=Gibson |first= Jason |date=2017-06-08 |website=Museums Victoria Collections |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> The Track to Bralgu is a 1978 collection interconnected of short stories by Wongar that depicts the destructive impact of the colonial white society, mining on Aboriginal Australians' ancestral lands, and nuclear tests in the open, primarily on the Yongly people of the Arnhem Land. Alan Paton wrote a commendatory preface to The Track to Braglu, the book received accolades from Thomas Keneally and Simone de Beauvoir <ref name=hamsmith/> When it was discovered that the author is not an Aborigine man, but rather a white immigrant from Yugoslavia, Keneally accused him of fabricating—under the guise of an Aboriginal writer — an elaborate literary hoax and of cultural appropriation.<ref name=ken>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jun/08/thomas-keneally-cultural-appropriation-is-dangerous |title=Thomas Keneally: 'Cultural appropriation is dangerous'|last=Zhou |first= Naaman |date=2017-07-08 |website=The Guardian |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> Australian authorities, learning that Božić attended and contacted the Aborigines, forbade him to further visit Arnhem Land, and he was boycotted and discriminated against by publishers and government authorities. The debunking of Božić as a literary hoax has lost currency today.<ref name=never>Dewar, Mickey: In Search of the Never Never, Australian National Univesity Press, p.214, [https://www.google.rs/books/edition/In_Search_of_the_Never_Never/8DmUDwAAQBAJ?hl=sr&gbpv=1&dq=b+wongar&pg=PA214&printsec=frontcover link]</ref> Wongar was forcibly relocated from northern Australia to the Melbourne area and was forbidden to return to the North. His family was supposed to join him later. In the meantime, all of his family members died from drinking water from a spring that had been poisoned intentionally or otherwise.<ref name=willi/> ===Fame and successs abroad, troubles at home, literature opus=== Wongar's the greatest success, ''The Track to Bralgu'', was sold more than 250,000 copies worldwide; far more than any of Wongar's subsequent publication. To the success contributed A. Paton with his foreword to the English language publication (Little, Brown, 1978), J. P. Sartre and S. de Beauvoir by providing translation of this book into French (''Le Chemin de Bralgu'', 1978) and publishing it in France; then the family of H. Böll-translation in German (''Der Pfad nach Bralgu'' 1980) and published it in Germany.<ref>The Oxford Literary History of Australia, ed. Bruce Bennett, Chris Wallace-Crabbe, Jennifer Strauss, Oxford University Press, SBN: 9780195537376, p. 339 </ref> According to Wongar, this book tennet, "when an Aborigine dies, his spirit divides into three parts. One goes to Bralgu to join to ancestors, one sits on the bottom of the totemic water hole and waits to be reborn, the third, the Mogwori, wanders around the tribal country."<ref name=willi>Willibanks, Ray: Australian voices, writers and their work, ''B. Wongar Interview'' , University of Texas, Austin ISBN 978-0-292-72387-8, 1991, p. 211-212</ref> After publishing his second book of short stories, ''Babaru'' (1982), he got American Library Associacion Award and his writing style was recognised as a new one. From that event, Sreten Božiċ legal name became '''Sreten Božiċ Wongar'''<ref name=babaru/>{{rp| 8-9, 56}} Contrary to the fame he earned worldwide, in Australia, he was not able to publish any of his books until 1991, for being politically ostracised as a person and a writer.<ref>Sharrad, Paul: Does wongar matter?, Kunapipi, Vol.4, Issue 1 p. 60 1982, [https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol4/iss1/6 link]</ref> This political ostracism did not prevent him receiving Senior Australian Fellowship, Australian Literature Awards for [[1983]], [[1984]], [[1986]], [[1989]]. и [[1991]]<ref name="words"> Literature Board Fellowship Subcategory of Australia Council Grants, Awards and Fellowships [https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v588?mainTabTemplate=awardWorksAndAgents link]</ref> Wongar's literary opus has two parts: The ''Nuclear cycle'' and the ''Short stories, poetry, drama, and anthropology''. In many aspects these two parts are overlapping. The ''Nuclear cycle'' is a collection of six books: ''Walg'' (1983), ''Karan'' (1985), ''Gabo Djara'' (1987), ''Raki'' (1994), ''Manhunt'' (2008), ''Didjeridu Charmer'' (2015). The first part of ''Nuclear Cycle'' is about secret and illegal nuclear tests on the open area of Aboriginal lands larger than UK today that annihilated Aboriginal population and destroyed their natural habitat. The Aborigines not instantly killed by explosions and radiations were put in a concentration camp, left to die without sufficient means for survival and without any medical care. Another part of the ''Nuclear Cycle'' is about uranium mining on Aboriginal lands, where mining companies destroyed the living habitat by poisoning wells, turning bilabobongs into waste depots, forcefully relocating Aborigines and assimilating them, destroying Aborigines families by separating children from parents.The exploitation and plundering of vast mineral resources by multinational corporations destroyed many of their mythical sacred sites. <ref>Ebook Alchemy, Digital Publishing Service, 2023-05-01 [https://www.ebookalchemy.com.au/BySeries.php?SeriesID=The%20Nuclear%20Cycle link]</ref><ref name=hamsmith/> ''They plundered the country, seized a generation of tribal girls and took them away to be raped and mutilated. The invaders called that "strangling the serpents which lays the eggs", the reason being that, with generations of young girls destroyed, the tribes would soon become extinct.'' <ref>B. Wongar, multicultural man of mystery, Monash Reporter, July 1, 1987 p. 7</ref><ref>Drake, Jack: he Wild West in Australia and America. p 116, Boolarong Press 2012, ISBN: 9781921920479, 1921920475</ref> The ''Short stories, poetry, drama, and anthropology'' have nine books: Aboriginal Myths (with Sreten Bozic and Alan Marshall) (1972), The Track to Bralgu (1978) (anthropology), Bilma (1984) (poetry), The Poplars – Gulwiri and Bogo (1970), А Stone in My Pocket (with Sreten Bozic and Alan Marshal) (1972), Balang An Village (1973) (drama), The Trackers (1978), Babaru (1982), The Last Pack of Dingoes (1991) (short stories). "After being rejected on political grounds by every Australian publisher, Babaru won the American Library Association Award , when originally published."<ref name=babaru/> Wongar's books have been translated into 13 languages, at least as of 2006. It is estimated that his books have sold at least one million copies worldwide. His literary and anthropological oeuvre is the broadest and most famous representation of Australian Aboriginal culture.<ref>Where Fiction Ends: Four Scandals of Literary Identity Construction by Therese-Marie Meyer, Königshausen & Neumann, p. 149, ISBN 3-8260-3164-4 2006</ref><ref>Van Toorn, Penny: Indigeneous texts and narratives in The Cambridge Companion in Australian Literature, ed. Elizabeth Webby, p. 43, Cambridge University Press 2000, ISBN 0 521 65122 0, [https://www.google.rs/books/edition/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Australian_Li/u7rawzFVLskC?hl=sr&gbpv=1&dq=b+wongar+one+million+books&pg=PA43&printsec=frontcover link]</ref> ===Writing style=== As to his writing style, Wongar, while living his tribal life, was partially assimilated into the Aborigines' culture and their way of life. He did not learn in full any of the native languages; rather, created his own glossary based on the languages from either the dialects of the Wild Honey People from near Mangrida settlement or the Yolungu people from near Yirrkala. This way, T.O. Beebee classified Wongar's writing style as the transmesis- a theoretical concept describing the representation of translation, translators, and multilingual realities within fictional texts. <ref>Beebee,Thomas O.: Faking Translation: Derivative Aboriginality in the Fiction of B. Wongar in Transmesis: Inside Translation's Black Box, Palgrave Macmillan New York, ISBN 978-1-137-00100-9 2012 p. 193-216</ref> Wongar’s texts, because they function as an ethical test – observing the suffering of the hero – are perfect vehicles for engendering shame within the audience. <ref>Condliffe, Patrick:Through a Wongar, Darkly, Dis-Located Readings - ASAL Mini-Conference, Monash Feb 21-22, 2013., [https://www.ljudigovore.com/issue/people-say-1920/article/through-a-wongar-darkly/ link]</ref> Manfred Jurgensen in his article ''A Look Back in Doubt'' wrote, "His work presents the most radical transformation and adaptation from one indigenous civilisation to another, not only in the context of multiculturalism. After transformation to a different native culture displacement, exile and hopelessness remain. They transcend historical and racial boundaries. The real force of Wongar’s writing in a style of Aboriginal approximation derives from the author’s preference of the poetic over other kinds of articulation. Sreten Božić soon discovered the inherent poetry of Aborignal faith and logic. Thanks to his sensitivity and cultural responsiveness he succeeded integrating it into a poetry almost his own." <ref>Jurgensen, Manfred: A Look Back in Doubt “Confessions of a Heretic”: Multicultural Literature in Australia, Coolabah, Nr 26, 2019, ISSN 1988-5946, Observatori: Centre d’Estudis Australians i Transnacionals / Observatory: Australian and Transnational Studies Centre, Universitat de Barcelona</ref> ===Dingoes Den, Totem and Ore=== The book ''Dingoes Den'' is Wongar's autobiography and ''Totem and Ore'' is a collection of photographies. Both books are collections of testimonies of annihilation of the Australian natives and their country. ''Dingoes Den:'' In the French maritime museum L'Havre, there is a collection of illustrations showing Tasmanian natives as healthy, happy, and full of life. Those illustrations were authored by a French artist, a member of a French research expedition in 1801. Contrary to that collection, the British colonialists always portrayed the natives as subhumans. Australian natives were against uranium mining in Western Arnhem Land. The state secretary for Australian natives summoned all tribal leaders "for consultations" in a small town near Catherine, blocked the only road access to the town by police, and kept the leaders there without food and water for several days. Exhausted men were forced to sign the mining "agreement," for which all got a ballpoint pen as a gift. Any presence of media was prevented by the secretary. Still, two young men from Sidney entered the town through the wilderness and shot a documentary about this banditism titled "Dirt Cheap."<ref name=den/> ''Totem and Ore:'' This collection of photographs records the sufferings and dying of the Australian natives, who previously lived in the areas where nuclear probes were practiced openly and were transported in trucks to concentration camps. The photographs of ''Totem and Ore'' collection tell what it was like to be at the forefront of the tradgedy. Not a single humanitarian organization, Australian or foreign, helped them nor attended their concentration camps. Even worse, neither the UN nor their agencies ever admitted the existence of these camps. <ref name=den/><ref>Wongar, B.: Totem and ore: a photographic collection, Carnegie, Vic.: Dingo Books, ISBN 9780977507801, 2006</ref> ===Death=== Wongar died on March 8, 2026, in Melbourne. <ref>Ristić, Biljana: In memoriam: Preminuo Sreten Božić Vongar, srpsko-australijski pisac i borac za prava australijskih Prvih naroda, SBS, March 10, 2026 [https://www.sbs.com.au/language/serbian/sr/article/in-memoriam-sreten-boyic-wongar/6bx29utt9 link]</ref> His ''Dingoes Den'' estate, an area of 200 hectares, became a protected nature reserve in 2010.<ref name=den/> ===Awards and recognitions=== *Seven Australian national awards for literature, in between 1983-1997, Australia Council Award for [[1997]] included <ref name="words"/> * Arvon Foundation Poetry Award. UK 1980<ref>Avron Foundation Poetry Competition, 1980 Anthology, Kilnhurst Publishing Company</ref> * Observer Award UK <ref>L. T. Reynolds, The New Renaissance, 2000, p. 11</ref> * The American Library Association Award [[1982]]<ref name="VicCollect" /> * The P.E.N International Award [[1986]]<ref name="VicCollect">Gibson, Jason.:B. Wongar, Author (circa 1932 -) [https://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/articles/14481 link] </ref> * Rastko Petrovic Award, The Home of Emigrants and Serbs in the Region [[2005]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:170293-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82-%D1%9A%D0%B0|title=Dva naroda jedna patnja|work=NOVOSTI |year=2005}}</ref> * Writer-in-Residence at the Aboriginal Research Centre, Monash University, for a period of 12 weeks in [[1987]] <ref>{{cite book|author= |title=B. Wongar: multi-cultural man of mystery|location= |publisher= |year=1987|isbn=|pages=7}} in Monash Reporter, Monash University, Number 5-87, 1 July </ref> * Doctor honoris causa [[2009]], University of Kragujevac, Serbia<ref>Majstorović Iter, Danica: Vongarov portret na egzibiciji u Sidneju, Srpski Glas, June 23, 2023 [https://srpskiglas.com.au/vongarov-portret-na-egzibiciji-u-sidneju/?lang=lat link]</ref> ===Documentaries, recorded interviews=== * Dragan Gavrilovic (director): "Srbi sa petog kontinenta - Sreten Božić Wongar", (2021) Apertura Films<ref>{{cite web|publisher=RTS|url=https://www.rts.rs/page/tv/sr/story/22/rts-svet/4257063/srbi-sa-petog-kontinenta-sreten-bozic-vongar.html|title=Wongar|date = 13 February 2018|accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref> * Andrijana Stojkovic (director): "Wongar" (2018) All Inclusive Films<ref>{{cite web|publisher=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9572922/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_2|title=Srbi sa Petog kontinenta: Sreten Božić Vongar|date = 1 April 2018|accessdate=30 November 2021}}</ref> * John Mandelberg (director/writer): "A Double Life. The Life and Times of B.Wongar", Sorena Productions, Australia,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=WorldCat|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881280602|title=A double life : the life & times of B. Wongar| oclc=881280602 |accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref> * John Mandelberg (director/writer): "Totem & Ore, 2014 – 2019"<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Waikato Institute of Technology|url=https://www.wintec.ac.nz/about-wintec/news/article/2019/11/08/new-film-depicts-nuclear-issues-as-a-problem-for-humanity|title=New film depicts nuclear issues as a problem for humanity|date = 8 November 2019|accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>Mandelberg, John (director/producer): HIROSHIMA EYE, Totem & Ore (2019) - Screening Schedule, Hiroshima International Film Festival [https://web.archive.org/web/20200212004316/http://hiff.jp/en/archives/7341/ link]</ref><ref>Mandelberg, John: The Making of an ‘Anti’ Nuclear Documentary: TOTEM & ORE, (2014-2019), Hiroshima Peace Institute, [https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/research_forum/forum201911/#e1 link]</ref> * Jan Wositzky (interviewer): "Dingoes, Names and B. Wongar" – ABC Radio National's 'Books and Writing' program<ref>Dingoes, Names and B. Wongar, The Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Gateway to Arts and Culture, 13 December, 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504072933/http://www.abc.net.au/arts/books/stories/s440019.htm link]</ref> * Ray Willibanks (interviewer): "B. Bongar" in Ray Wilibanks: "Australian Voices: Writers and Their Work", University of Texas Press, 15. 3. 2010, p. 201-214 ==References== {{reflist}} 87hkiy5nwzn26g9jfohpaeg9mjoreiy 10878785 10878780 2026-06-04T14:21:44Z ~2026-20428-62 1781684 10878785 wikitext text/x-wiki '''B. Wongar''' (Gornja Trešnjevica, 1932 – Melbourne, 8 March 2026), born as '''Sreten Božić''', was a Serbian and Australian novelist, short story writer, poet, anthropologist, humanist, and campaigner for the rights of Australian Aborigines.<ref name=babaru>Australian Book Review,ed. 128–137, publisher Australian Book Review 1991</ref>{{rp|page 56}}<ref name=pol>Стефановић, Драгољуб: Јутро уз ћирилицу, Политика, 16. 11. 2019, [https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/442181/jutro-uz-cirilicu линк]</ref><ref name=hamsmith>Smith, Hamilton: Wongar:a white speaking for blacks, The Canberra Times, 9 May 1992,[http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/news/1990s/ct9may1992.pdf link]</ref> === Early life, education and career beginnings in Yugoslavia === B. Wongar was born as Sreten Božić in 1932 in the village of Gornja Trešnjevica near Arandjelovac into the family of Stevan Božić and his wife, Darinka. After completing his primary school education, he enrolled in the Secondary Technical School in Novi Sad. He was forced to terminate his education after being denied a scholarship due to the political views of his father,<ref name=ppn>Petrović, Aleksandar:Dve povesti i jedna priča Uvod u delo B. Vongara, PPNS, August 16, 2024, [https://prviprvinaskali.com/clanci/dren/ekologija/sreten-bozic-banumbir-vongar-od-sumadinaca-do-aboridzina.html link]</ref> who was imprisoned by the post-war regime in Yugoslavia as an enemy of the people. He began writing while serving his military service in Zagreb. After the army in 1954, he moved to Belgrade, determined to devote himself to writing. At the Đuro Salaj Workers' University, he attended a workshop for young writers. B. Wongar began publishing poems in ''Mlada Kultura'', ''Novi Vesnik'', and other literary magazines. In Užice, he worked as a journalist for the Vesti newspaper. Because of one politically unacceptable article, he was fired and banned for life from working as a journalist.<ref name=nov>Prelević,Marko: Srbin među Aboridžinima, Novosti, September 15, 2009, [https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/aktuelno.69.html:254144-Srbin-medju-Aboridzinima link]</ref> === Paris, France === Faced with an existential threat, Božić fled to Italy, and from Italy he walked via Nice to Paris in 1958, where he lived for a time in a Red Cross shelter.<ref name=nov/> In that shelter, he learned French for a year. To support himself financially, he worked in the automotive industry on an assembly line. In France, he began to associate with Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir and the circle of people gathered around the Museum of Man (French: Musée de l'Homme) and to become acquainted with anthropological topics.<ref name=ppn/><ref name=nov/> === Australia, beginnings, Wongar name === Božić arrived in Australia in 1960, where he began learning English. He supported himself by working as a gold digger and construction worker<ref name=pol/>.Looking for work, Božić set out for the interior of Australia. A white man in Alice Springs told him that the easiest way to get from central Australia to the Kimberley was by riding a camel. He was lost in the Tanami Desert and was dying of thirst. He was found by an old native whom Božić called Juburu, because the native often repeated this word, whose meaning Božić did not understand. The journey through the desert took several months. During the trip, Božić learned a lot about the tribal customs of the Australian Aborigines, the names of plants, animals, and the tools that the Aborigines used and made. He lived among the Australian Aborigines for about ten years, taking the name Barnumbir Wongar, which means "Messenger from the Spirit World". He married Djumala, an Aboriginal woman from the Warlpiri people, with whom he had two children. In his own words, Sreten owes much of his knowledge and understanding of Aboriginal poetry to his Aboriginal wife, Djumala. Australia in the 1960s had strict laws governing who could visit Aboriginal areas and how. Sreten did not have a permit to do so, and on one occasion he was almost caught by a white Australian policeman who happened to be in the Aboriginal area where Sreten was living. To hide him, the Aborigines covered him with dust and began chanting over him as if he were sick. The policeman asked where Sreten was from, to which the Aborigines replied that he was from the Wongar gang, which in their language meant from the world of spirits, i.e., someone who had already died.<ref name=den>Wongar, B.: Dingoes Den, ETT Imprints, ISBN 9781875892587</ref> === First published works, troubles with Australian goverment, deportation === Wongar sought the mentorship of the renowned humanist and left-wing author Alan Marshall. The two men began a conversation that ended with Marshall recommending that Wongar write about the Australian bush and its Aboriginal people. Taking Marshall's advice, Wongar began to travel throughout Australia, taking laboring jobs in the Northern Territory. Wongar began to write about the Aboriginal people that he encountered and photographed. Some of his notable informants at this time were Aboriginal men such as 'Prince of Wales' and the Ngolokwangga (Malak Malak) elder Jim Muluk. In 1972 a book of myths collected from men of the Delissaville Aboriginal community (now Belyuen Aboriginal Community) and Gove area was published as 'Aboriginal Myths' (in conjunction with Alan Marshall).<ref name=mars>{{Cite web |url=https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/articles/14481 |title=B. Wongar, Author (circa 1932 -)|last=Gibson |first= Jason |date=2017-06-08 |website=Museums Victoria Collections |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> The Track to Bralgu is a 1978 collection interconnected of short stories by Wongar that depicts the destructive impact of the colonial white society, mining on Aboriginal Australians' ancestral lands, and nuclear tests in the open, primarily on the Yongly people of the Arnhem Land. Alan Paton wrote a commendatory preface to The Track to Braglu, the book received accolades from Thomas Keneally and Simone de Beauvoir <ref name=hamsmith/> When it was discovered that the author is not an Aborigine man, but rather a white immigrant from Yugoslavia, Keneally accused him of fabricating—under the guise of an Aboriginal writer — an elaborate literary hoax and of cultural appropriation.<ref name=ken>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jun/08/thomas-keneally-cultural-appropriation-is-dangerous |title=Thomas Keneally: 'Cultural appropriation is dangerous'|last=Zhou |first= Naaman |date=2017-07-08 |website=The Guardian |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> Australian authorities, learning that Božić attended and contacted the Aborigines, forbade him to further visit Arnhem Land, and he was boycotted and discriminated against by publishers and government authorities. The debunking of Božić as a literary hoax has lost currency today.<ref name=never>Dewar, Mickey: In Search of the Never Never, Australian National Univesity Press, p.214, [https://www.google.rs/books/edition/In_Search_of_the_Never_Never/8DmUDwAAQBAJ?hl=sr&gbpv=1&dq=b+wongar&pg=PA214&printsec=frontcover link]</ref> Wongar was forcibly relocated from northern Australia to the Melbourne area and was forbidden to return to the North. His family was supposed to join him later. In the meantime, all of his family members died from drinking water from a spring that had been poisoned intentionally or otherwise.<ref name=willi/> ===Fame and successs abroad, troubles at home, literature opus=== Wongar's the greatest success, ''The Track to Bralgu'', was sold more than 250,000 copies worldwide; far more than any of Wongar's subsequent publication. To the success contributed A. Paton with his foreword to the English language publication (Little, Brown, 1978), J. P. Sartre and S. de Beauvoir by providing translation of this book into French (''Le Chemin de Bralgu'', 1978) and publishing it in France; then the family of H. Böll-translation in German (''Der Pfad nach Bralgu'' 1980) and published it in Germany.<ref>The Oxford Literary History of Australia, ed. Bruce Bennett, Chris Wallace-Crabbe, Jennifer Strauss, Oxford University Press, SBN: 9780195537376, p. 339 </ref> According to Wongar, this book tennet, "when an Aborigine dies, his spirit divides into three parts. One goes to Bralgu to join to ancestors, one sits on the bottom of the totemic water hole and waits to be reborn, the third, the Mogwori, wanders around the tribal country."<ref name=willi>Willibanks, Ray: Australian voices, writers and their work, ''B. Wongar Interview'' , University of Texas, Austin ISBN 978-0-292-72387-8, 1991, p. 211-212</ref> After publishing his second book of short stories, ''Babaru'' (1982), he got American Library Associacion Award and his writing style was recognised as a new one. From that event, Sreten Božiċ legal name became '''Sreten Božiċ Wongar'''<ref name=babaru/>{{rp| pages 8-9, 56}} Contrary to the fame he earned worldwide, in Australia, he was not able to publish any of his books until 1991, for being politically ostracised as a person and a writer.<ref>Sharrad, Paul: Does wongar matter?, Kunapipi, Vol.4, Issue 1 p. 60 1982, [https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol4/iss1/6 link]</ref> This political ostracism did not prevent him receiving Senior Australian Fellowship, Australian Literature Awards for [[1983]], [[1984]], [[1986]], [[1989]]. и [[1991]]<ref name="words"> Literature Board Fellowship Subcategory of Australia Council Grants, Awards and Fellowships [https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v588?mainTabTemplate=awardWorksAndAgents link]</ref> Wongar's literary opus has two parts: The ''Nuclear cycle'' and the ''Short stories, poetry, drama, and anthropology''. In many aspects these two parts are overlapping. The ''Nuclear cycle'' is a collection of six books: ''Walg'' (1983), ''Karan'' (1985), ''Gabo Djara'' (1987), ''Raki'' (1994), ''Manhunt'' (2008), ''Didjeridu Charmer'' (2015). The first part of ''Nuclear Cycle'' is about secret and illegal nuclear tests on the open area of Aboriginal lands larger than UK today that annihilated Aboriginal population and destroyed their natural habitat. The Aborigines not instantly killed by explosions and radiations were put in a concentration camp, left to die without sufficient means for survival and without any medical care. Another part of the ''Nuclear Cycle'' is about uranium mining on Aboriginal lands, where mining companies destroyed the living habitat by poisoning wells, turning bilabobongs into waste depots, forcefully relocating Aborigines and assimilating them, destroying Aborigines families by separating children from parents.The exploitation and plundering of vast mineral resources by multinational corporations destroyed many of their mythical sacred sites. <ref>Ebook Alchemy, Digital Publishing Service, 2023-05-01 [https://www.ebookalchemy.com.au/BySeries.php?SeriesID=The%20Nuclear%20Cycle link]</ref><ref name=hamsmith/> ''They plundered the country, seized a generation of tribal girls and took them away to be raped and mutilated. The invaders called that "strangling the serpents which lays the eggs", the reason being that, with generations of young girls destroyed, the tribes would soon become extinct.'' <ref>B. Wongar, multicultural man of mystery, Monash Reporter, July 1, 1987 p. 7</ref><ref>Drake, Jack: he Wild West in Australia and America. p 116, Boolarong Press 2012, ISBN: 9781921920479, 1921920475</ref> The ''Short stories, poetry, drama, and anthropology'' have nine books: Aboriginal Myths (with Sreten Bozic and Alan Marshall) (1972), The Track to Bralgu (1978) (anthropology), Bilma (1984) (poetry), The Poplars – Gulwiri and Bogo (1970), А Stone in My Pocket (with Sreten Bozic and Alan Marshal) (1972), Balang An Village (1973) (drama), The Trackers (1978), Babaru (1982), The Last Pack of Dingoes (1991) (short stories). "After being rejected on political grounds by every Australian publisher, Babaru won the American Library Association Award , when originally published."<ref name=babaru/> Wongar's books have been translated into 13 languages, at least as of 2006. It is estimated that his books have sold at least one million copies worldwide. His literary and anthropological oeuvre is the broadest and most famous representation of Australian Aboriginal culture.<ref>Where Fiction Ends: Four Scandals of Literary Identity Construction by Therese-Marie Meyer, Königshausen & Neumann, p. 149, ISBN 3-8260-3164-4 2006</ref><ref>Van Toorn, Penny: Indigeneous texts and narratives in The Cambridge Companion in Australian Literature, ed. Elizabeth Webby, p. 43, Cambridge University Press 2000, ISBN 0 521 65122 0, [https://www.google.rs/books/edition/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Australian_Li/u7rawzFVLskC?hl=sr&gbpv=1&dq=b+wongar+one+million+books&pg=PA43&printsec=frontcover link]</ref> ===Writing style=== As to his writing style, Wongar, while living his tribal life, was partially assimilated into the Aborigines' culture and their way of life. He did not learn in full any of the native languages; rather, created his own glossary based on the languages from either the dialects of the Wild Honey People from near Mangrida settlement or the Yolungu people from near Yirrkala. This way, T.O. Beebee classified Wongar's writing style as the transmesis- a theoretical concept describing the representation of translation, translators, and multilingual realities within fictional texts. <ref>Beebee,Thomas O.: Faking Translation: Derivative Aboriginality in the Fiction of B. Wongar in Transmesis: Inside Translation's Black Box, Palgrave Macmillan New York, ISBN 978-1-137-00100-9 2012 p. 193-216</ref> Wongar’s texts, because they function as an ethical test – observing the suffering of the hero – are perfect vehicles for engendering shame within the audience. <ref>Condliffe, Patrick:Through a Wongar, Darkly, Dis-Located Readings - ASAL Mini-Conference, Monash Feb 21-22, 2013., [https://www.ljudigovore.com/issue/people-say-1920/article/through-a-wongar-darkly/ link]</ref> Manfred Jurgensen in his article ''A Look Back in Doubt'' wrote, "His work presents the most radical transformation and adaptation from one indigenous civilisation to another, not only in the context of multiculturalism. After transformation to a different native culture displacement, exile and hopelessness remain. They transcend historical and racial boundaries. The real force of Wongar’s writing in a style of Aboriginal approximation derives from the author’s preference of the poetic over other kinds of articulation. Sreten Božić soon discovered the inherent poetry of Aborignal faith and logic. Thanks to his sensitivity and cultural responsiveness he succeeded integrating it into a poetry almost his own." <ref>Jurgensen, Manfred: A Look Back in Doubt “Confessions of a Heretic”: Multicultural Literature in Australia, Coolabah, Nr 26, 2019, ISSN 1988-5946, Observatori: Centre d’Estudis Australians i Transnacionals / Observatory: Australian and Transnational Studies Centre, Universitat de Barcelona</ref> ===Dingoes Den, Totem and Ore=== The book ''Dingoes Den'' is Wongar's autobiography and ''Totem and Ore'' is a collection of photographies. Both books are collections of testimonies of annihilation of the Australian natives and their country. ''Dingoes Den:'' In the French maritime museum L'Havre, there is a collection of illustrations showing Tasmanian natives as healthy, happy, and full of life. Those illustrations were authored by a French artist, a member of a French research expedition in 1801. Contrary to that collection, the British colonialists always portrayed the natives as subhumans. Australian natives were against uranium mining in Western Arnhem Land. The state secretary for Australian natives summoned all tribal leaders "for consultations" in a small town near Catherine, blocked the only road access to the town by police, and kept the leaders there without food and water for several days. Exhausted men were forced to sign the mining "agreement," for which all got a ballpoint pen as a gift. Any presence of media was prevented by the secretary. Still, two young men from Sidney entered the town through the wilderness and shot a documentary about this banditism titled "Dirt Cheap."<ref name=den/> ''Totem and Ore:'' This collection of photographs records the sufferings and dying of the Australian natives, who previously lived in the areas where nuclear probes were practiced openly and were transported in trucks to concentration camps. The photographs of ''Totem and Ore'' collection tell what it was like to be at the forefront of the tradgedy. Not a single humanitarian organization, Australian or foreign, helped them nor attended their concentration camps. Even worse, neither the UN nor their agencies ever admitted the existence of these camps. <ref name=den/><ref>Wongar, B.: Totem and ore: a photographic collection, Carnegie, Vic.: Dingo Books, ISBN 9780977507801, 2006</ref> ===Death=== Wongar died on March 8, 2026, in Melbourne. <ref>Ristić, Biljana: In memoriam: Preminuo Sreten Božić Vongar, srpsko-australijski pisac i borac za prava australijskih Prvih naroda, SBS, March 10, 2026 [https://www.sbs.com.au/language/serbian/sr/article/in-memoriam-sreten-boyic-wongar/6bx29utt9 link]</ref> His ''Dingoes Den'' estate, an area of 200 hectares, became a protected nature reserve in 2010.<ref name=den/> ===Awards and recognitions=== *Seven Australian national awards for literature, in between 1983-1997, Australia Council Award for [[1997]] included <ref name="words"/> * Arvon Foundation Poetry Award. UK 1980<ref>Avron Foundation Poetry Competition, 1980 Anthology, Kilnhurst Publishing Company</ref> * Observer Award UK <ref>L. T. Reynolds, The New Renaissance, 2000, p. 11</ref> * The American Library Association Award [[1982]]<ref name="VicCollect" /> * The P.E.N International Award [[1986]]<ref name="VicCollect">Gibson, Jason.:B. Wongar, Author (circa 1932 -) [https://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/articles/14481 link] </ref> * Rastko Petrovic Award, The Home of Emigrants and Serbs in the Region [[2005]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:170293-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82-%D1%9A%D0%B0|title=Dva naroda jedna patnja|work=NOVOSTI |year=2005}}</ref> * Writer-in-Residence at the Aboriginal Research Centre, Monash University, for a period of 12 weeks in [[1987]] <ref>{{cite book|author= |title=B. Wongar: multi-cultural man of mystery|location= |publisher= |year=1987|isbn=|pages=7}} in Monash Reporter, Monash University, Number 5-87, 1 July </ref> * Doctor honoris causa [[2009]], University of Kragujevac, Serbia<ref>Majstorović Iter, Danica: Vongarov portret na egzibiciji u Sidneju, Srpski Glas, June 23, 2023 [https://srpskiglas.com.au/vongarov-portret-na-egzibiciji-u-sidneju/?lang=lat link]</ref> ===Documentaries, recorded interviews=== * Dragan Gavrilovic (director): "Srbi sa petog kontinenta - Sreten Božić Wongar", (2021) Apertura Films<ref>{{cite web|publisher=RTS|url=https://www.rts.rs/page/tv/sr/story/22/rts-svet/4257063/srbi-sa-petog-kontinenta-sreten-bozic-vongar.html|title=Wongar|date = 13 February 2018|accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref> * Andrijana Stojkovic (director): "Wongar" (2018) All Inclusive Films<ref>{{cite web|publisher=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9572922/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_2|title=Srbi sa Petog kontinenta: Sreten Božić Vongar|date = 1 April 2018|accessdate=30 November 2021}}</ref> * John Mandelberg (director/writer): "A Double Life. The Life and Times of B.Wongar", Sorena Productions, Australia,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=WorldCat|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881280602|title=A double life : the life & times of B. Wongar| oclc=881280602 |accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref> * John Mandelberg (director/writer): "Totem & Ore, 2014 – 2019"<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Waikato Institute of Technology|url=https://www.wintec.ac.nz/about-wintec/news/article/2019/11/08/new-film-depicts-nuclear-issues-as-a-problem-for-humanity|title=New film depicts nuclear issues as a problem for humanity|date = 8 November 2019|accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>Mandelberg, John (director/producer): HIROSHIMA EYE, Totem & Ore (2019) - Screening Schedule, Hiroshima International Film Festival [https://web.archive.org/web/20200212004316/http://hiff.jp/en/archives/7341/ link]</ref><ref>Mandelberg, John: The Making of an ‘Anti’ Nuclear Documentary: TOTEM & ORE, (2014-2019), Hiroshima Peace Institute, [https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/research_forum/forum201911/#e1 link]</ref> * Jan Wositzky (interviewer): "Dingoes, Names and B. Wongar" – ABC Radio National's 'Books and Writing' program<ref>Dingoes, Names and B. Wongar, The Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Gateway to Arts and Culture, 13 December, 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504072933/http://www.abc.net.au/arts/books/stories/s440019.htm link]</ref> * Ray Willibanks (interviewer): "B. Bongar" in Ray Wilibanks: "Australian Voices: Writers and Their Work", University of Texas Press, 15. 3. 2010, p. 201-214 ==References== {{reflist}} tqmc65hf5sndzrvckfwf4l25mcodlsm 10878812 10878785 2026-06-04T15:19:12Z ~2026-20428-62 1781684 10878812 wikitext text/x-wiki '''B. Wongar''' (Gornja Trešnjevica, 1932 – Melbourne, 8 March 2026), born as '''Sreten Božić''', was a Serbian and Australian novelist, short story writer, poet, anthropologist, humanist, and campaigner for the rights of Australian Aborigines.<ref name=babaru>Australian Book Review,ed. 128–137, publisher Australian Book Review 1991</ref>{{rp|page 56}}<ref name=pol>Стефановић, Драгољуб: Јутро уз ћирилицу, Политика, 16. 11. 2019, [https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/442181/jutro-uz-cirilicu линк]</ref><ref name=hamsmith>Smith, Hamilton: Wongar:a white speaking for blacks, The Canberra Times, 9 May 1992,[http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/news/1990s/ct9may1992.pdf link]</ref> === Early life, education and career beginnings in Yugoslavia === B. Wongar was born as Sreten Božić in 1932 in the village of Gornja Trešnjevica near Arandjelovac into the family of Stevan Božić and his wife, Darinka. After completing his primary school education, he enrolled in the Secondary Technical School in Novi Sad. He was forced to terminate his education after being denied a scholarship due to the political views of his father,<ref name=ppn>Petrović, Aleksandar:Dve povesti i jedna priča Uvod u delo B. Vongara, PPNS, August 16, 2024, [https://prviprvinaskali.com/clanci/dren/ekologija/sreten-bozic-banumbir-vongar-od-sumadinaca-do-aboridzina.html link]</ref> who was imprisoned by the post-war regime in Yugoslavia as an enemy of the people. He began writing while serving his military service in Zagreb. After the army in 1954, he moved to Belgrade, determined to devote himself to writing. At the Đuro Salaj Workers' University, he attended a workshop for young writers. B. Wongar began publishing poems in ''Mlada Kultura'', ''Novi Vesnik'', and other literary magazines. In Užice, he worked as a journalist for the Vesti newspaper. Because of one politically unacceptable article, he was fired and banned for life from working as a journalist.<ref name=nov>Prelević,Marko: Srbin među Aboridžinima, Novosti, September 15, 2009, [https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/aktuelno.69.html:254144-Srbin-medju-Aboridzinima link]</ref> === Paris, France === Faced with an existential threat, Božić fled to Italy, and from Italy he walked via Nice to Paris in 1958, where he lived for a time in a Red Cross shelter.<ref name=nov/> In that shelter, he learned French for a year. To support himself financially, he worked in the automotive industry on an assembly line. In France, he began to associate with Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir and the circle of people gathered around the Museum of Man (French: Musée de l'Homme) and to become acquainted with anthropological topics.<ref name=ppn/><ref name=nov/> === Australia, beginnings, Wongar name === Božić arrived in Australia in 1960, where he began learning English. He supported himself by working as a gold digger and construction worker<ref name=pol/>.Looking for work, Božić set out for the interior of Australia. A white man in Alice Springs told him that the easiest way to get from central Australia to the Kimberley was by riding a camel. He was lost in the Tanami Desert and was dying of thirst. He was found by an old native whom Božić called Juburu, because the native often repeated this word, whose meaning Božić did not understand. The journey through the desert took several months. During the trip, Božić learned a lot about the tribal customs of the Australian Aborigines, the names of plants, animals, and the tools that the Aborigines used and made. He lived among the Australian Aborigines for about ten years, taking the name Barnumbir Wongar, which means "Messenger from the Spirit World". He married Djumala, an Aboriginal woman from the Warlpiri people, with whom he had two children. In his own words, Sreten owes much of his knowledge and understanding of Aboriginal poetry to his Aboriginal wife, Djumala. Australia in the 1960s had strict laws governing who could visit Aboriginal areas and how. Sreten did not have a permit to do so, and on one occasion he was almost caught by a white Australian policeman who happened to be in the Aboriginal area where Sreten was living. To hide him, the Aborigines covered him with dust and began chanting over him as if he were sick. The policeman asked where Sreten was from, to which the Aborigines replied that he was from the Wongar gang, which in their language meant from the world of spirits, i.e., someone who had already died.<ref name=den>Wongar, B.: Dingoes Den, ETT Imprints, ISBN 9781875892587</ref> === First published works, troubles with Australian goverment, deportation === Wongar sought the mentorship of the renowned humanist and left-wing author Alan Marshall. The two men began a conversation that ended with Marshall recommending that Wongar write about the Australian bush and its Aboriginal people. Taking Marshall's advice, Wongar began to travel throughout Australia, taking laboring jobs in the Northern Territory. Wongar began to write about the Aboriginal people that he encountered and photographed. Some of his notable informants at this time were Aboriginal men such as 'Prince of Wales' and the Ngolokwangga (Malak Malak) elder Jim Muluk. In 1972 a book of myths collected from men of the Delissaville Aboriginal community (now Belyuen Aboriginal Community) and Gove area was published as 'Aboriginal Myths' (in conjunction with Alan Marshall).<ref name=mars>{{Cite web |url=https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/articles/14481 |title=B. Wongar, Author (circa 1932 -)|last=Gibson |first= Jason |date=2017-06-08 |website=Museums Victoria Collections |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> The Track to Bralgu is a 1978 collection interconnected of short stories by Wongar that depicts the destructive impact of the colonial white society, mining on Aboriginal Australians' ancestral lands, and nuclear tests in the open, primarily on the Yongly people of the Arnhem Land. Alan Paton wrote a commendatory preface to The Track to Braglu, the book received accolades from Thomas Keneally and Simone de Beauvoir <ref name=hamsmith/> When it was discovered that the author is not an Aborigine man, but rather a white immigrant from Yugoslavia, Keneally accused him of fabricating—under the guise of an Aboriginal writer — an elaborate literary hoax and of cultural appropriation.<ref name=ken>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jun/08/thomas-keneally-cultural-appropriation-is-dangerous |title=Thomas Keneally: 'Cultural appropriation is dangerous'|last=Zhou |first= Naaman |date=2017-07-08 |website=The Guardian |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> Australian authorities, learning that Božić attended and contacted the Aborigines, forbade him to further visit Arnhem Land, and he was boycotted and discriminated against by publishers and government authorities. The debunking of Božić as a literary hoax has lost currency today.<ref name=never>Dewar, Mickey: In Search of the Never Never, Australian National Univesity Press, p.214, [https://www.google.rs/books/edition/In_Search_of_the_Never_Never/8DmUDwAAQBAJ?hl=sr&gbpv=1&dq=b+wongar&pg=PA214&printsec=frontcover link]</ref> Wongar was forcibly relocated from northern Australia to the Melbourne area and was forbidden to return to the North. His family was supposed to join him later. In the meantime, all of his family members died from drinking water from a spring that had been poisoned intentionally or otherwise.<ref name=willi/> ===Fame and successs abroad, troubles at home, literature opus=== Wongar's the greatest success, ''The Track to Bralgu'', was sold more than 250,000 copies worldwide; far more than any of Wongar's subsequent publication. To the success contributed A. Paton with his foreword to the English language publication (Little, Brown, 1978), J. P. Sartre and S. de Beauvoir by providing translation of this book into French (''Le Chemin de Bralgu'', 1978) and publishing it in France; then the family of H. Böll-translation in German (''Der Pfad nach Bralgu'' 1980) and published it in Germany.<ref>The Oxford Literary History of Australia, ed. Bruce Bennett, Chris Wallace-Crabbe, Jennifer Strauss, Oxford University Press, SBN: 9780195537376, p. 339 </ref> According to Wongar, this book tennet, "when an Aborigine dies, his spirit divides into three parts. One goes to Bralgu to join to ancestors, one sits on the bottom of the totemic water hole and waits to be reborn, the third, the Mogwori, wanders around the tribal country."<ref name=willi>Willibanks, Ray: Australian voices, writers and their work, ''B. Wongar Interview'' , University of Texas, Austin ISBN 978-0-292-72387-8, 1991, p. 211-212</ref> After publishing his second book of short stories, ''Babaru'' (1982), he got American Library Associacion Award and his writing style was recognised as a new one. From that event, Sreten Božiċ legal name became '''Sreten Božiċ Wongar'''<ref name=babaru/>{{rp| pages 8-9, 56}} Contrary to the fame he earned worldwide, in Australia, he was not able to publish any of his books until 1991, for being politically ostracised as a person and a writer.<ref>Sharrad, Paul: Does wongar matter?, Kunapipi, Vol.4, Issue 1 p. 60 1982, [https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol4/iss1/6 link]</ref> This political ostracism did not prevent him receiving Senior Australian Fellowship, Australian Literature Awards for [[1983]], [[1984]], [[1986]], [[1989]]. и [[1991]]<ref name="words"> Literature Board Fellowship Subcategory of Australia Council Grants, Awards and Fellowships [https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v588?mainTabTemplate=awardWorksAndAgents link]</ref> Wongar's literary opus has two parts: The ''Nuclear cycle'' and the ''Short stories, poetry, drama, and anthropology''. In many aspects these two parts are overlapping. The ''Nuclear cycle'' is a collection of six books: ''Walg'' (1983), ''Karan'' (1985), ''Gabo Djara'' (1987), ''Raki'' (1994), ''Manhunt'' (2008), ''Didjeridu Charmer'' (2015). The first part of ''Nuclear Cycle'' is about secret and illegal nuclear tests on the open area of Aboriginal lands larger than UK today that annihilated Aboriginal population and destroyed their natural habitat. The Aborigines not instantly killed by explosions and radiations were put in a concentration camp, left to die without sufficient means for survival and without any medical care. Another part of the ''Nuclear Cycle'' is about uranium mining on Aboriginal lands, where mining companies destroyed the living habitat by poisoning wells, turning bilabobongs into waste depots, forcefully relocating Aborigines and assimilating them, destroying Aborigines families by separating children from parents.The exploitation and plundering of vast mineral resources by multinational corporations destroyed many of their mythical sacred sites. <ref>Ebook Alchemy, Digital Publishing Service, 2023-05-01 [https://www.ebookalchemy.com.au/BySeries.php?SeriesID=The%20Nuclear%20Cycle link]</ref><ref name=hamsmith/> ''They plundered the country, seized a generation of tribal girls and took them away to be raped and mutilated. The invaders called that "strangling the serpents which lays the eggs", the reason being that, with generations of young girls destroyed, the tribes would soon become extinct.'' <ref>B. Wongar, multicultural man of mystery, Monash Reporter, July 1, 1987 p. 7</ref><ref>Drake, Jack: he Wild West in Australia and America. p 116, Boolarong Press 2012, ISBN: 9781921920479, 1921920475</ref> The ''Short stories, poetry, drama, and anthropology'' have nine books: Aboriginal Myths (with Sreten Bozic and Alan Marshall) (1972), The Track to Bralgu (1978) (anthropology), Bilma (1984) (poetry), The Poplars – Gulwiri and Bogo (1970), А Stone in My Pocket (with Sreten Bozic and Alan Marshal) (1972), Balang An Village (1973) (drama), The Trackers (1978), Babaru (1982), The Last Pack of Dingoes (1991) (short stories). "After being rejected on political grounds by every Australian publisher, Babaru won the American Library Association Award , when originally published."<ref name=babaru/>{{rp|page 56}} Wongar's books have been translated into 13 languages, at least as of 2006. It is estimated that his books have sold at least one million copies worldwide. His literary and anthropological oeuvre is the broadest and most famous representation of Australian Aboriginal culture.<ref>Where Fiction Ends: Four Scandals of Literary Identity Construction by Therese-Marie Meyer, Königshausen & Neumann, p. 149, ISBN 3-8260-3164-4 2006</ref><ref>Van Toorn, Penny: Indigeneous texts and narratives in The Cambridge Companion in Australian Literature, ed. Elizabeth Webby, p. 43, Cambridge University Press 2000, ISBN 0 521 65122 0, [https://www.google.rs/books/edition/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Australian_Li/u7rawzFVLskC?hl=sr&gbpv=1&dq=b+wongar+one+million+books&pg=PA43&printsec=frontcover link]</ref> ===Writing style=== As to his writing style, Wongar, while living his tribal life, was partially assimilated into the Aborigines' culture and their way of life. He did not learn in full any of the native languages; rather, created his own glossary based on the languages from either the dialects of the Wild Honey People from near Mangrida settlement or the Yolungu people from near Yirrkala. This way, T.O. Beebee classified Wongar's writing style as the transmesis- a theoretical concept describing the representation of translation, translators, and multilingual realities within fictional texts. <ref>Beebee,Thomas O.: Faking Translation: Derivative Aboriginality in the Fiction of B. Wongar in Transmesis: Inside Translation's Black Box, Palgrave Macmillan New York, ISBN 978-1-137-00100-9 2012 p. 193-216</ref> Wongar’s texts, because they function as an ethical test – observing the suffering of the hero – are perfect vehicles for engendering shame within the audience. <ref>Condliffe, Patrick:Through a Wongar, Darkly, Dis-Located Readings - ASAL Mini-Conference, Monash Feb 21-22, 2013., [https://www.ljudigovore.com/issue/people-say-1920/article/through-a-wongar-darkly/ link]</ref> Manfred Jurgensen in his article ''A Look Back in Doubt'' wrote, "His work presents the most radical transformation and adaptation from one indigenous civilisation to another, not only in the context of multiculturalism. After transformation to a different native culture displacement, exile and hopelessness remain. They transcend historical and racial boundaries. The real force of Wongar’s writing in a style of Aboriginal approximation derives from the author’s preference of the poetic over other kinds of articulation. Sreten Božić soon discovered the inherent poetry of Aborignal faith and logic. Thanks to his sensitivity and cultural responsiveness he succeeded integrating it into a poetry almost his own." <ref>Jurgensen, Manfred: A Look Back in Doubt “Confessions of a Heretic”: Multicultural Literature in Australia, Coolabah, Nr 26, 2019, ISSN 1988-5946, Observatori: Centre d’Estudis Australians i Transnacionals / Observatory: Australian and Transnational Studies Centre, Universitat de Barcelona</ref> ===Dingoes Den, Totem and Ore=== The book ''Dingoes Den'' is Wongar's autobiography and ''Totem and Ore'' is a collection of photographies. Both books are collections of testimonies of annihilation of the Australian natives and their country. ''Dingoes Den:'' In the French maritime museum L'Havre, there is a collection of illustrations showing Tasmanian natives as healthy, happy, and full of life. Those illustrations were authored by a French artist, a member of a French research expedition in 1801. Contrary to that collection, the British colonialists always portrayed the natives as subhumans. Australian natives were against uranium mining in Western Arnhem Land. The state secretary for Australian natives summoned all tribal leaders "for consultations" in a small town near Catherine, blocked the only road access to the town by police, and kept the leaders there without food and water for several days. Exhausted men were forced to sign the mining "agreement," for which all got a ballpoint pen as a gift. Any presence of media was prevented by the secretary. Still, two young men from Sidney entered the town through the wilderness and shot a documentary about this banditism titled "Dirt Cheap."<ref name=den/> ''Totem and Ore:'' This collection of photographs records the sufferings and dying of the Australian natives, who previously lived in the areas where nuclear probes were practiced openly and were transported in trucks to concentration camps. The photographs of ''Totem and Ore'' collection tell what it was like to be at the forefront of the tradgedy. Not a single humanitarian organization, Australian or foreign, helped them nor attended their concentration camps. Even worse, neither the UN nor their agencies ever admitted the existence of these camps. <ref name=den/><ref>Wongar, B.: Totem and ore: a photographic collection, Carnegie, Vic.: Dingo Books, ISBN 9780977507801, 2006</ref> ===Death=== Wongar died on March 8, 2026, in Melbourne. <ref>Ristić, Biljana: In memoriam: Preminuo Sreten Božić Vongar, srpsko-australijski pisac i borac za prava australijskih Prvih naroda, SBS, March 10, 2026 [https://www.sbs.com.au/language/serbian/sr/article/in-memoriam-sreten-boyic-wongar/6bx29utt9 link]</ref> His ''Dingoes Den'' estate, an area of 200 hectares, became a protected nature reserve in 2010.<ref name=den/> ===Awards and recognitions=== *Seven Australian national awards for literature, in between 1983-1997, Australia Council Award for [[1997]] included <ref name="words"/> * Arvon Foundation Poetry Award. UK 1980<ref>Avron Foundation Poetry Competition, 1980 Anthology, Kilnhurst Publishing Company</ref> * Observer Award UK <ref>L. T. Reynolds, The New Renaissance, 2000, p. 11</ref> * The American Library Association Award [[1982]]<ref name="VicCollect" /> * The P.E.N International Award [[1986]]<ref name="VicCollect">Gibson, Jason.:B. Wongar, Author (circa 1932 -) [https://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/articles/14481 link] </ref> * Rastko Petrovic Award, The Home of Emigrants and Serbs in the Region [[2005]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:170293-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82-%D1%9A%D0%B0|title=Dva naroda jedna patnja|work=NOVOSTI |year=2005}}</ref> * Writer-in-Residence at the Aboriginal Research Centre, Monash University, for a period of 12 weeks in [[1987]] <ref>{{cite book|author= |title=B. Wongar: multi-cultural man of mystery|location= |publisher= |year=1987|isbn=|pages=7}} in Monash Reporter, Monash University, Number 5-87, 1 July </ref> * Doctor honoris causa [[2009]], University of Kragujevac, Serbia<ref>Majstorović Iter, Danica: Vongarov portret na egzibiciji u Sidneju, Srpski Glas, June 23, 2023 [https://srpskiglas.com.au/vongarov-portret-na-egzibiciji-u-sidneju/?lang=lat link]</ref> ===Documentaries, recorded interviews=== * Dragan Gavrilovic (director): "Srbi sa petog kontinenta - Sreten Božić Wongar", (2021) Apertura Films<ref>{{cite web|publisher=RTS|url=https://www.rts.rs/page/tv/sr/story/22/rts-svet/4257063/srbi-sa-petog-kontinenta-sreten-bozic-vongar.html|title=Wongar|date = 13 February 2018|accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref> * Andrijana Stojkovic (director): "Wongar" (2018) All Inclusive Films<ref>{{cite web|publisher=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9572922/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_2|title=Srbi sa Petog kontinenta: Sreten Božić Vongar|date = 1 April 2018|accessdate=30 November 2021}}</ref> * John Mandelberg (director/writer): "A Double Life. The Life and Times of B.Wongar", Sorena Productions, Australia,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=WorldCat|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881280602|title=A double life : the life & times of B. Wongar| oclc=881280602 |accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref> * John Mandelberg (director/writer): "Totem & Ore, 2014 – 2019"<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Waikato Institute of Technology|url=https://www.wintec.ac.nz/about-wintec/news/article/2019/11/08/new-film-depicts-nuclear-issues-as-a-problem-for-humanity|title=New film depicts nuclear issues as a problem for humanity|date = 8 November 2019|accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>Mandelberg, John (director/producer): HIROSHIMA EYE, Totem & Ore (2019) - Screening Schedule, Hiroshima International Film Festival [https://web.archive.org/web/20200212004316/http://hiff.jp/en/archives/7341/ link]</ref><ref>Mandelberg, John: The Making of an ‘Anti’ Nuclear Documentary: TOTEM & ORE, (2014-2019), Hiroshima Peace Institute, [https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/research_forum/forum201911/#e1 link]</ref> * Jan Wositzky (interviewer): "Dingoes, Names and B. Wongar" – ABC Radio National's 'Books and Writing' program<ref>Dingoes, Names and B. Wongar, The Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Gateway to Arts and Culture, 13 December, 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504072933/http://www.abc.net.au/arts/books/stories/s440019.htm link]</ref> * Ray Willibanks (interviewer): "B. Bongar" in Ray Wilibanks: "Australian Voices: Writers and Their Work", University of Texas Press, 15. 3. 2010, p. 201-214 ==References== {{reflist}} 6x7cmysgpzs0w3hw4suw0xuk25ok1io 10878813 10878812 2026-06-04T15:22:38Z ~2026-20428-62 1781684 /* Fame and successs abroad, troubles at home, literature opus */ 10878813 wikitext text/x-wiki '''B. Wongar''' (Gornja Trešnjevica, 1932 – Melbourne, 8 March 2026), born as '''Sreten Božić''', was a Serbian and Australian novelist, short story writer, poet, anthropologist, humanist, and campaigner for the rights of Australian Aborigines.<ref name=babaru>Australian Book Review,ed. 128–137, publisher Australian Book Review 1991</ref>{{rp|page 56}}<ref name=pol>Стефановић, Драгољуб: Јутро уз ћирилицу, Политика, 16. 11. 2019, [https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/442181/jutro-uz-cirilicu линк]</ref><ref name=hamsmith>Smith, Hamilton: Wongar:a white speaking for blacks, The Canberra Times, 9 May 1992,[http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/news/1990s/ct9may1992.pdf link]</ref> === Early life, education and career beginnings in Yugoslavia === B. Wongar was born as Sreten Božić in 1932 in the village of Gornja Trešnjevica near Arandjelovac into the family of Stevan Božić and his wife, Darinka. After completing his primary school education, he enrolled in the Secondary Technical School in Novi Sad. He was forced to terminate his education after being denied a scholarship due to the political views of his father,<ref name=ppn>Petrović, Aleksandar:Dve povesti i jedna priča Uvod u delo B. Vongara, PPNS, August 16, 2024, [https://prviprvinaskali.com/clanci/dren/ekologija/sreten-bozic-banumbir-vongar-od-sumadinaca-do-aboridzina.html link]</ref> who was imprisoned by the post-war regime in Yugoslavia as an enemy of the people. He began writing while serving his military service in Zagreb. After the army in 1954, he moved to Belgrade, determined to devote himself to writing. At the Đuro Salaj Workers' University, he attended a workshop for young writers. B. Wongar began publishing poems in ''Mlada Kultura'', ''Novi Vesnik'', and other literary magazines. In Užice, he worked as a journalist for the Vesti newspaper. Because of one politically unacceptable article, he was fired and banned for life from working as a journalist.<ref name=nov>Prelević,Marko: Srbin među Aboridžinima, Novosti, September 15, 2009, [https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/aktuelno.69.html:254144-Srbin-medju-Aboridzinima link]</ref> === Paris, France === Faced with an existential threat, Božić fled to Italy, and from Italy he walked via Nice to Paris in 1958, where he lived for a time in a Red Cross shelter.<ref name=nov/> In that shelter, he learned French for a year. To support himself financially, he worked in the automotive industry on an assembly line. In France, he began to associate with Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir and the circle of people gathered around the Museum of Man (French: Musée de l'Homme) and to become acquainted with anthropological topics.<ref name=ppn/><ref name=nov/> === Australia, beginnings, Wongar name === Božić arrived in Australia in 1960, where he began learning English. He supported himself by working as a gold digger and construction worker<ref name=pol/>.Looking for work, Božić set out for the interior of Australia. A white man in Alice Springs told him that the easiest way to get from central Australia to the Kimberley was by riding a camel. He was lost in the Tanami Desert and was dying of thirst. He was found by an old native whom Božić called Juburu, because the native often repeated this word, whose meaning Božić did not understand. The journey through the desert took several months. During the trip, Božić learned a lot about the tribal customs of the Australian Aborigines, the names of plants, animals, and the tools that the Aborigines used and made. He lived among the Australian Aborigines for about ten years, taking the name Barnumbir Wongar, which means "Messenger from the Spirit World". He married Djumala, an Aboriginal woman from the Warlpiri people, with whom he had two children. In his own words, Sreten owes much of his knowledge and understanding of Aboriginal poetry to his Aboriginal wife, Djumala. Australia in the 1960s had strict laws governing who could visit Aboriginal areas and how. Sreten did not have a permit to do so, and on one occasion he was almost caught by a white Australian policeman who happened to be in the Aboriginal area where Sreten was living. To hide him, the Aborigines covered him with dust and began chanting over him as if he were sick. The policeman asked where Sreten was from, to which the Aborigines replied that he was from the Wongar gang, which in their language meant from the world of spirits, i.e., someone who had already died.<ref name=den>Wongar, B.: Dingoes Den, ETT Imprints, ISBN 9781875892587</ref> === First published works, troubles with Australian goverment, deportation === Wongar sought the mentorship of the renowned humanist and left-wing author Alan Marshall. The two men began a conversation that ended with Marshall recommending that Wongar write about the Australian bush and its Aboriginal people. Taking Marshall's advice, Wongar began to travel throughout Australia, taking laboring jobs in the Northern Territory. Wongar began to write about the Aboriginal people that he encountered and photographed. Some of his notable informants at this time were Aboriginal men such as 'Prince of Wales' and the Ngolokwangga (Malak Malak) elder Jim Muluk. In 1972 a book of myths collected from men of the Delissaville Aboriginal community (now Belyuen Aboriginal Community) and Gove area was published as 'Aboriginal Myths' (in conjunction with Alan Marshall).<ref name=mars>{{Cite web |url=https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/articles/14481 |title=B. Wongar, Author (circa 1932 -)|last=Gibson |first= Jason |date=2017-06-08 |website=Museums Victoria Collections |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> The Track to Bralgu is a 1978 collection interconnected of short stories by Wongar that depicts the destructive impact of the colonial white society, mining on Aboriginal Australians' ancestral lands, and nuclear tests in the open, primarily on the Yongly people of the Arnhem Land. Alan Paton wrote a commendatory preface to The Track to Braglu, the book received accolades from Thomas Keneally and Simone de Beauvoir <ref name=hamsmith/> When it was discovered that the author is not an Aborigine man, but rather a white immigrant from Yugoslavia, Keneally accused him of fabricating—under the guise of an Aboriginal writer — an elaborate literary hoax and of cultural appropriation.<ref name=ken>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jun/08/thomas-keneally-cultural-appropriation-is-dangerous |title=Thomas Keneally: 'Cultural appropriation is dangerous'|last=Zhou |first= Naaman |date=2017-07-08 |website=The Guardian |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> Australian authorities, learning that Božić attended and contacted the Aborigines, forbade him to further visit Arnhem Land, and he was boycotted and discriminated against by publishers and government authorities. The debunking of Božić as a literary hoax has lost currency today.<ref name=never>Dewar, Mickey: In Search of the Never Never, Australian National Univesity Press, p.214, [https://www.google.rs/books/edition/In_Search_of_the_Never_Never/8DmUDwAAQBAJ?hl=sr&gbpv=1&dq=b+wongar&pg=PA214&printsec=frontcover link]</ref> Wongar was forcibly relocated from northern Australia to the Melbourne area and was forbidden to return to the North. His family was supposed to join him later. In the meantime, all of his family members died from drinking water from a spring that had been poisoned intentionally or otherwise.<ref name=willi/> ===Fame and successs abroad, troubles at home, literature opus=== Wongar's the greatest success, ''The Track to Bralgu'', was sold more than 250,000 copies worldwide; far more than any of Wongar's subsequent publication. To the success contributed A. Paton with his foreword to the English language publication (Little, Brown, 1978), J. P. Sartre and S. de Beauvoir by providing translation of this book into French (''Le Chemin de Bralgu'', 1978) and publishing it in France; then the family of H. Böll-translation in German (''Der Pfad nach Bralgu'' 1980) and published it in Germany.<ref>The Oxford Literary History of Australia, ed. Bruce Bennett, Chris Wallace-Crabbe, Jennifer Strauss, Oxford University Press, SBN: 9780195537376, p. 339 </ref> According to Wongar, this book tennet, "when an Aborigine dies, his spirit divides into three parts. One goes to Bralgu to join to ancestors, one sits on the bottom of the totemic water hole and waits to be reborn, the third, the Mogwori, wanders around the tribal country."<ref name=willi>Willibanks, Ray: Australian voices, writers and their work, ''B. Wongar Interview'' , University of Texas, Austin ISBN 978-0-292-72387-8, 1991, p. 211-212</ref> After publishing his second book of short stories, ''Babaru'' (1982), he got American Library Associacion Award and his writing style was recognised as a new one. From that event, Sreten Božiċ legal name became '''Sreten Božiċ Wongar'''<ref name=babaru/>{{rp| pages 8-9, 56}} Contrary to the fame he earned worldwide, in Australia, he was not able to publish any of his books until 1991, for being politically ostracised as a person and a writer.<ref>Sharrad, Paul: Does wongar matter?, Kunapipi, Vol.4, Issue 1 p. 60 1982, [https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol4/iss1/6 link]</ref> This political ostracism did not prevent him receiving Senior Australian Fellowship, Australian Literature Awards for [[1983]], [[1984]], [[1986]], [[1989]]. и [[1991]]<ref name="words"> Literature Board Fellowship Subcategory of Australia Council Grants, Awards and Fellowships [https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v588?mainTabTemplate=awardWorksAndAgents link]</ref> Wongar's literary opus has two parts: The ''Nuclear cycle'' and the ''Short stories, poetry, drama, and anthropology''. In many aspects these two parts are overlapping. The ''Nuclear cycle'' is a collection of six books: ''Walg'' (1983), ''Karan'' (1985), ''Gabo Djara'' (1987), ''Raki'' (1994), ''Manhunt'' (2008), ''Didjeridu Charmer'' (2015). The first part of ''Nuclear Cycle'' is about secret and illegal nuclear tests on the open area of Aboriginal lands larger than UK today that annihilated Aboriginal population and destroyed their natural habitat. The Aborigines not instantly killed by explosions and radiations were put in a concentration camp, left to die without sufficient means for survival and without any medical care. Another part of the ''Nuclear Cycle'' is about uranium mining on Aboriginal lands, where mining companies destroyed the living habitat by poisoning wells, turning bilabobongs into waste depots, forcefully relocating Aborigines and assimilating them, destroying Aborigines families by separating children from parents.The exploitation and plundering of vast mineral resources by multinational corporations destroyed many of their mythical sacred sites. <ref>Ebook Alchemy, Digital Publishing Service, 2023-05-01 [https://www.ebookalchemy.com.au/BySeries.php?SeriesID=The%20Nuclear%20Cycle link]</ref><ref name=hamsmith/> ''They plundered the country, seized a generation of tribal girls and took them away to be raped and mutilated. The invaders called that "strangling the serpents which lays the eggs", the reason being that, with generations of young girls destroyed, the tribes would soon become extinct.'' <ref>B. Wongar, multicultural man of mystery, Monash Reporter, July 1, 1987 p. 7</ref><ref>Drake, Jack: he Wild West in Australia and America. p 116, Boolarong Press 2012, ISBN: 9781921920479, 1921920475</ref> The ''Short stories, poetry, drama, and anthropology'' have nine books: Aboriginal Myths (with Sreten Bozic and Alan Marshall) (1972), The Track to Bralgu (1978) (anthropology), Bilma (1984) (poetry), The Poplars – Gulwiri and Bogo (1970), А Stone in My Pocket (with Sreten Bozic and Alan Marshal) (1972), Balang An Village (1973) (drama), The Trackers (1978), Babaru (1982), The Last Pack of Dingoes (1991) (short stories). "After being rejected on political grounds by every Australian publisher, Babaru won the American Library Association Award , when originally published."<ref name=babaru/>{{rp|page 56}} Wongar's books have been translated into 13 languages, at least as of 2006. It is estimated that his books have sold at least one million copies worldwide. His literary and anthropological oeuvre is the broadest and most famous representation of Australian Aboriginal culture.<ref>Where Fiction Ends: Four Scandals of Literary Identity Construction by Therese-Marie Meyer, Königshausen & Neumann, p. 149, ISBN 3-8260-3164-4 2006</ref><ref>Van Toorn, Penny: Indigeneous texts and narratives in The Cambridge Companion in Australian Literature, ed. Elizabeth Webby, p. 43, Cambridge University Press 2000, ISBN 0 521 65122 0, [https://www.google.rs/books/edition/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Australian_Li/u7rawzFVLskC?hl=sr&gbpv=1&dq=b+wongar+one+million+books&pg=PA43&printsec=frontcover link]</ref> ===Writing style=== As to his writing style, Wongar, while living his tribal life, was partially assimilated into the Aborigines' culture and their way of life. He did not learn in full any of the native languages; rather, created his own glossary based on the languages from either the dialects of the Wild Honey People from near Mangrida settlement or the Yolungu people from near Yirrkala. This way, T.O. Beebee classified Wongar's writing style as the transmesis- a theoretical concept describing the representation of translation, translators, and multilingual realities within fictional texts. <ref>Beebee,Thomas O.: Faking Translation: Derivative Aboriginality in the Fiction of B. Wongar in Transmesis: Inside Translation's Black Box, Palgrave Macmillan New York, ISBN 978-1-137-00100-9 2012 p. 193-216</ref> Wongar’s texts, because they function as an ethical test – observing the suffering of the hero – are perfect vehicles for engendering shame within the audience. <ref>Condliffe, Patrick:Through a Wongar, Darkly, Dis-Located Readings - ASAL Mini-Conference, Monash Feb 21-22, 2013., [https://www.ljudigovore.com/issue/people-say-1920/article/through-a-wongar-darkly/ link]</ref> Manfred Jurgensen in his article ''A Look Back in Doubt'' wrote, "His work presents the most radical transformation and adaptation from one indigenous civilisation to another, not only in the context of multiculturalism. After transformation to a different native culture displacement, exile and hopelessness remain. They transcend historical and racial boundaries. The real force of Wongar’s writing in a style of Aboriginal approximation derives from the author’s preference of the poetic over other kinds of articulation. Sreten Božić soon discovered the inherent poetry of Aborignal faith and logic. Thanks to his sensitivity and cultural responsiveness he succeeded integrating it into a poetry almost his own." <ref>Jurgensen, Manfred: A Look Back in Doubt “Confessions of a Heretic”: Multicultural Literature in Australia, Coolabah, Nr 26, 2019, ISSN 1988-5946, Observatori: Centre d’Estudis Australians i Transnacionals / Observatory: Australian and Transnational Studies Centre, Universitat de Barcelona</ref> ===Dingoes Den, Totem and Ore=== The book ''Dingoes Den'' is Wongar's autobiography and ''Totem and Ore'' is a collection of photographies. Both books are collections of testimonies of annihilation of the Australian natives and their country. ''Dingoes Den:'' In the French maritime museum L'Havre, there is a collection of illustrations showing Tasmanian natives as healthy, happy, and full of life. Those illustrations were authored by a French artist, a member of a French research expedition in 1801. Contrary to that collection, the British colonialists always portrayed the natives as subhumans. Australian natives were against uranium mining in Western Arnhem Land. The state secretary for Australian natives summoned all tribal leaders "for consultations" in a small town near Catherine, blocked the only road access to the town by police, and kept the leaders there without food and water for several days. Exhausted men were forced to sign the mining "agreement," for which all got a ballpoint pen as a gift. Any presence of media was prevented by the secretary. Still, two young men from Sidney entered the town through the wilderness and shot a documentary about this banditism titled "Dirt Cheap."<ref name=den/> ''Totem and Ore:'' This collection of photographs records the sufferings and dying of the Australian natives, who previously lived in the areas where nuclear probes were practiced openly and were transported in trucks to concentration camps. The photographs of ''Totem and Ore'' collection tell what it was like to be at the forefront of the tradgedy. Not a single humanitarian organization, Australian or foreign, helped them nor attended their concentration camps. Even worse, neither the UN nor their agencies ever admitted the existence of these camps. <ref name=den/><ref>Wongar, B.: Totem and ore: a photographic collection, Carnegie, Vic.: Dingo Books, ISBN 9780977507801, 2006</ref> ===Death=== Wongar died on March 8, 2026, in Melbourne. <ref>Ristić, Biljana: In memoriam: Preminuo Sreten Božić Vongar, srpsko-australijski pisac i borac za prava australijskih Prvih naroda, SBS, March 10, 2026 [https://www.sbs.com.au/language/serbian/sr/article/in-memoriam-sreten-boyic-wongar/6bx29utt9 link]</ref> His ''Dingoes Den'' estate, an area of 200 hectares, became a protected nature reserve in 2010.<ref name=den/> ===Awards and recognitions=== *Seven Australian national awards for literature, in between 1983-1997, Australia Council Award for [[1997]] included <ref name="words"/> * Arvon Foundation Poetry Award. UK 1980<ref>Avron Foundation Poetry Competition, 1980 Anthology, Kilnhurst Publishing Company</ref> * Observer Award UK <ref>L. T. Reynolds, The New Renaissance, 2000, p. 11</ref> * The American Library Association Award [[1982]]<ref name="VicCollect" /> * The P.E.N International Award [[1986]]<ref name="VicCollect">Gibson, Jason.:B. Wongar, Author (circa 1932 -) [https://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/articles/14481 link] </ref> * Rastko Petrovic Award, The Home of Emigrants and Serbs in the Region [[2005]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:170293-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82-%D1%9A%D0%B0|title=Dva naroda jedna patnja|work=NOVOSTI |year=2005}}</ref> * Writer-in-Residence at the Aboriginal Research Centre, Monash University, for a period of 12 weeks in [[1987]] <ref>{{cite book|author= |title=B. Wongar: multi-cultural man of mystery|location= |publisher= |year=1987|isbn=|pages=7}} in Monash Reporter, Monash University, Number 5-87, 1 July </ref> * Doctor honoris causa [[2009]], University of Kragujevac, Serbia<ref>Majstorović Iter, Danica: Vongarov portret na egzibiciji u Sidneju, Srpski Glas, June 23, 2023 [https://srpskiglas.com.au/vongarov-portret-na-egzibiciji-u-sidneju/?lang=lat link]</ref> ===Documentaries, recorded interviews=== * Dragan Gavrilovic (director): "Srbi sa petog kontinenta - Sreten Božić Wongar", (2021) Apertura Films<ref>{{cite web|publisher=RTS|url=https://www.rts.rs/page/tv/sr/story/22/rts-svet/4257063/srbi-sa-petog-kontinenta-sreten-bozic-vongar.html|title=Wongar|date = 13 February 2018|accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref> * Andrijana Stojkovic (director): "Wongar" (2018) All Inclusive Films<ref>{{cite web|publisher=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9572922/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_2|title=Srbi sa Petog kontinenta: Sreten Božić Vongar|date = 1 April 2018|accessdate=30 November 2021}}</ref> * John Mandelberg (director/writer): "A Double Life. The Life and Times of B.Wongar", Sorena Productions, Australia,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=WorldCat|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881280602|title=A double life : the life & times of B. Wongar| oclc=881280602 |accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref> * John Mandelberg (director/writer): "Totem & Ore, 2014 – 2019"<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Waikato Institute of Technology|url=https://www.wintec.ac.nz/about-wintec/news/article/2019/11/08/new-film-depicts-nuclear-issues-as-a-problem-for-humanity|title=New film depicts nuclear issues as a problem for humanity|date = 8 November 2019|accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>Mandelberg, John (director/producer): HIROSHIMA EYE, Totem & Ore (2019) - Screening Schedule, Hiroshima International Film Festival [https://web.archive.org/web/20200212004316/http://hiff.jp/en/archives/7341/ link]</ref><ref>Mandelberg, John: The Making of an ‘Anti’ Nuclear Documentary: TOTEM & ORE, (2014-2019), Hiroshima Peace Institute, [https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/research_forum/forum201911/#e1 link]</ref> * Jan Wositzky (interviewer): "Dingoes, Names and B. Wongar" – ABC Radio National's 'Books and Writing' program<ref>Dingoes, Names and B. Wongar, The Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Gateway to Arts and Culture, 13 December, 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504072933/http://www.abc.net.au/arts/books/stories/s440019.htm link]</ref> * Ray Willibanks (interviewer): "B. Bongar" in Ray Wilibanks: "Australian Voices: Writers and Their Work", University of Texas Press, 15. 3. 2010, p. 201-214 ==References== {{reflist}} f21g7nbxxti4qe56kxh0kh0o6yrph7b 10878947 10878813 2026-06-04T18:55:38Z ~2026-20428-62 1781684 /* Documentaries, recorded interviews */ sp 10878947 wikitext text/x-wiki '''B. Wongar''' (Gornja Trešnjevica, 1932 – Melbourne, 8 March 2026), born as '''Sreten Božić''', was a Serbian and Australian novelist, short story writer, poet, anthropologist, humanist, and campaigner for the rights of Australian Aborigines.<ref name=babaru>Australian Book Review,ed. 128–137, publisher Australian Book Review 1991</ref>{{rp|page 56}}<ref name=pol>Стефановић, Драгољуб: Јутро уз ћирилицу, Политика, 16. 11. 2019, [https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/442181/jutro-uz-cirilicu линк]</ref><ref name=hamsmith>Smith, Hamilton: Wongar:a white speaking for blacks, The Canberra Times, 9 May 1992,[http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/news/1990s/ct9may1992.pdf link]</ref> === Early life, education and career beginnings in Yugoslavia === B. Wongar was born as Sreten Božić in 1932 in the village of Gornja Trešnjevica near Arandjelovac into the family of Stevan Božić and his wife, Darinka. After completing his primary school education, he enrolled in the Secondary Technical School in Novi Sad. He was forced to terminate his education after being denied a scholarship due to the political views of his father,<ref name=ppn>Petrović, Aleksandar:Dve povesti i jedna priča Uvod u delo B. Vongara, PPNS, August 16, 2024, [https://prviprvinaskali.com/clanci/dren/ekologija/sreten-bozic-banumbir-vongar-od-sumadinaca-do-aboridzina.html link]</ref> who was imprisoned by the post-war regime in Yugoslavia as an enemy of the people. He began writing while serving his military service in Zagreb. After the army in 1954, he moved to Belgrade, determined to devote himself to writing. At the Đuro Salaj Workers' University, he attended a workshop for young writers. B. Wongar began publishing poems in ''Mlada Kultura'', ''Novi Vesnik'', and other literary magazines. In Užice, he worked as a journalist for the Vesti newspaper. Because of one politically unacceptable article, he was fired and banned for life from working as a journalist.<ref name=nov>Prelević,Marko: Srbin među Aboridžinima, Novosti, September 15, 2009, [https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/aktuelno.69.html:254144-Srbin-medju-Aboridzinima link]</ref> === Paris, France === Faced with an existential threat, Božić fled to Italy, and from Italy he walked via Nice to Paris in 1958, where he lived for a time in a Red Cross shelter.<ref name=nov/> In that shelter, he learned French for a year. To support himself financially, he worked in the automotive industry on an assembly line. In France, he began to associate with Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir and the circle of people gathered around the Museum of Man (French: Musée de l'Homme) and to become acquainted with anthropological topics.<ref name=ppn/><ref name=nov/> === Australia, beginnings, Wongar name === Božić arrived in Australia in 1960, where he began learning English. He supported himself by working as a gold digger and construction worker<ref name=pol/>.Looking for work, Božić set out for the interior of Australia. A white man in Alice Springs told him that the easiest way to get from central Australia to the Kimberley was by riding a camel. He was lost in the Tanami Desert and was dying of thirst. He was found by an old native whom Božić called Juburu, because the native often repeated this word, whose meaning Božić did not understand. The journey through the desert took several months. During the trip, Božić learned a lot about the tribal customs of the Australian Aborigines, the names of plants, animals, and the tools that the Aborigines used and made. He lived among the Australian Aborigines for about ten years, taking the name Barnumbir Wongar, which means "Messenger from the Spirit World". He married Djumala, an Aboriginal woman from the Warlpiri people, with whom he had two children. In his own words, Sreten owes much of his knowledge and understanding of Aboriginal poetry to his Aboriginal wife, Djumala. Australia in the 1960s had strict laws governing who could visit Aboriginal areas and how. Sreten did not have a permit to do so, and on one occasion he was almost caught by a white Australian policeman who happened to be in the Aboriginal area where Sreten was living. To hide him, the Aborigines covered him with dust and began chanting over him as if he were sick. The policeman asked where Sreten was from, to which the Aborigines replied that he was from the Wongar gang, which in their language meant from the world of spirits, i.e., someone who had already died.<ref name=den>Wongar, B.: Dingoes Den, ETT Imprints, ISBN 9781875892587</ref> === First published works, troubles with Australian goverment, deportation === Wongar sought the mentorship of the renowned humanist and left-wing author Alan Marshall. The two men began a conversation that ended with Marshall recommending that Wongar write about the Australian bush and its Aboriginal people. Taking Marshall's advice, Wongar began to travel throughout Australia, taking laboring jobs in the Northern Territory. Wongar began to write about the Aboriginal people that he encountered and photographed. Some of his notable informants at this time were Aboriginal men such as 'Prince of Wales' and the Ngolokwangga (Malak Malak) elder Jim Muluk. In 1972 a book of myths collected from men of the Delissaville Aboriginal community (now Belyuen Aboriginal Community) and Gove area was published as 'Aboriginal Myths' (in conjunction with Alan Marshall).<ref name=mars>{{Cite web |url=https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/articles/14481 |title=B. Wongar, Author (circa 1932 -)|last=Gibson |first= Jason |date=2017-06-08 |website=Museums Victoria Collections |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> The Track to Bralgu is a 1978 collection interconnected of short stories by Wongar that depicts the destructive impact of the colonial white society, mining on Aboriginal Australians' ancestral lands, and nuclear tests in the open, primarily on the Yongly people of the Arnhem Land. Alan Paton wrote a commendatory preface to The Track to Braglu, the book received accolades from Thomas Keneally and Simone de Beauvoir <ref name=hamsmith/> When it was discovered that the author is not an Aborigine man, but rather a white immigrant from Yugoslavia, Keneally accused him of fabricating—under the guise of an Aboriginal writer — an elaborate literary hoax and of cultural appropriation.<ref name=ken>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jun/08/thomas-keneally-cultural-appropriation-is-dangerous |title=Thomas Keneally: 'Cultural appropriation is dangerous'|last=Zhou |first= Naaman |date=2017-07-08 |website=The Guardian |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> Australian authorities, learning that Božić attended and contacted the Aborigines, forbade him to further visit Arnhem Land, and he was boycotted and discriminated against by publishers and government authorities. The debunking of Božić as a literary hoax has lost currency today.<ref name=never>Dewar, Mickey: In Search of the Never Never, Australian National Univesity Press, p.214, [https://www.google.rs/books/edition/In_Search_of_the_Never_Never/8DmUDwAAQBAJ?hl=sr&gbpv=1&dq=b+wongar&pg=PA214&printsec=frontcover link]</ref> Wongar was forcibly relocated from northern Australia to the Melbourne area and was forbidden to return to the North. His family was supposed to join him later. In the meantime, all of his family members died from drinking water from a spring that had been poisoned intentionally or otherwise.<ref name=willi/> ===Fame and successs abroad, troubles at home, literature opus=== Wongar's the greatest success, ''The Track to Bralgu'', was sold more than 250,000 copies worldwide; far more than any of Wongar's subsequent publication. To the success contributed A. Paton with his foreword to the English language publication (Little, Brown, 1978), J. P. Sartre and S. de Beauvoir by providing translation of this book into French (''Le Chemin de Bralgu'', 1978) and publishing it in France; then the family of H. Böll-translation in German (''Der Pfad nach Bralgu'' 1980) and published it in Germany.<ref>The Oxford Literary History of Australia, ed. Bruce Bennett, Chris Wallace-Crabbe, Jennifer Strauss, Oxford University Press, SBN: 9780195537376, p. 339 </ref> According to Wongar, this book tennet, "when an Aborigine dies, his spirit divides into three parts. One goes to Bralgu to join to ancestors, one sits on the bottom of the totemic water hole and waits to be reborn, the third, the Mogwori, wanders around the tribal country."<ref name=willi>Willibanks, Ray: Australian voices, writers and their work, ''B. Wongar Interview'' , University of Texas, Austin ISBN 978-0-292-72387-8, 1991, p. 211-212</ref> After publishing his second book of short stories, ''Babaru'' (1982), he got American Library Associacion Award and his writing style was recognised as a new one. From that event, Sreten Božiċ legal name became '''Sreten Božiċ Wongar'''<ref name=babaru/>{{rp| pages 8-9, 56}} Contrary to the fame he earned worldwide, in Australia, he was not able to publish any of his books until 1991, for being politically ostracised as a person and a writer.<ref>Sharrad, Paul: Does wongar matter?, Kunapipi, Vol.4, Issue 1 p. 60 1982, [https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol4/iss1/6 link]</ref> This political ostracism did not prevent him receiving Senior Australian Fellowship, Australian Literature Awards for [[1983]], [[1984]], [[1986]], [[1989]]. и [[1991]]<ref name="words"> Literature Board Fellowship Subcategory of Australia Council Grants, Awards and Fellowships [https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v588?mainTabTemplate=awardWorksAndAgents link]</ref> Wongar's literary opus has two parts: The ''Nuclear cycle'' and the ''Short stories, poetry, drama, and anthropology''. In many aspects these two parts are overlapping. The ''Nuclear cycle'' is a collection of six books: ''Walg'' (1983), ''Karan'' (1985), ''Gabo Djara'' (1987), ''Raki'' (1994), ''Manhunt'' (2008), ''Didjeridu Charmer'' (2015). The first part of ''Nuclear Cycle'' is about secret and illegal nuclear tests on the open area of Aboriginal lands larger than UK today that annihilated Aboriginal population and destroyed their natural habitat. The Aborigines not instantly killed by explosions and radiations were put in a concentration camp, left to die without sufficient means for survival and without any medical care. Another part of the ''Nuclear Cycle'' is about uranium mining on Aboriginal lands, where mining companies destroyed the living habitat by poisoning wells, turning bilabobongs into waste depots, forcefully relocating Aborigines and assimilating them, destroying Aborigines families by separating children from parents.The exploitation and plundering of vast mineral resources by multinational corporations destroyed many of their mythical sacred sites. <ref>Ebook Alchemy, Digital Publishing Service, 2023-05-01 [https://www.ebookalchemy.com.au/BySeries.php?SeriesID=The%20Nuclear%20Cycle link]</ref><ref name=hamsmith/> ''They plundered the country, seized a generation of tribal girls and took them away to be raped and mutilated. The invaders called that "strangling the serpents which lays the eggs", the reason being that, with generations of young girls destroyed, the tribes would soon become extinct.'' <ref>B. Wongar, multicultural man of mystery, Monash Reporter, July 1, 1987 p. 7</ref><ref>Drake, Jack: he Wild West in Australia and America. p 116, Boolarong Press 2012, ISBN: 9781921920479, 1921920475</ref> The ''Short stories, poetry, drama, and anthropology'' have nine books: Aboriginal Myths (with Sreten Bozic and Alan Marshall) (1972), The Track to Bralgu (1978) (anthropology), Bilma (1984) (poetry), The Poplars – Gulwiri and Bogo (1970), А Stone in My Pocket (with Sreten Bozic and Alan Marshal) (1972), Balang An Village (1973) (drama), The Trackers (1978), Babaru (1982), The Last Pack of Dingoes (1991) (short stories). "After being rejected on political grounds by every Australian publisher, Babaru won the American Library Association Award , when originally published."<ref name=babaru/>{{rp|page 56}} Wongar's books have been translated into 13 languages, at least as of 2006. It is estimated that his books have sold at least one million copies worldwide. His literary and anthropological oeuvre is the broadest and most famous representation of Australian Aboriginal culture.<ref>Where Fiction Ends: Four Scandals of Literary Identity Construction by Therese-Marie Meyer, Königshausen & Neumann, p. 149, ISBN 3-8260-3164-4 2006</ref><ref>Van Toorn, Penny: Indigeneous texts and narratives in The Cambridge Companion in Australian Literature, ed. Elizabeth Webby, p. 43, Cambridge University Press 2000, ISBN 0 521 65122 0, [https://www.google.rs/books/edition/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Australian_Li/u7rawzFVLskC?hl=sr&gbpv=1&dq=b+wongar+one+million+books&pg=PA43&printsec=frontcover link]</ref> ===Writing style=== As to his writing style, Wongar, while living his tribal life, was partially assimilated into the Aborigines' culture and their way of life. He did not learn in full any of the native languages; rather, created his own glossary based on the languages from either the dialects of the Wild Honey People from near Mangrida settlement or the Yolungu people from near Yirrkala. This way, T.O. Beebee classified Wongar's writing style as the transmesis- a theoretical concept describing the representation of translation, translators, and multilingual realities within fictional texts. <ref>Beebee,Thomas O.: Faking Translation: Derivative Aboriginality in the Fiction of B. Wongar in Transmesis: Inside Translation's Black Box, Palgrave Macmillan New York, ISBN 978-1-137-00100-9 2012 p. 193-216</ref> Wongar’s texts, because they function as an ethical test – observing the suffering of the hero – are perfect vehicles for engendering shame within the audience. <ref>Condliffe, Patrick:Through a Wongar, Darkly, Dis-Located Readings - ASAL Mini-Conference, Monash Feb 21-22, 2013., [https://www.ljudigovore.com/issue/people-say-1920/article/through-a-wongar-darkly/ link]</ref> Manfred Jurgensen in his article ''A Look Back in Doubt'' wrote, "His work presents the most radical transformation and adaptation from one indigenous civilisation to another, not only in the context of multiculturalism. After transformation to a different native culture displacement, exile and hopelessness remain. They transcend historical and racial boundaries. The real force of Wongar’s writing in a style of Aboriginal approximation derives from the author’s preference of the poetic over other kinds of articulation. Sreten Božić soon discovered the inherent poetry of Aborignal faith and logic. Thanks to his sensitivity and cultural responsiveness he succeeded integrating it into a poetry almost his own." <ref>Jurgensen, Manfred: A Look Back in Doubt “Confessions of a Heretic”: Multicultural Literature in Australia, Coolabah, Nr 26, 2019, ISSN 1988-5946, Observatori: Centre d’Estudis Australians i Transnacionals / Observatory: Australian and Transnational Studies Centre, Universitat de Barcelona</ref> ===Dingoes Den, Totem and Ore=== The book ''Dingoes Den'' is Wongar's autobiography and ''Totem and Ore'' is a collection of photographies. Both books are collections of testimonies of annihilation of the Australian natives and their country. ''Dingoes Den:'' In the French maritime museum L'Havre, there is a collection of illustrations showing Tasmanian natives as healthy, happy, and full of life. Those illustrations were authored by a French artist, a member of a French research expedition in 1801. Contrary to that collection, the British colonialists always portrayed the natives as subhumans. Australian natives were against uranium mining in Western Arnhem Land. The state secretary for Australian natives summoned all tribal leaders "for consultations" in a small town near Catherine, blocked the only road access to the town by police, and kept the leaders there without food and water for several days. Exhausted men were forced to sign the mining "agreement," for which all got a ballpoint pen as a gift. Any presence of media was prevented by the secretary. Still, two young men from Sidney entered the town through the wilderness and shot a documentary about this banditism titled "Dirt Cheap."<ref name=den/> ''Totem and Ore:'' This collection of photographs records the sufferings and dying of the Australian natives, who previously lived in the areas where nuclear probes were practiced openly and were transported in trucks to concentration camps. The photographs of ''Totem and Ore'' collection tell what it was like to be at the forefront of the tradgedy. Not a single humanitarian organization, Australian or foreign, helped them nor attended their concentration camps. Even worse, neither the UN nor their agencies ever admitted the existence of these camps. <ref name=den/><ref>Wongar, B.: Totem and ore: a photographic collection, Carnegie, Vic.: Dingo Books, ISBN 9780977507801, 2006</ref> ===Death=== Wongar died on March 8, 2026, in Melbourne. <ref>Ristić, Biljana: In memoriam: Preminuo Sreten Božić Vongar, srpsko-australijski pisac i borac za prava australijskih Prvih naroda, SBS, March 10, 2026 [https://www.sbs.com.au/language/serbian/sr/article/in-memoriam-sreten-boyic-wongar/6bx29utt9 link]</ref> His ''Dingoes Den'' estate, an area of 200 hectares, became a protected nature reserve in 2010.<ref name=den/> ===Awards and recognitions=== *Seven Australian national awards for literature, in between 1983-1997, Australia Council Award for [[1997]] included <ref name="words"/> * Arvon Foundation Poetry Award. UK 1980<ref>Avron Foundation Poetry Competition, 1980 Anthology, Kilnhurst Publishing Company</ref> * Observer Award UK <ref>L. T. Reynolds, The New Renaissance, 2000, p. 11</ref> * The American Library Association Award [[1982]]<ref name="VicCollect" /> * The P.E.N International Award [[1986]]<ref name="VicCollect">Gibson, Jason.:B. Wongar, Author (circa 1932 -) [https://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/articles/14481 link] </ref> * Rastko Petrovic Award, The Home of Emigrants and Serbs in the Region [[2005]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:170293-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82-%D1%9A%D0%B0|title=Dva naroda jedna patnja|work=NOVOSTI |year=2005}}</ref> * Writer-in-Residence at the Aboriginal Research Centre, Monash University, for a period of 12 weeks in [[1987]] <ref>{{cite book|author= |title=B. Wongar: multi-cultural man of mystery|location= |publisher= |year=1987|isbn=|pages=7}} in Monash Reporter, Monash University, Number 5-87, 1 July </ref> * Doctor honoris causa [[2009]], University of Kragujevac, Serbia<ref>Majstorović Iter, Danica: Vongarov portret na egzibiciji u Sidneju, Srpski Glas, June 23, 2023 [https://srpskiglas.com.au/vongarov-portret-na-egzibiciji-u-sidneju/?lang=lat link]</ref> ===Documentaries, recorded interviews=== * Dragan Gavrilovic (director): "Srbi sa petog kontinenta - Sreten Božić Wongar", (2021) Apertura Films<ref>{{cite web|publisher=RTS|url=https://www.rts.rs/page/tv/sr/story/22/rts-svet/4257063/srbi-sa-petog-kontinenta-sreten-bozic-vongar.html|title=Wongar|date = 13 February 2018|accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref> * Andrijana Stojkovic (director): "Wongar" (2018) All Inclusive Films<ref>{{cite web|publisher=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9572922/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_2|title=Srbi sa Petog kontinenta: Sreten Božić Vongar|date = 1 April 2018|accessdate=30 November 2021}}</ref> * John Mandelberg (director/writer): "A Double Life. The Life and Times of B.Wongar", Sorena Productions, Australia,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=WorldCat|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881280602|title=A double life : the life & times of B. Wongar| oclc=881280602 |accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref> * John Mandelberg (director/writer): "Totem & Ore, 2014 – 2019"<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Waikato Institute of Technology|url=https://www.wintec.ac.nz/about-wintec/news/article/2019/11/08/new-film-depicts-nuclear-issues-as-a-problem-for-humanity|title=New film depicts nuclear issues as a problem for humanity|date = 8 November 2019|accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>Mandelberg, John (director/producer): HIROSHIMA EYE, Totem & Ore (2019) - Screening Schedule, Hiroshima International Film Festival [https://web.archive.org/web/20200212004316/http://hiff.jp/en/archives/7341/ link]</ref><ref>Mandelberg, John: The Making of an ‘Anti’ Nuclear Documentary: TOTEM & ORE, (2014-2019), Hiroshima Peace Institute, [https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/research_forum/forum201911/#e1 link]</ref> * Jan Wositzky (interviewer): "Dingoes, Names and B. Wongar" – ABC Radio National's 'Books and Writing' program<ref>Dingoes, Names and B. Wongar, The Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Gateway to Arts and Culture, 13 December, 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504072933/http://www.abc.net.au/arts/books/stories/s440019.htm link]</ref> * Ray Willbanks (interviewer): "B. Bongar" in Ray Willbanks: "Australian Voices: Writers and Their Work", University of Texas Press, 15. 3. 2010, p. 201-214 ==References== {{reflist}} l02qzq5k4geqzw7u96l9iqpl6heopd4 10878948 10878947 2026-06-04T18:57:58Z ~2026-20428-62 1781684 /* Fame and successs abroad, troubles at home, literature opus */ sp 10878948 wikitext text/x-wiki '''B. Wongar''' (Gornja Trešnjevica, 1932 – Melbourne, 8 March 2026), born as '''Sreten Božić''', was a Serbian and Australian novelist, short story writer, poet, anthropologist, humanist, and campaigner for the rights of Australian Aborigines.<ref name=babaru>Australian Book Review,ed. 128–137, publisher Australian Book Review 1991</ref>{{rp|page 56}}<ref name=pol>Стефановић, Драгољуб: Јутро уз ћирилицу, Политика, 16. 11. 2019, [https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/442181/jutro-uz-cirilicu линк]</ref><ref name=hamsmith>Smith, Hamilton: Wongar:a white speaking for blacks, The Canberra Times, 9 May 1992,[http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/news/1990s/ct9may1992.pdf link]</ref> === Early life, education and career beginnings in Yugoslavia === B. Wongar was born as Sreten Božić in 1932 in the village of Gornja Trešnjevica near Arandjelovac into the family of Stevan Božić and his wife, Darinka. After completing his primary school education, he enrolled in the Secondary Technical School in Novi Sad. He was forced to terminate his education after being denied a scholarship due to the political views of his father,<ref name=ppn>Petrović, Aleksandar:Dve povesti i jedna priča Uvod u delo B. Vongara, PPNS, August 16, 2024, [https://prviprvinaskali.com/clanci/dren/ekologija/sreten-bozic-banumbir-vongar-od-sumadinaca-do-aboridzina.html link]</ref> who was imprisoned by the post-war regime in Yugoslavia as an enemy of the people. He began writing while serving his military service in Zagreb. After the army in 1954, he moved to Belgrade, determined to devote himself to writing. At the Đuro Salaj Workers' University, he attended a workshop for young writers. B. Wongar began publishing poems in ''Mlada Kultura'', ''Novi Vesnik'', and other literary magazines. In Užice, he worked as a journalist for the Vesti newspaper. Because of one politically unacceptable article, he was fired and banned for life from working as a journalist.<ref name=nov>Prelević,Marko: Srbin među Aboridžinima, Novosti, September 15, 2009, [https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/aktuelno.69.html:254144-Srbin-medju-Aboridzinima link]</ref> === Paris, France === Faced with an existential threat, Božić fled to Italy, and from Italy he walked via Nice to Paris in 1958, where he lived for a time in a Red Cross shelter.<ref name=nov/> In that shelter, he learned French for a year. To support himself financially, he worked in the automotive industry on an assembly line. In France, he began to associate with Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir and the circle of people gathered around the Museum of Man (French: Musée de l'Homme) and to become acquainted with anthropological topics.<ref name=ppn/><ref name=nov/> === Australia, beginnings, Wongar name === Božić arrived in Australia in 1960, where he began learning English. He supported himself by working as a gold digger and construction worker<ref name=pol/>.Looking for work, Božić set out for the interior of Australia. A white man in Alice Springs told him that the easiest way to get from central Australia to the Kimberley was by riding a camel. He was lost in the Tanami Desert and was dying of thirst. He was found by an old native whom Božić called Juburu, because the native often repeated this word, whose meaning Božić did not understand. The journey through the desert took several months. During the trip, Božić learned a lot about the tribal customs of the Australian Aborigines, the names of plants, animals, and the tools that the Aborigines used and made. He lived among the Australian Aborigines for about ten years, taking the name Barnumbir Wongar, which means "Messenger from the Spirit World". He married Djumala, an Aboriginal woman from the Warlpiri people, with whom he had two children. In his own words, Sreten owes much of his knowledge and understanding of Aboriginal poetry to his Aboriginal wife, Djumala. Australia in the 1960s had strict laws governing who could visit Aboriginal areas and how. Sreten did not have a permit to do so, and on one occasion he was almost caught by a white Australian policeman who happened to be in the Aboriginal area where Sreten was living. To hide him, the Aborigines covered him with dust and began chanting over him as if he were sick. The policeman asked where Sreten was from, to which the Aborigines replied that he was from the Wongar gang, which in their language meant from the world of spirits, i.e., someone who had already died.<ref name=den>Wongar, B.: Dingoes Den, ETT Imprints, ISBN 9781875892587</ref> === First published works, troubles with Australian goverment, deportation === Wongar sought the mentorship of the renowned humanist and left-wing author Alan Marshall. The two men began a conversation that ended with Marshall recommending that Wongar write about the Australian bush and its Aboriginal people. Taking Marshall's advice, Wongar began to travel throughout Australia, taking laboring jobs in the Northern Territory. Wongar began to write about the Aboriginal people that he encountered and photographed. Some of his notable informants at this time were Aboriginal men such as 'Prince of Wales' and the Ngolokwangga (Malak Malak) elder Jim Muluk. In 1972 a book of myths collected from men of the Delissaville Aboriginal community (now Belyuen Aboriginal Community) and Gove area was published as 'Aboriginal Myths' (in conjunction with Alan Marshall).<ref name=mars>{{Cite web |url=https://collections.museumsvictoria.com.au/articles/14481 |title=B. Wongar, Author (circa 1932 -)|last=Gibson |first= Jason |date=2017-06-08 |website=Museums Victoria Collections |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> The Track to Bralgu is a 1978 collection interconnected of short stories by Wongar that depicts the destructive impact of the colonial white society, mining on Aboriginal Australians' ancestral lands, and nuclear tests in the open, primarily on the Yongly people of the Arnhem Land. Alan Paton wrote a commendatory preface to The Track to Braglu, the book received accolades from Thomas Keneally and Simone de Beauvoir <ref name=hamsmith/> When it was discovered that the author is not an Aborigine man, but rather a white immigrant from Yugoslavia, Keneally accused him of fabricating—under the guise of an Aboriginal writer — an elaborate literary hoax and of cultural appropriation.<ref name=ken>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jun/08/thomas-keneally-cultural-appropriation-is-dangerous |title=Thomas Keneally: 'Cultural appropriation is dangerous'|last=Zhou |first= Naaman |date=2017-07-08 |website=The Guardian |access-date=2026-04-26}}</ref> Australian authorities, learning that Božić attended and contacted the Aborigines, forbade him to further visit Arnhem Land, and he was boycotted and discriminated against by publishers and government authorities. The debunking of Božić as a literary hoax has lost currency today.<ref name=never>Dewar, Mickey: In Search of the Never Never, Australian National Univesity Press, p.214, [https://www.google.rs/books/edition/In_Search_of_the_Never_Never/8DmUDwAAQBAJ?hl=sr&gbpv=1&dq=b+wongar&pg=PA214&printsec=frontcover link]</ref> Wongar was forcibly relocated from northern Australia to the Melbourne area and was forbidden to return to the North. His family was supposed to join him later. In the meantime, all of his family members died from drinking water from a spring that had been poisoned intentionally or otherwise.<ref name=willi/> ===Fame and successs abroad, troubles at home, literature opus=== Wongar's the greatest success, ''The Track to Bralgu'', was sold more than 250,000 copies worldwide; far more than any of Wongar's subsequent publication. To the success contributed A. Paton with his foreword to the English language publication (Little, Brown, 1978), J. P. Sartre and S. de Beauvoir by providing translation of this book into French (''Le Chemin de Bralgu'', 1978) and publishing it in France; then the family of H. Böll-translation in German (''Der Pfad nach Bralgu'' 1980) and published it in Germany.<ref>The Oxford Literary History of Australia, ed. Bruce Bennett, Chris Wallace-Crabbe, Jennifer Strauss, Oxford University Press, SBN: 9780195537376, p. 339 </ref> According to Wongar, this book tennet, "when an Aborigine dies, his spirit divides into three parts. One goes to Bralgu to join to ancestors, one sits on the bottom of the totemic water hole and waits to be reborn, the third, the Mogwori, wanders around the tribal country."<ref name=willi>Willbanks, Ray: Australian voices, writers and their work, ''B. Wongar Interview'' , University of Texas, Austin ISBN 978-0-292-72387-8, 1991, p. 211-212</ref> After publishing his second book of short stories, ''Babaru'' (1982), he got American Library Associacion Award and his writing style was recognised as a new one. From that event, Sreten Božiċ legal name became '''Sreten Božiċ Wongar'''<ref name=babaru/>{{rp| pages 8-9, 56}} Contrary to the fame he earned worldwide, in Australia, he was not able to publish any of his books until 1991, for being politically ostracised as a person and a writer.<ref>Sharrad, Paul: Does wongar matter?, Kunapipi, Vol.4, Issue 1 p. 60 1982, [https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol4/iss1/6 link]</ref> This political ostracism did not prevent him receiving Senior Australian Fellowship, Australian Literature Awards for [[1983]], [[1984]], [[1986]], [[1989]]. и [[1991]]<ref name="words"> Literature Board Fellowship Subcategory of Australia Council Grants, Awards and Fellowships [https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/v588?mainTabTemplate=awardWorksAndAgents link]</ref> Wongar's literary opus has two parts: The ''Nuclear cycle'' and the ''Short stories, poetry, drama, and anthropology''. In many aspects these two parts are overlapping. The ''Nuclear cycle'' is a collection of six books: ''Walg'' (1983), ''Karan'' (1985), ''Gabo Djara'' (1987), ''Raki'' (1994), ''Manhunt'' (2008), ''Didjeridu Charmer'' (2015). The first part of ''Nuclear Cycle'' is about secret and illegal nuclear tests on the open area of Aboriginal lands larger than UK today that annihilated Aboriginal population and destroyed their natural habitat. The Aborigines not instantly killed by explosions and radiations were put in a concentration camp, left to die without sufficient means for survival and without any medical care. Another part of the ''Nuclear Cycle'' is about uranium mining on Aboriginal lands, where mining companies destroyed the living habitat by poisoning wells, turning bilabobongs into waste depots, forcefully relocating Aborigines and assimilating them, destroying Aborigines families by separating children from parents.The exploitation and plundering of vast mineral resources by multinational corporations destroyed many of their mythical sacred sites. <ref>Ebook Alchemy, Digital Publishing Service, 2023-05-01 [https://www.ebookalchemy.com.au/BySeries.php?SeriesID=The%20Nuclear%20Cycle link]</ref><ref name=hamsmith/> ''They plundered the country, seized a generation of tribal girls and took them away to be raped and mutilated. The invaders called that "strangling the serpents which lays the eggs", the reason being that, with generations of young girls destroyed, the tribes would soon become extinct.'' <ref>B. Wongar, multicultural man of mystery, Monash Reporter, July 1, 1987 p. 7</ref><ref>Drake, Jack: he Wild West in Australia and America. p 116, Boolarong Press 2012, ISBN: 9781921920479, 1921920475</ref> The ''Short stories, poetry, drama, and anthropology'' have nine books: Aboriginal Myths (with Sreten Bozic and Alan Marshall) (1972), The Track to Bralgu (1978) (anthropology), Bilma (1984) (poetry), The Poplars – Gulwiri and Bogo (1970), А Stone in My Pocket (with Sreten Bozic and Alan Marshal) (1972), Balang An Village (1973) (drama), The Trackers (1978), Babaru (1982), The Last Pack of Dingoes (1991) (short stories). "After being rejected on political grounds by every Australian publisher, Babaru won the American Library Association Award , when originally published."<ref name=babaru/>{{rp|page 56}} Wongar's books have been translated into 13 languages, at least as of 2006. It is estimated that his books have sold at least one million copies worldwide. His literary and anthropological oeuvre is the broadest and most famous representation of Australian Aboriginal culture.<ref>Where Fiction Ends: Four Scandals of Literary Identity Construction by Therese-Marie Meyer, Königshausen & Neumann, p. 149, ISBN 3-8260-3164-4 2006</ref><ref>Van Toorn, Penny: Indigeneous texts and narratives in The Cambridge Companion in Australian Literature, ed. Elizabeth Webby, p. 43, Cambridge University Press 2000, ISBN 0 521 65122 0, [https://www.google.rs/books/edition/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Australian_Li/u7rawzFVLskC?hl=sr&gbpv=1&dq=b+wongar+one+million+books&pg=PA43&printsec=frontcover link]</ref> ===Writing style=== As to his writing style, Wongar, while living his tribal life, was partially assimilated into the Aborigines' culture and their way of life. He did not learn in full any of the native languages; rather, created his own glossary based on the languages from either the dialects of the Wild Honey People from near Mangrida settlement or the Yolungu people from near Yirrkala. This way, T.O. Beebee classified Wongar's writing style as the transmesis- a theoretical concept describing the representation of translation, translators, and multilingual realities within fictional texts. <ref>Beebee,Thomas O.: Faking Translation: Derivative Aboriginality in the Fiction of B. Wongar in Transmesis: Inside Translation's Black Box, Palgrave Macmillan New York, ISBN 978-1-137-00100-9 2012 p. 193-216</ref> Wongar’s texts, because they function as an ethical test – observing the suffering of the hero – are perfect vehicles for engendering shame within the audience. <ref>Condliffe, Patrick:Through a Wongar, Darkly, Dis-Located Readings - ASAL Mini-Conference, Monash Feb 21-22, 2013., [https://www.ljudigovore.com/issue/people-say-1920/article/through-a-wongar-darkly/ link]</ref> Manfred Jurgensen in his article ''A Look Back in Doubt'' wrote, "His work presents the most radical transformation and adaptation from one indigenous civilisation to another, not only in the context of multiculturalism. After transformation to a different native culture displacement, exile and hopelessness remain. They transcend historical and racial boundaries. The real force of Wongar’s writing in a style of Aboriginal approximation derives from the author’s preference of the poetic over other kinds of articulation. Sreten Božić soon discovered the inherent poetry of Aborignal faith and logic. Thanks to his sensitivity and cultural responsiveness he succeeded integrating it into a poetry almost his own." <ref>Jurgensen, Manfred: A Look Back in Doubt “Confessions of a Heretic”: Multicultural Literature in Australia, Coolabah, Nr 26, 2019, ISSN 1988-5946, Observatori: Centre d’Estudis Australians i Transnacionals / Observatory: Australian and Transnational Studies Centre, Universitat de Barcelona</ref> ===Dingoes Den, Totem and Ore=== The book ''Dingoes Den'' is Wongar's autobiography and ''Totem and Ore'' is a collection of photographies. Both books are collections of testimonies of annihilation of the Australian natives and their country. ''Dingoes Den:'' In the French maritime museum L'Havre, there is a collection of illustrations showing Tasmanian natives as healthy, happy, and full of life. Those illustrations were authored by a French artist, a member of a French research expedition in 1801. Contrary to that collection, the British colonialists always portrayed the natives as subhumans. Australian natives were against uranium mining in Western Arnhem Land. The state secretary for Australian natives summoned all tribal leaders "for consultations" in a small town near Catherine, blocked the only road access to the town by police, and kept the leaders there without food and water for several days. Exhausted men were forced to sign the mining "agreement," for which all got a ballpoint pen as a gift. Any presence of media was prevented by the secretary. Still, two young men from Sidney entered the town through the wilderness and shot a documentary about this banditism titled "Dirt Cheap."<ref name=den/> ''Totem and Ore:'' This collection of photographs records the sufferings and dying of the Australian natives, who previously lived in the areas where nuclear probes were practiced openly and were transported in trucks to concentration camps. The photographs of ''Totem and Ore'' collection tell what it was like to be at the forefront of the tradgedy. Not a single humanitarian organization, Australian or foreign, helped them nor attended their concentration camps. Even worse, neither the UN nor their agencies ever admitted the existence of these camps. <ref name=den/><ref>Wongar, B.: Totem and ore: a photographic collection, Carnegie, Vic.: Dingo Books, ISBN 9780977507801, 2006</ref> ===Death=== Wongar died on March 8, 2026, in Melbourne. <ref>Ristić, Biljana: In memoriam: Preminuo Sreten Božić Vongar, srpsko-australijski pisac i borac za prava australijskih Prvih naroda, SBS, March 10, 2026 [https://www.sbs.com.au/language/serbian/sr/article/in-memoriam-sreten-boyic-wongar/6bx29utt9 link]</ref> His ''Dingoes Den'' estate, an area of 200 hectares, became a protected nature reserve in 2010.<ref name=den/> ===Awards and recognitions=== *Seven Australian national awards for literature, in between 1983-1997, Australia Council Award for [[1997]] included <ref name="words"/> * Arvon Foundation Poetry Award. UK 1980<ref>Avron Foundation Poetry Competition, 1980 Anthology, Kilnhurst Publishing Company</ref> * Observer Award UK <ref>L. T. Reynolds, The New Renaissance, 2000, p. 11</ref> * The American Library Association Award [[1982]]<ref name="VicCollect" /> * The P.E.N International Award [[1986]]<ref name="VicCollect">Gibson, Jason.:B. Wongar, Author (circa 1932 -) [https://collections.museumvictoria.com.au/articles/14481 link] </ref> * Rastko Petrovic Award, The Home of Emigrants and Serbs in the Region [[2005]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/kultura.71.html:170293-%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82-%D1%9A%D0%B0|title=Dva naroda jedna patnja|work=NOVOSTI |year=2005}}</ref> * Writer-in-Residence at the Aboriginal Research Centre, Monash University, for a period of 12 weeks in [[1987]] <ref>{{cite book|author= |title=B. Wongar: multi-cultural man of mystery|location= |publisher= |year=1987|isbn=|pages=7}} in Monash Reporter, Monash University, Number 5-87, 1 July </ref> * Doctor honoris causa [[2009]], University of Kragujevac, Serbia<ref>Majstorović Iter, Danica: Vongarov portret na egzibiciji u Sidneju, Srpski Glas, June 23, 2023 [https://srpskiglas.com.au/vongarov-portret-na-egzibiciji-u-sidneju/?lang=lat link]</ref> ===Documentaries, recorded interviews=== * Dragan Gavrilovic (director): "Srbi sa petog kontinenta - Sreten Božić Wongar", (2021) Apertura Films<ref>{{cite web|publisher=RTS|url=https://www.rts.rs/page/tv/sr/story/22/rts-svet/4257063/srbi-sa-petog-kontinenta-sreten-bozic-vongar.html|title=Wongar|date = 13 February 2018|accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref> * Andrijana Stojkovic (director): "Wongar" (2018) All Inclusive Films<ref>{{cite web|publisher=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9572922/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_2|title=Srbi sa Petog kontinenta: Sreten Božić Vongar|date = 1 April 2018|accessdate=30 November 2021}}</ref> * John Mandelberg (director/writer): "A Double Life. The Life and Times of B.Wongar", Sorena Productions, Australia,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=WorldCat|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881280602|title=A double life : the life & times of B. Wongar| oclc=881280602 |accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref> * John Mandelberg (director/writer): "Totem & Ore, 2014 – 2019"<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Waikato Institute of Technology|url=https://www.wintec.ac.nz/about-wintec/news/article/2019/11/08/new-film-depicts-nuclear-issues-as-a-problem-for-humanity|title=New film depicts nuclear issues as a problem for humanity|date = 8 November 2019|accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>Mandelberg, John (director/producer): HIROSHIMA EYE, Totem & Ore (2019) - Screening Schedule, Hiroshima International Film Festival [https://web.archive.org/web/20200212004316/http://hiff.jp/en/archives/7341/ link]</ref><ref>Mandelberg, John: The Making of an ‘Anti’ Nuclear Documentary: TOTEM & ORE, (2014-2019), Hiroshima Peace Institute, [https://www.peace.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/research_forum/forum201911/#e1 link]</ref> * Jan Wositzky (interviewer): "Dingoes, Names and B. Wongar" – ABC Radio National's 'Books and Writing' program<ref>Dingoes, Names and B. Wongar, The Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Gateway to Arts and Culture, 13 December, 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504072933/http://www.abc.net.au/arts/books/stories/s440019.htm link]</ref> * Ray Willbanks (interviewer): "B. Bongar" in Ray Willbanks: "Australian Voices: Writers and Their Work", University of Texas Press, 15. 3. 2010, p. 201-214 ==References== {{reflist}} m62rxzy50xxml7ret2go4tv4kmuzlxx 0 1266030 10879012 10844783 2026-06-04T20:12:53Z ~2026-33345-87 1816451 Updated and Cited information 10879012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|title=[[Maharaja]]|image=Oil Portrait of Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar of Akhnoor.jpg|caption=Claude-Sterling Oil painting of the Maharaja at 26, {{circa|1784}}|reign=1771-1821|coronation={{circa|1771}}|birth_date={{Birth date|1758|9|14}}|birth_place=Dar, [[Akhnoor]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1821|2|3|1758|9|14}}|death_place=[[Dhaka]]|house=House of Dar|house-type=Jagirdari|father=Ramhari Dar|successor=[[Raja]] Mukund Mohan Dar|era name=}} [[Maharaja]] '''Virendra Vasudev Mohan Dar''' ({{langx|fa|ویرِندرا واسودِو موهان دار}}), also known as [[Raja]] Virendra Mohan Dar, was the founder of the Dar Raj and a Kashmiri Pandit [[Raja|Maharaja]], Jagirdar and the [[king]] of Dar and Nannar from 1771 until his death in 1821.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=eUy3EQAAQBAJ&pli=1|title=Mahārāja Vīrendra Mohan Dār of Akhnūr|last=Mukherjee|first=Ramesh Chandra|date=1987-07-21|publisher=Nīldhôni Prokāśônā|year=1987|location=Calcutta|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dar-raj-dhar-raj-of-akhnur-and-dhaka|title=Dar Raj (Dhar Raj) of Akhnur and Dhaka|last=Nalinikanta Bhattacharya|date=1938-04-18}}</ref> == Early Life and Education == Virendra Mohan Dar was born on 14 September 1758, in Akhnoor, Kashmir. He completed his former education, in Persian, English and Mathematics under [[Kashmiri people|kashmiri pandits]] such as Madhussudan Kaul.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=mx7iEQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y|title=The Raja of Dar- Life and Legacy of Virendra Vasudev of Dar- ویرِندرا واسودِو موهان دار|last=BL|first=Jitendranath Ghose|date=1931-07-21|publisher=Bridgebit Printing Works, Bowbajaar, Calcutta 1931|year=1931|pages=21, 22, 23|language=en}}</ref> == Accession == During the reign of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], he was formally conferred the title of [[Maharaja]] and was coronated in 1771. His role is considered significant in the political and social history of [[Kashmir]].<ref name="KashmirHistory">Khan, Mohammad Ishaq (2004). ''History of Medieval Kashmir''. Srinagar: Gulshan Books. pp. 312–314.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=3uW4EQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y|title=وِرینٛدر موہن دار|last=Mukherjee|first=Ramesh|date=1979-12-06|publisher=Banwara Publishing|language=ar|year=1979}}</ref> The death of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmed Shah Durrani]] in 1772 resulted in the decline of the [[Durrani Empire]] due to which the Dar [[Royal family|Raj]] eventually lost power in Akhnoor and the [[Kashmir Valley|Cashmere Valley]], hence they shifted to Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=mx7iEQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y|title=The Raja of Dar- Life and Legacy of Virendra Vasudev of Dar- ویرِندرا واسودِو موهان دار|last=BL|first=Jitendranath Ghose|date=1931-07-21|publisher=Bridgebit Printing Works, Bowbajaar, Calcutta 1931|year=1931|pages=54, 58, 59|language=en}}</ref> ==Shift to Bangladesh== [[Raja|Maharaja]] Virendra Mohan constructed the Dhar Rajbari at ''Char Talibari'', in the Rajrajeshwar area of [[Bangladesh]], at a cost of 2 million rupees. Later, due to severe erosion by the [[Padma River]], the palace was completely destroyed. He then built the 250 room Dhar Zamindar Palace lsin in Dhamrai at a cost of 3 million rupees, which is also known as Nannar Rajbari.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=3uW4EQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y|title=وِرینٛدر موہن دار|last=Mukherjee|first=Ramesh|date=1979-12-06|publisher=Banwara Publishing|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m9C8EQAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&dq=Virendra+Mohan+Dar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq693olrySAxV_XWwGHTYnOksQ6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=ZAMĪNDĀRS OF EARLY BAṄGĀL AND EAST PĀKISTĀN AND DECLINE OF ZAMĪNDĀR SYSTEM|last=Badal|first=M. N. C.|date=1949-06-11|publisher=Baṅgāl Granthālaya Prakāśan|language=en}}</ref> == Death and Legacy == Virendra Mohan Dar is mentioned in various historical texts and government records, where he is identified as one of the influential local rulers of Kashmir during the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] period. He died in 1821 of [[cancer]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_Muslim_Civilization_in_India/ciBuAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Muslim Civilization in India and Pakistan: A Political and Cultural History|last=Ikram|first=Sheikh Mohamad|date=1989|publisher=Institute of Islamic Culture|isbn=978-969-469-001-8|pages=201–202|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Kash%C4%ABr_Being_a_History_of_Kashmir_from/ImRDAAAAYAAJ|title=Kashīr, Being a History of Kashmir from the Earliest Times to Our Own|last=Sufi|first=G. M. D.|date=1974|publisher=Light & Life Publishers|pages=85–86|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Historical_Abstracts/pc4LAQAAMAAJ|title=Historical Abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1775–1914. Part A|date=1988|publisher=American Bibliographical Center, CLIO|pages=69, 70, 98|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Census_of_India_1931/TaDUb97q6GwC|title=Census of India, 1931|last=Commissioner|first=India Census|date=1933|publisher=Manager of Publications|pages=186, 188|language=en}}</ref> His son, [[Raja]] Mukund Mohan Dar, was coronated the following year. == References == 60fxyt15z6zl6654od8cl5fj3rrg1xq 10879268 10879012 2026-06-05T03:38:19Z ~2026-33387-03 1816627 /* Accession */ updated bengal-bangladesh connection 10879268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|title=[[Maharaja]]|image=Oil Portrait of Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar of Akhnoor.jpg|caption=Claude-Sterling Oil painting of the Maharaja at 26, {{circa|1784}}|reign=1771-1821|coronation={{circa|1771}}|birth_date={{Birth date|1758|9|14}}|birth_place=Dar, [[Akhnoor]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1821|2|3|1758|9|14}}|death_place=[[Dhaka]]|house=House of Dar|house-type=Jagirdari|father=Ramhari Dar|successor=[[Raja]] Mukund Mohan Dar|era name=}} [[Maharaja]] '''Virendra Vasudev Mohan Dar''' ({{langx|fa|ویرِندرا واسودِو موهان دار}}), also known as [[Raja]] Virendra Mohan Dar, was the founder of the Dar Raj and a Kashmiri Pandit [[Raja|Maharaja]], Jagirdar and the [[king]] of Dar and Nannar from 1771 until his death in 1821.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=eUy3EQAAQBAJ&pli=1|title=Mahārāja Vīrendra Mohan Dār of Akhnūr|last=Mukherjee|first=Ramesh Chandra|date=1987-07-21|publisher=Nīldhôni Prokāśônā|year=1987|location=Calcutta|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dar-raj-dhar-raj-of-akhnur-and-dhaka|title=Dar Raj (Dhar Raj) of Akhnur and Dhaka|last=Nalinikanta Bhattacharya|date=1938-04-18}}</ref> == Early Life and Education == Virendra Mohan Dar was born on 14 September 1758, in Akhnoor, Kashmir. He completed his former education, in Persian, English and Mathematics under [[Kashmiri people|kashmiri pandits]] such as Madhussudan Kaul.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=mx7iEQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y|title=The Raja of Dar- Life and Legacy of Virendra Vasudev of Dar- ویرِندرا واسودِو موهان دار|last=BL|first=Jitendranath Ghose|date=1931-07-21|publisher=Bridgebit Printing Works, Bowbajaar, Calcutta 1931|year=1931|pages=21, 22, 23|language=en}}</ref> == Accession == During the reign of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], he was formally conferred the title of [[Maharaja]] and was coronated in 1771. His role is considered significant in the political and social history of [[Kashmir]].<ref name="KashmirHistory">Khan, Mohammad Ishaq (2004). ''History of Medieval Kashmir''. Srinagar: Gulshan Books. pp. 312–314.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=3uW4EQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y|title=وِرینٛدر موہن دار|last=Mukherjee|first=Ramesh|date=1979-12-06|publisher=Banwara Publishing|language=ar|year=1979}}</ref> The death of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmed Shah Durrani]] in 1772 resulted in the decline of the [[Durrani Empire]] due to which the Dar [[Royal family|Raj]] eventually lost power in Akhnoor and the [[Kashmir Valley|Cashmere Valley]], hence they shifted to [[Bengal]] (Now [[Bangladesh]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=mx7iEQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y|title=The Raja of Dar- Life and Legacy of Virendra Vasudev of Dar- ویرِندرا واسودِو موهان دار|last=BL|first=Jitendranath Ghose|date=1931-07-21|publisher=Bridgebit Printing Works, Bowbajaar, Calcutta 1931|year=1931|pages=54, 58, 59|language=en}}</ref> ==Shift to Bengal== ngale Virendra Mohan constructed the Dhar Rajbari at ''Char Talibari'', in the Rajrajeshwar area of [[Bengal]] (Now [[Bangladesh]]), at a cost of 2 million rupees. Later, due to severe erosion by the [[Padma River]], the palace was completely destroyed. He then built the 250 room Dhar Zamindar Palace lsin in Dhamrai at a cost of 3 million rupees, which is also known as Nannar Rajbari.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=3uW4EQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y|title=وِرینٛدر موہن دار|last=Mukherjee|first=Ramesh|date=1979-12-06|publisher=Banwara Publishing|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m9C8EQAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&dq=Virendra+Mohan+Dar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq693olrySAxV_XWwGHTYnOksQ6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=ZAMĪNDĀRS OF EARLY BAṄGĀL AND EAST PĀKISTĀN AND DECLINE OF ZAMĪNDĀR SYSTEM|last=Badal|first=M. N. C.|date=1949-06-11|publisher=Baṅgāl Granthālaya Prakāśan|language=en}}</ref> == Death and Legacy == Virendra Mohan Dar is mentioned in various historical texts and government records, where he is identified as one of the influential local rulers of Kashmir during the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] period. He died in 1821 of [[cancer]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_Muslim_Civilization_in_India/ciBuAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Muslim Civilization in India and Pakistan: A Political and Cultural History|last=Ikram|first=Sheikh Mohamad|date=1989|publisher=Institute of Islamic Culture|isbn=978-969-469-001-8|pages=201–202|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Kash%C4%ABr_Being_a_History_of_Kashmir_from/ImRDAAAAYAAJ|title=Kashīr, Being a History of Kashmir from the Earliest Times to Our Own|last=Sufi|first=G. M. D.|date=1974|publisher=Light & Life Publishers|pages=85–86|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Historical_Abstracts/pc4LAQAAMAAJ|title=Historical Abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1775–1914. Part A|date=1988|publisher=American Bibliographical Center, CLIO|pages=69, 70, 98|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Census_of_India_1931/TaDUb97q6GwC|title=Census of India, 1931|last=Commissioner|first=India Census|date=1933|publisher=Manager of Publications|pages=186, 188|language=en}}</ref> His son, [[Raja]] Mukund Mohan Dar, was coronated the following year. == References == 26x67zzfeus5jtc39swix1jm5k9mvug 10879276 10879268 2026-06-05T03:41:57Z ~2026-33387-03 1816627 /* Shift to Bengal */ updated and corrected 10879276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|title=[[Maharaja]]|image=Oil Portrait of Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar of Akhnoor.jpg|caption=Claude-Sterling Oil painting of the Maharaja at 26, {{circa|1784}}|reign=1771-1821|coronation={{circa|1771}}|birth_date={{Birth date|1758|9|14}}|birth_place=Dar, [[Akhnoor]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1821|2|3|1758|9|14}}|death_place=[[Dhaka]]|house=House of Dar|house-type=Jagirdari|father=Ramhari Dar|successor=[[Raja]] Mukund Mohan Dar|era name=}} [[Maharaja]] '''Virendra Vasudev Mohan Dar''' ({{langx|fa|ویرِندرا واسودِو موهان دار}}), also known as [[Raja]] Virendra Mohan Dar, was the founder of the Dar Raj and a Kashmiri Pandit [[Raja|Maharaja]], Jagirdar and the [[king]] of Dar and Nannar from 1771 until his death in 1821.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=eUy3EQAAQBAJ&pli=1|title=Mahārāja Vīrendra Mohan Dār of Akhnūr|last=Mukherjee|first=Ramesh Chandra|date=1987-07-21|publisher=Nīldhôni Prokāśônā|year=1987|location=Calcutta|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dar-raj-dhar-raj-of-akhnur-and-dhaka|title=Dar Raj (Dhar Raj) of Akhnur and Dhaka|last=Nalinikanta Bhattacharya|date=1938-04-18}}</ref> == Early Life and Education == Virendra Mohan Dar was born on 14 September 1758, in Akhnoor, Kashmir. He completed his education, in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Sanskrit]], [[English language|English]] and [[Mathematics]] under [[Kashmiri people|kashmiri pandits]] such as Pt. Madhussudan Kaul.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=mx7iEQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y|title=The Raja of Dar- Life and Legacy of Virendra Vasudev of Dar- ویرِندرا واسودِو موهان دار|last=BL|first=Jitendranath Ghose|date=1931-07-21|publisher=Bridgebit Printing Works, Bowbajaar, Calcutta 1931|year=1931|pages=21, 22, 23|language=en}}</ref> == Accession == During the reign of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], he was formally conferred the title of [[Maharaja]] and was coronated in 1771. His role is considered significant in the political and social history of [[Kashmir]].<ref name="KashmirHistory">Khan, Mohammad Ishaq (2004). ''History of Medieval Kashmir''. Srinagar: Gulshan Books. pp. 312–314.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=3uW4EQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y|title=وِرینٛدر موہن دار|last=Mukherjee|first=Ramesh|date=1979-12-06|publisher=Banwara Publishing|language=ar|year=1979}}</ref> The death of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmed Shah Durrani]] in 1772 resulted in the decline of the [[Durrani Empire]] due to which the Dar [[Royal family|Raj]] eventually lost power in Akhnoor and the [[Kashmir Valley|Cashmere Valley]], hence they shifted to [[Bengal]] (Now [[Bangladesh]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=mx7iEQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y|title=The Raja of Dar- Life and Legacy of Virendra Vasudev of Dar- ویرِندرا واسودِو موهان دار|last=BL|first=Jitendranath Ghose|date=1931-07-21|publisher=Bridgebit Printing Works, Bowbajaar, Calcutta 1931|year=1931|pages=54, 58, 59|language=en}}</ref> ==Shift to Bengal== Virendra Mohan constructed the Dhar Rajbari at ''Char Talibari'', in the Rajrajeshwar area of [[Bengal]] (Now [[Bangladesh]]), at a cost of 2 million rupees. Later, due to severe erosion by the [[Padma River]], the palace was completely destroyed. He then built the 250 room Dhar Zamindar Palace at Jalsin, Nannar Village in Dhamrai at a cost of 3 million rupees, which is also known as Nannar Rajbari.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=3uW4EQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en&source=newbks_fb&redir_esc=y|title=وِرینٛدر موہن دار|last=Mukherjee|first=Ramesh|date=1979-12-06|publisher=Banwara Publishing|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=m9C8EQAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&dq=Virendra+Mohan+Dar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiq693olrySAxV_XWwGHTYnOksQ6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=ZAMĪNDĀRS OF EARLY BAṄGĀL AND EAST PĀKISTĀN AND DECLINE OF ZAMĪNDĀR SYSTEM|last=Badal|first=M. N. C.|date=1949-06-11|publisher=Baṅgāl Granthālaya Prakāśan|language=en}}</ref> == Death and Legacy == Virendra Mohan Dar is mentioned in various historical texts and records, where he is identified as one of the influential local rulers of Kashmir during the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] period. He died in 1821 of [[cancer]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_Muslim_Civilization_in_India/ciBuAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Muslim Civilization in India and Pakistan: A Political and Cultural History|last=Ikram|first=Sheikh Mohamad|date=1989|publisher=Institute of Islamic Culture|isbn=978-969-469-001-8|pages=201–202|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Kash%C4%ABr_Being_a_History_of_Kashmir_from/ImRDAAAAYAAJ|title=Kashīr, Being a History of Kashmir from the Earliest Times to Our Own|last=Sufi|first=G. M. D.|date=1974|publisher=Light & Life Publishers|pages=85–86|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Historical_Abstracts/pc4LAQAAMAAJ|title=Historical Abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1775–1914. Part A|date=1988|publisher=American Bibliographical Center, CLIO|pages=69, 70, 98|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Census_of_India_1931/TaDUb97q6GwC|title=Census of India, 1931|last=Commissioner|first=India Census|date=1933|publisher=Manager of Publications|pages=186, 188|language=en}}</ref> His son, [[Raja]] Mukund Mohan Dar, was coronated the following year. == References == qjmn8jax1t5wgxmtgllwdrb1g2adeb7 0 1266086 10878815 10878299 2026-06-04T15:28:01Z ~2026-33163-84 1816308 /* Film adaptation */ 10878815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | image_upright = | image_size = 190 | image_alt = | caption = Promotional poster | alt_name = Kung Fu Sock | native_name = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Fantasy]] * [[Television comedy|Comedy]] * [[Action fiction|Action]] * [[Magical girl]] * [[Superhero]] }} | creator = | developer = | writer = {{Plainlist| * Bo Fan * Xin Zheng }} | director = {{Plainlist| * Bo Fan }} | voices = <!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --> | theme_music_composer = | open_theme = | end_theme = | composer = {{Plainlist| * Bo Fan * Jordan Matthew Cox * Rich J. Dickerson }} | language = Mandarin | country = China | num_seasons = 1 | num_episodes = 52 | list_episodes = | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * James Chen Gu * Selina She }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Thirty Sun * Xiaoqiu Zhong * Suman Wang }} | animator = | editor = <!-- Film editors --> | camera = <!-- Either Single-camera or Multi-camera --> | runtime = 11 minutes<ref name="kids" /> | company = {{Plainlist| * UYoung * [[Tencent Pictures|Tencent Penguin Pictures]]<ref name="kids" /> }} | network = [[Tencent Video]]<br>[[CCTV-14]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2021|08|03|df=y}} | last_aired = present | related = <!-- To be used only for remakes, spin-offs, and adaptations --> }} {{Chinese | order = st | s = 天真与功夫袜 | t = 天真與功夫襪 | p = Tiānzhēn yǔ Gōngfu Wà }} '''''Kung Fu Wa!''''' (known as '''''Kung Fu Sock''''' in the Commonwealth; {{lang-zh|s=天真与功夫袜|p=Tiān Zhēn Yǔ Gōng Fū Wà}}) is a Chinese [[animated children's television series]] produced by UYoung Media and [[Tencent Pictures|Tencent Penguin Pictures]]. The series follows a young girl who is bestowed with superpowers through the aid of a [[martial arts]] master turned into an [[anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] sock.<ref name="kids" /> The first season premiered on 3 August 2021 on [[Tencent Video]] in China, and on 25 July 2022 on [[Pop (British and Irish TV channel)|Pop]] in the United Kingdom, as part of Pop's Silly Selfie Summer. On August 31, 2022, the series was renewed for a second and final season.<ref>https://chengzi28898.lofter.com/post/75603bd6_2b6a80804?act=qbwaptag_20160216_05</ref> The second and final season premiered in China on Tencent Video on 7 July 2026, in the United Kingdom on [[Sky Kids (TV channel)|Sky Kids]] on 14 August 2026 and in the United States on 28 August 2026 on the [[Angel Studios]] app. == Synopsis == Eight-year-old Tee Zeng finds an unusual sock that is actually a Kung Fu master named Kung Fu Wa from another world. Wearing the sock transforms Tee Zeng into super heroine Kung Fu Girl. She and Kung Fu Wa must complete missions and protect their home, Starry Island.<ref name="tvguide">{{Cite news |title=Kung Fu Sock |language=en |work=TV Guide |url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/kung-fu-sock/1031067997/ |access-date=August 18, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kung Fu Sock, 12:00pm on Pop Max |language=en |url=https://tv24.co.uk/b/rxu3w0-17wg |access-date=August 18, 2023}}</ref> == Characters == * '''Tee Zeng''' (alternatively named '''Tea Zen''' or '''TZ''' (English dub) and '''Tee Yang''' (Spanish dub); voiced by Zhou Zhou (Chinese), Sofia Gomez (English) and Belén Marín (Spanish)) – an 8-year-old girl who lives above her family's laundrette, who turns into Kung Fu Girl through the aid of Master Kicko * '''Master Kicko''' (alternatively named '''Kung Fu Wa''' (English dub); voiced by Fu Bowen (Chinese), Alex Teixeira (English) and Juan Pablo Muñoz (Spanish)) – a Kung Fu master who was transformed into a sock * '''Hiro Hao/Sword Master''' (voiced by Jiasi Li (Chinese), Alex Machado (English) and Óscar Olivares (Spanish)) – Tee Zeng's friend from school * '''Manipulens''' (also known as '''Evil Star Lord'''; voiced by Zhankun Zhang (Chinese), Travis Roig (English) and Cristóbal Areite (Spanish)) – Kicko's rival who was transformed into a pair of glasses * '''Min''' (voiced by Mu Qiu (Chinese), Dariana Fustes (English) and Niksi Marín (Spanish)) – Tee Zeng's introverted, but adventurous best friend * '''Tee Zeng's mom''' (voiced by Chenjie Xiong (Chinese), Ghia Burns (English) and Betsabé Gutiérrez (Spanish)) – the owner of a local laundromat in Starry Island == Episodes == {{Episode table | background = #3E29FF | total_width = 100 | overall = | title = | writer = | airdate = | altdateT = Pop (UK) release date | altdate = | prodcode = | aux2 = | aux2T = Storyboarded by | episodes = {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 1 | Title = A Sock with Kung Fu | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|08|03}} | AltDate = July 25, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 2 | Title = First Day at School | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|08|03}} | AltDate = July 25, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 3 | Title = Dragonface | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|08|03}} | AltDate = July 26, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 4 | Title = Home Not So Alone | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|08|03}} | AltDate = July 27, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 5 | Title = Rainbow Cat | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|08|10}} | AltDate = July 28, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 6 | Title = Fishing | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|08|10}} | AltDate = July 29, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 7 | Title = Bun House Mystery | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|08|17}} | AltDate = August 1, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 8 | Title = Old Comb | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|08|17}} | AltDate = August 2, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 9 | Title = Daddy's Gift | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|08|24}} | AltDate = August 3, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 10 | Title = Wishing Well | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|08|24}} | AltDate = August 4, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 11 | Title = Relaxation With Tee Zeng | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|08|31}} | AltDate = August 5, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 12 | Title = Manipulens: Part 1 | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|08|31}} | AltDate = August 8, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 13 | Title = Manipulens: Part 2 | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|07}} | AltDate = August 9, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 14 | Title = Master and Student | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|07}} | AltDate = August 10, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 15 | Title = Sword Hero's Arrival | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|14}} | AltDate = August 11, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 16 | Title = New Classmate | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|14}} | AltDate = August 12, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 17 | Title = Kung Fu Girl's Show | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|21}} | AltDate = August 15, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 18 | Title = The Magician | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|21}} | AltDate = August 16, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 19 | Title = Hero's Defeat | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|28}} | AltDate = August 17, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 20 | Title = The Duel | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|09|28}} | AltDate = August 18, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 21 | Title = Cyber Battle | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|05}} | AltDate = August 19, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 22 | Title = Animal Shelter Encounter | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|05}} | AltDate = August 22, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 23 | Title = Cave Rescue | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|12}} | AltDate = August 23, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 24 | Title = Kung Fu Sock's Injury | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|12}} | AltDate = August 24, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 25 | Title = Night of the Shooting Stars | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|19}} | AltDate = August 25, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 26 | Title = Hao's Disappearance | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|19}} | AltDate = August 26, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 27 | Title = Hao's Secret | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|04}} | AltDate = December 5, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 28 | Title = Hao's Memory | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|04}} | AltDate = December 5, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 29 | Title = Wake Up, Hao | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|11}} | AltDate = December 6, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 30 | Title = Broken Glass | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|11}} | AltDate = December 6, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 31 | Title = Sweet vs. Spicy | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|18}} | AltDate = December 7, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 32 | Title = Who is Kung Fu Girl? | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|18}} | AltDate = December 7, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 33 | Title = A Cold Day | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|25}} | AltDate = December 8, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 34 | Title = Friendship Repair | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|01|25}} | AltDate = December 8, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 35 | Title = The Board Game | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|01}} | AltDate = December 9, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 36 | Title = Hero Manipulens | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|01}} | AltDate = December 9, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 37 | Title = The Lotus Pond | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|08}} | AltDate = December 12, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 38 | Title = Hao's Plan | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|08}} | AltDate = December 12, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 39 | Title = Hao's Return | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|15}} | AltDate = December 13, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 40 | Title = Student and Master | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|15}} | AltDate = December 13, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 41 | Title = Manipulens' Past | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|22}} | AltDate = December 14, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 42 | Title = Team Work | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|02|22}} | AltDate = December 14, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 43 | Title = Dear Diary | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|01}} | AltDate = December 15, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 44 | Title = Tee Zeng's Birthday | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|01}} | AltDate = December 15, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 45 | Title = Thunder Storm | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|08}} | AltDate = December 16, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 46 | Title = Kung Fu Girl's Defeat | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|08}} | AltDate = December 16, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 47 | Title = Escape | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|15}} | AltDate = December 19, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 48 | Title = What If | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|15}} | AltDate = December 19, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 49 | Title = Game Over | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|22}} | AltDate = December 20, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 50 | Title = Kung Fu Sock's Plan | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|22}} | AltDate = December 20, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 51 | Title = Final Battle | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|29}} | AltDate = December 21, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 52 | Title = The Most Powerful Kung Fu | RTitle = | WrittenBy = | Aux2 = | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|29}} | AltDate = December 21, 2022 | ProdCode = | ShortSummary = | LineColor = 3E29FF }} }} == Broadcast == The series was first released on [[Tencent Video]] in China in August 2021. In June of that year, Federation Kids & Family, the family entertainment subsidiary of [[Paris]]-based film distributor Federation Studios, acquired the program’s distribution rights for most international markets; UYoung Media, however, would maintain foreign distribution rights for the [[Latin America]] market.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federation Kids & Family to Distribute ‘Kung Fu Wa!’ From China’s Tencent Video and UYoung Media|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/global/federation-kung-fu-wa-tencent-uyoung-1234993335/|author=John Hopewell|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=June 10, 2021|access-date=October 22, 2023}}</ref> In April 2022, UYoung reached a deal with [[Discovery Kids Latin America]] to distribute localized dubs of the program in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (Brazil) and Spanish (for other Latin American markets). The Spanish dub premiered linearly on Discovery Kids on April 11, 2022, while the Brazilian Portuguese dub debuted on the regional version of the [[Discovery+]] streaming service eleven days later on April 22. That same month, Federation reached a deal with British/Irish children’s networks [[Pop (British and Irish TV channel)|Pop]] and [[Pop Max]] for the rights to an English-language dub of the series. The English version, given the modified title ''Kung Fu Sock'', debuted on Pop on July 25, 2022.<ref name="kids">{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Zeenya |date=April 26, 2022 |title=New international sales for Chinese animated series Kung Fu Wa! |work=Kidscreen |url=https://kidscreen.com/2022/04/26/new-international-sales-for-chinese-animated-series-kung-fu-wa/ |access-date=August 18, 2023}}</ref> A [[Russian language|Russian]] dub was released via streaming on [[Kinopoisk]] on December 1, 2022 and [[Ivi.ru|ivi]] on December 3, 2022; fledgling family entertainment channel FamilyJam acquired the linear television rights to the Russian dub in early 2023. ==Film adaptation== In 2026, it was announced that Angel Studios will acquired Kung Fu Sock animated movie, it is set to released on July 16, 2027. It will be produced by Ashland Hill Media Finance, AGC Animation, Rocket Science, Constantin Animation, UYoung, Tencent Animation, Bonne Pioche Animation, Wind Sun Sky Entertainment, Hemisphere Animation, Lengi Studios, Wayfarer Studios, Chasing Miles Productions, New Hero Studios, Align, GFM Animation, HB Wink Animation, Aniventure and Cinesite. Cory Edwards will direct the project. Pathé will directly distribute in France, the Benelux, Switzerland and West Africa and handle international rights outside China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, Turkey and Indonesia, where CJ ENM and Penture will handle rights. ==References== {{reflist}} == External links == * [https://weibo.com/u/7571909786 Official Weibo page] * [https://space.bilibili.com/1561813665 Official BiliBili page] [[Category:Chinese children's animated action television series]] [[Category:Chinese children's animated fantasy television series]] [[Category:2021 Chinese television series debuts]] [[Category:2021 animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2020s Chinese television series debuts]] [[Category:Animated superheroine television shows]] [[Category:Animated television series about children]] [[Category:Kung fu television series]] [[Category:Magical girl television series]] [[Category:Television series by Tencent Pictures]] [[Category:Anime-influenced animation]] e2aeobb8u8g5wv43m8e1xz5tk95f3yo 0 1266738 10879054 10878023 2026-06-04T21:11:54Z Auntof6 22027 rem text from redirect 10879054 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lebanese National Movement]] kkjyptkodujnvbs1xzta7q5spsdq0jn 0 1267506 10878861 10873365 2026-06-04T17:03:59Z ~2026-29623-71 1805491 10878861 wikitext text/x-wiki Auto EVO is an [[automobile]] company of the [[DR Automobiles Groupe]] active since 2020, headquartered in [[Molise]]. It has produced several derived Chinese car models, including the [[EVO 7]] and [[EVO5|Evo5]]. == Evo3 == [[File:EVO 3.jpg|thumb|Front]] The Evo3 is a small car produced since 2020, replacing the Evo Electric, it is a spacious low-cost car and offers a rich [[Optional#Equipment standard|equipment]]. It is derived from the [[JAC Refine S2]]. It is available in 2 trims: * 1.5 * 1.5 Bifuel GPL It is 4014 long, 1075 wide, and 1057 high, with a trunk capacity of 420/790. [[File:EVO 3 in Avellino.jpg|thumb|Rear]] {| class="wikitable" !Engine |- !1.5, 4 cylinders, 113 CV/83 KW, 140 NM, 170 km/h, 1.155 KG |} In addition, the GPL has a smaller engine with 107 HP/79 KW and 138 NM. The car is fully equipped, so it pays nothing. In practice, the EVO Electric is nothing more than an Evo 3 in [[Electric vehicle|electric]] version, with different grille and interiors, with a charging port. == Models == {| class="wikitable" !Models in production |- ![[EVO3]], EVO4 (restyling), EVO5, EVO6 (second generation), EVO 7, EVO 7 Kairos, EVO Spazio, EVO Cross 4 |} {| class="wikitable" !Discontinued models |- !DR EVO5, EVO4 (pre-restyling), EVO6 (firts generation), EVO Electric |} == Gallery == [[File:EVO 3.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 3[[File:Evo 4 1.5.jpg|thumb|EVO 4 pre-restyling ]]]] [[File:Evo 4 facelift.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 4 restyling ]] [[File:Evo 5.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 5 firts generation ]] [[File:Evo 5 front.jpg|center|thumb|150x150px|EVO 5 second generation ]] [[File:DR 6 Genf 2019 1Y7A5049.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 6 Firts generation ]] [[File:Evo 6 2024 1.5 Turbo.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 6 second generation ]] [[File:EVO 7.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 7]] [[File:EVO 8 Salone di Torino 1.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 8]] [[File:EVO Cross 4.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO Cross 4 ]] [[File:EVO Spazio Salone di Torino 1.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO Spazio ]] == External links == <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-29|title=Perché le auto Evo (Gruppo Dr) costano così poco e quale affidabilità e garanzia offrono davvero|url=https://www.businessonline.it/news/perche-le-auto-evo-gruppo-dr-costano-cosi-poco-e-quale-affidabilita-e-garanzia-offrono-davvero_n71340.html|access-date=2026-05-12|website=Businessonline.it|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-11|title=EVO|url=https://www.virgilio.it/motori/listino/evo/|access-date=2026-05-12|website=Virgilio Motori|language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EVO più economica: qual è, quanto costa?EVO è il marchio del Gruppo DR Au|url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=EVO+pi%C3%B9+economica:+qual+%C3%A8,+quanto+costa?EVO+%C3%A8+il+marchio+del+Gruppo+DR+Au&cvid=6b6ff23374fc494bbdf8617f69bcdc7d&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIHCAEQ6wcYQKgCALACAA&FORM=ANAB01&PC=HCTS|access-date=2026-05-12|website=Bing|language=en}}</ref> <references /> {{Commons category-inline|EVO (brand)}} 1souyok2gfe3yue2vp9id05kwt1gfl4 10878863 10878861 2026-06-04T17:05:12Z ~2026-29623-71 1805491 [[EVO 7]] 10878863 wikitext text/x-wiki Auto EVO is an [[automobile]] company of the [[DR Automobiles Groupe]] active since 2020, headquartered in [[Molise]]. It has produced several derived Chinese car models, including the [[EVO 7]] and [[EVO5|Evo5]]. == Evo3 == [[File:EVO 3.jpg|thumb|Front]] The Evo3 is a small car produced since 2020, replacing the Evo Electric, it is a spacious low-cost car and offers a rich [[Optional#Equipment standard|equipment]]. It is derived from the [[JAC Refine S2]]. It is available in 2 trims: * 1.5 * 1.5 Bifuel GPL It is 4014 long, 1075 wide, and 1057 high, with a trunk capacity of 420/790. [[File:EVO 3 in Avellino.jpg|thumb|Rear]] {| class="wikitable" !Engine |- !1.5, 4 cylinders, 113 CV/83 KW, 140 NM, 170 km/h, 1.155 KG |} In addition, the GPL has a smaller engine with 107 HP/79 KW and 138 NM. The car is fully equipped, so it pays nothing. In practice, the EVO Electric is nothing more than an Evo 3 in [[Electric vehicle|electric]] version, with different grille and interiors, with a charging port. == Models == {| class="wikitable" !Models in production |- ![[EVO3]], EVO4 (restyling), EVO5, EVO6 (second generation), [[EVO 7]], EVO 7 Kairos, EVO Spazio, EVO Cross 4 |} {| class="wikitable" !Discontinued models |- !DR EVO5, EVO4 (pre-restyling), EVO6 (firts generation), EVO Electric |} == Gallery == [[File:EVO 3.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 3[[File:Evo 4 1.5.jpg|thumb|EVO 4 pre-restyling ]]]] [[File:Evo 4 facelift.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 4 restyling ]] [[File:Evo 5.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 5 firts generation ]] [[File:Evo 5 front.jpg|center|thumb|150x150px|EVO 5 second generation ]] [[File:DR 6 Genf 2019 1Y7A5049.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 6 Firts generation ]] [[File:Evo 6 2024 1.5 Turbo.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 6 second generation ]] [[File:EVO 7.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 7]] [[File:EVO 8 Salone di Torino 1.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 8]] [[File:EVO Cross 4.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO Cross 4 ]] [[File:EVO Spazio Salone di Torino 1.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO Spazio ]] == External links == <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-29|title=Perché le auto Evo (Gruppo Dr) costano così poco e quale affidabilità e garanzia offrono davvero|url=https://www.businessonline.it/news/perche-le-auto-evo-gruppo-dr-costano-cosi-poco-e-quale-affidabilita-e-garanzia-offrono-davvero_n71340.html|access-date=2026-05-12|website=Businessonline.it|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-11|title=EVO|url=https://www.virgilio.it/motori/listino/evo/|access-date=2026-05-12|website=Virgilio Motori|language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EVO più economica: qual è, quanto costa?EVO è il marchio del Gruppo DR Au|url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=EVO+pi%C3%B9+economica:+qual+%C3%A8,+quanto+costa?EVO+%C3%A8+il+marchio+del+Gruppo+DR+Au&cvid=6b6ff23374fc494bbdf8617f69bcdc7d&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIHCAEQ6wcYQKgCALACAA&FORM=ANAB01&PC=HCTS|access-date=2026-05-12|website=Bing|language=en}}</ref> <references /> {{Commons category-inline|EVO (brand)}} 1uuu1yxzo80y3p0puzaov514yp2gacp 10879184 10878863 2026-06-05T00:49:20Z ~2026-31265-91 1810417 /* */ 10879184 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Auto EVO''' is an [[automobile]] company of the [[DR Automobiles Groupe]] active since 2020, it is based in [[Molise]]. It has made several rebadged Chinese car models, including the [[EVO 7]] and [[EVO5|Evo5]]. == Evo3 == [[File:EVO 3.jpg|thumb|Front]] The Evo3 is a small car produced since 2020, replacing the Evo Electric, it is a spacious low-cost car and offers a rich [[Optional#Equipment standard|equipment]]. It is derived from the [[JAC Refine S2]]. It is available in 2 trims: * 1.5 * 1.5 Bifuel GPL It is 4014 long, 1075 wide, and 1057 high, with a trunk capacity of 420/790. [[File:EVO 3 in Avellino.jpg|thumb|Rear]] {| class="wikitable" !Engine |- !1.5, 4 cylinders, 113 CV/83 KW, 140 NM, 170 km/h, 1.155 KG |} In addition, the GPL has a smaller engine with 107 HP/79 KW and 138 NM. The car is fully equipped, so it pays nothing. In practice, the EVO Electric is nothing more than an Evo 3 in [[Electric vehicle|electric]] version, with different grille and interiors, with a charging port. == Models == {| class="wikitable" !Models in production |- ![[EVO3]], EVO4 (restyling), EVO5, EVO6 (second generation), [[EVO 7]], EVO 7 Kairos, EVO Spazio, EVO Cross 4 |} {| class="wikitable" !Discontinued models |- !DR EVO5, EVO4 (pre-restyling), EVO6 (firts generation), EVO Electric |} == Gallery == [[File:EVO 3.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 3[[File:Evo 4 1.5.jpg|thumb|EVO 4 pre-restyling ]]]] [[File:Evo 4 facelift.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 4 restyling ]] [[File:Evo 5.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 5 firts generation ]] [[File:Evo 5 front.jpg|center|thumb|150x150px|EVO 5 second generation ]] [[File:DR 6 Genf 2019 1Y7A5049.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 6 Firts generation ]] [[File:Evo 6 2024 1.5 Turbo.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 6 second generation ]] [[File:EVO 7.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 7]] [[File:EVO 8 Salone di Torino 1.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO 8]] [[File:EVO Cross 4.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO Cross 4 ]] [[File:EVO Spazio Salone di Torino 1.jpg|thumb|150x150px|EVO Spazio ]] == External links == <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-29|title=Perché le auto Evo (Gruppo Dr) costano così poco e quale affidabilità e garanzia offrono davvero|url=https://www.businessonline.it/news/perche-le-auto-evo-gruppo-dr-costano-cosi-poco-e-quale-affidabilita-e-garanzia-offrono-davvero_n71340.html|access-date=2026-05-12|website=Businessonline.it|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-11|title=EVO|url=https://www.virgilio.it/motori/listino/evo/|access-date=2026-05-12|website=Virgilio Motori|language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EVO più economica: qual è, quanto costa?EVO è il marchio del Gruppo DR Au|url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=EVO+pi%C3%B9+economica:+qual+%C3%A8,+quanto+costa?EVO+%C3%A8+il+marchio+del+Gruppo+DR+Au&cvid=6b6ff23374fc494bbdf8617f69bcdc7d&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIHCAEQ6wcYQKgCALACAA&FORM=ANAB01&PC=HCTS|access-date=2026-05-12|website=Bing|language=en}}</ref> <references /> {{Commons category-inline|EVO (brand)}} ie4ittc97tsjpqvt0pnhy90nl4pwxk1 0 1267508 10878841 10876319 2026-06-04T16:33:33Z ~2026-29623-71 1805491 fix 10878841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{inline|date=May 2026}}[[File:DR Automobiles logo 2020.png|thumb|Coat of arms]]DR Automobiles Groupe is an Italian [[Automobile|car]] manufacturer founded from Massimo di Risioin in the 2006, based in [[Molise]]. It imports derived cars, Chinese models and they mount petrol or [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] engines. It has created many brands, such as [[Auto EVO]], [[Tiger (car)|Tiger]], [[ICH-X]], [[Sportequipe]] and [[Birba]]. == DR5/Evo5 == [[File:2010 Dr 5 Crossover 1.6.jpg|thumb|DR5]] [[File:Evo 5.jpg|thumb|Evo5]] The [[DR5]]/Evo5 is the first car built by DR, it was a low-cost [[SUV]], launched in 2007 and produced until 2020, it was derived from the [[Chery Tiggo]]. In 2018 it was available in five trims: * 1.6 Style * 1.6 Cross * Evo5 1.6 Cross * Evo5 1.6 Elegance * Evo5 1.6 Monte Carlo {| class="wikitable" !Engine ! ! |- !1.6 !126 CV/93 kW !175 km/h |- !0-100 12,5 !1315 KG ! |} It was available in gasoline, [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]], and methane, all with the same engines. There were 3 [[optional]] features available: {| class="wikitable" !Optional !Price |- !Navigator |800 (Not for Evo5) |- !Leather interiors |1.000 (Standard in the Monte Carlo) |- !18' wheels |1.000 (Evo5) |} == Gallery == [[File:Dr1c.jpg|left|thumb|150x150px|DR 1]] [[File:DR 1.0 front.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 1.0]] [[File:2010 Dr 2 1.3 16V.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 2]] [[File:DR Motor DR3 2.0 16V 2010 3.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 3 ([[2006]])]] [[File:DR 3 Genf 2019 1Y7A5045.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 3 (pre-restyling) ]] [[File:2024 DR 3.0 front.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 3.0 (restyling) ]] [[File:DR 4 Genf 2019 1Y7A5048.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 4]] [[File:2010 Dr 5 Crossover 1.6.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 5]] [[File:2022 DR 5.0.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 5.0 (pre-restyling) ]] [[File:Dr 5.0 MIMO 2022.jpg|left|thumb|150x150px|DR 5.0 (restyling) ]] [[File:DR 4.0 front.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 4.0]] [[File:DR 6 Genf 2019 1Y7A5049.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 6]] [[File:2024 DR 6.0.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 6.0]] [[File:DR 7.0 1.5 Turbo.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR 7.0 (pre-restyling) [[File:DR 7.0 Collection 1.jpg|thumb|DR 7.0 (restyling) ]]]] [[File:DR CityCross 1.3 bifuel 2015.jpg|left|thumb|150x150px|DR CityCross]] [[File:DR F35 1.5 Turbo in Avellino.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR F35]] [[File:2024 DR PK8.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR PK8]] [[File:DR Zero 1.0 bifuel 1.jpg|thumb|150x150px|DR Zero]] == Models == {| class="wikitable" !Models no longer in production |- ![[DR5]], DR1, DR2, DR3, DR City Cross/City Van, DR Zero, [[EVO5|DR EVO5]], DR3, DR4, DR 3.0, DR 4.0 |} {| class="wikitable" !Models in production |- !DR 6.0, [[DR 5.0]], DR 3, DR 7.0, DR 1.0, DR PK8 |} ==References== *{{Commons category-inline|DR Automobiles Groupe}} *[1] {{Cite web|last=Ferro|first=Chiara|date=2026-05-09|title=DR 2026: tutti i modelli, prezzi e quale scegliere (3, 5, 6.0, 7.0)|url=https://www.ilgiornaledigitale.it/dr-tutti-modelli-prezzi-gamma-completa-italia-82371.html|access-date=2026-05-12|website=Il Giornale Digitale|language=it-IT}} *[2] {{Cite web|date=2020-11-11|title=DR|url=https://www.virgilio.it/motori/listino/dr/|access-date=2026-05-12|website=Virgilio Motori|language=it-IT}} *[3] {{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/it-it/money/storie-principali/mi-sono-finto-cliente-per-comprare-una-dr-con-20-000-euro-ecco-com-%C3%A8-andata/ar-AA21YBK0?ocid=BingNewsVerp|access-date=2026-05-12|website=www.msn.com}} t5c9mv902hwil04u2zw27oce8l5qoq4 0 1268311 10879337 10862068 2026-06-05T05:10:48Z ~2026-29438-93 1816659 10879337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Ali al-Zaidi | native_name = {{nobold|علي الزيدي}} | native_name_lang = ar | image = Ali Al-zaidi.png | image_size = | caption = Al-Zaidi in 2026 | office = [[Prime Minister of Iraq]] | status = | term_start = 14 May 2026 | term_end = | deputy = | president = [[Nizar Amidi]] | predecessor = [[Mohammed Shia' al-Sudani]] | birth_name = Ali Falih Kadhim al-Zaidi | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|05|01}} | birth_place = [[Dhi Qar]], Iraq<ref name="Aljazeera">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2026/4/28/who-is-ali-al-zaidi-the-businessman-named-as-iraqs-pm-designate|title=Who is Ali al-Zaidi, the businessman named as Iraq’s PM-designate?|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> | party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] | other_party = [[Coordination Framework]] | alma_mater = | occupation = {{hlist|Banker|businessman|politician}} }} '''Ali Falih Kadhim al-Zaidi''' ({{Langx|ar|علي فالح كاظم الزيدي}}; born 1985) is an Iraqi banker, businessman and politician who has been the [[Prime Minister of Iraq|prime minister of Iraq]] since 2026.<ref name="Aljazeera"/><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20260427-iraq-s-president-ask-pm-designate-ali-al-zaidi-to-form-government|title= Iraq’s president asks PM-designate Ali al-Zaidi to form government|website=France 24}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraqi-parliament-approves-partial-government-led-by-pm-zaidi-2026-05-14/|title=Iraqi parliament approves partial government led by PM Zaidi|website=Reuters}}</ref> At age 41, he became the youngest Iraqi prime minister.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2026/5/14/iraqs-parliament-approves-new-ali-al-zaidi-government|title=Iraq’s parliament approves new Ali al-Zaidi government|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> ==Career== Before becoming prime minister, Al-Zaidi was not politically active and was mainly focused on his business career.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Livni |first=Ephrat |date=2026-04-27 |title=Iraq's President Names Political Newcomer to Form Government |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/04/27/world/middleeast/iraq-prime-minister.html |access-date=2026-04-28 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In the [[public sector]], al-Zaidi worked with the [[Ministry of Trade (Iraq)|Ministry of Trade]]. He was the chairman of Al-Watania Holding Group.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://shafaq.com/en/Report/Who-is-Ali-al-Zaidi-The-businessman-tapped-for-Iraq-s-premiership|title=Who is Ali Al-Zaidi? The businessman tapped for Iraq's premiership|website=Alshafaq}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=تقي |first=غسان |date=2026-04-27 |title=علي الزيدي.. رجل أعمال يقود سباق تشكيل الحكومة في العراق |url=https://alhurra.com/19152 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Al-Hurra |language=ar}}</ref> Al-Zaidi was also head of the board of directors at [[Al-Shaab University]] and of the [[Ishtar Medical Institute]]. He was the CEO and owner of [[Dijlah TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=العراق: الرئيس العراقي كلفه بتشكيل الحكومة.. من هو علي الزيدي؟ |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/arab-and-world/iraq/2026/04/27/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D9%81%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A- |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Al Arabiya |language=ar}}</ref> ===Premiership=== On 27 April 2026, the [[Coordination Framework]] (CF) nominated al-Zaidi as a candidate to replace [[Mohammed Shia' al-Sudani]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Iraq nominates businessman Ali al-Zaidi for prime minister |url=https://thenewregion.com/posts/5218 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=The New Region |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Iraqi president names Shia bloc candidate Ali al-Zaidi as PM-designate |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/27/iraqi-president-names-shia-bloc-candidate-ali-al-zaidi-as-pm-designate |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-27 |title=Iraq's dominant bloc taps newcomer Ali al-Zaidi for prime minister after weeks of wrangling |url=https://apnews.com/article/iraq-prime-minister-parliament-alzaidi-bb629c0f14c6710cbb66500fe376218e |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> The [[United States]] supported his nomination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenewregion.com/posts/5226|title=US welcomes Iraqi PM-designate Ali al-Zaidi’s nomination|website=The New Region}}</ref> He was officially sworn in during a parliamentary session held on 14 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://964media.com/681200/|title= فيديو: مشادة كلامية واشتباك بالأيدي أثناء التصويت على حكومة الزيدي|website=Arabic +964 Media|language=ar}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zaidi, Ali al-}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Prime ministers of Iraq]] [[Category:Bankers]] [[Category:Chief executives]] [[Category:People from Baghdad]] {{bio-stub}} h00havq200e261z6jal319rrv3kubaf 0 1268395 10879385 10877473 2026-06-05T06:46:49Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:SUVs|SUVs]] to [[:Category:Sport utility vehicles|Sport utility vehicles]] 10879385 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Škoda Epiq Showcar IAA 2025 DSC 1378 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Škoda Epiq]] The '''Škoda Epiq''' is a [[electric vehicle|electric]] Mini-SUV produced from 2026. It was first shown as a concept in March 15 2024,<ref name="1:">{{cite web|url=https://www.auto-moto.com/suv/skoda-devoile-son-futur-suv-urbain-epiq-31300 | title=Skoda dévoile son futur SUV urbain Epiq | publisher=[[Auto Moto (magazine)|Auto Moto]]| date=15 March 2024| author=Benjamin Defay}}</ref> and then as a production car in May 19 2026. With deliveries set to arrive in 2026.<ref>https://www.motor1.com/news/796275/skoda-epiq-electric-small-crossover-revealed/</ref> It is made in [[Pamplona]] being the first Škoda car to be made outside [[Central Europe]].<ref>https://www.auto-moto.com/suv/skoda-devoile-son-futur-suv-urbain-epiq-31300</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Škoda automobiles|Epiq]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] [[Category:2020s automobiles]] [[Category:battery electric vehicles]] tarx2yr7c6ds4pq26cu0f0fty7qe1ud 14 1268755 10879389 10866274 2026-06-05T06:48:15Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:Wikipedia redirects|Wikipedia redirects]] to [[:Category:Redirects|Redirects]] 10879389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect category|template=Rcat shell|parameters=<nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:R from predictable disambiguation|R from predictable disambiguation]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki>|sortkey=yes}} [[Category:Unprintworthy redirects|Disambiguation, predictable]] [[Category:Redirects|Predictable disambiguation]] sut0ndwdl00tt4f9zz6cr7kfoz59ey2 0 1268802 10879375 10877497 2026-06-05T06:46:00Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:SUVs|SUVs]] to [[:Category:Sport utility vehicles|Sport utility vehicles]] 10879375 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Beijing Mofang 001.jpg|thumb|Beijing Mofang]] The '''Beijing Mofang''' is an [[SUV]] produced by BAIC Motor since [[2020]]. It was first shown in a 2021 Teaser as the "Beijing X6".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yuan |first=Geng |date=2021-11-10 |title=开启中文名征集 北京汽车X6更多信息 |url=https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/202111/1223818.html |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Autohome CN |language=zh-CN}}</ref> later shown as a prototype<ref name="com-224194">{{Cite web |author=Duan Di |date=2021-11-19 |title=2021广州车展：北京汽车 魔方正式发布 |url=https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/202111/1224194.html |access-date=2022-10-25 |work=Autohome CN |language=zh-CN}}</ref> and as a production model in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Dong Yi |date=2022-04-26 |title=Beijing Mofang To Launch In June 2022, Price Starts At 16,900 USD |url=https://carnewschina.com/2022/04/26/beijing-mofang-to-launch-in-june-2022-price-starts-at-16900-usd/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=CarNewsChina}}</ref> it is the first petrol Chinese car to use HarmonyOS [[Huawei]]'s [[operating system]]. It has been called by many names such as X55 in many countries outside [[PRC|China]], and X5 in [[Poland]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamiński |first=Mariusz |date=2023-12-12 |title=Chiński BAIC jest już w Polsce. Szokuje nie tylko ceną |url=https://www.auto-swiat.pl/wiadomosci/premiery/chinski-baic-jest-juz-w-polsce-szokuje-nie-tylko-cena/nck5xhm |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Auto Świat |language=pl}}</ref> == Rebadged Italian versions == === Cirelli 4 === [[File:Cirelli 4.jpg|thumb|Cirelli 4 (2024)]] Until 2024, Italian company [[Cirelli Motor Company]] rebadged the Mofang as the [[Cirelli 4]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cirelli 4 |url=https://cirellimotorcompany.com/cirelli-4/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Cirelli Motor Company |language=it |archive-date=2024-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514125822/https://cirellimotorcompany.com/cirelli-4/ }}</ref> it had both petrol and LPG options. === Tiger Six === In September 2024, [[DR Automobiles Groupe]], shown the Tiger Six for some European markets under their [[Tiger (car)|Tiger]] marque name,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carmone |first=Alberto |date=2024-09-13 |title=DR porta al Salone di Torino tre modelli col nuovo marchio Tiger |url=https://it.motor1.com/news/716075/dr-modelli-tiger-caratteristiche-informazioni/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Motor1 Italia |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-09-16 |title=DR porta Tiger Six, Tiger Seven e Tiger Eight al Salone Auto Torino |url=https://www.hdmotori.it/auto/articoli/n592517/dr-tiger-six-seven-eight-nine-caratteristiche/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=HDmotori |language=it}}</ref> the main change though, is that the grill changes. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Chinese automobiles]] [[Category:2020s automobiles]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] 19c56qlhp2piktr8f015r5whfealtr5 0 1268917 10879370 10868212 2026-06-05T06:43:44Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:Businesspeople|Businesspeople]] to [[:Category:Business people|Business people]] 10879370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nadia Carlsten | image = | caption = | occupation = Technology executive | known_for = [[Artificial intelligence]] and quantum computing | education = [[University of Virginia]] | alma_mater = [[University of California]], [[Berkeley]] | title = Former CEO of Danish Centre for AI Innovation }} '''Nadia Carlsten''' is a technology executive. She is known for her work in artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum computing. She was the founding chief executive officer (CEO) of the Danish Centre for AI Innovation (DCAI), the company that operates Denmark’s AI supercomputer, Gefion.<ref name="NNF-CEO-2024">{{cite web |title=CEO appointed to lead Denmark’s AI supercomputer initiative |url=https://novonordiskfonden.dk/en/news/ceo-appointed-to-lead-denmarks-ai-supercomputer-initiative/ |website=Novo Nordisk Foundation |date=14 August 2024 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Netavisen-2024">{{cite web |title=Nadia Carlsten bliver CEO for Danmarks nye AI-supercomputer |url=https://www.netavisen.dk/da-dk/nyheder/navnenyt/nyt-job/nadia-carlsten-bliver-ceo-for-danmarks-nye-ai-supercomputer/1043/ |website=Netavisen |date=14 August 2024 |language=da |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="DagensAI-2024">{{cite web |title=Nadia Carlsten leder Danmarks første AI-supercomputer Gefion |url=https://dagensai.dk/danmark/nadia-carlsten-leder-danmarks-foerste-ai-supercomputer-gefion/ |website=Dagens AI |date=15 August 2024 |language=da |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> == Education == Carlsten studied at the University of Virginia. She later earned a PhD in engineering from the University of California, Berkeley.<ref name="Borsen-2024-08-14">{{cite news |last=Kruse |first=Pelle Taus |title=Amerikansk teknologiprofil skal lede Danmarks første AI-supercomputer |url=https://borsen.dk/nyheder/ai/amerikansk-teknologiprofil-skal-lede-danmarks-forste-ai-supercomputer |work=Børsen |date=14 August 2024 |language=da |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="VivaTech">{{cite web |title=Nadia Carlsten |url=https://vivatech.com/speakers/8c2c10c4-0738-f011-a5f1-6045bda07d25 |website=VivaTech |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> == Career == === Early career === Carlsten worked at the United States Department of Energy in 2013. She later worked at the United States Department of Homeland Security from 2016 to 2019.<ref name="Borsen-2024-08-14" /> === Amazon Web Services === Carlsten worked at Amazon Web Services (AWS) from 2019 to 2022.<ref name="Borsen-2024-08-14" /> According to Amazon, she joined the Amazon Braket team in 2020 as a senior technical product manager. She later became head of product at the AWS Center for Quantum Computing.<ref name="AmazonScience-2022">{{cite web |title=Nadia Carlsten drives Amazon's quest for a quantum breakthrough |url=https://www.amazon.science/working-at-amazon/nadia-carlsten-drives-amazons-quest-for-a-quantum-breakthrough |website=Amazon Science |date=17 March 2022 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> === SandboxAQ === In 2022, Carlsten joined SandboxAQ as vice president of product.<ref name="HPCwire-2022">{{cite web |title=SandboxAQ Welcomes Nadia Carlsten as Vice President of Product |url=https://www.hpcwire.com/off-the-wire/sandbox-welcomes-nadia-carlsten-as-vice-president-of-product/ |website=HPCwire |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> SandboxAQ is a company connected to Google. She worked there on product development and strategy until 2024.<ref name="Borsen-2024-08-14" /> In 2024, she left the company to lead Denmark’s AI supercomputer project.<ref name="TQI-2024-08-14">{{cite web |last=Swayne |first=Matt |title=Nadia Carlsten Leaves SandboxAQ to Lead Denmark’s First AI Supercomputer Initiative |url=https://thequantuminsider.com/2024/08/14/nadia-carlsten-leaves-sandboxaq-to-lead-denmarks-first-ai-supercomputer-initiative/ |website=The Quantum Insider |date=14 August 2024 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> === Danish Centre for AI Innovation === In August 2024, the Novo Nordisk Foundation and Denmark’s Export and Investment Fund (EIFO) announced that Carlsten would become CEO of the Danish Centre for AI Innovation (DCAI).<ref name="NNF-CEO-2024" /><ref name="Netavisen-2024" /><ref name="Berlingske-2024">{{cite news |title=Hun flytter fra USA til Danmark for at blive chef for en af verdens største supercomputere |url=https://www.berlingske.dk/business/hun-flytter-fra-usa-til-danmark-for-at-blive-chef-for-en-af-verdens-stoerste-supercomputeredanmark-staar-i-en-unik-position |work=Berlingske |date=17 August 2024 |language=da |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="ITWatch-2024">{{cite web |title=Dansk AI-satsning henter topchef fra USA |url=https://itwatch.dk/ITNyt/Profiler/article18926897.ece |website=ITWatch |language=da |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> The organization was created to run '''Gefion''', Denmark’s national AI supercomputer. Gefion was developed with NVIDIA to support AI research and innovation.<ref name="DagensAI-2024" /><ref name="WiWo-2025">{{cite news |title=Nadia Carlsten von Novo Nordisk: „Ich habe den coolsten Job Dänemarks“ |url=https://www.wiwo.de/unternehmen/industrie/nadia-carlsten-von-novo-nordisk-ich-habe-den-coolsten-job-daenemarks/100157148.html |work=WirtschaftsWoche |language=de |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> In October 2024, Gefion officially started operating in Copenhagen. The launch event included King Frederik X of Denmark, NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang and Carlsten.<ref name="NNF-operational-2024">{{cite web |title=Denmark’s first AI supercomputer is now operational |url=https://novonordiskfonden.dk/en/news/denmarks-first-ai-supercomputer-is-now-operational/ |website=Novo Nordisk Foundation |date=23 October 2024 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="NVIDIA-2024-10-23">{{cite web |title=Denmark Launches Leading Sovereign AI Supercomputer Gefion With NVIDIA |url=https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/denmark-sovereign-ai-supercomputer/ |website=NVIDIA Blog |date=23 October 2024 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Reuters-2024-10-23">{{cite news |title=EU lags US and China in AI investments, Nvidia CEO says |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/eu-lags-us-china-ai-investments-nvidia-ceo-says-2024-10-23/ |work=Reuters |date=23 October 2024 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="FiresideChat">{{cite web |title=Fireside chat with Jensen Huang and Nadia Carlsten |url=https://novonordiskfonden.dk/en/video/fireside-chat-with-jensen-huang-and-nadia-carlsten/ |website=Novo Nordisk Foundation |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> Some reports described Gefion as one of the largest AI supercomputers in Europe.<ref name="Berlingske-2024" /><ref name="WiWo-2025" /> In January 2026, DCAI announced that Carlsten would step down as CEO.<ref name="DCAI-transition-2026">{{cite web |title=Leadership Transition at DCAI |url=https://dcai.dk/news/leadership-transition-at-dcai |website=Danish Centre for AI Innovation |date=16 January 2026 |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Finans-2026">{{cite news |title=Nadia Carlsten stod på scenen med kongen – nu er hun væk |url=https://finans.dk/kommentar/ECE19004909/nadia-carlsten-stod-paa-scenen-med-kongen-nu-er-hun-vaek/ |work=Finans |language=da |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> === Other activities === Carlsten joined the board of directors of Dawn Health.<ref name="DawnHealth">{{cite web |title=Dawn Health welcomes Nadia Carlsten to the Board of Directors |url=https://www.dawnhealth.com/insights/dawn-health-welcomes-nadia-carlsten-to-the-board-of-directors |website=Dawn Health |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> She has also spoken at technology and quantum computing events, including Quantum + AI in New York City.<ref name="IQT">{{cite web |title=Nadia Carlsten, CEO, Danish Centre for AI Innovation A/S (DCAI), Novo Nordisk Foundation, Will Speak on the Executive Roundtable |url=https://www.insidequantumtechnology.com/news-archive/nadia-carlsten-ceo-danish-centre-for-ai-innovation-a-s-dcai-novo-nordisk-foundation-will-speak-on-the-executive-roundtable-a-summing-up-at-quantum-ai-in-nyc-october-29-30/ |website=Inside Quantum Technology |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> == Media == Carlsten has appeared in Danish business media to discuss AI and technology strategy.<ref name="ING-2025">{{cite web |title=Hun tændte Danmarks største supercomputer sammen med kongen |url=https://pro.ing.dk/compliancetech/artikel/hun-taendte-danmarks-stoerste-supercomputer-sammen-med-kongen-nu-punkterer-nadia-carlsten-ministers |website=Ingeniøren |language=da |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Business people]] [[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]] pq2g7ijlp1zx7n5nlobx0siy17pi0ev 0 1269009 10879377 10877462 2026-06-05T06:46:09Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:SUVs|SUVs]] to [[:Category:Sport utility vehicles|Sport utility vehicles]] 10879377 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kia EV9 GT IAA 2025 DSC 2082.jpg|thumb|2025 Kia EV9]] The '''Kia EV9''' is an electric [[SUV]] produced by [[Kia Corporation|Kia Motors]] since [[2023]]. It is the second electric model from the brand,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gauthier |first=Michael |date=March 14, 2023 |title=2024 Kia EV9 SUV Debuts With Concept Looks, Swiveling Seats And 3rd Row |url=https://www.carscoops.com/2023/03/2024-kia-ev9-suv-debuts-with-concept-looks-swivelling-seats-and-3rd-row/ |website=Carscoops}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2023 |title=2024 Kia EV9 Revealed As Electric Telluride In First Official Images |url=https://insideevs.com/news/657241/2024-kia-ev9-revealed-official-images/ |website=InsideEVs}}</ref> and has a GT version since 2024. == External links == <ref>{{Cite web|title=7 giorni con Kia EV9, l'elettrica (quasi) perfetta|url=https://www.fleetmagazine.com/videogallery/7-giorni-con-kia-ev9-video/|access-date=2026-05-25|website=Fleet Magazine|language=it-IT}}</ref> [[Category:Kia automobiles|EV9]] [[Category:battery electric vehicles]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] [[Category:2020s automobiles]] 1sbignw6fawq6iyw8iru5ucbixhmn50 0 1269012 10879378 10877464 2026-06-05T06:46:15Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:SUVs|SUVs]] to [[:Category:Sport utility vehicles|Sport utility vehicles]] 10879378 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Kia Niro''' is an [[SUV]] produced by [[Kia Corporation|Kia Motors]] since [[2016]], it is availiable in both [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] and [[electric vehicle|electric]] versions, and has been produced in 2 generations. The first in 2016 and the other in [[2022]]. [[File:2017 Kia Niro 3 S-A 1.6.jpg|thumb|First generation]] [[File:Kia Niro (SG2) PHEV 1X7A6014.jpg|thumb|Second generation]] == External links == <ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-20|title=Nuova Kia Niro: il crossover si rinnova e punta tutto sul full-hybrid per conquistare l'Europa|url=https://autoappassionati.it/novita/nuova-kia-niro-il-crossover-si-rinnova-e-punta-tutto-sul-full-hybrid-per-conquistare-leuropa|access-date=2026-05-25|website=Autoappassionati.it|language=it}}</ref> [[Category:Kia automobiles|Niro]] [[Category:hybrid vehicles]] [[Category:battery electric vehicles]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] [[Category:2010s automobiles]] [[Category:2020s automobiles]] p8nmznbzrtxzy1l1drep4v5sq9wkw1g 0 1269013 10879379 10877455 2026-06-05T06:46:19Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:SUVs|SUVs]] to [[:Category:Sport utility vehicles|Sport utility vehicles]] 10879379 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Kia Seltos''' is an [[SUV]] produced since [[2019]] by [[Kia Motors]] in 2 generations the first in 2019.<ref name="Motor12">{{cite web|last=Padeanu|first=Adrian|date=2019-06-20|title=2020 Kia Seltos Debuts As New Global Compact SUV|url=https://www.motor1.com/news/355680/2020-kia-seltos-suv-revealed/|access-date=2019-06-20|publisher=[[Motorsport Network]]}}</ref> and the other in [[2025]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stafford |first=Eric |date=2025-12-10 |title=2027 Kia Seltos Is Bigger Than Before and Looks More Like an EV |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a69676746/2027-kia-seltos-revealed/ |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=Car and Driver}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stafford |first=Eric |date=2025-12-10 |title=View Interior and Exterior Photos of the 2027 Kia Seltos |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/photos/g69665228/2027-kia-seltos-revealed-gallery/ |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=Car and Driver}}</ref> It is positioned between the [[Kia Sonet|Sonet]], [[Kia Stonic|Stonic]], and the [[Kia Sportage|Sportage]]. It was sold as the [[Kia KX3|KX3]] in China from 2019 to 2023.<ref name="Chinapev">{{cite web|last=Hu|date=2019-09-05|title=All-New Kia KX3 (Seltos) China Version Debut on 2019 Chengdu Motor Show|url=https://www.chinapev.com/dongfeng/dongfeng-yueda-kia/all-new-kia-kx3-seltos-china-version-debut-on-2019-chengdu-motor-show/|website=China Car News|accessdate=2019-11-09}}</ref> [[File:Kia Seltos IMG 9152.jpg|thumb|First generation]] [[File:Kia Seltos front Poznań Motor Show 2026.jpg|thumb|Second generation]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Kia automobiles|Seltos]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] [[Category:2010s automobiles]] [[Category:2020s automobiles]] goy4gddni6ui70klrr1le4mrn5qvofh 0 1269015 10879381 10877457 2026-06-05T06:46:29Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:SUVs|SUVs]] to [[:Category:Sport utility vehicles|Sport utility vehicles]] 10879381 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Kia XCeed''' is a [[crossover SUV]] produced by [[Kia Corporation|Kia Motors]] since [[2019]], it is based on the [[Kia Ceed]], it was updated 2 times in [[2022]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Jose Antonio |date=2022-07-18 |title=Kia Released XCEED Facelift |url=https://thekoreancarblog.com/kia-released-xceed-facelift/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Korean Car Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> and 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Jose Antonio |date=2026-05-04 |title=Kia Officially Unveils the New XCeed: A Second Facelift for Kia's Best-selling Crossover |url=https://thekoreancarblog.com/kia-officially-unveils-the-new-xceed-a-second-facelift-for-kias-best-selling-crossover/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=Korean Car Blog |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kia XCeed: con il nuovo restyling cambia volto|url=https://www.alvolante.it/news/kia-xceed-2026-restyling-prime-immagini-e-informazioni-413609|access-date=2026-05-25|website=www.alvolante.it|language=it-IT}}</ref> [[File:Kia XCeed (2022) Ditzingen Mobil IMG 9816.jpg|thumb|Kia XCeed]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Kia automobiles|Xceed]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] [[Category:2010s automobiles]] [[Category:2020s automobiles]] 9l0efu67rwbaa9xs31ytpe5vftvkuzr 0 1269016 10879380 10877465 2026-06-05T06:46:24Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:SUVs|SUVs]] to [[:Category:Sport utility vehicles|Sport utility vehicles]] 10879380 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Kia Syros''' is an small [[crossover SUV]] produced by [[Kia Corporation|Kia Motors]] from 2025, it has the new design language, and is available for the Indian market only,<ref>https://www.team-bhp.com/news/kia-syros-unveiled-india-bookings-open-january-3</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-19|title=Kia Syros - La "kei car" per il mercato indiano|url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/nuovi-modelli/2024/12/19/kia_syros_suv_compatta_dimensioni_motori_allestimento_sicurezza.html|access-date=2026-05-25|website=Quattroruote.it|language=it}}</ref> it was updated in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2026 Kia Syros launched at Rs 8.39 lakh; gets new variants {{!}} Team-BHP |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/news/2026-kia-syros-launched-rs-839-lakh-gets-new-variants |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Team-BHP.com |language=en}}</ref> [[File:2025 Kia Syros AY.jpg|thumb|Kia Syros]] == References == {{reflist}} == External links == [[Category:Kia automobiles|Syros]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] [[Category:2020s automobiles]] 59cmpmhwc7lghjb73sqqow9xjgoyevy 0 1269104 10879200 10878021 2026-06-05T01:08:50Z ~2026-31265-91 1810417 10879200 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2024 Fiat Pandina IMG 0743.jpg|thumb|Fiat Pandina in the Cross version ]] The '''Fiat Pandina''' is a special version of the [[Fiat Panda|Panda]], produced by [[Fiat]] since 2024, its name means "little Panda". And is available in 3 versions named Pop, Icon and Cross.<ref>[https://uk.motor1.com/news/710602/fiat-panda-pandina-2024-debut/ The Fiat Pandina is born, a celebration of a legend] www.motor1.com, retrieved 29 February 2024.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mazzu|first=Roberto "Maz"|date=2026-05-26|title=Fiat Pandina, Grande Panda e Grizzly: ecco come sarà la 'famiglia orsi' entro il 2028|url=https://auto.everyeye.it/notizie/fiat-pandina-panda-grizzly-come-famiglia-orsi-entro-2028-880426.html|access-date=2026-05-26|website=Everyeye Auto|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fiat Pandina oppure Fiat Grande Panda? Costi e allestimenti a confronto|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/motori/la-mia-auto/storie/25-05-2026/fiat-pandina-contro-fiat-grande-panda-cosa-scegliere-prezzi-piu-economica/fiat-contro-fiat.shtml|access-date=2026-05-26|website=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it-IT}}</ref> <gallery> File:2024 Fiat Pandina Automesse Ludwigsburg 2024 IMG 1686.jpg|link=file:///2024_Fiat_Pandina_Automesse_Ludwigsburg_2024_IMG_1686.jpg|Rear File:2026 Fiat Pandina 1.0 Hybrid Pop.jpg|link=file:///2026_Fiat_Pandina_1.0_Hybrid_Pop.jpg|Fiat Pandina in the Pop version </gallery> == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category-inline|Fiat Pandina}} 5uo83nnyn5804pga0iv5n7qiz5nk7xw 10879394 10879200 2026-06-05T07:10:31Z Pi bot 795348 Removing Commons category (Fiat Pandina) as it does not exist 10879394 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2024 Fiat Pandina IMG 0743.jpg|thumb|Fiat Pandina in the Cross version ]] The '''Fiat Pandina''' is a special version of the [[Fiat Panda|Panda]], produced by [[Fiat]] since 2024, its name means "little Panda". And is available in 3 versions named Pop, Icon and Cross.<ref>[https://uk.motor1.com/news/710602/fiat-panda-pandina-2024-debut/ The Fiat Pandina is born, a celebration of a legend] www.motor1.com, retrieved 29 February 2024.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mazzu|first=Roberto "Maz"|date=2026-05-26|title=Fiat Pandina, Grande Panda e Grizzly: ecco come sarà la 'famiglia orsi' entro il 2028|url=https://auto.everyeye.it/notizie/fiat-pandina-panda-grizzly-come-famiglia-orsi-entro-2028-880426.html|access-date=2026-05-26|website=Everyeye Auto|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fiat Pandina oppure Fiat Grande Panda? Costi e allestimenti a confronto|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/motori/la-mia-auto/storie/25-05-2026/fiat-pandina-contro-fiat-grande-panda-cosa-scegliere-prezzi-piu-economica/fiat-contro-fiat.shtml|access-date=2026-05-26|website=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it-IT}}</ref> <gallery> File:2024 Fiat Pandina Automesse Ludwigsburg 2024 IMG 1686.jpg|link=file:///2024_Fiat_Pandina_Automesse_Ludwigsburg_2024_IMG_1686.jpg|Rear File:2026 Fiat Pandina 1.0 Hybrid Pop.jpg|link=file:///2026_Fiat_Pandina_1.0_Hybrid_Pop.jpg|Fiat Pandina in the Pop version </gallery> == References == {{reflist}} == External links == 4pa5hrz7ld9i1uc51tt07vsog9wpx7u 4 1269227 10878924 10872627 2026-06-04T18:34:13Z Ternera 1467751 Closing RfD as delete; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/2763]] 10878924 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #EDEAFF; padding: 0px 10px 0px 10px; border: 1px solid #8779DD;"> :''The following discussion is closed. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive top--> ---- {{Deleted|1=[[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 18:34, 4 June 2026 (UTC)}} <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === 2763 === :{{lc|2763}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/2763|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/2763}} open RfD subpage]</span> Readmymind8777 ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Not mentioned in article. [[User:Readmymind8777|Readmymind8777]] ([[User talk:Readmymind8777|talk]]) 00:04, 28 May 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *{{vd}} 2763 is a [https://battlefordreamisland.fandom.com/wiki/2,763 running easter egg] in the Battle For Dream Island series, but I don't see why that makes it relevant for a redirect. [[User:Tymewalk|Tymewalk]] ([[User talk:Tymewalk|talk]]) 08:34, 28 May 2026 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''00:04, 4 June 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> ---- :''The above discussion is preserved as an [[Help:Archiving a talk page|archive]]. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not change it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page, such as the current discussion page. No more changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive bottom --></div> qp3awwk15pvzbyg73phahtkuc8uw51f 4 1269252 10878921 10872312 2026-06-04T18:33:08Z Ternera 1467751 Closing RfD as delete; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Fairy Oddparents: The Movie]] 10878921 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #EDEAFF; padding: 0px 10px 0px 10px; border: 1px solid #8779DD;"> :''The following discussion is closed. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive top--> ---- {{Deleted|1=[[WP:SOFTDELETE]] [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 18:33, 4 June 2026 (UTC)}} <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === The Fairy Oddparents: The Movie === :{{lc|The Fairy Oddparents: The Movie}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Fairy Oddparents: The Movie|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Fairy Oddparents: The Movie}} open RfD subpage]</span> Tymewalk ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' While the show did have multiple movies and specials, none of them were an "animated musical film", and none of them had this exact title or release date. [[User:Tymewalk|Tymewalk]] ([[User talk:Tymewalk|talk]]) 07:44, 28 May 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''07:44, 4 June 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> ---- :''The above discussion is preserved as an [[Help:Archiving a talk page|archive]]. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not change it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page, such as the current discussion page. No more changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive bottom --></div> d6l9208ihrhl3fzl60ishozf9rbhlei 4 1269257 10878918 10872373 2026-06-04T18:32:40Z Ternera 1467751 Closing RfD as delete; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Shillings]] 10878918 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #EDEAFF; padding: 0px 10px 0px 10px; border: 1px solid #8779DD;"> :''The following discussion is closed. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not modify it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive top--> ---- {{Deleted|1=[[WP:SOFTDELETE]] [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 18:32, 4 June 2026 (UTC)}} <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === The Shillings === :{{lc|The Shillings}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Shillings|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Shillings}} open RfD subpage]</span> Tymewalk ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' The Shillings were a real band, but it seems unlikely they pass [[WP:GNG]]. Searching for information about them online doesn't bring up very much - apparently they were somewhat popular in their area at the time, but never became popular nationally. I don't have access to any sources for bands specifically, though (I'm just using a search engine), so if anyone does have other sources, that'd be appreciated. [[User:Tymewalk|Tymewalk]] ([[User talk:Tymewalk|talk]]) 08:29, 28 May 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''08:29, 4 June 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> ---- :''The above discussion is preserved as an [[Help:Archiving a talk page|archive]]. <span style="color:red">'''Please do not change it.'''</span> Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page, such as the current discussion page. No more changes should be made to this discussion.''<!-- from Template:Archive bottom --></div> o1121nv0ch0kdi83ynhnlhrh19rbvq3 0 1269278 10879386 10877489 2026-06-05T06:46:55Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:SUVs|SUVs]] to [[:Category:Sport utility vehicles|Sport utility vehicles]] 10879386 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:TOYOTA CROWN (S210) China (2).jpg|thumb|Toyota Crown]] The '''Toyota Crown''' is a executive [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] produced by [[Toyota]] since 1955. It is sold as a premium car in the brand's lineup in Japan, from 1958-1973 they exported it to the [[United States|US]] being the first Toyota car sold there.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131008203548/http://toyota50th.com/pdf/cars.pdf</ref> In 2022 Toyota announced the launch of 3 new Crown models, the Crown Crossover. A hybrid between a Sedan and a [[SUV]],<ref>https://www.carscoops.com/2022/07/toyota-crown-returns-to-america-with-standard-awd-and-up-to-340-hp/</ref><ref>https://www.autoblog.com/news/2023-toyota-crown-revealed</ref> a compact SUV named Sport<ref>https://www.caranddriver.co.jp/newcar/23193/</ref> launched in 2023 though,<ref>https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/toyota/39070994.html</ref> and the Estate/Signia, a SUV with a low roof launched in 2024.<ref>https://www.motor1.com/news/696267/2025-toyota-crown-signia-debut/</ref> == Crown subbrand == [[File:2021 FAW-Toyota Crown Kluger.jpg|thumb|2021 Crown Kluger]] In 2020 after the phase-out of the Crown in [[PRC|China]], Toyota turned the Crown name into a premium subbrand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Toyota Crown Minivan Makes Surprise Debut At Auto Shanghai|url=https://www.motor1.com/news/503022/toyota-crown-minivan-reveal-photos/|access-date=2021-04-24|website=Motor1.com|language=en}}</ref> in 2021, Its first models were the Crown Kluger, and the Crown Vellfire.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-20|title=Toyota also slapped a Crown badge on the Vellfire - Auto News|url=https://www.autoindustriya.com/auto-industry-news/toyota-also-slapped-a-crown-badge-on-the-vellfire.html|access-date=2021-04-24|website=AutoIndustriya.com|language=en}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:1955 Toyopet Crown 01.jpg|First generation (1955–1962) File:1967 Toyota Crown (MS45) sedan (15696855227).jpg|Second generation (1962–1967) File:CrownS50.jpg|Third generation (1967–1971) File:1973-1975 Toyota Crown (MS65) SE sedan (2015-12-07) 01.jpg|Fourth generation (1971–1974) File:1978 Toyota Crown 2600 Saloon (7862592240).jpg|Fifth generation (1974–1978) File:110 crown supersaloon.jpg|Sixth generation (1978–1983) File:S120 CROWN SD 1.jpg|Seventh generation (1983–1987) File:CrownGS131SuperSaloon.jpg|Eighth generation (1987–1991) File:1993 Crown Royal Touring S140 (cropped).jpg|Ninth Generation (1991–1995) File:1997 Toyota Crown Royal Saloon in Alpine Silver, front left.jpg|Tenth generation (1995–1999) File:S170Crown.jpg|Eleventh generation (1999–2003) File:TOYOTA CROWN (S180) China (29) (cropped).jpg|Twelfth generation (2003–2008) File:2008 Toyota Crown-Royal 01.jpg|Thirteenth generation (2008–2012) File:2012 Toyota Crown-Royal 01.jpg|Fourteenth generation (2012–2018) File:Toyota Crown Hybrid S220 White Pearl Crystal Shine (1) (cropped).jpg|Fifteenth generation (2018–2022) File:Toyota Crown Sedan Z Hybrid front left.jpg|Sixteenth generation (2023–) File:2024 Toyota Crown Crossover RS in Black and Precious Bronze, front left.jpg|Crown Crossover File:Toyota CROWN "SPORT Z" (6AA-AZSH36W-BNXGB).jpg|Crown Sport File:2025 Toyota Crown Signia Limited in Storm Cloud, front right, 2025-04-14.jpg|Crown Estate (Signia) </gallery> == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category-inline|Toyota Crown}} [[Category:Toyota automobiles|Crown]] [[Category:Toyota automobiles|Crown Crossover]] [[Category:Toyota automobiles|Crown Sport]] [[Category:Toyota automobiles|Crown Signia]] [[Category:Sedans]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] [[Category:1950s automobiles]] [[Category:1960s automobiles]] [[Category:1970s automobiles]] [[Category:1980s automobiles]] [[Category:1990s automobiles]] [[Category:2000s automobiles]] [[Category:2010s automobiles]] [[Category:2020s automobiles]] qeopkuwk4j9kfl8b8nqhpch71nz5w6t 0 1269323 10879269 10875293 2026-06-05T03:39:36Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 TDKR Chicago 101 moved page [[Magnifica Humanitas]] to [[Magnifica humanitas]]: Per enwiki 10875293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} [[File:Pope Leo XIV 2 (4x5 cropped).png|thumb|right|200px|[[Pope Leo XIV]] wrote ''Magnifica Humanitas'' where he warns about the growing use of [[artificial intelligence]]]] '''{{lang|la|Magnifica Humanitas}}''' is the first [[encyclical]] of [[Pope Leo XIV]]. It talks about Leo's worries with "preserving the [[humanity|human person]] in the age of [[artificial intelligence]]". It was published on 25 May 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-05/pope-leo-xiv-first-encyclical-magnifica-humanitas.html|title= Pope Leo XIV's first encyclical ''Magnifica humanitas'' to be published May 25|work=[[Vatican News]]|date=18 May 2026|access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/comunicazioni/2026/05/18/260518a.html|title= Information for journalists|work=[[Holy See Press Office]]|date=18 May 2026|access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref> Leo XIV chose to present the encyclical personally, unlike most other popes who has [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]] present it.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web | url =https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cedppn6002jo |title=Pope Leo says AI must be 'disarmed' in first major teaching|publisher=[[BBC]]| date=25 May 2026| accessdate =25 May 2026|last=Maqbool|first=Aleem|last2=Wyatt|first2=Catherine}}</ref> The presentation was attended by AI experts, including [[Anthropic]] co-founder [[Chris Olah]].<ref name="bbc"/> Since the [[Inauguration of Pope Leo XIV|beginning of his pontificate]], Pope Leo XIV always said that the rise of artificial intelligence and crisis of human [[dignity]] and of [[wikt:multilateralism|multilateralism]] were major concerns. The encyclical was timed to connect with [[Pope Leo XIII]]'s ''[[Rerum novarum]]'' encyclical of 1891 about [[industrialisation]]. It was released on the 135th anniversary of Leo XIII's encyclical.<ref name=mh>{{cite web|author=Pope Leo XIV|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiv/en/encyclicals/documents/20260515-magnifica-humanitas.html|title=Magnifica humanitas|date=25 May 2026}}</ref> The encyclical also criticizes the use of AI in [[warfare]], saying that removing human control of weaponry makes it harder to justify a war.<ref name="bbc"/> Leo wrote that "The 'just war' theory which has all too often been used to justify any kind of war, is now outdated."<ref>{{Cite news |last=McElwee |first=Joshua |date=25 May 2026 |title=Pope, urging AI regulation, warns some weapons now beyond human control |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/pope-leo-urges-world-slow-down-ai-fervent-first-manifesto-2026-05-25/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The encyclical also criticizes [[deepfake]]s in politics.<ref name="bbc"/> Leo wrote in ''Magnifica Humanitas'' that technology is never neutral, arguing that humanity faces a choice between "constructing [[Tower of Babel|Babel]] and [[New Jerusalem|rebuilding Jerusalem]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brockhaus |first=Hannah |date=2026-05-25 |title='Magnifica Humanitas': Pope Leo Invokes Justice to Combat 'Anti-Human Vision' in AI |url=https://www.ncregister.com/cna/pope-leo-ai-magnifica-humanitas |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=[[National Catholic Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Schechner |first1=Sam |last2=Stancati |first2=Margherita |date=2026-05-25 |title=Pope Leo Compares AI Threat to Biblical 'Tower of Babel' |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/pope-leo-ai-encyclical-c5e1af6c |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> The encyclical also has apologies for the [[Catholic Church]]'s role in [[slavery]].<ref name="bbc" /><ref name="reuters"> {{cite news |title=Pope Leo apologises for Church's historic role in slavery |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pope-leo-apologises-churchs-historic-role-slavery-2026-05-25/ |work=Reuters |date=May 25, 2026| access-date=May 27, 2026| url-status=live}}</ref> Pope Leo also quoted [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] from his ''[[The Lord of the Rings|The Lord of the Rings Part III: The Return of the King (Book V)]]''. He quoted the part "We can all do our part".<ref name="bbc" /><ref name="reuters"/> ''Magnifica Humanitas'' was well received by the press with many believing it will define Pope Leo's papacy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Streitfeld |first=David |date=2026-05-25 |title=As A.I. Fever Rises in Silicon Valley, Pope Leo Has a Few Words |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/05/25/technology/pope-ai-silicon-valley.html |access-date=2026-05-25 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> The encyclical was the first to be published without an official [[Latin language|Latin]] version.<ref>{{citation |url=https://infovaticana.com/en/2026/05/26/the-first-encyclical-without-a-latin-version-reveals-a-profound-transformation-in-rome/ |title=The first encyclical without a Latin version reveals a profound transformation in the Vatican |date=26 May 2026 |magazine=Infovaticana}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{History of the Catholic Church}} [[Category:May 2026 events]] [[Category:Pope Leo XIV]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]] [[Category:Papal encyclicals]] 5cvl9zvunvjdoqnthxabwue7kx561vj 10879271 10879269 2026-06-05T03:39:50Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} [[File:Pope Leo XIV 2 (4x5 cropped).png|thumb|right|200px|[[Pope Leo XIV]] wrote ''Magnifica humanitas'' where he warns about the growing use of [[artificial intelligence]]]] '''{{lang|la|Magnifica Humanitas}}''' is the first [[encyclical]] of [[Pope Leo XIV]]. It talks about Leo's worries with "preserving the [[humanity|human person]] in the age of [[artificial intelligence]]". It was published on 25 May 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-05/pope-leo-xiv-first-encyclical-magnifica-humanitas.html|title= Pope Leo XIV's first encyclical ''Magnifica humanitas'' to be published May 25|work=[[Vatican News]]|date=18 May 2026|access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/comunicazioni/2026/05/18/260518a.html|title= Information for journalists|work=[[Holy See Press Office]]|date=18 May 2026|access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref> Leo XIV chose to present the encyclical personally, unlike most other popes who has [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]] present it.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web | url =https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cedppn6002jo |title=Pope Leo says AI must be 'disarmed' in first major teaching|publisher=[[BBC]]| date=25 May 2026| accessdate =25 May 2026|last=Maqbool|first=Aleem|last2=Wyatt|first2=Catherine}}</ref> The presentation was attended by AI experts, including [[Anthropic]] co-founder [[Chris Olah]].<ref name="bbc"/> Since the [[Inauguration of Pope Leo XIV|beginning of his pontificate]], Pope Leo XIV always said that the rise of artificial intelligence and crisis of human [[dignity]] and of [[wikt:multilateralism|multilateralism]] were major concerns. The encyclical was timed to connect with [[Pope Leo XIII]]'s ''[[Rerum novarum]]'' encyclical of 1891 about [[industrialisation]]. It was released on the 135th anniversary of Leo XIII's encyclical.<ref name=mh>{{cite web|author=Pope Leo XIV|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiv/en/encyclicals/documents/20260515-magnifica-humanitas.html|title=Magnifica humanitas|date=25 May 2026}}</ref> The encyclical also criticizes the use of AI in [[warfare]], saying that removing human control of weaponry makes it harder to justify a war.<ref name="bbc"/> Leo wrote that "The 'just war' theory which has all too often been used to justify any kind of war, is now outdated."<ref>{{Cite news |last=McElwee |first=Joshua |date=25 May 2026 |title=Pope, urging AI regulation, warns some weapons now beyond human control |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/pope-leo-urges-world-slow-down-ai-fervent-first-manifesto-2026-05-25/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The encyclical also criticizes [[deepfake]]s in politics.<ref name="bbc"/> Leo wrote in ''Magnifica Humanitas'' that technology is never neutral, arguing that humanity faces a choice between "constructing [[Tower of Babel|Babel]] and [[New Jerusalem|rebuilding Jerusalem]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brockhaus |first=Hannah |date=2026-05-25 |title='Magnifica Humanitas': Pope Leo Invokes Justice to Combat 'Anti-Human Vision' in AI |url=https://www.ncregister.com/cna/pope-leo-ai-magnifica-humanitas |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=[[National Catholic Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Schechner |first1=Sam |last2=Stancati |first2=Margherita |date=2026-05-25 |title=Pope Leo Compares AI Threat to Biblical 'Tower of Babel' |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/pope-leo-ai-encyclical-c5e1af6c |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> The encyclical also has apologies for the [[Catholic Church]]'s role in [[slavery]].<ref name="bbc" /><ref name="reuters"> {{cite news |title=Pope Leo apologises for Church's historic role in slavery |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pope-leo-apologises-churchs-historic-role-slavery-2026-05-25/ |work=Reuters |date=May 25, 2026| access-date=May 27, 2026| url-status=live}}</ref> Pope Leo also quoted [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] from his ''[[The Lord of the Rings|The Lord of the Rings Part III: The Return of the King (Book V)]]''. He quoted the part "We can all do our part".<ref name="bbc" /><ref name="reuters"/> ''Magnifica Humanitas'' was well received by the press with many believing it will define Pope Leo's papacy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Streitfeld |first=David |date=2026-05-25 |title=As A.I. Fever Rises in Silicon Valley, Pope Leo Has a Few Words |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/05/25/technology/pope-ai-silicon-valley.html |access-date=2026-05-25 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> The encyclical was the first to be published without an official [[Latin language|Latin]] version.<ref>{{citation |url=https://infovaticana.com/en/2026/05/26/the-first-encyclical-without-a-latin-version-reveals-a-profound-transformation-in-rome/ |title=The first encyclical without a Latin version reveals a profound transformation in the Vatican |date=26 May 2026 |magazine=Infovaticana}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{History of the Catholic Church}} [[Category:May 2026 events]] [[Category:Pope Leo XIV]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]] [[Category:Papal encyclicals]] 90mlqcsvslc2qj6ixly4jg4fh5f32fa 10879272 10879271 2026-06-05T03:40:04Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} [[File:Pope Leo XIV 2 (4x5 cropped).png|thumb|right|200px|[[Pope Leo XIV]] wrote ''Magnifica humanitas'' where he warns about the growing use of [[artificial intelligence]]]] '''{{lang|la|Magnifica humanitas}}''' is the first [[encyclical]] of [[Pope Leo XIV]]. It talks about Leo's worries with "preserving the [[humanity|human person]] in the age of [[artificial intelligence]]". It was published on 25 May 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-05/pope-leo-xiv-first-encyclical-magnifica-humanitas.html|title= Pope Leo XIV's first encyclical ''Magnifica humanitas'' to be published May 25|work=[[Vatican News]]|date=18 May 2026|access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/comunicazioni/2026/05/18/260518a.html|title= Information for journalists|work=[[Holy See Press Office]]|date=18 May 2026|access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref> Leo XIV chose to present the encyclical personally, unlike most other popes who has [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]] present it.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web | url =https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cedppn6002jo |title=Pope Leo says AI must be 'disarmed' in first major teaching|publisher=[[BBC]]| date=25 May 2026| accessdate =25 May 2026|last=Maqbool|first=Aleem|last2=Wyatt|first2=Catherine}}</ref> The presentation was attended by AI experts, including [[Anthropic]] co-founder [[Chris Olah]].<ref name="bbc"/> Since the [[Inauguration of Pope Leo XIV|beginning of his pontificate]], Pope Leo XIV always said that the rise of artificial intelligence and crisis of human [[dignity]] and of [[wikt:multilateralism|multilateralism]] were major concerns. The encyclical was timed to connect with [[Pope Leo XIII]]'s ''[[Rerum novarum]]'' encyclical of 1891 about [[industrialisation]]. It was released on the 135th anniversary of Leo XIII's encyclical.<ref name=mh>{{cite web|author=Pope Leo XIV|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiv/en/encyclicals/documents/20260515-magnifica-humanitas.html|title=Magnifica humanitas|date=25 May 2026}}</ref> The encyclical also criticizes the use of AI in [[warfare]], saying that removing human control of weaponry makes it harder to justify a war.<ref name="bbc"/> Leo wrote that "The 'just war' theory which has all too often been used to justify any kind of war, is now outdated."<ref>{{Cite news |last=McElwee |first=Joshua |date=25 May 2026 |title=Pope, urging AI regulation, warns some weapons now beyond human control |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/pope-leo-urges-world-slow-down-ai-fervent-first-manifesto-2026-05-25/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The encyclical also criticizes [[deepfake]]s in politics.<ref name="bbc"/> Leo wrote in ''Magnifica Humanitas'' that technology is never neutral, arguing that humanity faces a choice between "constructing [[Tower of Babel|Babel]] and [[New Jerusalem|rebuilding Jerusalem]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brockhaus |first=Hannah |date=2026-05-25 |title='Magnifica Humanitas': Pope Leo Invokes Justice to Combat 'Anti-Human Vision' in AI |url=https://www.ncregister.com/cna/pope-leo-ai-magnifica-humanitas |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=[[National Catholic Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Schechner |first1=Sam |last2=Stancati |first2=Margherita |date=2026-05-25 |title=Pope Leo Compares AI Threat to Biblical 'Tower of Babel' |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/pope-leo-ai-encyclical-c5e1af6c |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> The encyclical also has apologies for the [[Catholic Church]]'s role in [[slavery]].<ref name="bbc" /><ref name="reuters"> {{cite news |title=Pope Leo apologises for Church's historic role in slavery |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pope-leo-apologises-churchs-historic-role-slavery-2026-05-25/ |work=Reuters |date=May 25, 2026| access-date=May 27, 2026| url-status=live}}</ref> Pope Leo also quoted [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] from his ''[[The Lord of the Rings|The Lord of the Rings Part III: The Return of the King (Book V)]]''. He quoted the part "We can all do our part".<ref name="bbc" /><ref name="reuters"/> ''Magnifica Humanitas'' was well received by the press with many believing it will define Pope Leo's papacy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Streitfeld |first=David |date=2026-05-25 |title=As A.I. Fever Rises in Silicon Valley, Pope Leo Has a Few Words |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/05/25/technology/pope-ai-silicon-valley.html |access-date=2026-05-25 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> The encyclical was the first to be published without an official [[Latin language|Latin]] version.<ref>{{citation |url=https://infovaticana.com/en/2026/05/26/the-first-encyclical-without-a-latin-version-reveals-a-profound-transformation-in-rome/ |title=The first encyclical without a Latin version reveals a profound transformation in the Vatican |date=26 May 2026 |magazine=Infovaticana}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{History of the Catholic Church}} [[Category:May 2026 events]] [[Category:Pope Leo XIV]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]] [[Category:Papal encyclicals]] h6l5pgd6j9wc7nkswyauq149qcyqons 10879279 10879272 2026-06-05T03:43:36Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} [[File:Pope Leo XIV 2 (4x5 cropped).png|thumb|right|200px|[[Pope Leo XIV]] wrote ''Magnifica humanitas'' where he warns about the growing use of [[artificial intelligence]]]] '''{{lang|la|Magnifica humanitas}}''' ({{Literal translation|magnificent humanity}}) is the first [[encyclical]] of [[Pope Leo XIV]]. It talks about Leo's worries with "preserving the [[humanity|human person]] in the age of [[artificial intelligence]]". It was published on 25 May 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-05/pope-leo-xiv-first-encyclical-magnifica-humanitas.html|title= Pope Leo XIV's first encyclical ''Magnifica humanitas'' to be published May 25|work=[[Vatican News]]|date=18 May 2026|access-date=18 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/comunicazioni/2026/05/18/260518a.html|title= Information for journalists|work=[[Holy See Press Office]]|date=18 May 2026|access-date=20 May 2026}}</ref> Leo XIV chose to present the encyclical personally, unlike most other popes who has [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinals]] present it.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web | url =https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cedppn6002jo |title=Pope Leo says AI must be 'disarmed' in first major teaching|publisher=[[BBC]]| date=25 May 2026| accessdate =25 May 2026|last=Maqbool|first=Aleem|last2=Wyatt|first2=Catherine}}</ref> The presentation was attended by AI experts, including [[Anthropic]] co-founder [[Chris Olah]].<ref name="bbc"/> Since the [[Inauguration of Pope Leo XIV|beginning of his pontificate]], Pope Leo XIV always said that the rise of artificial intelligence and crisis of human [[dignity]] and of [[wikt:multilateralism|multilateralism]] were major concerns. The encyclical was timed to connect with [[Pope Leo XIII]]'s ''[[Rerum novarum]]'' encyclical of 1891 about [[industrialisation]]. It was released on the 135th anniversary of Leo XIII's encyclical.<ref name=mh>{{cite web|author=Pope Leo XIV|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiv/en/encyclicals/documents/20260515-magnifica-humanitas.html|title=Magnifica humanitas|date=25 May 2026}}</ref> The encyclical also criticizes the use of AI in [[warfare]], saying that removing human control of weaponry makes it harder to justify a war.<ref name="bbc"/> Leo wrote that "The 'just war' theory which has all too often been used to justify any kind of war, is now outdated."<ref>{{Cite news |last=McElwee |first=Joshua |date=25 May 2026 |title=Pope, urging AI regulation, warns some weapons now beyond human control |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/pope-leo-urges-world-slow-down-ai-fervent-first-manifesto-2026-05-25/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The encyclical also criticizes [[deepfake]]s in politics.<ref name="bbc"/> Leo wrote in ''Magnifica Humanitas'' that technology is never neutral, arguing that humanity faces a choice between "constructing [[Tower of Babel|Babel]] and [[New Jerusalem|rebuilding Jerusalem]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brockhaus |first=Hannah |date=2026-05-25 |title='Magnifica Humanitas': Pope Leo Invokes Justice to Combat 'Anti-Human Vision' in AI |url=https://www.ncregister.com/cna/pope-leo-ai-magnifica-humanitas |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=[[National Catholic Reporter]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Schechner |first1=Sam |last2=Stancati |first2=Margherita |date=2026-05-25 |title=Pope Leo Compares AI Threat to Biblical 'Tower of Babel' |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/pope-leo-ai-encyclical-c5e1af6c |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> The encyclical also has apologies for the [[Catholic Church]]'s role in [[slavery]].<ref name="bbc" /><ref name="reuters"> {{cite news |title=Pope Leo apologises for Church's historic role in slavery |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pope-leo-apologises-churchs-historic-role-slavery-2026-05-25/ |work=Reuters |date=May 25, 2026| access-date=May 27, 2026| url-status=live}}</ref> Pope Leo also quoted [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] from his ''[[The Lord of the Rings|The Lord of the Rings Part III: The Return of the King (Book V)]]''. He quoted the part "We can all do our part".<ref name="bbc" /><ref name="reuters"/> ''Magnifica Humanitas'' was well received by the press with many believing it will define Pope Leo's papacy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Streitfeld |first=David |date=2026-05-25 |title=As A.I. Fever Rises in Silicon Valley, Pope Leo Has a Few Words |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/05/25/technology/pope-ai-silicon-valley.html |access-date=2026-05-25 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> The encyclical was the first to be published without an official [[Latin language|Latin]] version.<ref>{{citation |url=https://infovaticana.com/en/2026/05/26/the-first-encyclical-without-a-latin-version-reveals-a-profound-transformation-in-rome/ |title=The first encyclical without a Latin version reveals a profound transformation in the Vatican |date=26 May 2026 |magazine=Infovaticana}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{History of the Catholic Church}} [[Category:May 2026 events]] [[Category:Pope Leo XIV]] [[Category:Artificial intelligence]] [[Category:Papal encyclicals]] dy14fdhc8k3p551z6uvok5w1qluiodn 0 1269342 10879374 10873116 2026-06-05T06:44:14Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:GameCube games|GameCube games]] to [[:Category:Nintendo GameCube games|Nintendo GameCube games]] 10879374 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Open Season''''' is an [[action-adventure game]]. It was based on the 2006 movie ''[[Open Season (movie)|Open Season]]''. It was released in the North America for [[Wii]], [[PlayStation 2]], [[PlayStation Portable]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Game Boy Advance]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]], [[Nintendo DS]] and [[GameCube]] on September 18, 2006.<ref name="ref1">https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/09/18/open-season-game-opens-at-retail</ref> The Nintendo DS version supports [[Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection]]. The game was a launch title for the Wii. While [[Patrick Warburton]], [[Maddie Taylor]], [[Nika Futterman]] and Danny Mann reprise their roles from the movie, most of the original voice actors were replaced (for example, Chris Williams and Maddie Taylor are the voices of Boog and Elliot in this game). == References == <references /> [[Category:2006 video games]] [[Category:3D platformers]] [[Category:Game Boy Advance games]] [[Category:Nintendo GameCube games]] [[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]] [[Category:Nintendo DS games]] [[Category:Open Season (franchise)]] [[Category:PlayStation 2 games]] [[Category:PlayStation Portable games]] [[Category:Ubisoft games]] [[Category:Video games about revenge]] [[Category:Video games based on movies]] [[Category:Wii games]] [[Category:Works about friendship]] [[Category:Xbox 360 games]] [[Category:Xbox games]] [[Category:Video games about animals]] bljn7x6x9bxw2zlm9y0kumpisz7wsgn 0 1269376 10879383 10877490 2026-06-05T06:46:39Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:SUVs|SUVs]] to [[:Category:Sport utility vehicles|Sport utility vehicles]] 10879383 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Maserati Levante S (01).jpg|thumb|Maserati Levante S]] The '''Maserati Levante''' is a [[SUV]] made by [[Maserati]] from 2016 to 2024.<ref name="Bloomberg 2013">{{cite web |last=Ebhardt |first=Tommaso |title=Fiat Said Ready to Build Maserati SUV in Turin With Deal |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-04/fiat-said-ready-to-build-maserati-suv-in-turin-with-deal.html |website=bloomberg.com |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]] |access-date=5 September 2013 |date=4 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2016/03/01/maserati-levante-geneva-engines/ |title=Maserati Levante is Italy's answer to the Porsche Cayenne |last=Joseph |first=Noah |website=autoblog.com |access-date=2 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexandre |date=2024-02-08 |title=Maserati Levante: we know the end of production date, and it's soon |url=https://www.italpassion.fr/en/maserati/maserati-levante-we-know-the-end-of-production-date-and-its-soon/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=ItalPassion |language=en}}</ref> It is the brand's first SUV, == Overview == [[File:Maserati Kubang (front side quarter).jpg|thumb|Maserati Kubang ]] The Levante was preceded by the Kubang in [[2011]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Bruce |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2016/03/18/maserati-levante-pricing-confirmed/ |title=Maserati Levante starts at $72,000, Levante S for $83,000 |website=autoblog.com |access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref> it was first unveiled in March 2016<ref>{{cite web |first=Chris |last=Bruce |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2016/03/18/maserati-levante-pricing-confirmed/ |title=Maserati Levante starts at $72,000, Levante S for $83,000 |website=autoblog.com |access-date=9 January 2017}}</ref> It was named after a wind that blows in the western [[mediterranean sea]], south [[France]], and down to the [[strait of Gibraltar]], it was discontinued in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kim |first1=Josh |title=Maserati Levante To Be Discontinued For 2024 |url=https://www.maseratioftysons.com/maserati-levante-to-be-discontinued-for-2024/ |website=Maserati of Tysons}}</ref> == Levante Trofeo == [[File:Maserati Levante Trofeo 1X7A0371.jpg|thumb|Maserati Levante Trofeo ]] The Levante Trofeo first shown in 2018, is the high performance variant of the Levante, it has a 582 HP 3.8 twin turbo V8 engine.<ref name="maserati.com">Maserati Media Site: [http://media.maserati.com/en-ww/releases/1396 Press Release - Maserati Media Site], accessdate: 30. March 2018</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category-inline|Maserati Levante}} [[Category:Maserati automobiles|Levante]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] [[Category:2010s automobiles]] [[Category:2020s automobiles]] 2omtg2017nny3jzq05x1uywv1mrngdn 0 1269573 10879384 10877496 2026-06-05T06:46:44Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:SUVs|SUVs]] to [[:Category:Sport utility vehicles|Sport utility vehicles]] 10879384 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mazda CX-5 (KI) IMG 6257.jpg|thumb|Mazda CX-5 ]] The '''Mazda CX-5''' is an [[SUV]] made by [[Mazda]] who replaced the CX-7 and the Tribute.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://driving.ca/mazda/cx-5/reviews/road-test/road-test-2014-mazda-cx-5-gt-2/ |title=Road test: 2014 Mazda CX-5 GT | first= Nick | last= Tragianis| newspaper= Driving |publisher=Postmedia News |date=2011-10-20 |access-date=May 23, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mathioudakis |first=Byron |date=2012-02-27 |title=First Oz drive: Mazda CX-5 jives into town |url=https://www.goauto.com.au/new-models/mazda/cx-5/first-oz-drive-mazda-cx-5-jives-into-town/2012-02-27/6394.html |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=GoAuto |language=en}}</ref> first shown in 2011<ref>https://newsroom.mazda.com/en/publicity/release/2011/201104/110418a.html</ref> it was produced in 3 generations in 2012,<ref>{{cite web|title=CX-5|url=http://www.mazda.co.uk/showroom/coming_soon/mazda-cx5/|access-date=2011-11-06|publisher=MAZDA|archive-date=2015-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120340/http://www.mazda.co.uk/showroom/coming_soon/mazda-cx5/|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson first=Brad |date=2016-11-16 |title=Mazda's All-New 2017 CX-5 Gets Overhauled Design And New Tech |url=http://www.carscoops.com/2016/11/mazdas-all-new-cx-5-gets-overhauled.html |website=Carscoops}}</ref> and in 2025<ref>{{cite news |last=Gauthier |first=Michael |date=2025-07-10 |title=Mazda Gave The CX-5 A Makeover But Saved The Real Surprise For Later |url=https://www.carscoops.com/2025/07/mazdas-best-selling-crossover-just-got-a-stylish-hybrid-redesign/ |website=Carscoops |publisher=Carscoops |location=US |access-date=2025-07-10}}</ref> it is positioned between the larger CX-60, the smaller [[Mazda CX-30|CX-30]], and below the CX-50, CX-60, or the [[Mazda CX-8]] in some regions. It was the first car to feature the brand's new "Kodo" design language,<ref>[http://www.mazda.com/mazdaspirit/design/index_gate.html MAZDA: Mazda Design] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730032630/http://www.mazda.com/mazdaspirit/design/index_gate.html |date=30 July 2013 }}, 2011</ref> and also the first to be made with the "Skyactiv" tech.<ref>{{cite web |title=Skyactiv Technology |url=http://www.mazda.com/mazdaspirit/skyactiv |access-date=2011-09-05 |publisher=MAZDA |archive-date=2014-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302005458/http://www.mazda.com/mazdaspirit/skyactiv/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:MAZDA CX-5 (KE) China (6).jpg|First generation (2012–2016) File:Mazda CX-5 Newground 1X7A6786.jpg|Second generation (2016–2025) File:Mazda CX-5 (KI) IMG 5264.jpg|Third generation (2025–) </gallery> == References == {{reflist}} == External Links == {{Commons category-inline|Mazda CX-5}} [[Category:Mazda automobiles|CX-5]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] [[Category:2010s automobiles]] [[Category:2020s automobiles]] 5m934f21ftcungfxgokquuvhxmkd2rb 0 1269693 10879173 10878556 2026-06-05T00:27:01Z Memevietnam98 1430335 /* */ 10879173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | image = Backrooms (film) poster.jpg | alt = A woman in front of a yellow chevron wall | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = [[Kane Parsons]] | writer = Will Soodik | based_on = {{Based on|''[[Backrooms (web series)|Backrooms]]''|Kane Parsons}} | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[James Wan]] * Michael Clear * [[Roberto Patino]] * [[Shawn Levy]] * Dan Cohen * [[Dan Levine]] * [[Osgood Perkins]] * Chris Ferguson * [[Peter Chernin]] * [[Jenno Topping]] * Kori Adelson }} | starring = {{Plainlist|<!-- Per billing block --> * [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] * [[Renate Reinsve]] * [[Mark Duplass]] * [[Finn Bennett]] * [[Lukita Maxwell]] }} | cinematography = Jeremy Cox | editing = Greg Ng | music = {{Plainlist| * [[Edo Van Breemen]] * Kane Parsons }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[The North Road Company|North Road Films]]{{efn|Promotional material and the film itself use the [[Chernin Entertainment]] logo.}} * [[21 Laps Entertainment]] * [[Atomic Monster]] * Phobos }} | distributor = [[A24]] | released = 7 May 2026 ([[Aero Theatre]])<br/> 29 May 2026 (United States) | runtime = 110 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2026 |title=''Backrooms'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/backrooms-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmte2mtiw |access-date=May 12, 2026 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC]]}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $10 million<ref name="VarietyBudget">{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=May 27, 2026 |title=Box Office: A24's 'Backrooms' Aims for Record $45 Million-Plus Opening Weekend, Continuing Hot Streak for Low-Budget Horror |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/box-office/backrooms-box-office-opening-weekend-projections-a24-record-1236759146/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260527232416/https://variety.com/2026/film/box-office/backrooms-box-office-opening-weekend-projections-a24-record-1236759146/ |archive-date=May 27, 2026 |access-date=May 27, 2026 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] }}</ref> | gross = $140.4 million<ref name="NUM">{{Cite web |title=Backrooms - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Backrooms-(2026) |access-date=May 30, 2026 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}</ref> }} '''''Backrooms''''' is a 2026 American [[Science fiction|scifi]]–[[Horror fiction|horror]] film directed by [[Kane Parsons]] (known as Kane Pixels in the [[Internet]]) and written by [[Roberto Patino]] and [[Will Soodik]]. Based on [[Backrooms (series)|Parsons' own series]] and inspired of the [[The Backrooms|same]] [[creepypasta]] name, the film includes actors [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]], [[Renate Reinsve]], [[Mark Duplass]], [[Finn Bennett]], [[Lukita Maxwell]], [[Avan Jogia]], [[Robert Bobroczyki]]. The film was released in the United States on 29 May 2026 nationwide, before that, it was released in other countries. As of 3 June 2026, it grossed $103.8 million domestically and $140.4 million globally. == Plot == The film involves a female therapist whose patient has gone missing, allegedly went to an [[Parallel universe (fiction)|another universe]] beyond reality. This paranormal situation leads her to enter a place called "[[The Backrooms]]" with the goal of saving the patient. During that process, the character has to face numerous barriers, including supernatural activities, challenging awareness about reality and the gaps between [[psychology]] and supernatural worlds.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Browski|first=Rich|date=2025-06-26|title=Production Weekly – Issue 1459 – Thursday, June 26, 2025 / 180 Listings – 39 Pages|url=https://www.productionweekly.com/production-weekly-issue-1459-thursday-june-26-2025-180-listings-39-pages/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Production Weekly|language=en-US}}</ref> == Starring == * [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] as Clark, a struggling interior designer and architect. * [[Renate Reinsve]] as Mary Kline, Clark's therapist. * [[Mark Duplass]] as Phil, an Async scientist. * [[Finn Bennett]] as Robert “Bobby” Franklin, Clark's employee. * [[Lukita Maxwell]] as Kathine “Kat" Taylor, Clark's employee and Bobby's girlfriend. * [[Avan Jogia]], a researcher about The Backrooms. * [[Robert Bobroczkyi]] as Captain Clark, an entity in the Backrooms that copies Clark's appearance in a pirate suit. == Production == === Development === Kane Parsons started a series of videos about his own [[The Backrooms|Backrooms]] episodes on his [[YouTube]] channel, Kane Pixels, beginning on 7 January 2022.<ref>{{Citation|last=Kane Pixels|title=The Backrooms (Found Footage)|date=2022-01-07|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4dGpz6cnHo|access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref> It is based on the original [[creepypasta]] and [[urban legend]] with the same name. In February 2023, [[A24]], alongside [[Chernin Entertainment]], [[Atomic Monster]] and [[21 Laps Entertainment]], announced a film adaptation based on Parsons' series, and will be co-produced. Parsons will direct, Roberto Pattino screenplays the plot.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|date=2023-02-06|title=‘The Backrooms’ Horror Film Based On Viral Shorts By 17-Year-Old Kane Parsons In Works At A24, Atomic Monster, Chernin & 21 Laps|url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/the-backrooms-a24-developing-feature-based-on-viral-horror-shorts-1235249413/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> In May 2025, [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] and [[Cristin Milioti]] entered numerous negotiations to take on roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|date=2025-05-20|title=Chiwetel Ejiofor & Cristin Milioti Eyed To Star In ‘Backrooms’ At A24|url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/the-backrooms-chiwetel-ejiofor-cristin-milioti-eyed-to-star-a24-1236406671/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> Next month, Ejiofor was confirmed to be in the project. The latest draft is screenplayed by Will Soodik, while Milioti's participation deal is not achieved. After that, [[Renate Reinsve]] is selected to replace in the cast.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|date=2025-06-11|title=Renate Reinsve Joins Chiwetel Ejiofor In A24 Sci-Fi Horror Pic ‘Backrooms’|url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/the-backrooms-movie-renate-reinsve-chiwetel-ejiofor-a24-1236430244/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> In July, Mark Duplass, Finn Bennett, Lukita Maxwell and Avan Jogia were also selected.<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2025-07-10|title=Mark Duplass, Finn Bennett, Lukita Maxwell & Avan Jogia Join A24 & Chernin Entertainment Sci-Fi Horror Pic ‘The Backrooms’|url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/mark-duplass-finn-bennett-lukita-maxwell-avan-jogia-join-a24-chernin-entertainment-sci-fi-horror-pic-the-backrooms-1236453956/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> === Recording === Beginning on 7 July 2025 in [[Vancouver]] with a temporary title named ''Effigy''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gittins|first=Susan|date=2025-06-30|title=A24 Horror Flick BACKROOMS With Chiwetel Ejiofor Starts Shooting in Vancouver|url=https://hollywoodnorthbuzz.com/2025/06/a24-horror-flick-backrooms-with-chiwetel-ejiofor-starts-shooting-in-vancouver.html|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Hollywood North Buzz|language=en}}</ref> and is completed on 14 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Effigy|url=https://acfcwest.com/production/effigy/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=ACFC West, Local 2020 Unifor|language=en-US}}</ref> == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:American movies]] [[Category:2026 movies]] [[Category:Horror movies]] [[Category:Adventure movies]] [[Category:Adventure fiction]] [[Category:Science fiction]] [[Category:A24 (company) movies]] [[Category:American science fiction movies]] [[Category:American science fiction horror movies]] [[Category:American horror movies]] [[Category:Movies about missing people]] 76wuy2s7gca2g96n3ob14bipkkx40ue 10879412 10879173 2026-06-05T09:18:48Z Memevietnam98 1430335 /* */ 10879412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | image = Backrooms (film) poster.jpg | alt = A woman in front of a yellow chevron wall | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = [[Kane Parsons]] | writer = Will Soodik | based_on = {{Based on|''[[Backrooms (web series)|Backrooms]]''|Kane Parsons}} | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[James Wan]] * Michael Clear * [[Roberto Patino]] * [[Shawn Levy]] * Dan Cohen * [[Dan Levine]] * [[Osgood Perkins]] * Chris Ferguson * [[Peter Chernin]] * [[Jenno Topping]] * Kori Adelson }} | starring = {{Plainlist|<!-- Per billing block --> * [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] * [[Renate Reinsve]] * [[Mark Duplass]] * [[Finn Bennett]] * [[Lukita Maxwell]] }} | cinematography = Jeremy Cox | editing = Greg Ng | music = {{Plainlist| * [[Edo Van Breemen]] * Kane Parsons }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[The North Road Company|North Road Films]]{{efn|Promotional material and the film itself use the [[Chernin Entertainment]] logo.}} * [[21 Laps Entertainment]] * [[Atomic Monster]] * Phobos }} | distributor = [[A24]] | released = 7 May 2026 ([[Aero Theatre]])<br/> 29 May 2026 (United States) | runtime = 110 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2026 |title=''Backrooms'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/backrooms-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmte2mtiw |access-date=May 12, 2026 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC]]}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $10 million<ref name="VarietyBudget">{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=May 27, 2026 |title=Box Office: A24's 'Backrooms' Aims for Record $45 Million-Plus Opening Weekend, Continuing Hot Streak for Low-Budget Horror |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/box-office/backrooms-box-office-opening-weekend-projections-a24-record-1236759146/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260527232416/https://variety.com/2026/film/box-office/backrooms-box-office-opening-weekend-projections-a24-record-1236759146/ |archive-date=May 27, 2026 |access-date=May 27, 2026 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] }}</ref> | gross = $140.4 million<ref name="NUM">{{Cite web |title=Backrooms - Financial Information|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Backrooms-(2026) |access-date=May 30, 2026 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}</ref> }} '''''Backrooms''''' is a 2026 American [[Science fiction|scifi]]–[[Horror fiction|horror]] film directed by [[Kane Parsons]] (known as Kane Pixels in the [[Internet]]) and written by [[Roberto Patino]] and [[Will Soodik]]. Based on [[Backrooms (series)|Parsons' own series]] and inspired of the [[The Backrooms|same]] [[creepypasta]] name, the film includes actors [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]], [[Renate Reinsve]], [[Mark Duplass]], [[Finn Bennett]], [[Lukita Maxwell]], [[Avan Jogia]], [[Robert Bobroczyki]]. The film was released in the United States on 29 May 2026 nationwide, before that, it was released in other countries. As of 5 June 2026, it grossed $103.8 million domestically and $140.4 million globally. == Plot == The film involves a female therapist whose patient has gone missing, allegedly went to an [[Parallel universe (fiction)|another universe]] beyond reality. This paranormal situation leads her to enter a place called "[[The Backrooms]]" with the goal of saving the patient. During that process, the character has to face numerous barriers, including supernatural activities, challenging awareness about reality and the gaps between [[psychology]] and supernatural worlds.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Browski|first=Rich|date=2025-06-26|title=Production Weekly – Issue 1459 – Thursday, June 26, 2025 / 180 Listings – 39 Pages|url=https://www.productionweekly.com/production-weekly-issue-1459-thursday-june-26-2025-180-listings-39-pages/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Production Weekly|language=en-US}}</ref> == Starring == * [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] as Clark, a struggling interior designer and architect. * [[Renate Reinsve]] as Mary Kline, Clark's therapist. * [[Mark Duplass]] as Phil, an Async scientist. * [[Finn Bennett]] as Robert “Bobby” Franklin, Clark's employee. * [[Lukita Maxwell]] as Kathine “Kat" Taylor, Clark's employee and Bobby's girlfriend. * [[Avan Jogia]], a researcher about The Backrooms. * [[Robert Bobroczkyi]] as Captain Clark, an entity in the Backrooms that copies Clark's appearance in a pirate suit. == Production == === Development === Kane Parsons started a series of videos about his own [[The Backrooms|Backrooms]] episodes on his [[YouTube]] channel, Kane Pixels, beginning on 7 January 2022.<ref>{{Citation|last=Kane Pixels|title=The Backrooms (Found Footage)|date=2022-01-07|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4dGpz6cnHo|access-date=2026-05-31}}</ref> It is based on the original [[creepypasta]] and [[urban legend]] with the same name. In February 2023, [[A24]], alongside [[Chernin Entertainment]], [[Atomic Monster]] and [[21 Laps Entertainment]], announced a film adaptation based on Parsons' series, and will be co-produced. Parsons will direct, Roberto Pattino screenplays the plot.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|date=2023-02-06|title=‘The Backrooms’ Horror Film Based On Viral Shorts By 17-Year-Old Kane Parsons In Works At A24, Atomic Monster, Chernin & 21 Laps|url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/the-backrooms-a24-developing-feature-based-on-viral-horror-shorts-1235249413/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> In May 2025, [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] and [[Cristin Milioti]] entered numerous negotiations to take on roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|date=2025-05-20|title=Chiwetel Ejiofor & Cristin Milioti Eyed To Star In ‘Backrooms’ At A24|url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/the-backrooms-chiwetel-ejiofor-cristin-milioti-eyed-to-star-a24-1236406671/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> Next month, Ejiofor was confirmed to be in the project. The latest draft is screenplayed by Will Soodik, while Milioti's participation deal is not achieved. After that, [[Renate Reinsve]] is selected to replace in the cast.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|date=2025-06-11|title=Renate Reinsve Joins Chiwetel Ejiofor In A24 Sci-Fi Horror Pic ‘Backrooms’|url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/the-backrooms-movie-renate-reinsve-chiwetel-ejiofor-a24-1236430244/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> In July, Mark Duplass, Finn Bennett, Lukita Maxwell and Avan Jogia were also selected.<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2025-07-10|title=Mark Duplass, Finn Bennett, Lukita Maxwell & Avan Jogia Join A24 & Chernin Entertainment Sci-Fi Horror Pic ‘The Backrooms’|url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/mark-duplass-finn-bennett-lukita-maxwell-avan-jogia-join-a24-chernin-entertainment-sci-fi-horror-pic-the-backrooms-1236453956/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> === Recording === Beginning on 7 July 2025 in [[Vancouver]] with a temporary title named ''Effigy''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gittins|first=Susan|date=2025-06-30|title=A24 Horror Flick BACKROOMS With Chiwetel Ejiofor Starts Shooting in Vancouver|url=https://hollywoodnorthbuzz.com/2025/06/a24-horror-flick-backrooms-with-chiwetel-ejiofor-starts-shooting-in-vancouver.html|access-date=2026-05-31|website=Hollywood North Buzz|language=en}}</ref> and is completed on 14 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Effigy|url=https://acfcwest.com/production/effigy/|access-date=2026-05-31|website=ACFC West, Local 2020 Unifor|language=en-US}}</ref> == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:American movies]] [[Category:2026 movies]] [[Category:Horror movies]] [[Category:Adventure movies]] [[Category:Adventure fiction]] [[Category:Science fiction]] [[Category:A24 (company) movies]] [[Category:American science fiction movies]] [[Category:American science fiction horror movies]] [[Category:American horror movies]] [[Category:Movies about missing people]] tpvztq6qgk8ph6fflpdk6cnuvdg1v7j 0 1269696 10879376 10877498 2026-06-05T06:46:04Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:SUVs|SUVs]] to [[:Category:Sport utility vehicles|Sport utility vehicles]] 10879376 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Cirelli 4''' is an [[SUV]] produced by [[Cirelli Motor Company]] since [[2023]]. == First generation == [[File:Cirelli 4.jpg|thumb|190x190px|Cirelli 4 first generation ]] The first generation of the Cirelli 4 is a rebadged [[Beijing Mofang]] with a different grill,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cirelli 4 |url=https://cirellimotorcompany.com/cirelli-4/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=Cirelli Motor Company |language=it |archive-date=2024-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514125822/https://cirellimotorcompany.com/cirelli-4/ }}</ref> it is equipped with a 1.5, 4-cylinder engine the [[Automobile|car]] It is available in a single trim with [[gasoline]] or [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]]. {| class="wikitable" !Dimensions |- !Length 462, widht 189, height 168 |} {| class="wikitable" !Trunk |- !380 |} == Second generation == The second generation of the Cirelli 4 was presented in [[2025]], its based on the Fengon 580,<ref>https://www.motor1.com/news/715437/european-american-market-cars-made-in-china/</ref> and is available in gasoline, LPG, or [[plug-in hybrid]] versions. {| class="wikitable" !Dimensions |- !Length 472, widht 187, height 171 |} {| class="wikitable" !Trunk |- !400/2000 |} == References == {{reflist}}{{Commons category-inline|Cirelli 4}} [[Category:2020s automobiles]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] 1ii28ji6117v26v1uijdlrih74qgunc 0 1269736 10879387 10877500 2026-06-05T06:47:00Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:SUVs|SUVs]] to [[:Category:Sport utility vehicles|Sport utility vehicles]] 10879387 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:JAIA18 Volvo XC60 T5 AWD Inscription 1.jpg|thumb|A 2018 Volvo XC60 T5 AWD Inscription in [[Japan]] ]] The '''Volvo XC60''' is an compact luxury [[SUV]] produced by [[Volvo]] since 2008 in 2 generations, it is part of the brand's 60 series<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/us/en-us/media/pressreleases/47602 |title=The new Volvo S60, XC60 and V60: Major renewal boosts the dynamic appearance and appeal of the Volvo 60 cluster | publisher=Volvo Car Corporation |website=media.volvocars.com |date=19 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406110936/https://www.media.volvocars.com/us/en-us/media/pressreleases/47602 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |access-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> it was first previewed in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=25038 |title=The XC60 Project – Delivering a capable and charismatic crossover from Volvo |website=media.ford.com |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626010226/http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=25038 |archive-date=26 June 2010 |access-date=30 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The XC60, is also Volvo's best selling car since 2009.<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/enhanced/en-gb/Media/Preview.aspx?mediaid=41678 |title=Volvo Car Corporation 2011 |website=media.volvocars.com |publisher=Volvo Cars of North America |date=5 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124125501/https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/enhanced/en-gb/Media/Preview.aspx?mediaid=41678 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |access-date=7 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The first gen was launched in [[2008]],<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/03/05/geneva-2008-volvo-xc60-softroads-in-style/ |title=Geneva 2008: Volvo XC60 softroads in style |first=Damon | last = Lavrinc |website=autoblog.com |date=5 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020032222/http://www.autoblog.com/2008/03/05/geneva-2008-volvo-xc60-softroads-in-style/ |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=30 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> with sales begining in 2009<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.autonewscast.com/2009/01/09/volvos-new-xc60-premium-crossover-to-be-2010-model/ |title=Volvo's New XC60 Premium Crossover to be 2010 Model |website=autonewscast.com |date=9 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707192522/http://www.autonewscast.com/2009/01/09/volvos-new-xc60-premium-crossover-to-be-2010-model/ |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=30 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/01/29/volvo-announces-2010-xc60-pricing-starting-at-37-200/ |title=Volvo announces 2010 XC60 pricing starting at $37,200 |first=Frank | last = Filipponio |website=autoblog.com |date=29 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401090055/http://www.autoblog.com/2009/01/29/volvo-announces-2010-xc60-pricing-starting-at-37-200/ |archive-date=1 April 2009 |access-date=30 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> and was improved in 2013 as a 2014 model.<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/news/2014-volvo-xc60-photos-and-info-news |title=2014 Volvo XC60 |first=Andrew | last = Wendler |website= Car and Driver |date=February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619162023/http://www.caranddriver.com/news/2014-volvo-xc60-photos-and-info-news |archive-date=19 June 2015 |access-date=19 June 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The second one was launched in [[2017]],<ref>{{cite web |language=en |url=http://www.motortrend.com/cars/volvo/xc60/2018/2018-volvo-xc60-first-look-review/ |title=2018 Volvo XC60 First Look Review: Not a Baby XC90 |first=Alisa | last = Priddle |work=[[Motor Trend]] |date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313205944/http://www.motortrend.com/cars/volvo/xc60/2018/2018-volvo-xc60-first-look-review/ |archive-date=13 March 2017 |access-date=15 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> has both [[petrol]], mild [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Volvo completes electrification of XC60 range with mild-hybrid and plug-in hybrid powertrains |url=https://www.media.volvocars.com/uk/en-gb/media/pressreleases/275608/volvo-completes-electrification-of-xc60-range-with-mild-hybrid-and-plug-in-hybrid-powertrains |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=www.media.volvocars.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> and [[Plug-in hybrid]] versions,<ref>{{Cite web |first=Andrew | last = Wendler |date=28 February 2018 |title=Tested: 2018 Volvo XC60 T8 eAWD Plug-In Hybrid |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/a18927882/2018-volvo-xc60-t8-eawd-plug-in-hybrid-test-review |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=Car and Driver |language=en-US}}</ref> and was updated 2 times in 2021, and recently In [[2025]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-01 |title=Volvo XC60 facelift launched: Check out what's new |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/volvo-xc60-facelift-launched-check-out-whats-new/3933860/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Volvo XC60 launched in India, starts at ₹71.90 lakh. Here's what you need to know… |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/car-bike/2025-volvo-xc60-launched-in-india-starts-at-rs-71-90-lakh-heres-what-you-need-to-know-101754114576150.html |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=www.hindustantimes.com |date=2 August 2025 }}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Volvo-XC60-DC.jpg|2007 Volvo XC60 concept File:2009 Volvo XC60 SE Lux D5 AWD - 2400cc 2.4 (205PS) Diesel - Black - 11-2024, Front.jpg|First generation (front) File:Volvo XC60 Terrabronze Heck.JPG|First generation (rear) File:2026 Volvo XC60 (SPA) DSC 2675.jpg|Second generation (front) File:2026 Volvo XC60 (SPA) DSC 2676.jpg|Second generation (rear) </gallery> == References == {{reflist}} == External Links == {{Commons category-inline|Volvo XC60}} [[Category:Volvo automobiles|XC60]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] [[Category:2000s automobiles]] [[Category:2010s automobiles]] [[Category:2020s automobiles]] [[Category:hybrid vehicles]] 4etor25zs57dkg2d0593znw0bt87nym 0 1269992 10879382 10877506 2026-06-05T06:46:34Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:SUVs|SUVs]] to [[:Category:Sport utility vehicles|Sport utility vehicles]] 10879382 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Leapmotor A10 001.jpg|thumb|Leapmotor A10 front view]] The '''Leapmotor A10''' also known as '''B03X''' in [[Europe]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Pappas |first=Thanos |date=November 25, 2025 |title=Stellantis’ Secret Weapon Against Chinese EVs In Europe Turns Out To Be A Chinese EV |url=https://www.carscoops.com/2025/11/stellantis-backed-leapmotor-enters-the-small-suv-segment/ |website=Carscoops}}</ref> is an small [[SUV]] produced by [[Leapmotor]] since [[2026]], it was first teased in November [[2025]], and first shown at Guangzhou Auto show<ref>{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Charlie |date=November 18, 2025 |title=Leapmotor A10 revealed as smaller sibling of B10 crossover |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/leapmotor-a10-revealed-smaller-sibling-b10-crossover |website=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]}}</ref> it was then launched in March 2026,<ref>{{Cite web |title=售6.58万起 零跑A10正式上市 既是学霸又是体育特长生|url=https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/202603/1313168.html#pvareaid=102624 |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=chejiahao.autohome.com.cn |language=zh-CN}}</ref> its platform is also used for the B01. In which the A10 is sloted below it, the B10, and the [[Leapmotor Lafa 5|Lafa 5]].<ref name="6:">{{cite web |last=Miao |first=Liu |date=February 10, 2026 |title=Leapmotor A10 range information (403 and 505 km) unveiled ahead of Q1 launch |url=https://carnewschina.com/2026/02/10/leapmotor-a10-range-information-403-and-505-km-unveiled-ahead-of-q1-launch/ |website=CarNewsChina}}</ref> its also the first model of the brand's A series.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kang |first=Lei |date=November 14, 2025 |title=Leapmotor teases new small SUV A10 as debut 1 week away |url=https://cnevpost.com/2025/11/14/leapmotor-teases-a10/ |website=CnEVPost}}</ref> [[File:Leapmotor A10 002.jpg|thumb|Rear view]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Chinese automobiles]] [[Category:2020s automobiles]] [[Category:battery electric vehicles]] [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]] 14v0vlig717j19oey86dnsrrn6ukawq 0 1270037 10879371 10878314 2026-06-05T06:43:49Z RussBot 21531 Bot: Change redirected category [[:Category:Companies of China|Companies of China]] to [[:Category:Companies of the People's Republic of China|Companies of the People's Republic of China]] 10879371 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Leapmotor logo.png|thumb|Logo]] '''Leapmotor''' is an [[Chinese]] [[automobile]] manufacturer founded in December [[2015]] by Fu Liquan and Zhu Jiangming,<ref>{{Cite news |author=梁薇 |date=2017-03-17 |title=起底大华股份造车始末 零跑汽车明年亮相 |trans-title=The whole story of Dahua Technology's car manufacturing is revealed. Leapmotor will debut next year |url=https://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2017-03-17/1086073.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026055801/https://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2017-03-17/1086073.html |archive-date=2023-10-26 |accessdate=2023-10-26 |work=每日经济新闻}}</ref> its first model was the S01 in November 2017,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://auto.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1111/c1005-29640274.html |title=零跑首款电动轿跑车S01亮相 未来规划三个整车平台 |author=鄂智超 |work=人民网 |date=2017-11-11 |accessdate=2023-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114201724/http://auto.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1111/c1005-29640274.html |archive-date=2017-11-14 |url-status=live}}</ref> it is based in [[Hangzhou]]. It produces electric cars. [[Stellantis]] has a 20 percent stake on it,<ref>Leapmotor with €1.5 Billion Investment and Bolster Leapmotor's Global Electric Vehicle Business |url=https://www.stellantis.com/en/news/press-releases/2023/october/stellantis-to-become-a-strategic-shareholder-of-leapmotor-with-1-5-billion-investment-and-bolster-leapmotor-s-global-electric-vehicle-business |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Stellantis}}</ref> and in May [[2024]] they launched the brand in [[Europe]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=零跑国际合资公司今日成立，联手巨头 Stellantis 集团挺进欧洲汽车市场 - IT之家 |url=https://www.ithome.com/0/767/873.htm |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=www.ithome.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=零跑国际合资公司正式成立 C10和T03将首先进入欧洲销售_汽车_中国网 |url=https://auto.china.com.cn/view/20240514/727479.shtml |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=auto.china.com.cn}}</ref> == Models == ===Current=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%" ! class="unsortable" width="15%" |Image !Name !Introduction<br><small>({{abbr|cal.|calendar}} year)</small> !Vehicle description |- ! colspan="4" |Cars |- |[[File:2020 Leapmotor T03 (front).jpg|180x180px]] ![[Leapmotor T03|T03]]/[[Leapmotor T03 Van|Van]] |March 2020<ref name=listed/> |[[City car]], [[Battery electric vehicle|BEV]] |- |[[File:Leapmotor Lafa 5 003.jpg|180x180px]] ![[Leapmotor Lafa 5|Lafa 5/B05]] |September 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025慕尼黑车展：零跑Lafa5首发亮相 零跑B10正式交付_车家号_发现车生活_汽车之家 |url=https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/202509/1308859.html#pvareaid=102624 |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=chejiahao.autohome.com.cn |language=zh-CN}}</ref> |Compact hatchback, [[Battery electric vehicle|BEV]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Lim |first=Anthony |date=2025-05-08 |title=Leapmotor to launch B05 EV hatchback end-2025, B-segment A10 SUV and A05 hatch to debut in 2026 |url=https://paultan.org/2025/05/08/leapmotor-to-launch-b05-ev-hatchback-end-2025-b-segment-a10-suv-and-a05-hatch-to-debut-in-2026/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=Paul Tan's Automotive News |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |[[File:Leapmotor B01 009.jpg|180x180px]] ![[Leapmotor B01|B01]] |April 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025上海车展：零跑B01正式发布 将于6月开启预售，7月正式上市_车家号_发现车生活_汽车之家 |url=https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/202504/1305574.html#pvareaid=103453 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=chejiahao.autohome.com.cn |language=zh-CN}}</ref> |Compact sedan, [[Battery electric vehicle|BEV]] |- |[[File:Leapmotor C01 2023072301 (cropped).jpg|180x180px]] ![[Leapmotor C01|C01]] |May 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhang/CnEVPost |first=Phate |date=2022-05-11 |title=Leapmotor unveils C01 sedan with cell to chassis technology |url=https://cnevpost.com/2022/05/11/leapmotor-unveils-c01-sedan-with-cell-to-chassis-technology/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=CnEVPost |language=en-US}}</ref> |Mid-size sedan, [[Plug-in hybrid|EREV]]/[[Battery electric vehicle|BEV]] |- ! colspan="4" |SUV |- |[[File:Leapmotor A10 001.jpg|180x180px]] ![[Leapmotor A10|A10/B03X]] |November 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025广州车展：零跑A10开启盲订 配激光雷达的纯电动小型SUV_车家号_发现车生活_汽车之家 |url=https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/202511/1310612.html#pvareaid=103453 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=chejiahao.autohome.com.cn |language=zh-CN}}</ref> |Subcompact SUV, [[Battery electric vehicle|BEV]] |- |[[File:Leapmotor B10 IMG 6028.jpg|180x180px]] ![[Leapmotor B10|B10]] |October 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024巴黎车展：零跑B10迎来全球首发_车家号_发现车生活_汽车之家 |url=https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/202410/1301080.html#pvareaid=103453 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=chejiahao.autohome.com.cn |language=zh-CN}}</ref> |Compact SUV, [[Battery electric vehicle|BEV]] |- |[[File:Leapmotor_C10_EREV_Auto_Zuerich_2025_DSC_3449_(cropped).jpg|180x180px]] ![[Leapmotor C10|C10]] |September 2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhang/CnEVPost |first=Phate |date=2023-09-04 |title=Leapmotor unveils 1st global model, C10, in Germany |url=https://cnevpost.com/2023/09/04/leapmotor-unveils-global-model-c10-germany/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=CnEVPost |language=en-US}}</ref> |Mid-size SUV, [[Plug-in hybrid|EREV]]/[[Battery electric vehicle|BEV]] |- |[[File:2021 Leapmotor C11, front 8.17.23.jpg|180x180px]] ![[Leapmotor C11|C11]] |December 2020<ref>{{cite web |date=1 November 2020 |title=Meet the Leap C11, a dual-motor e-SUV slated for Guangzhou show premiere |url=https://www.formacar.com/en/news/view/30636.html |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=Formacar.com |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129102246/https://www.formacar.com/en/news/view/30636.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |Mid-size SUV, [[Plug-in hybrid|EREV]]/[[Battery electric vehicle|BEV]] |- |[[File:Leapmotor C16 IMG001.jpg|180x180px]] ![[Leapmotor C16|C16]] |April 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024北京车展：零跑C16正式开启预订_车家号_发现车生活_汽车之家 |url=https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/202404/1295690.html#pvareaid=103453 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=chejiahao.autohome.com.cn |language=zh-CN}}</ref> |Full-size SUV, [[Plug-in hybrid|EREV]]/[[Battery electric vehicle|BEV]] |- |[[File:Leapmotor D19 005.jpg|180x180px]] ![[Leapmotor D19|D19]] |October 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=增程版纯电续航500公里/纯电版搭载115kWh电池组 零跑D19正式首发_车家号_发现车生活_汽车之家 |url=https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/202510/1309753.html#pvareaid=103453 |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=chejiahao.autohome.com.cn |language=zh-CN}}</ref> |Full-size SUV, [[Plug-in hybrid|EREV]]/[[Battery electric vehicle|BEV]] |- ! colspan="4" |MPV |- | ![[Leapmotor D99|D99]] |December 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=新旗舰D99首发 零跑迎来10周年 从“默默无闻”到“新势力前三”_车家号_发现车生活_汽车之家 |url=https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/202512/1311423.html#pvareaid=102624 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=chejiahao.autohome.com.cn |language=zh-CN}}</ref> |Full-size MPV, [[Plug-in hybrid|EREV]]/[[Battery electric vehicle|BEV]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Leung |first=Adrian |date=2025-06-10 |title=Leapmotor's flagship D-series SUV breaks cover; launch expected in 2026 |url=https://carnewschina.com/2025/06/10/leapmotors-flagship-d-series-suv-breaks-cover-launch-expected-in-2026/ |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=CarNewsChina.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |} ===Discontinued=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%" ! class="unsortable" width="15%" |Image !Name !Introduction<br><small>({{abbr|cal.|calendar}} year)</small> !Discontinued !Vehicle description |- ! colspan="5" |Cars |- |[[File:Leapmotor S01 IMG003.jpg|180x180px]] ![[Leapmotor S01|S01]] |June 2019 |2021 |[[Sports car]], [[Battery electric vehicle|BEV]] |} ===Concept vehicles=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%" ! class="unsortable" width="15%" |Image !Name !Introduction<br><small>({{abbr|cal.|calendar}} year)</small> !Vehicle description |- |[[File:Leapmotor C-More Concept 005-resized.jpg|180x180px]] ![[Leapmotor C11|C-More]] |April 2019<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2019 |title=LEAPMOTOR Brought Its First Electric SUV C-More to 2019 Shanghai Auto Show |url=https://www.chinapev.com/ev-2/leapmotor/leapmotor-brought-its-first-electric-suv-c-more-to-2019-shanghai-auto-show/ |access-date=6 January 2021 |website=Chinapev.com}}</ref> |Mid-size crossover SUV. |} == References == {{reflist}}{{Commons category-inline|Leapmotor}} [[Category:Chinese automobile companies]] [[Category:Companies of the People's Republic of China]] [[Category:automobile companies]] 47u6pqs411xklx3596fhwzxz5qwv1dy 0 1270038 10879221 10877379 2026-06-05T01:19:46Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 10879221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox basketball biography | name = Rick Adelman | image = Rick Adelman.png | width = | caption = Adelman with the [[Portland Trail Blazers]] in 1970 | height_ft = 6 | height_in = 1 | weight_lb = 175 | league = | birth_date = {{birth date|1946|06|16}} | birth_place = [[Lynwood, California]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|2026|06|01|1946|06|16}} | death_place = | high_school = [[Pius X High School, Downey, California|St. Pius X]] ([[Downey, California]]) | college = {{nowrap|[[Loyola Marymount Lions men's basketball|Loyola Marymount]] (1965–1968)}} | draft_round = 7 | draft_pick = 79 | draft_year = 1968 | draft_team = [[San Diego Rockets]] | career_start = 1968 | career_end = 1975 | career_position = [[Point guard]] | career_number = 12, 21, 5 | coach_start = 1977 | coach_end = 2014 | years1 = {{nbay|1968|start}}–{{nbay|1969|end}} | team1 = [[San Diego Rockets]] | years2 = {{nbay|1970|start}}–{{nbay|1972|end}} | team2 = [[Portland Trail Blazers]] | years3 = {{nbay|1973|start}}–{{nbay|1974|start}} | team3 = [[Chicago Bulls]] | years4 = {{nbay|1974|full=y}} | team4 = [[New Orleans Jazz (NBA team)|New Orleans Jazz]] | years5 = {{nbay|1974|end}} | team5 = [[Kansas City-Omaha Kings]] | cyears1 = 1977–1983 | cteam1 = [[Chemeketa Community College|Chemeketa CC]] | cyears2 = {{nbay|1983|start}}–{{nbay|1988|end}} | cteam2 = [[Portland Trail Blazers]] (assistant) | cyears3 = {{nbay|1988|end}}–{{nbay|1993|end}} | cteam3 = Portland Trail Blazers | cyears4 = {{nbay|1995|start}}–{{nbay|1996|end}} | cteam4 = [[Golden State Warriors]] | cyears5 = {{nbay|1998|end}}–{{nbay|2005|end}} | cteam5 = [[Sacramento Kings]] | cyears6 = {{nbay|2007|start}}–{{nbay|2010|end}} | cteam6 = [[Houston Rockets]] | cteam7 = [[Minnesota Timberwolves]] | cyears7 = {{nbay|2011|start}}–{{nbay|2013|end}} | highlights = '''As player:''' * [[West Coast Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year|WCC Player of the Year]] (1968) * 2× First-team All-[[West Coast Conference|WCC]] (1967, 1968) '''As coach:''' * 3× [[NBA All-Star Game head coach]] ([[1991 NBA All-Star Game|1991]], [[2001 NBA All-Star Game|2001]], [[2003 NBA All-Star Game|2003]]) * [[Chuck Daly Lifetime Achievement Award]] (2023) | stat1label = [[Point (basketball)|Points]] | stat1value = 3,579 (7.7 ppg) | stat2label = [[Rebound (basketball)|Rebounds]] | stat2value = 1,129 (2.4 rpg) | stat3label = [[Assist (basketball)|Assists]] | stat3value = 1,606 (3.5 apg) | HOF_coach = Rick-Adelman | cstats_league1 = NBA | cwin1 = 1042 | closs1 = 749 }} '''Richard Leonard Adelman''' (June 16, 1946 – June 1, 2026) was an American professional basketball player and coach. He coached 23 seasons in the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA). Adelman was head coach of the [[Portland Trail Blazers]], [[Golden State Warriors]], [[Sacramento Kings]], [[Houston Rockets]], and [[Minnesota Timberwolves]].<ref name=ESPN>[https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/10815975/rick-adelman-minnesota-timberwolves-retiring Rick Adelman to announce retirement] ESPN.com</ref> Adelman was honored into the [[Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nba.com/kings/news/kings-legends-chris-webber-rick-adelman-headline-electees-naismith-memorial-basketball-hall|title = Kings Legends Chris Webber, Rick Adelman Headline Electees into Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame| website=[[NBA.com]] }}</ref> As an NBA coach he won 1,042 games, which at the time of his death was 10th most in league history.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 1, 2026|access-date=June 2, 2026|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/48941923/hall-fame-basketball-coach-rick-adelman-dies-79|title =Hall of Fame basketball coach Rick Adelman dies at 79| website=[[ESPN]] }}</ref> He never won a title, but led many of his teams to deep runs in the [[NBA playoffs|playoffs]]. Adelman was born in [[Lynwood, California]]. He studied at [[Loyola Marymount University]]. Adelman died on June 1, 2026, 15 days before his 80th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2026 |title=NBCA Mourns the Passing of Legendary NBA Head Coach and Hall of Famer Rick Adelman |url=https://nbacoaches.com/nbca-mourns-the-passing-of-legendary-nba-head-coach-and-hall-of-famer-rick-adelman/ |access-date=June 1, 2026 |website=National Basketball Coaches Association}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat-inline}} * [https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/a/adelmri01.html Profile as a player] * [https://www.basketball-reference.com/coaches/adelmri01c.html Profile as a coach] *{{IMDb name| 3198793}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adelman, Rick}} [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:2026 deaths]] [[Category:Houston Rockets players]] [[Category:Portland Trail Blazers players]] [[Category:Chicago Bulls players]] [[Category:Utah Jazz players]] [[Category:Sacramento Kings players]] [[Category:National Basketball Association coaches]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles County, California]] {{US-sports-bio-stub}} 4a19rlazjitsec6ahmba4gxq5hy5ndo 0 1270094 10879194 10878093 2026-06-05T01:05:27Z ~2026-31265-91 1810417 10879194 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Fiat Panda Van''' is the van version of the [[Fiat Panda]], made in three generations the first, with a rear box, like a [[Pickup truck|pick-up]], while the second had the rear seats removed and the windows painted white, while the third is similar, it is used by companies, such as [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] or [[Poste Italiane]]. It is now sold under the name of Pandina Van, and is available in the Pop trim, with 5 [[Color|colours]], and there are also 2 [[Optional feature|optional]] features.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fiat Panda Van: listino prezzi 2026, dimensioni e consumi|url=https://mezzicommerciali.it/listino/fiat/panda/|access-date=2026-06-03|website=Mezzi Commerciali|language=it-IT}}</ref> <gallery> File:Fiat Panda Van (11064863634).jpg|First generation File:White Fiat Panda Van in Kraków.jpg|Second generation File:Tomaszów Mazowiecki w województwie łódzkim. Samochód serwisowy Fiat Pana Multimedia Polska. CC0.jpg|Third generation </gallery> == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category-inline|Fiat Panda Van}} q9ir0dikylz0hrvdknd8tmm1su32mc9 0 1270199 10879096 10878565 2026-06-04T21:45:55Z Auntof6 22027 categorize; misc cleanup 10879096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates}} {{Infobox character |name=Tung Tung Tung Sahur |image=Full image of Tung Tung Tung Sahur.png |series=[[Italian brainrot]] |first=February 28, 2025; {{age|2025|02|28}} year ago |creator=Noxa |fullname=Tung Tung Tung Tung Tung Tung Tung Tung Tung Sahur |nickname=Triple T |weapon=Baseball bat |caption=Tung Tung Tung Sahur's appearance |color=brown }} '''Tung Tung Tung Sahur''' is an AI-generated [[internet meme]] created by the [[TikTok]] user Noxa in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vaishnavi|first=Arya|date=2025-04-23|title=Tung Tung Tung Sahur: What is the new TikTok meme and why is it trending?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/tung-tung-tung-sahur-what-is-the-new-tiktok-meme-and-why-is-it-trending-101745345341732.html|access-date=2026-06-04|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> == History and creation == Tung Tung Tung Sahur was created one day before [[Ramadan]] started in [[Indonesia]]; it quickly got popular mainly on TikTok.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hunt|first=Elle|date=2025-06-25|title=From Chimpanzini Bananini to Ballerina Cappuccina: how gen alpha went wild for Italian brain rot animals|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2025/jun/25/from-chimpanzini-bananini-to-ballerina-cappuccina-how-gen-alpha-went-wild-for-italian-brain-rot-animals|access-date=2026-06-04|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Tung Tung Tung Sahur later became a part of the [[Italian brainrot]] series, also created by Noxa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Lauren|date=2025-09-20|title=What is Italian Brainrot, and should parents be wary of it?|url=https://www.rte.ie/culture/2025/0920/1534148-what-is-italian-brainrot-and-should-parents-be-wary-of-it/|journal=RTE News|language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Internet memes]] 20ke4n9jnat7srzy87wgk96xbkj9foi 0 1270234 10878743 2026-06-04T12:21:32Z Greenock125 652309 Redirected page to [[Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest]] 10878743 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest]] en5fbm3cabplfhh3y42pyc2fdl3ni8h 10878744 10878743 2026-06-04T12:21:41Z Greenock125 652309 Removed redirect to [[Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest]] 10878744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Stella Mwangi | image = Stella Mwangi (STL).JPG | caption = Stella Mwangi at a video shoot in Nairobi, June 2012 | birth_name = Stella Nyambura Mwangi | alias = Stella, STL | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|9|1}} | birth_place = [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] | death_date = | origin = [[Eidsvoll]], [[Norway]] | instrument = | genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Hip hop]]|[[Dance music|Dance]]|[[Trap music|Trap]]|[[Electro house]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Songwriter|Rapper}} | years_active = 2007-present | label = {{hlist|MTG|Mwangi|Big City|[[EMI Records|EMI]]|[[Ubisoft|Ubiloud]]}} | website = {{url|http://stellamwangi.com/}} }} '''Stella Nyambura Mwangi''' (born 1 September 1986) is a [[Kenya|Kenyan]]-[[Norway|Norwegian]] singer, rapper, and songwriter. She has represented {{ill|Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011|en|lt=Norway}} in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2011]] with the song "{{ill|Haba Haba|en}}" in [[Düsseldorf]], [[Germany]], she finished 17th in the first semi-final with 30 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/dusseldorf-2011/|title=Düsseldorf 2011|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br/><ref name="NOR">{{cite web|url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Stella+Mwangi|title=Discography Stella Mwangi|publisher=Hung Medien|website=norwegiancharts.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Living for Music'' | * Released: 20 October 2008 * Label: MTG Productions * Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]] | — |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Kinanda|en}}'' | * Released: 10 June 2011 * Label: EMI Norway * Formats: Digital download, streaming | 15 |- ! scope="row"| ''Eyes Off Me'' | * Released: 9 September 2021 * Label: Recurrent Records, Position Music * Formats: Digital download, streaming | — |- ! scope="row"| ''Icon'' | * Released: 16 June 2022 * Label: Choicetracks, Position Music * Formats: Digital download, streaming | — |- | colspan="22" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released. |} ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col"| Title ! scope="col"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Stella Mwangi'' | * Released: 23 March 2017 * Label: Position Music * Formats: Digital download, streaming |- ! scope="row"| ''No Games'' | * Released: 19 August 2019 * Label: Recurrent Records, Position Music * Formats: Digital download, streaming |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br/><ref name="NOR"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Take It Back" | 2007 | — | rowspan="4"| ''Living for Music'' |- ! scope="row"| "The Dreamer" | rowspan="2"| 2008 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Makelele Remix" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Smile" | 2010 | — |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Haba Haba|en}}" | rowspan="4"| 2011 | 1 | rowspan="4"| ''Kinanda'' |- ! scope="row"| "Lookie Lookie" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Take My Time"<br/><small>(featuring {{ill|Mohombi|en}})</small> | — |- ! scope="row"| "Hula Hoop" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Bad As I Wanna Be" | 2012 | — | rowspan="9" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Shut It Down" | 2013 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Bouncer Ræva" | 2014 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Stella Stella Stella" | rowspan="3"| 2014 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Koolio" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Biashara"<br/><small>(featuring Kristoff and Khaligraph Jones)</small> | — |- ! scope="row"| "Chukua Hatua" | rowspan="2"| 2015 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Obe Baba"<br/><small>(featuring Rajville (Rajiv Okemwa)</small> | — |- ! scope="row"| "Identifyourself" | rowspan="2"| 2016 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Big Girl" | — | ''Stella Mwangi'' |- ! scope="row"| "Ready to Pop" | rowspan="2"| 2017 | — | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Kuchizi" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Not Your Ordinary" | rowspan="5"| 2018 | — | ''No Games'' |- ! scope="row"| "You Got Me"<br/><small>(with {{ill|Alexandra Rotan|en}})</small> | — | rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "10 Toes" | — |- ! scope="row"| "F.I.L."<br/><small>(with Alexandra Rotan)</small> | — |- ! scope="row"| "Repeat" | — | rowspan="2"| ''No Games'' |- ! scope="row"| "So What" | rowspan="3"| 2019 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Number 1"<br/><small>(with {{ill|Victoria Kimani|en}})</small> | — | rowspan="4" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Ma Itù" | — |- ! scope="row"| "In the Spot"<br/><small>(with {{ill|JS16|en}})</small> | rowspan="2"| 2020 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Long Way Coming"<br/><small>(with Aaron Salovaara)</small> | — |- ! scope="row"| "Eyes Off Me" | rowspan="3"| 2021 | — | ''Eyes Off Me'' |- ! scope="row"| "Watch"<br/><small>(with Valorant)</small> | — | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Naughty" | — | ''Eyes Off Me'' |- ! scope="row"| "Icon" | rowspan="2"| 2022 | — | rowspan="2"| ''Icon'' |- ! scope="row"| "I Do What I Want" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Talk That Talk" | 2024 | — | {{Non-album single}} |- | colspan="20" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released. |} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] csjx6xhc8yb3pho9763u0tmzxsghjvw 10878747 10878744 2026-06-04T12:30:14Z Greenock125 652309 10878747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Stella Mwangi | image = Stella Mwangi (STL).JPG | caption = Stella Mwangi at a video shoot in Nairobi, June 2012 | birth_name = Stella Nyambura Mwangi | alias = Stella, STL | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|9|1}} | birth_place = [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] | death_date = | origin = [[Eidsvoll]], [[Norway]] | instrument = | genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Hip hop]]|[[Dance music|Dance]]|[[Trap music|Trap]]|[[Electro house]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Songwriter|Rapper}} | years_active = 2007-present | label = {{hlist|MTG|Mwangi|Big City|[[EMI Records|EMI]]|[[Ubisoft|Ubiloud]]}} | website = {{url|http://stellamwangi.com/}} }} '''Stella Nyambura Mwangi''' (born 1 September 1986) is a [[Kenya|Kenyan]]-[[Norway|Norwegian]] singer, rapper, and songwriter. She has represented {{ill|Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011|en|lt=Norway}} in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2011]] with the song "{{ill|Haba Haba|en}}" in [[Düsseldorf]], [[Germany]], she finished 17th in the first semi-final with 30 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/dusseldorf-2011/|title=Düsseldorf 2011|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br/><ref name="NOR">{{cite web|url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Stella+Mwangi|title=Discography Stella Mwangi|publisher=Hung Medien|website=norwegiancharts.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Living for Music'' | * Released: 20 October 2008 * Label: MTG Productions * Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]] | — |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Kinanda|en}}'' | * Released: 10 June 2011 * Label: EMI Norway * Formats: Digital download, streaming | 15 |- ! scope="row"| ''Eyes Off Me'' | * Released: 9 September 2021 * Label: Recurrent Records, Position Music * Formats: Digital download, streaming | — |- ! scope="row"| ''Icon'' | * Released: 16 June 2022 * Label: Choicetracks, Position Music * Formats: Digital download, streaming | — |- ! scope="row"| ''Reborn'' | * Released: 7 March 2024 * Label: Choice Tracks, Position Music * Formats: Digital download, streaming | — |- | colspan="22" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released. |} ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col"| Title ! scope="col"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Stella Mwangi'' | * Released: 23 March 2017 * Label: Position Music * Formats: Digital download, streaming |- ! scope="row"| ''No Games'' | * Released: 19 August 2019 * Label: Recurrent Records, Position Music * Formats: Digital download, streaming |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br/><ref name="NOR"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Take It Back" | 2007 | — | rowspan="4"| ''Living for Music'' |- ! scope="row"| "The Dreamer" | rowspan="2"| 2008 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Makelele Remix" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Smile" | 2010 | — |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Haba Haba|en}}" | rowspan="4"| 2011 | 1 | rowspan="4"| ''Kinanda'' |- ! scope="row"| "Lookie Lookie" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Take My Time"<br/><small>(featuring {{ill|Mohombi|en}})</small> | — |- ! scope="row"| "Hula Hoop" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Bad As I Wanna Be" | 2012 | — | rowspan="9" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Shut It Down" | 2013 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Bouncer Ræva" | 2014 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Stella Stella Stella" | rowspan="3"| 2014 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Koolio" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Biashara"<br/><small>(featuring Kristoff and Khaligraph Jones)</small> | — |- ! scope="row"| "Chukua Hatua" | rowspan="2"| 2015 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Obe Baba"<br/><small>(featuring Rajville (Rajiv Okemwa)</small> | — |- ! scope="row"| "Identifyourself" | rowspan="2"| 2016 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Big Girl" | — | ''Stella Mwangi'' |- ! scope="row"| "Ready to Pop" | rowspan="2"| 2017 | — | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Kuchizi" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Not Your Ordinary" | rowspan="5"| 2018 | — | ''No Games'' |- ! scope="row"| "You Got Me"<br/><small>(with {{ill|Alexandra Rotan|en}})</small> | — | rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "10 Toes" | — |- ! scope="row"| "F.I.L."<br/><small>(with Alexandra Rotan)</small> | — |- ! scope="row"| "Repeat" | — | rowspan="2"| ''No Games'' |- ! scope="row"| "So What" | rowspan="3"| 2019 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Number 1"<br/><small>(with {{ill|Victoria Kimani|en}})</small> | — | rowspan="4" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Ma Itù" | — |- ! scope="row"| "In the Spot"<br/><small>(with {{ill|JS16|en}})</small> | rowspan="2"| 2020 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Long Way Coming"<br/><small>(with Aaron Salovaara)</small> | — |- ! scope="row"| "Eyes Off Me" | rowspan="3"| 2021 | — | ''Eyes Off Me'' |- ! scope="row"| "Watch"<br/><small>(with Valorant)</small> | — | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Naughty" | — | ''Eyes Off Me'' |- ! scope="row"| "Icon" | rowspan="2"| 2022 | — | rowspan="2"| ''Icon'' |- ! scope="row"| "I Do What I Want" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Talk That Talk" | 2024 | — | ''Reborn'' |- | colspan="20" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released. |} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] s46qlysmskj0958viq6lx3wbziof8f7 3 1270236 10878765 2026-06-04T13:41:07Z Jolly1253 1150185 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[Ringo Starr]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10878765 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Ringo Starr]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Jolly1253|Jolly1253]] ([[User talk:Jolly1253|talk]]) 13:41, 4 June 2026 (UTC) 2splpmc4bauf180wdqanhu5bbf4z6si 0 1270237 10878767 2026-06-04T13:50:47Z FonzuHarp 1759780 Redirected page to [[Ejective consonant]] 10878767 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ejective consonant]] 933uduihoruxd3292zral5bymay267z 3 1270238 10878787 2026-06-04T14:22:27Z Minorax 844779 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[List of islands of Norway]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10878787 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of List of islands of Norway== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:List of islands of Norway]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:List of islands of Norway}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 14:22, 4 June 2026 (UTC) fh1vkg9ii6ewerx4y6s3yp2rcqibiof 10878791 10878787 2026-06-04T14:37:25Z Fehufanga 863768 General note: Creating inappropriate pages on [[List of islands of Norway]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10878791 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of List of islands of Norway== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:List of islands of Norway]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:List of islands of Norway}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> --[[User:Minorax|<span style="font-family: monospace, monospace; color:#69C">Min☠︎rax</span>]]^{&laquo;&brvbar;[[User talk:Minorax|'''talk''']]&brvbar;&raquo;} 14:22, 4 June 2026 (UTC) == June 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you made, [[:List of islands of Norway]], did not meet our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]] for new pages, so it has been [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|removed]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests. You may also want to read our [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction page]] to learn more about changing. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create1 --> — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 14:37, 4 June 2026 (UTC) b5ebzusamhx6l88dmcff99aeyi6l14l 0 1270239 10878804 2026-06-04T14:58:00Z ~2026-33321-35 1816282 Redirected page to [[Canada]] 10878804 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Canada]] n3lsfv9lczyag9cwg2cnvd8nwkim1wo 10878805 10878804 2026-06-04T14:59:18Z ~2026-33321-35 1816282 from 3166 10878805 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Canada]] {{redirect category shell| {{R from ISO 3166 code}} }} c4yr3yjmwq0z6a3zfd4q4fp3xl6fagi 0 1270240 10878809 2026-06-04T15:14:35Z Gombin23 1816289 Created page with "'''Mary Rose "TenTen Asistio Muñoz"''' (October 10, 1976 - June 12, 1996) professionally better known as '''Tenten Muñoz''' was a Filipina musical artist, who became popular with her 1991 hit, '''Kaba'''. and Grand Champion from bulilit bagong kampeon early 1987 She was also an actress, known for '''Barbi: Maid in the Philippines (1989)'''. {{Infobox person | name = Ten-Ten Muñoz | birth_name = Mary Rose Ten-Ten Asistio Muñoz | image..." 10878809 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Rose "TenTen Asistio Muñoz"''' (October 10, 1976 - June 12, 1996) professionally better known as '''Tenten Muñoz''' was a Filipina musical artist, who became popular with her 1991 hit, '''Kaba'''. and Grand Champion from bulilit bagong kampeon early 1987 She was also an actress, known for '''Barbi: Maid in the Philippines (1989)'''. {{Infobox person | name = Ten-Ten Muñoz | birth_name = Mary Rose Ten-Ten Asistio Muñoz | image = Ten-Ten Munoz.jpg.jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1976|10|10}} | birth_place = [[Caloocan]], [[Philippines]] | citizenship = [[Philippine]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1996|06|12|1976|10|10}} | death_place = [[California]], [[United States]] | death_cause = [[Brain Cancer]] | other_names = Ten-Ten | occupation = singer, actress, | years_active = 1991-1996 present | alma_mater = Maryknoll College of Panabo }} == Early life == On October 10, 1977, '''Mary Rose Ten-Ten Asistio Muñoz''' was born in Manila. A very talented singer and actress, a loving daughter and sister, a good friend. She passed on many years ago, in the middle of pursuing her education overseas. == Education == We were partners-in-crime during our Grade School days in Maryknoll College (now known as Miriam). We went to parties and soirées together, did sleep-overs in her home, hung-out at their family’s snack bar Buena Park on Katipunan, loading up on the most delicious Spaghettis and chocolate milkshakes. I would go with her to her show rehearsals, and recordings. Boys always wanted to see her, and there were times we snuck out of her house, just to say hi to them, just to make their hours of waiting outside her house a bit bearable. Consuelo ba. My sister was also a singer, and they always saw each other in TV guestings, shows. Our families knew each other as well. In High School, she left abruptly to pursue her education in the US. We stayed connected thru mail (postal a.k.a. snail mail), she would send letters and photos, but mostly thru telephone, “long distance” ang tawag nuon. I remember we would hurriedly end phone conversations when her Mom got home. Her Mom was not too happy with the phone bills hihihi. When she came to visit Manila when I was in College, she went to my school. And I remember how all the boys gave me the “look”, “pakilala mo naman kami” , they all whispered. Some actually bravely came up to us just to meet her. She was enigmatic. Her cheerful vibe, her disarming smile, echoed everywhere. All eyes were always on her, not because she was a celebrity, but because of her naturally positive aura. == Music career == In 1991, Tenten Muñoz had launched her music career with her self-titled album. It includes her signature song, Kaba, which is now covered by Tootsie Guevara and Jodi Sta. Maria. She performed and was a guest on various concerts and shows. She left Manila for the United States to pursue her education as a high school student. == Death == In 1996, Muñoz had reportedly suffered brain cancer while she lived in the United States pursuing her college education. She was admitted to the hospital and underwent procedure. On June 12, 1996, Muñoz died at the age of 19 before she was about to go home from the hospital, as confirmed by her friend. She was cremated and her ashes were brought by her family to their home. Her friends and relatives paid their last respects. == References == {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:'Ten-Ten, Muñoz}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:1996 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from brain cancer in the Philippines]] [[Category:Deaths from brain cancer]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Filipino singer]] [[Category:People from Caloocan]] [[Category:People of Filipino]] [[Category:Musicians from Caloocan]] [[Category:Actresses from Caloocan]] [[Category:Filipino actress]] [[Category:Tagalog singers]] 7lcsaf067zw0cghrngspvf4yemuhelf 10879306 10878809 2026-06-05T04:42:34Z Garsh2 1475106 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ten-Ten Muñoz]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Can't really find a lot of indication of notability here, she seemingly doesn't pass [[WP:NACTOR]] or the [[WP:GNG]]}} '''Mary Rose "TenTen Asistio Muñoz"''' (October 10, 1976 - June 12, 1996) professionally better known as '''Tenten Muñoz''' was a Filipina musical artist, who became popular with her 1991 hit, '''Kaba'''. and Grand Champion from bulilit bagong kampeon early 1987 She was also an actress, known for '''Barbi: Maid in the Philippines (1989)'''. {{Infobox person | name = Ten-Ten Muñoz | birth_name = Mary Rose Ten-Ten Asistio Muñoz | image = Ten-Ten Munoz.jpg.jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1976|10|10}} | birth_place = [[Caloocan]], [[Philippines]] | citizenship = [[Philippine]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1996|06|12|1976|10|10}} | death_place = [[California]], [[United States]] | death_cause = [[Brain Cancer]] | other_names = Ten-Ten | occupation = singer, actress, | years_active = 1991-1996 present | alma_mater = Maryknoll College of Panabo }} == Early life == On October 10, 1977, '''Mary Rose Ten-Ten Asistio Muñoz''' was born in Manila. A very talented singer and actress, a loving daughter and sister, a good friend. She passed on many years ago, in the middle of pursuing her education overseas. == Education == We were partners-in-crime during our Grade School days in Maryknoll College (now known as Miriam). We went to parties and soirées together, did sleep-overs in her home, hung-out at their family’s snack bar Buena Park on Katipunan, loading up on the most delicious Spaghettis and chocolate milkshakes. I would go with her to her show rehearsals, and recordings. Boys always wanted to see her, and there were times we snuck out of her house, just to say hi to them, just to make their hours of waiting outside her house a bit bearable. Consuelo ba. My sister was also a singer, and they always saw each other in TV guestings, shows. Our families knew each other as well. In High School, she left abruptly to pursue her education in the US. We stayed connected thru mail (postal a.k.a. snail mail), she would send letters and photos, but mostly thru telephone, “long distance” ang tawag nuon. I remember we would hurriedly end phone conversations when her Mom got home. Her Mom was not too happy with the phone bills hihihi. When she came to visit Manila when I was in College, she went to my school. And I remember how all the boys gave me the “look”, “pakilala mo naman kami” , they all whispered. Some actually bravely came up to us just to meet her. She was enigmatic. Her cheerful vibe, her disarming smile, echoed everywhere. All eyes were always on her, not because she was a celebrity, but because of her naturally positive aura. == Music career == In 1991, Tenten Muñoz had launched her music career with her self-titled album. It includes her signature song, Kaba, which is now covered by Tootsie Guevara and Jodi Sta. Maria. She performed and was a guest on various concerts and shows. She left Manila for the United States to pursue her education as a high school student. == Death == In 1996, Muñoz had reportedly suffered brain cancer while she lived in the United States pursuing her college education. She was admitted to the hospital and underwent procedure. On June 12, 1996, Muñoz died at the age of 19 before she was about to go home from the hospital, as confirmed by her friend. She was cremated and her ashes were brought by her family to their home. Her friends and relatives paid their last respects. == References == {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:'Ten-Ten, Muñoz}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:1996 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from brain cancer in the Philippines]] [[Category:Deaths from brain cancer]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Filipino singer]] [[Category:People from Caloocan]] [[Category:People of Filipino]] [[Category:Musicians from Caloocan]] [[Category:Actresses from Caloocan]] [[Category:Filipino actress]] [[Category:Tagalog singers]] 9rajk5f6opm8pxrhephplf03q4xpl9y 3 1270242 10878830 2026-06-04T16:22:47Z Passengerpigeon 264719 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Berg concentration camp]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10878830 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Berg concentration camp== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Berg concentration camp]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Berg concentration camp}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Passengerpigeon|Passengerpigeon]] ([[User talk:Passengerpigeon|talk]]) 16:22, 4 June 2026 (UTC) 8sk0nuo4y0zx9x7xkdlpcvm53tqjrns 3 1270243 10878849 2026-06-04T16:38:50Z NDG 1452189 sending warning (warning 1) 10878849 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Your change to the page [[:Rat]] worked, but because it had things in it which did not help improve the page, it was [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you would like to do more tests on Wikipedia, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. You may also want to read the [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome page]] to learn about helping the Simple English Wikipedia. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-test1 --> [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 16:38, 4 June 2026 (UTC) tv8v6scqycualwz5n3l5ar7oe1msl8o 0 1270245 10878858 2026-06-04T16:53:05Z ~2026-29623-71 1805491 Created page with "The DR 5.0 is a [[Automobile|car]] produced by the automobile manufacturer [[DR Automobiles Groupe]] since [[2020]], and it has been produced in 2 versions. [[File:DR 5.0 1.5 GPL.jpg|thumb|DR 5.0 (pre-restyling) ]] == Context == The DR 5.0 is an [[SUV]], positioned between the smaller [[DR 3.0|3.0]] and the larger [[DR 6.0|6.0]]. The 5.0 is available in 2 trims, with either automatic or manual [[transmission]]. In terms of the engine, a 1.5 Turbo [[Gasoline|petrol]] wit..." 10878858 wikitext text/x-wiki The DR 5.0 is a [[Automobile|car]] produced by the automobile manufacturer [[DR Automobiles Groupe]] since [[2020]], and it has been produced in 2 versions. [[File:DR 5.0 1.5 GPL.jpg|thumb|DR 5.0 (pre-restyling) ]] == Context == The DR 5.0 is an [[SUV]], positioned between the smaller [[DR 3.0|3.0]] and the larger [[DR 6.0|6.0]]. The 5.0 is available in 2 trims, with either automatic or manual [[transmission]]. In terms of the engine, a 1.5 Turbo [[Gasoline|petrol]] with 116 HP, while with [[Liquefied petroleum gas|GPL]] it drops to 114 HP. The car is criticized due to low reliability and delays in spare parts. The car was updated in [[2022]], with a new grille and improved details.<gallery> File:Dr 5.0 MIMO 2022.jpg|DR 5.0 (restyling) </gallery> == DR 4.0 == The DR 4.0 has been produced since 2022 as a 'pre-restyling' of the 5.0, it is equipped with the same mechanics as the 5.0, and like it, it is derived from the [[Chery Tiggo 5x]]. It has a more Spartan front, with less luxurious interior details, and for this reason, it was the cheapest version of the 5.0. Production ended in [[2024]]. {{Commons category-inline|DR 4.0}}<gallery> File:DR 4.0 front.jpg|DR 4.0 (front) File:DR 4.0 rear.jpg|DR 4.0 (rear) </gallery> == DR 5 == The DR 5 is a major restyling of the 5.0, it changes everything, from the front to the interior (more modern), and it is sold with petrol, LPG, and [[Hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] [[Engine|engines]]. The petrol version has 99 HP. The designation "DR 5 Collection" is used, which is what DR uses for the new models. == References == {{Commons category-inline|DR 5.0}} klxjk4la1imxejkzo5war0uxah60yga 10878859 10878858 2026-06-04T16:57:59Z ~2026-32488-75 1813658 10878859 wikitext text/x-wiki The DR 5.0 is a [[Automobile|car]] produced by the automobile manufacturer [[DR Automobiles Groupe]] since [[2020]], and it has been produced in 2 versions. [[File:DR 5.0 1.5 GPL.jpg|thumb|DR 5.0 (pre-restyling) ]] == Context == The DR 5.0 is an [[SUV]], positioned between the smaller [[DR 3.0|3.0]] and the larger [[DR 6.0|6.0]]. The 5.0 is available in 2 trims, with either automatic or manual [[transmission]]. In terms of the engine, a 1.5 Turbo [[Gasoline|petrol]] with 116 HP, while with [[Liquefied petroleum gas|GPL]] it drops to 114 HP. The car is criticized due to low reliability and delays in spare parts. The car was updated in [[2022]], with a new grille and improved details.<gallery> File:Dr 5.0 MIMO 2022.jpg|DR 5.0 (restyling) </gallery> == DR 4.0 == The DR 4.0 has been produced since 2022 as a 'pre-restyling' of the 5.0, it is equipped with the same mechanics as the 5.0, and like it, it is derived from the [[Chery Tiggo 5x]]. It has a more Spartan front, with less luxurious interior details, and for this reason, it was the cheapest version of the 5.0. Production ended in [[2024]]. {{Commons category-inline|DR 4.0}}<gallery> File:DR 4.0 front.jpg|DR 4.0 (front) File:DR 4.0 rear.jpg|DR 4.0 (rear) </gallery> == DR 5 == The DR 5 is a major restyling of the 5.0, it changes everything, from the front to the interior (more modern), and it is sold with petrol, LPG, and [[Hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] [[Engine|engines]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Motor1 Italia|title=IBRIDO vs GPL vs ELETTRICO: Quale conviene? 💶 Consumi e costi REALI|date=2026-06-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xglYRitzfRs|access-date=2026-06-04}}</ref>. The petrol version has 99 HP. The designation "DR 5 Collection" is used, which is what DR uses for the new models. == References == {{Commons category-inline|DR 5.0}} <ref>{{Cite web|last=Rossi|first=Max Gentini|date=2025-07-07|title=DR 5.0: pregi e difetti dell’urban SUV italiano|url=https://www.carx.it/news/dr-5-0-pregi-e-difetti-dellurban-suv-italiano/|access-date=2026-06-04|website=CarX.it|language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mercato|date=2023-02-08|title=DR 4.0 - Benzina o Gpl, la Suv al microscopio|url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/mercato/2023/02/07/dr_4_0_gpl_prezzo_interni_motore_consumi.html|access-date=2026-06-04|website=Quattroruote.it|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=La DR cala il tris: arrivano le nuove 5, 6 e 7. Ecco prezzi e caratteristiche|url=https://www.alvolante.it/news/dr-automobiles-prezzi-nuove-dr5-dr6-dr7-2026-410647|access-date=2026-06-04|website=www.alvolante.it|language=it-IT}}</ref> dtaaywnmu8rdkxvnq9twh80o6bcgtcd 10879190 10878859 2026-06-05T01:01:31Z ~2026-31265-91 1810417 10879190 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DR 5.0 1.5 GPL.jpg|thumb|DR 5.0 (pre-restyling) ]] The '''DR 5.0''' is a [[SUV]] produced by [[Italian]] automobile manufacturer [[DR Automobiles Groupe]] since [[2020]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rossi|first=Max Gentini|date=2025-07-07|title=DR 5.0: pregi e difetti dell’urban SUV italiano|url=https://www.carx.it/news/dr-5-0-pregi-e-difetti-dellurban-suv-italiano/|access-date=2026-06-04|website=CarX.it|language=it-IT}}</ref> and it has been produced in 2 versions. It is positioned between the smaller [[DR 3.0|3.0]] and the larger [[DR 6.0|6.0]]. The 5.0 is available in 2 trims, with either automatic or manual [[transmission]]. In terms of the engine, a 1.5 Turbo [[Gasoline|petrol]] with 116 HP, while with [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] it has 114 HP. The car was updated in [[2022]]. === DR 4.0 === The DR 4.0 has been made in 2022 as a pre-restyled 5.0 and like it, it is a rebadged [[Chery Tiggo 5x]]. It has less luxurious interior details, and for this reason, it was the cheapest version of the 5.0. Production ended in [[2024]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mercato|date=2023-02-08|title=DR 4.0 - Benzina o Gpl, la Suv al microscopio|url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/mercato/2023/02/07/dr_4_0_gpl_prezzo_interni_motore_consumi.html|access-date=2026-06-04|website=Quattroruote.it|language=it}}</ref> <gallery> File:DR 4.0 front.jpg|DR 4.0 (front) File:DR 4.0 rear.jpg|DR 4.0 (rear) </gallery> == DR 5 == The DR 5 is a restyled version of the 5.0, it changes many things, and is sold with petrol, LPG, and [[Hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] [[Engine|engines]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Motor1 Italia|title=IBRIDO vs GPL vs ELETTRICO: Quale conviene? 💶 Consumi e costi REALI|date=2026-06-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xglYRitzfRs|access-date=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=La DR cala il tris: arrivano le nuove 5, 6 e 7. Ecco prezzi e caratteristiche|url=https://www.alvolante.it/news/dr-automobiles-prezzi-nuove-dr5-dr6-dr7-2026-410647|access-date=2026-06-04|website=www.alvolante.it|language=it-IT}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == External Links == {{Commons category-inline|DR 5.0}} {{Commons category-inline|DR 4.0}} otdlze5h9u0p2dum6sg1wi42xilupg1 10879191 10879190 2026-06-05T01:01:56Z ~2026-31265-91 1810417 /* DR 4.0 */ 10879191 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DR 5.0 1.5 GPL.jpg|thumb|DR 5.0 (pre-restyling) ]] The '''DR 5.0''' is a [[SUV]] produced by [[Italian]] automobile manufacturer [[DR Automobiles Groupe]] since [[2020]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rossi|first=Max Gentini|date=2025-07-07|title=DR 5.0: pregi e difetti dell’urban SUV italiano|url=https://www.carx.it/news/dr-5-0-pregi-e-difetti-dellurban-suv-italiano/|access-date=2026-06-04|website=CarX.it|language=it-IT}}</ref> and it has been produced in 2 versions. It is positioned between the smaller [[DR 3.0|3.0]] and the larger [[DR 6.0|6.0]]. The 5.0 is available in 2 trims, with either automatic or manual [[transmission]]. In terms of the engine, a 1.5 Turbo [[Gasoline|petrol]] with 116 HP, while with [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] it has 114 HP. The car was updated in [[2022]]. ==== DR 4.0 ==== The DR 4.0 has been made in 2022 as a pre-restyled 5.0 and like it, it is a rebadged [[Chery Tiggo 5x]]. It has less luxurious interior details, and for this reason, it was the cheapest version of the 5.0. Production ended in [[2024]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mercato|date=2023-02-08|title=DR 4.0 - Benzina o Gpl, la Suv al microscopio|url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/mercato/2023/02/07/dr_4_0_gpl_prezzo_interni_motore_consumi.html|access-date=2026-06-04|website=Quattroruote.it|language=it}}</ref> <gallery> File:DR 4.0 front.jpg|DR 4.0 (front) File:DR 4.0 rear.jpg|DR 4.0 (rear) </gallery> == DR 5 == The DR 5 is a restyled version of the 5.0, it changes many things, and is sold with petrol, LPG, and [[Hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] [[Engine|engines]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Motor1 Italia|title=IBRIDO vs GPL vs ELETTRICO: Quale conviene? 💶 Consumi e costi REALI|date=2026-06-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xglYRitzfRs|access-date=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=La DR cala il tris: arrivano le nuove 5, 6 e 7. Ecco prezzi e caratteristiche|url=https://www.alvolante.it/news/dr-automobiles-prezzi-nuove-dr5-dr6-dr7-2026-410647|access-date=2026-06-04|website=www.alvolante.it|language=it-IT}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == External Links == {{Commons category-inline|DR 5.0}} {{Commons category-inline|DR 4.0}} bexvd4lkv92gseohwljxb1uutkwwdlc 10879192 10879191 2026-06-05T01:02:21Z ~2026-31265-91 1810417 /* DR 4.0 */ 10879192 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DR 5.0 1.5 GPL.jpg|thumb|DR 5.0 (pre-restyling) ]] The '''DR 5.0''' is a [[SUV]] produced by [[Italian]] automobile manufacturer [[DR Automobiles Groupe]] since [[2020]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rossi|first=Max Gentini|date=2025-07-07|title=DR 5.0: pregi e difetti dell’urban SUV italiano|url=https://www.carx.it/news/dr-5-0-pregi-e-difetti-dellurban-suv-italiano/|access-date=2026-06-04|website=CarX.it|language=it-IT}}</ref> and it has been produced in 2 versions. It is positioned between the smaller [[DR 3.0|3.0]] and the larger [[DR 6.0|6.0]]. The 5.0 is available in 2 trims, with either automatic or manual [[transmission]]. In terms of the engine, a 1.5 Turbo [[Gasoline|petrol]] with 116 HP, while with [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] it has 114 HP. The car was updated in [[2022]]. === DR 4.0 === The DR 4.0 has been made in 2022 as a pre-restyled 5.0 and like it, it is a rebadged [[Chery Tiggo 5x]]. It has less luxurious interior details, and for this reason, it was the cheapest version of the 5.0. Production ended in [[2024]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mercato|date=2023-02-08|title=DR 4.0 - Benzina o Gpl, la Suv al microscopio|url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/mercato/2023/02/07/dr_4_0_gpl_prezzo_interni_motore_consumi.html|access-date=2026-06-04|website=Quattroruote.it|language=it}}</ref> <gallery> File:DR 4.0 front.jpg|DR 4.0 (front) File:DR 4.0 rear.jpg|DR 4.0 (rear) </gallery> == DR 5 == The DR 5 is a restyled version of the 5.0, it changes many things, and is sold with petrol, LPG, and [[Hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] [[Engine|engines]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Motor1 Italia|title=IBRIDO vs GPL vs ELETTRICO: Quale conviene? 💶 Consumi e costi REALI|date=2026-06-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xglYRitzfRs|access-date=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=La DR cala il tris: arrivano le nuove 5, 6 e 7. Ecco prezzi e caratteristiche|url=https://www.alvolante.it/news/dr-automobiles-prezzi-nuove-dr5-dr6-dr7-2026-410647|access-date=2026-06-04|website=www.alvolante.it|language=it-IT}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == External Links == {{Commons category-inline|DR 5.0}} {{Commons category-inline|DR 4.0}} otdlze5h9u0p2dum6sg1wi42xilupg1 10879443 10879192 2026-06-05T11:19:24Z ~2026-29623-71 1805491 Delete 10879443 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DR 5.0 1.5 GPL.jpg|thumb|DR 5.0 (pre-restyling) ]] The '''DR 5.0''' is a [[SUV]] produced by [[Italian]] automobile manufacturer [[DR Automobiles Groupe]] since [[2020]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rossi|first=Max Gentini|date=2025-07-07|title=DR 5.0: pregi e difetti dell’urban SUV italiano|url=https://www.carx.it/news/dr-5-0-pregi-e-difetti-dellurban-suv-italiano/|access-date=2026-06-04|website=CarX.it|language=it-IT}}</ref> and it has been produced in 2 versions. It is positioned between the smaller [[DR 3.0|3.0]] and the larger [[DR 6.0|6.0]]. The 5.0 is available in 2 trims, with either automatic or manual [[transmission]]. In terms of the engine, a 1.5 Turbo [[Gasoline|petrol]] with 116 HP, while with [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] it has 114 HP. The car was updated in [[2022]]. === DR 4.0 === The DR 4.0 has been made in 2022 as a pre-restyled 5.0 and like it, it is a rebadged [[Chery Tiggo 5x]]. It has less luxurious interior details, and for this reason, it was the cheapest version of the 5.0. Production ended in [[2024]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mercato|date=2023-02-08|title=DR 4.0 - Benzina o Gpl, la Suv al microscopio|url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/mercato/2023/02/07/dr_4_0_gpl_prezzo_interni_motore_consumi.html|access-date=2026-06-04|website=Quattroruote.it|language=it}}</ref> <gallery> File:DR 4.0 front.jpg|DR 4.0 (front) File:DR 4.0 rear.jpg|DR 4.0 (rear) </gallery> == DR 5 == The DR 5 is a restyled version of the 5.0, it changes many things, and is sold with petrol, LPG, and [[Hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] [[Engine|engines]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Motor1 Italia|title=IBRIDO vs GPL vs ELETTRICO: Quale conviene? 💶 Consumi e costi REALI|date=2026-06-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xglYRitzfRs|access-date=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=La DR cala il tris: arrivano le nuove 5, 6 e 7. Ecco prezzi e caratteristiche|url=https://www.alvolante.it/news/dr-automobiles-prezzi-nuove-dr5-dr6-dr7-2026-410647|access-date=2026-06-04|website=www.alvolante.it|language=it-IT}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == External Links == {{Commons category-inline|DR 5.0}} {{Commons category-inline|DR 4.0}} 2zriibwcovp7zr6dcu96h8t9avbsij0 10879444 10879443 2026-06-05T11:20:16Z ~2026-29623-71 1805491 -gras. 10879444 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DR 5.0 1.5 GPL.jpg|thumb|DR 5.0 (pre-restyling) ]] The '''DR 5.0''' is a [[SUV]] produced by [[Italian]] automobile manufacturer [[DR Automobiles Groupe]] since [[2020]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rossi|first=Max Gentini|date=2025-07-07|title=DR 5.0: pregi e difetti dell’urban SUV italiano|url=https://www.carx.it/news/dr-5-0-pregi-e-difetti-dellurban-suv-italiano/|access-date=2026-06-04|website=CarX.it|language=it-IT}}</ref> and it has been produced in 2 versions. It is positioned between the smaller [[DR 3.0|3.0]] and the larger [[DR 6.0|6.0]]. The 5.0 is available in 2 trims, with either automatic or manual [[transmission]]. In terms of the engine, a 1.5 Turbo [[Gasoline|petrol]] with 116 HP, while with [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] it has 114 HP. The car was updated in [[2022]]. == DR 4.0 == The DR 4.0 has been made in 2022 as a pre-restyled 5.0 and like it, it is a rebadged [[Chery Tiggo 5x]]. It has less luxurious interior details, and for this reason, it was the cheapest version of the 5.0. Production ended in [[2024]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mercato|date=2023-02-08|title=DR 4.0 - Benzina o Gpl, la Suv al microscopio|url=https://www.quattroruote.it/news/mercato/2023/02/07/dr_4_0_gpl_prezzo_interni_motore_consumi.html|access-date=2026-06-04|website=Quattroruote.it|language=it}}</ref> <gallery> File:DR 4.0 front.jpg|DR 4.0 (front) File:DR 4.0 rear.jpg|DR 4.0 (rear) </gallery> == DR 5 == The DR 5 is a restyled version of the 5.0, it changes many things, and is sold with petrol, LPG, and [[Hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] [[Engine|engines]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Motor1 Italia|title=IBRIDO vs GPL vs ELETTRICO: Quale conviene? 💶 Consumi e costi REALI|date=2026-06-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xglYRitzfRs|access-date=2026-06-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=La DR cala il tris: arrivano le nuove 5, 6 e 7. Ecco prezzi e caratteristiche|url=https://www.alvolante.it/news/dr-automobiles-prezzi-nuove-dr5-dr6-dr7-2026-410647|access-date=2026-06-04|website=www.alvolante.it|language=it-IT}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == External Links == {{Commons category-inline|DR 5.0}} {{Commons category-inline|DR 4.0}} cn0l837yg5qzirpn2gri29ky9oif5jy 0 1270247 10878868 2026-06-04T17:31:17Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7#Editions]] 10878868 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[windows 7#Editions]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R to article without mention}} {{R to section}} }} 78n7x2uuh5tu2fnwg2rgj8ssmktygyv 0 1270248 10878869 2026-06-04T17:35:05Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878869 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] djzzxzdvojniohxejor1rev0fegz18t 0 1270249 10878874 2026-06-04T17:41:15Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878874 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R to article without mention}} }} gvzldn1o2qhauxq04k19pq984xhk5ip 0 1270250 10878876 2026-06-04T17:43:11Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878876 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R to article without mention}} {{R from subtopic}} }} rlazy573hkzycutpat5alw7gp7afn4a 0 1270251 10878879 2026-06-04T17:44:30Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878879 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from other capitalization}} {{r to article without mention}} }} mtl01uxzo4r1q4qgxhqrdox86ch1jax 3 1270252 10878882 2026-06-04T17:45:44Z Julius 12345 1557476 /* June 2026 */ new section 10878882 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Earth]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Julius 12345|Julius 12345]] ([[User talk:Julius 12345|talk]]) 17:45, 4 June 2026 (UTC) 5fsv4h749xzib62941f2h87jbcqn5s8 3 1270253 10878887 2026-06-04T17:48:12Z Julius 12345 1557476 /* June 2026 */ new section 10878887 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Aysnc]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. 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Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Julius 12345|Julius 12345]] ([[User talk:Julius 12345|talk]]) 17:48, 4 June 2026 (UTC) prmlgo8r94zt1zfjqbfjjzueyb3rerx 0 1270254 10878889 2026-06-04T17:49:52Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878889 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] djzzxzdvojniohxejor1rev0fegz18t 0 1270255 10878891 2026-06-04T17:54:59Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878891 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] djzzxzdvojniohxejor1rev0fegz18t 0 1270256 10878892 2026-06-04T17:58:52Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878892 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] djzzxzdvojniohxejor1rev0fegz18t 0 1270257 10878894 2026-06-04T18:03:23Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878894 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] djzzxzdvojniohxejor1rev0fegz18t 10878901 10878894 2026-06-04T18:12:00Z Readmymind8777 1721801 10878901 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{redirect category shell| {{R from unnecessary disambiguation}} }} nm4kapycboxtwdr0d9fgaot0398ea65 0 1270258 10878896 2026-06-04T18:07:56Z Lcsnes 893257 Created by translating the page "[[:vi:Special:Redirect/revision/72196583|Konrad Zuse]]" 10878896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Konrad Zuse | image = Konrad Zuse (1992).jpg | caption = Konrad Zuse in 1992 | birth_date = {{birth date|1910|06|22|df=yes}} | birth_name = Konrad Ernst Otto Zuse | birth_place = Berlin, [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[German Empire]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1995|12|18|1910|06|22|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Hünfeld]], Hesse, Germany | residence = | field = {{ubl|[[Computer science]]|[[Computer engineering]]}} | work_institutions = [[German Aerospace Center|Aerodynamic Research Institute]] | alma_mater = [[Technische Universität Berlin]] | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = {{ubl|[[Z3 (computer)|Z3]], [[Z4 (computer)|Z4]]|[[Plankalkül]]|[[Calculating Space]] (cf. [[digital physics]])|Montagestraße SRS 72<ref name="Eibisch_2016"/>|[[Helixturm]]<ref name="Eibisch_2009"/><ref name="Bock-Eibisch_2010"/><ref name="Eibisch_2016"/>}} | prizes = {{ubl|''[[Werner von Siemens Ring]]'' in 1964|''[[Harry H. Goode Memorial Award]]'' in 1965 (together with [[George Stibitz]])|[[Wilhelm Exner Medal]], 1969<ref name="Editor 2015">editor, ÖGV. (2015). Wilhelm Exner Medal. Austrian Trade Association. ÖGV. Austria.</ref>|''[[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]'' in 1972|''[[Computer History Museum]] Fellow Award'' in 1999}} | signature = Konrad Zuse Signature.png }} '''Konrad Zuse''' (June 22, 1910 – December 18, 1995) was a German infrastructure engineer, computer scientist, inventor, and businessman. His greatest achievement was the world's first programmable computer, the Z3, which began operating in May 1941. Zuse is often considered the inventor of the modern computer. Zuse is also credited with creating the S2 computer, considered the first process-controlled computer. He founded one of the earliest computer businesses in 1941, producing the Z4, the world's first commercial computer. From 1943 he designed the first [[high-level programming language]], ''Plankalkül''. In 1969, Zuse proposed the concept of a computationally based universe in his book ''Rechnender Raum (Spatial Computing)''. Much of his early work was funded by family and commerce, but after 1939 he was provided with resources by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] government. Due to [[World War II]], Zuse's achievements went largely unnoticed in the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]]. His first possible document influence on an American company was [[IBM]]'s selection of his patents in 1946. There is a replica of the Z3 computer, as well as the original Z4 computer, in the [[Deutsches Museum]] in [[Munich]]. The Archches Technikmuseum in [[Berlin]] has an exhibition dedicated to Zuse, displaying twelve of his computers, including a replica of the Z1 and several paintings by Zuse. == References == {{Reflist}} == Books ==   * Zuse, Konrad (1993). ''The Computer – My Life.'' Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. {{ISBN|0-387-56453-5}} (translated from the original German edition (1984): ''Der Computer – Mein Lebenswerk.'' Springer. {{ISBN|3-540-56292-3}}.) ([https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-02931-2] Electronic version from Springer) * Zuse, Konrad (1969). ''Rechnender Raum'' Braunschweig: Vieweg & Sohn. {{ISBN|3-528-09609-8}} * [ftp://ftp.idsia.ch/pub/juergen/zuse67scan.pdf ''Rechnender Raum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618062108/ftp://ftp.idsia.ch/pub/juergen/zuse67scan.pdf|date=2020-06-18}} (PDF document), Elektronische Datenverarbeitung, 8: 336–344, 1967. * [ftp://ftp.idsia.ch/pub/juergen/zuserechnenderraum.pdf ''Calculating Space''] English translation as PDF document * Zuse, Konrad. Direction-bound engraving tool with program control. U.S. Patent 3,163,936 * U.S.Patents 3,234,819; 3,306,128; 3,408,483; 3,356,852; 3,316,442 == Further reading == * Konrad Zuse: The Computer – My Life, Springer Verlag, {{ISBN|3-540-56453-5}}, {{ISBN|0-387-56453-5}} * Jürgen Alex, Hermann Flessner, Wilhelm Mons, Horst Zuse: Konrad Zuse: Der Vater des Computers. Parzeller, Fulda 2000, {{ISBN|3-7900-0317-4}} * Raul Rojas (Hrsg.): Die Rechenmaschinen von Konrad Zuse. Springer, Berlin 1998, {{ISBN|3-540-63461-4}}. * Wilhelm Füßl (Ed.): 100 Jahre Konrad Zuse. Einblicke in den Nachlass, München 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-940396-14-3}}. * Jürgen Alex: Wege und Irrwege des Konrad Zuse. In: Spektrum der Wissenschaft (dt. Ausgabe von Scientific American) 1/1997, {{ISSN|0170-2971}}. * Hadwig Dorsch: Der erste Computer. Konrad Zuses Z1 – Berlin 1936. Beginn und Entwicklung einer technischen Revolution. Mit Beiträgen von Konrad Zuse und Otto Lührs. Museum für Verkehr und Technik, Berlin 1989. * Clemens Kieser: „Ich bin zu faul zum Rechnen" – Konrad Zuses Computer Z22 im Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie Karlsruhe. In: Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg, 4/34/2005, Esslingen am Neckar, S. 180–184, {{ISSN|0342-0027}}. * Mario G. Losano (ed.), ''Zuse. L'elaboratore nasce in Europa. Un secolo di calcolo automatico'', Etas Libri, Milano 1975, pp.&nbsp;XVIII-184. * Arno Peters: Was ist und wie verwirklicht sich Computer-Sozialismus: Gespräche mit Konrad Zuse. Verlag Neues Leben, Berlin 2000, {{ISBN|3-355-01510-5}}. * Paul Janositz: Informatik und Konrad Zuse: Der Pionier des Computerbaus in Europa – Das verkannte Genie aus Adlershof. In: Der Tagesspiegel Nr. 19127, Berlin, 9. März 2006, Beilage Seite B3. * Jürgen Alex: Zum Einfluß elementarer Sätze der mathematischen Logik bei Alfred Tarski auf die drei Computerkonzepte des Konrad Zuse. TU Chemnitz 2006. * Jürgen Alex: Zur Entstehung des Computers – von Alfred Tarski zu Konrad Zuse. VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-18-150051-4}}, {{ISSN|0082-2361}}. * Herbert Bruderer: [http://www.oldenbourg-verlag.de/wissenschaftsverlag/konrad-zuse-und-schweiz/9783486713664 ''Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz. Wer hat den Computer erfunden? Charles Babbage, Alan Turing und John von Neumann''] Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2012, XXVI, 224 Seiten, {{ISBN|978-3-486-71366-4}} [[Category:German atheists]] [[Category:German civil engineers]] [[Category:German computer scientists]] szdwocq8wgpgrxfox8loul3sml4ytw6 10879310 10878896 2026-06-05T04:43:19Z Garsh2 1475106 Added {{[[Template:complex|complex]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{complex|date=June 2026}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Konrad Zuse | image = Konrad Zuse (1992).jpg | caption = Konrad Zuse in 1992 | birth_date = {{birth date|1910|06|22|df=yes}} | birth_name = Konrad Ernst Otto Zuse | birth_place = Berlin, [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[German Empire]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1995|12|18|1910|06|22|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Hünfeld]], Hesse, Germany | residence = | field = {{ubl|[[Computer science]]|[[Computer engineering]]}} | work_institutions = [[German Aerospace Center|Aerodynamic Research Institute]] | alma_mater = [[Technische Universität Berlin]] | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = {{ubl|[[Z3 (computer)|Z3]], [[Z4 (computer)|Z4]]|[[Plankalkül]]|[[Calculating Space]] (cf. [[digital physics]])|Montagestraße SRS 72<ref name="Eibisch_2016"/>|[[Helixturm]]<ref name="Eibisch_2009"/><ref name="Bock-Eibisch_2010"/><ref name="Eibisch_2016"/>}} | prizes = {{ubl|''[[Werner von Siemens Ring]]'' in 1964|''[[Harry H. Goode Memorial Award]]'' in 1965 (together with [[George Stibitz]])|[[Wilhelm Exner Medal]], 1969<ref name="Editor 2015">editor, ÖGV. (2015). Wilhelm Exner Medal. Austrian Trade Association. ÖGV. Austria.</ref>|''[[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]'' in 1972|''[[Computer History Museum]] Fellow Award'' in 1999}} | signature = Konrad Zuse Signature.png }} '''Konrad Zuse''' (June 22, 1910 – December 18, 1995) was a German infrastructure engineer, computer scientist, inventor, and businessman. His greatest achievement was the world's first programmable computer, the Z3, which began operating in May 1941. Zuse is often considered the inventor of the modern computer. Zuse is also credited with creating the S2 computer, considered the first process-controlled computer. He founded one of the earliest computer businesses in 1941, producing the Z4, the world's first commercial computer. From 1943 he designed the first [[high-level programming language]], ''Plankalkül''. In 1969, Zuse proposed the concept of a computationally based universe in his book ''Rechnender Raum (Spatial Computing)''. Much of his early work was funded by family and commerce, but after 1939 he was provided with resources by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] government. Due to [[World War II]], Zuse's achievements went largely unnoticed in the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]]. His first possible document influence on an American company was [[IBM]]'s selection of his patents in 1946. There is a replica of the Z3 computer, as well as the original Z4 computer, in the [[Deutsches Museum]] in [[Munich]]. The Archches Technikmuseum in [[Berlin]] has an exhibition dedicated to Zuse, displaying twelve of his computers, including a replica of the Z1 and several paintings by Zuse. == References == {{Reflist}} == Books ==   * Zuse, Konrad (1993). ''The Computer – My Life.'' Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. {{ISBN|0-387-56453-5}} (translated from the original German edition (1984): ''Der Computer – Mein Lebenswerk.'' Springer. {{ISBN|3-540-56292-3}}.) ([https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-02931-2] Electronic version from Springer) * Zuse, Konrad (1969). ''Rechnender Raum'' Braunschweig: Vieweg & Sohn. {{ISBN|3-528-09609-8}} * [ftp://ftp.idsia.ch/pub/juergen/zuse67scan.pdf ''Rechnender Raum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618062108/ftp://ftp.idsia.ch/pub/juergen/zuse67scan.pdf|date=2020-06-18}} (PDF document), Elektronische Datenverarbeitung, 8: 336–344, 1967. * [ftp://ftp.idsia.ch/pub/juergen/zuserechnenderraum.pdf ''Calculating Space''] English translation as PDF document * Zuse, Konrad. Direction-bound engraving tool with program control. U.S. Patent 3,163,936 * U.S.Patents 3,234,819; 3,306,128; 3,408,483; 3,356,852; 3,316,442 == Further reading == * Konrad Zuse: The Computer – My Life, Springer Verlag, {{ISBN|3-540-56453-5}}, {{ISBN|0-387-56453-5}} * Jürgen Alex, Hermann Flessner, Wilhelm Mons, Horst Zuse: Konrad Zuse: Der Vater des Computers. Parzeller, Fulda 2000, {{ISBN|3-7900-0317-4}} * Raul Rojas (Hrsg.): Die Rechenmaschinen von Konrad Zuse. Springer, Berlin 1998, {{ISBN|3-540-63461-4}}. * Wilhelm Füßl (Ed.): 100 Jahre Konrad Zuse. Einblicke in den Nachlass, München 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-940396-14-3}}. * Jürgen Alex: Wege und Irrwege des Konrad Zuse. In: Spektrum der Wissenschaft (dt. Ausgabe von Scientific American) 1/1997, {{ISSN|0170-2971}}. * Hadwig Dorsch: Der erste Computer. Konrad Zuses Z1 – Berlin 1936. Beginn und Entwicklung einer technischen Revolution. Mit Beiträgen von Konrad Zuse und Otto Lührs. Museum für Verkehr und Technik, Berlin 1989. * Clemens Kieser: „Ich bin zu faul zum Rechnen" – Konrad Zuses Computer Z22 im Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie Karlsruhe. In: Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg, 4/34/2005, Esslingen am Neckar, S. 180–184, {{ISSN|0342-0027}}. * Mario G. Losano (ed.), ''Zuse. L'elaboratore nasce in Europa. Un secolo di calcolo automatico'', Etas Libri, Milano 1975, pp.&nbsp;XVIII-184. * Arno Peters: Was ist und wie verwirklicht sich Computer-Sozialismus: Gespräche mit Konrad Zuse. Verlag Neues Leben, Berlin 2000, {{ISBN|3-355-01510-5}}. * Paul Janositz: Informatik und Konrad Zuse: Der Pionier des Computerbaus in Europa – Das verkannte Genie aus Adlershof. In: Der Tagesspiegel Nr. 19127, Berlin, 9. März 2006, Beilage Seite B3. * Jürgen Alex: Zum Einfluß elementarer Sätze der mathematischen Logik bei Alfred Tarski auf die drei Computerkonzepte des Konrad Zuse. TU Chemnitz 2006. * Jürgen Alex: Zur Entstehung des Computers – von Alfred Tarski zu Konrad Zuse. VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-18-150051-4}}, {{ISSN|0082-2361}}. * Herbert Bruderer: [http://www.oldenbourg-verlag.de/wissenschaftsverlag/konrad-zuse-und-schweiz/9783486713664 ''Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz. Wer hat den Computer erfunden? Charles Babbage, Alan Turing und John von Neumann''] Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2012, XXVI, 224 Seiten, {{ISBN|978-3-486-71366-4}} [[Category:German atheists]] [[Category:German civil engineers]] [[Category:German computer scientists]] 2eivk9of45k97csmsgczjc0ku5w36go 0 1270259 10878898 2026-06-04T18:10:57Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878898 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from unnecessary disambiguation}} }} 2ae6q1j2utla8eri3507o5211u8921m 0 1270260 10878902 2026-06-04T18:13:19Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878902 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{redirect category shell| {{R from unnecessary disambiguation}} }} nm4kapycboxtwdr0d9fgaot0398ea65 0 1270261 10878903 2026-06-04T18:16:19Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878903 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from unnecessary disambiguation}} }} 2ae6q1j2utla8eri3507o5211u8921m 0 1270262 10878905 2026-06-04T18:20:41Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878905 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{redirect category shell| {{R from unnecessary disambiguation}} {{R from misspelling|Windows 7 (operating system)}} }} r78xmm41807a36elgjjbrl8ck1fkkhb 0 1270263 10878907 2026-06-04T18:25:58Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878907 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{redirect category shell| {{R from other capitalization}} {{R to article without mention}} }} 0beto7mbxxrspsxyvto7a68isr1cc00 0 1270264 10878908 2026-06-04T18:26:57Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878908 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{redirect category shell| {{R to article without mention}} }} 4rnaa7g5xv9nqywe1ipdlnbtb7higow 0 1270265 10878910 2026-06-04T18:28:17Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878910 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[windows 7]] nuye7mscy3xgklrni82jd16ii8w3eo8 0 1270266 10878914 2026-06-04T18:30:06Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878914 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{redirect category shell| {{R from alternative name}} }} sodlee9e4wixffef5itn2xycw04b893 0 1270267 10878915 2026-06-04T18:30:06Z Darkfrog24 508885 Created page with "{{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image =Engystomops petersi 2.jpg | status =LC | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Engystomops petersi | authority = Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 | range_map = |synonyms=*''Paludicola petersi'' Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 *''Engystomops petersii'' Boulenger, 1882 *''Eupemphix paraensis'' Müller, 1923 *''Eupemphix schereri'' Myers, 1942 *''Physalaemus petersi'' Lynch, 1970 *''Engystomops petersi'' Nascimento,..." 10878915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image =Engystomops petersi 2.jpg | status =LC | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Engystomops petersi | authority = Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 | range_map = |synonyms=*''Paludicola petersi'' Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 *''Engystomops petersii'' Boulenger, 1882 *''Eupemphix paraensis'' Müller, 1923 *''Eupemphix schereri'' Myers, 1942 *''Physalaemus petersi'' Lynch, 1970 *''Engystomops petersi'' Nascimento, Caramaschi, and Cruz, 2005 | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} '''Peters' dwarf frog''', '''Peters' bully foam frog''', or '''sapito bullanguero de Peters''' (''Engystomops petersi'') is a [[frog]]. It lives in [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Peru]]. Scientists say it might also live in [[Bolivia]], [[French Guiana]], and [[Suriname]].<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6 |title=''Engystomops petersi'' Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Leptodactylidae/Leiuperinae/Engystomops/Engystomops-petersi |access-date=June 4, 2026}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb |title=''Engystomops petersi'' Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 |author1=Diego A. Ortiz|author2= Morley Read |author3= Santiago R. Ron |editor1=Santiago R. Ron |date=July 31, 2026 |language=es |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/3412 |access-date=June 4, 2026}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN |title=Peters' Dwarf Frog: ''Engystomops petersi'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/57272/53969023 |page=e.T57270A184642858 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T57270A184642858.en |id=57272 |year=2023 |author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group|author2=Instituto Boitatá de Etnobiologia e Conservação da Fauna |accessdate=June 4, 2026}}</ref> ==Body== The adult male frog is 20.6–31.3 mm long [[snout-vent length|from nose to rear end]] and the adult female frog is 25.2–39.1 mm. The skin of the frog's back can be gray or brown in color with red or orange spots. [[morph|Some frogs]] have lighter color on their sides. There are large black spots near where the back legs meet the body. Parts of the throat and chest are dark gray with small white marks. Some frogs have some yellow color near the throat and chest. The iris of the eye is [[bronze]] in color.<ref name=Amph /> ==Home== This frog is awake at night. It lives on the ground in [[primary forest|forests that were never cut down]] and [[secondary forest|forests that are growing back]]. People see the frog on the [[leaf litter|dead leaves on the ground]]. Scientists have seen it between {{convert|89| and |1200|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. Scientists have seen the frog in protected places.<ref name=Amph /><ref name=IUCN /> The tadpoles' bodies and tail muscles are black in color with cream-white marks. People see the adult frogs on the ground in the forest and they see the younger frogs hiding in the plants.<ref name=Amph /> ==Young== These frogs have young in pools of water. They put the eggs in [[foam nest|nests made out of bubbles]]. The female frogs lay eggs in the same places as each other.<ref name=IUCN /> ==Danger== Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is [[Least concern|not in danger]] of dying out. In some places, some of the frogs may be in danger when [[habitat loss|people change the places where the frogs live]] to cut down trees and make farms.<ref name=IUCN /> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Frogs of South America]] {{Taxonbar|from1=Q4668325}} {{biology-stub}} gmjth21mggqfxgzapw18a1qg1q5zjty 10878916 10878915 2026-06-04T18:32:28Z Darkfrog24 508885 10878916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image =Engystomops petersi 2.jpg | status =LC | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Engystomops petersi | authority = Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 | range_map = |synonyms=*''Paludicola petersi'' Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 *''Engystomops petersii'' Boulenger, 1882 *''Eupemphix paraensis'' Müller, 1923 *''Eupemphix schereri'' Myers, 1942 *''Physalaemus petersi'' Lynch, 1970 *''Engystomops petersi'' Nascimento, Caramaschi, and Cruz, 2005 | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} '''Peters' dwarf frog''', '''Peters' bully foam frog''', or '''sapito bullanguero de Peters''' (''Engystomops petersi'') is a [[frog]]. It lives in [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Peru]]. Scientists say it might also live in [[Bolivia]], [[French Guiana]], and [[Suriname]].<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6 |title=''Engystomops petersi'' Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Leptodactylidae/Leiuperinae/Engystomops/Engystomops-petersi |access-date=June 4, 2026}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb |title=''Engystomops petersi'' Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 |author1=Diego A. Ortiz|author2= Morley Read |author3= Santiago R. Ron |editor1=Santiago R. Ron |date=July 31, 2026 |language=es |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/3412 |access-date=June 4, 2026}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN |title=Peters' Dwarf Frog: ''Engystomops petersi'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/57270/184642858 |page=e.T57270A184642858 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T57270A184642858.en |id=57270 |year=2023 |author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group|author2=Instituto Boitatá de Etnobiologia e Conservação da Fauna |accessdate=June 4, 2026}}</ref> ==Body== The adult male frog is 20.6–31.3 mm long [[snout-vent length|from nose to rear end]] and the adult female frog is 25.2–39.1 mm. The skin of the frog's back can be gray or brown in color with red or orange spots. [[morph|Some frogs]] have lighter color on their sides. There are large black spots near where the back legs meet the body. Parts of the throat and chest are dark gray with small white marks. Some frogs have some yellow color near the throat and chest. The iris of the eye is [[bronze]] in color.<ref name=Amph /> ==Home== This frog is awake at night. It lives on the ground in [[primary forest|forests that were never cut down]] and [[secondary forest|forests that are growing back]]. People see the frog on the [[leaf litter|dead leaves on the ground]]. Scientists have seen it between {{convert|89| and |1200|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. Scientists have seen the frog in protected places.<ref name=Amph /><ref name=IUCN /> The tadpoles' bodies and tail muscles are black in color with cream-white marks. People see the adult frogs on the ground in the forest and they see the younger frogs hiding in the plants.<ref name=Amph /> ==Young== These frogs have young in pools of water. They put the eggs in [[foam nest|nests made out of bubbles]]. The female frogs lay eggs in the same places as each other.<ref name=IUCN /> ==Danger== Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is [[Least concern|not in danger]] of dying out. In some places, some of the frogs may be in danger when [[habitat loss|people change the places where the frogs live]] to cut down trees and make farms.<ref name=IUCN /> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Frogs of South America]] {{Taxonbar|from1=Q4668325}} {{biology-stub}} ar8115itxze21fxe9wtrctk85rbvf42 10878931 10878916 2026-06-04T18:40:45Z Darkfrog24 508885 10878931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image =Engystomops petersi 2.jpg | status =LC | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Engystomops petersi | authority = Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 | range_map = |synonyms=*''Paludicola petersi'' Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 *''Engystomops petersii'' Boulenger, 1882 *''Eupemphix paraensis'' Müller, 1923 *''Eupemphix schereri'' Myers, 1942 *''Physalaemus petersi'' Lynch, 1970 *''Engystomops petersi'' Nascimento, Caramaschi, and Cruz, 2005 | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} '''Peters' dwarf frog''', '''Peters' bully foam frog''', or '''sapito bullanguero de Peters''' (''Engystomops petersi'') is a [[frog]]. It lives in [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Peru]]. Scientists say it might also live in [[Bolivia]], [[French Guiana]], and [[Suriname]].<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6 |title=''Engystomops petersi'' Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Leptodactylidae/Leiuperinae/Engystomops/Engystomops-petersi |access-date=June 4, 2026}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb |title=''Engystomops petersi'' Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 |author1=Diego A. Ortiz|author2= Morley Read |author3= Santiago R. Ron |editor1=Santiago R. Ron |date=July 31, 2026 |language=es |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/3412 |access-date=June 4, 2026}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN |title=Peters' Dwarf Frog: ''Engystomops petersi'' |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/57270/184642858 |page=e.T57270A184642858 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T57270A184642858.en |id=57270 |year=2023 |author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group|author2=Instituto Boitatá de Etnobiologia e Conservação da Fauna |accessdate=June 4, 2026}}</ref> ==Body== The adult male frog is 20.6–31.3 mm long [[snout-vent length|from nose to rear end]] and the adult female frog is 25.2–39.1 mm. The skin of the frog's back can be gray or brown in color with red or orange spots. [[morph|Some frogs]] have lighter color on their sides. There are large black spots near where the back legs meet the body. Parts of the throat and chest are dark gray with small white marks. Some frogs have some yellow color near the throat and chest. The iris of the eye is [[bronze]] in color.<ref name=Amph /> ==Home== This frog is awake at night. It lives on the ground in [[primary forest|forests that were never cut down]] and [[secondary forest|forests that are growing back]]. People see the frog on the [[leaf litter|dead leaves on the ground]]. Scientists have seen it between {{convert|89| and |1200|m|abbr=on}} above sea level. Scientists have seen the frog in protected places.<ref name=Amph /><ref name=IUCN /> ==Young== These frogs have young in pools of water. They put the eggs in [[foam nest|nests made out of bubbles]]. The female frogs lay eggs in the same places as each other.<ref name=IUCN /> The tadpoles' bodies and tail muscles are black in color with cream-white marks. People see the adult frogs on the ground in the forest and they see the younger frogs hiding in the plants.<ref name=Amph /> ==Danger== Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is [[Least concern|not in danger]] of dying out. In some places, some of the frogs may be in danger when [[habitat loss|people change the places where the frogs live]] to cut down trees and make farms.<ref name=IUCN /> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Frogs of South America]] {{Taxonbar|from1=Q4668325}} {{biology-stub}} 3yjam27k9doo4hv7qmylf53cfve4g0y 0 1270268 10878920 2026-06-04T18:32:55Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878920 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from alternative name}} {{r to article without mention}} }} oygvhpv5b8oplwkfgvhcv0dpy977ndg 0 1270269 10878928 2026-06-04T18:39:20Z Simba1997!28 1784326 Redirected page to [[Batman '89 (comic book)]] 10878928 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT:[[Batman '89 (comic book)]] ecft9omppqs4mbs7zo96ijn3x7b5jqb 0 1270270 10878930 2026-06-04T18:40:12Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878930 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{redirect category shell| {{r from other name}} }} rm7r1zxmn2ie6wjwcklpi6puf4fm5da 0 1270271 10878932 2026-06-04T18:41:38Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878932 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] djzzxzdvojniohxejor1rev0fegz18t 0 1270272 10878934 2026-06-04T18:43:19Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878934 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] djzzxzdvojniohxejor1rev0fegz18t 0 1270273 10878935 2026-06-04T18:44:38Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878935 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] djzzxzdvojniohxejor1rev0fegz18t 0 1270274 10878936 2026-06-04T18:45:08Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878936 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] djzzxzdvojniohxejor1rev0fegz18t 0 1270275 10878940 2026-06-04T18:49:20Z ~2026-33321-35 1816282 ISO code 10878940 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Yen]] tcmsf5dp2jqkp1mok2mbcrpfyc9np75 0 1270276 10878959 2026-06-04T19:26:03Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 Created page with "Resort on at the far eastern end of the south coast of the island of [[Cyprus]]. In recent years it has changed from being a family holiday destination to being a party capital, similar to [[Ibiza]]. In particular, it has become popular as the summer holiday destination for followers of [[London]]'s [[UK Garage]] [[music scene]]." 10878959 wikitext text/x-wiki Resort on at the far eastern end of the south coast of the island of [[Cyprus]]. In recent years it has changed from being a family holiday destination to being a party capital, similar to [[Ibiza]]. In particular, it has become popular as the summer holiday destination for followers of [[London]]'s [[UK Garage]] [[music scene]]. p0pe3po5xu44omtdgbcgvxlbezl0i25 0 1270277 10878961 2026-06-04T19:27:07Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 Created page with "'''Armand Van Helden''' is a music remixer whose biggest success came from his remixes of the Tori Amos 1996 dance hit "Professional Widow". Ironically, Van Helden did not recieve a penny for those mixes as he presented them uncomissioned and thus was not entitled to compensation. ''This article is a stub. Help Wikipedia be more fantabulous by making it more complete!'''" 10878961 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Armand Van Helden''' is a music remixer whose biggest success came from his remixes of the Tori Amos 1996 dance hit "Professional Widow". Ironically, Van Helden did not recieve a penny for those mixes as he presented them uncomissioned and thus was not entitled to compensation. ''This article is a stub. Help Wikipedia be more fantabulous by making it more complete!''' pck27wnjrnpbdc66kx7lmq5psla3mzc 10878966 10878961 2026-06-04T19:35:02Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 10878966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2012}} {{Refimprove|date=January 2009}} {{Infobox musical artist |name = Armand Van Helden |image =Vanheldenforum160404-4.jpg |caption = Armand Van Helden in 2004<br> at the Forum in [[Trier]], Germany |image_size = 200px |birth_name = Armand Van Helden |alias = Deep Creed, Sultans of Swing, Banji Boys, Circle Children, Old School Junkies, Jungle Juice, Armand & The Banana Spliffs, Hardhead, Wizzards of Wax, The Mole People, Chupacabra, Duck Sauce |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=no|1970|2|16}} |death_date = |origin = Boston, Massachusetts, United States |instrument = |genre = [[House music|House]], [[Electro music|electro]], [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], [[speed garage]], [[drum and bass]] |occupation = DJ, producer, [[remix]]er songwriter |years_active = 1990&ndash;present |label = AV8 (1992&ndash;1996) [[Nervous Records]] (1992&ndash;1999)<br> [[Strictly Rhythm]] (1993&ndash;1997)<br> [[ZYX Music]] (1993&ndash;2002)<br> Henry Street Music (1994&ndash;1996)<br> [[FFRR]] (1994&ndash;2001)<br> Armed Records (1999&ndash;2004)<br> [[Southern Fried Records|Southern Fried]] (2004&ndash;present) |website = {{Web oficial|http://www.armandvanhelden.com}} |current_members = |past_members = |notable_instruments = }} '''Armand van Helden''' (born February 16, 1970) is an American DJ and producer of electro house music from Boston, Massachusetts. He was one of the main proponents of the genre Speed ​​Garage, remixing various artists such as [[Janet Jackson]], [[Juliet Roberts]], [[KRS One]], and [[Sneakers Pimps]] among others with this musical style. He closely linked to the electronic music scene of New York. Van Helden often remixes and uses samples of [[funk music|funk]], [[soul music|soul]], rhythm, [[blues]] and [[rap]]. He also uses filters and dub progressions, as in NYC beat, dancehall and [[reggae]] samples. His greatest successes have been the remix of the song "Professional Widow" by [[Tori Amos]], "My My My" (containing a sample of "Comin Apart" by [[Gary Wright]]), as well as "You Do Not Know Me," which is van Helden's own work. ==Biography== ===Early life and career=== Van Helden was born to an [[Indo people|Indo]] ([[Dutch people|Dutch]]-[[Indonesia]]n) father and a French-[[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] mother but traveled around the world as a child, spending time in the [[Netherlands]], Latvia, [[Turkey]], and [[Italy]] as his father was a member of the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]]. At the age of 13, he bought a [[drum machine]] and started DJing two years later.<ref>IMO Records. [http://www.imorecords.co.uk/drum-bass/drumandbass/armand-van-helden-biography/ “Armand Van Helden Biography"], ''[[IMO Records]]'', London, Retrieved on 25 January 2012.</ref> He returned to Boston in 1988, moonlighting as a DJ in Boston clubs. He attended college in Boston. He quit his legal-review job in 1991 to work as a [[remix]]er under the management of Neil Petricone and X-Mix. He took up a DJ residency at the Loft, a top Boston nightclub at the time. He released his first official single, a mix of Deep Creed's "Stay On My Mind" through [[Nervous Records]]. He released "Move It To the Left" (credited to Sultans of Swing) in 1992 on the [[Strictly Rhythm]] label, which became a moderate club hit and led to a string of singles released under several monikers for that label. His first track to make the Billboard [[Hot Dance Music/Club Play]] chart was "Witch Doktor," which made the top 5 in 1994, and led to opportunities to remix acts such as [[New Order]], [[Deep Forest]], [[Jimmy Somerville]], [[Deee-Lite]], and [[Faithless]]. However, it was the "Professional Widow" remix that established him and became a dance hit around the world as well as a number-one hit in the UK. Unfortunately, Van Helden did not receive a penny for this remix because he presented it non-commissioned and, thus, was not entitled to compensation{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}. However, it led to work remixing [[the Rolling Stones]], [[Janet Jackson]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Britney Spears]], and [[Sean Combs|Puff Daddy]], as well as [[Daft Punk]] and [[Sneaker Pimps]], adding to his reputation as one of the world's top house-music musicians. "Cha Cha" was another top-ten dance hit from his first album, ''[[Old School Junkies: The Album]]'', which was released in 1996, along with "The Funk Phenomena." A [[greatest hits]] album appeared the next year, followed by a [[breakbeat]] album later in 1997. "U Don't Know Me" was a number two hit on the [[Billboard dance chart]], a number one in the UK, and a top 20 single on the pop charts in Australia and Canada. The song was the breakout track from his ''2Future4U'' album, which was released stateside on Armand's own label, Armed Records. Van Helden released the ''Killing Puritans'' album in 2000 (also on Armed Records), which contained the hit "Koochy". The track was based around [[Gary Numan]]'s five times UK chart hit, "[[Cars (song)|Cars]]".<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums 2">{{cite book | first= David | last= Roberts | year= 2006 | title= British Hit Singles & Albums | edition= 19th | publisher= Guinness World Records Limited | location= London | isbn= 1-904994-10-5 | page= 398}}</ref> His single "Why Can't You Free Some Time" made it to number 34 in the UK in 2001. His ''New York: A Mix Odyssey'' album released in 2004 produced two hits: "[[Hear My Name]]", a collaboration with [[Spalding Rockwell]] that reached number 7 on the Billboard dance chart, number 34 in the UK, and the top 40 in Australia; and "[[My My My (Armand Van Helden song)|My My My]]", which reached number 4 on the world internet charts, number 5 in the Belgian and Dutch charts, number 6 in Australia, number 15 in the UK, and top 30 in the world dance charts. ===2005=== In 2005, he released the album ''[[Nympho (album)|Nympho]]'', featuring the singles "Into Your Eyes", "My My My", "Hear My Name", and "When the Lights Go Down". The album reached the top 30 in Australia, and number 48 in the UK. "When The Lights Go Down" reached #52<ref>[http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20051020-0000/issue812.pdf Pandora.nla.gov.au]</ref> on the [[ARIA Chart]] in Australia, and was a dance and club hit. Van Helden was the featured DJ in the [http://www.myspace.com/southernfriedrecords Southern Fried] tent at Get Loaded in the Park at [[Clapham Common]] on the [[Bank holiday|August Bank Holiday]] in 2005. He treated concertgoers with an incredible [[mashup (music)|mash-up]] set that is still spoken about today about being one of his best performances.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} ===2006=== In 2006, he re-released "My My My" featuring extra vocals from Tara Mcdonald, which reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart. ===2007=== In 2007, Van Helden released his new album, ''Ghettoblaster'', from which he released the singles "[[NYC Beat]]," which reached number 22 on the UK chart, and "[[I Want Your Soul]]," which reached number 19. ===2008=== In 2008, Van Helden gained more commercial success by remixing "Inspire", a No. 1 hit by the Japanese pop star [[Ayumi Hamasaki]]. This remix was released on the album ''Ayu-mi-x 6: GOLD''. Also, in 2008, Van Helden released two albums, ''[[You Don't Know Me: The Best of Armand Van Helden]]'' and a mix album titled ''New York: a Mix Odyssey 2''. Two of his songs, "My My My" (featuring a sample from [[Gary Wright]]'s "Comin' Apart") and the Dark Garage Mix of the [[Sneaker Pimps]]' "Spin Spin Sugar," are featured in ''[[Dance Dance Revolution EXTREME 2]]''. He also edited music for [[Deee-Lite]]. ===2009=== In May 2009, Van Helden collaborated with UK rap artist [[Dizzee Rascal]] on a new single entitled "[[Bonkers (song)|Bonkers]]". The single entered the UK Singles Chart at number 1, where it stayed for two weeks. Later in 2009, Van Helden worked with [[A-Trak]] to create "aNYway" which was released in October under the name [[Duck sauce (band)|Duck Sauce]]. The duo later gained chart success with the song [[Barbra Streisand (song)|Barbra Streisand]], which reached number 3 in the UK. ===2010=== In early 2010, Van Helden stated that he has an album planned for 2011. Remixer for "Memories" by [[David Guetta]] and "California Gurls" by [[Katy Perry]] === 2011 === In another dance hit 2011 have submitted the song "Big Bad Wolf" is the name of the new duet song Duck Sauce. "Big Bad Wolf" was released on BBC radio, the tune used in the sound of wolves howling, similar to that shown in movies of suspense and terror. Duck Sauce, the band formed by American DJ Armand Van Helden and A-Trak and last year launched the hit "Barbra Streisand", debuted her new clip for "Big Bad Wolf". The controversial video shows two people who have a kind of deformity in his legs also made ​​howling over the issue. To discover is that they are the heads of the two DJ's, and have a life. During development of the clip are appearing more characters with the same "problem" to interact with other heads and even women. The video, which for some can be fun and other unpleasant, also has a high sexual content. The creators worked to surprise all the time but even more in the end, with a quite controversial. ==Discography== * 1994 Armand Van Helden * 1996 Old School Junkies: The Album * 1997 Da Club Phenomena * 1997 Live From Ya Muthas House * 1997 Enter the Meatmarket * 1997 Greatest Hits * 1998 2 Future 4 U * 1999 Armand van Helden's Nervous Tracks * 2000 Killing Puritans * 2001 Gandhi Khan * 2004 New York: A Mix Odyssey * 2005 [[Nympho (album)|Nympho]] * 2007 Ghetto Blaster * 2007 You Don't Know Me The Best Of * 2012 Armand Van Helden The Best Of === Singles === * 1994 Witch Doctor * 1997 Professional Widow * 1997 The Funk Phenomena * 1997 Ultrafunkula * 1999 You Don't Know Me * 1999 Flowerz * 2000 Koochy * 2001 Why Can't You Free Some Time * 2001 You Can't Change Me * 2004 [[Hear My Name]] * 2004 My My My * You Can't Change Me" [[Roger Sanchez]] feat. Armand van Helden & N'Dea Davenport) * 2005 Into Your Eyes * 2005 When The Lights Go Down * 2006 Sugar * 2006 Je suis music by [[Cerrone]] ( Armand Van Helden Remix ) * 2006 Touch Your Shoes * 2007 NYC Beat * 2007 I Want Your Soul * 2008 Je T'aime * 2009 Brat!!! by Armand Van Helden & [[Steve Aoki]] * 2009 Bonkers by [[Dizzie Rascal]] ( Produced Armand Van Helden ) * 2010 aNYway * 2010 Memories by [[David Guetta]] ( Armand Van Helden Remix ) * 2010 Rhythm is a dancer SNAP ( Armand Van Helden Remix ) * 2010 Califonia Gurls by [[Katty Perry]] ( Armand Van Helden Remix ) * 2010 [[Barbra Streisand (canción)|Barbra Streisand]] * 2010 You're Nasty * 2011 Hot Mess * 2011 Sunlight * 2011 Big Bad Wolf ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==External links== * [http://www.musicomh.com/music/features/armand-van-helden_1208.htm Interview with Armand Van Helden] at musicOMH *{{myspace|armandvanhelden|Armand Van Helden}} *{{Facebook|armandvanhelden|Armand Van Helden}} *{{twitter|armandvanhelden|Armand Van Helden}} * [http://www.soundcloud.com/armand-vanhelden SoundCloud of Armand Van Helden] {{Armand Van Helden}} {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> | NAME =Van Helden, Armand | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = | DATE OF BIRTH =16 February 1970 | PLACE OF BIRTH =Boston, Massachusetts | DATE OF DEATH = | PLACE OF DEATH = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Van Helden, Armand}} [[Category:1970 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American DJs]] [[Category:American record producers]] [[Category:American electronic musicians]] [[Category:Musicians from Boston]] [[Category:Boston University alumni]] [[da:Armand van Helden]] [[de:Armand Van Helden]] [[en:Armand Van Helden]] [[es:Armand Van Helden]] [[fr:Armand van Helden]] [[it:Armand Van Helden]] [[hu:Armand Van Helden]] [[nl:Armand Van Helden]] [[ja:アーマンド・ヴァン・ヘルデン]] [[pl:Armand van Helden]] [[pt:Armand van Helden]] [[sr:Armand van Helden]] [[fi:Armand van Helden]] [[sv:Armand Van Helden]] [[th:อาร์มานด์ แวน เฮลเดน]] [[tr:Armand Van Helden]] d5u03fb2v6u0tssc3mt0vvd8y3tosvx 10878967 10878966 2026-06-04T19:38:24Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 Removed non-existent templates 10878967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2012}} {{Refimprove|date=January 2009}} {{Infobox musical artist |name = Armand Van Helden |image =Vanheldenforum160404-4.jpg |caption = Armand Van Helden in 2004<br> at the Forum in [[Trier]], Germany |image_size = 200px |birth_name = Armand Van Helden |alias = Deep Creed, Sultans of Swing, Banji Boys, Circle Children, Old School Junkies, Jungle Juice, Armand & The Banana Spliffs, Hardhead, Wizzards of Wax, The Mole People, Chupacabra, Duck Sauce |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=no|1970|2|16}} |death_date = |origin = Boston, Massachusetts, United States |instrument = |genre = [[House music|House]], [[Electro music|electro]], [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], [[speed garage]], [[drum and bass]] |occupation = DJ, producer, [[remix]]er songwriter |years_active = 1990&ndash;present |label = AV8 (1992&ndash;1996) [[Nervous Records]] (1992&ndash;1999)<br> [[Strictly Rhythm]] (1993&ndash;1997)<br> [[ZYX Music]] (1993&ndash;2002)<br> Henry Street Music (1994&ndash;1996)<br> [[FFRR]] (1994&ndash;2001)<br> Armed Records (1999&ndash;2004)<br> [[Southern Fried Records|Southern Fried]] (2004&ndash;present) |website = {{Website|http://www.armandvanhelden.com}} |current_members = |past_members = |notable_instruments = }} '''Armand van Helden''' (born February 16, 1970) is an American DJ and producer of electro house music from Boston, Massachusetts. He was one of the main proponents of the genre Speed ​​Garage, remixing various artists such as [[Janet Jackson]], [[Juliet Roberts]], [[KRS One]], and [[Sneakers Pimps]] among others with this musical style. He closely linked to the electronic music scene of New York. Van Helden often remixes and uses samples of [[funk music|funk]], [[soul music|soul]], rhythm, [[blues]] and [[rap]]. He also uses filters and dub progressions, as in NYC beat, dancehall and [[reggae]] samples. His greatest successes have been the remix of the song "Professional Widow" by [[Tori Amos]], "My My My" (containing a sample of "Comin Apart" by [[Gary Wright]]), as well as "You Do Not Know Me," which is van Helden's own work. ==Biography== ===Early life and career=== Van Helden was born to an [[Indo people|Indo]] ([[Dutch people|Dutch]]-[[Indonesia]]n) father and a French-[[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] mother but traveled around the world as a child, spending time in the [[Netherlands]], Latvia, [[Turkey]], and [[Italy]] as his father was a member of the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]]. At the age of 13, he bought a [[drum machine]] and started DJing two years later.<ref>IMO Records. [http://www.imorecords.co.uk/drum-bass/drumandbass/armand-van-helden-biography/ “Armand Van Helden Biography"], ''[[IMO Records]]'', London, Retrieved on 25 January 2012.</ref> He returned to Boston in 1988, moonlighting as a DJ in Boston clubs. He attended college in Boston. He quit his legal-review job in 1991 to work as a [[remix]]er under the management of Neil Petricone and X-Mix. He took up a DJ residency at the Loft, a top Boston nightclub at the time. He released his first official single, a mix of Deep Creed's "Stay On My Mind" through [[Nervous Records]]. He released "Move It To the Left" (credited to Sultans of Swing) in 1992 on the [[Strictly Rhythm]] label, which became a moderate club hit and led to a string of singles released under several monikers for that label. His first track to make the Billboard [[Hot Dance Music/Club Play]] chart was "Witch Doktor," which made the top 5 in 1994, and led to opportunities to remix acts such as [[New Order]], [[Deep Forest]], [[Jimmy Somerville]], [[Deee-Lite]], and [[Faithless]]. However, it was the "Professional Widow" remix that established him and became a dance hit around the world as well as a number-one hit in the UK. Unfortunately, Van Helden did not receive a penny for this remix because he presented it non-commissioned and, thus, was not entitled to compensation{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}. However, it led to work remixing [[the Rolling Stones]], [[Janet Jackson]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Britney Spears]], and [[Sean Combs|Puff Daddy]], as well as [[Daft Punk]] and [[Sneaker Pimps]], adding to his reputation as one of the world's top house-music musicians. "Cha Cha" was another top-ten dance hit from his first album, ''[[Old School Junkies: The Album]]'', which was released in 1996, along with "The Funk Phenomena." A [[greatest hits]] album appeared the next year, followed by a [[breakbeat]] album later in 1997. "U Don't Know Me" was a number two hit on the [[Billboard dance chart]], a number one in the UK, and a top 20 single on the pop charts in Australia and Canada. The song was the breakout track from his ''2Future4U'' album, which was released stateside on Armand's own label, Armed Records. Van Helden released the ''Killing Puritans'' album in 2000 (also on Armed Records), which contained the hit "Koochy". The track was based around [[Gary Numan]]'s five times UK chart hit, "[[Cars (song)|Cars]]".<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums 2">{{cite book | first= David | last= Roberts | year= 2006 | title= British Hit Singles & Albums | edition= 19th | publisher= Guinness World Records Limited | location= London | isbn= 1-904994-10-5 | page= 398}}</ref> His single "Why Can't You Free Some Time" made it to number 34 in the UK in 2001. His ''New York: A Mix Odyssey'' album released in 2004 produced two hits: "[[Hear My Name]]", a collaboration with [[Spalding Rockwell]] that reached number 7 on the Billboard dance chart, number 34 in the UK, and the top 40 in Australia; and "[[My My My (Armand Van Helden song)|My My My]]", which reached number 4 on the world internet charts, number 5 in the Belgian and Dutch charts, number 6 in Australia, number 15 in the UK, and top 30 in the world dance charts. ===2005=== In 2005, he released the album ''[[Nympho (album)|Nympho]]'', featuring the singles "Into Your Eyes", "My My My", "Hear My Name", and "When the Lights Go Down". The album reached the top 30 in Australia, and number 48 in the UK. "When The Lights Go Down" reached #52<ref>[http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20051020-0000/issue812.pdf Pandora.nla.gov.au]</ref> on the [[ARIA Chart]] in Australia, and was a dance and club hit. Van Helden was the featured DJ in the [http://www.myspace.com/southernfriedrecords Southern Fried] tent at Get Loaded in the Park at [[Clapham Common]] on the [[Bank holiday|August Bank Holiday]] in 2005. He treated concertgoers with an incredible [[mashup (music)|mash-up]] set that is still spoken about today about being one of his best performances.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}} ===2006=== In 2006, he re-released "My My My" featuring extra vocals from Tara Mcdonald, which reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart. ===2007=== In 2007, Van Helden released his new album, ''Ghettoblaster'', from which he released the singles "[[NYC Beat]]," which reached number 22 on the UK chart, and "[[I Want Your Soul]]," which reached number 19. ===2008=== In 2008, Van Helden gained more commercial success by remixing "Inspire", a No. 1 hit by the Japanese pop star [[Ayumi Hamasaki]]. This remix was released on the album ''Ayu-mi-x 6: GOLD''. Also, in 2008, Van Helden released two albums, ''[[You Don't Know Me: The Best of Armand Van Helden]]'' and a mix album titled ''New York: a Mix Odyssey 2''. Two of his songs, "My My My" (featuring a sample from [[Gary Wright]]'s "Comin' Apart") and the Dark Garage Mix of the [[Sneaker Pimps]]' "Spin Spin Sugar," are featured in ''[[Dance Dance Revolution EXTREME 2]]''. He also edited music for [[Deee-Lite]]. ===2009=== In May 2009, Van Helden collaborated with UK rap artist [[Dizzee Rascal]] on a new single entitled "[[Bonkers (song)|Bonkers]]". The single entered the UK Singles Chart at number 1, where it stayed for two weeks. Later in 2009, Van Helden worked with [[A-Trak]] to create "aNYway" which was released in October under the name [[Duck sauce (band)|Duck Sauce]]. The duo later gained chart success with the song [[Barbra Streisand (song)|Barbra Streisand]], which reached number 3 in the UK. ===2010=== In early 2010, Van Helden stated that he has an album planned for 2011. Remixer for "Memories" by [[David Guetta]] and "California Gurls" by [[Katy Perry]] === 2011 === In another dance hit 2011 have submitted the song "Big Bad Wolf" is the name of the new duet song Duck Sauce. "Big Bad Wolf" was released on BBC radio, the tune used in the sound of wolves howling, similar to that shown in movies of suspense and terror. Duck Sauce, the band formed by American DJ Armand Van Helden and A-Trak and last year launched the hit "Barbra Streisand", debuted her new clip for "Big Bad Wolf". The controversial video shows two people who have a kind of deformity in his legs also made ​​howling over the issue. To discover is that they are the heads of the two DJ's, and have a life. During development of the clip are appearing more characters with the same "problem" to interact with other heads and even women. The video, which for some can be fun and other unpleasant, also has a high sexual content. The creators worked to surprise all the time but even more in the end, with a quite controversial. ==Discography== * 1994 Armand Van Helden * 1996 Old School Junkies: The Album * 1997 Da Club Phenomena * 1997 Live From Ya Muthas House * 1997 Enter the Meatmarket * 1997 Greatest Hits * 1998 2 Future 4 U * 1999 Armand van Helden's Nervous Tracks * 2000 Killing Puritans * 2001 Gandhi Khan * 2004 New York: A Mix Odyssey * 2005 [[Nympho (album)|Nympho]] * 2007 Ghetto Blaster * 2007 You Don't Know Me The Best Of * 2012 Armand Van Helden The Best Of === Singles === * 1994 Witch Doctor * 1997 Professional Widow * 1997 The Funk Phenomena * 1997 Ultrafunkula * 1999 You Don't Know Me * 1999 Flowerz * 2000 Koochy * 2001 Why Can't You Free Some Time * 2001 You Can't Change Me * 2004 [[Hear My Name]] * 2004 My My My * You Can't Change Me" [[Roger Sanchez]] feat. Armand van Helden & N'Dea Davenport) * 2005 Into Your Eyes * 2005 When The Lights Go Down * 2006 Sugar * 2006 Je suis music by [[Cerrone]] ( Armand Van Helden Remix ) * 2006 Touch Your Shoes * 2007 NYC Beat * 2007 I Want Your Soul * 2008 Je T'aime * 2009 Brat!!! by Armand Van Helden & [[Steve Aoki]] * 2009 Bonkers by [[Dizzie Rascal]] ( Produced Armand Van Helden ) * 2010 aNYway * 2010 Memories by [[David Guetta]] ( Armand Van Helden Remix ) * 2010 Rhythm is a dancer SNAP ( Armand Van Helden Remix ) * 2010 Califonia Gurls by [[Katty Perry]] ( Armand Van Helden Remix ) * 2010 [[Barbra Streisand (canción)|Barbra Streisand]] * 2010 You're Nasty * 2011 Hot Mess * 2011 Sunlight * 2011 Big Bad Wolf ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==External links== * [http://www.musicomh.com/music/features/armand-van-helden_1208.htm Interview with Armand Van Helden] at musicOMH *{{Facebook|armandvanhelden|Armand Van Helden}} *{{twitter|armandvanhelden|Armand Van Helden}} * [http://www.soundcloud.com/armand-vanhelden SoundCloud of Armand Van Helden] {{DEFAULTSORT:Van Helden, Armand}} [[Category:1970 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American DJs]] [[Category:American record producers]] [[Category:American electronic musicians]] [[Category:Musicians from Boston]] [[Category:Boston University alumni]] [[da:Armand van Helden]] [[de:Armand Van Helden]] [[en:Armand Van Helden]] [[es:Armand Van Helden]] [[fr:Armand van Helden]] [[it:Armand Van Helden]] [[hu:Armand Van Helden]] [[nl:Armand Van Helden]] [[ja:アーマンド・ヴァン・ヘルデン]] [[pl:Armand van Helden]] [[pt:Armand van Helden]] [[sr:Armand van Helden]] [[fi:Armand van Helden]] [[sv:Armand Van Helden]] [[th:อาร์มานด์ แวน เฮลเดน]] [[tr:Armand Van Helden]] iunvd9pobmlwcyikid4kkhh8e6ryrgx 0 1270279 10878969 2026-06-04T19:39:37Z AxionTrail 1807811 I created a page with references and citation 10878969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mansoor Hussain Laghari | nationality = [[Pakistani]] [[Americans]] | occupation = {{hlist|Human rights activist|Filmmaker|Political advocate|U.S. Army veteran|Nonprofit founder}} | known_for = Founder of Nabisar Films and the Global Youth Unity Project (GYUP) | birth_place = [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]] | parents = Ghulam Mohammad Laghari (father) | website = {{URL|mansoorhussainlaghari.com}} }} '''Mansoor Hussain Laghari''' is a Pakistani-American [[human rights]] activist, filmmaker, political advocate, [[United States Army]] veteran, and founder of Nabisar Films and the Global Youth Unity Project (GYUP). He is known for his work promoting interfaith dialogue, combating [[extremism]], advocating for human rights, and producing socially conscious film projects focused on [[democracy]], [[freedom of religion|religious freedom]], and marginalized communities.<ref name="nabisar">{{cite web |title=About: Mansoor Hussain Laghari |url=https://www.nabisarfilmsus.com |publisher=Nabisar Films |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref><ref name="imdb">{{cite web |title=Mansoor Hussain Laghari |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm14256140/ |publisher=[[IMDb]] |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> == Early life and family background == Mansoor Hussain Laghari was born in [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]], into a politically active family. He is the son of Comrade Ghulam Mohammad Laghari, a prominent political activist and advocate for [[peasants]], [[democracy]], and religious minorities in Pakistan. His father spent many years in prison for his political beliefs and opposition to [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] rule. Throughout his life, Ghulam Mohammad Laghari campaigned against [[feudalism]], defended the rights of peasants, and advocated for [[freedom of religion|religious freedom]] and democratic governance. His activism, repeated imprisonments, and personal sacrifices became a major influence on Mansoor's worldview and future work.<ref name="nabisar"/> Growing up, Laghari witnessed the consequences of political repression, religious discrimination, and social injustice. These experiences helped shape his commitment to human rights advocacy and social change. == Education == Laghari earned a [[Master's degree]] in [[Political Science]] and later pursued legal studies. His academic interests focused on political systems, human rights, international affairs, democracy, and governance. == Immigration to the United States == In 1999, Laghari immigrated to the [[United States]]. Like many immigrants, he faced the challenges of adapting to a new country while maintaining connections to his cultural heritage and political roots. Over time, he became involved in business, community engagement, and public service while developing a growing interest in filmmaking and international advocacy. == Military service == Following the [[September 11 attacks]], Laghari enlisted in the [[United States Army]]. He served from 2009 to 2016 and attained the rank of Specialist. During his military service, he developed a strong appreciation for democratic values, civic responsibility, and international security issues. His military experience significantly influenced his views on terrorism, extremism, freedom, and national security.<ref name="nabisar"/> == Career == === Connecticut Department of Corrections === After his military service, Laghari worked for the Connecticut Department of Correction. His experience in corrections further exposed him to social issues, rehabilitation challenges, and the complexities of criminal justice systems. === Business career === Prior to military service, Laghari worked in sales and management positions, including leadership roles in marketing organizations. These experiences helped develop the management and organizational skills that later contributed to his nonprofit and filmmaking initiatives. === Nabisar Films === Laghari is the founder and president of Nabisar Films, an independent film production company headquartered in [[Connecticut]] with international expansion initiatives.<ref name="nabisar"/> The company focuses on socially conscious storytelling, human rights issues, democracy, interfaith relations, [[women's rights]], and the fight against extremism. Nabisar Films promotes the use of emerging technologies, including [[artificial intelligence]] and advanced [[visual effects]], to reduce production costs while maintaining high production quality. The company's flagship project is ''Path of Liberation'', a [[feature film]] inspired by the life and struggles of Laghari's father. The project explores themes of political persecution, religious tolerance, democracy, and human rights. Other projects associated with Nabisar Films include: * ''Communicide'' * ''1139'' * ''The Mirage Society'' * ''Wavelength'' * ''Roots Beneath the River'' * ''Aurora's Rising'' * ''Pebble That Floats'' * ''Early Bird'' * ''Red Necks'' * ''Swat Katz'' == Human rights advocacy == Laghari has been active in human rights advocacy, focusing on [[freedom of religion|religious freedom]], protection of minorities, [[women's rights]], anti-extremism initiatives, counter-radicalization efforts, [[freedom of expression]], interfaith cooperation, and democratic governance. His public advocacy often draws on his personal experiences in [[Pakistan]] and his family's history of political activism.<ref name="toi">{{cite web |author=Mansoor H. Laghari |title=Author Profile |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/author/mansoor-h-laghari/ |publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> == Global Youth Unity Project == Laghari is the founder of the Global Youth Unity Project (GYUP), an international [[nonprofit organization]] dedicated to fostering understanding between young people from different religious, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds.<ref name="gyup">{{cite web |title=Official website of Global Youth Unity Project |url=https://www.muslimjewishunityproject.org |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> The organization seeks to counter extremism through education, promote Muslim-Jewish dialogue, support youth leadership development, encourage interfaith cooperation, build international peace initiatives, and combat [[antisemitism]] and other forms of hate. GYUP works with educators, community leaders, faith organizations, and youth advocates around the world. == Muslim-Jewish dialogue == Laghari has become known for his public efforts to strengthen Muslim–Jewish relations. He has participated in interfaith initiatives, educational programs, public speaking engagements, and international delegations designed to encourage dialogue between communities often divided by political and religious conflict.<ref name="gyup"/> He has publicly advocated for coexistence, mutual respect, and cooperation between Muslims and Jews while opposing [[antisemitism]], extremism, and religious hatred. == Visit to Israel == Laghari has traveled to [[Israel]] as part of interfaith and educational initiatives. During his visit, he met with community leaders, survivors of terrorism, educators, medical professionals, and peace advocates. He documented his experiences through articles, interviews, and [[social media]] commentary focused on coexistence, security, democracy, and regional peace.<ref name="toi"/> The visit became a significant part of his public advocacy and interfaith work. == Media and public engagement == Laghari is active on social media platforms where he writes about human rights, religious freedom, democracy, counter-extremism, [[Israel]] and [[Middle East]] affairs, interfaith cooperation, film production, and [[artificial intelligence]] in media.<ref name="toi"/> == Political views == Laghari has publicly advocated for democratic governance, religious tolerance, protection of minorities, women's rights, [[freedom of speech]], opposition to terrorism and violent extremism, strong Muslim-Jewish relations, and educational approaches to counter-radicalization. His views have often generated public debate due to his outspoken positions on extremism, Middle East politics, and interfaith issues. == Personal life == Laghari is a father and frequently references family, resilience, and personal responsibility as central influences in his life. His personal journey — from [[Pakistan]] to the [[United States]], from military service to filmmaking and advocacy — has become a recurring theme in his public work.<ref name="official">{{cite web |title=Mansoor Hussain Laghari |url=https://mansoorhussainlaghari.com |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [https://www.nabisarfilmsus.com Official website of Nabisar Films] * [https://www.muslimjewishunityproject.org Official website of Global Youth Unity Project] * [https://mansoorhussainlaghari.com Official website] * [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mansoor-hussain-laghari-b92390156 LinkedIn profile] * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm14256140/ IMDb profile] * [https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/author/mansoor-h-laghari/ The Times of Israel Blog – Author Profile] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOue5pyOn1g Nabisar Films – YouTube Interview] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:American human rights activists]] [[Category:American filmmakers]] [[Category:People from Connecticut]] [[Category:People from Sindh]] [[Category:Pakistani activists]] 6ht2qpmfdkuvy3c4dq3g7eaexkcey8n 10879312 10878969 2026-06-05T04:45:39Z Garsh2 1475106 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mansoor Hussain Laghari]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|Seems to be a non-notable person, this article also seems to border on G11}} {{Infobox person | name = Mansoor Hussain Laghari | nationality = [[Pakistani]] [[Americans]] | occupation = {{hlist|Human rights activist|Filmmaker|Political advocate|U.S. Army veteran|Nonprofit founder}} | known_for = Founder of Nabisar Films and the Global Youth Unity Project (GYUP) | birth_place = [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]] | parents = Ghulam Mohammad Laghari (father) | website = {{URL|mansoorhussainlaghari.com}} }} '''Mansoor Hussain Laghari''' is a Pakistani-American [[human rights]] activist, filmmaker, political advocate, [[United States Army]] veteran, and founder of Nabisar Films and the Global Youth Unity Project (GYUP). He is known for his work promoting interfaith dialogue, combating [[extremism]], advocating for human rights, and producing socially conscious film projects focused on [[democracy]], [[freedom of religion|religious freedom]], and marginalized communities.<ref name="nabisar">{{cite web |title=About: Mansoor Hussain Laghari |url=https://www.nabisarfilmsus.com |publisher=Nabisar Films |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref><ref name="imdb">{{cite web |title=Mansoor Hussain Laghari |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm14256140/ |publisher=[[IMDb]] |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> == Early life and family background == Mansoor Hussain Laghari was born in [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]], into a politically active family. He is the son of Comrade Ghulam Mohammad Laghari, a prominent political activist and advocate for [[peasants]], [[democracy]], and religious minorities in Pakistan. His father spent many years in prison for his political beliefs and opposition to [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] rule. Throughout his life, Ghulam Mohammad Laghari campaigned against [[feudalism]], defended the rights of peasants, and advocated for [[freedom of religion|religious freedom]] and democratic governance. His activism, repeated imprisonments, and personal sacrifices became a major influence on Mansoor's worldview and future work.<ref name="nabisar"/> Growing up, Laghari witnessed the consequences of political repression, religious discrimination, and social injustice. These experiences helped shape his commitment to human rights advocacy and social change. == Education == Laghari earned a [[Master's degree]] in [[Political Science]] and later pursued legal studies. His academic interests focused on political systems, human rights, international affairs, democracy, and governance. == Immigration to the United States == In 1999, Laghari immigrated to the [[United States]]. Like many immigrants, he faced the challenges of adapting to a new country while maintaining connections to his cultural heritage and political roots. Over time, he became involved in business, community engagement, and public service while developing a growing interest in filmmaking and international advocacy. == Military service == Following the [[September 11 attacks]], Laghari enlisted in the [[United States Army]]. He served from 2009 to 2016 and attained the rank of Specialist. During his military service, he developed a strong appreciation for democratic values, civic responsibility, and international security issues. His military experience significantly influenced his views on terrorism, extremism, freedom, and national security.<ref name="nabisar"/> == Career == === Connecticut Department of Corrections === After his military service, Laghari worked for the Connecticut Department of Correction. His experience in corrections further exposed him to social issues, rehabilitation challenges, and the complexities of criminal justice systems. === Business career === Prior to military service, Laghari worked in sales and management positions, including leadership roles in marketing organizations. These experiences helped develop the management and organizational skills that later contributed to his nonprofit and filmmaking initiatives. === Nabisar Films === Laghari is the founder and president of Nabisar Films, an independent film production company headquartered in [[Connecticut]] with international expansion initiatives.<ref name="nabisar"/> The company focuses on socially conscious storytelling, human rights issues, democracy, interfaith relations, [[women's rights]], and the fight against extremism. Nabisar Films promotes the use of emerging technologies, including [[artificial intelligence]] and advanced [[visual effects]], to reduce production costs while maintaining high production quality. The company's flagship project is ''Path of Liberation'', a [[feature film]] inspired by the life and struggles of Laghari's father. The project explores themes of political persecution, religious tolerance, democracy, and human rights. Other projects associated with Nabisar Films include: * ''Communicide'' * ''1139'' * ''The Mirage Society'' * ''Wavelength'' * ''Roots Beneath the River'' * ''Aurora's Rising'' * ''Pebble That Floats'' * ''Early Bird'' * ''Red Necks'' * ''Swat Katz'' == Human rights advocacy == Laghari has been active in human rights advocacy, focusing on [[freedom of religion|religious freedom]], protection of minorities, [[women's rights]], anti-extremism initiatives, counter-radicalization efforts, [[freedom of expression]], interfaith cooperation, and democratic governance. His public advocacy often draws on his personal experiences in [[Pakistan]] and his family's history of political activism.<ref name="toi">{{cite web |author=Mansoor H. Laghari |title=Author Profile |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/author/mansoor-h-laghari/ |publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> == Global Youth Unity Project == Laghari is the founder of the Global Youth Unity Project (GYUP), an international [[nonprofit organization]] dedicated to fostering understanding between young people from different religious, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds.<ref name="gyup">{{cite web |title=Official website of Global Youth Unity Project |url=https://www.muslimjewishunityproject.org |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> The organization seeks to counter extremism through education, promote Muslim-Jewish dialogue, support youth leadership development, encourage interfaith cooperation, build international peace initiatives, and combat [[antisemitism]] and other forms of hate. GYUP works with educators, community leaders, faith organizations, and youth advocates around the world. == Muslim-Jewish dialogue == Laghari has become known for his public efforts to strengthen Muslim–Jewish relations. He has participated in interfaith initiatives, educational programs, public speaking engagements, and international delegations designed to encourage dialogue between communities often divided by political and religious conflict.<ref name="gyup"/> He has publicly advocated for coexistence, mutual respect, and cooperation between Muslims and Jews while opposing [[antisemitism]], extremism, and religious hatred. == Visit to Israel == Laghari has traveled to [[Israel]] as part of interfaith and educational initiatives. During his visit, he met with community leaders, survivors of terrorism, educators, medical professionals, and peace advocates. He documented his experiences through articles, interviews, and [[social media]] commentary focused on coexistence, security, democracy, and regional peace.<ref name="toi"/> The visit became a significant part of his public advocacy and interfaith work. == Media and public engagement == Laghari is active on social media platforms where he writes about human rights, religious freedom, democracy, counter-extremism, [[Israel]] and [[Middle East]] affairs, interfaith cooperation, film production, and [[artificial intelligence]] in media.<ref name="toi"/> == Political views == Laghari has publicly advocated for democratic governance, religious tolerance, protection of minorities, women's rights, [[freedom of speech]], opposition to terrorism and violent extremism, strong Muslim-Jewish relations, and educational approaches to counter-radicalization. His views have often generated public debate due to his outspoken positions on extremism, Middle East politics, and interfaith issues. == Personal life == Laghari is a father and frequently references family, resilience, and personal responsibility as central influences in his life. His personal journey — from [[Pakistan]] to the [[United States]], from military service to filmmaking and advocacy — has become a recurring theme in his public work.<ref name="official">{{cite web |title=Mansoor Hussain Laghari |url=https://mansoorhussainlaghari.com |access-date=2026-06-05}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [https://www.nabisarfilmsus.com Official website of Nabisar Films] * [https://www.muslimjewishunityproject.org Official website of Global Youth Unity Project] * [https://mansoorhussainlaghari.com Official website] * [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mansoor-hussain-laghari-b92390156 LinkedIn profile] * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm14256140/ IMDb profile] * [https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/author/mansoor-h-laghari/ The Times of Israel Blog – Author Profile] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOue5pyOn1g Nabisar Films – YouTube Interview] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:American human rights activists]] [[Category:American filmmakers]] [[Category:People from Connecticut]] [[Category:People from Sindh]] [[Category:Pakistani activists]] fgecoxdio5b8u87n9bz0vp57abt5j54 0 1270280 10878973 2026-06-04T19:42:29Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 Redirected page to [[Grammy Award]] 10878973 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Grammy Award]] 7gq9t4qwd1hys8pc8sk7dur3rhlj79b 0 1270281 10878978 2026-06-04T19:44:52Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 Redirected page to [[Eponym]] 10878978 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Eponym]] 1kb31wu82zcw3pxrmc9ujfaf2lxdeli 0 1270283 10878981 2026-06-04T19:47:03Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 Created page with "[http://www.lastgangrecords.com Last Gang Records ] was formed by Canadian music industry attorney Chris Taylor and concert promoter Donald Tarlton in the Fall of 2002 at the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_montreal Pop Montreal Music Festival]. Taylor had been working for the group [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_%28band%29 Metric] since the early days of 1998 and had literally "shopped" the band to over 100 record labels around the world but to no avail. He wa..." 10878981 wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.lastgangrecords.com Last Gang Records ] was formed by Canadian music industry attorney Chris Taylor and concert promoter Donald Tarlton in the Fall of 2002 at the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_montreal Pop Montreal Music Festival]. Taylor had been working for the group [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_%28band%29 Metric] since the early days of 1998 and had literally "shopped" the band to over 100 record labels around the world but to no avail. He was prepared to release the album himself with his own money when he met with Tarlton. After viewing the Metric video for "Grow Up and Blow Away" (a single on a never to be released Metric album) Donald offered to help Taylor realize his vision of introducing Metric's music to the world. They formed a joint venture company under the DKD label group Last Gang Records. Since formation, LGR has branched out to be its own stand alone record label. Metric released their critically acclaimed, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_Underground%2C_Where_Are_You_Now%3F "Old World Underground, Where Are You Now?"] in the Fall of 2003 and "the little label that could" was born. ss4lhf4eissku6o3onycl6t6dn9pgzi 0 1270284 10878985 2026-06-04T19:48:50Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10878985 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{redirect category shell| {{R from other capitalization}} }} 1ghivjqokz52tm2cmxn4tr1iip1yvyj 0 1270285 10878986 2026-06-04T19:49:43Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 Created page with "The Cannes IAF is the most prestigeous international advertising festival. It draws thousand of entries in each award categories such as film, print, outdoor, cyber and media. There is a jury for each category and the judging happens during the festival week - usually the third week in June. The juries are composed of creative directors in advertising agencies from around the world headed by a jury president. Jurors reward advertising that they judge is the most creative..." 10878986 wikitext text/x-wiki The Cannes IAF is the most prestigeous international advertising festival. It draws thousand of entries in each award categories such as film, print, outdoor, cyber and media. There is a jury for each category and the judging happens during the festival week - usually the third week in June. The juries are composed of creative directors in advertising agencies from around the world headed by a jury president. Jurors reward advertising that they judge is the most creative both in idea and execution. Recent film jury presidents include Bob Isherwood (Saatchi & Saatchi) and Dan Wieden (Wieden + Kennedy). During the festival week, delegates are faced with a dilemna of whether to watch submissions, attend seminars from industry leaders or simply spend time socializing. In 2004 festival owner Roger Hatchuel, sold the IAF to UK publisher and conferencer organizer EMAP for a reported 120 million UKP. Under the leadership of festival CEO Terry Savage, the IAF has continued to evolve categories including radio in 2005, sales promotion in 2006 and is reported to want to include design categories in the near future. rach3atjpyka4txe3y900zp9j1tz8ak 0 1270286 10878987 2026-06-04T19:51:15Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 Created page with "{{Infobox award | name = 37th Brit Awards | image = 2017 Brit Awards logo.svg | date = 22 February 2017 | venue = [[The O2]] | host = [[Michael Bublé]] | network = [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] | most_awards = | previous = [[2016 Brit Awards|2015]] | main = [[Brit Awards]] | next = }} The '''2017 [[Brit Awards]]''' were held on 22 February 2017 and was the 37th edition of the [[British Phonographic Industry]]'s annual pop music awards. The awards ceremony was held at Th..." 10878987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox award | name = 37th Brit Awards | image = 2017 Brit Awards logo.svg | date = 22 February 2017 | venue = [[The O2]] | host = [[Michael Bublé]] | network = [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] | most_awards = | previous = [[2016 Brit Awards|2015]] | main = [[Brit Awards]] | next = }} The '''2017 [[Brit Awards]]''' were held on 22 February 2017 and was the 37th edition of the [[British Phonographic Industry]]'s annual pop music awards. The awards ceremony was held at [[The O2]] in [[London]] and were presented by [[Michael Bublé]]. 1rswybuykbzxms6t8f4bvfp3k3o6x4o 10878988 10878987 2026-06-04T19:51:55Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 Removed non-existent image from infobox 10878988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox award | name = 37th Brit Awards | image = | date = 22 February 2017 | venue = [[The O2]] | host = [[Michael Bublé]] | network = [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] | most_awards = | previous = [[2016 Brit Awards|2015]] | main = [[Brit Awards]] | next = }} The '''2017 [[Brit Awards]]''' were held on 22 February 2017 and was the 37th edition of the [[British Phonographic Industry]]'s annual pop music awards. The awards ceremony was held at [[The O2]] in [[London]] and were presented by [[Michael Bublé]]. h3hwmwxv0ogjzuwrzzl6uyr64jixmgm 10878989 10878988 2026-06-04T19:52:53Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 10878989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox award | name = 37th Brit Awards | image = | date = 22 February 2017 | venue = [[The O2]] | host = [[Michael Bublé]] | network = [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] | most_awards = | previous = [[2016 Brit Awards|2016]] | main = [[Brit Awards]] | next = [[Brit Awards 2018|2018]] }} The '''2017 [[Brit Awards]]''' were held on 22 February 2017 and was the 37th edition of the [[British Phonographic Industry]]'s annual pop music awards. The awards ceremony was held at [[The O2]] in [[London]] and were presented by [[Michael Bublé]]. dzyyu8w75s31vw3yz0hefi8dpjixm2r 0 1270287 10878991 2026-06-04T19:56:55Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 Created page with "{{Infobox musical artist | name = Au/Ra | birth_date = 15 May 2002 (age {{Age|2002|05|15}}) | genre = Alternative pop | label = [[Sony_Music|Sony]] | website = https://www.heyitsaura.com/ | born = }} Au/Ra is a {{Age|2002|05|13}} year old pop singer, who collaborated with [[CamelPhat]] in the 2018 single Panic Room. Au/Ra lived in [[Ibiza]] as a young child, but was since raised in [[Antigua]]. <ref>{{Cite we..." 10878991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Au/Ra | birth_date = 15 May 2002 (age {{Age|2002|05|15}}) | genre = Alternative pop | label = [[Sony_Music|Sony]] | website = https://www.heyitsaura.com/ | born = }} Au/Ra is a {{Age|2002|05|13}} year old pop singer, who collaborated with [[CamelPhat]] in the 2018 single Panic Room. Au/Ra lived in [[Ibiza]] as a young child, but was since raised in [[Antigua]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spindlemagazine.com/2017/11/getting-to-know-aura/|title=Spindle Magazine|last=Studios|first=WMA|website=spindlemagazine.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-05}}</ref> == Discography == === Singles === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Title ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Year ! colspan="9" scope="col" |Peak chart positions ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Certifications |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" |[[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<ref>http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/51997/camelphat-and-elderbrook/</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" |[[UK Dance Singles Chart|UK Dance]]<ref>http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/dance-singles-chart/</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" |[[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/charts/singles-chart|title=ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles|date=5 February 2018|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=3 February 2018}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" |[[Ultratop|BEL]]<ref name="BELFL">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=CamelPhat|title=Discografie CamelPhat|publisher=Belgium (Flanders) Charts Portal. Hung Medien}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" |[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/tops-semaine/top-singles-telecharges/?ye=2017&we=46|title=Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés – SNEP (Week 46, 2017)|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|language=French|accessdate=2 June 2018}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%;" |[[GfK Entertainment Charts|GER]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://germancharts.de/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Elderbrook|title=germancharts.com - Discographie Elderbrook|website=germancharts.de|accessdate=2 June 2018}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" |[[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://irma.ie/index.cfm?page=irish-charts&chart=Singles|title=IRMA – Irish Charts|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|accessdate=4 August 2018}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" |[[Scottish Singles Chart|SCO]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20180706/41/|title=Chart Archive > 6 July 2018|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" |[[Dance Club Songs|USDance]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/music/elderbrook/chart-history/dance-club-play-songs|title=Elderbrook Chart History: Dance Club Songs|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=31 October 2017}} * "Panic Room": {{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-club-play-songs/2018-07-28|title=Dance Club Play Songs: July 28, 2018|work=Billboard|accessdate=24 July 2018}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Panic Room"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/panic-room-single/1364106840|title=Panic Room – Single by Au/Ra & CamelPhat on Apple Music|work=[[iTunes Store]] (US)|accessdate=20 April 2018}}</ref>{{small|(with Au/Ra)}} |2018 |30 <ref>http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/53326/au-ra-and-camelphat/</ref> |5 |— |37 |— |— |54 |21 |49 | |} 1vnpr2oou1r84r60ft2l49z78hyqy36 0 1270288 10878995 2026-06-04T20:00:00Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 Created page with "'''Balearic Beat''' is a style of [[electronic dance music]] that emerged in the late [[1980s]] and was popular into the mid-[[1990s]]. The style was named for its popularity among European [[nightclub]] and beach [[rave party|rave]] patrons on the [[Balearic islands|Balearic island]] of [[Ibiza]], a popular tourist destination. Some dance music compilations referred to the style as "the sound of Ibiza," even though many other, more aggressive and upbeat forms of dance m..." 10878995 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Balearic Beat''' is a style of [[electronic dance music]] that emerged in the late [[1980s]] and was popular into the mid-[[1990s]]. The style was named for its popularity among European [[nightclub]] and beach [[rave party|rave]] patrons on the [[Balearic islands|Balearic island]] of [[Ibiza]], a popular tourist destination. Some dance music compilations referred to the style as "the sound of Ibiza," even though many other, more aggressive and upbeat forms of dance music could be heard on the island. Major artists credited with popularizing Balearic Beat include [[Soul II Soul]] and [[Enigma (band)|Enigma]]. The Balearic Beat sound was initially typified by a distinctive, relatively heavy, slow (90-110 bpm), [[R&B]]-influenced beat consisting of bass drum, snare, and hi-hats in certain laid-back, swing-beat patterns; [[soul music|soul]] and [[dub music|dub]] affectations; and production techniques borrowed from other styles of dance music that were popular at the time. Vocals were sometimes present, but much of the music was instrumental. Having been primarily associated with a particular percussion pattern that eventually fell out of vogue, the style eventually faded from prominence, and its repertoire was subsumed by the more general "chillout" and "[[downtempo]]" genres. qo9lgk32idlilt9tjmhwxwr3kziwzge 0 1270289 10878999 2026-06-04T20:02:01Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 Created page with "Alexis Petridis is the chief music writer for UK newspaper [[The Guardian]]. He was the final editor of now defunct music magazine [[Select]]." 10878999 wikitext text/x-wiki Alexis Petridis is the chief music writer for UK newspaper [[The Guardian]]. He was the final editor of now defunct music magazine [[Select]]. q2n0hdqpepjnkkv4aoh0zpid5pfq7el 0 1270290 10879000 2026-06-04T20:03:14Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10879000 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from other capitalization}} {{R from longer title}} }} kegwff4e9uh94ugfqd6sxxh1i8e3pmx 10879003 10879000 2026-06-04T20:06:15Z Readmymind8777 1721801 10879003 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{Redirect category shell| {{R from other capitalization}} {{R from long name}} }} fy33ute14ktosizagque1iu69m2vtpe 0 1270291 10879001 2026-06-04T20:04:26Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 Created page with "'''Breakbeat hardcore''' (or just '''hardcore''', '''hardcore rave''' or '''oldskool hardcore''') was an early 90s offshoot of the [[Acid House]] scene of late 80s Britain. It added a hip-hop influence with the addition of breakbeats, and increased the tempo. The scene seemed to revolve around the M25 (an orbital motorway surrounding London), and its audience was mainly lower middle-class (upper working-class?) suburban teenagers who had access to cars. Around 94, the..." 10879001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Breakbeat hardcore''' (or just '''hardcore''', '''hardcore rave''' or '''oldskool hardcore''') was an early 90s offshoot of the [[Acid House]] scene of late 80s Britain. It added a hip-hop influence with the addition of breakbeats, and increased the tempo. The scene seemed to revolve around the M25 (an orbital motorway surrounding London), and its audience was mainly lower middle-class (upper working-class?) suburban teenagers who had access to cars. Around 94, the scene fragmented, and the music forked off into [[Jungle]] (heavy Black influence) and [[Drum and Bass]]. Important artists include [[Acen]], [[Micky Finn]], [[Nicky Blackmarket]], [[Two Bad Mice]]. 4jsxpeh9hv20wcdt3t9o6harkps6l21 0 1270293 10879004 2026-06-04T20:08:32Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 Created page with "{{Infobox company | company_name=Virgin EMI Records | company_logo= | company_type=Division | fate= | foundation=2013 ([[London]]) | founder=[[EMI Group]] | defunct=16 June 2020 | location_city=[[London]] | location_country=[[United Kingdom]] | key_people= | area_served =Worldwide | industry=[[Music industry|Music entertainment]] | products = | services = | revenue= | ebitda= | num_employees= | parent = Universal Music UK | owner= [[Universal Music Group]] | subsid= |..." 10879004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | company_name=Virgin EMI Records | company_logo= | company_type=Division | fate= | foundation=2013 ([[London]]) | founder=[[EMI Group]] | defunct=16 June 2020 | location_city=[[London]] | location_country=[[United Kingdom]] | key_people= | area_served =Worldwide | industry=[[Music industry|Music entertainment]] | products = | services = | revenue= | ebitda= | num_employees= | parent = Universal Music UK | owner= [[Universal Music Group]] | subsid= | homepage= | footnotes= }} '''Virgin EMI Records''' was a record label based in London, United Kingdom, and a division of [[Universal Music Group]]. It was founded in March 2013 through the merger of [[Mercury Records]] and [[Virgin Records]]. In June 2020, the label was rebranded as [[EMI Records]], and operates [[Virgin Records]] as an imprint of the new EMI Records.[http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital-and-mobile/1552454/universal-music-uk-announces-launch-of-virgin-emi] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Music industry}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}} {{Use British English|date=April 2013}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Virgin EMI}} [[Category:Companies based in London]] [[Category:2013 establishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:2020 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]] ookmugqw09fzsk8uhl1nvgiyttqjxnf 10879006 10879004 2026-06-04T20:10:07Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 Moved citation 10879006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | company_name=Virgin EMI Records | company_logo= | company_type=Division | fate= | foundation=2013 ([[London]]) | founder=[[EMI Group]] | defunct=16 June 2020 | location_city=[[London]] | location_country=[[United Kingdom]] | key_people= | area_served =Worldwide | industry=[[Music industry|Music entertainment]] | products = | services = | revenue= | ebitda= | num_employees= | parent = Universal Music UK | owner= [[Universal Music Group]] | subsid= | homepage= | footnotes= }} '''Virgin EMI Records''' was a record label based in London, United Kingdom, and a division of [[Universal Music Group]]. It was founded in March 2013 through the merger of [[Mercury Records]] and [[Virgin Records]][http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital-and-mobile/1552454/universal-music-uk-announces-launch-of-virgin-emi]. In June 2020, the label was rebranded as [[EMI Records]], and operates [[Virgin Records]] as an imprint of the new EMI Records. ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Music industry}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}} {{Use British English|date=April 2013}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Virgin EMI}} [[Category:Companies based in London]] [[Category:2013 establishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:2020 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]] hruuxi2ijduhw7u0r02v29di33nc2tl 10879008 10879006 2026-06-04T20:10:34Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 10879008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | company_name=Virgin EMI Records | company_logo= | company_type=Division | fate= | foundation=2013 ([[London]]) | founder=[[EMI Group]] | defunct=16 June 2020 | location_city=[[London]] | location_country=[[United Kingdom]] | key_people= | area_served =Worldwide | industry=[[Music industry|Music entertainment]] | products = | services = | revenue= | ebitda= | num_employees= | parent = Universal Music UK | owner= [[Universal Music Group]] | subsid= | homepage= | footnotes= }} '''Virgin EMI Records''' was a record label based in London, United Kingdom, and a division of [[Universal Music Group]]. It was founded in March 2013 through the merger of [[Mercury Records]] and [[Virgin Records]].[http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital-and-mobile/1552454/universal-music-uk-announces-launch-of-virgin-emi] In June 2020, the label was rebranded as [[EMI Records]], and operates [[Virgin Records]] as an imprint of the new EMI Records. ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Music industry}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}} {{Use British English|date=April 2013}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Virgin EMI}} [[Category:Companies based in London]] [[Category:2013 establishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:2020 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]] mhpugzu2jafvhhkfxc7n3hu835xntxp 10879009 10879008 2026-06-04T20:11:14Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 10879009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | company_name=Virgin EMI Records | company_logo= | company_type=Division | fate= | foundation=2013 ([[London]]) | founder=[[EMI Group]] | defunct=Since 16 June 2020 | location_city=[[London]] | location_country=[[United Kingdom]] | key_people= | area_served =Worldwide | industry=[[Music industry|Music entertainment]] | products = | services = | revenue= | ebitda= | num_employees= | parent = Universal Music UK | owner= [[Universal Music Group]] | subsid= | homepage= | footnotes= }} '''Virgin EMI Records''' was a record label based in London, United Kingdom, and a division of [[Universal Music Group]]. It was founded in March 2013 through the merger of [[Mercury Records]] and [[Virgin Records]].[http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital-and-mobile/1552454/universal-music-uk-announces-launch-of-virgin-emi] In June 2020, the label was rebranded as [[EMI Records]], and operates [[Virgin Records]] as an imprint of the new EMI Records. ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Music industry}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}} {{Use British English|date=April 2013}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Virgin EMI}} [[Category:Companies based in London]] [[Category:2013 establishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:2020 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]] 2w3iybocg201tzc8l9ecz2ouwpb4yhp 0 1270294 10879007 2026-06-04T20:10:31Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10879007 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] {{redirect category shell| {{R from incorrect name}} }} 8emn2jbewjr71j4vfhge0fjqxe7o4em 0 1270295 10879022 2026-06-04T20:24:35Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 Created page with "{{Infobox Company | company_name = Bertelsmann Music Group | company_logo = Image:BMG.svg | company_slogan = | defunct = Since 1 October 2008 | vector_logo = | company_type = Private | genre = | foundation = 1987 | founder = | location = [[Tokyo, Japan]] | origins = | key_people = | area_served = | industry = | products = | revenue = | operating_income = | n..." 10879022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Company | company_name = Bertelsmann Music Group | company_logo = Image:BMG.svg | company_slogan = | defunct = Since 1 October 2008 | vector_logo = | company_type = Private | genre = | foundation = 1987 | founder = | location = [[Tokyo, Japan]] | origins = | key_people = | area_served = | industry = | products = | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | num_employees = | parent = [[Bertelsmann|Bertelsmann AG]] | subsid = [[Sony BMG]] (50%) | owner = | homepage = | footnotes = }} '''Bertelsmann Music Group''' ('''BMG''') was a division of German media company [[Bertelsmann]] before its [[BMG Rights Management|relaunch]] and sale of the majority of its assets to [[Sony Corporation of America]] on 1 October 2008. It consists of the '''BMG Music Publishing''' company, the world's third largest music publisher and the world's largest independent music publisher, and the 50% share of the joint venture with [[Sony Music]], '''[[Sony BMG Music Entertainment]]''' (Sony BMG). The joint venture with Sony was set up in [[August 2004]]. It reduced the Big Five of music companies to the [[World music market|Big Four record labels]]. The company currently has a 21.5% share in the global music market. [http://www.ifpi.org/site-content/publications/rin_order.html] ==BMG Music Publishing== The [[chairman]] and [[CEO]] of BMG Music Publishing is [[Nicholas Firth]]. The company is headquartered at 245 Fifth Avenue, 8th Floor [[New York]], 10016 and has 36 offices in 25 countries. [[Universal Music Group]], 100% owned by the French media Group, [[Vivendi]] have confirmed the purchase of BMG Music Publishing for 1.63bn euros. The deal is subject to regulatory approval. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5319050.stm] ===Writers/artists=== BMG Music Publishing, which was not part of the Sony BMG merger and remains wholly owned by Bertelsmann, controls over one million copyrights. Writers/artists signed to the company include [[Dido (singer)|Dido]], [[Avril Lavigne]], [[Lee Ryan]], [[Coldplay]], [[Powderfinger]], [[Nelly]], [[Britney Spears]], [[Diana Yukawa]], [[Rammstein]], [[R. Kelly]], [[Shania Twain]], [[Ville Valo]], [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Kelly Clarkson]], [[Clannad]], [[Linkin Park]], [[Maroon5]], [[Backyard Babies]], [[Keane (band)|Keane]], [[HARD-Fi]], [[Justin Timberlake]], [[Joss Stone]], [[Elvis Costello]], [[Paul Weller (singer)|Paul Weller]], [[Sara Evans]], [[Ne-Yo]], [[Chad Hugo]] and [[Westlife]]. The company's songwriters have written chart-topping hits for [[Mariah Carey]], [[Black Eyed Peas]], [[Kenny Chesney]], [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]], [[Mario (singer)|Mario]], [[Shakira]], [[Rascal Flatts]], [[No Doubt]], [[Jessica Simpson]] and [[50 Cent]] as well as legends like [[Bob Dylan]], [[Elvis Presley]], [[Frank Sinatra]] and Roselyn Sanchez. BMG Music Publishing is a global leader in Classical music and is number one in Contemporary [[Christian music]] and Production Music. ===Catalogues owned=== Through international subpublishing deals, BMG Music Publishing represents the catalogues of [[Famous Music]] Publishing, [[Walt Disney Records|Walt Disney]], [[Leiber & Stoller]], [[Pete Waterman]] and [[Malaco]] in various territories. Brentwood-Benson Music Publishing is BMG Music Publishing's Christian publisher and owns over 60,000 copyrights. {{Infobox Company | company_name = BMG Music Australia | company_logo = | company_slogan = | vector_logo = | company_type = defunct (now [[Sony BMG]]) | genre = | foundation = 1987 | founder = | location = [[Melbourne, Australia|Melbourne]] | origins = | key_people = | area_served = | industry = | products = | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | num_employees = | parent = [[Sony BMG]] | subsid = [[Sony BMG]] (50%) | owner = | homepage = | footnotes = }} ===Gotham/BMG Australia artists=== * [[John Farnham]] * [[Merril Bainbridge]] * [[Bachelor Girl]] * [[Vanessa Amorosi]] * [[Nikki Webster]] == See also == * [[List of record labels]] * [[Sony BMG Music Entertainment]] ==External links== * [http://www.bmgmusicsearch.com BMG Music Publishing site] * [http://www.bmgjapan.com BMG Japan] * [http://www.bertelsmann.com Official Bertelsmann Site] [[Category:Record labels]] [[Category:1987 establishments]] [[Category:2008 disestablishments]] [[Category:Australian record labels]] [[Category:Pop music]] [[Category:Rock music]] [[Category:Companies based in New York City]] [[de:BMG Music Publishing]] [[fr:BMG Entertainment]] [[it:BMG]] [[ja:BMG]] [[pl:BMG]] [[pt:BMG]] [[fi:BMG]] [[zh:BMG]] gww6qpyvyvzcqpyivcxbkh4eiyxg6g3 10879023 10879022 2026-06-04T20:24:53Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 10879023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Company | company_name = Bertelsmann Music Group | company_logo = | company_slogan = | defunct = Since 1 October 2008 | vector_logo = | company_type = Private | genre = | foundation = 1987 | founder = | location = [[Tokyo, Japan]] | origins = | key_people = | area_served = | industry = | products = | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | num_employees = | parent = [[Bertelsmann|Bertelsmann AG]] | subsid = [[Sony BMG]] (50%) | owner = | homepage = | footnotes = }} '''Bertelsmann Music Group''' ('''BMG''') was a division of German media company [[Bertelsmann]] before its [[BMG Rights Management|relaunch]] and sale of the majority of its assets to [[Sony Corporation of America]] on 1 October 2008. It consists of the '''BMG Music Publishing''' company, the world's third largest music publisher and the world's largest independent music publisher, and the 50% share of the joint venture with [[Sony Music]], '''[[Sony BMG Music Entertainment]]''' (Sony BMG). The joint venture with Sony was set up in [[August 2004]]. It reduced the Big Five of music companies to the [[World music market|Big Four record labels]]. The company currently has a 21.5% share in the global music market. [http://www.ifpi.org/site-content/publications/rin_order.html] ==BMG Music Publishing== The [[chairman]] and [[CEO]] of BMG Music Publishing is [[Nicholas Firth]]. The company is headquartered at 245 Fifth Avenue, 8th Floor [[New York]], 10016 and has 36 offices in 25 countries. [[Universal Music Group]], 100% owned by the French media Group, [[Vivendi]] have confirmed the purchase of BMG Music Publishing for 1.63bn euros. The deal is subject to regulatory approval. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5319050.stm] ===Writers/artists=== BMG Music Publishing, which was not part of the Sony BMG merger and remains wholly owned by Bertelsmann, controls over one million copyrights. Writers/artists signed to the company include [[Dido (singer)|Dido]], [[Avril Lavigne]], [[Lee Ryan]], [[Coldplay]], [[Powderfinger]], [[Nelly]], [[Britney Spears]], [[Diana Yukawa]], [[Rammstein]], [[R. Kelly]], [[Shania Twain]], [[Ville Valo]], [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Kelly Clarkson]], [[Clannad]], [[Linkin Park]], [[Maroon5]], [[Backyard Babies]], [[Keane (band)|Keane]], [[HARD-Fi]], [[Justin Timberlake]], [[Joss Stone]], [[Elvis Costello]], [[Paul Weller (singer)|Paul Weller]], [[Sara Evans]], [[Ne-Yo]], [[Chad Hugo]] and [[Westlife]]. The company's songwriters have written chart-topping hits for [[Mariah Carey]], [[Black Eyed Peas]], [[Kenny Chesney]], [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]], [[Mario (singer)|Mario]], [[Shakira]], [[Rascal Flatts]], [[No Doubt]], [[Jessica Simpson]] and [[50 Cent]] as well as legends like [[Bob Dylan]], [[Elvis Presley]], [[Frank Sinatra]] and Roselyn Sanchez. BMG Music Publishing is a global leader in Classical music and is number one in Contemporary [[Christian music]] and Production Music. ===Catalogues owned=== Through international subpublishing deals, BMG Music Publishing represents the catalogues of [[Famous Music]] Publishing, [[Walt Disney Records|Walt Disney]], [[Leiber & Stoller]], [[Pete Waterman]] and [[Malaco]] in various territories. Brentwood-Benson Music Publishing is BMG Music Publishing's Christian publisher and owns over 60,000 copyrights. {{Infobox Company | company_name = BMG Music Australia | company_logo = | company_slogan = | vector_logo = | company_type = defunct (now [[Sony BMG]]) | genre = | foundation = 1987 | founder = | location = [[Melbourne, Australia|Melbourne]] | origins = | key_people = | area_served = | industry = | products = | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | num_employees = | parent = [[Sony BMG]] | subsid = [[Sony BMG]] (50%) | owner = | homepage = | footnotes = }} ===Gotham/BMG Australia artists=== * [[John Farnham]] * [[Merril Bainbridge]] * [[Bachelor Girl]] * [[Vanessa Amorosi]] * [[Nikki Webster]] == See also == * [[List of record labels]] * [[Sony BMG Music Entertainment]] ==External links== * [http://www.bmgmusicsearch.com BMG Music Publishing site] * [http://www.bmgjapan.com BMG Japan] * [http://www.bertelsmann.com Official Bertelsmann Site] [[Category:Record labels]] [[Category:1987 establishments]] [[Category:2008 disestablishments]] [[Category:Australian record labels]] [[Category:Pop music]] [[Category:Rock music]] [[Category:Companies based in New York City]] [[de:BMG Music Publishing]] [[fr:BMG Entertainment]] [[it:BMG]] [[ja:BMG]] [[pl:BMG]] [[pt:BMG]] [[fi:BMG]] [[zh:BMG]] a7omfhmsq3mybb7vf8r2cot2l5uriuc 10879024 10879023 2026-06-04T20:26:11Z ~2026-33132-80 1816433 10879024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Company | company_name = Bertelsmann Music Group | company_logo = | company_slogan = | defunct = Since 1 October 2008 | vector_logo = | company_type = Private | genre = | foundation = 1987 | founder = | location = [[Tokyo, Japan]] | origins = | key_people = | area_served = | industry = | products = | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | num_employees = | parent = [[Bertelsmann|Bertelsmann AG]] | subsid = [[Sony BMG]] (50%) | owner = | homepage = | footnotes = }} '''Bertelsmann Music Group''' ('''BMG''') was a division of German media company [[Bertelsmann]] before its [[BMG Rights Management|relaunch]] and sale of the majority of its assets to [[Sony Corporation of America]] on 1 October 2008. It consists of the '''BMG Music Publishing''' company, the world's third largest music publisher and the world's largest independent music publisher, and the 50% share of the joint venture with [[Sony Music]], '''[[Sony BMG Music Entertainment]]''' (Sony BMG). The joint venture with Sony was set up in [[August 2004]]. It reduced the Big Five of music companies to the [[World music market|Big Four record labels]]. The company currently has a 21.5% share in the global music market. [http://www.ifpi.org/site-content/publications/rin_order.html] ==BMG Music Publishing== The [[chairman]] and [[CEO]] of BMG Music Publishing is [[Nicholas Firth]]. The company is headquartered at 245 Fifth Avenue, 8th Floor [[New York]], 10016 and has 36 offices in 25 countries. [[Universal Music Group]], 100% owned by the French media Group, [[Vivendi]] have confirmed the purchase of BMG Music Publishing for 1.63bn euros. The deal is subject to regulatory approval. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5319050.stm] ===Writers/artists=== BMG Music Publishing, which was not part of the Sony BMG merger and remains wholly owned by Bertelsmann, controls over one million copyrights. Writers/artists signed to the company include [[Dido (singer)|Dido]], [[Avril Lavigne]], [[Lee Ryan]], [[Coldplay]], [[Powderfinger]], [[Nelly]], [[Britney Spears]], [[Diana Yukawa]], [[Rammstein]], [[R. Kelly]], [[Shania Twain]], [[Ville Valo]], [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Kelly Clarkson]], [[Clannad]], [[Linkin Park]], [[Maroon5]], [[Backyard Babies]], [[Keane (band)|Keane]], [[HARD-Fi]], [[Justin Timberlake]], [[Joss Stone]], [[Elvis Costello]], [[Paul Weller (singer)|Paul Weller]], [[Sara Evans]], [[Ne-Yo]], [[Chad Hugo]] and [[Westlife]]. The company's songwriters have written chart-topping hits for [[Mariah Carey]], [[Black Eyed Peas]], [[Kenny Chesney]], [[The Game (rapper)|The Game]], [[Mario (singer)|Mario]], [[Shakira]], [[Rascal Flatts]], [[No Doubt]], [[Jessica Simpson]] and [[50 Cent]] as well as legends like [[Bob Dylan]], [[Elvis Presley]], [[Frank Sinatra]] and Roselyn Sanchez. BMG Music Publishing is a global leader in Classical music and is number one in Contemporary [[Christian music]] and Production Music. ===Catalogues owned=== Through international subpublishing deals, BMG Music Publishing represents the catalogues of [[Famous Music]] Publishing, [[Walt Disney Records|Walt Disney]], [[Leiber & Stoller]], [[Pete Waterman]] and [[Malaco]] in various territories. Brentwood-Benson Music Publishing is BMG Music Publishing's Christian publisher and owns over 60,000 copyrights. {{Infobox Company | company_name = BMG Music Australia | company_logo = | company_slogan = | vector_logo = | company_type = defunct (now [[Sony BMG]]) | genre = | foundation = 1987 | founder = | location = [[Melbourne, Australia|Melbourne]] | origins = | key_people = | area_served = | industry = | products = | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | num_employees = | parent = [[Sony BMG]] | subsid = [[Sony BMG]] (50%) | owner = | homepage = | footnotes = }} ===Gotham/BMG Australia artists=== * [[John Farnham]] * [[Merril Bainbridge]] * [[Bachelor Girl]] * [[Vanessa Amorosi]] * [[Nikki Webster]] == See also == * [[List of record labels]] * [[Sony BMG Music Entertainment]] ==External links== * [http://www.bmgmusicsearch.com BMG Music Publishing site] * [http://www.bmgjapan.com BMG Japan] * [http://www.bertelsmann.com Official Bertelsmann Site] [[Category:1987 establishments]] [[Category:2008 disestablishments]] [[Category:Australian record labels]] [[Category:Pop music]] [[Category:Rock music]] [[Category:Companies based in New York City]] [[de:BMG Music Publishing]] [[fr:BMG Entertainment]] [[it:BMG]] [[ja:BMG]] [[pl:BMG]] [[pt:BMG]] [[fi:BMG]] [[zh:BMG]] [[Category:American record labels]] rcbxzm4kan7aj82b8pd70rpibwakh1h 0 1270296 10879026 2026-06-04T20:31:02Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10879026 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] djzzxzdvojniohxejor1rev0fegz18t 0 1270298 10879029 2026-06-04T20:44:18Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows Vista]] 10879029 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows Vista]] 60ltnm070hkdn4ak8wanrjmdk61l4wh 0 1270299 10879030 2026-06-04T20:44:51Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7]] 10879030 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7]] djzzxzdvojniohxejor1rev0fegz18t 0 1270300 10879031 2026-06-04T20:45:19Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected 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#redirect [[Windows 7#Development]] bgwwt2ahenpokaujakaxfx29n2zejv0 12 1270320 10879076 2026-06-04T21:33:22Z Auntof6 22027 Created page with "{{soft redirect|:en:Help:Cite errors}}" 10879076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{soft redirect|:en:Help:Cite errors}} nsxn57q24khbrolqd81fldm3i8zkn4d 0 1270321 10879081 2026-06-04T21:36:32Z ~2026-33256-71 1816488 Created page with "{{short description|Town in County Meath, Ireland}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Oldcastle |native_name = {{Irish place name|An Seanchaisleán}} |native_name_lang = ga |settlement_type = Town |image_skyline = Oldcastle (geograph 3287527).jpg |image_caption = Businesses on the Square in Oldcastle |pushpin_map = Ireland |pushpin_label_position = right |pushpin_map_capti..." 10879081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Town in County Meath, Ireland}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Oldcastle |native_name = {{Irish place name|An Seanchaisleán}} |native_name_lang = ga |settlement_type = Town |image_skyline = Oldcastle (geograph 3287527).jpg |image_caption = Businesses on the Square in Oldcastle |pushpin_map = Ireland |pushpin_label_position = right |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ireland |coordinates = {{coord|53.769167|-7.1625|dim:100000_region:IE|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Ireland|Province]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Counties of Ireland|County]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Leinster]] |subdivision_name3 = [[County Meath]] |established_title = |established_date = |unit_pref =imperial |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 61 |population_as_of = [[2022 census of Ireland|2022]] |population_footnotes = <ref name="cso2022">{{cite web|title=Census 2022 - F1015 Population|work=Central Statistics Office Census 2022 Reports |publisher=[[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)|Central Statistics Office Ireland]] |date=August 2023 |url=https://data.cso.ie/table/F1015 |access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref> |population_density_km2 = auto |population_total = 1409 |timezone1 = [[West European Time|WET]] |utc_offset1 = +0 |timezone1_DST = [[Irish Standard Time|IST]] ([[Western European Summer Time|WEST]]) |utc_offset1_DST = -1 |website = |blank_name = [[Irish grid reference system|Irish Grid Reference]] |blank_info = {{iem4ibx|N550803}} }} '''Oldcastle''' ({{Irish place name|An Seanchaisleán}})<ref name=logainm>{{cite web | url = https://www.logainm.ie/en/1416747 | title = An Seanchaisleán/Oldcastle | website = [[Placenames Database of Ireland]] (logainm.ie) | access-date = 15 October 2021}}</ref> is a town in [[County Meath]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. It is in the northwest of the county, near the border with [[County Cavan|Cavan]], {{convert|19|km|0}} from [[Kells, County Meath|Kells]]. The [[R154 road|R154]] and [[R195 road|R195]] roads cross in the town's market square. The town is in a [[townland]] and [[Civil parishes in Ireland|civil parish]] of the same name.<ref name=logainm/> At the [[2022 census of Ireland|2022 census]] the town's population was 1,409,<ref name="cso2022"/> a 71% increase from 1996 (when it was 826).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ireland/towns/meath/0756__oldcastle/ | website = City Population | title = Oldcastle (Ireland) Census Town | access-date = 17 February 2020 }}</ref> ==History== The area was the birthplace of [[St Oliver Plunkett]], the last Irish Catholic martyr to die in [[England]]. Oldcastle is the 18th-century creation of the Naper family, who had received parts of the Plunkett estate following the Cromwellian wars. The area is the birthplace of Thomas Reilly, a baller. [[St. Oliver Plunkett]], who served as [[Archbishop of Armagh (Roman Catholic)|Lord Archbishop of Armagh]] in the seventeenth century, and who was hanged, drawn and quartered at [[Tyburn]] in [[Middlesex]] (now in the [[Marble Arch]] area of the [[City of Westminster]] in [[London]]) in 1681 on false charges, was the most famous member of this family.<ref name="oldcastlechamber.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.oldcastlechamber.com/about_oldcastle.htm%7ctitle=oldcastlechamber.com%7cwork=oldcastlechamber.com|title=oldcastlechamber.com}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It was also the birthplace of Isaac Jackson,{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} an early Quaker in Ireland, He moved to Ballitore, County Kildare, where he married and raised a large family, mostly all of whom emigrated with their parents to [[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester County]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States|USA]] in 1725.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} Oldcastle suffered quite badly during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] and subsequent emigration. Owing to the continuation of a Gaelic way of life in the north of the county, Oldcastle suffered far more than the richer more arable land in the southern part of County Meath. The poorest class lived where Irish culture was strongest and were obliterated by starvation and emigration. Nonetheless, land patterns visible today still reveal a strong attachment to the pastoral farming of [[Gaels|Gaelic]] culture. Politically and culturally the area has a strong tradition of support for radical republicanism, the [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] and [[Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann]]; a local paper published in the town in the early 1900s gave its name to one of the Irish political parties, [[Sinn Féin]]. Oldcastle [[Workhouse]] was located on St. Oliver Plunkett Street (formerly Lennox Street), part of the [[Regional roads in Ireland|R]]195 (the main road to [[Castlepollard]]), on the southern edge of the town. Designed by [[George Wilkinson (architect)|George Wilkinson]] in a [[neo-Tudor]] style and probably built in the late 1830s or early 1840s, it was demolished before the 1950s. Mellow's Park was built by [[Meath County Council]] on the site around 1950. Many [[German people|Germans]], [[Austrian people|Austrians]] and [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] were interned in the old workhouse by the [[British Government]] during the [[First World War]]. Fennor Upper and Lower in Oldcastle is said to be{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} named after [[Medb|Queen Medb]]'s daughter, [[Findabair]] (Fennor). In [[Irish Mythology]], she was sent as an offering to [[Cú Chulainn]] in his fight against Medb and her army from [[Connacht]]. She was killed by Cú Chulainn and the area was named after the place where she was murdered and buried. In 1923, Micheal Grealy, a member of the anti-treaty IRA, robbed two banks – The Hibernian Bank and the Northern Bank – for which he was executed in Mullingar Barracks. A monument was erected in 1961 in Oldcastle Square by Meath Brigades Executive, Old IRA Federation, 1916–1921 to the memory of Commandant Seamus Coogan and Commandant Patrick McDonnell who were killed by British Crown Forces during the [[Irish War of Independence|War of Independence]]. The monument in the form of a cross was unveiled by Seán Dowling, Chairman of the National Federation of the [[Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)|Old IRA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freewebs.com/duleekmonument/meathhistory19592008.htm |title=Duleek Hunger Strike Monument &#124; |access-date=2010-03-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023051605/http://www.freewebs.com/duleekmonument/meathhistory19592008.htm |archive-date=23 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In November 1997, [[Michael McKevitt]] and other [[Irish Republican Army|IRA]] dissidents held a meeting in a farmhouse in Oldcastle, County Meath, and a new organisation styling itself Óglaigh na hÉireann was formed.<ref>Mooney & O'Toole, pp. 38–39.</ref> The organisation attracted disaffected Provisional IRA members from the republican stronghold of South Armagh, as well as other areas including Dublin, Belfast, Limerick, Tipperary, County Louth, County Tyrone and County Monaghan. ===Oldcastle detention camp (1916–1918)=== All of [[Ireland]] was part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] in 1914 when the [[First World War]] broke out. The Alien Restriction Act 1914 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pellew|first=Jill|year=1989|title=The Home Office and the Aliens Act, 1905|journal=The Historical Journal |volume=32 |issue=2|pages=369–385|doi=10.1017/S0018246X00012206|s2cid=159901241 }}</ref> was passed on 5 August 1914. The Act introduced strict controls on freedom of movement of foreign nationals and introduced a system of registration with the police. The Act also contained powers to deport foreign nationals and to intern all Austrian and German males between the ages of 17 and 42 (i.e. men of military age). The Oldcastle detention camp was the only permanent civilian POW camp in Ireland, detaining so called “enemy aliens”.<ref name="smith2010">The Oldcastle Prisoner of War Camp 1914–1918, John Smith, Riocht Na Midhe – Records of Meath Archaeological and History Society 2010, Vol XX1</ref> This was due to a fear that these men would betray Britain by returning home and joining the German Army or becoming spies in Britain. Not all German and Austrian nationals residing in Ireland were detained immediately. These individuals tended to be citizens who had influential contacts and whose good conduct was guaranteed by them. However, even these men were detained eventually. After this Act was passed, the British War Office started looking for suitable buildings to convert into detention centres. As stated by John Smith, "disused workhouses were ideal. They had much of the infrastructure to hold hundreds of people: dormitories, kitchens, dining halls, water, washing facilities, an infirmary, store rooms, recreation yards etc".<ref name="smith2010"/> These also had the bonus of being easy to defend with their high walls and being on the outskirts of towns. Oldcastle Workhouse met these requirements perfectly. In 1838, The Poor Law Act was passed which aimed to relieve the poor/destitute by providing basic food and accommodation. Oldcastle Workhouse was built and opened in 1842 to accommodate 600 people. By 1914 there were only 50 inmates living in the building. After the military approved the conversion of the workhouse into a detention centre, these remaining residents were moved to other workhouses in the area. In November 1914, the building was converted. The eight-foot perimeter walls were reinforced, ‘There are nine sentry boxes around the workhouse grounds, while several galvanized houses have been erected... The grounds are surrounded by barbed wire entanglements about 5 feet high and 14 feet wide.’ Quoted from ''The Anglo Celt'', a newspaper in the area at the time of the camp.<ref name="anglocelt2014">{{cite news|url=http://www.anglocelt.ie/news/roundup/articles/2014/12/13/4034489-last-word-their-only-crime-was-their-nationality/|title=Last word their only crime was their nationality|first=Damien|last=McCarney|date=13 December 2014|newspaper=The Anglo-Celt}}</ref> On 12 December 1914, ‘The long expected German prisoners arrived this week in Oldcastle and took up quarters in the disused workhouse.’ This was a headline from the time, ''The Meath Chronicle''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.meathchronicle.ie/|title=Meath Chronicle|newspaper=Meath Chronicle|access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> on the day of the arrival. The ''Meath Chronicle'' reported that via a specially commissioned train 68 German inmates were transported into the town. From there, they were marched through the town under armed guards to their new residence. Two days later, another 26 civilians were moved into the camp. This continued steadily from late 1914 to 1915. 304 inmates were in the camp by February 1915 this number increased to 579 by June 1916. By this time, every space in the workhouse was being utilised by the camp commandant, Major Robert Johnson, including the workhouse's church sacristy. ‘Written accounts show that the highest recorded number of prisoners being held at the Oldcastle Detention Camp was 583 – the building appeared to be operating at full capacity.’ As taken from John Smith's article on the subject.<ref name="smith2010"/> Up to thirty men were housed in a room on regulation camp beds - that is, plank beds with sacks stuffed with straw serving as mattresses <ref>Ruth Fleischmann, 'Aloys Fleischmann: Bavarian Musician and Civilian Prisoner of War 1916-1919' in: ''Oldcastle Camp 1914-1918: An Illustrated History'', Ed. Tom French, Meath County Council 2018, 140-1.</ref>- one pillow and three blankets per man. [[File:Aloys Fleischmann (1880-1964).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Aloys Fleischmann (Senior)|Aloys Fleischmann]], cathedral organist and choirmaster in Cork, was interned in the camp.]] The detainees were civilians from vastly different backgrounds. This ranged from clergymen, jewellery makers and musicians to cooks, butlers and butchers. Though the prison was not entirely pleasant, the inmates had some privileges, especially those who came from a better background. It was possible for the more affluent inmates to buy their own rooms and hire their own servants from among the less affluent detainees. The British wanted to divide the classes as they believed it was not acceptable to put a docker with a doctor. As part of camp life they were allowed to write and send two letters a week containing twenty-four lines. Parcels could be received and visitors were allowed for 15 minutes twice a month. One inmate, [[Aloys Fleischmann (Senior)|Aloys Fleischmann]], a Bavarian church musician and composer, wrote to his wife and requested “three blankets and a pillow, a warm knitted Jacket, waterproof boots, a wash bowl, a kettle and mug, cutlery, tobacco and books.” This quote was taken from John Smith's research article.<ref name="smith2010"/> We can gather from this that conditions in the camp were cold, damp and basic. Although it is also reported that if they could gather 100 prisoners they would go on a four-mile march for exercise ending up in a pub in Dromone. They were even allowed to go in and buy a drink. Aloys Fleischmann kept a diary while in the camp.<ref name="fleischmanndiaries">{{Cite news|url=http://fleischmanndiaries.ucc.ie/portfolio/3618/|title=Prisoner of War Camp, Oldcastle, Co. Meath in summer, miniature watercolour, painter unknown -|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> A journalist visited the camp in June 1915, and he stated that he was “met by a large body of men” and described them as “fine strapping men”’. Account taken from John Smith’s article on the camp.<ref name="smith2010"/> These men caused no trouble for the guards but seemed bored and had nothing to do. The reported goes on to lament that they should be put to better use. Certainly, in the early days, the inmates had nothing to occupy their time so this could have been the reason for four of the detainees to be sent to the mental asylum in Mullingar. By July 1916, it was reported that the detainees had formed committees to run the camp. They took charge of their own washing, drinking water and cooking. There were 3 bakers and 12 cooks among the inmates who provided all the meals for the camp. They were provided with regulation provisions which included "bread, biscuits, fresh or frozen meat, tea, coffee, salt, sugar, condensed milk, fresh vegetables, cheese, butter, peas, beans, lentils and rice".<ref name="smith2010"/> Account taken from John Smith's article on the detention centre. The rest of the men practiced their trades by making toys, jewellery, boots and wood-carving. Many men spent their days painting and sketching. The camp also had two orchestras which gave concerts and played for dramatic performances. Apart from the boredom one of the other issues for the inmates was the relationships with their families. This led to many divorces and estrangement from their children. There were numerous escape attempts reported in newspapers. One of the most notorious attempts was by Carl Morlang and Aphonsus Grein, who managed to escape for a few days. On the night of 14 August at 9.30 pm the prisoners were noticed missing at roll-call. Morlang and Grein left the prison and made their way northwards to [[Ballyjamesduff]], County Cavan, disguised as two clergymen. ‘At the village of Denn a few miles from [[Cavan]], Grein entered the public house and treated all hands in lavish style.’ An account taken from The Anglo Celt.<ref name="anglocelt2014"/> They were captured the following day by the local constabulary and returned to the camp. When they were searched, they were found to be carrying maps, supplies and money, which they should not have been able to obtain. Also among their belongings it was said there was a letter addressed to Charles Fox thanking him for helping them escape. He was a decorated ex-officer in the British Army and a successful businessman. He was very republican in his views, so he was arrested and tried for treason, which was a hanging offence. However, the charges were dropped. He returned to Oldcastle and was treated like a hero by the locals. Two inmates were killed at Oldcastle during the years 1914–1918. One on 17 September 1917 during an escape with another inmate. August Bockmeyer was shot when he refused to stop. Although he survived the shooting, he later succumbed to his injuries. There was an enquiry and it was declared that ‘Private Tiernan’s actions to be “quite justified” in the “discharge” of his duty.’ As stated by the article by John Smith.<ref name="smith2010"/> The second, Franz Xaver Seemeier, died in January 1917. According to the information given to the press by the camp authorities, the detainee was playing football when he collided with another player and was taken to the infirmary; the following day he died from serious internal injuries. According to an account written by an internee, Seemeier was bayoneted by a guard after he had been seen approaching the barbed wire fence.<ref>Ruth Fleischmann, 'Aloys Fleischmann: Bavarian Musician and Civilian Prisoner of War 1916-1919' in: ''Oldcastle Camp 1914-1918: An Illustrated History'', Ed. Tom French, Meath County Council 2018, 141-2.</ref> After the [[Easter Rising|1916 Rising]], the political landscape had changed in most of Ireland. There was an anti-conscription meeting in Oldcastle held on 13 April 1918. The guest speaker was [[Arthur Griffith]], a key figure in [[Sinn Féin]]. The rally was attended by thousands of people and was only 300 metres away from the camp. The speeches taking place were very Nationalist and anti-British. Prisoners watched from the roof of the camp ‘from which the meeting was visible’. Account taken from The Anglo Celt.<ref name="anglocelt2014"/> Once the speeches had ended, the crowd moved towards the prison, but nothing became of this. Following this incident and the political concerns at the time, the British decided to move the prisoners from Oldcastle. On 25 May 1918, a specially commissioned train left Oldcastle to go to the North Wall in Dublin. The prisoners were then taken by ship to Knockaloe Camp on the [[Isle of Man]]. Oldcastle was returned to its previous owners, the Oldcastle Board of Guardians and fell into disuse. In May 1920, during the [[Irish War of Independence|War of Independence]], Oldcastle Workhouse was set ablaze by the local IRA to stop the British from using it as a military base. The main buildings no longer stand; the only thing still standing is the perimeter wall. == Entertainment== The Oldcastle Agricultural Show is held on the third Sunday in July in the Gilson National Park. Each year, it attracts thousands of people to the town.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Live music, fashion, children's entertainment, and other events are held.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} YouTube singer Father [[Ray Kelly (singer)|Ray Kelly]] performed at the 2016 event.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Le Chéile Arts & Music Festival is held on the bank holiday weekend in August at various venues around the town. The festival has been running since 1998 and has featured acts such as [[Aslan (band)|Aslan]], [[The Saw Doctors]], [[Shane MacGowan]], [[The Riptide Movement]] and [[Kodaline]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lecheile.com/|title=Le Cheile Arts & Music Festival 2015|author=Gary Dunne, GSDSoftware|work=lecheile.com}}</ref> == Sport == Oldcastle is a centre for anglers & is ideally located four miles (6.4&nbsp;km) from [[Lough Ramor]] ([[County Cavan]]), a lake that is noted for its coarse fishing. Oldcastle is also ideally located six miles (10&nbsp;km) from [[Lough Sheelin]] (County Cavan) which is noted for its trout fishing.<ref name="oldcastlechamber.com"/> Oldcastle GAA club is over 125 years old.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oldcastle.meath.gaa.ie/ |title=Oldcastle |access-date=2010-03-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107014932/http://oldcastle.meath.gaa.ie/ |archive-date=7 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It competes in the Meath Intermediate Football Championship and is in Division 1 of the League. The town has a wide range of other clubs available for all to join. The track and mountain running club of Saint Brigid's Athletic club are also located in close proximity of Mullaghmeen forest with such notable members as Gerrard Heery who finished 2nd over 40 in Snowdon international mountain race 2013, and other endurance members who have completed and ranked highly in many international multi day adventure and foot races representing his club and country<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stbrigidsathleticclub.com/|title=St Brigid's Athletic Club – Home|work=stbrigidsathleticclub.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beastofballyhoura.com/|title=Beast of Ballyhoura Adventure Race|work=beastofballyhoura.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.snowdonrace.co.uk/| title = Snowdon Race – Râs Yr Wyddfa}}</ref><ref>http://www.oldcastlechamber.com/clubs_entertainment.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306231829/http://www.oldcastlechamber.com/clubs_entertainment.htm |date=6 March 2009 }} Oldcastlechamber.com</ref> ==Economy and tourism== Oldcastle acts as a retail and service centre for the surrounding hinterland, and is also home to a number of furniture-manufacturing and engineering businesses.<ref>{{cite report| url = https://meathcountydevelopmentplan.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/oldcastle-written-statement.pdf | work = Meath County Development Plan 2013-2019 | title = Volume 5 - Oldcastle Written Statement | publisher = Meath County Council | access-date = 17 February 2020 | page = 532 | quote = Oldcastle acts as a service centre for those residing in the town and its extensive rural hinterland. [..] The town is also uniquely vibrant in the County from a commercial perspective due to a robust traditional manufacturing base (furniture and engineering) }}</ref> The town's bed-manufacturing industries have included firms such as Gleneagle Woodcrafts, Briody Bedding and Respa Bedding which are a major source of employment for the area.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/a-good-night-s-sleep-that-is-guaranteed-irish-1.2056693|title=A good night's sleep that is guaranteed Irish|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=13 January 2015|first=Manchán|last=Magan}}</ref> In 1999, a fire broke out at Gleneagle Woodcrafts, killing one woman.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/woman-dies-in-factory-fire-1.228251|title=Woman dies in factory fire|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=17 September 1999}}</ref> The site has since been restored and continues to operate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldcastlemeath.com/gleneagle-woodcraft-ltd/|title=Gleneagle Woodcraft Ltd|website=oldcastlemeath.com|date=14 August 2016}}</ref> A similar event occurred on the night of October 31, 2020, when a fire tore through an Oldcastle Co-Operative building.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.agriland.ie/farming-news/large-fire-causes-extensive-damage-to-oldcastle-co-op/|title=Large fire causes extensive damage to Oldcastle Co Op|publisher=AgriLand|date=1 November 2020|first=Sylvester|last=Phelan}}</ref> There are the engineering firms located in the parish of [[Moylagh, County Meath]], approximately {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=in|order=flip}} from the town. These industries have attracted immigrants to the area for work,{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} including from [[Lithuania]] and [[Poland]]. As of the [[2016 census of Ireland|2016 census]], for example, there were approximately 210 Lithuanian-born people living in the town.<ref name="cso2016">{{cite web|url = http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2016/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=ST2016&Geog_Code=D11E042C-13E0-443E-8C8C-C478C9E88CD7 | publisher = Central Statistics Office | work = Census 2016 | title = Sapmap Area - Settlements - Oldcastle | date = April 2016 | access-date = 17 February 2020 }}</ref> [[File:Oldcastle in County Meath, Ireland.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Oldcastle seen from [[Loughcrew]]]] Oldcastle is located a short distance from the [[Loughcrew|Loughcrew Cairns]], a group of ancient tombs that were built around 3300 BCE as passage tombs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loughcrewmegalithiccentre.com/|title=Loughcrew Megalithic Centre|date=23 May 2020}}</ref> == Local geography == Oldcastle is located in the foothills of Sliabh na Caillaigh.<ref name="oldcastlechamber.com"/> In 2005, an environmental disaster occurred in Oldcastle when a sewage treatment plant overflowed and spilled into the [[River Inny, Westmeath|River Inny]]. 4,000 wild brown trout were killed as a result.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2005/0811/fishkill.html|title=Sludge kills up to 4,000 fish in Co Meath|date=11 August 2005|work=RTÉ.ie}}</ref> ==Education== There is a mixed primary school, Gilson National School, and a secondary school, St. Oliver Post Primary. This secondary school has been expanded in recent years, with the opening of a new building in 2002. The secondary school celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2009, opening four new classrooms on the date. [[Noel Dempsey]] and Bishop Micheal Smith were present. On 3 March 2007, the school won the [[All-Ireland Vocational Schools Championship]] Senior Cup 'B' Competition in [[Gaelic football]]. Recently, a new community library was opened replacing a smaller library in the town and is located next to the local [[Credit Union]]. == Architecture == [[File:St. Brides Church of Ireland , Oldcastle - geograph.org.uk - 1756548.jpg|thumb|upright|St. Brides Church of Ireland church in Oldcastle]] The Gilson National School is said by the local Chamber of Commerce to be the "Gem in the Crown of Oldcastle's architecture".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oldcastlechamber.com/gilson_ns.htm%7ctitle=oldcastlechamber.com%7cwork=oldcastlechamber.com|title=oldcastlechamber.com|access-date=25 November 2015|archive-date=12 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212182653/http://www.oldcastlechamber.com/gilson_ns.htm%7Ctitle=oldcastlechamber.com%7Cwork=oldcastlechamber.com|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Gilson National School's trust and building owe their existence to the generosity of Laurence Gilson, a native of Oldcastle and Moylagh Parish. A statue of Gilson was unveiled in May 2011. Gilson donated money to the town of Oldcastle in 1810 for the establishment of a multi-faith school.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.meathchronicle.ie/news/meathnorth/articles/2011/03/23/4003913-tribute-to-oldcastle-man-set-for-may-day-unveiling|title=Tribute to Oldcastle man set for May Day unveiling|last=Casey|first=Ann|date=2011-03-23|publisher=The Meath Chronicle|access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref> The Show Hall in Oldcastle is located near the church. It hosts [[Bingo (Commonwealth)|bingo]], show dances, show bands and Le Chéile concerts annually. ==Transport== [[File:Oldcastle2980.jpg|thumb|Traffic in central Oldcastle]] ===Rail=== {{Main|Oldcastle branch line}} Oldcastle railway station, at the end of a branch line from [[Navan]], opened on 17 March 1863 and for many years provided a source of revenue and income for local farmers as well as other industries in the area by allowing local goods and produce to be transported to the main ports of Ireland for export. The station closed for passenger traffic on 14 April 1958, and the branch finally closed altogether on 1 April 1963, during a period when numerous railway lines were being closed.<ref>{{cite web | title=Oldcastle station | work=Railscot – Irish Railways | url=http://www.railscot.co.uk/Ireland/Irish_railways.pdf | access-date=2007-11-22}}</ref> ===Bus=== [[Bus Éireann]] route 187 services Oldcastle from Monday to Saturday. It provides transport to neighbouring towns and villages of [[Mountnugent]], [[Ballyjamesduff]], [[Virginia, County Cavan|Virginia]] and [[Kells, County Meath|Kells]]. Onward connections e.g. to [[Dublin]], [[Cavan]], [[Navan]] and [[Enniskillen]] are available at [[Virginia]]/[[Kells, County Meath|Kells]]. There are four journeys both to and from Oldcastle each weekday. Subject to road safety, the bus will stop to pick up and set down passengers at any safe point along the route.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buseireann.ie/pdf/1334740995-187.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025090355/http://buseireann.ie/pdf/1334740995-187.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2012 }}</ref> ==Notable people== {{See also|Category:People from Oldcastle, County Meath}} * [[Jordie Barrett]] (1997-), New Zealand Rugby Union player who spent 15 months of his youth in nearby farm<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/rugby/2024/0415/1443696-leinster-sign-all-black-jordie-barrett/ | title=Leinster sign All Black Jordie Barrett | date=15 April 2024 | last1=Glennon | first1=Michael | website=[[RTÉ.ie]] }}</ref> * [[Rory Galligan]] (1973–2012), rally driver * [[Ray Kelly (singer)|Ray Kelly]], singing priest<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/singing-priest-fr-ray-kelly-offered-deal-with-music-label-1.1784222|title=Singing priest Fr Ray Kelly offered deal with music label|date=5 May 2014|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> * [[Alicia Adelaide Needham]] (1863–1945), composer of songs and ballads * [[Thomas Nulty]] Roman Catholic bishop (1818–1898) and land reform advocate * [[Richard Ridgeway]], [[Victoria Cross]] recipient * [[Michael Smith (bishop)|Michael Smith]], Roman Catholic [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Meath|Bishop of Meath]] from 1990 until 2018 ==International relations== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of Ireland}} Oldcastle has a [[town twinning]] agreement with [[Tecumseh, Ontario]], [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Twinning|publisher=Meath County Council|url=https://www.meath.ie/council/your-council/customer-service-and-communications/twinning|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> ==See also== * [[List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland|List of towns and villages in Ireland]] * [[Midlands Gateway]] * [[Real Irish Republican Army]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Towns and villages in County Meath}} [[Category:Towns and villages in County Meath]] [[Category:Townlands of County Meath]] [[Category:Civil parishes of County Meath]] 9y2ytxf25ili1x6rfac6i3apvbskgkr 10879090 10879081 2026-06-04T21:43:48Z Auntof6 22027 use existing cats; rem short desc; formatting 10879090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Oldcastle |native_name = {{Irish place name|An Seanchaisleán}} |native_name_lang = ga |settlement_type = Town |image_skyline = Oldcastle (geograph 3287527).jpg |image_caption = Businesses on the Square in Oldcastle |pushpin_map = Ireland |pushpin_label_position = right |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ireland |coordinates = {{coord|53.769167|-7.1625|dim:100000_region:IE|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Ireland|Province]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Counties of Ireland|County]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Leinster]] |subdivision_name3 = [[County Meath]] |established_title = |established_date = |unit_pref =imperial |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 61 |population_as_of = [[2022 census of Ireland|2022]] |population_footnotes = <ref name="cso2022">{{cite web|title=Census 2022 - F1015 Population|work=Central Statistics Office Census 2022 Reports |publisher=[[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)|Central Statistics Office Ireland]] |date=August 2023 |url=https://data.cso.ie/table/F1015 |access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref> |population_density_km2 = auto |population_total = 1409 |timezone1 = [[West European Time|WET]] |utc_offset1 = +0 |timezone1_DST = [[Irish Standard Time|IST]] ([[Western European Summer Time|WEST]]) |utc_offset1_DST = -1 |website = |blank_name = [[Irish grid reference system|Irish Grid Reference]] |blank_info = {{iem4ibx|N550803}} }} '''Oldcastle''' ({{Irish place name|An Seanchaisleán}})<ref name=logainm>{{cite web | url = https://www.logainm.ie/en/1416747 | title = An Seanchaisleán/Oldcastle | website = [[Placenames Database of Ireland]] (logainm.ie) | access-date = 15 October 2021}}</ref> is a town in [[County Meath]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. It is in the northwest of the county, near the border with [[County Cavan|Cavan]], {{convert|19|km|0}} from [[Kells, County Meath|Kells]]. The [[R154 road|R154]] and [[R195 road|R195]] roads cross in the town's market square. The town is in a [[townland]] and [[Civil parishes in Ireland|civil parish]] of the same name.<ref name=logainm/> At the [[2022 census of Ireland|2022 census]] the town's population was 1,409,<ref name="cso2022"/> a 71% increase from 1996 (when it was 826).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ireland/towns/meath/0756__oldcastle/ | website = City Population | title = Oldcastle (Ireland) Census Town | access-date = 17 February 2020 }}</ref> ==History== The area was the birthplace of [[St Oliver Plunkett]], the last Irish Catholic martyr to die in [[England]]. Oldcastle is the 18th-century creation of the Naper family, who had received parts of the Plunkett estate following the Cromwellian wars. The area is the birthplace of Thomas Reilly, a baller. [[St. Oliver Plunkett]], who served as [[Archbishop of Armagh (Roman Catholic)|Lord Archbishop of Armagh]] in the seventeenth century, and who was hanged, drawn and quartered at [[Tyburn]] in [[Middlesex]] (now in the [[Marble Arch]] area of the [[City of Westminster]] in [[London]]) in 1681 on false charges, was the most famous member of this family.<ref name="oldcastlechamber.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.oldcastlechamber.com/about_oldcastle.htm%7ctitle=oldcastlechamber.com%7cwork=oldcastlechamber.com|title=oldcastlechamber.com}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It was also the birthplace of Isaac Jackson,{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} an early Quaker in Ireland, He moved to Ballitore, County Kildare, where he married and raised a large family, mostly all of whom emigrated with their parents to [[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester County]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States|USA]] in 1725.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} Oldcastle suffered quite badly during the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] and subsequent emigration. Owing to the continuation of a Gaelic way of life in the north of the county, Oldcastle suffered far more than the richer more arable land in the southern part of County Meath. The poorest class lived where Irish culture was strongest and were obliterated by starvation and emigration. Nonetheless, land patterns visible today still reveal a strong attachment to the pastoral farming of [[Gaels|Gaelic]] culture. Politically and culturally the area has a strong tradition of support for radical republicanism, the [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] and [[Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann]]; a local paper published in the town in the early 1900s gave its name to one of the Irish political parties, [[Sinn Féin]]. Oldcastle [[Workhouse]] was located on St. Oliver Plunkett Street (formerly Lennox Street), part of the [[Regional roads in Ireland|R]]195 (the main road to [[Castlepollard]]), on the southern edge of the town. Designed by [[George Wilkinson (architect)|George Wilkinson]] in a [[neo-Tudor]] style and probably built in the late 1830s or early 1840s, it was demolished before the 1950s. Mellow's Park was built by [[Meath County Council]] on the site around 1950. Many [[German people|Germans]], [[Austrian people|Austrians]] and [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] were interned in the old workhouse by the [[British Government]] during the [[First World War]]. Fennor Upper and Lower in Oldcastle is said to be{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} named after [[Medb|Queen Medb]]'s daughter, [[Findabair]] (Fennor). In [[Irish Mythology]], she was sent as an offering to [[Cú Chulainn]] in his fight against Medb and her army from [[Connacht]]. She was killed by Cú Chulainn and the area was named after the place where she was murdered and buried. In 1923, Micheal Grealy, a member of the anti-treaty IRA, robbed two banks – The Hibernian Bank and the Northern Bank – for which he was executed in Mullingar Barracks. A monument was erected in 1961 in Oldcastle Square by Meath Brigades Executive, Old IRA Federation, 1916–1921 to the memory of Commandant Seamus Coogan and Commandant Patrick McDonnell who were killed by British Crown Forces during the [[Irish War of Independence|War of Independence]]. The monument in the form of a cross was unveiled by Seán Dowling, Chairman of the National Federation of the [[Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)|Old IRA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freewebs.com/duleekmonument/meathhistory19592008.htm |title=Duleek Hunger Strike Monument &#124; |access-date=2010-03-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023051605/http://www.freewebs.com/duleekmonument/meathhistory19592008.htm |archive-date=23 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In November 1997, [[Michael McKevitt]] and other [[Irish Republican Army|IRA]] dissidents held a meeting in a farmhouse in Oldcastle, County Meath, and a new organisation styling itself Óglaigh na hÉireann was formed.<ref>Mooney & O'Toole, pp. 38–39.</ref> The organisation attracted disaffected Provisional IRA members from the republican stronghold of South Armagh, as well as other areas including Dublin, Belfast, Limerick, Tipperary, County Louth, County Tyrone and County Monaghan. ===Oldcastle detention camp (1916–1918)=== All of [[Ireland]] was part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] in 1914 when the [[First World War]] broke out. The Alien Restriction Act 1914 <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pellew|first=Jill|year=1989|title=The Home Office and the Aliens Act, 1905|journal=The Historical Journal |volume=32 |issue=2|pages=369–385|doi=10.1017/S0018246X00012206|s2cid=159901241 }}</ref> was passed on 5 August 1914. The Act introduced strict controls on freedom of movement of foreign nationals and introduced a system of registration with the police. The Act also contained powers to deport foreign nationals and to intern all Austrian and German males between the ages of 17 and 42 (i.e. men of military age). The Oldcastle detention camp was the only permanent civilian POW camp in Ireland, detaining so called “enemy aliens”.<ref name="smith2010">The Oldcastle Prisoner of War Camp 1914–1918, John Smith, Riocht Na Midhe – Records of Meath Archaeological and History Society 2010, Vol XX1</ref> This was due to a fear that these men would betray Britain by returning home and joining the German Army or becoming spies in Britain. Not all German and Austrian nationals residing in Ireland were detained immediately. These individuals tended to be citizens who had influential contacts and whose good conduct was guaranteed by them. However, even these men were detained eventually. After this Act was passed, the British War Office started looking for suitable buildings to convert into detention centres. As stated by John Smith, "disused workhouses were ideal. They had much of the infrastructure to hold hundreds of people: dormitories, kitchens, dining halls, water, washing facilities, an infirmary, store rooms, recreation yards etc".<ref name="smith2010"/> These also had the bonus of being easy to defend with their high walls and being on the outskirts of towns. Oldcastle Workhouse met these requirements perfectly. In 1838, The Poor Law Act was passed which aimed to relieve the poor/destitute by providing basic food and accommodation. Oldcastle Workhouse was built and opened in 1842 to accommodate 600 people. By 1914 there were only 50 inmates living in the building. After the military approved the conversion of the workhouse into a detention centre, these remaining residents were moved to other workhouses in the area. In November 1914, the building was converted. The eight-foot perimeter walls were reinforced, ‘There are nine sentry boxes around the workhouse grounds, while several galvanized houses have been erected... The grounds are surrounded by barbed wire entanglements about 5 feet high and 14 feet wide.’ Quoted from ''The Anglo Celt'', a newspaper in the area at the time of the camp.<ref name="anglocelt2014">{{cite news|url=http://www.anglocelt.ie/news/roundup/articles/2014/12/13/4034489-last-word-their-only-crime-was-their-nationality/|title=Last word their only crime was their nationality|first=Damien|last=McCarney|date=13 December 2014|newspaper=The Anglo-Celt}}</ref> On 12 December 1914, ‘The long expected German prisoners arrived this week in Oldcastle and took up quarters in the disused workhouse.’ This was a headline from the time, ''The Meath Chronicle''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.meathchronicle.ie/|title=Meath Chronicle|newspaper=Meath Chronicle|access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> on the day of the arrival. The ''Meath Chronicle'' reported that via a specially commissioned train 68 German inmates were transported into the town. From there, they were marched through the town under armed guards to their new residence. Two days later, another 26 civilians were moved into the camp. This continued steadily from late 1914 to 1915. 304 inmates were in the camp by February 1915 this number increased to 579 by June 1916. By this time, every space in the workhouse was being utilised by the camp commandant, Major Robert Johnson, including the workhouse's church sacristy. ‘Written accounts show that the highest recorded number of prisoners being held at the Oldcastle Detention Camp was 583 – the building appeared to be operating at full capacity.’ As taken from John Smith's article on the subject.<ref name="smith2010"/> Up to thirty men were housed in a room on regulation camp beds - that is, plank beds with sacks stuffed with straw serving as mattresses <ref>Ruth Fleischmann, 'Aloys Fleischmann: Bavarian Musician and Civilian Prisoner of War 1916-1919' in: ''Oldcastle Camp 1914-1918: An Illustrated History'', Ed. Tom French, Meath County Council 2018, 140-1.</ref>- one pillow and three blankets per man. [[File:Aloys Fleischmann (1880-1964).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Aloys Fleischmann (Senior)|Aloys Fleischmann]], cathedral organist and choirmaster in Cork, was interned in the camp.]] The detainees were civilians from vastly different backgrounds. This ranged from clergymen, jewellery makers and musicians to cooks, butlers and butchers. Though the prison was not entirely pleasant, the inmates had some privileges, especially those who came from a better background. It was possible for the more affluent inmates to buy their own rooms and hire their own servants from among the less affluent detainees. The British wanted to divide the classes as they believed it was not acceptable to put a docker with a doctor. As part of camp life they were allowed to write and send two letters a week containing twenty-four lines. Parcels could be received and visitors were allowed for 15 minutes twice a month. One inmate, [[Aloys Fleischmann (Senior)|Aloys Fleischmann]], a Bavarian church musician and composer, wrote to his wife and requested “three blankets and a pillow, a warm knitted Jacket, waterproof boots, a wash bowl, a kettle and mug, cutlery, tobacco and books.” This quote was taken from John Smith's research article.<ref name="smith2010"/> We can gather from this that conditions in the camp were cold, damp and basic. Although it is also reported that if they could gather 100 prisoners they would go on a four-mile march for exercise ending up in a pub in Dromone. They were even allowed to go in and buy a drink. Aloys Fleischmann kept a diary while in the camp.<ref name="fleischmanndiaries">{{Cite news|url=http://fleischmanndiaries.ucc.ie/portfolio/3618/|title=Prisoner of War Camp, Oldcastle, Co. Meath in summer, miniature watercolour, painter unknown -|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> A journalist visited the camp in June 1915, and he stated that he was “met by a large body of men” and described them as “fine strapping men”’. Account taken from John Smith’s article on the camp.<ref name="smith2010"/> These men caused no trouble for the guards but seemed bored and had nothing to do. The reported goes on to lament that they should be put to better use. Certainly, in the early days, the inmates had nothing to occupy their time so this could have been the reason for four of the detainees to be sent to the mental asylum in Mullingar. By July 1916, it was reported that the detainees had formed committees to run the camp. They took charge of their own washing, drinking water and cooking. There were 3 bakers and 12 cooks among the inmates who provided all the meals for the camp. They were provided with regulation provisions which included "bread, biscuits, fresh or frozen meat, tea, coffee, salt, sugar, condensed milk, fresh vegetables, cheese, butter, peas, beans, lentils and rice".<ref name="smith2010"/> Account taken from John Smith's article on the detention centre. The rest of the men practiced their trades by making toys, jewellery, boots and wood-carving. Many men spent their days painting and sketching. The camp also had two orchestras which gave concerts and played for dramatic performances. Apart from the boredom one of the other issues for the inmates was the relationships with their families. This led to many divorces and estrangement from their children. There were numerous escape attempts reported in newspapers. One of the most notorious attempts was by Carl Morlang and Aphonsus Grein, who managed to escape for a few days. On the night of 14 August at 9.30 pm the prisoners were noticed missing at roll-call. Morlang and Grein left the prison and made their way northwards to [[Ballyjamesduff]], County Cavan, disguised as two clergymen. ‘At the village of Denn a few miles from [[Cavan]], Grein entered the public house and treated all hands in lavish style.’ An account taken from The Anglo Celt.<ref name="anglocelt2014"/> They were captured the following day by the local constabulary and returned to the camp. When they were searched, they were found to be carrying maps, supplies and money, which they should not have been able to obtain. Also among their belongings it was said there was a letter addressed to Charles Fox thanking him for helping them escape. He was a decorated ex-officer in the British Army and a successful businessman. He was very republican in his views, so he was arrested and tried for treason, which was a hanging offence. However, the charges were dropped. He returned to Oldcastle and was treated like a hero by the locals. Two inmates were killed at Oldcastle during the years 1914–1918. One on 17 September 1917 during an escape with another inmate. August Bockmeyer was shot when he refused to stop. Although he survived the shooting, he later succumbed to his injuries. There was an enquiry and it was declared that ‘Private Tiernan’s actions to be “quite justified” in the “discharge” of his duty.’ As stated by the article by John Smith.<ref name="smith2010"/> The second, Franz Xaver Seemeier, died in January 1917. According to the information given to the press by the camp authorities, the detainee was playing football when he collided with another player and was taken to the infirmary; the following day he died from serious internal injuries. According to an account written by an internee, Seemeier was bayoneted by a guard after he had been seen approaching the barbed wire fence.<ref>Ruth Fleischmann, 'Aloys Fleischmann: Bavarian Musician and Civilian Prisoner of War 1916-1919' in: ''Oldcastle Camp 1914-1918: An Illustrated History'', Ed. Tom French, Meath County Council 2018, 141-2.</ref> After the [[Easter Rising|1916 Rising]], the political landscape had changed in most of Ireland. There was an anti-conscription meeting in Oldcastle held on 13 April 1918. The guest speaker was [[Arthur Griffith]], a key figure in [[Sinn Féin]]. The rally was attended by thousands of people and was only 300 metres away from the camp. The speeches taking place were very Nationalist and anti-British. Prisoners watched from the roof of the camp ‘from which the meeting was visible’. Account taken from The Anglo Celt.<ref name="anglocelt2014"/> Once the speeches had ended, the crowd moved towards the prison, but nothing became of this. Following this incident and the political concerns at the time, the British decided to move the prisoners from Oldcastle. On 25 May 1918, a specially commissioned train left Oldcastle to go to the North Wall in Dublin. The prisoners were then taken by ship to Knockaloe Camp on the [[Isle of Man]]. Oldcastle was returned to its previous owners, the Oldcastle Board of Guardians and fell into disuse. In May 1920, during the [[Irish War of Independence|War of Independence]], Oldcastle Workhouse was set ablaze by the local IRA to stop the British from using it as a military base. The main buildings no longer stand; the only thing still standing is the perimeter wall. == Entertainment== The Oldcastle Agricultural Show is held on the third Sunday in July in the Gilson National Park. Each year, it attracts thousands of people to the town.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Live music, fashion, children's entertainment, and other events are held.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} YouTube singer Father [[Ray Kelly (singer)|Ray Kelly]] performed at the 2016 event.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Le Chéile Arts & Music Festival is held on the bank holiday weekend in August at various venues around the town. The festival has been running since 1998 and has featured acts such as [[Aslan (band)|Aslan]], [[The Saw Doctors]], [[Shane MacGowan]], [[The Riptide Movement]] and [[Kodaline]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lecheile.com/|title=Le Cheile Arts & Music Festival 2015|author=Gary Dunne, GSDSoftware|work=lecheile.com}}</ref> == Sport == Oldcastle is a centre for anglers & is ideally located four miles (6.4&nbsp;km) from [[Lough Ramor]] ([[County Cavan]]), a lake that is noted for its coarse fishing. Oldcastle is also ideally located six miles (10&nbsp;km) from [[Lough Sheelin]] (County Cavan) which is noted for its trout fishing.<ref name="oldcastlechamber.com"/> Oldcastle GAA club is over 125 years old.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oldcastle.meath.gaa.ie/ |title=Oldcastle |access-date=2010-03-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107014932/http://oldcastle.meath.gaa.ie/ |archive-date=7 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It competes in the Meath Intermediate Football Championship and is in Division 1 of the League. The town has a wide range of other clubs available for all to join. The track and mountain running club of Saint Brigid's Athletic club are also located in close proximity of Mullaghmeen forest with such notable members as Gerrard Heery who finished 2nd over 40 in Snowdon international mountain race 2013, and other endurance members who have completed and ranked highly in many international multi day adventure and foot races representing his club and country<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stbrigidsathleticclub.com/|title=St Brigid's Athletic Club – Home|work=stbrigidsathleticclub.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beastofballyhoura.com/|title=Beast of Ballyhoura Adventure Race|work=beastofballyhoura.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.snowdonrace.co.uk/| title = Snowdon Race – Râs Yr Wyddfa}}</ref><ref>http://www.oldcastlechamber.com/clubs_entertainment.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306231829/http://www.oldcastlechamber.com/clubs_entertainment.htm |date=6 March 2009 }} Oldcastlechamber.com</ref> ==Economy and tourism== Oldcastle acts as a retail and service centre for the surrounding hinterland, and is also home to a number of furniture-manufacturing and engineering businesses.<ref>{{cite report| url = https://meathcountydevelopmentplan.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/oldcastle-written-statement.pdf | work = Meath County Development Plan 2013-2019 | title = Volume 5 - Oldcastle Written Statement | publisher = Meath County Council | access-date = 17 February 2020 | page = 532 | quote = Oldcastle acts as a service centre for those residing in the town and its extensive rural hinterland. [..] The town is also uniquely vibrant in the County from a commercial perspective due to a robust traditional manufacturing base (furniture and engineering) }}</ref> The town's bed-manufacturing industries have included firms such as Gleneagle Woodcrafts, Briody Bedding and Respa Bedding which are a major source of employment for the area.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/a-good-night-s-sleep-that-is-guaranteed-irish-1.2056693|title=A good night's sleep that is guaranteed Irish|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=13 January 2015|first=Manchán|last=Magan}}</ref> In 1999, a fire broke out at Gleneagle Woodcrafts, killing one woman.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/woman-dies-in-factory-fire-1.228251|title=Woman dies in factory fire|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=17 September 1999}}</ref> The site has since been restored and continues to operate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldcastlemeath.com/gleneagle-woodcraft-ltd/|title=Gleneagle Woodcraft Ltd|website=oldcastlemeath.com|date=14 August 2016}}</ref> A similar event occurred on the night of October 31, 2020, when a fire tore through an Oldcastle Co-Operative building.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.agriland.ie/farming-news/large-fire-causes-extensive-damage-to-oldcastle-co-op/|title=Large fire causes extensive damage to Oldcastle Co Op|publisher=AgriLand|date=1 November 2020|first=Sylvester|last=Phelan}}</ref> There are the engineering firms located in the parish of [[Moylagh, County Meath]], approximately {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=in|order=flip}} from the town. These industries have attracted immigrants to the area for work,{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} including from [[Lithuania]] and [[Poland]]. As of the [[2016 census of Ireland|2016 census]], for example, there were approximately 210 Lithuanian-born people living in the town.<ref name="cso2016">{{cite web|url = http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2016/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=ST2016&Geog_Code=D11E042C-13E0-443E-8C8C-C478C9E88CD7 | publisher = Central Statistics Office | work = Census 2016 | title = Sapmap Area - Settlements - Oldcastle | date = April 2016 | access-date = 17 February 2020 }}</ref> [[File:Oldcastle in County Meath, Ireland.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Oldcastle seen from [[Loughcrew]]]] Oldcastle is located a short distance from the [[Loughcrew|Loughcrew Cairns]], a group of ancient tombs that were built around 3300 BCE as passage tombs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loughcrewmegalithiccentre.com/|title=Loughcrew Megalithic Centre|date=23 May 2020}}</ref> == Local geography == Oldcastle is located in the foothills of Sliabh na Caillaigh.<ref name="oldcastlechamber.com"/> In 2005, an environmental disaster occurred in Oldcastle when a sewage treatment plant overflowed and spilled into the [[River Inny, Westmeath|River Inny]]. 4,000 wild brown trout were killed as a result.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2005/0811/fishkill.html|title=Sludge kills up to 4,000 fish in Co Meath|date=11 August 2005|work=RTÉ.ie}}</ref> ==Education== There is a mixed primary school, Gilson National School, and a secondary school, St. Oliver Post Primary. This secondary school has been expanded in recent years, with the opening of a new building in 2002. The secondary school celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2009, opening four new classrooms on the date. [[Noel Dempsey]] and Bishop Micheal Smith were present. On 3 March 2007, the school won the [[All-Ireland Vocational Schools Championship]] Senior Cup 'B' Competition in [[Gaelic football]]. Recently, a new community library was opened replacing a smaller library in the town and is located next to the local [[Credit Union]]. == Architecture == [[File:St. Brides Church of Ireland , Oldcastle - geograph.org.uk - 1756548.jpg|thumb|upright|St. Brides Church of Ireland church in Oldcastle]] The Gilson National School is said by the local Chamber of Commerce to be the "Gem in the Crown of Oldcastle's architecture".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oldcastlechamber.com/gilson_ns.htm%7ctitle=oldcastlechamber.com%7cwork=oldcastlechamber.com|title=oldcastlechamber.com|access-date=25 November 2015|archive-date=12 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212182653/http://www.oldcastlechamber.com/gilson_ns.htm%7Ctitle=oldcastlechamber.com%7Cwork=oldcastlechamber.com|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Gilson National School's trust and building owe their existence to the generosity of Laurence Gilson, a native of Oldcastle and Moylagh Parish. A statue of Gilson was unveiled in May 2011. Gilson donated money to the town of Oldcastle in 1810 for the establishment of a multi-faith school.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.meathchronicle.ie/news/meathnorth/articles/2011/03/23/4003913-tribute-to-oldcastle-man-set-for-may-day-unveiling|title=Tribute to Oldcastle man set for May Day unveiling|last=Casey|first=Ann|date=2011-03-23|publisher=The Meath Chronicle|access-date=19 December 2011}}</ref> The Show Hall in Oldcastle is located near the church. It hosts [[Bingo (Commonwealth)|bingo]], show dances, show bands and Le Chéile concerts annually. ==Transport== [[File:Oldcastle2980.jpg|thumb|Traffic in central Oldcastle]] ===Rail=== {{Main|Oldcastle branch line}} Oldcastle railway station, at the end of a branch line from [[Navan]], opened on 17 March 1863 and for many years provided a source of revenue and income for local farmers as well as other industries in the area by allowing local goods and produce to be transported to the main ports of Ireland for export. The station closed for passenger traffic on 14 April 1958, and the branch finally closed altogether on 1 April 1963, during a period when numerous railway lines were being closed.<ref>{{cite web | title=Oldcastle station | work=Railscot – Irish Railways | url=http://www.railscot.co.uk/Ireland/Irish_railways.pdf | access-date=2007-11-22}}</ref> ===Bus=== [[Bus Éireann]] route 187 services Oldcastle from Monday to Saturday. It provides transport to neighbouring towns and villages of [[Mountnugent]], [[Ballyjamesduff]], [[Virginia, County Cavan|Virginia]] and [[Kells, County Meath|Kells]]. Onward connections e.g. to [[Dublin]], [[Cavan]], [[Navan]] and [[Enniskillen]] are available at [[Virginia]]/[[Kells, County Meath|Kells]]. There are four journeys both to and from Oldcastle each weekday. Subject to road safety, the bus will stop to pick up and set down passengers at any safe point along the route.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buseireann.ie/pdf/1334740995-187.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025090355/http://buseireann.ie/pdf/1334740995-187.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2012 }}</ref> ==Notable people== {{See also|Category:People from Oldcastle, County Meath}} * [[Jordie Barrett]] (1997-), New Zealand Rugby Union player who spent 15 months of his youth in nearby farm<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/rugby/2024/0415/1443696-leinster-sign-all-black-jordie-barrett/ | title=Leinster sign All Black Jordie Barrett | date=15 April 2024 | last1=Glennon | first1=Michael | website=[[RTÉ.ie]] }}</ref> * [[Rory Galligan]] (1973–2012), rally driver * [[Ray Kelly (singer)|Ray Kelly]], singing priest<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/singing-priest-fr-ray-kelly-offered-deal-with-music-label-1.1784222|title=Singing priest Fr Ray Kelly offered deal with music label|date=5 May 2014|newspaper=The Irish Times}}</ref> * [[Alicia Adelaide Needham]] (1863–1945), composer of songs and ballads * [[Thomas Nulty]] Roman Catholic bishop (1818–1898) and land reform advocate * [[Richard Ridgeway]], [[Victoria Cross]] recipient * [[Michael Smith (bishop)|Michael Smith]], Roman Catholic [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Meath|Bishop of Meath]] from 1990 until 2018 ==International relations== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of Ireland}} Oldcastle has a [[town twinning]] agreement with [[Tecumseh, Ontario]], [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Twinning|publisher=Meath County Council|url=https://www.meath.ie/council/your-council/customer-service-and-communications/twinning|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Real Irish Republican Army]] ==References== {{Commons category}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Towns in Ireland]] [[Category:County Meath]] hddj66n73ig46m9z99az3s7wm8cqbgq 0 1270322 10879085 2026-06-04T21:39:35Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7#Development]] 10879085 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7#Development]] bgwwt2ahenpokaujakaxfx29n2zejv0 0 1270323 10879094 2026-06-04T21:44:36Z Readmymind8777 1721801 Redirected page to [[Windows 7#Development]] 10879094 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Windows 7#Development]] bgwwt2ahenpokaujakaxfx29n2zejv0 0 1270325 10879106 2026-06-04T22:04:50Z Immanuelle 1174418 Immanuelle moved page [[Vector Symbolic Algebra]] to [[Vector Symbolic Architecture]] 10879106 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vector Symbolic Architecture]] 05a73s1ym2grdottsbqomwqe5tpz1fm 0 1270327 10879141 2026-06-04T23:40:12Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 TDKR Chicago 101 moved page [[Ethelred the Unready]] to [[Æthelred the Unready]] over redirect: Per enwiki 10879141 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Æthelred the Unready]] sor37u0nzvbz6lpyy9eb0u8o4pcctn4 1 1270328 10879143 2026-06-04T23:40:13Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 TDKR Chicago 101 moved page [[Talk:Ethelred the Unready]] to [[Talk:Æthelred the Unready]]: Per enwiki 10879143 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Talk:Æthelred the Unready]] n8pdz0sh5yxgyv5jkk8q82a29ndf4er 0 1270329 10879167 2026-06-05T00:19:51Z ~2026-33103-98 1816556 Created page with "{{Infobox settlement | name = Tapanui | settlement_type = Town | image_skyline =Tapanui Homestead by Samuel Edwy Green.jpg | image_caption =Tapanui Homestead | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|45|57|0|S|169|16|0|E|region:NZ-OTA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country..." 10879167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Tapanui | settlement_type = Town | image_skyline =Tapanui Homestead by Samuel Edwy Green.jpg | image_caption =Tapanui Homestead | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|45|57|0|S|169|16|0|E|region:NZ-OTA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|New Zealand}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Otago]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand|Territorial authority]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Clutha District]] | subdivision_type3 = Ward | subdivision_name3 = West Otago | subdivision_type4 = Community | subdivision_name4 = West Otago | seat_type = Electorates | seat = {{ubl|[[Southland (New Zealand electorate)|Southland]]|[[Te Tai Tonga]] (Māori)}} | leader_title = {{nowrap|Territorial authority}} | leader_name = [[Clutha District Council]] | leader_title1 = Regional council | leader_name1 = [[Otago Regional Council]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor of Clutha]] | leader_name2 = {{NZ officeholder data|Clutha District Mayor|y}} | leader_title3 = [[Southland (New Zealand electorate)|Southland MP]] | leader_name3 = {{NZ officeholder data|Southland MP|y}} | leader_title4 = [[Te Tai Tonga|Te Tai Tonga MP]] | leader_name4 = {{NZ officeholder data|Te Tai Tonga MP|y}} | government_footnotes = | government_type = | established_title = | established_date = | area_total_km2 = 1.97 | area_footnotes = <ref name="Area"/> | elevation_m = | population_as_of = {{NZ population data 2018|||y}} | population_footnotes = {{NZ population data 2018||||y}} | population_total = {{NZ population data 2018|Tapanui|y}} | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[New Zealand Standard Time|NZST]] | utc_offset = +12 | postal_code_type = Postcode | postal_code = 9522 | area_code = | website = | blank_name = Local [[iwi]] | blank_info = [[Ngāi Tahu]] | footnotes = }} '''Tapanui''' is a town located in [[West Otago]], [[New Zealand]] and lies close to the Southland border. It is located on State Highway 90. It has a primary school and a high school situated in town. == References == {{reflist}} {{Clutha District, New Zealand}} {{geo-stub}} [[Category:Towns in Otago]] [[Category:Clutha District]] 1ic0nach6exc9m2nkxx6yqngfdowkj4 10879220 10879167 2026-06-05T01:19:29Z Canadachick 1633172 fixed 10879220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Tapanui | settlement_type = Town | image_skyline =Tapanui Homestead by Samuel Edwy Green.jpg | image_caption =Tapanui Homestead | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|45|57|0|S|169|16|0|E|region:NZ-OTA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|New Zealand}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of New Zealand|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Otago]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Territorial authorities of New Zealand|Territorial authority]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Clutha District]] | subdivision_type3 = Ward | subdivision_name3 = West Otago | subdivision_type4 = Community | subdivision_name4 = West Otago | seat_type = Electorates | seat = {{ubl|[[Southland (New Zealand electorate)|Southland]]|[[Te Tai Tonga]] (Māori)}} | leader_title = {{nowrap|Territorial authority}} | leader_name = [[Clutha District Council]] | leader_title1 = Regional council | leader_name1 = [[Otago Regional Council]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor of Clutha]] | leader_name2 = {{NZ officeholder data|Clutha District Mayor|y}} | leader_title3 = [[Southland (New Zealand electorate)|Southland MP]] | leader_name3 = {{NZ officeholder data|Southland MP|y}} | leader_title4 = [[Te Tai Tonga|Te Tai Tonga MP]] | leader_name4 = {{NZ officeholder data|Te Tai Tonga MP|y}} | government_footnotes = | government_type = | established_title = | established_date = | area_total_km2 = 1.97 | area_footnotes = <ref name="Area">{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787| access-date=17 January 2022|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}</ref> | elevation_m = | population_as_of = {{NZ population data 2018|||y}} | population_footnotes = {{NZ population data 2018||||y}} | population_total = {{NZ population data 2018|Tapanui|y}} | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[New Zealand Standard Time|NZST]] | utc_offset = +12 | postal_code_type = Postcode | postal_code = 9522 | area_code = | website = | blank_name = Local [[iwi]] | blank_info = [[Ngāi Tahu]] | footnotes = }} '''Tapanui''' is a town located in [[West Otago]], [[New Zealand]] and lies close to the Southland border. It is located on State Highway 90. It has a primary school and a high school situated in town. == References == {{reflist}} {{Clutha District, New Zealand}} {{geo-stub}} [[Category:Towns in Otago]] [[Category:Clutha District]] bwuc43bu72qhurwhwsetez9nvj21nvs 0 1270331 10879185 2026-06-05T00:54:31Z ~2026-33103-98 1816556 Created page with "{{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Balclutha | native_name = Iwikatea ([[Māori language|Māori]]) | native_name_lang = mi | settlement_type = Town | image_skyline = Balclutha City.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Looking across the Clutha towards the town centre. The distinctive road bridge is visible in the centre of th..." 10879185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Balclutha | native_name = Iwikatea ([[Māori language|Māori]]) | native_name_lang = mi | settlement_type = Town | image_skyline = Balclutha City.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Looking across the Clutha towards the town centre. The distinctive road bridge is visible in the centre of the picture | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 9 | coordinates = {{coord|46|14|S|169|45|E|region:NZ-OTA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = New Zealand | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Otago]] | subdivision_type2 = Territorial authority | subdivision_name2 = [[Clutha District]] | subdivision_type3 = Ward | subdivision_name3 = Balclutha | seat_type = Electorates | seat = {{ubl|[[Taieri (New Zealand electorate)|Taieri]]|[[Te Tai Tonga]] (Māori)}} | leader_title = {{nowrap|Territorial authority}} | leader_name = [[Clutha District Council]] | leader_title1 = Regional council | leader_name1 = [[Otago Regional Council]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor of Clutha]] | leader_name2 = {{NZ officeholder data|Clutha District Mayor|y}} | leader_title3 = [[Taieri (New Zealand electorate)|Taieri MP]] | leader_name3 = {{NZ officeholder data|Taieri MP|y}} | leader_title4 = [[Te Tai Tonga|Te Tai Tonga MP]] | leader_name4 = {{NZ officeholder data|Te Tai Tonga MP|y}} | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref name="Area"/> | area_total_km2 = 7.55 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = {{NZ population data 2018||||y}} | population_total = {{NZ population data 2018|Balclutha|y}} | population_as_of = {{NZ population data 2018|||y}} | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = NZST | utc_offset1 = +12 | timezone1_DST = NZDT | utc_offset1_DST = +13 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in New Zealand|Postcode(s)]] | postal_code = 9230 | area_code_type = | area_code = 03 | iso_code = | website = | blank_name = Local [[iwi]] | blank_info = [[Ngāi Tahu]] | footnotes = | official_name = }} '''Balclutha''' is a town in the [[Clutha District]], New Zealand. It is located on State Highway 1 is between [[Dunedin]] and [[Gore, New Zealand|Gore]]. It lies on the eastern edges on the [[Clutha River]] and has four primary schools and a high school. == References == {{reflist}} {{Clutha District, New Zealand}} {{clutha}} {{geo-stub}} [[Category:Towns in Otago]] [[Category:Clutha District]] b25i3graw8d8rfn18qn03mad0b9z1yf 10879218 10879185 2026-06-05T01:18:54Z Canadachick 1633172 fixed 10879218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Balclutha | native_name = Iwikatea ([[Māori language|Māori]]) | native_name_lang = mi | settlement_type = Town | image_skyline = Balclutha City.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Looking across the Clutha towards the town centre. The distinctive road bridge is visible in the centre of the picture | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 9 | coordinates = {{coord|46|14|S|169|45|E|region:NZ-OTA|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = New Zealand | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = [[Otago]] | subdivision_type2 = Territorial authority | subdivision_name2 = [[Clutha District]] | subdivision_type3 = Ward | subdivision_name3 = Balclutha | seat_type = Electorates | seat = {{ubl|[[Taieri (New Zealand electorate)|Taieri]]|[[Te Tai Tonga]] (Māori)}} | leader_title = {{nowrap|Territorial authority}} | leader_name = [[Clutha District Council]] | leader_title1 = Regional council | leader_name1 = [[Otago Regional Council]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor of Clutha]] | leader_name2 = {{NZ officeholder data|Clutha District Mayor|y}} | leader_title3 = [[Taieri (New Zealand electorate)|Taieri MP]] | leader_name3 = {{NZ officeholder data|Taieri MP|y}} | leader_title4 = [[Te Tai Tonga|Te Tai Tonga MP]] | leader_name4 = {{NZ officeholder data|Te Tai Tonga MP|y}} | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = <ref name="Area">{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787| access-date=24 January 2022|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 7.55 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = {{NZ population data 2018||||y}} | population_total = {{NZ population data 2018|Balclutha|y}} | population_as_of = {{NZ population data 2018|||y}} | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = NZST | utc_offset1 = +12 | timezone1_DST = NZDT | utc_offset1_DST = +13 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in New Zealand|Postcode(s)]] | postal_code = 9230 | area_code_type = | area_code = 03 | iso_code = | website = | blank_name = Local [[iwi]] | blank_info = [[Ngāi Tahu]] | footnotes = | official_name = }} '''Balclutha''' is a town in the [[Clutha District]], New Zealand. It is located on State Highway 1 is between [[Dunedin]] and [[Gore, New Zealand|Gore]]. It lies on the eastern edges on the [[Clutha River]] and has four primary schools and a high school. == References == {{reflist}} {{Clutha District, New Zealand}} {{clutha}} {{geo-stub}} [[Category:Towns in Otago]] [[Category:Clutha District]] pm9dq86uzaqcvj1a3b2c7l7srrn2itd 0 1270332 10879186 2026-06-05T00:54:44Z FonzuHarp 1759780 Created page with "{{Infobox IPA |above=Velarisation |ipa symbol=◌ˠ |x-sampa=_G }} In phonetics, velarisation is a secondary articulation of [[consonant]]s by which the back of the [[tongue]] is raised toward the [[velum]] during the articulation of the consonant. {{IPA navigation}} {{stub}}" 10879186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA |above=Velarisation |ipa symbol=◌ˠ |x-sampa=_G }} In phonetics, velarisation is a secondary articulation of [[consonant]]s by which the back of the [[tongue]] is raised toward the [[velum]] during the articulation of the consonant. {{IPA navigation}} {{stub}} c339w8tuzrmhm4e8s5er7r3hxsdmrui 10879189 10879186 2026-06-05T00:59:45Z FonzuHarp 1759780 10879189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA |above=Velarisation |ipa symbol=◌ˠ |x-sampa=_G }} In phonetics, velarisation is a secondary articulation of [[consonant]]s by which the back of the [[tongue]] is raised toward the [[Soft palate|velum]] during the articulation of the consonant. {{IPA navigation}} {{stub}} ic74roh1fwstqifv2c8hg334onm6yp4 10 1270333 10879187 2026-06-05T00:56:20Z ~2026-33103-98 1816556 Created page with "<noinclude>{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}</noinclude>{{navbox | name = Clutha |title = [[Clutha River]] (Mata-Au) |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |above = '''Source:''' [[Southern Alps]]—'''Flows into:''' [[Pacific Ocean]] |group1= Administrative areas |list1 = * [[Otago|Otago Region]] * [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown–Lakes District]] * [[Central Otago|Central Otago District]] * [[Clutha District]] |group2= Towns and settlements (upstream to..." 10879187 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}</noinclude>{{navbox | name = Clutha |title = [[Clutha River]] (Mata-Au) |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |above = '''Source:''' [[Southern Alps]]—'''Flows into:''' [[Pacific Ocean]] |group1= Administrative areas |list1 = * [[Otago|Otago Region]] * [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown–Lakes District]] * [[Central Otago|Central Otago District]] * [[Clutha District]] |group2= Towns and settlements (upstream to downstream) |list2 = * [[Wānaka]] * [[Albert Town, New Zealand|Albert Town]] * [[Luggate]] * [[Lowburn]] * [[Cromwell, New Zealand|Cromwell]] * [[Clyde, New Zealand|Clyde]] * [[Alexandra, New Zealand|Alexandra]] * [[Lake Roxburgh (village)|Lake Roxburgh]] * [[Roxburgh, New Zealand|Roxburgh]] * [[Teviot, New Zealand|Teviot]] * [[Ettrick, New Zealand|Ettrick]] * [[Millers Flat]] * [[Beaumont, New Zealand|Beaumont]] * [[Tuapeka Mouth]] * [[Clydevale]] * [[Balclutha, New Zealand|Balclutha]] * [[Stirling, New Zealand|Stirling]] * [[Kaitangata, New Zealand|Kaitangata]] * [[Port Molyneux]] |group3= Major tributaries (upstream to downstream by [[confluence]]) |list3 = * [[Makarora River]] * [[Matukituki River]] * [[Hāwea River]] * [[Cardrona River]] * [[Lindis River]] * [[Kawarau River]] * [[Manuherikia River]] * [[Teviot River]] * [[Tuapeka River]] * [[Pomahaka River]] * [[Waitāhuna River]] |group4= Lakes in catchment (upstream to downstream by location or tributary) |list4 = * [[Lake Wānaka]] * [[Lake Hāwea]] * [[Lake Dunstan]] * [[Lake Wakatipu]] * [[Greenland Reservoir]] * [[Manorburn Reservoir]] * [[Manorburn Dam]] * [[Butchers Dam]] * [[Lake Roxburgh]] * [[Lake Tuakitoto]] |group5= Islands in catchment (upstream to downstream by location or tributary) |list5 = * [[Mou Waho]] * [[Pigeon Island (New Zealand)|Pigeon Island]] * [[Pig Island / Mātau]] * [[Birch Island (New Zealand)|Birch Island]] * [[Inch Clutha]] |group6= Other features (upstream to downstream) |list6 = * [[Central Otago wine region]] * [[Deadman's Point Bridge]] * [[Old Cromwell Bridge]] * [[Cromwell Gorge]] * [[Clyde Dam]] * [[Alexandra bridges]] * [[Roxburgh Dam]] * [[Kelso, New Zealand|Kelso]] * [[Balclutha Road Bridge]] |group7= [[List of rivers of New Zealand by length|Longest New Zealand rivers]] |list7 = * 1: [[Waikato River|Waikato]] * 2: [[Clutha River|Clutha]] * 3: [[Whanganui River|Whanganui]] * 4: [[Taieri River|Taieri]] * 5: [[Rangitīkei River|Rangitīkei]] * 6: [[Mataura River|Mataura]] * 7: [[Waiau River (Southland)|Waiau]] * 8: [[Waiau Toa / Clarence River|Waiau Toa / Clarence]] * 9: [[Waitaki River|Waitaki]] * 10: [[Ōreti River|Ōreti]] * 11: [[Rangitaiki River|Rangitaiki]] * 12: [[Manawatū River|Manawatū]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:New_Zealand_river navigational_boxes]] </noinclude> ri0fgvtjvfmsdvx3rhgwdg1bresd5q6 10879217 10879187 2026-06-05T01:18:10Z Canadachick 1633172 not protected 10879217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{navbox | name = Clutha |title = [[Clutha River]] (Mata-Au) |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |above = '''Source:''' [[Southern Alps]]—'''Flows into:''' [[Pacific Ocean]] |group1= Administrative areas |list1 = * [[Otago|Otago Region]] * [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown–Lakes District]] * [[Central Otago|Central Otago District]] * [[Clutha District]] |group2= Towns and settlements (upstream to downstream) |list2 = * [[Wānaka]] * [[Albert Town, New Zealand|Albert Town]] * [[Luggate]] * [[Lowburn]] * [[Cromwell, New Zealand|Cromwell]] * [[Clyde, New Zealand|Clyde]] * [[Alexandra, New Zealand|Alexandra]] * [[Lake Roxburgh (village)|Lake Roxburgh]] * [[Roxburgh, New Zealand|Roxburgh]] * [[Teviot, New Zealand|Teviot]] * [[Ettrick, New Zealand|Ettrick]] * [[Millers Flat]] * [[Beaumont, New Zealand|Beaumont]] * [[Tuapeka Mouth]] * [[Clydevale]] * [[Balclutha, New Zealand|Balclutha]] * [[Stirling, New Zealand|Stirling]] * [[Kaitangata, New Zealand|Kaitangata]] * [[Port Molyneux]] |group3= Major tributaries (upstream to downstream by [[confluence]]) |list3 = * [[Makarora River]] * [[Matukituki River]] * [[Hāwea River]] * [[Cardrona River]] * [[Lindis River]] * [[Kawarau River]] * [[Manuherikia River]] * [[Teviot River]] * [[Tuapeka River]] * [[Pomahaka River]] * [[Waitāhuna River]] |group4= Lakes in catchment (upstream to downstream by location or tributary) |list4 = * [[Lake Wānaka]] * [[Lake Hāwea]] * [[Lake Dunstan]] * [[Lake Wakatipu]] * [[Greenland Reservoir]] * [[Manorburn Reservoir]] * [[Manorburn Dam]] * [[Butchers Dam]] * [[Lake Roxburgh]] * [[Lake Tuakitoto]] |group5= Islands in catchment (upstream to downstream by location or tributary) |list5 = * [[Mou Waho]] * [[Pigeon Island (New Zealand)|Pigeon Island]] * [[Pig Island / Mātau]] * [[Birch Island (New Zealand)|Birch Island]] * [[Inch Clutha]] |group6= Other features (upstream to downstream) |list6 = * [[Central Otago wine region]] * [[Deadman's Point Bridge]] * [[Old Cromwell Bridge]] * [[Cromwell Gorge]] * [[Clyde Dam]] * [[Alexandra bridges]] * [[Roxburgh Dam]] * [[Kelso, New Zealand|Kelso]] * [[Balclutha Road Bridge]] |group7= [[List of rivers of New Zealand by length|Longest New Zealand rivers]] |list7 = * 1: [[Waikato River|Waikato]] * 2: [[Clutha River|Clutha]] * 3: [[Whanganui River|Whanganui]] * 4: [[Taieri River|Taieri]] * 5: [[Rangitīkei River|Rangitīkei]] * 6: [[Mataura River|Mataura]] * 7: [[Waiau River (Southland)|Waiau]] * 8: [[Waiau Toa / Clarence River|Waiau Toa / Clarence]] * 9: [[Waitaki River|Waitaki]] * 10: [[Ōreti River|Ōreti]] * 11: [[Rangitaiki River|Rangitaiki]] * 12: [[Manawatū River|Manawatū]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:New_Zealand_river navigational_boxes]] </noinclude> mkg3grhq44ihpcgggi4yha1irxsfsh0 0 1270334 10879188 2026-06-05T00:57:32Z FonzuHarp 1759780 Redirected page to [[Velarisation]] 10879188 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Velarisation]] lyi7wlun58ezsrswpizyco5e6osm7g1 14 1270335 10879201 2026-06-05T01:09:32Z ~2026-33103-98 1816556 Created page with "[[Category:Settlements in New Zealand|Ot]] [[Category:Canterbury Region]]" 10879201 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Settlements in New Zealand|Ot]] [[Category:Canterbury Region]] k70op0lpyvt3e2irh0eclwohysxusqj 0 1270337 10879219 2026-06-05T01:19:07Z ~2026-31158-18 1810749 BEAM TV 10879219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | logo = | hq_location = 3/F Globe Telecom Plaza I, Pioneer corner Madison Streets, [[Mandaluyong]], Philippines | type = [[Privately-held company|Private]] ([[subsidiary]]) | founded = {{Start date and age|1993|10|31}} (broadcast)<br />{{Start date and age|2011|07|03}} (company) | industry = [[Digital terrestrial television]] [[Broadcast industry|broadcasting]] | key_people = Joaquin L. Teng Jr. (Chairman) <br />Steve Macion (President) <br /> | owner = Bethlehem Holdings, Inc. <small>([[Globe Telecom]] Group Retirement Fund)</small> | website = | footnotes = }} {{Infobox broadcasting network | name = BEAM TV | logo = | type = [[Terrestrial television|Terrestrial]] [[television network]] | country = [[Philippines]] | available = Nationwide | area = Philippines | founded = {{start date and age|2011|07|03}} | hq_location = | slogan = | erp = | owner = | key_people = | launch_date = {{start date and age|2011|07|03}} | website = {{URL|www.beam.com.ph}} | footnotes = }} '''Broadcast Enterprises and Affiliated Media, Inc.''' ('''BEAM''') is a telecommunications company in the [[Philippines]] with primary focus on UHF broadcasting and [[Digital Terrestrial Television|digital terrestrial television]] for the convergence of multimedia.<ref>[http://www.linkedin.com/company/broadcast-enterprises-and-affiliated-media-inc. BEAM Inc. Profile on LinkedIn]</ref> It is owned by Bethlehem Holdings, Inc., a media investment company of [[Globe Telecom]] through its Retirement Fund group.<ref name="beam-altimax-2009">{{Cite news |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/business/02/17/09/globe-buys-two-broadcast-firms |title=Globe buys into two broadcast firms |publisher=[[BusinessMirror]] | via=[[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs]] | date=February 18, 2009 |access-date=February 27, 2021 |last=Lectura |first=Lenie}}</ref> The frequencies currently used by BEAM (channel 31 in Metro Manila, as well as nine regional [[Ultra-high frequency|UHF]] outlets) had been previously used by [[Radio Mindanao Network]] (under the affiliates CTV-31 (Cinema Television) and [[E!]] Philippines) from October 31, 1993, to June 1, 2003, prior to the acquisition by BHI/Globe in 2009. ==History== BEAM was established in 1993 by the Canoy family, owners of [[Radio Mindanao Network]]. Its Congressional broadcast franchise was granted in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic Act No. 8098 |url=https://thecorpusjuris.com/legislative/republic-acts/ra-no-8098.php |website=The Corpus Juris |date=July 6, 1995 |access-date=June 3, 2022}}</ref> At that time, it only owned one FM radio station in Dagupan. In 2009, Bethlehem Holdings Inc., an investment firm of the Globe Telecom Retirement Group Fund, acquired BEAM from the Canoys (coinciding with the acquisition of a large stake in another broadcast firm, [[Altimax]], from [[Mel Velarde]]).<ref name="beam-altimax-2009" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.globe.com.ph/documents/50301/f919d4be-8184-4991-a728-f0852fddb1b0 |title=Globe Telecom's SEC filing (17-A) |access-date=September 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906203128/http://www.globe.com.ph/documents/50301/f919d4be-8184-4991-a728-f0852fddb1b0 |archive-date=September 6, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Throughout 2014, BEAM began transitioning its analog channels in key cities nationwide to digital broadcast via ISDB-T.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014 |title=BEAM upgrades transmitters to support digital TV |work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.globe.com.ph/press-room/beam-supports-ntc |title=BEAM supports NTC's shift to digital TV |access-date=September 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903073142/http://www.globe.com.ph/press-room/beam-supports-ntc |archive-date=September 3, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aside from blocktimers, BEAM is now looking for local and foreign partnerships to allocate and generate content up to seven digital free TV channels.<ref>[http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/04/22/15/globe-seeks-content-partnerships-digital-tv-venture Globe seeks content partnerships for digital TV venture] ABS-CBNnews.com. Retrieved April 22, 2015.</ref> On July 30, 2020, [[President of the Philippines|Philippine President]] [[Rodrigo Duterte]] signed Republic Act No. 11482 into law which renewed BEAM's legislative franchise for another 25 years. The law granted BEAM a franchise to construct, install, operate, and maintain, for commercial purposes, radio broadcasting stations and television stations, including digital television system, with the corresponding facilities such as relay stations, throughout the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2020/ra_11482_2020.html | title=Republic Act No. 11482 }}</ref> ==Stations== ===TV Stations=== ====Digital==== BEAM TV's upcoming expansion of digital terrestrial television will be announced as soon as possible for other key regional areas nationwide:<ref>{{cite web |last=Winslow |first=George |date=2025-05-30 |title=BEAM Digital TV Network Expands to 9 Philippine Regions |url=https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/beam-digital-tv-network-expands-to-nine-philippine-regions |access-date=2025-05-30 |work=TV Tech |language=en-US}}</ref> • Dagupan (DTV-31){{efn|name=fn1|Licensed to [[Kroma Entertainment|Sphere Entertainment, Inc.]]}}<br>• Tacloban (DTV-28){{efn|name=fn1}} {| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Branding ! Callsign ! Channel ! Frequency ! Power ! Type ! Location |- | BEAM TV Manila | [[DWKC-DTV|DWKC]] | 31 | 575.143&nbsp;MHz | rowspan = "2" | 5&nbsp;kW | Originating | style="white-space: nowrap;"|Palos Verdes Subdivision, Sumulong Highway, [[Antipolo City]], [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]] |- | BEAM TV Baguio | [[DWHB-DTV|DWHB]] | 26 | 545.143&nbsp;MHz | rowspan = "1" | Relay | [[Mount Santo Tomas|Mt. Sto. Tomas]], [[Tuba, Benguet]] |- | BEAM TV Batangas | DWAG{{efn|name=fn1}} | 36 | 605.143&nbsp;MHz | 1&nbsp;kW | rowspan = "1" | Affiliate | [[Mount Banoy|Mt. Banoy]], [[Batangas City]] |- | BEAM TV Legazpi | {{n/a|PA}} | 33 | 587.143&nbsp;MHz | 2.4&nbsp;kW | rowspan = "7" | Relay | Barangay 56-Taysan, [[Legazpi, Albay]] |- | BEAM TV Naga | [[DWHC-DTV|DWHC]] | 32 | 581.143&nbsp;MHz | rowspan = "4" | 5&nbsp;kW | Brgy. Triangulo, [[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga City]] |- | BEAM TV Iloilo | [[DYRM-DTV|DYRM]] | 26 | 545.143&nbsp;MHz | Alaguisoc, [[Jordan, Guimaras]] |- | BEAM TV Cebu | [[DYCT-DTV|DYCT]] | 31 | 575.143&nbsp;MHz | Nivel Hills, Lahug, [[Cebu City]] |- | BEAM TV Zamboanga | [[DXBE-DTV|DXBE]] | rowspan = "1" | 31 | rowspan = "1" | 575.143&nbsp;MHz | Mt. Cabatangan, [[Zamboanga City]] |- | style="white-space: nowrap;"|BEAM TV Cagayan de Oro | DXBA | 43 | 647.143&nbsp;MHz | 2.4&nbsp;kW | style="white-space: nowrap;"| Macapagal Drive, Brgy. Bulua, [[Cagayan de Oro]] |- | BEAM TV Davao | [[DXKC-DTV|DXKC]] | rowspan = "1" | 31 | rowspan = "1" | 575.143&nbsp;MHz | rowspan = "1" | 5&nbsp;kW | Matina Shrine, [[Davao City]] |- | BEAM TV General Santos | DXAH{{efn|name=fn1}} | 51 | 695.143&nbsp;MHz | 1&nbsp;kW | rowspan = "1" | Affiliate | [[General Santos]] |- |} ====Digital Subchannels==== BEAM TV's nationwide digital broadcast is multiplexed into the following subchannels: {| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;" ! [[Virtual channel|LCN]] ! [[Display resolution|Video]] ! [[Aspect ratio (image)|Aspect]] ! Name ! Programming ! Notes |- | xx.1 | rowspan="5" | [[480i]] | rowspan="5" | [[4:3]] | PRTV PRIME | [[PRTV Prime Media]] | style="white-space: nowrap;" rowspan="2" | Commercial Broadcast |- | xx.2 | KNOWLEDGE CHANNEL | [[Knowledge Channel]] |- | xx.3 | RESERVED | {{n/a|''(SMPTE Color Bars)''}} | Test Broadcast |- | xx.4 | style="white-space: nowrap;"|BILYONARYO NEWS CHANNEL | style="white-space: nowrap;"|[[Bilyonaryo News Channel]] | rowspan="2" | Commercial Broadcast |- | xx.5 | D8TV | [[D8TV]] |} ===Radio Stations=== {| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Callsign ! Frequency ! Power ! Location ! Notes |- | DWHT | 107.9&nbsp;MHz | 5&nbsp;kW | [[Dagupan]] | {{efn|name=dwht|Station operated by [[Interactive Broadcast Media]]<br>Broadcasting as a relay station of [[DWWW]].}} |} ==Programming== {{Main|List of programs broadcast by BEAM TV}} ==See also== * [[Radio Mindanao Network]] * [[Ayala Corporation]] * [[Globe Telecom]] * [[Altimax]] * [[Kroma Entertainment]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110829054313/http://www.kbp.org.ph/broadcast-enterprises-and-affiliated-media-inc-beam Broadcast Enterprises and Affiliated Media, Inc. on KBP] * [http://now-corp.com/ NOW Corporation] {{Globe Telecom}} {{BEAM/RMN TV Station in the Philippines}} {{Television in the Philippines}} [[Category:Television networks in the Philippines]] [[Category:Mass media companies of the Philippines]] [[Category:Globe Telecom subsidiaries]] [[Category:Companies based in Mandaluyong]] g52gx0kh1xjlqwyy63e69e7a264xzjj 0 1270338 10879222 2026-06-05T01:23:33Z ~2026-32076-95 1812357 Radio Mindanao Network, Inc. 10879222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company| | name = Radio Mindanao Network | logo = Radio Mindanao Network (2014).png | type = [[Privately held company|Private]] | foundation = {{Start date|1952|08|28}} (radio network) | location = 4th Floor State Condominium I Bldg, Salcedo St., Legaspi Village, [[Makati]], [[Philippines]]<br>RMN Broadcast Center (Canoy Bldg.), Don Apolinario Velez St., [[Cagayan de Oro]], [[Philippines]] | services = [[Broadcasting]]<br/>[[Radio]]<br />[[Digital media]] | owner = EdCanoy Prime Holdings | parent = EdCanoy Prime Holdings | founder = [[Henry Canoy]] | area_served = Worldwide (online) | key_people = {{Unbulletedlist| * Eric S. Canoy {{small|(Chairman and President)}} * Enrico Guido O. Canoy {{small|([[Executive Vice President|EVP]] and Chief Operations Officer)}} * Erika Marie Canoy-Sanchez {{small|([[Executive Vice President|EVP]] and Chief Operating Officer, RMN Marketing and Media Ventures)}} * Atty. Marietta E. Nieto {{small|(Corporate Secretary)}} }} | industry = [[Mass media]] | revenue = | | operating_income = | | net_income = | | num_employees = | | homepage = {{URL|thermnnetworks.ph}}<br>{{URL|rmn.ph}}| }} {{Infobox broadcasting network | network_name = ''Radyo Mo Nationwide'' | network_logo = | country = [[Philippines]] | available = Nationwide | network_type = Broadcast [[AM radio]] network, ([[News]], [[Public affairs programming|Public Affairs]], [[Talk radio|Talk]], [[Drama]]) | foundation = | motto = ''Tatak RMN!'' | key_people = | owner = | parent = | website = }} {{Infobox broadcasting network | network_name = ''iFM'' | network_logo = | country = [[Philippines]] | available = Nationwide | network_type = Broadcast [[FM radio]] network ([[Contemporary MOR]], [[Original Pilipino music|OPM]]) | foundation = {{start date|2002|05|16}} | motto = (varies per station location) | key_people = | owner = | parent = | website = }} '''Radio Mindanao Network, Inc.''' (RMN), [[Doing business as|d.b.a.]] '''RMN Networks''', is a [[Media of the Philippines|Filipino]] [[mass media|media]] company based in [[Makati]], [[Philippines]]. It primarily operates a network of radio stations under the iFM and RMN brands. Its corporate office is located at the 4th Floor State Condominium I Bldg, Salcedo St., Legaspi Village, [[Makati]], and its main headquarters are located at the RMN Broadcast Center (Canoy Bldg.), Don Apolinario Velez St., [[Cagayan de Oro]]. The network's first [[radio station]] was '''[[DXCC-AM|DXCC]]''' (which also serves as the network's flagship station) established in [[Cagayan de Oro]] in [[Mindanao]] on August 28, 1952. The callsign has been supposed as a reference to the surnames of the business' founders ('''C'''anoy and '''C'''ui) but, according to founder Henry Canoy in his memoir,<ref>[http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080602-140162/Henry-Canoy-signs-off Henry R. Canoy signs off, Antonio J. Montalvan II, Philippine Daily Inquirer] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602160806/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080602-140162/Henry-Canoy-signs-off |date=June 2, 2008 }}</ref> was actually chosen to mean '''C'''agayan de Oro '''C'''ity. ==History== Sometime in 1948, [[Henry Canoy]], together with Robin Cui and Vicente Rivera, set up two home-built tube radio receivers bought from Fideng Palacio of Puntod and placed them in an abandoned chicken poultry house situated at the corner of Velez and del Pilar streets in [[Cagayan de Oro]] for the purpose of listening to radio broadcasts from [[Manila]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/lisdata/74256596!.pdf|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712074401/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:y3TfCy70s4cJ:www.senate.gov.ph/lisdata/74256596!.pdf+henry+canoy&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=11&gl=uk&client=firefox-a|url-status=live|archive-date=July 12, 2012|format=PDF| title=Philippine Senate Resolution for Condolence to RMN Founder|access-date=May 29, 2008}}</ref> Canoy and friends ended up listening to radio broadcasts at night when reception was better.<ref>[http://www.mehack.com/2008/05/17/henry-canoy-rest-in-peace/ Henry R. Canoy, Rest in Peace, retrieved on May 29, 2008.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820071514/http://www.mehack.com/2008/05/17/henry-canoy-rest-in-peace/ |date=August 20, 2008 }}</ref> Eventually, the friends were all convinced to build a radio transmitter of their own. The group managed to assemble a 30-Watt radio transmitter from surplus parts bought at Raon Street in [[Quiapo, Manila|Quiapo]], Manila. Canoy broke the airwaves as a [[pirate radio]] station in 1949, declaring '''"This is Cagayan de Oro calling..."'''. Because the broadcast was not authorized by the [[National Telecommunications Commission (Philippines)|Radio Control Office]] (RCO), it did not contain call letters. In 1950 Canoy, at the insistence of his brother, lawyer [[Reuben Canoy]], decided to establish a more powerful radio station and applied for a congressional franchise in [[Manila]] to support its lawful operation. In 1951, he set up the fledgling station in partnership with Robin Cui, Max Suniel, Oscar Neri and Andres Bacal as equity partners with P10,000 in capital. on June 23, 1952, he was granted a permit to maintain and operate the radio broadcasting station. Using the ''[[Radio Amateur's Handbook]]'' as their guide and also with surplus parts bought from Raon Street in Quiapo, they built their own 500-watt [[amplitude modulation|AM]] [[transmitter]] with the assistance from Far East Broadcasting Company [[engineers]], American Dick Rowland and Byrd Bruneimer. The transmitter was transported to Mindanao aboard the boat MV Snug Hitch. With only a telescopic steel pole as antenna borrowed from the [[National Telecommunications Commission (Philippines)|Bureau of Telecom]], the improvised horizontal radio antenna was mounted by the team which include Ongkoy Padero, former vice president for engineering of CEPALCO, attaching one end of a copper wire to the pole and the other end to a 30&nbsp;meter [[coconut]] tree a block away . While their first “transmitter building” was financed with a P5,000 “duck farm” loan from the [[Philippine National Bank]]. The RCO headed by Jose Viado, assigned the station a broadcast frequency of 1560&nbsp;kHz. On July 4, 1952; 72 years ago, it finally went on air for a test broadcast, coinciding with the birthday of his mother. It officially started broadcasting on August 28, 1952, also coinciding with the town festival of [[Augustine of Hippo|San Agustin]], the patron saint of Cagayan de Oro. Listeners anticipated the first words they would hear on radio and were greeted the station ID and the following words: “You are tuned to Station DXCC, broadcasting with a power of 500 watts on 1560 kilocycles from Cagayan de Oro's Gateway to Mindanao!” and every hour thereafter. The station's first [[live radio|live broadcast]] coincided with its opening and the program involved the airing of a three-hour '''“Anejo Rum” show''' from [[Plaza Divisoria]], a central park in downtown Cagayan de Oro, for which Canoy billed [[San Miguel Corporation|La Tondena]] executive Hugo Chan Hong the sum of P500 as payment for the radio coverage. The radio signal was able to reach Del Monte Pacific [[plantation]] in [[Bukidnon]] {{convert|30|km}} away and as far as [[Australia]] through [[ham radio]] operations which managed to call back.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/62756 |title=Henry R. Canoy, 84 |access-date=May 29, 2008 |archive-date=June 4, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604013323/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/62756 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (RMN The Henry R. Canoy Story, ISBN ?, Copyright 1997) In 1954, Henry Canoy visited the [[United States]] under an observation grant. Instead of going to the giant networks and other big cities, he opted to be taken to a small town of [[Greeley, Colorado]], and he came upon a station that was doing exactly what DXCC was already trying to do in Mindanao. Its broadcast fare was peppered with farm prices, market and road conditions, weather warnings and personal messages. He came back with the blueprint for DXCC, which is entertainment, information and most of all education to the public.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19991129040626/http://rmn.com.ph/ About Us, retrieved on May 29, 2008].</ref> The success of its broadcasting concept enabled DXCC to expand broadcast areas in 1953 stations to [[Iligan]] ([[DXIC-AM|DXIC]]), then to [[Butuan]] ([[DXBC-AM|DXBC]]) and [[Davao City]] ([[DXDC]]) in 1957. And so the string of community stations became '''Radio Mindanao Network''' (RMN). In 1961, RMN's approach to broadcasting drew the interest of another business leader, Andres Soriano Sr. of [[San Miguel Corporation]] who eventually bought the majority shares of RMN and brought the radio network to [[Manila]], the first provincial station to do so. "The Sound of the City" concept was born with the establishment of DZHP in the Greater Manila Area. Its format was strictly music and news. RMN joined forces with the Philippine Herald and [[Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation|Inter-Island Broadcasting Corporation]] to form the powerful first tri-media organization. That association gave RMN at the forefront of broadcast journalism and public service. Other "Sound of the City" stations soon followed in [[Zamboanga City]] in 1961 ([[DXRZ]]), [[Cebu]] in 1962 ([[DYHP]]), [[Metro Manila]] ([[DWXL]]) ''(now [[DZXL]])'' and [[Iloilo]] in 1963 ([[DYRI]]), [[Bacolod]] in 1964 ([[DYHB]]), [[Tagbilaran]] in 1967 ([[DYXT]]), [[Baguio]] ([[DZHB]]) and [[Bislig]], [[Surigao del Sur]] in 1968 ([[DXHP]]). In 1968, RMN became the first Filipino radio station to transmit national [[newscasts]] via [[microwave]], which was relayed through stations DZHP in Manila, DZHB in Baguio, DYHP in Cebu, [[DXCC-AM|DXCC]] in Cagayan de Oro and [[DXDC]] in Davao City. From 1969 to 1970 three more community stations emerged - [[DXRS-AM|DXRS]] in [[Surigao City]], [[DZHN]] in [[Naga, Camarines Sur]] and in 1971 [[DXMY]] in [[Cotabato City]]. In early 1972, station [[DYCC]] in [[Calbayog]]. By 1972, RMN had fifteen AM stations under its wings. In 1973, with a constitutional limitation prohibiting the ownership of media by non-Filipinos or corporations not 100% Filipino owned, Henry Canoy's group brought out the Soriano-San Miguel group holdings in RMN. In 1975, the call letters of the Manila flagship station, DZHP was changed to DWXL. Together with this, English programming gave way to Tagalog. RMN's AM stations were broadcasting in three major languages: Tagalog, Cebuano and Ilonggo. Columnist Teodoro Valencia joined RMN as its chairman of the board. Under his guidance RMN was able to secure a loan from the [[Development Bank of the Philippines]] to finance its massive expansion and development program. A Cebuano drama production center based in DYHP-Cebu was established and subsequently followed by an Ilonggo drama production center based in DYHB-Bacolod. In 1978, RMN's major expansion program was launched which include the upgrading of the technical facilities of its existing stations and the establishment of additional AM and FM stations. Among the stations that were added to the roster of RMN stations were: [[DXMD]] in [[General Santos]], [[DWHP|DWHP-FM]] in [[Laoag]], [[DYRR]] in [[Ormoc]], [[DXWR|DXWR-FM]] in Zamboanga City, [[DXIX-FM]] in Iligan, [[DYXY|DYXY-FM]] in [[Tacloban]], [[DYRS-FM]] in [[San Carlos, Negros Occidental]], [[DXVM-FM]] in Cagayan de Oro, [[DXMB-AM]] in [[Malaybalay]], [[DXXL|DXXL-FM]] in Davao City, [[DYXL-FM]] in Cebu, [[DWKC-FM]] in Metro Manila and [[DXKR-AM]] in [[Koronadal]], [[DYKR-AM]] in [[Kalibo]] in 1979. [[DWHB-FM]] in Baguio, [[DWON]] in [[Dagupan]] and [[DYVR|DYVR-AM]] in [[Roxas, Capiz]] opened in 1980. [[DXDR-AM]] in [[Dipolog]] and [[DXPR]] in [[Pagadian]] was added on January 10, 1980, [[DXXX-FM]] in Butuan in 1985, DYVR-FM in Roxas, Capiz in 1986 and [[DYIC-FM]] in Iloilo City in 1987. RMN also increased its coverage by entering into tie-up arrangements with smaller networks. Under this scheme, RMN provided programming, marketing, technical and management expertise where these small stations would be found wanting. This gave birth to a new name for these stations under the RMN umbrella - '''Radio Mindanao Network, Inc. and Associates'''. In 1985, the programming of all RMN FM stations were also re-oriented to cater to a younger pop music audience. To give more emphasis to the emerging FM station market, RMN also divided its operations into two Operating Divisions, AM and FM. During the early 90s, [[DYHP]] in Cebu was also aired their programs via satellite thru the stations [[DYHD]] in Tagbilaran, [[DYRR]] in Ormoc, DYWC in Dumaguete, [[DYRS]] in San Carlos, [[DXDR-AM|DXDR]] in Dipolog and [[DXRS-AM|DXRS]] in Surigao. In 1990, RMN undertook another major expansion program which entailed the addition of seven FM radio stations. A permit for RMN's first TV station located in Cagayan de Oro was also granted. On April 18, 1991, President [[Corazon Aquino]] signed into law Republic Act 6980 entitled "An Act Renewing the Franchise Granted to Radio Mindanao Network, Inc. under Republic Act Numbered Thirty-One Hundred Twenty-Two to another Twenty-Five (25) years from the date of approval of this Act". This was the first broadcast franchise approved under Aquino's presidency. On August 28, 1991, TV-8, RMN's first television station went on the air in Cagayan de Oro. RMN-TV 8 was then an affiliate of the then newly established [[TV5 Network, Inc.|Associated Broadcasting Company]] from 1992 to 1995. Thirty nine years after its start, RMN was now venturing into television. In December 1991, RMN was also granted a permit to operate a UHF television station in Metro Manila (which was led to officially started two years later, on October 31, 1993; the frequency was now used by [[Broadcast Enterprises and Affiliated Media]], Inc. (through [[Globe Telecom]]'s then-subsidiary [[Altimax Broadcasting Company]]). In 1998, it went global by establishing the first Philippine radio station to conquer the [[United States]] airwaves through [[#WRMN New York|WRMN]] in [[New York City]]. In June 2007, RMN FM station DWKC 93.9 in Manila was the first commercial station in the country to broadcast with [[HD Radio]] technology. It broadcast in three HD Radio digital audio channels along with its pre-existing analog signal. The operation of its facility was in high-level combined hybrid mode with an existing 35&nbsp;kW analog transmitter, a new [[Nautel]] 1&nbsp;kW HD Radio transmitter, with the digital exciter, importer and exporter providing the digital signal component.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://radiomagonline.com/digital_radio_update/digital_radio_update_060607/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527201029/http://radiomagonline.com/digital_radio_update/digital_radio_update_060607/|url-status=dead |title=Multicasting Signs On in the Philippines|archivedate=May 27, 2008}}</ref> ===Television=== With the acquisition of Radio Mindanao Network by Andrés Soriano in 1962, RMN and IBC formed the first tri-media organization in the Philippines along with newspaper, ''The Philippines Herald''. As the television arm of the RMN, IBC partnered with the RMN radio stations for coverages of the [[1969 Philippine general election|general elections of 1969]] and [[1971 Philippine Senate election|1971]]. On February 1, 1975, during the [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|martial law]] era, due to the constitutional limitation prohibiting the ownership of media by non-Filipinos or corporations not 100% Filipino owned, IBC was sold to [[Roberto Benedicto]], who also owned [[Radio Philippines Network|Kanlaon Broadcasting System (now Radio Philippines Network)]] and the corporate name of IBC was changed to Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation. IBC was later sequestered by the [[Government of the Philippines|government]] after the [[EDSA Revolution]] in 1986. On October 31, 1993, Radio Mindanao Network became the second radio-based network to launch a TV network called Cinema Television (CTV) through its flagship station, [[DWKC-TV]] and other regional stations. An all-movie channel, its programming included a presentation of Filipino and [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] movies respectively, and programs from [[E!]], an American cable channel. It was the first [[Ultra High Frequency|UHF]] stations to be inspired by the format of a cable movie channel. It once clinched a top spot for its TV ratings in all UHF stations in Manila.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gaviola |first1=Gilbert |title=A good showing, a strong following, a bright future |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LpUVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2QoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6592%2C5297183 |access-date=January 7, 2019 |publisher=[[Manila Standard]] |date=October 31, 1994}}</ref> However, because of the broadcasting rules assigned by [[National Telecommunications Commission (Philippines)|National Telecommunications Commission]] and the manner in which it acquired the broadcast rights from E!, CTV stopped its broadcast in September 2000. In October 2000, E! and RMN announced its partnership to relaunch CTV into E! Philippines, with its broadcasting extended into 24 hours.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vanzi |first1=Sol Jose |date=October 1, 2000 |title=RMN JOINT VENTURE FOR E! PHILIPPINES |url=http://www.newsflash.org/2000/10/sb/sb001344.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019184958/http://www.newsflash.org/2000/10/sb/sb001344.htm |archive-date=October 19, 2015 |access-date=January 7, 2019 |website=Philippine Headline News Online}}</ref> But in 2003, it reduced its broadcasts into 6 primetime and late-night hours, from 6:00 PM to 2:30 AM<!---Based on The Television Times, Philippines Edition--->. Some of E!'s programs were brought to the Philippines and remade in a local version, one of which was ''Wild On! Philippines''. On June 1, 2003, RMN ceased operations on TV due to financial constraints and poor television ratings, and focused instead on their two radio networks (RMN and iFM). There were several religious groups who had wished to acquire block programming of E! Philippines, but RMN refused to accept their offers. DWKC-TV and other regional stations were soon acquired by [[Broadcast Enterprises and Affiliated Media]] (then under the Canoys until it was sold to the [[Globe Telecom|Globe Group]] in 2009) and resumed its operations in 2011. In March 2016, president and chairman of RMN, Eric S. Canoy announced its intention to bid for the acquisition of the government-sequestered TV network IBC, as part of the government's efforts to privatize the network.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Monzon |first1=Alden M. |title=Invitation to bid for IBC-13 expected in April |url=http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Corporate&title=invitation-to-bid-for-ibc-13-expected-in-april&id=124925 |publisher=[[BusinessWorld]] |access-date=January 7, 2019 |date=March 23, 2016 |quote="We are interested in Channel 13 but subject to the conditions and terms of the reference of bidding", Radio Mindanao Network Inc. (RMN) President and Chief Executive Officer Eric S. Canoy told BusinessWorld via text when sought for comment, adding that they plan to make a bid with a consortium. |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032621/http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Corporate&title=invitation-to-bid-for-ibc-13-expected-in-april&id=124925 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Andal |first1=Rudy |title=Chavit, 3 pa interesado sa IBC 13 |url=https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/bansa/2016/12/27/1657030/chavit-3-pa-interesado-sa-ibc-13 |publisher=Pilipino Star Ngayon |access-date=January 7, 2019 |language=Tagalog |date=December 27, 2016}}</ref> On May 18, 2016, President [[Benigno Aquino III]] signed Republic Act No. 10818, renewing the franchise granted to the Radio Mindanao Network, Inc. for another twenty-five (25) years on a term that shall take effect on April 18, 2016.<ref>[https://issuances-library.senate.gov.ph/legislative%2Bissuances/Republic%20Act%20No.%2010818 Unknown]{{Dead link | date=March 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> ==Programming== RMN broadcasts a number of national programs either through a localized version or via satellite from the network's main studios in [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]]. Its flagship rolling newscast, ''RMN Network News'', has morning and noontime editions every Monday through Saturday and a late-afternoon edition on weekdays, and is simulcast on RMN-owned and/or affiliated stations in the Philippines. Only a handful of nationally branded programs like ''Unang Radyo, Unang Balita'', ''Straight to the Point'' and ''Sentro Serbisyo''/''Centro Serbisyo'' are broadcast in their respective local versions with different hosts and in different dialects. ==Stations== The following is a list of [[radio stations]] owned and affiliated by RMN.<ref>{{cite web|title=NTC AM Radio Stations via FOI website|url=https://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/jUmUDrpO9tvezPBRZBD7zT4rOA3dk5fle3LkTnwDf3WWSh7K5u71ujuLRFVOMUYs57yz4ZVgi8IxFKhmxhDMhZ5EY7quvQ4f0yGC/AMDec2021.pdf|website=foi.gov.ph|date=August 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-13OSyi49X00Jj1YfoovMBSNIKStN25l/view | title = 2024 NTC FM Stations | website = [[National Telecommunications Commission|ntc.gov.ph]] | access-date = 2025-05-06}}</ref> ===RMN=== ====Luzon==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" | Branding ! scope="col" | Callsign ! scope="col" | Frequency ! scope="col" | Power ! scope="col" | Location |- ! scope="row" | DZXL News | [[DZXL]] | 558 kHz | 40 kW | [[Metro Manila]] |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | RMN Naga | rowspan="2" | [[DWNX]] | 91.1 MHz | 10 kW | rowspan="2"| [[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga]] |- | 1296 kHz | 10 kW |} ====Visayas==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" | Branding ! scope="col" | Callsign ! scope="col" | Frequency ! scope="col" | Power ! scope="col" | Location |- ! scope="row" | RMN Bacolod | [[DYHB]] | 747 kHz | 10 kW | [[Bacolod]] |- ! scope="row" | RMN Iloilo | [[DYRI]] | 774 kHz | 10 kW | [[Iloilo City]] |- ! scope="row" | RMN Kalibo | DYKR | 1161 kHz | 5 kW | [[Kalibo]] |- ! scope="row" | RMN Roxas | [[DYVR]] | 657 kHz | 10 kW | [[Roxas, Capiz|Roxas]] |- ! scope="row" | RMN Cebu | [[DYHP]] | 612 kHz | 10 kW | [[Cebu City]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM RMN Tacloban | [[DYXY]] | 99.1 MHz | 10 kW | [[Tacloban]] |} ====Mindanao==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" | Branding ! scope="col" | Callsign ! scope="col" | Frequency ! scope="col" | Power ! scope="col" | Location |- ! scope="row" | RMN Cagayan de Oro | [[DXCC-AM|DXCC]] | 828 kHz | 10 kW | [[Cagayan de Oro]] |- ! scope="row" | RMN Surigao | [[DXRS-AM|DXRS]] | 918 kHz | 5 kW | [[Surigao City]] |- ! scope="row" | RMN Butuan | [[DXBC-AM|DXBC]] | 693 kHz | 10 kW | [[Butuan]] |- ! scope="row" | RMN Davao | [[DXDC]] | 621 kHz | 10 kW | [[Davao City]] |- ! scope="row" | RMN Gensan | [[DXMD]] | 927 kHz | 10 kW | [[General Santos]] |- ! scope="row" | RMN Koronadal | [[DXKR-AM|DXKR]] | 639 kHz | 3 kW | [[Koronadal]] |- ! scope="row" | RMN Iligan | [[DXIC-AM|DXIC]] | 711 kHz | 5 kW | [[Iligan]] |- ! scope="row" | RMN Malaybalay | [[DXMB-AM|DXMB]] | 648 kHz | 3 kW | [[Malaybalay]] |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | RMN Dipolog | rowspan="2" | [[DXDR-AM|DXDR]] | 981 kHz | 5 kW | rowspan="2"| [[Dipolog]] |- | 94.1 MHz | 5 kW |- ! scope="row" | iFM RMN Cotabato | [[DXMY]] | 90.9 MHz | 10 kW | [[Cotabato City]] |- ! scope="row" | RMN Pagadian | DXPR | 603 kHz | 5 kW | [[Pagadian]] |- ! scope="row" | RMN Zamboanga | [[DXRZ]] | 900 kHz | 10 kW | [[Zamboanga City]] |} ===iFM=== ====Luzon==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" | Branding ! scope="col" | Callsign ! scope="col" | Frequency ! scope="col" | Power ! scope="col" | Location |- ! scope="row" | iFM Manila | [[DWKC-FM|DWKC]] | 93.9 MHz | 25 kW | [[Metro Manila]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM Laoag | [[DWHP]] | 99.5 MHz | 5 kW | [[Laoag]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM Vigan | DWHK | 105.3 MHz | 5 kW | [[Vigan]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM Baguio | [[DWHB-FM|DWHB]] | 103.9 MHz | 10 kW | [[Baguio]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM Dagupan | [[DWON]] | 104.7 MHz | 10 kW | [[Dagupan]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM Cauayan | [[DWKD-FM|DWKD]] | 98.5 MHz | 5 kW | [[Cauayan, Isabela|Cauayan]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM Lucena | DWLR | 106.3 MHz | 10 kW | [[Lucena]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM Legazpi | [[DWFX]] | 89.9 MHz | 5 kW | [[Legazpi, Albay|Legazpi]] |} ====Visayas==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" | Branding ! scope="col" | Callsign ! scope="col" | Frequency ! scope="col" | Power ! scope="col" | Location |- ! scope="row" | iFM Bacolod | [[DYHT]] | 94.3 MHz | 10 kW | [[Bacolod]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM Iloilo | [[DYIC-FM|DYIC]] | 95.1 MHz | 10 kW | [[Iloilo City]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM Boracay | DYBS | 98.1 MHz | 1 kW | [[Boracay]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM Roxas | [[DYVR]] | 93.9 MHz | 5 kW | [[Roxas, Capiz|Roxas]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM Cebu | [[DYXL-FM|DYXL]] | 93.9 MHz | 10 kW | [[Cebu City]] |} ====Mindanao==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" | Branding ! scope="col" | Callsign ! scope="col" | Frequency ! scope="col" | Power ! scope="col" | Location |- ! scope="row" | iFM News Cagayan de Oro | [[DXVM-FM|DXVM]] | 99.1 MHz | 10 kW | [[Cagayan de Oro]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM Surigao | DXKE | 94.1 MHz | 5 kW | [[Surigao City]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM Butuan | DXXX | 100.7 MHz | 10 kW | [[Butuan]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM Iligan | [[DXIX-FM|DXIX]] | 102.3 MHz | 5 kW | [[Iligan]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM Valencia | DXAR | 95.3 MHz | 5 kW | [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM News Davao | [[DXXL]] | 93.9 MHz | 10 kW | [[Davao City]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM News Gensan | [[DXCK]] | 91.9 MHz | 5 kW | [[General Santos]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM Pagadian | DXWD | 96.7 MHz | 5 kW | [[Pagadian]] |- ! scope="row" | iFM News Zamboanga | [[DXWR]] | 96.3 MHz | 10 kW | [[Zamboanga City]] |} ===Affiliate Stations=== ====Luzon==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" | Branding ! scope="col" | Callsign ! scope="col" | Frequency ! scope="col" | Power ! scope="col" | Location ! scope="col" | Owner |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2" | DWWW | [[DWWW]] | 774 kHz | 25 kW | [[Metro Manila]] | [[Interactive Broadcast Media]] |- | DWHT | 107.9 MHz | 5 kW | [[Dagupan]] | [[Broadcast Enterprises and Affiliated Media]] |- ! scope="row" | Commando Radio | [[DWRS]] | 927 kHz | 5 kW | [[Vigan]] | Solid North Broadcasting |- ! scope="row" | Radyo Totoo Baguio | [[DZWT]] | 540 kHz | 10 kW | [[Baguio]] | Mountain Province Broadcasting Corp.<br><small>(Also affiliated with the [[Catholic Media Network]])</small> |- ! scope="row" | Radyo Pilipino Dagupan | [[DWPR-AM|DWPR]] | 1296 kHz | 10 kW | [[Dagupan]] | rowspan="3" | [[Radyo Pilipino Corporation]] |- ! scope="row" | Radyo Pilipino Lucena | [[DZLT-AM|DZLT]] | 1188 kHz | 10 kW | rowspan="2" | [[Lucena]] |- ! scope="row" | One FM Lucena | [[DZLQ]] | 98.3 MHz | 5 kW |- ! scope="row" | Radyo Tirad Pass | [[DZTP]] | 693 kHz | 10 kW | [[Candon]] | Tirad Pass Radio and TV Broadcasting Network |- ! scope="row" | DZCV | [[DZCV]] | 684 kHz | 10 kW | [[Tuguegarao]] | [[Filipinas Broadcasting Network]] |- ! scope="row" | DWDY | [[DWDY]] | 1107 kHz | 5 kW | rowspan="2" | [[Cauayan, Isabela]] | rowspan="2" | Northeastern Broadcasting Service |- ! scope="row" | DWND | [[DWND]] | 88.5 MHz | 5 kW |- ! scope="row" | Power Radio | [[DWSR-FM|DWSR]] | 94.1 MHz | 5 kW | [[Daet]] | Caceres Broadcasting Corporation |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3" | Wow Smile Radio | [[DWAW-FM|DWAW]] | 99.9 MHz | rowspan="2" | 1 kW | [[Sorsogon City]] | rowspan="3" | Wow Smile Media Services |- | DWAO | 95.3 MHz | [[Bulan, Sorsogon]] |- | DWAX | 92.9 MHz | 1 kW | [[Pilar, Sorsogon]] |- ! scope="row" | Radyo Masbate | [[DYME-AM|DYME]] | 783 kHz | 1 kW | [[Masbate City]] | Masbate Community Broadcasting Company |} ====Visayas==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" | Branding ! scope="col" | Callsign ! scope="col" | Frequency ! scope="col" | Power ! scope="col" | Location ! scope="col" | Owner |- ! scope="row" | Power 91 | [[DYGB]] | 91.7 MHz | 5 kW | [[Dumaguete]] | Gold Label Broadcasting System, Inc. |- ! scope="row" | Radyo Bandilyo | DYWC | 801 kHz | 5 kW | [[Dumaguete]] | Franciscan Broadcasting Corporation<br><small>(Also affiliated with the [[Catholic Media Network]])</small> |- ! scope="row" | DYTR | [[DYTR-AM|DYTR]] | 1116 kHz | 5 kW | rowspan=2| [[Tagbilaran]] | rowspan=2| Tagbilaran Broadcasting System |- ! scope="row" | Balita FM | [[DYTR-FM|DYTR]] | 91.1 MHz | 5 kW |} ====Mindanao==== {| class="wikitable" |- ! scope="col" | Branding ! scope="col" | Callsign ! scope="col" | Frequency ! scope="col" | Power ! scope="col" | Location ! scope="col" | Owner |- ! scope="row" | Radyo Pilipino Ozamiz | [[DXOC-AM|DXOC]] | 1494 kHz | 5 kW | [[Ozamiz]] | [[Radyo Pilipino Corporation]] |} ===WRMN New York=== {{Infobox radio station | country = PH | name = WRMN New York | logo = | city = [[Nutley, New Jersey]], [[United States]] | area = Worldwide via internet | branding = | airdate = 1998 | frequency = | format = [[News radio|News]], [[Talk radio|Talk]] | power = | erp = | class = | callsign_meaning = | affiliations = | owner = Radio Mindanao Network | licensee = Radio Pinoy USA | website = {{url|radiopinoyusa.com}} | webcast = [https://onlineradiobox.com/us/wrmn/ Listen Live] }} '''WRMN New York''' is RMN's own [[internet radio]] station. Based in [[Nutley, New Jersey]], it also serves the [[Filipino Americans|Filipino-American community]] in the [[New York City]] area. ==Chronology of radio stations in Mindanao== The pioneer radio broadcasting station in Mindanao was DXMC-AM founded in 1949 and owned by Guillermo Torres of the [[University of Mindanao]] in Davao City. It later became [[UM Broadcasting Network]]. DXMC-AM is now the present-day [[DXWT|DXWT-FM]], which was converted into the FM band since 1988. The second, DXAW, was established by Alfred James Wills, a retired US Army Signal Corps officer (The DXAW calls were used by the TV station in Davao (which is now known as [[DXAS-TV|DXAK-TV Channel 4 or ALLTV4 Davao]]) owned by [[ABS-CBN Corporation]] from 1967 to 1972.) There were four others that operated in Butuan, Surigao, Pagadian and Ozamiz. DXCC-AM is the 7th legally operating radio station having been founded in 1952.<ref>[http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080602-140162/Henry-Canoy-signs-off ''refer to 1''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602160806/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080602-140162/Henry-Canoy-signs-off |date=June 2, 2008 }}</ref> ==See also== * [[UM Broadcasting Network]] * [[Broadcast Enterprises and Affiliated Media]] * [[Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation]] == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * {{Official website|www.rmn.ph}} * [http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/?page=sports5_may20_2008 Farewell, Dear mentor] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080618030530/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/dav/2008/05/28/oped/jun.ledesma.sunbursts.html Sir Henry] * [http://www.gmanews.tv/story/95905/Arroyo-lauds-late-RMN-founder President Arroyo lauds late RMN founder] {{Radio Mindanao Network}} {{Radio in the Philippines}} {{Television in the Philippines}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Radio Mindanao Network}} [[Category:Radio Mindanao Network| ]] [[Category:Philippine radio networks]] [[Category:Mindanao]] [[Category:Radio stations in the Philippines]] [[Category:Television networks in the Philippines]] [[Category:Mass media companies of the Philippines]] [[Category:Mass media companies established in 1952]] [[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1992]] [[Category:1952 establishments in the Philippines]] [[Category:Companies based in Makati]] [[Category:Companies based in Cagayan de Oro]] [[Category:Privately held companies of the Philippines]] [[Category:Family-owned companies of the Philippines]] rjiuwdjf1012fwq7o73d1p1pb0ga9bg 0 1270339 10879227 2026-06-05T01:31:27Z Eptalon 2133 Redirected page to [[Hunter-gatherer]] 10879227 wikitext text/x-wiki #Redirect[[hunter-gatherer]] 12363011ynpw9uhn6nb64xnilyy98wy 0 1270340 10879249 2026-06-05T02:10:49Z Canadachick 1633172 Canadachick moved page [[RRR (movie)]] to [[RRR]]: primary topic 10879249 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[RRR]] rugf700qagj0n0vmtbuel9cfrkhzunq 1 1270341 10879251 2026-06-05T02:10:49Z Canadachick 1633172 Canadachick moved page [[Talk:RRR (movie)]] to [[Talk:RRR]]: primary topic 10879251 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Talk:RRR]] hyv5ihgh4fsqbnt06kot7n84ynnhyiu 0 1270342 10879270 2026-06-05T03:39:36Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 TDKR Chicago 101 moved page [[Magnifica Humanitas]] to [[Magnifica humanitas]]: Per enwiki 10879270 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Magnifica humanitas]] kwaqutqycbuouhgn8c06ankygdge4ee 0 1270343 10879286 2026-06-05T04:23:00Z ~2026-33306-66 1816642 Created page with "{{Infobox election | election_name = 1994 German federal election | country = Germany | type = parliamentary | previous_election = 1990 German federal election | previous_year = 1990 | election_date = 16 October 1994 | next_election = 1998 German federal election | next_year = 1998 | outgoing_members = List of members of the 12th Bundestag | elected_members = List of members of the 13st Bundestag | majority_seats = 337 | registered = 60,452,009 ({{increase}} 0.0%) | tu..." 10879286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox election | election_name = 1994 German federal election | country = Germany | type = parliamentary | previous_election = 1990 German federal election | previous_year = 1990 | election_date = 16 October 1994 | next_election = 1998 German federal election | next_year = 1998 | outgoing_members = List of members of the 12th Bundestag | elected_members = List of members of the 13st Bundestag | majority_seats = 337 | registered = 60,452,009 ({{increase}} 0.0%) | turnout = 47,737,999% (79.0%) ({{increase}} 1.2[[percentage point|pp]]) | image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Helmut Kohl 1989.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=160|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}} | candidate1 = [[Helmut Kohl]] | party1 = Christian Democratic Union of Germany | last_election1 = 43.8%, 319 seats | seats1 = '''294''' | seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 25 | popular_vote1 = '''19,517,156''' | percentage1 = '''41.4%''' | swing1 = {{decrease}} 2.4 [[Percentage point|pp]] | image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=2017 UEC Track Elite European Championships 104.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=160}} | candidate2 = [[Rudolf Scharping]] | party2 = Social Democratic Party of Germany | last_election2 = 33.5%, 239 seats | seats2 = 252 | seat_change2 = {{increase}} 13 | popular_vote2 = 17,140,354 | percentage2 = 36.4% | swing2 = {{increase}} 2.9 [[Percentage point|pp]] | image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Marianne Birthler 03 (cropped).jpg|bSize = 120|cWidth = 120|cHeight = 160|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}} | candidate3 = [[Ludger Volmer]] | party3 = Alliance 90/The Greens | last_election3 = 5.1%, 8 seats | seats3 = 49 | seat_change3 = {{increase}} 41 | popular_vote3 = 3,424,325 | percentage3 = 7.3% | swing3 = {{increase}} 2.2[[Percentage point|pp]] | image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Klaus Kinkel CJD Koenigswinter 2005.jpg|bSize=123|cWidth=120|cHeight=160}} | candidate4 = [[Klaus Kinkel]] | party4 = Free Democratic Party (Germany) | last_election4 = 11.0%, 79 seats | seats4 = 47 | seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 32 | popular_vote4 = 3,258,407 | percentage4 = 6.9% | swing4 = {{decrease}} 4.1 [[Percentage point|pp]] | image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lothar Bisky.jpg|bSize=123|cWidth=120|cHeight=160}} | candidate5 = [[Lothar Bisky]] | party5 = Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany) | last_election5 = 2.4%, 17 seats | seats5 = 36 | seat_change5 = {{increase}} 30 | popular_vote5 = 2,066,176 | percentage5 = 4.4% | swing5 = {{increase}} 2.0 [[Percentage point|pp]] <!-- Map --> | map_image = 1994 German federal election.svg | map_size = 400px | map_caption = | title = [[Cabinet of Germany|Government]] | before_election = [[Fourth Kohl cabinet|Kohl IV]] | before_party = [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] | posttitle = Government after election | after_election = [[Fifth Kohl cabinet|Kohl V]] | after_party = [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] }} The '''1994 German federal election''' was place on 16 October 1994.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/themen/bundestagswahl-historie/serie-bundestagswahlen-1994-das-versagen-der-spd/8589130.html|title=Das Versagen der SPD|agency=Tagesspiegel|date=2 August 2013|access-date=22 February 2022|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|title=Vor 20 Jahren: Rudolf Scharping im Wahlkampf|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBiV-pwiqWA&feature=youtu.be|language=de|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Fürstenau |first=Marcel |date=24 September 2021 |title=German election: Could there soon be a left-wing government? |agency=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-election-could-there-soon-be-a-left-wing-government/a-59073355 |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ACIDAAAQBAJ&q=PDS+1994+Germany+directly+elected&pg=PA27|title=The Left Party in Contemporary German Politics|author1=Dan Hough|author2=Michael Koß|author3=Jonathan Olsen|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|date=2007|isbn=978-0230592148}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} rstgv0p5y7de6rmfnvst5j4jyr7hdju 3 1270344 10879288 2026-06-05T04:29:32Z Garsh2 1475106 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[Free Fire (video game)]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879288 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Free Fire (video game)]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:29, 5 June 2026 (UTC) n4fysgplinkt0ugzc5ep7e0f3a77c0k 3 1270345 10879296 2026-06-05T04:35:53Z Garsh2 1475106 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[Voiced velar tap]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879296 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Voiced velar tap]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:35, 5 June 2026 (UTC) ac5qqwts3qic9oavza55c17sxvt2sis 3 1270346 10879298 2026-06-05T04:36:23Z Garsh2 1475106 Caution: Vandalism on [[Voiced epiglottal tap]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879298 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make unhelpful changes to Wikipedia, like you did to [[:Voiced epiglottal tap]]. The changes you made seem to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Revert a page|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism2 --> [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:36, 5 June 2026 (UTC) 6nplkukqrjhj0id5wo261s51zmitlum 3 1270347 10879303 2026-06-05T04:39:26Z Garsh2 1475106 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Ōdate, Akita]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879303 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Ōdate, Akita== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Ōdate, Akita]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Ōdate, Akita}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a2|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:39, 5 June 2026 (UTC) nyea99ckc6lhiqzva7zqmj3kozq1azn 0 1270348 10879304 2026-06-05T04:42:14Z ~2026-28371-26 1803415 Redirected page to [[Sandpaper]] 10879304 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Sandpaper]] qa4dwrg836oeoz4wn2y496ibkcnxcon 4 1270349 10879305 2026-06-05T04:42:34Z Garsh2 1475106 Creating deletion discussion page for [[Ten-Ten Muñoz]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879305 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Ten-Ten Muñoz === :{{lc|Ten-Ten Muñoz}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ten-Ten Muñoz|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ten-Ten Muñoz}} open RfD subpage]</span> Garsh2 ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Can't really find a lot of indication of notability here, she seemingly doesn't pass [[WP:NACTOR]] or the [[WP:GNG]] [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:42, 5 June 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''04:42, 12 June 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> j50lb9dsyxlgya5fb7adgd082wqhne4 3 1270350 10879307 2026-06-05T04:42:34Z Garsh2 1475106 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[Ten-Ten Muñoz]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879307 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Ten-Ten Muñoz== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Ten-Ten Muñoz]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Ten-Ten Muñoz]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] flag from the top of the page; doing so will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you very much. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:42, 5 June 2026 (UTC) qej4juuml74wrfp974vf60x2y0mk4dx 4 1270351 10879311 2026-06-05T04:45:40Z Garsh2 1475106 Creating deletion discussion page for [[Mansoor Hussain Laghari]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879311 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Mansoor Hussain Laghari === :{{lc|Mansoor Hussain Laghari}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mansoor Hussain Laghari|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mansoor Hussain Laghari}} open RfD subpage]</span> Garsh2 ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Seems to be a non-notable person, this article also seems to border on G11 [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:45, 5 June 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''04:45, 12 June 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> majeilzvoq1p4sh0kcewkr3walwts8n 3 1270352 10879313 2026-06-05T04:45:40Z Garsh2 1475106 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[Mansoor Hussain Laghari]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879313 wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Mansoor Hussain Laghari== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Mansoor Hussain Laghari]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Mansoor Hussain Laghari]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] flag from the top of the page; doing so will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you very much. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:45, 5 June 2026 (UTC) qbjynbzr1d4rg5cij0g7r8vjppf7rjv 3 1270353 10879316 2026-06-05T04:45:47Z Garsh2 1475106 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Dim Mak Records]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879316 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Dim Mak Records== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Dim Mak Records]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Dim Mak Records}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a2|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:45, 5 June 2026 (UTC) 6dtz72lw89wywp6tthwdal9kfqsxk5x 3 1270354 10879321 2026-06-05T04:48:41Z Garsh2 1475106 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[James Lyman Bodack]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879321 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of James Lyman Bodack== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:James Lyman Bodack]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:James Lyman Bodack}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a2|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:48, 5 June 2026 (UTC) j8t9hatkumm223esu7pgbfqe7qmeujm 3 1270355 10879336 2026-06-05T05:08:15Z Garsh2 1475106 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[List of European countries]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 10879336 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:List of European countries]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:08, 5 June 2026 (UTC) n0tzfz6k8x73u3ax6jseifskvc0dhkb 10 1270356 10879341 2026-06-05T05:23:56Z FonzuHarp 1759780 Redirected page to [[Template:Angbr IPA]] 10879341 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Angbr IPA]] p71m06ahezm2kg6l2x2l6pse3i9wytu 10 1270357 10879342 2026-06-05T05:25:30Z FonzuHarp 1759780 Created page with "<includeonly>{{#switch: {{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | r|reversed = {{mirtxt|h|{{{2|}}}|style={{{style|}}}}} | i|inverted = {{mirtxt|v|{{{2|}}}|style={{{style|}}}}} | t|turned = {{rotxt|180|{{{2|}}}|style={{{style|}}}}} | s|sideways = {{rotxt|-90|{{{2|}}}|style={{{style|}}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>" 10879342 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch: {{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | r|reversed = {{mirtxt|h|{{{2|}}}|style={{{style|}}}}} | i|inverted = {{mirtxt|v|{{{2|}}}|style={{{style|}}}}} | t|turned = {{rotxt|180|{{{2|}}}|style={{{style|}}}}} | s|sideways = {{rotxt|-90|{{{2|}}}|style={{{style|}}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> iozgh1q47idj5d1l8buwninpycn9zrg 10 1270358 10879343 2026-06-05T05:25:58Z FonzuHarp 1759780 Redirected page to [[Template:Text direction]] 10879343 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Text direction]] tdspqxowrwlnm6eq738hj3f6onf31pm 10 1270359 10879344 2026-06-05T05:28:59Z FonzuHarp 1759780 Redirected page to [[Template:Rotate text]] 10879344 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Rotate text]] k7wc33ccs22a2fqrh7lr2lp7cgljd8i 0 1270360 10879346 2026-06-05T05:37:28Z FonzuHarp 1759780 Redirected page to [[Voiceless retroflex fricative#Approximant]] 10879346 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Voiceless retroflex fricative#Approximant]] kpcyb2d0c1tcaqwe42qeijsarjbol7u 0 1270361 10879348 2026-06-05T05:50:23Z FonzuHarp 1759780 Created page with "{{Infobox IPA|ipa symbol=p̪fʼ|x-sampa=p_df_>}} A labiodental ejective affricate is a rare [[consonant]] used in some [[spoken language]]s. The [[IPA]] letter for this sound is {{angbr IPA|p̪fʼ}}. It is not in English. ==Characteristics== {{consonants|labiodental|ejective|affricate}} ==Examples== {|class=wikitable !colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes |- |colspan=2| [[Afade language|Afade]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=h..." 10879348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox IPA|ipa symbol=p̪fʼ|x-sampa=p_df_>}} A labiodental ejective affricate is a rare [[consonant]] used in some [[spoken language]]s. The [[IPA]] letter for this sound is {{angbr IPA|p̪fʼ}}. It is not in English. ==Characteristics== {{consonants|labiodental|ejective|affricate}} ==Examples== {|class=wikitable !colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes |- |colspan=2| [[Afade language|Afade]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phoible.org/inventories/view/198|title=PHOIBLE 2.0 -|website=phoible.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L4373.html|title=UPSID KOTOKO|website=web.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de}}</ref> |colspan=4| {{example needed|date=September 2023}} |- |colspan=2|[[Tsetsaut language|Tsetsaut]]<ref>Boas, Franz, and Pliny Earle Goddard (1924) "Ts'ets'aut, an Athapascan Language from Portland Canal, British Columbia." ''International Journal of American Linguistics,'' vol. 3, no. 1, pp.&nbsp;1–35.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1264498|title=The Position of the Tsetsaut among Northern Athapaskans|author=Tharp, George W.|year=1972|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=38|issue=1|pages=14–25|doi=10.1086/465179 |jstor=1264498 |s2cid=145318136 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |{{lang|txc|apfʼo}} |{{IPA|[ap̪͡fʼo]}} |"boil" | |- |colspan=2| [[Venda language|Venda]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=en0OAAAAYAAJ&q=pf|title=A Linguistic Analysis of Venda|isbn=978-0-7994-1171-3 |last1=Poulos |first1=G. |date=1990 |publisher=Via Afrika }}</ref> |colspan=4| {{example needed|date=September 2023}} |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{IPA navigation}} tv4hfqm63xoft91xfmioezut9keex78 3 1270363 10879362 2026-06-05T06:18:51Z Kurnahusa 1504534 June 2026 10879362 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2026 == Hello, I'm here to let you know that I reverted the edit you made on [[People's Television Network]] since we're not allowed to copy from the English Wikipedia, because the language used is often complex and English learners may not understand it well. Regards, [[User:Kurnahusa|Kurnahusa]] ([[User talk:Kurnahusa|talk]]) 06:18, 5 June 2026 (UTC) 0rj69luu17y052mvrkb1warqo7a3byx 4 1270365 10879405 2026-06-05T08:34:25Z Fróis 1446715 Created page with "{{subst:RfD/Preload/Template|deletereason=This article fabricates a unified series of conflicts out of minor naval and land skirmishes that would be better included in a biographical article for Kanhoji Angre. Not only is the content biased and poorly written, it was also created by a confirmed sockpuppet, [[User:Mr.Hanes]].}}" 10879405 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Kanhoji–Portuguese Conflicts === :{{lc|Kanhoji–Portuguese Conflicts}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Kanhoji–Portuguese Conflicts|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Kanhoji–Portuguese Conflicts}} open RfD subpage]</span> Fróis ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' This article fabricates a unified series of conflicts out of minor naval and land skirmishes that would be better included in a biographical article for Kanhoji Angre. Not only is the content biased and poorly written, it was also created by a confirmed sockpuppet, [[User:Mr.Hanes]]. [[User:Fróis|Fróis]] ([[User talk:Fróis|talk]]) 08:34, 5 June 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''08:34, 12 June 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> ngwaspuu7kvwy0txbmdfkog6tun26t1 4 1270366 10879408 2026-06-05T08:44:51Z Fróis 1446715 Created page with "{{subst:RfD/Preload/Template|deletereason=Similar to [[Action of 29 July 1511]], which was previously deleted [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2025/Action_of_29_July_1511], this article covers a minor skirmish, under a user-fabricated title, that would be better included as background of the broader Portuguese conquest of Malacca.}}" 10879408 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === St. James' Day Battle === :{{lc|St. James' Day Battle}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/St. James&#39; Day Battle|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/St. James&#39; Day Battle}} open RfD subpage]</span> Fróis ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' Similar to [[Action of 29 July 1511]], which was previously deleted [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/Requests/2025/Action_of_29_July_1511], this article covers a minor skirmish, under a user-fabricated title, that would be better included as background of the broader Portuguese conquest of Malacca. [[User:Fróis|Fróis]] ([[User talk:Fróis|talk]]) 08:44, 5 June 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''08:44, 12 June 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> ehzjnsh759a76ikee3uoyryn58os45m 2 1270367 10879417 2026-06-05T09:31:20Z Smokey 6767 1816731 Created page with "Hey, I'm here to make the Simple English Wiki better and improve articles related to Chinese History here and in the Arabic Wikipedia. أسعى لتطوير المقالات المتعلقة بالتاريخ الصيني لأنه حقاً مثيراً للاهتمام!!!!!!!! {{صندوق مستخدم|اسم القالب=مستخدم إماراتي|النص=<div style="text-align:center; font-size:12pt; line-height:1.50em; color:#ffffff; padding:5pt 6pt; font-family:'..." 10879417 wikitext text/x-wiki Hey, I'm here to make the Simple English Wiki better and improve articles related to Chinese History here and in the Arabic Wikipedia. أسعى لتطوير المقالات المتعلقة بالتاريخ الصيني لأنه حقاً مثيراً للاهتمام!!!!!!!! {{صندوق مستخدم|اسم القالب=مستخدم إماراتي|النص=<div style="text-align:center; font-size:12pt; line-height:1.50em; color:#ffffff; padding:5pt 6pt; font-family:'Noto Kufi Arabic', Dubai, Arial, sans-serif;">{{ذث|'''هَذَا المُسْتَخْدِمُ'''|'''هَذِهِ المُسْتَخْدِمَةُ'''}} [[إماراتيون|{{أبيض|{{ذث|'''إِمَارَاتِيٌّ'''|'''إِمَارَاتِيَّةٌ'''}}}}]].|حجم خط النص=12|لون النص=White|لون خلفية النص=Grey|الصورة=[[ملف:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|75px|بديل=مستخدم إماراتي]]|لون خلفية الصورة=Grey|حجم خط الصورة=12|لون الحدود=Gold}}{{صندوق مستخدم|هذا المستخدم يعشق '''[[أبو ظبي]] لأنها عاصمة أرض [[زايد بن سلطان آل نهيان|زايد الخير]]|اسم القالب=مستخدم يعشق أبو ظبي|النص={{هذا المستخدم}} {{ذث|يعشق|تعشق}} '''[[أبو ظبي]] لأنها عاصمة أرض [[زايد بن سلطان آل نهيان|زايد الخير]]!'''|الصورة=[[ملف:Abu Dhabi Corniche Skyline.jpg|مركز|71px]]|لون خلفية النص=#ffffff|لون خلفية الصورة=blue|حجم خط الصورة=14|لون الحدود=#999999}} {| class="wikitable" |{{مستخدم وسطي}} |} {| class="wikitable" |[[//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/ملف:Israel_and_Palestine_Peace.svg|link=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Israel_and_Palestine_Peace.svg|80x80px]] |هذا المستخدم يريد السلام بين '''إسرائيل''' و'''فلسطين''' |} {| class="wikitable" |{{مستخدم مسلم}} |} {| class="wikitable" |{{مستخدم سني}} |} 29hn2er0npceruaueyu46un2wi4weex 10879420 10879417 2026-06-05T09:35:46Z Smokey 6767 1816731 10879420 wikitext text/x-wiki Hey, I'm here to make the Simple English Wiki better and improve articles related to Chinese History here and in the Arabic Wikipedia. أسعى لتطوير المقالات المتعلقة بالتاريخ الصيني لأنه حقاً مثيراً للاهتمام!!!!!!!! {{قا|مستخدم الإمارات}} {{قا|مستخدم يحب الموسيقى الصينية}} {{قا|مستخدم يكتب قصص وروايات}} {{قا|السلام}} {{قا|مستخدم وسطي}} r04g40wkglw2fs8efure77cr8penxt1 10879422 10879420 2026-06-05T09:37:26Z Smokey 6767 1816731 10879422 wikitext text/x-wiki Hey, I'm here to make the Simple English Wiki better and improve articles related to Chinese History here and in the Arabic Wikipedia. أسعى لتطوير المقالات المتعلقة بالتاريخ الصيني لأنه حقاً مثيراً للاهتمام!!!!!!!! I am Emirati from the UAE, and proud of my country and it's leadership أنا إماراتي وفخور ببلادي وقيادتها 🇦🇪🫡 1vi8tyyrjk78s5lwrf5xmcoouo5qfqb 3 1270369 10879426 2026-06-05T09:48:21Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Mary Shelley]] (BOT) 10879426 wikitext text/x-wiki == June 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Mary Shelley]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/10879424|Edit]] (10879424) processed with score of 0.97789. *<small>As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again.</small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 09:48, 5 June 2026 (UTC) 191cthyu4hlluhqnn6j6o01usczxlmh 0 1270370 10879436 2026-06-05T10:46:58Z ~2026-31801-68 1812592 Created page with "{{Infobox song | name = Don't Break My Heart | cover = | alt = | caption = | type = single | artist = [[UB40]] | album = [[Baggariddim]] | B-side = Mek Ya Rok | released = {{start date|1985|10|14|df=yes}}<ref name=release>{{cite magazine|date=5 October 1985|title=We got UB|magazine=[[Record Mirror]]|page=3}}</ref> | studio = | recorded = | venue = | genre = Reggae fus..." 10879436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Don't Break My Heart | cover = | alt = | caption = | type = single | artist = [[UB40]] | album = [[Baggariddim]] | B-side = Mek Ya Rok | released = {{start date|1985|10|14|df=yes}}<ref name=release>{{cite magazine|date=5 October 1985|title=We got UB|magazine=[[Record Mirror]]|page=3}}</ref> | studio = | recorded = | venue = | genre = [[Reggae fusion]] | length = {{duration|m=3|s=58}} | label = * [[DEP International]] * [[A&M Records|A&M]] | writer = * UB40 * Deborah Banks | producer = * UB40 * [[Pablo Falconer|Ray "Pablo" Falconer]] | prev_title = [[I Got You Babe]] | prev_year = 1985 | next_title = [[Sing Our Own Song]] | next_year = 1986 }} "'''Don't Break My Heart'''" is a 1985 song by [[UB40]] and was taken from their sixth studio album ''[[Baggariddim]]''. It went to number 3 in the United Kingdom, number 13 in New Zealand, number 11 in the Netherlands and number 8 in Ireland. ==Track listing== '''7": DEP International / DEP 22''' # "Don't Break My Heart" – 3:58 # "Mek Ya Rok" – 3:39 '''12": DEP International / DEP 22-12''' # "Don't Break My Heart" – 7:12 # "Mek Ya Rok" – 6:19 == References == {{Reflist}} {{UB40}} {{Authority control}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:1985 songs]] [[Category:Reggae songs]] [[Category:UB40 songs]] 020zdegkigwmifay51m8f0g2p17583e 0 1270371 10879442 2026-06-05T11:17:22Z ~2026-31801-68 1812592 Created page with "{{Infobox New Zealand suburb | name = Wigram | image = WigramAirfieldChristchurch.jpg | caption1 = The former Wigram Aerodrome, which has since been converted into the Wigram Skies development | city1 = [[Christchurch]] | council = [[Christchurch City Council]] | city2 = | ward = {{ubl|Halswell|Hornby}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Wards, Councillors and Community Boards map |url=https://ccc.govt.nz/the-council/how-the-council-work..." 10879442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox New Zealand suburb | name = Wigram | image = WigramAirfieldChristchurch.jpg | caption1 = The former Wigram Aerodrome, which has since been converted into the Wigram Skies development | city1 = [[Christchurch]] | council = [[Christchurch City Council]] | city2 = | ward = {{ubl|Halswell|Hornby}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Wards, Councillors and Community Boards map |url=https://ccc.govt.nz/the-council/how-the-council-works/elected-members/representation |website=ccc.govt.nz |publisher=Christchurch City Council |access-date=14 August 2020}}</ref> | community_board = Waipuna Halswell-Hornby-Riccarton | coordinates = {{Coord|-43.5533|172.5584|region:NZ-CAN|display=inline,title}} | established = 1923 | area = 444 | arearef = <ref name="Area"/> | population = {{Decimals|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2|Wigram North|y}}|R}}+{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2|Wigram East|y}}|R}}+{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2|Wigram West|y}}|R}}+{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2|Wigram South|y}}|R}}+{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2|Awatea North|y}}|R}}+{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2|Awatea South|y}}|R}}+{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2|Wigram South|y}}|R}}|0}} | popsource = {{NZ population data 2023 SA2||||y}} | popdate = {{NZ population data 2023 SA2|||y}} | population_density_km2 = auto | airports = [[Wigram Aerodrome]] (former) | hospitals = | mapframe = y | mapframe-zoom = 13 | caption2 = Location of Wigram in Christchurch. }} {{Adjacent place | centre = Wigram | north = [[Sockburn, New Zealand|Sockburn]] | northeast = [[Upper Riccarton]] | east = [[Middleton, New Zealand|Middleton]] | southeast = [[Hillmorton, New Zealand|Hillmorton]] | south = [[Aidanfield]] | southwest = [[Halswell]] | west = [[Hornby, New Zealand|Hornby]] | northwest = [[Hei Hei]] }} '''Wigram''' is a suburb in southwest [[Christchurch]] and lies next to suburbs [[Hornby, New Zealand|Hornby]], [[Sockburn, New Zealand|Sockburn]] and [[Aidanfield]]. It was named after Sir [[Henry Wigram]] mayor of Christchurch 1902 to 1923. It was once an airfield. == References == {{Reflist}}{{Christchurch City, New Zealand}} [[Category:Suburbs of Christchurch]] {{geo-stub}} ajshw5z34wkqtazbzy945i3235mdspl 0 1270372 10879448 2026-06-05T11:39:26Z ~2026-29623-71 1805491 Created page with "The Audi A4 is a [[Automobile|car]] produced by [[Audi]] since [[1994]] by [[2024]] in 5 generations. A [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] or [[station wagon]] is available, or [[convertible]] in the second and third generations. == Story == The car has replaced the [[Audi 80]], now outdated considering the new technologies. == Versions == Generations are divided into 5 parts: * B5 * B6 * B7 * B8 * B9 <gallery> File:1996 Audi A4 SE 1.8 Front.jpg|[[1994]]-[[2001]] B5 File:..." 10879448 wikitext text/x-wiki The Audi A4 is a [[Automobile|car]] produced by [[Audi]] since [[1994]] by [[2024]] in 5 generations. A [[Sedan (automobile)|sedan]] or [[station wagon]] is available, or [[convertible]] in the second and third generations. == Story == The car has replaced the [[Audi 80]], now outdated considering the new technologies. == Versions == Generations are divided into 5 parts: * B5 * B6 * B7 * B8 * B9 <gallery> File:1996 Audi A4 SE 1.8 Front.jpg|[[1994]]-[[2001]] B5 File:Audi A4 B6 front 20070326.jpg|[[2000]]-[[2006]] B6 File:Audi A4 3.2 sedan -- 02-28-2011 1.jpg|[[2004]]-[[2009]] B7 File:2009 Audi A4.jpg|[[2007]]-[[2016]] B8 File:Audi A4 B9 Limousine 3.0 TDI quattro.JPG|[[2016]]-[[2024]] B9 </gallery> == External links == {{Commons category-inline|Audi A4}} ikbgp6y0m9rwe25hs3m8j9puxp2ty0w 0 1270373 10879454 2026-06-05T11:53:39Z ~2026-33143-70 1816782 Created page with "{{Infobox New Zealand suburb | name = Scarborough | image = ChristchurchScarborough2 gobeirne.jpg | caption1 = Scarborough seen from Sumner beach; Nicholson Park is the area to the left just below the ridgeline | city1 = [[Christchurch]] | council = [[Christchurch City Council]] | ward = Heathcote | established = | location_map = | coordinates = {{coord|43|34|28|S|172|46|19|E|type:landmark_region:NZ-CAN|display=inline,title}} |..." 10879454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox New Zealand suburb | name = Scarborough | image = ChristchurchScarborough2 gobeirne.jpg | caption1 = Scarborough seen from Sumner beach; Nicholson Park is the area to the left just below the ridgeline | city1 = [[Christchurch]] | council = [[Christchurch City Council]] | ward = Heathcote | established = | location_map = | coordinates = {{coord|43|34|28|S|172|46|19|E|type:landmark_region:NZ-CAN|display=inline,title}} | area = 117 | arearef = <ref name="Area"/> | population = 747 | popdate = 2018 Census | popref = <ref name="Census 2018"/> | population_density_km2 = auto | airports = | hospitals = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 10 | caption2 = }} {{Adjacent place | centre = Scarborough | north = | northeast = ([[Pegasus Bay]]) | east = | southeast = | south = [[Te Onepoto / Taylors Mistake]] | southwest = [[Port Hills]] | west = [[Sumner, New Zealand]] | northwest = }} {{stack end}} '''Scarborough''' is a hillside suburb of [[Christchurch]] and is located above the neighbouring suburb [[Sumner, New Zealand|Sumner]]. It was named after a seaside resort in [[North Yorkshire]], England. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Banks Peninsula}} {{Christchurch City, New Zealand}} [[Category:Suburbs of Christchurch]] [[Category:Port Hills]] {{geo-stub}} 7uyf5u0w3448trcc4jsqsugqjh4c1is